Introduction

Why do we need protection systems How do we protect concepts of protection system design Protection Schemes Overcurrent Distance Dierential etc.

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Abnormal conditions in power systems

Examples of abnormal conditions Large currents Large voltages, low voltages Presence of negative and zero sequence currents What is the problem with abnormal conditions ? Damage to equipment and people Interruption to power supply

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Objectives

Prevent or at least minimize damage when abnormal conditions arise Isolate only the directly aected part of the system

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Design Criteria

Reliability Speed Selectivity (Discrimination) Simlicity and Economy

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Protection Zones

Each protection scheme is mainly responsible for clearing faults within its zone Some schemes provide backup protection to neighbouring zones Some schemes do not provide backup protection (unit protection schemes) Zones are overlapped to avoid unprotected areas.

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Functions of a protection system

Monitor the power system variables Transducers Detect abnormal conditions Relay Isolate the faulty section Circuit Breakers
Transducer CB . Trip Signal Relay
. . . . . .

CT

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Transducers

Current Transformers (CT) Electromagnetic type (most common) MagnetoOptical type Voltage Transformers (VT) Capacitor divider type Electromagnetic type

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Burden on a CT
The load on a current transformer is called the burden This can be expressed either as a VA load or as an impedance . Example . 5 VA burden on a 1 A current transformer means: I=1A VI = 5 VA Therefore, V=5 V i.e. . R = 5 ohm What is the equivalent load in ohms of a 5 A burden on a 5 VA CT?
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Standard CT ratios: 50:5, 100:5,150:5, 200:5, 250:5, 300:5, 400:5, 450:5, 500:5, 600:5, 800:5, 900:5, 1000:5, 1200:5

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Relays

Electromechanical: attracted armature, induction disc unit, induction cup unit etc. Static: logic units (AND,OR,NOT), time delay units, magnitude comparators, phase comparators, phase shift units, amplication units. Numerical Relays: Sampling, A/D conversion, ltering, signal processing (computation of peak, average, rms, fundamental component, dc oset etc)

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Circuit Breakers
Duties: . Carry full load current 1 . Withstand normal voltages 2 . Open and close the circuit on no load 3 . Make and break normal operating currents 4 . Make short circuit currents 5 . Break short circuit currents 6 13 Isolators 15 Switches 16 Circuit Breakers Types: Oil, Air, Air blast, Vacuum, SF6
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Logical Design of Relays

. . 2 . 3 . 4
1

Magnitude Relays (example: overcurrent relays) Directional Relays (example: mho relays) Ratio Relays (example: distance relays) Dierential Relays (example: generator or transformer internal fault protection)

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Overcurrent Relays
.
Operating time (s) .

Instantaneous relays Inverse time relays

Relay Current (A)

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Inverse time overcurrent relay

Relay operating time = time taken for relay operation. i.e. time delay between the occurrence of the abnormal condition and sending a trip signal to the circuit breaker. Electromechanical type relay Operating time depends on: . Initial position of the moving contact 1 . Speed of the disc (depends on mmf of the coil) 2 Two settings: . Pick-up current (plug setting, current setting) 1 . Time setting (time dial setting, Time Multiplier Setting, 2 TMS)
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 1
CT:400/5 . Relay The operatng time of the relay is given by: t= Ir0.02 0.14 TMS 1 If

where, Ir = IIfs is the ratio between the fault current If and the current setting Is of the relay. If the current setting and TMS have been chosen to be 6A and 1.0 respectively, determine the operating time of the relay for a fault current of 800A.
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 2

The following information is given: CT Ratio: 400/5 Current setting (pick up current) = 5.0 A TMS = 0.2 TMS t = 3log( Ir ) Determine the operating time of the relay for a fault current of 500A.

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 3

The following information is given: CT Ratio: 200/5 Current setting (pick up current) = 6.0 A Fault current If is 1200A TMS t = 3log( Ir ) Determine the TMS to get an operating time of 1.4 s for this fault.

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 4: Back up protection

B . A

CT:400/5

CT:400/5

R1

R2

Current settings of R1 and R2 are at 6A and TMS of R2 is 0.1. R1 is required to provide back up protection to R2 for a fault current of 1200A (a fault near bus A). Allow 0.3 seconds for backing up and determine the TMS of R1. The fault current for a fault near bus B is 1800A. What is the operating time of R1 for this fault.
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 5: Overcurrent relay coordination

j 5.0 . j 5.0

Bus 1
B1

Bus 2
B2

Bus 3
B3

Bus 4
B4

Bus 5 j 12.8

j 9.6

j 6.4

j 8.0

Grounded Y-Y

. Fault Currents: . Bus # Max. Fault Current (A) Min. Falut Current (A) . Max. Load Current (A)

1 3187 1380

2 3 659 431 473 329

. .

4 5 301 203 238 165

. . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 5: Settings for R4

. Minimum fault current seen by Relay at B4 is 165A Therefore choose a setting current of one third of 165A (165/3 = 55A) Use a CT ratio of 50/5 relay current corresponding to 55A is: Ip = 55 5/50 = 5.5A Choose the nearest setting current, i.e. 5A. Use a TMS of 0.5 (smallest available value is chosen to have the fastest relay operation)

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 5: Settings for R3

. R3 must provide primary protection to line 34 and back up protection for R4 Minimum fault current seen by R3 is 165A Choose CT ratio of 50/5 and a setting current of 5A The highest fault current seen by R4 is 301A. Corresponding relay current is 301 5/50 = 30.1A If /Ip = 30.1/5 = 6. From the given relay characteristics (If /Ip = 6 and TMS = 0.5) operating time of R4 is 0.135s For the same fault current the operating time of R3 must be 0.135 + 0.3 = 0.435 s From the given relay characteristics, the required TMS is 2.0
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 5: Settings for R2

. R2 must provide primary protection to line 23 and back up protection for R3 Minimum fault current seen by R2 is 238A Choose CT ratio of 100/5 (238/3 = 79.3) and a setting current of 4A (79.3 5/100) The highest fault current seen by R3 is 431A. Corresponding relay current is 431 5/50 = 43.1A From the given relay characteristics (If /Ip = 8.6 and TMS = 2) operating time of R3 is 0.31s For the same fault current the operating time of R2 must be 0.31 + 0.3 = 0.61 s From the given relay characteristics, the required TMS is 2.6 (If /Ip = 431 5/100 1/4 = 5.4)
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

TCCC Time Current Characteristics Curves

Operating time (s)

R4

. Fault Current (A)

. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

0.3 s

0.3 s

R3

R2

Directional Relay
I12

V I12

min V

T . R min > > max min < < max

max

I12

TRIP BLOCK

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Ratio Relay: Impedance Characteristics

Imag V I Real T . R |Z | < |Zr | |Z | > |Zr |

Udaya Annakkage

Zr

TRIP BLOCK
. . . . . .

Power System Protection

Ratio Relay: Mho Characteristics

Imag Zr Real

|Z Zr | < |Zr | |Z Zr | > |Zr |

TRIP BLOCK

|x + iy xr iyr | < |Zr | (x xr )2 + (y yr )2 < |Zr |2

. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Ratio Relay: Oset Mho Characteristics

Imag Zr 1 Real

|Z Zr 1 | < |Zr 2 | |Z Zr 1 | > |Zr 2 |

TRIP BLOCK

|x + iy xr 1 iyr 1 | < |Zr 2 | (x xr 1 )2 + (y yr 1 )2 < |Zr 2 |2

. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Distance Protection
. B1 . . R1:Zone 1 R1:Zone 2 . . Operating time (s) R1:Zone 3 B2 B3

R1:Zone 1

R1:Zone 3 R1:Zone 2 R2:Zone 2 R2:Zone 1 R3:Zone 1

R3:Zone 2

Impedance
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 6: Distance Protection (Impedance Relays)

The impedance of a transmission line is 5 + j 45 . The CT ratio is 400/5 and the VT ratio is 1000/1. A three phase fault occurs at 60 % of the line. What is the impedance seen by the relay. . V = (5 + j 45) 0.6 = 3 + j 54 I V Vmeasured = 1000 5 Imeasured = I 400 V 1 400 Vmeasured = = 0.24 + j 4.32 Zmeasured = Imeasured I 1000 5 .
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 7
Determine the Zone 1 and Zone 2 settings for the relay in Example 6. . Zone 1 setting . Line Impedance seen by the relay = 0.4 + j 7.2 Zone 1 setting is 80 % of the line impedance = 0 . 8 0.42 + 7.22 = 0.8 7.21 = 5.77 . . Zone 2 setting . Zone 2 setting is 120 % of the line impedance = 1 . .2 7.21 = 8.65

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Example 8

Determine the Zone 3 setting for the relay in Examples 6 and 7 to provide back up protection to the next line having an impedance of 10 + j100 . . Zone 3 setting . Impedance of the second line as seen by the relay = 400 (10 + j 100) 1000 = 0.8 + j 8 5 Zone 3 setting is 7.21 + 1.2 . 0.82 + 82 = 9.65

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Dierential Protection

The principle of discrimination is by comparison of currents entering and leaving the protected zone. Dierential protection (also known as unit protection) schemes have absolute selectivity, fast operation and high sensitivity. They provide protection only to a specied unit and do not provide back up protection to other units of the system. This is in contrast to all other schemes that operate on the principle of time discrimination.

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Dierential Protection

. External Fault Internal Fault

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Dierential Protection: Spill Current

. Non-ideal situation CTs are not identical Leads connecting the CTs to the relay are not identical Therefore, the magnetizing currents are dierent.
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Dierential Protection: High Impedance Scheme

. Stabilizing Resistance Rs is chosen to prevent relay operation for external faults under worst case scenario where only one CT is saturated.

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

Dierential Protection: Low Impedance Bias

. |IR | > k |I1 + I2 | |IR | < k |I1 + I2 | TRIP BLOCK

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection

State whether the following statements are True or False and explain your answer
. Inverse time overurrent relays can be used for back up protection . Dierential protection can provide primary protection to a 2 transformer and back up protection to a nearby bus bar. . Overlapping zones are used for providing back up 3 protection. . Impedance relay characteristics are not suitable for 4 distance protection. . An overcurrent relay is expected to operate under 5 maximum loading conditions. . There will be no spill current in a dierential protection 6 scheme if the CTs are identical.
1
. . . . . .

Udaya Annakkage

Power System Protection