Launching a New Ship of State

1789-1800 American Pageant Chapter 10

Growing pains
Population doubling every 25 years 90% rural 95% east of Appalachian Mountains Kentucky, Tennessee, & Ohio
States w/in 14 years Restless group; conflict with Spanish

Washington for President

Why George?
Unanimously drafted by electoral college Imposing presence, war hero, did not lobby for office Balanced rather than brilliant Took office April 30, 1789

Washington for President

Washingtons Cabinet
Set precedent of cabinet meetings Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox

The Bill of Rights

Constitution ratified w/no Bill of Rights
Anti-federalist criticism States ratified w/promise bill of rights coming

Bill of Rights:
James Madison wrote 1st then presented to congress First 10 Amendments ratified 1791

The Bill of Rights

Includes:
Freedom of: speech, religion, press, bear arms, tried by a jury Freedom from: unusual punishments, seizure of property 9th Amendment: Other rights guaranteed not listed 10th Amendment: Powers not explicitly writtenwent to the States

The Bill of Rights

Made Constitution more Antifederalist 1st Congress Judiciary Act of 1789
Organized Supreme Court w/6 judges John Jay first Chief Justice

Hamilton & Public Credit

Alexander Hamilton
Financial wizard Shaped countrys fiscal plan Favored the wealthy (trickle down to lower classes) 1st objectivestrengthen national credit

Hamilton & Public Credit

Funding at par
Government bonds depreciated to $.15/$1 Pay off debts at face value

Assumption
Congress take state debts for war Strengthen the federal government

Hamilton & Public Credit

Conflict (Jefferson)
Big debtor states liked (MA) smaller debtor states disliked (VA)

Compromisemove capital to South

District of Columbia (Washington, DC)

Custom Duties & Excise Taxes

National debt: $75 million
Hamilton Father of National Debt National blessing, not curse
More creditorsmore people want to prevent. Government failure

Pay off with customs & tariffs

And this is what the debt will become

Custom Duties & Excise Taxes

First Tariff Law 1789
Protective for infant industries Foresaw spread of Industrial Revolution

Excise Tax 1791few domestic items, i.e. whiskey

Hamilton v. JeffersonThe BANK

Bank of the United States
Hamiltons idea Modeled after England Private bank w/government as major stockholder Federal Treasury deposit surplus $ Paper $--sound & stable national currency

Hamilton v. JeffersonThe BANK

But was it Constitutional? Jefferson: No.
No specific authorization Amendment 10all other powers to states Strict Construction

Hamilton: Yes.
necessary & proper Power to collect taxes & regulate commerce Implied powers Broad constructionelastic clause

Hamilton v. JeffersonThe BANK

G.W.unenthusiastic North for it (manufacturing centers) South against it (agricultural) Bank of United States created 1791
Chartered 25 years Capital of $10 million Philadelphia 1/5 owned by government Public quickly bought up stock

Mutinous Moonshiners of Pennsylvania

Whiskey Rebellion 1794
Tax burden to southwest PA Whiskey easier than grain to transport east Whiskey poles, Liberty & No Excise Ended tax collections

Mutinous Moonshiners of Pennsylvania

George Washington led 13,000 & suppressed
sledgehammer to crush a gnat

Tiny rebellion but symbolic

Shows power of federal government

The Emergence of Political Parties

At the start--Political parties not in existence or planned for Organized resistance: Anti-federalists
Alexander Hamiltons fiscal policies State right(ers)

Two party system since then

Party out of powerbalances government

Impact of French Revolution

French Revolution 1789 (A few weeks after
Washington was inaugurated)

Impact on U.S. Early stagesremoved Louis XVI Declared war on Austria then other countries
Control of the Atlantic

Reign of Terrorexecuted all nobles

Impact of French Revolution

American Reaction:
Jeffersonian Republicans:
Regret bloodshed, but Supported the French Revolution

Hamiltonian Federalists:
Feared change & mobocracy Worried about economic impact

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Franco-American Alliance1778
Bound U.S. to defend French West Indies

Jeffersonianswant to enter fight WashingtonAvoid war at all costs

Nation to weak economically & politically Delay strategybirthrate to fight Americas battles

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Neutrality Proclamation 1793
Government neutral Citizens impartial Start of isolationist trend Washington announced w/out consulting congress

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Citizen Genet Affair
Edmund GenetFrench Republic representative Unauthorized--tried to recruit armies to invade Spanish Florida & Louisiana, etc. Tried to go over Washingtons head to the voters Washington demanded his withdrawal

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

U.S. neutrality benefitted France
U.S. too weak to help F.W.I.supplies British would have blockaded U.S. coast

Embroilments with Britain

Kept chain of northern frontier forts
Fur trade Indian Buffer states

Miami Confederacy
8 Indian nations British sold firearms & whiskey

Embroilments with Britain

Little TurtleChief of Miami Confed.
1790-1791 defeat U.S. troops

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Indians abandoned by British Treaty of Greenville 1795
Confederacy yielded vast tracts of Old N.W. $20,000 given to Indians + $9,000 annually Allowed to still hunt in those lands Significance:
Indians thought treaty put limits on U.S.

Embroilments with Britain

Sea Frontier
British want to starve French West Indies U.S. Merchants neutralsupplies British seize 300 U.S. merchant ship & impress sailors into British Navy Americas response
Jeffersonians: want another war Hamiltonians: War w/Britain would stop economics trade w/powerful nation

Jays Treaty & Washingtons Farewell

John Jay sent to England to avoid war
Jeffersonians did not like choice Hamilton told British Jays strategy Jays Treaty:
British leave frontier forts (already promised) British pay damages for ships Did NOT pledge to stop future seizures or impressments U.S. pay debts to British merchants from Rev. War

Jays Treaty & Washingtons Farewell

Unpopular w/Americans Revitalized Jeffersons Democratic Republican party
Southern planterspay majority of debts

Pinckneys Treaty 1795 w/Spain

Spain granted U.S. navigation of Mississippi & territory north of Florida

Jays Treaty & Washingtons Farewell

Washington decides to retire
Two term precedent Farewell address
Avoid permanent alliances Political parties were divisive

His Contributions
Strong central government U.S. fiscally sound Kept U.S. out of foreign wars

John Adams becomes President

Hamiltontoo unpopular (fiscal policies) John Adams (Federalist)1796 election
Washingtons V.P. Stern principles, but tactless Respectful irritation Hated by Hamilton Support in N.E. Jefferson (2nd place) becomes his V.P.

Unofficial Fighting with France

French felt Jays treaty was a betrayal Refused to receive Americas envoy XYZ Affair
John Marshall & others sent to Talleyrand X, Y, & Z ask for bribe just to talk War hysteria breaks out in U.S.
Navy Department United States Marine Corps (up to 10,000 men authorized) U.S. ships capture 80 armed ships, but Several 100 U.S. merchant ships taken

Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party

Adams stays out of war
Unpopular w/peopleespecially Jeffersonians

Convention 1800
Treaty with Napoleon Ended peace time alliance w/France Paved way for purchase of Louisiana

The Federalist Witch Hunt

Alien & Sedition Laws 1798
Anti-French frenzy Extended residency requirement from 5 to 14 years President empowered to deport in peace or imprison in war (never enforced) Imprisonment and/or fine for those who impede the government
Matthew Lyon4 mo. Jail for criticizing John Adams

Purpose: Oppress pro-Jeffersonians