BYM504E-MK-Basics of Ultrasound Imaging

Basics of Ultrasound Imaging Mustafa Karaman, PhD
1
Basics of Ultrasound Imaging
April 2014
Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering,
Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Mustafa Karaman, Ph.D
2
Ultrasound B-Scan Image: Liver
3
Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Imaging System
4
Ultrasonic Imaging
Tissue-wave interaction
Transducer design
Analog and digital electronic design
Array signal processing (beamforming)
Signal and image processing
5
Acoustic Applications
Medical Imaging (non-invasive diagnosis)
Nondestructive testing (NDT)
Underwater acoustics (sonar)
6
Medical Imaging
non-invasive observation of internal structures
of human body
: Based on interaction between tissue &
energy (x-rays, electric fields, ultrasound, etc.)
Different forms of energy/radiation
imaging of different characteristics of tissue
7
Medical Ultrasound
represents mechanical properties of tissue
has no harmful biological side effect
allows real-time imaging
offers small-size, low-cost systems
complementary diagnostic tool
+ (will) provide real-time 3D imaging
8
Medical Ultrasound Waves
Longitudinal waves: 2-15 MHz
Transverse waves
high attenuation in tissue
not used
9
10
11
Ultrasound Parameters
water
fat
bone
liver
kidney
muscle
soft tissue
Speed
(m/s)
1480
1440
4080
1550
1560
1590
1540
Attenuation
(dB / MHz cm)
0.0025
0.56
12.0
0.95
1.1
1.8
0.81
Impedance
1.48
1.36
7.80
1.66
1.63
1.71
1.62
) / 10 (
2 6
s m kg
12
Ultrasound Parameters
13
Frequency & Wavelength
f
c
=
In soft tissue: C = 1540 m/s
f
(MHz) (mm)
3.0 0.51
5.0 0.31
14
Reflection
2
1 2
1 2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= I
Z Z
Z Z
Power reflection coefficient:
Reflection between X and Soft tissue Z = 1.62
X I I
2
water + 0.452 0.020
fat + 0.087 0.008
bone - 0.656 0.430
liver - 0.003 9.6e-6
15
scattering
16
17
Reflection (Pulse-echo) & Transmission Modes
TX
Mode
(t>r/c)
18
A Sample Pulse-echo Signal
s(t)
S(w)
3.5Mhz, 40%BW
19
Attenuation in Pulse-Echo
R
e I I
o 2
0
=
F loss
(MHz) (dB/cm) (dB)
3.5 2.8 112
5.0 4.0 160
R
I
I
0
=
Medium Attenuation: Diffraction Attenuation:
20
Attenuation TGC
Attenuation: compensated by TGC amplifier
Gain: Operator controlled at discrete
range segments
range
g
a
i
n
21
TGC Applied to B-Scan Image
22
Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Imaging System
Transducers
23
PZT: Lead Zirconate Titanate
PZT: Lead Zirconate Titanate
24
Z
PZT
~30x10
5
g/cm
2
s
Z
SKIN
=~1.7x10
5
g/cm
2
s
CMUT
25
v
out
V
dc
~
v
ac
Generated Acoustic Wave
Incident Acoustic Wave
Trasnsducer Bandwidth
26
Trasnsducer Bandwidth
27
28
Beamforming
Perhaps the most important building block.
Probably the most expensive building block.
30 - 50% of parts & labor of a scanner
Forming transmit/receive beams
Scan image plane (reconstruct image).
This slide is from K. Thomenius presentation.
29
30
Focusing
31
steering
32
33
Scan (Beam) Lines
34
Beamforming = steering + focusing
35
T
r
a
n
s
d
u
c
e
r
s

&

S
c
a
n

F
o
r
m
a
t
s
Transducer
Array
A
c
tiv
e
S
u
b
a
rra
y
S
c
a
n

L
i
n
e
B
e
a
m
Transducer Array = Active Subarray
S
c
a
n

L
i
n
e
B
e
a
m
Transducer
Array
Active
Subarray
S
c
a
n

L
i
n
e
Beam
Linear Array Curvi-Linear Array Phased Array
36
37
End of Session-1
38
Session 2
39
Transducer
Array
A
c
tiv
e
S
u
b
a
rra
y
S
c
a
n

L
i
n
e
B
e
a
m
Transducer Array = Active Subarray
S
c
a
n

L
i
n
e
B
e
a
m
Transducer
Array
Active
Subarray
S
c
a
n

L
i
n
e
Beam
Linear Array
Curvi-Linear Array Phased Array
Recall From Session-1:
Transducers & Scan Formats
40
Recall From Session-1: Beamforming
41
PSF
Point Spread Function
Image of a point reflector (target)
Also called LSF (line spread function)
2D cross-sectional image of line reflector (target)
Represents the spatial impulse response of the
(linear) imaging system.
Used to characterize
transducer response (radiation pattern, beam
pattern)
the image quality of the system.
42
r
u
(r,u)
D/2
x
dx
Observation
point
Geometry for driving PSF
-D/2
Excitation Pulse: p(t)
Aperture
u

43
PSF
( / )
Signal at the observation point:
( / )
( , ) cos
Assume paraxial case: cos 1 &
1
( , ) ( / )
For CWexcitation: ( )
( , )
D
D
jwt
w
j
jw t c jwt
c
D D
p t c
s t dx
r
s t p t r c dx
r
p t e
s t e dx e e dx
=
~ ~
=
=
= =
}
}
} }
44
PSF
2
( , )
( , ) /
w
j
jwt jwt
c
jwt
D
w
j
c
D
j
D
s t
h w e e dx e
e
e dx
e dx
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
=
}
}
}
Temporal frequency response
45
Near & Far Fields
2 2
2
2
2
2 sin
2
1 sin
[1 ( ) ( ) ...]
r x rx
x x
r
r r
r O x O x
u
u
= +
= +
= + + +
2
2
[1 ( ) ( )] Near-Field (Fresnel)
/ Far-Field (Fraunhofer)
[1 ( )]
sin
r O x O x
r D
r O x
r x
u
~ + +
>>
~ +
~
Distance from source point to observation point:
r
u
(r,u)
x
dx
Aperture
46
One-Way PSF
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 / sin
2 / sin
( , )
(sin , )
(sin ) ( )
{ ( )}
sin / sin
/ sin
j
D
j r
j x
D
j x
D
D
h w e dx
h w e e dx
h a x e dx
F a x
D
t

t
t u
t u
u
u
t u
t u
=
=
=
=
=
}
}
}
(r,u)
dx
Aperture
Function
a
D
(x)
u
47
(sin ) (sin )
t r
h h u u =
One-Way (Tx & Rx) PSF
Transmit and receive responses of an
aperture are identical.
Transmit and receive beam patterns (PSFs)
of a transducer are identical.
48
3dB width
main lobe
side lobes
1/ 2
PSF for D=16
sin(8 sin )
(sin )
0.5 sin
h
t u
u
t u
=
Sinu
49
Aperture & Sampled Aperture (Array)
d
(r,u)
r
u
1
2 3 N
Continious
Aperture
Function
Sampled
Aperture
Function
d
50
PSF of Sampled Aperture (Array)
1
sin( sin )
2
(sin ) exp( sin )
sin( sin )
N
n
Nd
h j nd
d
t
u
t
u u
t
=
= =
Note that: It is a periodic sinc()-like function with

a period of sinu=2/d.
Sampling in one FT domain corresponds to periodicity
in the other FT domain.
This results in repeated main lobes, so called
grating lobes.
To avoid grating lobes, choose ds/2
51
Array PSF with Grating Lobes
main lobe
3dB beam width
first side lobe
side lobes
Grating lobe
grating lobe
52
Two-Way PSF
2
(sin ) (sin ) (sin )
sin( sin )
(sin ) (sin )
sin( sin )
sin( sin )
(sin )
sin( sin )
t r
t r
TR
h h h
Nd
h h
d
Nd
h
d
u u u
t
u
u u
t
u
t
u
u
t
u
=
= =
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
53
( )
( )
sin 0.5 16 sin
(sin )
sin 0.5 sin
h
t u
u
t u

=
One-Way PSF
54
Two-Way PSF
55
Two-Way Pulsed PSFs
R: 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D
a
r
r
a
y

(
N
=
1
6
,

d
=
/
2
)
-0.5
0.0
+0.5
56
Mesh Plot of Two-Way PSFs
1D
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
7D
57
Effective Aperture
) (sin ) (sin
)} ( ) ( {
)} ( { ) (sin
) ( ) ( ) (
u u
u
r t
r t
e
r t e
h h
x a x a F
x a F h
x a x a x a
=
=
=
=
58
Aperture Apodization
Array Channels
59
Apodized PSF
) (sin ) (sin
]} [ ] [ { ) (sin
u u
u
h W
n a n w F h
a
=
=
60
Effect of Apodization on PSF
Xtr & Rcv Hamming Window
Xtr & Rcv Uniform Window
61
Depth of Focal Zone
focal point
depth of focal zone

2
2
8 8
no
f
D
r
r ~
|
.
|
\
|
~ A
62
F/number Apodization
Range
D
2D
f/number = R
focal
/ D
effective,
D
effective
= D * cosu
Used for improved focal zone.
f/number apodization
63
64
Effective Aperture Size
r
u
(r,u)
D
steering angle
focal point
D cos u
effective aperture
65
Aperture Apodization
increases depth of focal zone
suppresses side lobes
reduces point resolution
(increases main lobe width)
reduces T/R power (SNR)
66
Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Imaging System
67
Output Signal of Beamformer
(Beamformed A-scan)
68
Beamformer Output
=
=
r
N
n
n n
c r t t p t A t s
1
) / ) ( ( ) ( ) ( t

= =
=
t r
N
k
N
n
k n n k
c r t t t p t A t A t s
1 1
) / 2 ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t t
Receive Beamforming:
T/R Beamforming (synthetic):
69
Wavefronts With/out Focusing
Row-1: No focusing, Row-2: Xtr focusing, Row-3: Xtr & Rcv focusing
(N=64)
70
End of Session-2
71
Session 3
72
Sector Scan
73
Scan-Conversion
74
Scan-Conversion
u o A + =
A + =
A + =
/ ) (
/ ) (
/ ) (
1 2 1
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 1
C C C C
r d B B B C
r d A A A C
75
Scan-Conversion
sinu
R
a
n
g
e

(
r
)
x
y
76
Logarithmic Compression
To view regions with different contrast
levels on the same display range
a = 10
db_floor/20
; % a=0.01 for
db_floor=-40;
x = x / xmax;
if x()<a then x() = a
y = 20 log
10
(x)
40 dB < dB_floor < 60 dB
77
Image Resolution
Axial (range) resolution
Lateral (azimuth) resolution
Point resolution
Contrast resolution
78
Aixal & Lateral Resolution
R: 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D
a
r
r
a
y

(
N
=
1
6
,

d
=
/
2
)
-0.5
0.0
+0.5
79
Resolution of B-Scan Image
a
x
i
a
l
lateral
80
Axial & Lateral Resolution
Axial (Range) Resolution
o pulse shape
o pulse width
o Xducer bandwith
Lateral (Azimuth) Resolution
o array size
o frequency & BW
o apodization
81
Point Resolution
capability of resolving point targets
o main lobe width
3 dB resolution: FWHP of main lobe
6 dB resolution: FWHM of main lobe

no
f
D
r
FWHM 22 . 1 22 . 1 ~ ~
82
Contrast Resolution
capability of resolving regions with different
contrast levels
o ratio of power in main lobe to power
in side lobes
Contrast-to-Nose-Ratio:
2
2
2
1
2 1
o o

+
= CNR
83
Delay & Amplitude Quantization
Delay & Amplitude Quantization
side lobe level contrast resolution
RMS Array/Delay Quantization Errors/ Main Lobe Amplitude
m=fs/fo=32, N=128 - 59 dB
RMS Signal-amplitude Quantization Sidelobe Level / Max Image
Amplitude
N=128, B=8 bits -74 dB
(Peterson & Kino IEEE Trans. UFF, July 1984)
N m
d
6
t
c =
N
B
a
3 2
1
= c
84
Real-Time Imaging Constraint
s
firing
c xRange
x
frame
firings
x
s
frames
1
/ 2
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
192
1
/ 1540 / 20 . 0 2 20
s
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
frame
firings
s
firing
s m m x
x
frame
firings
x
s
frames
85
Beam Space Sampling
max
max max
sin
/ 2
sin 2
sin
sin 2
u
u
u
u
e
e
N
N
B = =
A
>
N B
N N N N N
e r t
2
2
2 / 1 45 sin sin
0
max
>
= = =
= = u
179 128 > = B N
86
Issues
volumetric scan hardware
digital systems ADC cost
flow imaging correlation proces.
phase aberration resolution
motion artifacts resolution
87
Dimension of a Transducer Array
88
3-D Imaging using 2-D Arrays
89
Why 2D?
90
Volumetric Imaging
# of array channels (NxN) Hardware
32x32 =1K, 64x64 =4K, 128x128 =16K
2D sparse arrays with 256 channels currently
available for 3D/4D imaging.
For ergonomic scanning, the number of
cables should be limited by 256 512.
# of Beam lines Frame rate
New scanning methods needed.
91
Doppler Frequency
u cos 2
0
f
c
v
f f
d
= = A
v: flow velocity (?)
Af = fd: average Doppler frequency
c: ultrasound velocity
fo: ultrasound frequency
u: angle between beam and velocity
92
Correlation Processing
Differential phase/delay
Phase of complex correlation coeff.
Index of max of RF correlation func.
Estimation of motion, phase aberration, flow

=
k
n n
k
n n
k
n n
n n
k s k s k s k s
k s k s
*
1 1
*
*
1
1 ,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
+ +
+
=

k
n n
k
n n
k
n n
n n
m k s m k s k s k s
m k s k s
m
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
1 1
1
1 ,

93
RF Correlation
94
Non-Aberrated Wavefronts
95
Phase Aberration
96
Phase Aberration
Row-1: No aberration., Row-2: 1x aberration., Row-3: 2x aberration
(N=64)
97
Motion!
Maximum Velocity of Heart
Heart Valve cm/s =0.44mm 20 frames/s
normal 30 cm/s 680 /s 34 /frame
higher 60 cm/s 1360 /s 68 /frame
abnormal 100 cm/s 2270 /s 134 /frame
Heart Wall 1-15 cm/s 20-340 /s 1-17 /frame
98
End of Session-3

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Basics of Ultrasound Imaging Mustafa Karaman, PhD

Basics of Ultrasound Imaging Mustafa Karaman, PhD

Note that: It is a periodic sinc()-like function with

Basics of Ultrasound Imaging Mustafa Karaman, PhD

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