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Click the Start Button: Play the video clip. The sun is the
initial source of our energy. Plants convert sun energy into carbohydrates, fats and protein. Animals, including us eat those plants and we also eat the animals. We have a processing plant called the digestive system thats uniquely designed to convert food from the environment into fuel that the body can use to produce ATP. Food we eat moves down the esophagus and into the stomach where processing begins. It then moves on into the small intestine where its converted into the type of fuel the body can use amino acids, glucose and fatty acids, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported into the cells where ATP is synthesized.
supplied to the muscle cell. The job of the lungs is to bring oxygen from the atmosphere into close contact with the blood vessels where a specially designed pump the heart - then transports the oxygen and other fuels through the blood vessels to the working muscles. The movie clip at the bottom left of your screen is showing oxygen being used in a muscle cell so that the energy needed by that cell can be produced. Carbon dioxide, which is a waste product, is being sent out of the cell and will be transported back to the lungs and then to the atmosphere. The important point is that the muscle cells energy demand sets the speed of oxygen extraction from the atmosphere and its delivery to the working muscle. The neurological system is busy communicating information throughout the body so that everything functions effectively. As a coach you need to understand the interactions between these systems and how training alters their efficiency. If you know whats going on physiologically you will easily be able to determine the frequency, duration and intensity of the training program that will optimize the performance of your athletes.
Go to the next screen: This is the module index screen. You can
navigate anywhere in the module by clicking the buttons on this screen.
Click the Goals button: Heres what you will know after you
have completed this module.
Click the ATP stores and Energy Systems that remake ATP button: Weve only got about 85 grams of ATP stored in our
body. Thats a pretty limited store of ATP enough for a couple of seconds of work. A single muscle cell can have up to 100 million molecules of ATP in it so you can see that we are talking about very tiny molecules. This store of ATP supply permits immediate muscular response. Each ATP contains a lot of energy, but the only way we can access that energy is to break away one of those phosphate molecules. When the phosphate breaks off that releases the energy our muscles use to move. When a phosphate is broken off the ATP its broken down into adenosine diphospate or ADP and there is a free phosphate, and of course, there is the energy. The cell vehemently defends its ATP store. As soon as it is broken down into ADP and free Phosphate the energy systems responsible for making ATP kick into action.
Click on the Anaerobic Phosphagen energy system button: Remember that energy systems are all
about making ATP and the first system that does this is known as the Anaerobic Phosphagen energy system. It is also called the alactic system because no lactic acid is produced and to confuse you further it is also referred to as anaerobic because no oxygen is used in any way. This system is also commonly referred to as the phosphocreatine energy system and this is the term I prefer to use. Muscle cells have a store of creatine phosphate that is a very high-energy molecule. As this chap is doing his pull ups here, his muscles are using ATP. If you remember ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate and a free phosphate to release energy. That energy is being used by the muscles to move. We are left with ADP and a free phosphate. These ADPs will build up in the muscle cell and after a couple of secs the level of stored ATP is vastly reduced. The phosphocreatine energy system is the fastest energy system we have to remake ATP. As the stored ATP is broken down into ADP and free phosphate, creatine phosphate releases its phosphate and an enzyme called creatine kinase will attach it to an ADP to form ATP. This is a very fast and immediate mechanism to remake ATP and can provide enough ATP for about 4 to 5 secs of additional maximum intensity work over and above the 1-2 secs provided by the ATP stores after about 5 or 6 secs maximum power cannot be maintained because creatine phosphate stores are running low. A 100-meter runner will start to slow down after about 60 meters. They are slowing down because they are running short of creatine phosphate.
Click the Return Button Click the Anaerobic lactate (glycolytic) button:
The fuel for the anaerobic glycolytic energy system is glucose. We eat carbohydrate in the form of rice, pasta and potatoes. Our digestion system processes this carbohydrate and breaks it down to its simplest form, which is glucose. And then we transport that glucose to the muscle and liver where it is stored as glycogen. We can store about 500 grams of glycogen. Any excess glucose that cannot be stored as glycogen is stored as fat. Most of the fuel source for glycolysis starts from glycogen although free glucose is also used when available. A series of chemical reactions break down the glucose to pyruvate. These chemical reactions are referred to as glycolysis. Lysis is just a Greek word meaning to break down. So glycolysis simply means to break down glucose. Enough energy is released from glycolysis to resynthesize 2 ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and the process does not require oxygen, which is the reason this energy system is referred to as anaerobic. The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate.
lactate. This is called the onset of blood lactate accumulation and for most athletes this is the point where glycolysis is being very heavily used. These are just two of the many terms that are used to describe the rise in lactate in the blood. But any further discussion is outside the scope of level II knowledge. I just want to comment that the lactate threshold test is often done in conjunction with a VO2max test, which is a test for the athletes aerobic capacity that we will talk about in a little bit. The VO2 max test tells us the ability of the athlete to take on and use oxygen. If we equate an athlete with a car we can say that the VO2 max is the size of the athletes engine. The lactate threshold test tells us when the engine starts to break down. So, you really need to know both pieces of information the size of the engine and when the engine starts to break down.
Click the Return Button Click the Aerobic Button: The aerobic system is quite complex and the easiest way to think about it is to break it down into three systems. The first system is easy because it is glycolysis and is the same series of chemical reactions that we discussed in the lactic acid system. As you recall, glycolysis begins with stored glycogen that is just lots of glucose molecules linked together. Glycolysis releases enough energy to synthesize 2 ATP. It also produces 2 NADH, which is a store of energy the mitochondria can use, and of course youve got your pyruvate. When the athlete is using glycogen stores to produce high speed the by-product is lactic acid. But, when the speed is much lower the aerobic energy system removes the pyruvate and uses it as fuel. So, the difference now is that instead of pyruvate being converted into lactic acid it enters into the mitochondria. Go to the next screen: The aerobic system is very
important to endurance runners. Pyruvate and fatty acids are used for fuel depending on the intensity of the run. Amino acids from proteins can also be used but is insignificant in healthy individuals. The first step is to convert the fuel entering the mitochondria into acetyl CoA. From there two further systems continue the processing the Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle) and the electron transport chain.
Click on the Take a look inside the mitochondria button: Here you see all the steps
contributing to aerobic energy put together. The movie clip is showing you an inside look at the mitochondria. The Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and the electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane. Carbon dioxide is produced in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Krebs Cycle. Oxygen is used by the electron transport chain to accept the electrons where the byproduct is water.
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you stimulate the arm to move faster how lactate levels rise. This is because you are moving the arm faster than the ATP production capabilities of the aerobic energy system. Lactate levels rise and with lactate comes the hydrogen ions that case an acidic environment for the muscle. After about 40 secs the pain becomes intolerable and the athlete must stop the action to allow the acidity of the muscle to return to normal levels. The aerobic system is very important during the recovery process it actually better to continue slow movement during the recovery process because the lactate and hydrogen ions will be removed more quickly.
Click the Home Menu Button You have now completed this module
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