Research Methodology unit 1:- understanding research 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 definition and meaning of research arbitrary method scientific method encyclopedia

of social science clover and balsle Young webster's Twentieth Century Dictionary Random House Dictionary of the English Language John W.Best meaning of research systematic approach objectivity reproducible research relevance control characteristics of research objective of research motivation in research types of research pure research applied research descriptive research exploratory research action research diagnostic study diagnostic study evaluation study experimental research historical research survey exploratory research conclusive research pure, fundamental or theoretical research applied research exploratory research need for exploratory research advantages disadvantages case study approach conclusive research descriptive research 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 14

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applications of descriptive approach objective of descriptive approach diagnostic study evaluation study action research experimental approach types of experimental design after only design one group before-after design before-after design with control group use of experimental design research in decision making role of research in various areas financial management production management banking government human resource management marketing management research in natural or physical stores research in social sciences importance of social research to personnel management personnel management human resource development Edward flippo limitations of research what constitutes a good research systematic logic empirical replicable good researcher's qualities method of approach knowledge qualification and attitudes personal qualities group 1

15 15 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 27

unit 2:- Scientific method and research 1 2 3 4 scientific methods Good and Hatt definitions of scientific method Karl Pearson 32 33 33 33

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George A. Lundberg L.L Bernard Encyclopedia Britannica characteristics of scientific method basis of scientific method reliance on evidence definite problem to solve verifiability generality predictability objectivity system scientific methods and scientific research components of scientific approach procedural component observation formulation verification personnel component bias and prejudice in scientific research incomplete observation inaccurate observation

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unit 3:- Formulating research Problem and Hypothesis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 unit of analysis time and space boundaries characteristics under stud research process/planning process primary stage observation interest crystallization formulating a research problem primary synopsis conceptual clarity documentation personal documents company documents consultants report and published materials public documents literature survey secondary stage research project planning 46 46 46 46 47 47 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51

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research project formulation data collection classification and tabulation data analysis univariate analysis bivariate analysis multicariate analysis analysis and interpretation testing of a hypothesis interpretation of result final stage conclusions and recommendations report witting research problem need for defining human considerations economic consideration time consideration technical consideration environmental consideration prerequisites for formulating research problem expensive study well acquaintance with relevant theories help from experts clarity source selection of the research problem reading experience, academic experience day to day consultation final exposure brain storming infusion research points to fonder on research problem units of analysis decision making unit -DMU time and space coordination all units or specific units characteristics of interest characteristics of interest versus unit of analysis environmental conditions formulation of a research problem and hypothesis testing

52 52 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 57 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 59 59 61 62 63 63 65 66

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originating question rational behind specific question importance of formulation formulating hypothesis

66 66 66 67 67

unit 4:- Hypothesis Testing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 hypothesis :definition and meaning definition of hypothesis Goode and Hatt Rummel and Balline Webster Dictionary Mill Goode W.G and Hatt.P.K Coffey Cohen M and Negel E William H George Role of hypothesis Goode and Hatt sources of hypothesis analogy general culture individual experience scientific theories kinds of hypothesis level of abstraction exploratory or descriptive hypothesis tentative hypothesis representative fictions characteristics of hypothesis formulation of hypothesis importance of hypothesis helpful in enquiry selection of relevant factors direction helps in drawing conclusions difficulties in formulating of hypothesis lack of knowledge of scientific method lack of clear theoretical background lack of logical background means to overcome difficulties testing of hypothesis steps in testing hypothesis 72 72 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 83 85 86 86 86 86 86 87 87 87 87 87 88

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statistical hypothesis of significance prepare a hypothesis null hypothesis alternative hypothesis choose a suitable significance level decide test criterion carry calculations decision types of errors in testing of hypothesis limitations of tests of significance test of significance should not be used mechanically

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conclusions are to be given in terms of probabilities and not certainties 92 tests do not tell us why the difference exists 92

unit 5:- Research Design 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Meaning and definition of research design Cook, Dentish and Jahoda E.A.Schulan Russel Ackoff P.V.Young meaning of research design according to Cook Jahoda selection of research problem presentation of problem formulation of hypothesis conceptual clarity methodology literature survey and bibliography data collection hypothesis testing result interpretation report writing relation between problem formulation and research design selection of problem factors affecting research design time and money: determinants of design advantages of research design steps in research design problem objective of study nature of study sources of data techniques of data collection 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 98 98 99 99 100 101 101 101 101 101 101 102

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social cultural context geographical limit basis of selection limitations and scope of study contents of research design research study hypothesis data collection universe and sample data analysis report-writing good research design various types of research design different research design exploratory/ formulative research conclusive research case study statistical study vague problem exploratory research hypothesis conclusive research decision new ideas research design for exploratory or formulative studies design for exploratory or formulative studies research design for conclusive studies case stud method statistical method design for descriptive and diagnostic studies anthropological research design for experimental studies informal experimental design after only design after only with control design before and after with out control design before and after with control design formal design completely randomized design randomized block design Latin square design factorial design experimental study design experiment

102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 103 103 103 103 104 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 106 106 107 107 107 107 107 110 110 110 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 112

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analysis outline of experiment experiment designs analysis basic principles of experimentation randomization replication local control advantages of planning experiments

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unit 6:- data collection and measurement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 meaning and importance of data sources of data documentary sources field source primary source secondary source data sources primary sources observation interview mailed questionnaire secondary sources internal sources external sources private documents or personal documents advantages of secondary data disadvantages of secondary data characteristics for evaluating secondary data data relation quality reliability orginality completeness unbiasness choosing the method of data collection type of information method nature of research study unit of enquiry education skilled and trained person sample size 120 121 121 121 121 122 122 122 122 122 122 123 123 123 123 123 124 124 124 124 124 125 125 125 126 126 126 126 127 127 127

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methods of collection of primary data observation questionnaire and schedules experimentation simulation interview projective technique questionnaires classification structured questionnaire non-structured questionnaire coded questionnaire un-codified questionnaire personal data consumption pattern consumer product market industrial product market general information essential features of questionnaire types of questions should be avoided pilot studies and pre-tests mailed questionnaire method telephone interview experimentation simulation interview projective technique methods of collection of secondary data internal sources external sources personal sources autobiographies diaries letters memos public sources unpublished published advantages of secondary data disadvantages of secondary data scrutiny of secondary data data relation quality reliability originality

127 127 127 127 127 127 127 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 130 131 131 132 132 132 133 133 134 136 136 136 136 136 136 137 137 137 137 137 138 138 138 139 139 139

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accuracy completeness unbiasness merits and demerits of different methods of collecting primary data comparison of principal methods of data collection personal interview with questionnaire mailed questionnaire advantages telephone interview preferred data collection method

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unit 7:- Sampling and sampling Techniques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 population and sample sampling definition of sampling Biogrdus Mildred Parton P.V Young Fank Yates Goods and Hatt Paul L Erdos and arthur J Morgon Blalock and Blalock Ya-Lun-chou variables and attributes continuous and discrete variables collection of statistical data primary data secondary data procedures for collection data census survey sample survey advantages of sampling over senses less expensive less time consuming greater accuracy destructive enumeration sampling basic principles law of statistics regularity law of inertia of large numbers implication of sampling main characteristics of sampling technique economy intensive and elaborate study 146 146 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 149 149 150 150 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 152 152 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153

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reliability scientific nature suitability reliability of sampling size of the sample homogeneity of the samples representativeness of the sample similar sample importance of sampling concentrated stud of selected items representative units studied large area scrutiny of available information sufficiency of results collecting of the information assumptions of sampling accuracy homogeneity representative selection advantages and disadvantages of sampling accuracy administrative suitability advantage over census less cost saving in time disadvantages what makes a good sample representative accuracy precision sample size selection of sample geographical individual social structural characteristics of a good unit accessibility clarity source list standardization validity reliability

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suitability exhaustiveness sampling and non-sampling errors sampling errors non-sampling errors sampling frame perfect frame incomplete frame inaccurate frame inadequate frame methods of sampling and probability sampling probability sampling non-probability sampling probability sampling uses of probability sampling merits of probability sampling accuracy formulation of determinable representative sampling plans wide applied method demerits of probability sampling methods expensive requirement of large sample other difficulty simple random sampling stratified random sampling systematic random sampling multi-stage sampling cluster sampling simple random sampling simple random sampling with replacement simple random sampling without replacement simple random sampling with replacement selecting a random sample finite population infinite population lottery method tippet's numbers method selection from sequential list grid system of a random sampling precautions in simple random sampling advantages of simple random sampling disadvantages of simple random sampling stratified random sampling

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proportionate and disproportionate stratified sampling allocation of sample size in different strata allocation principles of stratified random sampling homogeneity advantages disadvantages systematic random sampling multistage sampling cluster sampling cluster sampling process m cluster identification nature of clusters determination of number of stages single-stage sampling two stage sampling multi-stage sampling principles of cluster sampling sampling with varying probabilities methods of sampling: non-probability sampling methods of sampling non-probability sampling convenience sampling purposive sampling or judgment, quota sampling sampling design type of population sampling unit type of sample sample size size of the sample factors determining the size of the sample nature of the stud nature of population questionnaire and schedule types of sampling practicability parameter and statistic parameter statistic the sample mean methods the sample proportion method other sampling methods snow balling

167 168 169 171 171 171 171 171 172 173 174 174 174 175 175 175 175 176 177 177 177 177 178 178 181 181 182 182 182 182 183 183 183 183 183 183 184 185 185 185 186 186 186

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advantages of snow balling saturation sampling spatial sampling self selected sampling sequential sampling

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unit 8:- Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 definition of observation oxford concise dictionary meaning of observation features of observation Eye observation Alm Planning Recording physical and mental activity purposive and selective exactness cause and effect relationships direct study importance of observation observation a technique of data collection Goode and Hatt process of observation sensation attention or concentration perception types of observation casual and scientific observation natural and conceived observation subjective and objective observation direct and indirect observation participant and non-participant observation non-participate observation merit of this method structured observation and unstructured observation controlled observation and non-uncontrolled conservation controlled observation advantages and disadvantages of observation qualities of observation technique instrumental aid in field of observation limitation of observation principle difficulties in observation 194 195 195 196 196 196 196 196 197 197 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 198 198 200 200 200 201 201 202 203 203 203 203 204 204 206 206 206 208

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observation and inference observer-caused effects

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unit 9:- The interview method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 definition and meaning of interview vivien palmar W.I Goode and P.K Hatt P.V Young C.William B Mary meaning of interview technique objectives of interview types of interview according to formality formal interview information interview according to number personal interview group interview according to purpose diagnostic interview treatment interview research interview interview to fulfill curiosity short contact interview prolonged contact interview qualitative interview quantitative interview mixed interview non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview focused interview repeated interview structured interview unstructured interviews focused interview clinical interview non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview in-depth interview problems in interview advantages of the interview method advantages scoring and test devices disadvantages major limitations of the interview method 214 214 214 215 215 215 217 217 218 218 218 218 218 218 218 218 218 218 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 220 220 220 221 222 222 222 223 223 223 225 225 227

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process of interview introduction object of the interview interview free atmosphere help research question encouragement direction note-taking concluding report pre-requisites of successful interview study design encouragement friendly atmosphere characteristics of interview questions pre-test bias objective

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unit 10:-The questionnaire method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 meaning and purpose of a questionnaire sociologists purpose of a questionnaire types of questionnaire structured questionnaire non-structured questionnaire open-ended questionnaire close ended questionnaire mixed questionnaire pictorial questionnaire kinds of questionnaire items information background subject formulation of a questionnaire schedule physical form of the questionnaire choice of questions wording of questions guidelines for questionnaire items sequence of questions 236 236 236 237 237 237 238 238 238 238 239 239 239 239 240 242 243 243 244 245

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questionnaire-choice, wordings etc wording questions sequence of questions advantages and disadvantages of questionnaire advantages less skill and training economical standardization anonymity less pressure disadvantages limited response low return lack of checking on replies limited response limited success economical lack of personal contact possibility of wrong answers illegibility useless in depth problems pre-testing questionnaire model questionnaire

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unit 11:- The survey methd 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 definitions of social survey Mark Abrams E.W Burgess Shelly M Harrison Herman N Morse C.A Moser A F Wells F L Whitney P V Young meaning of srvey objects of survey characteristics of social survey types of survey factual survey opinion survey interpretive survey genreal survey specific survey 262 262 262 262 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 264 265 265 265 265 265 265

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reglar and ad-hoc surveys prelimianry and fina; surveys censys and sample surveys official, semi-official or private survey confidential or public surveu telephone survey personal interview survey mail survey

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