BIOCHEMISTRY ( SFA 2073 )

LAB REPORT
NAME MATRIC NO. PROGRAM : HUMAIRAH BINTI MOHD FADZIR : 1070292

: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOUR)

FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY

E PERIMENT : E PERIMENT 1 DATE LECTURER : 7TH !ANUARY 2009 : DR.NI" NORMA BINTI NI" MAHMOOD

PRACTICAL TITLE : 1.1 DETERMINATION OF ACID CONCENTRATION

OB!ECTI#E ($) : 1) To prepare potassium hydrogen phthalate solution. ) To standardi!e NaO" solution. #) To determine the $on$entration o% a &ea' a$id solution (y titration &ith a standardi!ed solution o% sodium hydro)ide.

APPARATUS % CHEMICALS : *urette Erlenmeyer %las' +olumetri$ %las' , -. $m# ) /ipette , - $m# and 1. $m# ) 0eighing (oat /otassium hydrogen phthalate ..1 M hydrogen phthalate 1n'no&n , a$id ) Indi$ators , phenolphthalein )

METHODOLOGY : A) 2tandardi!ation o% 3"C4"5O5 solution

*) 2tandardi!ation o% NaO" solution

C) Determination o% the $on$entration o% the un'no&n a$id solution

RESULTS AND OBSER#ATIONS : 1) DATA A) 2tandardi!ation o% 3"C4"5O5 solution Mass o% 3"C4"5O5 6 #. g

*) 2tandardi!ation o% NaO" solution E)p. 1 # Initial 7olume o% NaO" , $m# ) .... 18.1. # .1. Final 7olume o% NaO" , $m# ) 18.1. # .1. 54.5. +olume o% NaO" , $m# ) 18.1. 18... 18.#.

C) Determination o% the $on$entration o% the un'no&n a$id solution

E)p. 1 #

Initial 7olume o% NaO" , $m# ) .... 5. . ....

Final 7olume o% NaO" , $m# ) 5. . 54.#. 54.5.

+olume , $m# ) 5. . 5.1. 5. .

o%

NaO"

) CA9C19ATION2 : A) 2tandardi!ation o% 3"C4"5O5 solution

Moles o% 6 ;;;;;;;;;;;; #. g;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; 3"C4"5O5 ,#<.1.)=,1...4)=,1 ..1)4=,1...4)5=,18...)5 6 #. g .5. g 6 ...1-> mol

Molarity 6 moles o% solute; 9iters o% solution

M 6 ;n; +

*y using the a(o7e %ormula?

Con$entration o% 3"C4"5O5 6 ;;...1-> mol;;; -. Ml@1... m9 6 ...8 4 mol@9 A

*) 2tandardi!ation o% NaO" solution 1st titration ? M 3"C4"5O5 + 3"C4"5O5 6 M NaO" + NaO" ,...8 4mol@9), -m9 @1...m9) 6 M NaO" ,18.1.m9 @1...m9) 1.-> B 1.C# 6 ,...181 9) M NaO" M NaO" 6 ...<4 mol A

E)p. 1 #

+olume o% NaO" , $m# ) 18.1. 18... 18.#.

Con$entration o% NaO" , mol ) ...<4 ...<4 ...<8

C) Determination o% the $on$entration o% the un'no&n a$id solution

Con$entration o% NaO" 6 ...<4 mol=...<4 mol=...<8 mol # 6 ...<> mol +olume o% NaO" 6 5. . m9 = 5.1. m9 = 5. . m9 # 6 5.1> m9

M un'no&n + un'no&n

6 M NaO" + NaO"

M un'no&n , -m9@1...m9) 6 ,...<>mol), 5.1>m9@1...m9) M un'no&n 6 ...<5 mol A

DISCUSSION : From the e)periment that had (een done? solutions o% NaO" $an (e prepared (y either dissol7ing solid NaO" pellets in &ater or (y diluting a $on$entrated solution o% NaO". "o&e7er? the e)a$t $on$entration o% the solution prepared (y these methods $annot (e $al$ulated %rom the &eighed mass or using the dilution eDuation %or t&o reasons: 1) 2olid sodium hydro)ide is hygros$opi$ ,E&aterClo7ingE). /ellets o% NaO" e)posed to air &ill in$rease in mass as they (e$ome hydrated so the a$tual mass o% pure NaO" is not a$$urately 'no&n. ) 2odium hydro)ide in solution rea$ts &ith $ar(oni$ a$id and its $on$entration de$reases o7er time. The a$id is %ormed &hen small amounts o% CO gas ,&hi$h is al&ays present in air) dissol7es in solution.

" CO#,aD) = NaO",aD) F " O,l) = Na=,aD) ="CO#G,aD) The &ater used to ma'e the NaO" solution $an (e (oiled to e)pel the dissol7ed CO gas (ut this time $onsuming pro$edure is o%ten not possi(le in a short la(oratory period. A sto$' solution o% NaO" $an (e made in ad7an$e &ith (oiled &ater (ut &ill rea(sor( CO o7er a period o% time unless stored in airtight $ontainers. There%ore? to 'no& the e)a$t $on$entration o% a %reshly made NaO" solution or one that has stood in air %or some time? the solution needs to (e standardi!ed. That is? the e)a$t $on$entration must (e determined (y titrating a 'no&n mass o% a primary standard a$id &ith the NaO" solution. A primary standard is a su(stan$e used to determine the $on$entration o% a solution. A primary standard should (e a7aila(le in pure %orm at reasona(le $ost? ha7e a high eDui7alent &eight to minimi!e &eighing errors? (e sta(le at room temperature? easy to dry? and hygropho(i$ ,should not easily a(sor( &ater &hen e)posed to air). And most important? the primary standard should rea$t &ith the solute o% the solution (eing standardi!ed in a simple straight%or&ard &ay &here a (alan$ed $hemi$al eDuation $an (e &ritten. The primary standard reagent $ommonly used to standardi!e NaO" is potassium hydrogen phthalate ,E3"/E? 3"C4"5O5). A monoproti$ a$id &ith a mole$ular &eight o% .5. g@mol? 1 mole o% 3"/ rea$ts &ith 1 mole o% NaO". 3"C4"5O5,aD) = NaO",aD) F " O,l) = Na=,aD) = 3= ,aD) = C4"5O5 G,aD) To remo7e any loosely (ound &aters o% hydration? 3"/ is normally heated at 11.HC %or one hour then $ooled in a desi$$ator (e%ore use. The e)a$t mass ,and num(er o% moles o% a$id) is determined (y &eighing the dried a$id on an analyti$al (alan$e. The a$id is then dissol7ed in &ater in an Erlenmeyer %las' and an indi$ator is added. The NaO" solution is added %rom a (urette until the endpoint ,the 7olume o% (ase &hen the indi$ator $hanges $olor) is rea$hed. I% the indi$ator has (een $hosen $orre$tly? the endpoint should (e 7ery $lose to the eDui7alen$e point.

An indi$ator ,a((re7iated "In) is a &ea' organi$ a$id and is used in small enough portions so it does not inter%ere &ith the titration. Disso$iation o% the indi$ator in solution is sho&n (elo&: Moles o% "= 6 Moles o% CO" ,at the eDui7alen$e point) The indi$ator $hosen %or this e)periment is phenolphthalein. 0hen e)$ess a$id ,"=) is present? as the $ase in an a$idi$ solution? the protonated %orm o% phenolphthalein ,"In) predominates. 0hen e)$ess (ase is present? "= is remo7ed? and the phenolphthalein anion ,InG) predominates. "In and InG are di%%erent $olors in solution. As stated (e%ore? the 7olume &hen enough (ase has (een added to rea$t e)a$tly &ith the a$id is the eDui7alen$e point. The point at &hi$h an indi$ator $hanges $olor is $alled the endpoint o% the rea$tion. I% the indi$ator has (een $hosen $orre$tly? the indi$ator endpoint and the titration eDui7alen$e point &ill $oin$ide. The intensity o% the $olor is $on$entration dependent? so i% a large amount o% phenolphthalein is present the $olor $ould (e 7ery strong at the endCpoint. "o&e7er? the presen$e o% a large amount o% phenolphthalein is not usually the reason a titration mi)ture has an intense $olor. It is more $ommon %or a student to miss the endCpoint. Iou should stop adding titrant &hen a pale $olor that persists throughout the solution %or se7eral se$onds is o(ser7ed. I% the solution is intensely pin'? you should either disregard the data or (a$'Ctitrate the sample. For determination o% $on$entration o% the un'no&n &ea' a$id? I %ound that its $on$entration is ...<5 mol that approa$hes ..1 mol. This &as done (y $al$ulating its $on$entration using $al$ulation in ,A) and ,*). 2in$e? the titration o% the un'no&n a$id &as done &ith the same NaO" used in ,*). There%ore? the $on$entration o% NaO" and the un'no&n a$id might ha7e the same $on$entration. It &as pro7ed? (e$ause the $on$entration o% NaO" is ...<4 mol approa$hes ..1 mol. For sa%ety pre$autions &hen doing this e)periment: 1) 2a%ety goggles and aprons must (e &orn in la( at all times.

) 2odium hydro)ide is a strong (ase and $an $ause se7ere (urnsJ&ash all $ontaminated areas thoroughly &ith $old &ater. #) A$ids and (ases are $orrosi7e $hemi$als and $an $ause (urns to s'in and eyes. A7oid $onta$t and &ash any $ontaminated area thoroughly &ith $old &ater. 5) All liDuids? &hen pla$ed in a (urette? %orm a $ur7ed menis$us at their upper sur%a$es. In the $ase o% &ater or &ater solutions? this menis$us is $on$a7e? and the most a$$urate (urette readings are o(tained (y o(ser7ing the position o% the lo&est point on the menis$us on the graduated s$ales.

CONCLUSION : Con$entration o% the un'no&n a$id solution is ...<5 mol that is determined (y titrating a standardi!ed NaO" solution &ith potassium hydrogen phthalate solution (y using the a$idC(ase titration method.

&UESTION ($) : 1) 0hy NaO" solution need to (e standardi!edK NaO" solution need to (e standardi!ed (e$ause : 1) /ure sodium hydro)ide is 7ery hygros$opi$ , &ater lo7ing ) &hi$h means it a(sor(s &ater readily %rom the atmosphere. /ellets o% NaO" e)posed to air &ill in$rease in mass as they (e$ome hydrated so the a$tual mass o% pure NaO" is not a$$urately 'no&n. ) 2odium hydro)ide also rea$ts o7er time &ith $ar(on dio)ide %rom the atmosphere to %orm sodium $ar(onate , Na CO# ).Older samples o% sodium hydro)ide tend to (e $ontaminated &ith signi%i$ant Duantities o% sodium $ar(onate.

) Des$ri(e the (asi$ steps in7ol7ed in a a$idC(ase titration. 0hy is this te$hniDue o% great pra$ti$al 7alueK 1) First? a 'no&n amount o% a$id is trans%erred to an Erlenmeyer %las' and some distilled &ater is added to ma'e up a solution. ) A%ter that? an indi$ator is dropped in the a$id solution. #) Ne)t? the (ase solution is $are%ully added to the a$id solution %rom (urette until they rea$h an eDui7alen$e point. 5) At eDui7alen$e point the a$id solution has (een neutrali!ed (y the added (ase solution and the solution is still $olourless. I% &e add Lust one more drop o% (ase solution %rom the (urette? the solution at last immediately turn pin' (e$ause the solution is no& (asi$.

REFERENCE ($) :

1) Nelson? M.? Chemistry: The Central 2$ien$e? #rd edition? /renti$eC"all?1<4) Chang? R. , ..>). Chemistry ,<th Edition). M$Nra& "ill.:12A #) http@@&&&.M$hemed.$hem..&is$.edu.$om.my 5) http:@@&&&.ig.p&r.&ro$.pl@minpro$@Lournal@pd%@ ..#@<>C1.-.pd% -) http:@@&&&.desline.$om@arti$oli@-#5>.pd%

PRACTICAL TITLE :

1.

p" MEA21REMENT AND IT2 A//9ICATION

OB!ECTI#E ($) : 1) To use 7arious methods o% measuring the p" o% a$ids? (ases and salts. ) To determine the disso$iation $onstant o% &ea' a$id.

APPARATUS % CHEMICALS : Test tu(es Coni$al %las' -. ml /ipette - ml *urette p" paper ..1 M and 1.. M "Cl ..1 M and 1.. M N"# ..1 M C"#COONa .. M NaO" ..1 M N"5NO# ..1 M and 1.. M C"#COO" ..1 M NaCl Indi$ators ,phenolphthalein ? uni7ersal indi$ator ? methyl 7iolet ? methyl orange ? ali!arin yello& )

METHODOLOGY :

A) Determination o% p" o% a$idi$ and (asi$ solutions

*) Determination o% p" o% salt solutions

C) Determination o% disso$iation $onstant o% &ea' a$id? 3a

RESULTS AND OBSER#ATIONS : 1) DATA A) Determination o% p" o% a$idi$ and (asi$ solutions

indi$ator p" paper solution Colorless ..1 M "Cl 1 O *ri$' red Colorless 1.. M "Cl . O /urplish red ..1 C"#COO" M # ..5< 1.1Colorless O *lue Colorless O Nreen Colorless O /urple Colorless M O /urplish (lue Colorless ..1 M NaO" 1# O Dar' orange Colorless 1.. M NaO" 15 O 9ighter dar' orange Colorless ..1 M N"# O 9ight orange Colorless 1.. M N"# O Dar' orange Colorless O Dar' orange Colorless O 9ight orange 1ni7ersal indi$ator Ali!arin yello& p" meter Methyl 7iolet Methyl orange

1.. C"#COO"

*) Determination o% p" o% salt solutions indi$ator p" paper solution Colorless ..1 M NaCl > O Iello& Colorless ..1 M C"#COONa 4 O Nreen Colorless ..1 M N"5NO# 8 O Dar' yello& C) Determination o% disso$iation $onstant o% &ea' a$id? 3a +olume o% NaO" ,.. M) used in titration the B 6 1 . . ml O(ser7ation a%ter adding titrated B &ith I 6 pin' F $olourless p" o% the mi)ture : i) p" meter 6 5. > 1ni7ersal indi$ator

ii)

p" paper 6 -

) CA9C19ATION2 : C) Determination o% disso$iation $onstant o% &ea' a$id? 3a Rea$tion (et&een C"#COO" and NaO" is : C"#COO",aD) = NaO",aD) F C"#COONa,aD) = " O,l) 1 mol C"#COO" P 1 mol NaO" The num(er o% moles o% NaO" in 1 . . m9 is : 1 . .m9 B .. ..mol NaO" B 1 9 1 9 NaO" 1... m9 6 .55 B 1.C#mol

The num(er o% moles o% C"#COO" in -... m9 is : -....m9 B ..1..mol C"#COO" B 1 9 C"#COO" 19 1... m9 6 -..B 1.C#mol

C"#COO",aD) = NaO",aD)FC"#COONa,aD)= " O Initial ,mol) Changes ,mol) Final ,mol) -..B 1.C# C .55 B 1.C# .-8 B 1.C# .55 B 1.C# C .55 B 1.C# . . = .55 B 1.C# = .55 B 1.C#

Con$entration o% C"#COO" 6 .-8 B 1.C# B 1...m9 -....m9 6 -.1 B 1.C M Con$entration o% C"#COONa 6 .55 B 1.C# B 1...m9 8 . .m9 6 #.< B 1.C 3a 6 Q"=R QACR Q"AR 6 Q"=R QC"#COOCR QC"#COONaR 19 19

Q"=R 6 QC"#COONaR 3a QC"#COOCR 6 ,-.1 B 1.C ),1.4 B 1.C-) ,#.< B 1.C ) 6 .#- B 1.CThere%ore? p" 6 Clog , .#- B 1.C-) 6 5.8# A

DISCUSSION : In this e)periment? &e ha7e used t&o methods in determining the p" o% a$idi$ and (asi$ solutions &hi$h is (y using p" meter and indi$ators ,p" meter? uni7ersal indi$ator? methyl 7iolet? methyl orange and ali!arin yello&). The p" at &hi$h the $olor o% an indi$ator $hanges is $alled the transition inter7al. Chemists use appropriate indi$ators to signal the end o% an a$idC(ase neutrali!ation rea$tion. 0hen the rea$tion is $omplete? that is? &hen there is no e)$ess o% a$id or (ase (ut only the rea$tion produ$ts? that is $alled the endpoint o% the titration. The indi$ator must $hange $olor at the p" &hi$h $orresponds to that endpoint. The indi$ator $hanges $olor (e$ause o% its o&n neutrali!ation in the solution. Di%%erent indi$ators ha7e di%%erent transition inter7als? so the $hoi$e o% indi$ator depends on mat$hing the transition inter7al to the e)pe$ted p" o% the solution Lust as the rea$tion rea$hes the point o% $omplete neutrali!ation. /henolphthalein $hanges %rom $olorless to pin' a$ross a range o% p" 4. to p" 1.. Methyl orange $hanges %rom red and yello& to orange at p" #.>. Those are the t&o most $ommon indi$ators? (ut others are a7aila(le %or mu$h higher and lo&er p" 7alues. Methyl 7iolet? %or e)ample? $hanges %rom yello& to (lue at a transition inter7al o% p" ... to p" 1.8. Ali!arin yello& R $hanges %rom yello& to red at a transition inter7al o% p" 1... to p" 1 .1. Other indi$ators are a7aila(le through most o% the p" range? and $an (e used in the titration o% a &ide range o% &ea' a$ids and (ases. /aper dipped in a mi)ture o% se7eral indi$ators and then dried is $alled p" paper? use%ul %or o(taining the appro)imate p" o% a solution. A uni7ersal indi$ator indi$ates the p" o% a su(stan$e in a more $omple) &ay than most p" indi$ators. Instead o% $hanging $olors i% the p" o% a su(stan$e it is e)posed to is

a(o7e or (elo& a $ertain p" point? a uni7ersal indi$ator $hanges to a $olor that is $ali(rated to indi$ate the p" le7el o% the su(stan$e. 1.+erya$idi$CRed .A$idi$COrange@Iello& #.NeutralCNreen 5.*asi$@(ase@al'aliC*lue -. +ery (asi$@(ase@al'ali C /urple Methyl 7iolet * ,simply $alled methyl violet) is used in $hemistry as a p" indi$ator to test p" ranges %rom . to 1.8. At the a$id end o% its measuring range? it ta'es on a yello& $olor. At the al'aline end? it (e$omes (luishC7iolet. Methyl 7iolet $an (e supplied as preCmade p" testing paper? or it $an (e supplied as pure $rystals and dissol7ed in the sample (eing $he$'ed. Methyl orange is one o% the indi$ators $ommonly used in titrations. In an al'aline solution? methyl orange is yello& &hile in an a$idi$ solution? methyl orange is orange in $olor. Ali!arine Iello& R ,Chrome Orange? Mordant Orange 1) is a yello& $olored a!o dye made (y the dia!o $oupling rea$tion. It usually $omes as a sodium salt. In its pure %orm it is a rustC$olored solid. It is a p" indi$ator.

Ali!arine Iello& R ,p" indi$ator) below pH 10.1 1..1 S above pH 12.0 1 ..

In ,A)? &hen p" paper &as dipped in ..1 M "Cl? the p" paper $hange its $olor and gi7es the p" o% 1 &hen $ompared to the $olor $hart. In 1.. M "Cl? the p" &as .

&hen $ompared to the $olor $hart. It means that? the higher the $on$entration o% solutions? the solutions (e$oming more a$idi$? there%ore it gi7es more lo& p" in ..1 M "Cl? the uni7ersal indi$atorTs $olor $hange to (ri$' red &hile in 1.. M "Cl? the $olor $hange to purplish red. *ased on the p" $olor $hart o% uni7ersal indi$ator? (oth solutions &ere a$idi$ ho&e7er? 1.. M "Cl &as more a$idi$ than ..1 M "Cl sin$e the $olor &as more dar'er. This &as pro7ed &hen the p" o% (oth solutions &ere tested using p" meter and &e got that the p" o% ..1 M "Cl &as 1.1- &hile the p" o% 1.. M "Cl &as ..5<. In ..1 M "Cl? the $olor o% methyl 7iolet $hange to (lue and in 1.. M "Cl the $olor $hange to green. 2in$e? ..1 M "Cl less a$idi$ than 1.. M "Cl there%ore the $olor more to al'aline end. In ..1 M C"#COO"? the p" &as # and in 1.. M C" #COO"? the p" &as using

p" papers. It means that 1.. M C" #COO" &as more a$idi$ than ..1 M C"#COO". 0hen methyl 7iolet &as used? ..1 M C"#COO" $hange its $olor to purple &hile in 1.. M C"#COO" its $olor $hanges to purplish (lue. It means that 1.. M C"#COO" &as more a$idi$ than ..1 M C"#COO" (e$ause the purple $olor o% ..1 M C"#COO" &as dar'er indi$ates that it &as $lose to the al'aline end. In methyl orange? ..1 M C"#COO" $hange its $olor to dar' orange &hile 1.. M C"#COO" (e$ame light orange. 2in$e? 1.. M C"#COO" &as more a$idi$ than ..1 M C"#COO" so? the $olor must (e dar'er than ..1 M C"#COO". "o&e7er? this &as not happened and it might (e$ause o% some error that o$$ured during the e)periment li'e the amount o% solutions and the drops o% indi$ator used. In ..1 M NaO" the p" &as 1# and in 1.. M NaO" the p" &as 15 (y using p" paper. It means that 1.. M NaO" more (asi$ than ..1 M NaO" (e$ause the $on$entration o% 1.. M NaO" &as higher. In ali!arin yello&? ..1 M NaO" $hanged to dar' orange &hile 1.. M NaO" $hanged to lighter dar' orange. 2in$e? the $olor o% ali!arin yello& in 1.. M NaO" &as lighter than in ..1 M NaO" so it did not pro7ed that 1.. M NaO" &as more (asi$ than ..1 M NaO". May (e the same error li'e in C"#COO" solutions o$$urred that led to this result.

In ..1 M N"#? the $olor o% ali!arin yello& $hanged to light orange &hile in 1.. M N"# $hanged to dar' orange. It means that 1.. M N"# &as more (asi$ than ..1 M N"# (e$ause the $olor o% ali!arin yello& &as dar'er and $losed to the al'aline end. In ,*)? ..1 M NaCl the p" &as >? in ..1 M C" #COONa the p" &as 4 and in ..1 M N"5NO# the p" &as 8. 0hen uni7ersal indi$ator &as used? ..1 M NaCl $hanged to yello&? ..1 M C"#COONa $hanged to green and ..1 M N"5NO# $hanged to dar' yello&. *ased on the $olor $hart? it pro7ed that ..1 M N" 5NO# &as a$idi$. "o&e7er? it did not pro7ed the p" that &e got using the p" paper &here ..1 M NaCl &as neutral and ..1 M C"#COONa &as (asi$ (e$ause yello& $olor o% ..1 M NaCl indi$ates that it is a$idi$ and green $olor o% ..1 M C"#COONa indi$ates it is neutral. These o$$urred might (e$ause o% error in solutions used. In ,C)? a mi)ture o% ..1 M C"#COO" and .. M NaO" produ$ed C"#COONa salt and &ater. 0hen this mi)ture &as tested &ith p" meter? the reading &as 5. >. "o&e7er? in $al$ulation relating the num(er o% moles to %ind the p" gi7es a result o% 5.8#. The error o$$urs may(e (e$ause o% $areless mista'e during the titration or may(e (e$ause o% purity o% the solution &as dou(ted. For sa%ety pre$autions &hen doing this e)periment: 1) 2a%ety goggles and aprons must (e &orn in la( at all times. ) 2odium hydro)ide is a strong (ase and $an $ause se7ere (urnsJ &ash all $ontaminated areas thoroughly &ith $old &ater. #) A$ids and (ases are $orrosi7e $hemi$als and $an $ause (urns to s'in and eyes. A7oid $onta$t and &ash any $ontaminated area thoroughly &ith $old &ater. 5) All liDuids? &hen pla$ed in a (urette? %orm a $ur7ed menis$us at their upper sur%a$es. In the $ase o% &ater or &ater solutions? this menis$us is $on$a7e? and the most a$$urate (urette readings are o(tained (y o(ser7ing the position o% the lo&est point on the menis$us on the graduated s$ales.

CONCLUSION : The more $on$entrated the solution? the more a$idi$ or (asi$ the solution. The p" o% the mi)ture o% ..1 M C"#COO" and .. M NaO" &as 5.8# (y $al$ulation.

&UESTION ($) : 1) Cal$ulate the per$entage o% ioni!ation o% a$eti$ a$id at 7arious $on$entrations ,..1 M and 1.. M). "o& does the per$entage o% ioni!ation $hange &ith its $on$entration K a) ..1 M C"#COO" C"#COO" F "= = C"#COOC initial $hanges %inal ..1 C) ..1C) . ) ) . ) )

3a 6 Q"=R QACR Q"AR 6 Q"=R QC"#COOCR QC"#COO"R 1.4 B 1.C- 6 ) ..1C) 2in$e? ..1C) P ..1 so?

1.4 B 1.C- 6 ) ..1 ) 6 1.#5 B 1.C#

/er$ent ioni!ation 6 Q"=R B 1..U Q"AR. 6 1.#5 B 1.C# B 1..U ..1 6 1.#5UA () 1.. M C"#COO" C"#COO" F "= = C"#COOC initial $hanges %inal 1.. C) 1..C) . ) ) . ) )

3a 6 Q"=R QACR Q"AR 6 Q"=R QC"#COOCR QC"#COO"R 1.4 B 1.C- 6 ) 1..C)

2in$e? 1..C) P 1.. so? 1.4 B 1.C- 6 ) 1.. ) 6 5. 5 B 1.C#

/er$ent ioni!ation 6 Q"=R B 1..U Q"AR. 6 5. 5 B 1.C# B 1..U 1.. 6 ..5 5UA

) From the p" 7alues o(tained %rom (oth $on$entrations o% a$eti$ a$id? $al$ulate 3a %or a$eti$ a$id. Compare these 7alues &ith those o(tained %rom /art C. a) ..1 M C"#COO" p" 6 Clog Q"=R # 6 Clog Q"=R Q"=R 6 ....1

C"#COO" F "= = C"#COOC

initial $hanges %inal

..1 C....1 ...<<

. ....1 ....1

. ....1 ....1

3a 6 Q"=R QACR Q"AR 6 Q"=R QC"#COOCR QC"#COO"R

6 ,....1) ,....1) ...<< 6 1..1 B 1.C-A

() 1.. M C"#COO" p" 6 Clog Q"=R 6 Clog Q"=R Q"=R 6 ...1 C"#COO" F "= = C"#COOC initial $hanges %inal 1.. C...1 ..<< . ...1 ...1 . ...1 ...1

3a 6 Q"=R QACR Q"AR 6 Q"=R QC"#COOCR QC"#COO"R 6 ,...1) ,...1) ..<< 6 1..1 B 1.C5A

From part C? Q"=R 6 .#- B 1.C-

C"#COO" F "= = C"#COOC initial $hanges %inal ..1 C .#- B 1.C..1 . .#- B 1.C.#- B 1.C. .#- B 1.C.#- B 1.C-

3a 6 Q"=R QACR Q"AR 6 Q"=R QC"#COOCR

QC"#COO"R 6 , .#- B 1.C-) , .#- B 1.C-) ..1 6 -.- # B 1.C<A

REFERENCES : 1) Chang? R. , ..>). Chemistry ,<th Edition). M$Nra& "ill.:12A ) http:@@en$y$lopedia.$ode(oy.net@&i'ipedia@m@me@methyl;7iolet.html

#) http:@@&&&.(oo'rags.$om@/";indi$ator.

5) http:@@&&&.$hemguide.$o.u'@physi$al@a$id(aseeDia@indi$ators.html

-) http:@@&&&.tea$hnet.ie@t(ur'e@ ..-@ph.html

8) http:@@&&&.is$id.org@en$y$lopedia@1ni7ersal;Indi$ator