From Parts of Body To Parts of Speech

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Jakob Mach e and Roland Sch afer
German Grammar Freie Universit at Berlin 4th Conference of the International Society for Gesture Studies Frankfurt/Oder, July 27, 2010
From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech
Structure of the talk

Motivation and Introduction Corpus Study Analysis Cases with accusativeinstrumental alternation Further remarks References
c Jakob Mach e & Roland Sch afer 2010, German Grammar Freie Universit at Berlin
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From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction
Kinegrams
We look at a specic class of idioms described in the German phraseological literatur, esp. by Burger (1976,2007), cf. also Dobrovolskij & Piirainen (2009).
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Kinegrams
We look at a specic class of idioms described in the German phraseological literatur, esp. by Burger (1976,2007), cf. also Dobrovolskij & Piirainen (2009). They are called kinegrams by Burger, alternatively somatisms by Fleischer (1982). Cf. also Donalies (2009).
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Kinegrams
We look at a specic class of idioms described in the German phraseological literatur, esp. by Burger (1976,2007), cf. also Dobrovolskij & Piirainen (2009). They are called kinegrams by Burger, alternatively somatisms by Fleischer (1982). Cf. also Donalies (2009). These idiomatic expressions literally all describe kinds of movements of body parts.
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Kinegrams
We look at a specic class of idioms described in the German phraseological literatur, esp. by Burger (1976,2007), cf. also Dobrovolskij & Piirainen (2009). They are called kinegrams by Burger, alternatively somatisms by Fleischer (1982). Cf. also Donalies (2009). These idiomatic expressions literally all describe kinds of movements of body parts. e.g., mit der Hand winken (lit. wave with the hand), die Augenbraue hochziehen (lit. pull up the eyebrow), mit den Z ahnen klappern (lit. chatter with the teeth), etc.
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What makes Kinegrams special
Burger (1976): Kinegrams have a literal meaning, viz. the description of the actual movement of the body parts, . . .
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Burger (1976): Kinegrams have a literal meaning, viz. the description of the actual movement of the body parts, . . . and possibly a symbolic (2007: phraseological) meaning, viz. the description of a communicative act or similar.
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Burger (1976): Kinegrams have a literal meaning, viz. the description of the actual movement of the body parts, . . . and possibly a symbolic (2007: phraseological) meaning, viz. the description of a communicative act or similar. mit der Hand winken lit.: movement of the hand symb.: greet someone, beckon someone over
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Burger (1976): Kinegrams have a literal meaning, viz. the description of the actual movement of the body parts, . . . and possibly a symbolic (2007: phraseological) meaning, viz. the description of a communicative act or similar. mit der Hand winken lit.: movement of the hand symb.: greet someone, beckon someone over die Augenbraue hochziehen lit.: raising of the eyebrow symb.: express astonishment or disdain
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Burger (1976): Kinegrams have a literal meaning, viz. the description of the actual movement of the body parts, . . . and possibly a symbolic (2007: phraseological) meaning, viz. the description of a communicative act or similar. mit der Hand winken lit.: movement of the hand symb.: greet someone, beckon someone over die Augenbraue hochziehen lit.: raising of the eyebrow symb.: express astonishment or disdain mit den Z ahnen klappern lit.: make a chattering noise with ones teeth symb.: express strong fear
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Burger (1976): Kinegrams have a literal meaning, viz. the description of the actual movement of the body parts, . . . and possibly a symbolic (2007: phraseological) meaning, viz. the description of a communicative act or similar. mit der Hand winken lit.: movement of the hand symb.: greet someone, beckon someone over die Augenbraue hochziehen lit.: raising of the eyebrow symb.: express astonishment or disdain mit den Z ahnen klappern lit.: make a chattering noise with ones teeth symb.: express strong fear We have found that most kinegrams come from a very limited class of syntactic constructions (mostly two-place verbs with an accusative or an instrumental).
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Semiotic structure
Burger: Both meanings are co-instantiated, the expression describes both the movement and the communicative act simultaneously.
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Semiotic structure
Burger: Both meanings are co-instantiated, the expression describes both the movement and the communicative act simultaneously. This is unusal, since idiomatic meaning usually supresses the literal meaning (cf. also Langlotz 2006).
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Semiotic structure
Burger: Both meanings are co-instantiated, the expression describes both the movement and the communicative act simultaneously. This is unusal, since idiomatic meaning usually supresses the literal meaning (cf. also Langlotz 2006). Burger also sees this case as special by attributing the ambiguity not to the expression but to the described movement.
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Semiotic structure
Burger: Both meanings are co-instantiated, the expression describes both the movement and the communicative act simultaneously. This is unusal, since idiomatic meaning usually supresses the literal meaning (cf. also Langlotz 2006). Burger also sees this case as special by attributing the ambiguity not to the expression but to the described movement. Not the linguistic expression is ambiguous, but the described movement of the body part is.
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Our study
We look at verb-object idioms from the kinegram class.
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Our study
We look at verb-object idioms from the kinegram class. How are they realized in terms of case (or other construction)?
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Our study
We look at verb-object idioms from the kinegram class. How are they realized in terms of case (or other construction)? Burger does not cleanly distinguish between intentional emblematic gestures (Ekman & Friesen 1969) and (usually) non-intentional aect displays and possibly other types of non-verbal behavior.
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Our study
We look at verb-object idioms from the kinegram class. How are they realized in terms of case (or other construction)? Burger does not cleanly distinguish between intentional emblematic gestures (Ekman & Friesen 1969) and (usually) non-intentional aect displays and possibly other types of non-verbal behavior. We determine the mapping of linguistic form to these types.
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From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study
Constructions examined using the COSMAS corpus I

Auge zwinkern (eye blink) Bein baumeln (leg dangle) Braue hochziehen (eyebrow pull up) Daumen dr ucken (thumb press) Fu scharren (foot paw) Fu stampfen (foot stamp) H ufte schwingen (hip swing) H ufte wackeln (hip jiggle) Knie schlottern (knee shake) Kopf nicken (head nod) Kopf sch utteln (head shake) Mundwinkel zucken (corner of mouth twitch) Stirn runzeln (forehead wrinkle) Stirn kr auseln (forehead wrinkle) Wimper zucken (eyelash twitch) Zahn blecken (tooth bare) Zahn etschen (tooth bare) Zahn klappern (tooth chatter)
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Constructions examined using the COSMAS corpus II
Hand klatschen (hand clap) Hand ringen (hand wring) Hand winken (hand wave)
Nase r umpfen (nose wrinkle) Ohr wackeln (ear jiggle)
Zahn knirschen (tooth grind) Zunge schnalzen (tongue click)
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The corpus
The study was conducted January, 2008.
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The corpus
The study was conducted January, 2008. COSMAS II (http://www.ids-mannheim.de/cosmas2/) is a large reference corpus for German provided by the IDS (Institute for the German Language).
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The corpus
The study was conducted January, 2008. COSMAS II (http://www.ids-mannheim.de/cosmas2/) is a large reference corpus for German provided by the IDS (Institute for the German Language). At the time of the study, COSMAS II contained roughly 1.5 billion words.
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The corpus
The study was conducted January, 2008. COSMAS II (http://www.ids-mannheim.de/cosmas2/) is a large reference corpus for German provided by the IDS (Institute for the German Language). At the time of the study, COSMAS II contained roughly 1.5 billion words. We examined roughly 15,000 sentences.
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Results I: instrumental construction

The following constructions (virtually) always have an instrumental PP with mit (with):
construction Mundwinkel zucken Fu stampfen Zahn klappern Fu scharren Ohr wackeln Hand winken Auge zwinkern % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 abs. 5 198 39 67 71 71 114 construction Wimper zucken Kopf nicken Zunge schnalzen H ufte wackeln Zahn knirschen Hand klatschen % 99.11 99.07 98.94 98.33 97.81 93.33 abs. 450 321 377 60 137 15
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Results II: accusative construction

The following constructions (virtually) always have an accusative NP (transitive):
construction Braue hochziehen Stirn kr auseln Daumen dr ucken Daumen dr ucken Kopf sch utteln % 100 100 100 99.6 97.5 abs. 8 10 2532 534 7419 construction Nase r umpfen Zahn blecken Zahn etschen H ufte schwingen Hand ringen % 99.49 98.73 96.02 95.29 94.97 abs. 990 79 176 276 179
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Rare cases of true alternation

There are cases of alternation between acc. NP (transitive) and mit -PP (instrumental). (1) Dieser rollte vorerst grimmig die Augen . . . that one rolled for now grimly the eyesACC . . . The aforementioned one rolled his eyes for the time being. . . (N96/JUN.25343) (2) Insgeheim rollt Tante Frieda . . . mit den Augen . . . in secret rolls aunt Frida . . . with the eyes . . . Aunt Frida is secretly rolling her eyes. . . (V97/DEZ.65758)
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Results III: aternation between accusative and instrumental

The following constructions alternate between accusative: construction Auge rollen (roll (with) the eye) Achsel zucken (shrug (with) the armpit) Schulter zucken (shrug (with) the shoulder) % acc. 40.71 51.26 29.2 % instr. 59.29 48.74 70.8 abs. 226 673 1452
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Results IV
Some verbs prefer yet other constructions like relinquatives (Abraham & Mach e in prep.) or a construction with an inanimate subject and an experiencer dative: (3) Ich lasse die Beine baumeln. I let the legs dangle I allow my legs to dangle freely. (4) Mir schlottern die Knie. the knees me shake My knees are shaking.
Figures (abs.) for Bein baumeln: 27 instrumental, 46 relinquative. Figures (abs.) for Knie schlottern: 8 instrumental, 87 experiencer dative.
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From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Analysis
A rst typology of constructions

kinegrams other Beine baumeln Knie schlottern (Zahn klappern) ... instrumental Auge zwinkern Hand klatschen Hand winken Wimper zucken Zahn knirschen ... transitive Braue hochziehen Daumen dr ucken Hand ringen Nase r umpfen Zahn etschen ...
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Types of non-verbal behavior covered by kinegrams
emblems awareness usually aware
illustrators reduced awareness
regulators peripheral awareness
aect disp.
adaptors
intent
coding
origin
often highly typically not aware, but aware sometimes not usually intenreduced almost invooften unintenrarely intentional intent luntary tional, only tional sometimes arbitrary, iconic, intrinarbitrary, icointrinsic, sointrinsic, tend iconic, usually sic nic, intrinsic metimes icoto be iconic non-intrinsic nic culturesocially learlearned neurohabitual specic ned physiologically programmed Factors for the classication of non-verbal bevahior (Ekman & Friesen 1969:94)
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Types of non-verbal behavior covered by kinegrams
emblems awareness usually aware
illustrators reduced awareness
regulators peripheral awareness
aect disp.
adaptors
intent
coding
origin
often highly typically not aware, but aware sometimes not usually intenreduced almost invooften unintenrarely intentional intent luntary tional, only tional sometimes arbitrary, iconic, intrinarbitrary, icointrinsic, sointrinsic, tend iconic, usually sic nic, intrinsic metimes icoto be iconic non-intrinsic nic culturesocially learlearned neurohabitual specic ned physiologically programmed Factors for the classication of non-verbal bevahior (Ekman & Friesen 1969:94)
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Mapping to the linguistic forms

kinegrams
other
instrumental
transitive
aect Bein baumeln
aect Ohr wackeln
emblem
emblem
Auge zwinkern Braue hochziehen Hand klatschen Daumen dr ucken Hand winken ... Nase r umpfen ...
Knie schlottern Wimper zucken (Zahn klappern) Zahn klappern ... ...
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A semiotic look at the emblems I
mit den Augen zwinkern (blink ones eyes) meta-linguistic signal of irony, invitation for contact, etc.
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mit den Augen zwinkern (blink ones eyes) meta-linguistic signal of irony, invitation for contact, etc. die H ande klatschen (clap ones hands) signal of approval or joy
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mit den Augen zwinkern (blink ones eyes) meta-linguistic signal of irony, invitation for contact, etc. die H ande klatschen (clap ones hands) signal of approval or joy mit der Hand winken (wave ones hand) beckoning over, invitation, greeting
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mit den Augen zwinkern (blink ones eyes) meta-linguistic signal of irony, invitation for contact, etc. die H ande klatschen (clap ones hands) signal of approval or joy mit der Hand winken (wave ones hand) beckoning over, invitation, greeting Braue hochziehen (raise ones eyebrow) display of astonishment or disdain
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mit den Augen zwinkern (blink ones eyes) meta-linguistic signal of irony, invitation for contact, etc. die H ande klatschen (clap ones hands) signal of approval or joy mit der Hand winken (wave ones hand) beckoning over, invitation, greeting Braue hochziehen (raise ones eyebrow) display of astonishment or disdain Daumen dr ucken (press ones thumbs) a whish of luck
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mit den Augen zwinkern (blink ones eyes) meta-linguistic signal of irony, invitation for contact, etc. die H ande klatschen (clap ones hands) signal of approval or joy mit der Hand winken (wave ones hand) beckoning over, invitation, greeting Braue hochziehen (raise ones eyebrow) display of astonishment or disdain Daumen dr ucken (press ones thumbs) a whish of luck Nase r umpfen (wrinkle ones nose) expression of disgust, disdain, scepticism, etc.
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A semiotic look at the emblems II
The gestures expressed by these idioms are all emblematic in that they are:
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culture-specic
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culture-specic arbitrary/iconic
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culture-specic arbitrary/iconic only performed intentionally
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Furthermore, the expressions can all be used to refer to events which only instantiate the emblematic meaning without the actual physical movement.
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Furthermore, the expressions can all be used to refer to events which only instantiate the emblematic meaning without the actual physical movement. That is completely impossible for the kinegrams which encode aect displays.
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Linguistic background
Accusatives are assumed to have an agentive/intentional argument (the subject).
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Accusatives are assumed to have an agentive/intentional argument (the subject). Certain intransitives also have one such agentive/intentional argument: unergatives.
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Accusatives are assumed to have an agentive/intentional argument (the subject). Certain intransitives also have one such agentive/intentional argument: unergatives. ex. Kim talks/runs.
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Accusatives are assumed to have an agentive/intentional argument (the subject). Certain intransitives also have one such agentive/intentional argument: unergatives. ex. Kim talks/runs. Other intransitives lack such an argument: unaccusatives.
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Accusatives are assumed to have an agentive/intentional argument (the subject). Certain intransitives also have one such agentive/intentional argument: unergatives. ex. Kim talks/runs. Other intransitives lack such an argument: unaccusatives. ex. Kim snores/dies.
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The other class: aect display I
The base verbs in this class of constructions are all pure unaccusatives.
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The other class: aect display I
The base verbs in this class of constructions are all pure unaccusatives. The experiencer dative construcion is typical of unaccusatives (Wegener 1990): (6) Mir schlottern die Knie. me shake the knees My knees are shaking.
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The other class: aect display II

The relinquative construction also requires an unaccusative: (7) Ich lasse die Beine baumeln. I let the legs dangle I allow my legs to dangle freely.
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The other class: aect display II

The relinquative construction also requires an unaccusative: (8) Ich lasse die Beine baumeln. I let the legs dangle I allow my legs to dangle freely.
The linguistic generalization that these verbs conceptually lack an intentional agent goes well with the fact that these constructions never encode emblematic gestures.
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The accusative (transitive) class: emblem
All true transitives conceptually require an intentional agent.
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The accusative (transitive) class: emblem
All true transitives conceptually require an intentional agent. It is thus expected that the kinegrams with an accusative object only encode emblems.
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The instrumental class I: aect display
mit den Ohren wackeln (with the ears jiggle)
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mit den Ohren wackeln (with the ears jiggle) mit der Wimper zucken (with the eyelash twitch)
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mit den Ohren wackeln (with the ears jiggle) mit der Wimper zucken (with the eyelash twitch) mit den Z ahnen klappern (with the teeth chatter)
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mit den Ohren wackeln (with the ears jiggle) mit der Wimper zucken (with the eyelash twitch) mit den Z ahnen klappern (with the teeth chatter) The ocurring base verbs (wackeln, zucken, klappern) are all unaccusatives.
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mit den Ohren wackeln (with the ears jiggle) mit der Wimper zucken (with the eyelash twitch) mit den Z ahnen klappern (with the teeth chatter) The ocurring base verbs (wackeln, zucken, klappern) are all unaccusatives. They undergo a grammatical operation by which the unaccusative subject is demoted to an instrumental PP, and a non-agentive experiencer subject is added.
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mit den Ohren wackeln (with the ears jiggle) mit der Wimper zucken (with the eyelash twitch) mit den Z ahnen klappern (with the teeth chatter) The ocurring base verbs (wackeln, zucken, klappern) are all unaccusatives. They undergo a grammatical operation by which the unaccusative subject is demoted to an instrumental PP, and a non-agentive experiencer subject is added. Similar promotions/demotions have been reported (e.g., Fillmore 1968, Haiden 2005).
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mit den Ohren wackeln (with the ears jiggle) mit der Wimper zucken (with the eyelash twitch) mit den Z ahnen klappern (with the teeth chatter) The ocurring base verbs (wackeln, zucken, klappern) are all unaccusatives. They undergo a grammatical operation by which the unaccusative subject is demoted to an instrumental PP, and a non-agentive experiencer subject is added. Similar promotions/demotions have been reported (e.g., Fillmore 1968, Haiden 2005). It is hard to determine why the instrumental option is chosen and not the experiencer dative construction. There appears to be some alternation, too.
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The instrumental class I: intentional aect display?

Ekman & Friesen 1969: Aect display can be marginally intentional.
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Ekman & Friesen 1969: Aect display can be marginally intentional. Mir schlottern die Knie. (construction with unaccusative verb and experiencer dative) Does not allow an intentional reading.
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Ekman & Friesen 1969: Aect display can be marginally intentional. Mir schlottern die Knie. (construction with unaccusative verb and experiencer dative) Does not allow an intentional reading. Ich schlottere mit den Knien. (construction with unergative verb with an instrumental) Does allow an intentional reading.
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The instrumental class II: emblems
mit den Augen zwinkern (with the eyes blink)
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mit den Augen zwinkern (with the eyes blink) mit den H anden klatschen (with the hands clap )
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mit den Augen zwinkern (with the eyes blink) mit den H anden klatschen (with the hands clap ) mit der Hand winken (with the hand wave)
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mit den Augen zwinkern (with the eyes blink) mit den H anden klatschen (with the hands clap ) mit der Hand winken (with the hand wave) The base verbs are all unergatives.
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mit den Augen zwinkern (with the eyes blink) mit den H anden klatschen (with the hands clap ) mit der Hand winken (with the hand wave) The base verbs are all unergatives. The instrumental PP in most cases only explicates an inherent instrument (Schr oder 1987), which is never the case in the instrumental class I (rollen, wackeln,. . . ).
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mit den Augen zwinkern (with the eyes blink) mit den H anden klatschen (with the hands clap ) mit der Hand winken (with the hand wave) The base verbs are all unergatives. The instrumental PP in most cases only explicates an inherent instrument (Schr oder 1987), which is never the case in the instrumental class I (rollen, wackeln,. . . ). The mapping of grammatical form (verb with intentional agent) to the emblem class thus remains intact.
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The list of noun-verb constructions in the instrumental II construction from our study
Auge zwinkern (eye blink) Fu scharren (foot paw) Hand winken (hand wave) Auge zwinkern (eye blink) Kopf nicken (head nod) Zunge schnalzen (tongue click) Hand klatschen (hand clap)
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Generalization
The kinegram constructions using relinquative and experiencer dative corresponds uniquely to expressions of aect display.
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Generalization
The kinegram constructions using relinquative and experiencer dative corresponds uniquely to expressions of aect display. The accusative/transitive construction corresponds uniquely to expressions of emblems/gestures.
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Generalization
The kinegram constructions using relinquative and experiencer dative corresponds uniquely to expressions of aect display. The accusative/transitive construction corresponds uniquely to expressions of emblems/gestures. The instrumental construction corresponds to expressions of aect display if the base verb is unaccusative (because unaccusative predicates obligatorily lack an intentional agent) ...
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Generalization
The kinegram constructions using relinquative and experiencer dative corresponds uniquely to expressions of aect display. The accusative/transitive construction corresponds uniquely to expressions of emblems/gestures. The instrumental construction corresponds to expressions of aect display if the base verb is unaccusative (because unaccusative predicates obligatorily lack an intentional agent) ... and to expressions of emblems/gestures if the base verb is unergative.
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From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Cases with accusativeinstrumental alternation
Explanation of the alternation of Schulter zucken
Achsel zucken (shrug (with) the armpit)
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Achsel zucken (shrug (with) the armpit) Schulter zucken (shrug (with) the shoulder)
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Achsel zucken (shrug (with) the armpit) Schulter zucken (shrug (with) the shoulder) Synchronically, zucken is intransitive (probably with an unergative and an unaccusative variant).
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Achsel zucken (shrug (with) the armpit) Schulter zucken (shrug (with) the shoulder) Synchronically, zucken is intransitive (probably with an unergative and an unaccusative variant). However, zucken was historically a transitive verb (Grimm 2004:32/289).
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Achsel zucken (shrug (with) the armpit) Schulter zucken (shrug (with) the shoulder) Synchronically, zucken is intransitive (probably with an unergative and an unaccusative variant). However, zucken was historically a transitive verb (Grimm 2004:32/289). Probably supported by the existing compounds (Schulterzucken etc.) which are interpreted as synthetic compounds, the transitive variant survives in the idiom.
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Achsel zucken (shrug (with) the armpit) Schulter zucken (shrug (with) the shoulder) Synchronically, zucken is intransitive (probably with an unergative and an unaccusative variant). However, zucken was historically a transitive verb (Grimm 2004:32/289). Probably supported by the existing compounds (Schulterzucken etc.) which are interpreted as synthetic compounds, the transitive variant survives in the idiom. Both variants are expressions encoding emblems/gestures.
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Explanation of the alternation of Augen rollen
Auge rollen (roll (with) the eye)
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Auge rollen (roll (with) the eye) As a base verb, rollen has a transitive and an intransitive unaccusative variant.
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Auge rollen (roll (with) the eye) As a base verb, rollen has a transitive and an intransitive unaccusative variant. The kinegram is strongly emblematic, which is unexpected.
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Auge rollen (roll (with) the eye) As a base verb, rollen has a transitive and an intransitive unaccusative variant. The kinegram is strongly emblematic, which is unexpected. The only reasonable explanation would be that in the kinegram, rollen is re-interpreted as an unergative.
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Auge rollen (roll (with) the eye) As a base verb, rollen has a transitive and an intransitive unaccusative variant. The kinegram is strongly emblematic, which is unexpected. The only reasonable explanation would be that in the kinegram, rollen is re-interpreted as an unergative. The frequent modication with adverbs requiring an intentional agent supports this (COSMAS II): (13) . . . dann rollen sie ungl aubig die Augen. . . . then roll they unbelievingly the eyes . . . then they roll their eyes in disbelief. (N99/DEZ.54278)
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From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Further remarks
Corroborating evidence
In further studies, we will concentrate on corroborating linguistic evidence for the analysis.
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In further studies, we will concentrate on corroborating linguistic evidence for the analysis. We are looking for contextual clues which clearly prove that a kinegram is read as an expression of aect display or an emblem.
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In further studies, we will concentrate on corroborating linguistic evidence for the analysis. We are looking for contextual clues which clearly prove that a kinegram is read as an expression of aect display or an emblem. Some evidence from adverbs which can only modify expressions containing an intentional agent, which frequently occur with the emblematic kinegrams only:
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In further studies, we will concentrate on corroborating linguistic evidence for the analysis. We are looking for contextual clues which clearly prove that a kinegram is read as an expression of aect display or an emblem. Some evidence from adverbs which can only modify expressions containing an intentional agent, which frequently occur with the emblematic kinegrams only: E.g., in the DWDS corpus (http://www.dwds.de), (mit) den Augen zwinkern co-occurs with vertraulich (condentially), listig (in a sly manner), vielsagend (in a meaningful way) with a statistically signicant frequency.
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In further studies, we will concentrate on corroborating linguistic evidence for the analysis. We are looking for contextual clues which clearly prove that a kinegram is read as an expression of aect display or an emblem. Some evidence from adverbs which can only modify expressions containing an intentional agent, which frequently occur with the emblematic kinegrams only: E.g., in the DWDS corpus (http://www.dwds.de), (mit) den Augen zwinkern co-occurs with vertraulich (condentially), listig (in a sly manner), vielsagend (in a meaningful way) with a statistically signicant frequency. The emblematic kinegrams also frequently occur as speech act verbs, which suggests a high degree of intentionality.
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In further studies, we will concentrate on corroborating linguistic evidence for the analysis. We are looking for contextual clues which clearly prove that a kinegram is read as an expression of aect display or an emblem. Some evidence from adverbs which can only modify expressions containing an intentional agent, which frequently occur with the emblematic kinegrams only: E.g., in the DWDS corpus (http://www.dwds.de), (mit) den Augen zwinkern co-occurs with vertraulich (condentially), listig (in a sly manner), vielsagend (in a meaningful way) with a statistically signicant frequency. The emblematic kinegrams also frequently occur as speech act verbs, which suggests a high degree of intentionality. e Jakob Mach & Roland Sch a fer 2010, German Grammar Freie Universit at Berlin 31/105 Example from COSMAS II:
Cross-linguistic observations
In English, a special kind of kinegram construction exists, viz. one with an obligatory bound genetive.
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In English, a special kind of kinegram construction exists, viz. one with an obligatory bound genetive. E.g., shake ones head, wave ones hand, stamp ones feet, nod ones head, etc.
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In English, a special kind of kinegram construction exists, viz. one with an obligatory bound genetive. E.g., shake ones head, wave ones hand, stamp ones feet, nod ones head, etc. Further investigation might reveal whether this kinegrammatic construction is also reserved for expressions encoding a specic kind of non-verbal behavior.
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In English, a special kind of kinegram construction exists, viz. one with an obligatory bound genetive. E.g., shake ones head, wave ones hand, stamp ones feet, nod ones head, etc. Further investigation might reveal whether this kinegrammatic construction is also reserved for expressions encoding a specic kind of non-verbal behavior. Typical negative transfer eect for German learners of English: I wave my hand. Ich winke mit der Hand. I wave with the hand.
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From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech References
References I
Abraham, W. & J. Mach e (in prep.) Innitive im Fruehen Neuhochdeutschen satzwertig oder nicht? Manuskript. http://hpsg.fu-berlin.de/~mache/pubs.html Burger, H. (1976) Die Achseln zucken - Zur sprachlichen Kodierung nicht-sprachlicher Kommunikation. In: Wirkendes Wort 26 (311-339). Dobrovolskij, D. O. & E. Piirainen (2009). Zur Theorie der Phraseologie. T ubingen: Stauenburg. Donalies, E. (2009). Basiswissen Deutsche Phraseologie. T ubingen: Francke.
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References II
Ekman, P. & W. V. Friesen (1969). The Repertoire of nonverbal behaviour: categories, origins, usage and coding. In: Semiotica 1 (49-98). Fillmore, Ch. J. (1986). The Case for Case. In: Bach & Harms (ed.), Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston (1-88). Fleischer, W. (1982). Phraseologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. Grimm, J. & W. Grimm (2004). Der digitale Grimm. Frankfurt/Main: Zweitausendeins. Haiden, M. (2005) Theta Theory. Berlin: de Gruyter.
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References III
Langlotz, A. (2006). Idiomatic Creativity. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Schr oder, J. (1987) Instrumentalrelationen - ein Beschreibungsproblem. In: Deutsch als Fremdsprache 24 (75-80). Wegener, H. (1990) Der Dativ ein struktureller Kasus?. In: Fanselow. G. &S.W. Felix. Strukturen und Merkmale syntaktischer Kategorien. T ubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag [70103].
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From Parts of Body To Parts of Speech

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From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Jakob Mach e and Roland Sch afer

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech

Structure of the talk

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

What makes Kinegrams special

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

What makes Kinegrams special

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

What makes Kinegrams special

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

What makes Kinegrams special

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

What makes Kinegrams special

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

What makes Kinegrams special

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

We look at verb-object idioms from the kinegram class.

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Motivation and Introduction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Constructions examined using the COSMAS corpus I

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Constructions examined using the COSMAS corpus II

Nase r umpfen (nose wrinkle) Ohr wackeln (ear jiggle)

Zahn knirschen (tooth grind) Zunge schnalzen (tongue click)

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

The study was conducted January, 2008.

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Results I: instrumental construction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Results II: accusative construction

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Rare cases of true alternation

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Results III: aternation between accusative and instrumental

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Results III: aternation between accusative and instrumental

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

Results III: aternation between accusative and instrumental

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Corpus Study

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Analysis

A rst typology of constructions

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Analysis

Types of non-verbal behavior covered by kinegrams

emblems awareness usually aware

illustrators reduced awareness

regulators peripheral awareness

From Parts of Body to Parts of Speech Analysis

Types of non-verbal behavior covered by kinegrams

emblems awareness usually aware

illustrators reduced awareness