Light

A form of traveling energy. What do people want from lighting systems?

Highly reliable source of light that is sufficient to see to perform tasks safely at a productive level in a cost effective manner?

Quality vs Quantity
Quantity
Sufficient amount to see and accomplish work tasks safely Units: Lumens & Footcandles

Quality
Aesthetics of lighting Sufficient to determine different colors for identification without excessive glare. Ratings: CRI, Temperature

Lighting Quantities
Electrical Input - Watts
The Bulb/Lamp consumes Watts

Light Produced - Lumens

The Bulb/Lamp produces a quantity of light.

Light Received at Work Surface Footcandles

Most Standards provide the amount of necessary light to perform various tasks safely.

Whats a Footcandle?
Quantity of Illuminance (light/area) 1 lumen/square foot A bright sunny day can be 1000 to 10,000 Footcandles. You need about 1 footcandle to read a newspaper.

Lighting Quality
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Ability for the light to accurately render true color CRI ranges from 0 to 100
The higher the better. 80-100: people look the best.

Color Temperature (warmth or coolness)

Designated in degrees K
2000 3000 K = warm (reds, yellows, oranges) 3000 4000 K = medium (preferred) > 4000 K = cool (blues, greens, whites)

Types of Lighting
Incandescent

Fluorescent

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

Incandescent
Efficiency: Low
70 to 90 percent of energy converted into heat.

Quality: High
Similar to sunlight

Purchase Cost: Low

Inexpensive Lamp

Life: Short Operating Cost: High

Lowest efficiency

Other
Good Low Temperature operation

Incandescent Considerations
Still suitable for some applications
Do a good job of matching the color of sunlight.people like them.

High Operating Cost Premature Failures

Vibration & Shock Transient Voltages Over-voltage

Fluorescent

Fluorescent Types
Tube
T-12 (Older) T-8 (Newer)

Circuline Compact
Screw in replacement for an edison base incandescent.

Tube Fluorescent
Efficiency: High
Higher then incandescent.

Quality: Low or High

Depends on tube type

Purchase Cost:
Fixture: Moderate Lamp: Inexpensive

Life: Long Operating Cost: Low

Good Efficiency

Other
Low Temperature operation concerns

Compact Fluorescent
Efficiency: Good
Higher then incandescent.

Quality: Low or High

Depends on tube type

Purchase Cost: Moderate

Lamp or lamp & ballast.

Life: Long Operating Cost: Low

Good Efficiency

Other
Low Temperature operation concerns

Lumens vs Ambient Temperature

Compact Fluorescent
Incandescent Lamp Size Compact Fluorescent Lamp Equivalent Initial Light Output (Lumens)

25-WATT 40-WATT 40-WATT 60-WATT 75-WATT 100-WATT

5-WATT 7-WATT 9-WATT 13-WATT 18-WATT TWO 13-WATT

THE SAME 20% LESS 20% MORE THE SAME 6% LESS THE SAME

Fluorescent Ballasts
Magnetic Ballasts (older)
Less Efficient Less susceptible to power quality issues.

Electronic Ballasts (newer)

More efficient Non-linear loads producing Harmonic Distortion (power quality problem) Susceptible to other power quality issues. Power Factor can vary. Some are dimmable

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

Considerations
Large Areas Long Operating Hours High Mounting Heights

Types
Mercury Vapor Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium High Pressure Sodium

HID Lighting
Advantages
Intense Light Output Very Efficient Long Lamp Life Unaffected by Temperature

Disadvantages
High Mounting Heights 1 to 10 minutes to reach full output 4 to 5 minutes to restart Color of some may be poor

Mercury Vapor
Produces light when current passes through a mercury vapor in the lamp. Large volume of blue and harsh white light with poor color rendition. Relatively inefficient compared to other HIDs.

Metal Halide
Similar to Mercury Vapor but contains other metal additives to produce better color. Used where color rendition is important (sports fields & stadiums, car lots, produce stands, landscaping, etc.) 1.5 to 2 times more efficient than mercury vapor.

High Pressure Sodium

Produces light when current passes through a sodium vapor. Golden white light with fair color rendition not as good as metal halide. Used in industrial, commercial and institutional applications. Slightly more efficient than metal halide.

Low Pressure Sodium

Similar to High Pressure Sodium but different metal additives. Most efficient HID lamp type. Worst color rendition of the HID lampsblues and reds appear as grey and yellow/brown. Primarily for outdoor security and street lighting.being replaced by High Pressure Sodium.

Lighting Applications
General Occupancy
Office, Hallway, Conference, etc.

Task
Retail Sales, Display, Inspection, Assembly & Repair

Warehouse & Storage Exterior

Lighting Considerations
Sufficient Quantity & Quality (Purchase)
Safety Productivity
Fluorescent - Cost of Lighting
Purchase 4% Labor 13% Disposal 1%

Efficiency & Operating Cost (Energy) Maintenance & Replacement Cost (Labor) Environmental Considerations (Disposal)

Electricity 82%

Sufficient Quantity & Quality

Standards & Recommended Guidelines IES Illuminating Engineering Society Industry, government & university studies. Lighting manufacturers

Needs Vary
Technical Standards are only the start. People have their own needs and ideas. Lighting needs are diverse. Display Product Mood/Ambiance

Efficiency & Operating Cost

1992 Federal Energy Policy Act (FEPA or EPACT)
States must adopt building codes/standards addressing energy efficiency in a variety of areas.

Common Codes & Standards:

ASHRAE/IEC 90.1 1989 MEC (Model Energy Code)

Lighting Efficiency

Maintenance & Replacement

The 2nd largest cost of lighting systems. What costs are involved?
New Lamp Special Equipment? Labor Time to find and get new lamp Time to find the ladder Time to replace the lamp Time to put the ladder back Paperwork?

Average Life of Light Sources

Type of Lamp 25 W incandescent 60 W incandescent 100 W incandescent 13 W comp fluorescent 40 W tube fluorescent Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium Low Pressure Sodium Hours 2,500 1,000 750 10,000 20,000 24,000 15,000 24,000 18,000

Environmental Considerations
Are fluorescent lamps hazardous/toxic waste?
Maybe.it depends on the quantity and the state!

Lamps contain small amounts of mercury.a known hazardous waste. Disposal rules for fluorescent lamps vary by state. Recycling preferred

Federal Situation
Regulations apply to entities disposing of specific quantities. Doesnt Apply:
Disposal of single lamps & less than 100 kg of hazard/month (360, 4 ft T-12 tubes)
OR

TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

Tests different models of lamps from different manufacturers to determine if they qualify as normal or hazardous waste. Meet TCLP requirements = normal waste in most states.

Retrofit Considerations
Hours of use & potential savings. Light levels needed or required.
Tasks to be performed, age of users, preferences, etc.

Labor/Replacement Costs Physical/Environmental considerations

Low ceilings, hot or cold temperatures, potential for damage, restart times, theft, etc.

Consider Changing Incandescents to Compact Fluorescents

Update Tube Fluorescent To Higher Efficiency

Replace T-12 tubes with T-8 tubes Power
T-12: 40 watts T-8: 32 watts

Results in 20% Savings on energy and no loss of light. Upgrade of ballasts can also increase efficiency another 20%.

Retrofitting Systems
Employees will always tell you more light is better than less light. Is there such a thing as too much lighting?
Wastes energy Employees will generally not complain unless glare is an issue.

Underlitemployees will complain.

Example Savings
Old System: Office; 360 tube fluorescents (40 W) Operated 14 hrs/day, 5 days/wk for 3,640 hrs/yr New System: High efficiency fluorescents (32 W) Electronic ballast Energy Savings: 40% reduction in kWh 99,600 kWh/yr 27.4 kW demand savings Dollar Savings: $9,280/yr at $.08/kWh and $4/kW Payback: less than 3 yrs

Lighting Resources
Phillips Lighting - www.phillips.com GE Lighting www.ge.com Osram/Sylvania www.sylvania.com Cooper Lighting www.cooperlighting.com Hubbell Lighting www.hubbell-ltg.com