The Duel for North America

1608-1763 American Pageant Chapter 6

Introduction
1688-1763Four world wars New World involved in each Set the stage for American Independence

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

Latecomer to Americas
Foreign war Domestic strife Catholics vs. Protestants

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

St. Bartholomews Day Massacre 157210,000 Huguenots butchered

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

Latecomer to Americas continued
1598Edict of Nantes
Limited toleration of French Huguenots (protestants)

King Louis XIV (16431715)

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

Quebec New France St. Lawrence River Samuel de Champlain Huron Indian alliance (against Iroquois Confederacy) Autocratic government Slow populationonly 60,000 by 1750
Little economic motive No religious motiveonly Catholics

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

New France Fans Out

Beaver
Coureurs de bois
Indian recruitment Disease & alcohol Ecological damage

Jesuits marginally successful missionaries

Explorers & geographers

New France Fans Out

Explorers
Antoine Cadillac1701, Detroit Robert de La Salle1682, Mississippi to Louisiana
New Orleans 1718
block Spanish Strategic location

The Clash of Empires

King Williams War (1689-1697) &Queen Annes War (17021713)
British colonists vs. coureurs de bois Primitive guerrilla warfare French Indian allies brutal attacks on settlers

The Clash of Empires

British failureQuebec & Montreal British successPort Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia) Treaty of Utrecht 1713
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay Pinched St. Lawrence settlements Limited Trading rights in Spanish America

The Clash of Empires

War of Jenkins's Ear-1739
Limited trading rights with Spanish America Smuggling British Captain Jenkins lost ear to Spanish revenue authority Caribbean sea & Georgia
James Oglethorpe (kicked their trash)
Robert Jenkins shows his severed ear to British Prime Minister Robert Walpole in a 1738 depiction of his presentation at Parliament

The Clash of Empires

Became King Georges Warlarge scale
France allied with Spain N.E. Captured impregnable Fortress of Louisbourg Peace treaty 1748 returned Louisbourg to French New Englanders--outraged

George Washington Inaugurates War with France

Yes. Its all Georges fault! (According to your book, anyway).

George Washington Inaugurates War with France

Ohio Valley
British colonistswant to move west Frenchkey to continent
Links Canada with Mississippi holdings

1749 British speculators secured legal rights to 500,000 acres French--building Fort Duquesne

George Washington Inaugurates War with France

1754 Lieutenant colonel George Washington sent to secure VA claim
Virginians fire first French retreat

George Washington Inaugurates War with France

Fort Necessity French return and Washington forced to surrender entire command July 4, 1754 4000 French Acadians forced to move to southbecome Cajuns
Do you get the irony?

Rebuilt Fort Necessity. Its easy to see why it wasnt very defensible.

Global War & Colonial Disunity

French & Indian War
1st Anglo-French war started in New World Started with G. Washington1754 Became Europes Seven Years War Britain & Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, & Russia Fought on 7 seas [French] America was conquered in Germany. ~~William Pitt

Global War & Colonial Disunity

1754Albany Congress
Keep Iroquois Tribes loyal to British Inter-colonial unity--unsuccessful Join, or Die ~~Benjamin Franklin

From Pennsylvania Gazette

Braddocks Blundering & Its Aftermath

General Bulldog Braddock
17552000 men to Fort Duquesne French & Indian kill him & destroy his forces in forest fight (guerilla warfare)

Braddocks Blundering & Its Aftermath

George Washington
Braddocks aide2 horses shot out from under him & 4 bullets pierced his coat He is left with 300 men to defend scorched frontier from Indian raids

See George Washington IS cool.!!

Braddocks Blundering & Its Aftermath

1756 British launch full invasion of Canada British errdont attack main forts of Quebec & Montreal which would have cut off supplies to other outposts

Pitts Palms of Victory

William PittGreat Commoner & Organizer of Victory 1757
Back off French West Indies Concentrate on QuebecMontreal area

Pitts Palms of Victory

1758Fort Louisbourg fell after siege

Pitts Palms of Victory

Quebec--1759
James Wolfe---scaled cliff with men at night Plains of Abrahamnext morning
Marquis de Montcalm vs. James Wolfe Both died, but French defeated

Montreal fell 1760 France lost all power in New World

James Wolfes death at the Plains of Abraham

Pitts Palms of Victory

Treaty of Paris 1763
French kept sugar islands in West Indies French ceded MississippiLouisiana area to Spain Spain exchanged Florida for Cuba with British British dominant in North America & in oceans

Pitts Palms of Victory

Restless Colonists
Colonists--Increased confidence & military strength (20,000 American recruits in military) Shattered myth of British invincibility

Restless Colonists
Friction between British & Americans:
British arrogance vs. Americans as cutting edge British refused to recognize militia commissions above captain (i.e. George Washington) Colonial reluctance to unite to cause
American shippers & smuggling Colonists distant from the war

Restless Colonists
Intercolonial disunity
Rivers, religion, distances, etc. French & Indian Wardiscovered similarities

Wars fateful Aftermath

New spirit of independence Indians
Treatyharsh blow to Iroquois, Creeks, etc. Removed Spain from Florida & French from Canadaplayed countries against each other

Wars fateful Aftermath

Pontiac 1763
Wanted to lead British out of Ohio country British retaliation harsh & quick
I.E. British infected blankets with smallpox

British keep regular troops along frontierwhich colonists pay for

Wars fateful Aftermath

Land-hungry colonistsmove past Appalachian Mountains Proclamation of 1763
PurposeIndian problems Americansdefiance & destiny

Wars fateful Aftermath

Energetic Americans + proud, successful British=future conflict