Biomechanics

Biomechanics
Bones, Cartilage: Flesh: Joints: Joint Linings: Muscles: endons: issue:

Structural members Volumes, masses Bearing surfaces, articulations Lubricants Motors, dampers, locks Cables Load!bearing surfaces, springs

Significance

Safet# $roducti%it# & $erformance Comfort

"

Biomechanical ! (angers

Bones, Cartilage: Flesh: Joints: Muscles: endons: issue:

Breakage, deterioration

Cuts, abrasion )nflammation, deterioration Fatigue, tearing endonitis )nflammation, other damage

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+eneral $ostural ,e-uirements

./ 0eight of bod# segments transmitted 1ith minimal strain 2/ Forces to e2ternal ob3ects counteracted

+eneral $ostural ,ecommendations

$ro%ide for postural changes Sitting preferable to standing

e2ceptions:

large hand forces, bod# mo%ement

$ro%ide comfortable chair

Manual Material 6andling and Lo1 Back $ain

Skeletal S#stem

Source (Left): Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: uman!skeleton!front!en.s"g, accessed #$ %an #&. 7 accessed #$ %an #&. Source ('ight): Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: uman!skeleton!(ack!en.s"g,

Vertebral Column&Spine

Source (Left): Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:)llu!"erte(ral!column.*pg, accessed #$ %an #&. 8 Source ('ight): +on, - %ohnson, Work Design, .th edition.

Vertebrae, Side!Vie1

.9 #$ %an #&. Source ('ight): Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:/ra01&#.png, accessed

Vertebrae&(isk, :bli-ue Vie1

.. accessed #$ %an #&. Source: Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2C3F!o(li4ue!annotated!english.png,

Vertebra Cross!Section
;cer%ical %ertebra<

.2 #$ %an #&. Source: Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cer"ical!"erte(ra!english.png, accessed

Manual Material 6andling ,ecommendations ;.<

Lifting Method: s-uat %s/ stoop %s/ free st#le Job (esign:

reduce

manual materials handling ;MM6< decrease 1eight use 2 or more people 1here possible $ush or pull %s/ lift = carr# minimi>e carr#ing distance stacking height ? shoulder height

."

Manual Material 6andling ,ecommendations ;2<

Job (esign ;continued<:

hea%#

ob3ects at knuckle height reduce lifting fre-uenc# pro%ide rest periods use 3ob rotation pro%ide handles

0orker Selection raining Supports and Braces@@@

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A):S6 Lifting B-uation: Background

Created b# :S6C, .859 $urpose:

,ank

alternati%es )dentif# and correct problems Aot to rate absolute risk

+oals

Biomechanical:

D "*9 kg on L*!S. $h#siological: D 8/* kcal&min

.*

A):S6 Lifting B-uation: (oes Aot Cppl# )f

E .!2 steps :ne!handed lifting Seated&kneeling ,estricted 1orkspace 6ot&cold&contaminated ob3ects Fne2pected e%ents ;e/g/, slips, falls< Fnstable load Carr#ing, pushing, pulling Fsing tools ;e/g/, 1heelbarro1< Slipper# floor Fnfa%orable en%ironment ;e/g/, hot, cold<

.4

A):S6 Lifting B-uation

RWL = LC HM VM DM FM AM CM

LC G Load constant HM G 6ori>ontal multiplier VM G Vertical multiplier DM G (istance multiplier FM G Fre-uenc# multiplier AM G Cs#mmetr# multiplier CM G Coupling multiplier

.5

Multiplier Formulas

6ori>ontal multiplier 6M G B)L & 6

B)L

G Bod# interference limit 6 G 6ori>ontal location Large 6M ;small 6< better ;load close to bod#<

Vertical multiplier VM G . H VC I J V H K6 J

VC

G Vertical constant G 9/995* in/ V G Vertical location K6 G Knuckle height ;for t#pical lifter G "9 in/< Large VM ;V close to K6< better ;load closer to optimal lifting height<
.7

Multiplier Formulas ;cont/<

(istance multiplier (M G /72 L (C & (

(C

G (istance constant G ./7 in/ ( G Vertical tra%el distance

.8

Multiplier Formulas ;cont/<

Fre-uenc# multiplier Lifting fre-uenc# G mean number of lifts in a .*!minute period Lifting duration &session in hours ma# be:

Short

G /99. h to D . h 1ith reco%er# time of M ./2 I duration Moderate G E. h D 2 h 1ith reco%er# time of M /" I duration Long G E2 h but D 7 h

29

Multiplier Formulas ;cont/<

Cs#mmetr# multiplier CM G . H 9/99"2 I C

C G Cngle

of s#mmetr# ;D ."*N< "9O penalt# for 89N angle

Coupling multiplier
able ../"

See

(epends on:

6eight

of initial and final handHcontainer coupling 0hether coupling is good, fair, or poor

2.

A):S6 Lifting B-uation B2ample .

from 0aters et al ;.88'<

22

Job Cnal#sis $arameters

:b3ect 1eight
G '9 lbs/

Cs#mmetr#

:rigin:

6and location

C G '*N (estination: C G '*N

:rigin

Fre-uenc#

6 G .7 in/ V G .* in/

H .2 times&shift F ? 9/2 lifts&min/

(estination

6 G .9 in/ V G "4 in/

(uration
. hour G Fair

Vertical (istance
G 2. in/

:b3ect Coupling

2"

5Significant control of the o(*ect is not re4uired at the destination so the 'WL is computed onl0 at the origin.6
2'

Multiplier Calculations
6ori>ontal multiplier 6M G B)L & 6 G .9&.7 G 9/*4 Vertical multiplier VM G . H VC I J V H K6 J G . H 9/995* J.* H "9J G . H 9/995*;.*< G 9/78 (istance multiplier (M G 9/72 L (C & ( G 9/72 L ./7 & 2. G 9/8. Fre-uenc# multiplier FM G ./9 ;from able .*/8< Cs#mmetr# multiplier CM G . H 9/99"2 I C G . H 9/99"2;'*< G 9/74 Coupling multiplier CM G 9/8* ;from able .*/.9<

2*

Final Calculations
,0L G LC I 6M I VM I (M I FM I CM I CM G *. 2 9/*4 2 9/78 2 9/8. 2 ./9 2 9/74 2 9/8* G .7/8 lb/ L) G load 1eight & ,0L G '9 & .7/8 G 2/.

24

Cpplications Manual For the ,e%ised A):S6 Lifting B-uation

http://www.cdc.go"/niosh/docs/$78##&/pdfs/$78##&.pdf

25

Biomechanics and 6and ools

Fpper B2tremit#

Notes: Skeleton is facing o(ser"er. Skeleton9s left hand (on o(ser"er9s right) is supinated (palm toward o(ser"er). Skeleton9s right hand (on o(ser"er9s left) is pronated ((ack toward o(ser"er).

Source: Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: uman!arm!(ones!diagram.s"g,28 accessed #$ %an #&.

Shoulder

Source: Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:/ra01:..png, accessed "9 #$ %an #&.

0rist

;almar/<olar (palm8side) <iew

3orsal ((ack8side) <iew

". #$ %an #&. Source ('ight): Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:/ra011=.png, accessed

Source (Left): Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:/ra0117.png, accessed #$ %an #&.

0rist Cross!Section

Source: Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:/ra07::.png, accessed "2 #$ %an #&.

Cumulati%e rauma (isorders Cssociated 0ith 6and ool Fse

tendonitis irritation = s1elling of tendons tenos#no%itis inflammation of tendons = sheaths carpal tunnel s#ndrome compression of median ner%e caused b# s1elling trigger finger finger cannot be e2tended %ibration!induced 1hite finger loss of circulation, numbness caused b# %ibration

""

,isk Factors and $re%ention

repetition e2cessi%e force poor posture direct pressure on ner%es %ibration cold poor ph#sical condition reduce&smooth motions reduce straighten 1rists eliminate&reduce isolate insulate&heat e2ercise, select
"'

,isk Factors Considerations

More factors means more risk/ ,educed factors means reduced risk/ $resence of factor;s< does not impl# C (/ Critical le%els of e2posure not kno1n/

"*

,apid Fpper Limb Cssessment ;,FLC< echni-ue

"4

6and ool +uidelines

$ro%ide the $roper +rip

hickness Shape ;perpendicular to a2is of tool< Shape ;parallel to a2is<

in shape

po1er

grip: "7 mm ! *9 mm diameter precision grip: E 4 mm diameter/

rotation

undesirable: pro%ide tab rotation :K: round

change

reduces mo%ement permits greater force can act as shield

"7

$ro%ide the $roper +rip Surface

Compressible

reduced

slippage reduced %ibration

Aonconducti%e

resistance

to heat&cold resistance to electric shock&electrocution

Smooth
compression, trauma

reduced

"8

Consider Cngles: Forearm, +rip, ool

,educed repetition

use

both hands use feet

Keep 1rist in neutral position

change

1orker&1ork position change tool ;angled handles< pro%ide splints

,educe force

amount duration use

large muscle groups ;e/g/, b# trigger strip<

'9

(esign ools to be Fsed B# Bither 6and

P$referred hand
Habout 4O greater strength Hgreater de2terit#

PBenefits of either!hand!usabilit#
He%er#one can use ;about .9O left!handed< Hnon!preferred hand can be used
P1hen preferred hand bus# P1hen preferred hand resting

'.

,educe Vibration

Vibration!isolated handles Vibration!absorbing glo%es Breaks ;e/g/, .9 min&hr< Support tool Keep hands 1arm = dr# Minimi>e handgrip force

'2

Fse Motor $o1er

Bconomical B2tended capabilit#

'"

B2amples ! Kni%es

Source: )ntercode%, http:&&111/intercode%/com&kni%es/htm, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' ''

Knife 1ith upright handle

Source: )ntercode%, http:&&111/intercode%/com&kni%es/htm, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' '*

Knife 1ith upright handle

Source: )ntercode%, http:&&111/intercode%/com&kni%es/htm, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' '4

Brgonomic $liers

Source: 0iha Qualit# ools, http:&&111/1ihatools/com&"99seri&"27Rinomic/htm, last accessed .4 Ao% 98 '5

0ire Stripping $liers

Source: Michael6oligan/com, http:&&111/michaelholigan/com&Shopping&$roduct/asp@pfidGC6C8*5, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' '7

Scissors

Source: )ntercode%, http:&&111/intercode%/com&scissors/htm, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' '8

Scissors

Source: )ntercode%, http:&&111/intercode%/com&scissors/htm, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' *9

6andles

Source: )ntercode%, http:&&111/intercode%/com&handles/htm, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' *.

,atchet Scre1dri%er

Source: Lara Specialt# ools, http:&&111/lara/com&cgi!bin&store&commerce/cgi@productG1orkshop, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' *2

,atchet Scre1dri%er

Source: $roSsKit, Ae1 $roduct ,elease T, http:&&111/prokits/com/t1&english&ne1Rdm&pk!"9.7ab&pk!"9.7ab/htm last accessed .8 Ma# 9' *"

6ammers

Source: Contractors ools/com, http:&&111/contractorstools/com&barco/html, last accessed .8 Ma# 9' *'

Coiled!6andle 6ammer

Source:A):S6&Brgonomic )nter%entions in Ship Building&Coiled 6ammer 6andle, http:&&111/cdc/go%&niosh&ergship&coilhamm/html last accessed .8 Ma# 9' **

Brgonomic 6and ools Links

humantech Vendor1eb

http:&&%endor1eb/humantech/com& http:&&111/cdc/go%&niosh&docs&299'!.4'&pdfs&299'!.4'/pdf

A):S6 +uide

*4