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Appendix A: Piping Schematic Symbol Legend Appendix B: Heat Emitter Application Range Appendix C: Head Loss Graphs for Copper Tube abd PEX Appendix D: Additional Sources of Information on Hydronic System Design
Welcome to the ClimateMaster Essentials of Hydronics for GSHP Professionals course manual. This course is tailored for those wanting to combine water-to-water GSHP technology with water-based distribution systems for heating and cooling. It will show you how to create reliable and efcient hydronic systems supplied by geothermal heat pumps that will provide years of comfort. The applications shown represent state-of-theart systems for both residential and light commercial buildings. Given the versatility of hydronics, there is virtually no limit to the unique system piping and control designs possible. This can be both good and bad. Good in the sense that an experienced designer can modify an established system design concept to the exact requirements of a special needs situation. Bad from the standpoint that some inexperienced designers might create piping aberrations that do not perform as expected. Its the latter that must be avoided, and doing so is a major goal of this application manual. Although not every possible piping schematic can be shown, those that are represent well-established practices to help ensure the systems you create using the information presented will perform as expected. Topics Covered: This manual addresses the following topics: The benets of hydronics An overview of modern hardware for hydronic systems The relationship between ow rate, temperature change and heat The concept of thermal equilibrium The concept of hydraulic equilibrium Pipe selection and sizing Valve selection and sizing Circulator performance, selection and sizing Expansion tank selection and sizing The basics of modern hydronic controllers An overview of hydronic distribution systems An overview of hydronic heat emitters The dos and donts of hydronic radiant panel heating systems The concept of hydraulic separation and how to achieve it Filling and purging hydronic systems
Local Code Requirements: It is impossible to present hydronic piping systems that are guaranteed to meet all applicable codes throughout the U.S. and Canada. It is the responsibility of all those using piping or electrical schematics shown in this manual to verify that such designs meet or exceed local building or mechanical codes within the jurisdiction where the system will be installed. In some cases, local codes may require differences in design or additional safety components relative to those shown on the application drawings.
circulator
water ow
heat emitter
heat source
heat emitter
When water absorbs heat within the heat source, its temperature increases. In the systems we will discuss, the water doesnt change from liquid to vapor as it does in a steam heating system. As warm water travels through the distribution system, a small portion of the heat it carries is released from piping and other components. As the water passes through a heat emitter, more heat is released. The rate at which heat is released from the heat emitter depends on several things, including the water temperature, the room temperature, the size of the heat emitter and the water ow rate. The vast majority of residential and light commercial hydronic heating systems are classied as closed-loop systems. The water they contain is sealed in and maintained under slight pressure. Ideally, the same water recirculates through the system over and over, year after year. Very small amounts of fresh water are added only when necessary. This reduces the potential for corrosion and allows the system to last for decades. A hydronic heating system might be as simple as a water heater connected to a loop of exible plastic tubing that warms a bathroom oor. More sophisticated systems might use multiple boilers or heat pumps along with a wide assortment of heat emitters specically selected to match the thermal, aesthetic and budget constraints of a particular building. Those same heat sources can also provide the buildings domestic hot water, heat the swimming pool, and even melt snow on the driveway. The versatility of hydronics makes such options available in both new construction and retrot situations. When properly planned and installed, modern hydronic heating provides years of unsurpassed comfort in nearly all types of homes and commercial buildings comfort so good that the occupants might literally forget it is winter as they walk in the door. Why Use a Hydronic System? Hydronic heating and cooling systems offer many benets not available with forced-air systems. These include: Superior Comfort: Hydronic heating has long been respected for providing excellent thermal comfort. The better systems achieve
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this by not only maintaining the desired air temperature in each room, but by warming objects in the room and the room surfaces themselves. Comfort has become the preeminent reason discriminating owners select hydronic heating.
Unobtrusive Installation: Hydronic systems can be installed without having to drill, saw or otherwise hack out major pieces of the homes structure. A given volume of water can absorb almost 3,500 times more heat than the same volume of air. This means that small tubing can replace large, cumbersome ducting. For example, a 3/4-diameter exible tube can deliver the same amount of heat as a 14 x 8 rigid metal duct when both systems are operated under typical conditions. These two heat delivery systems are shown to scale and side by side in gure 1-3.
this cut would destroy the load-carrying ability of the oor joists
When necessary, a tube of this size is easily routed through oor framing without drilling large holes that signicantly weaken the structure. This allows the entire piping distribution system to be easily routed through and concealed within the structure of a typical wood-frame building. Accommodating ducting sized for the same heat delivery capability in the same manner, is virtually impossible. With the possible exception of wooden I-joist framing, or specially designed oor trusses, most ducting is simply
2 x 12 joist
too large to be routed through holes in oor framing. These force compromises, such as suspending the ducting from the bottom of framing, as shown in gure 1-4, or concealing it behind valences or softs that are visible within living spaces.
Should the aesthetics of an otherwise meticulously planned building be compromised to shoe-horn in a heating or cooling system? The obvious answer to this question is no, but in reality this is done quite often. In some cases, the inability to accommodate properly sized ducting leads to inadequate heating or cooling of the building. The latter is one of the chief complaints from owners of improperly sized or installed forced-air heating and cooling systems. Design Flexibility: Hydronic distribution systems offer virtually unlimited options to accommodate the comfort needs, usage, aesthetic tastes and budget constraints of just about any building. A single hydronic heat source can supply heated water to several different kinds of heat emitters, provide the building with domestic hot water, and supply specialty loads such as a swimming pool or snow-melting system. When a heat pump serves as that heat source, its possible to provide both heating and cooling. The latter is supplied using a chilled-water distribution system. A simplied schematic of this concept is shown in gure 1-5. These systems will be discussed in more detail later in this publication.
zoned hydronic space heating distribution system diverter valve air separator buffer tank purge valves variable speed circulator
compressor
purge valve
reversing valve
refrigerant piping
evaporator
condenser
to ground loop
Clean Operation: Another common complaint from owners of forced-air heating systems is the amount of dust and other airborne pollutants their systems distribute throughout the building. Although often the result of poorly maintained lters, this complaint demonstrates one of the pitfalls of whole-house air circulation.
Dust and allergen dispersal are characteristic of poorly maintained forced-air systems.
In contrast, most hydronic heat emitters induce very gentle air circulation relative to that created by a central forced-air system. The hydronic heat emitters that do use fans or blowers typically create room air circulation rather than whole-house air circulation. People with allergies often appreciate the reduced symptoms experi-
enced in building with hydronic radiant heating systems. Its a tangible benet that is virtually priceless to those who benet from it. Quiet Operation: Many owners view their home as a sanctuary against the noise of the outside world. Quiet indoor environments have a matchless value of their own. They offer a place to relax, read, write or enjoy quality music. Why should any heating or cooling system compromise this enjoyment?
Owners want quiet spaces in their homes hydronics can provide this.
A properly designed and installed hydronic system produces virtually undetectable sound levels within the occupied areas of a home. The loudest device in the system is typically the heat source, and with proper installation its sound output can be isolated to the mechanical room. Zonability: The purpose of any heating or cooling system is to provide comfort in all areas of a building throughout the year. Doing so requires a system that can adapt to the lifestyle of the occupants, as well as constantly changing thermal conditions inside and outside of a building. A heating system that attempts to maintain all parts of a building at the same temperature, at the same time, seldom accomplishes its goal, nor does it give its owner much exibility. In most buildings its better to divide the heating and cooling system in smaller, independently controlled areas called zones. A separate thermostat or other room temperature-sensing device controls the temperature within each zone. Zoned systems provide the potential for reduced energy consumption by allowing for lower air temperatures in unoccupied areas. They also allow the comfort level of rooms to be adjusted to suit individual tastes and activity levels. Imagine a heating system that can automatically adjust itself as sunlight pours into some windows but not others. A system that automatically reduces heat output when several people gather in a game room or home theater, but at the same time maintains a toasty warm bathroom in which another person is taking a shower. This type of room-by-room zoning is easily accomplished using hydronic distribution systems, and it can be done without elaborate or expensive hardware. In some systems, room-by-room zoning can be provided by non-electric thermostatic devices tted to individual panel radiators, as shown in gure 1-8. Such systems are also discussed later in the manual.
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