Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868 Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Agricultural Regions, 1889-1900 In the Pacific Northwest and east of the 28-inch-rainfall line, farmers could grow a greater variety of crops. Territory west of the line was either too mountainous or too arid to support agriculture without irrigation. The grasslands that once fed buffalo herds now could feed beef cattle.
Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890 The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick.
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890 The West was not settled by a movement of peoples gradually creeping westward from the East. Rather, settlers first occupied California and the Midwest and then filled up the nation's vast interior.
The Development and Natural Resources of the West By 1890 mining, lumbering, and cattle ranching had penetrated many areas west of the Mississippi River, and railroads had linked together the western economy. These characteristics, along with the spread of agriculture, contributed to the Census Bureau's observation that the frontier had disappeared; yet, as the map shows, large areas remain undeveloped.
The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906 Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm.
U.S. Territorial Expansion in the Late Nineteenth Century The major period of U.S. territorial expansion abroad came in a short burst of activity in the late 1890s, when newspapers and some politicians beat the drums for empire.
Western Indian Reservations, 1890 Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation.
Plains Indians
Nomadic warriors Lifestyle centered around the Buffalo (wigwams, food, clothing, etc) Resisted white encroachment-skilled and aggressive fighters (use of horse) Warfare: often great cruelty & massacres on both sides Revenge, punish whites for breaking treaties, defend lands & preserve way of life
Reservations
Some of the most arid lands were set aside for the Indians as their Reservation Indian agents often corrupt one w/ annual salary of $1,500 saved $50,000 in 4 years Indian Reservations
Clash of Cultures
Chivingtons Sand Creek massacre 1864 Battle of the Washita 1868 Custer killed Black Kettle and his people Wounded Knee 1890 200 Indians killed
Fettermans Massacre Sioux killed 81 soldiers and civilians along the Bozeman Trail 1866 (Government abandoned the Bozeman Trail)
Clash of Cultures
Ghost Dance 1890
Indians forced to surrender outlawed bring back all after the end of the buffalo buffalo & warriors - led to battle (white butchery) & the of wounded Knee Coming of the RR Unlimited Chief Joseph: Nez Perce led US troops and supplies; helped troops on 1,300 circuitous attempted escape to Canada: defeat the Indians finally captured I will fight no Indians now placed on the more forever 1877 symbolized the end of the Reservation
Indian Wars
Clash of Cultures
Geronimo Apache resisted US & Mexican troops in Arizona and New Mexico Indian boarding schools Carlisle School for Indians (Pennsylvania) effort to educate Native Americans
Government efforts to assimilate the Indians: Dawes-Severalty Act 1887 dissolved some tribes break up reservations = took away tribal ownership of land 160 acres of land given to individuals (Indians) who farm for 25 years & giveup tribal ways of life
Class of Cultures
A Century of Dishonor By Helen Hunt Jackson Outlined the many broken treaties by the US to the Indians Dawes Severalty Act
Promise of citizenship in 25 years of they renounced their way of life make them rugged individuals (farms) assimilation Wipe out tribal ownership of land & dissolve many tribes as legal entities Only effort until 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (Indian New Deal) tried to restore tribal ownership of the reservations
Buffalo Soldiers
Pikes Peak gold discovered Denver Boom Towns fifty niners or Pikes Peakers Thousands go west 1858 Comstock Lode Nevada $340 Million Black Hills (Gold) Mining brought large white populations West Boom town to ghost towns
Mining
Individuals Vigilante committees Law and order responsible citizens, churches, schools farmers Large mining corporations begin mining Quartz mining deep in the ground expensive
Women = found work running boarding houses Gained equality sooner: Wyoming1869 Utah1870 Colorado 1893 Idaho 1896
Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850 At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri)
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cattle Kingdom
Range Wars vs. Cattlemen and sheep After Civil war herders Texas Longhorns Homestead Act of Long Drive From 1862 160 acres Texas to cow towns given was not the RR terminals of: enough in the West Abilene, Kansas Dodge Winter of 1886-7 City, Ogallala, Nebraska cowherds die out Cheyenne, Wyoming etc. End of the Cattle of cowboys are Kingdom & the black cowboy era
Great Plains
Homestead Act 1862 160 acres of land- too small to be productive Sodbusters sod homes soddies Hard life lack of water dry farming, Fencing: barbed wireJoseph F. Glidden 1874 Farm tenancy renters
Oklahoma 1889 opened for homesteading Sooners jumped the gun staked claims eighty niners 10,000 in one day Farmers began to rely on one crop Wheat or Corn Poor market and harsh winters ended the era by 1890s Large Bonanza Wheat farms begin to take over: Farms owned by corporations not individuals
Farmers
Isolation on farms, drought, winds, floods, early and late frosts - tough life National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Oliver H. Kelly social, educational and finally a political organization- Regulation of Railroads Granger laws in some states: over-ruled by Wabash Case 1886 which will lead to the Interstate Commerce Act (Federal control of trade) Huge problem overproduction This leads to tenant farming in Midwest & South
Greenback-Labor Party
Want greenbacks still in circulation cheap money Too little money in circulation and this would lead to inflation (felt problems were because of deflated currency) High-water mark: 1878: pooled 3% of population, their presidential candidate was James B. Weaver
Farmers Alliances
Northwestern Farmers Alliance formed to try to break the grip of the Railroads by cooperative buying and selling Southern Farmers Alliance split :Southern Colored Farmers Alliance Meet in Ocala, Florida several populist demands of reform
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Successor to Greenback-Labor Party Omaha Platform 1892 Sub-treasures warehouses End national banks End absentee ownership of land Direct election of Senators
5. Government ownership of RR, telephone, telegraphs 6. Government ownership of postal savings banks Graduated income taxes Inflation of currency More socialistic-like
Panic of 1893
Most severe depression to date 18% or higher unemployment Philadelphia and Reading RR went bankrupt Stock market crashes Cause: RR expansion & speculation 8,000 business go under 156 railroads, 400 banks
Coxey's Army
Coxey's Army Jacob Coxey's "army" of the unemployed reaches the outskirts of Washington, D.C., in 1894. Note the new electrical or telephone poles. (Library of Congress)
Pullman Strike
The American Railway Union, the nation's first industry-wide union, led by Eugene V. Debs, subsequently became embroiled in what The New York Times described as "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital" that involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak. Labor unions, Populists & debtors saw the strike as proof of an alliance between business, federal government & courts against working class
King Debs
King Debs This famous cartoon about the Pullman strike, originally published July 14, 1894, in Harper's Weekly, shows Eugene Debs, head of the American Railway Union, sitting atop a railway bridge that has been turned to cut off all rail traffic. The railroad cars behind him are labeled "fresh vegetables," "beef," and "fruit," to emphasize the perishable nature of the products that could not be delivered, and others are identified as "U.S. Mail." In the background, factories have "closed" signs on them. This cartoon, and others like it, helped to mobilize opinion against the strikers. (Library of
Congress)
1896 Election
Republican William McKinley
supported by the wealth of Marcus Alonzo Hanna Gold bugs support gold standard some Democrats bolt the party and vote McKinley
Bryan depicted as a Populist snake swallowing the Democratic Party; 1896 cartoon
Republican victory a victory for big business, big cities, middle-class values & financial conservatives. McKinley was an ear-tothe-ground politician but did have ability Dingley Tariff passed to raise more revenue (46.5%)
Republicans took credit Gold Standard Act 1900 paper $ redeemed in Gold Gold discoveries in Alaska, the Klondike, Africa (more gold in world market) loosened monetary supply Cheap cyanide process for extracting gold