Empire and Expansion 1890-1909

American Pageant Chapter 27

The Imperialist Tailor

CAUSES OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Need for foreign markets Yellow Journalism Missionaries International Darwinism Jingoism Growth of Navy

7. International Plundering of Africa and Asia 8. Example set by Colonial Nations 9. Fear of losing out 10. Americans were bruising for war- aggressive attitude

Commercial/Business Interests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Commercial/Business Interests

American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

Religious/Missionary Interests

American Missionaries in China, 1905

AMERICAN ATTITUDES
Reverend Josiah

Strong:
Our

Theory: Anglo-Saxon civilization is superior Need to spread American religion and values

Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis

Social Darwinist Thinking

The Hierarchy of Race

The White Mans Burden

AMERICAN ATTITUDES
Theodore Roosevelt &
Promoted Social Darwinism The earth belonged to the strong and fit
I.E. United States

(Massachusetts Senator):

Henry Cabot Lodge

AMERICAN ATTITUDES
Alfred Thayer Mahan:

The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 16601783,

Control of the sea is the key to world dominance Stimulated a naval race, & US demand for a

Panama Canal

Military/Strategic Interests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea

Power on History: 1660-1783

AMERICAN ATTITUDES
Big Sister policy toward Latin America:
Sec. of State James G. Blaine open trade with Latin Am. Countries They should rally around the USs leadership Pan-American Conference, 1889
First time all American countries met

DIPLOMATIC CRISES

DIPLOMATIC CRISES CONTINUED

HAWAII

(IS AN AWESOME VACATION SPOT)

Background: U.S. used as a way station for shippers, sailors & whalers 1820--New England Missionaries 1840U.S. heavy influence in Hawaii Pearl Harbor,1887: US gains naval-base rights Annexation Attempt: 1893-- bad economy because of McKinley Tariff
Led to effort to be annexed by U.S. and a revolt against local rule

Queen Liliuokalani Opposed annexation Put on house arrest

Grover Cleveland chose not to annex Hawaii

Believed the Hawaiians had been wronged & most were against

annexation

Hawaii is annexed in 1898 at the end of the Spanish- America War

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U.S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s

US TROOPS IN HAWAII

Iolani Palace home of the Monarchs

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

1875 Reciprocity Treaty
1890 McKinley Tariff 1893 American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT

Misruled by Spain Revolt against Spain, 1895
Rebel goals:
Destroy sugar cane fields (scorched earth)
Hurt Spain & draw the US into the conflict.
US has $50 million invested & trade of $100 million per year

Frederic Remington, artist

Hired by William Randolph Hearst (yellow press) to go to

Cuba

You furnish the pictures I will furnish the war

Spanish General Valeriano (Butcher) Weyler, 1896 Puts rebels into reconcentration camps About 200,000 die

Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy

De Lme Letter
Dupuy de Lme

Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.

Criticized President McKinley as weak, and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party. Americas yellow press stirs citizens against Spain

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Yellow Journalism & Jingoism

Joseph Pulitzer

Hearst to Frederick Remington: William Randolph Hearst

You furnish the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!

CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT

USS Maine , February 1898 Sent to Havana Harbor As a friendly visit to protect and evacuate US citizens The Maine explodes in the Harbor Killing 260 sailors The US blames Spain Remember the Maine! To [Heck] with Spain!

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

REASONS THE US SUPPORTED THE REVOLUTIONARIES IN CUBA

Yellow Press (atrocity stories) Outrage over the Spanish use of reconcentration camps Fear of Spanish misrule in Cuba threatened the Gulf of

Mexico & route to the (future) Panama Canal Sympathy for Cuban patriots fighting for their freedom (like US Revolution)
USS

Maine

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
President McKinley: Did not want war but did not want to lose Cuba either
McKinley ask Congress for war April 11, 1898 Teller Amendment Altruistic attempt from Congress Promise to Cuba they would be free after war

The Spanish-American War (1898):

That Splendid Little War

How prepared was the US for war?

INVASION OF CUBA
US Navy fleet
Blocks Spanish ships in Cuban harbor Superior to Spanish fleet

US realizes it needs to land soldiers to drive

out Spanish

U.S. army unprepared, i.e. wool uniforms in hot Cuba

Rough Riders

Other key battles: El Caney & San Juan Hill

Volunteer soldiers Recruited by Teddy Roosevelt Led by Colonel Leonard Wood Famous charge up Kettle Hill

The Rough Riders

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

The Spanish fleet tries to make a run for it
Entire fleet is sunk and 500 are killed

Puerto Rico (change #20 on handout to Puerto Ricowe will get to # 15, 17 & 19) US General Milessent to take from the Spanish Native population greeted the troops as liberating heroes
Wanted same fate as Cubai.e. Teller Amendment

US losses 400 killed in battle 5,000 died of disease and

other causes (Cuba & US) Pact of Paris, August 12, 1898
Armistice is signed with Spain

WAIT? WHAT? PHILIPPINES? WHAT DOES THE PHILIPPINES HAVE TO DO WITH THE SPANISHAMERICAN WAR THAT STARTED IN CUBA????

The Spanish-American War (1898):

That Splendid Little War

BATTLE OF MANILA BAY

The Spanish also harshly control the Philippines Attack from U.S. divides focus of the Spanish Could be a gateway to Asia and trade May 1, 1898
Commodore George 400 Spanish killed Destroyed nearly all Spanish fleet Proves American military (esp. Navy) power, but

Dewey takes Manila Bay

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

Admiral Dewey must wait 3 months for marines to arrive

to take Manila Emilio Aguinaldo

Former Philippian rebelexiled to China

Asked by Dewey to help raise a rebel army against Spain Aguinaldo will later will turn on the US (Philippine Insurrection)

Dewey finally captures Manila August 13, 1898

Dewey Captures Manila!

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino

Uprising.

July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

IMPERIALIST OUTCOME OF WAR

Pact of Paris: US gains Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines Spain is given $20 million for the Philippines U.S. also annexed Hawaii during the War Now what to do with the Philippines??? Leaving could cause
Anarchy It to be taken over by another country

Staying could give opportunity to

Christianize (For U.S. that meant Protestant)
Civilize them

Economic factors?? U.S. chose to keep because there was no acceptable alternative to their

acquisition.)

Our Sphere of Influence

 Anti-Imperialism League Included the presidents of Harvard & Stanford Universities, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers & Mark Twain Reasons:
Dishonor ideals in Declaration of Independence Fear that despotism abroad might lead to despotism at

home Cost $ Potential conflict with other countries vying for Asia Filipinos wanted freedom, not colonial rule

McKinleyis He To Be a Despot?

Reasons for Imperialism

Victory was so complete Expand trade economic potential for trade with China (Manila=another Hong Kong $$$) Manifest Destiny idea expanded Social Darwinism Imperialistic competition & example Appeal to patriotism

Puerto Rico: 1898

1900 - Foraker Act

PR became an unincorporated territory. Citizens of PR, not of the US Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903 The Insular Cases

Constitutional rights were not automatically extended

to territorial possessions.
FLAG

The CONSTITUTION DID NOT FOLLOW THE

SCIENTIFIC SIDE NOTE

Dr. Walter Reed & Colonel William Gorgas
During war Discovered mosquitoes were the cause of yellow fever Huge medical breakthrough

Woot.

What about Cuban Independence?

Remember the Teller Amendment (1898)?

Platt Amendment (1903):

Cuba: Could not make agreements with foreign nations if it jeopardized independence Must lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. for naval & coaling station Must not build up excessive debt

U.S. could intervene in Cuba to maintain an efficient, independent govt. Senator Orville Platt

FILIPINO INSURRECTION, 1899

Philippines not given freedom Emilio Aguinaldo turned against the US Guerrilla warfare US successfully repressed, estimated
4,234 US soldiers killed
600,000 Filipinos killed

Emilio Aguinaldo captured 1901; fighting ends

FILIPINO INSURRECTION, 1899

William Howard Taft Sent to be governor of Philippines, 1901 Massive amounts of U.S. $$$ spent in improvements roads, sanitation, public health, schools Finally given their freedom in 1946

William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.

OPEN DOOR POLICY 1899 & 1900

Spheres of influence (add to terms)

China was divided by Russia, Germany, France, Japan, & Britain
Wanted economic & political control of certain parts of China

U.S. Concerns
Missions in China in jeopardy Chinas markets closed to nonEuropeans

John Hay, Secretary of State

Proposes to allow free-trade (opendoor) for all nations Guaranteed no country would take over China Ignored by other countries at first

The Open Door Policy

The Open Door Policy

THE BOXER REBELLIONOPENS THE DOOR

Boxers, 1900 (British saw martial arts fighters &
called them boxers)

The Society of Righteous and

Harmonious Fists Want to stop- Imperialistic expansion Christian influence

Want to kick out foreign devils

Killed 200; surrounded foreign diplomatic

community in Peking
US & other nations stopped rebellion

THE BOXER REBELLIONOPENS THE DOOR

Results:
$333 million charged to China by suppressing nations
U.S. Share: $24.5 millionmostly turned into

scholarship fund

John Hay reissues Open Door Notes

Other countries now acceptbecomes policy

Nine-Power Treaty (1922)

Designed to protect Chinas territory
Nullified when Japan attached Manchuria

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. 55 Days at Peking.

America as a Pacific Power

1900 ELECTION
Republicans
William McKinley
Won a war Established the gold

Democrats
William Jennings Bryan

(again)
Issue: Imperialism of

standard
Theodore Roosevelt is

McKinley

chosen as VP
Had been a progressive

McKinley won the election

Governor of NY

292-155 EV

THEODORE TEDDY ROOSEVELT: TR

Wealthy, distinguished NY family
Militaristic--Rough Rider Self confident

Moralizer & Reformer

Compromiser Felt the President should lead--

boldly

Bully Pulpit
President had platform for an agenda

Everything he did was bigger that

life

Speak Softly and carry a Big Stick

TR & THE PANAMA CANAL

Background: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850
US shared with Britain building rights to a

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 1901 US got right from Britain to build the canal alone, but
Columbia refused US had offered $10 million for a 6-mile wide Zone & $250,000 annually

canal

Revolution in Panama Panama rebels against control of Columbia US stops Columbia from stopping the rebellion Officially recognizes Panama as a nation within 3 days

HAY-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY
Treaty with Panama $10 million Annual payment of $250,000 Canal zone 10 miles wide US to maintain the canal and keep a military presence

BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914

Saved 8,000 miles in traveling + $$$$ Strained relations w/Latin-American

countries Army Corps of Engineers built

Problems:
Led by Colonel George Goethals Yellow Fever

Dr. Walter Reed & William Gorgas Discovered

27,000 men died building the canal

how to defeat the disease

Most from disease (yellow fever) Many landslides, accidents, poor sanitation labor trouble

Panama Canal

TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE

Background: Venezuela & Dominican Republic always in debt to foreign powers (Germany bombarded a Venezuelan town in 1903)

Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)

Roosevelt theory: Preventive intervention
Justified US intervention to prevent European countries from

The US intervened and arbitrated the debt

intervening (a.k.a. bringing troops to this hemisphere) An extension of the Monroe Doctrine
Dominican Republic, 1905

Caribbean becomes a Yankee Lake and U.S. will intervene:

Cuba, 1906

Result a legacy of ill will & distrust from Latin America towards

U.S.

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
Japan attacks (without

warning) Port Arthur, Manchuria (then occupied by Russia) Successful initially, the Japanese begin to run out of men & $$$ Appeal to the US to mediate (while still ahead)

Russia is just beginning to

mobilize Roosevelt who splits the territories with Japan and Russia gets the Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire TR gets the Nobel Peace prize for negotiating the Russo-Japanese War 1906

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

GENTLEMANS AGREEMENT
By 1906 increased Japanese immigration to

California 70,000 on the Pacific Coast yellow peril Americans began to fear the growth of Asians in population and $$$$ Asians denied the right to attend regular classes in San Francisco earthquake limited facilities TR orders local school board to Washington DC where he arranges for them to start classes for Asians in exchange for Japan discouraging immigration to the US called the Gentleman's Agreement

Gentlemans Agreement: 1908

A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S. Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools. 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.

GREAT WHITE FLEET

16 Modern Battleships sent on a World Cruise
Ready for a feast, a frolic or a fight Led to the Root-Takahira Agreement 1908 with Japan

1. Respect for each others territory in the Pacific 2. Respect for the Open Door in China

The Great White Fleet: 1907