Student Guide Book

Subject: Basic Chemistry (ENG100802)

Basic Chemistry ecturer !eam

"acu#ty o$ En%ineerin% &ni'ersity o$ (ndonesia 2010

)re$ace
Chemistry is the study of the composition, properties, and transformations of matter and of chemical laws which are responsible for the changes that take place in nature. During many years, Chemistry have found to be an exciting intellectual challenge and an extraordinary rich and varied part of world heritage. We hope that students will share with the lecturers some of that enthusiasm, excitement, and appreciation. This guidebook is intended to provide guidelines for students taking this subject. y reading this guidebook, it is expected that students understand the learning objectives and should be able to prepare themselves prior to each topic. !t is also to guide students in working in group so that they may make the most of the group exercises. "ny comments, critics, correction to this guidebook is thankfully accepted.

Depok, #anuary $%&& 'ecturer Team

!ab#e o$ Content
(ndorsement )age )reface Table of Content Chapter &. *eneral !nformation Chapter $. 'earning +bjectives Chapter -. +utlines of .ubject Chapter ,0 Teaching 1ethods and 'earning "ctivities Chapter /0 (xercises and "ssignments Chapter 4. "ssessment 5eferences & , / 2 3 &/ &6

Genera# (n$ormation
Chapter

&. Subject $. Subject Code -. Semester ,. Credit /. Year 4. Type of Subject 2. Prerequisite 6. Lecturer

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 &

asic Chemistry (7*&%%6%$ $ .8. $%&&9$%&$ :aculty Competence .ubject 7one Team

9. Description of the subject

"s an engineer, you must have understanding on the chemistry that provides not only the basis for much of what goes on in our world but also that it is a vital, continually developing science. !n this study the students will learn many subjects such as matter and measurement; atoms, molecules, and ions; stoichiometry; a<ueous reactions; thermochemistry; properties of solutions; chemical kinetics; chemical e<uilibrium; and electrochemistry.
'earning activities will be conducted through various method, which consists of0 problem based learning =) '>, interactive lecture, <uestion?based learning, discussion, demonstration and unguided structured assignments. "ssessment will be made continuously through a set of exercises, group discussion, mid semester exam and final exam. This guide book will help students prepare for learning activities throughout the semester for this subject. )reparation may include reading, preparation of worksheet and practice. "chievement of students will entirely be due to their activities and preparation. Construction of knowledge will be made through exercises and <uestions available in this book. .tudents are expected to do the exercises, and they may move to further stage as they ready for that. +verall, students are expected to be active learners by ac<uiring knowledge through thinking and exercising. .tudents may also use this guidebook to self?assess their achievement.

Student Guide Book

earnin% *bjecti'es
Chapter

2.1. Termina Learnin! "bjecti#es "t the completion of this course, the successful student will be able to0

.olve <uantitative chemistry problems and demonstrate reasoning clearly and completely. !ntegrate multiple ideas in the problem solving process. Describe, explain and model chemical and physical processes at the molecular level in order to explain macroscopic properties. Classify matter by its state and bonding behavior using the )eriodic Table as a reference. "pply important theories such as the 8inetic 1olecular or the thermochemistry to the solution of general chemistry problems.

2.2.

Supporti#e Learnin! "bjecti#es

&. .tudents are expected to understand clasification and state of matter, units and uncertainty of measurement, and dimensional analysis from units of measurement. $. .tudents are expected to understand the classic and modern theory of atomic structure, and to give the name of inorganic compounds. -. .tudents are able to distinguish between molecules and ions and between molecular and ionic compounds. ,. !f students are given a chemical reaction, they can analy@e the amount of product and yield, and can determine the limiting reactants. /. !f students are given a chemical reaction, they can analy@e the types of reactions, concentrations of each components invove in the reactions, and e<uilibrium constant of the reaction. 4. .tudents are expected to understand the nature of energy and enthalphy and how to measure the enthalpy formation of pure substance using calorimeter. 2. .tudents can analy@e the entalphy of reaction if they are given a chemical reaction. 6. .tudents can understand periodic table, and can predict properties such as ioni@ation energy and electron affinities of elements based on their position in the periodic table. 3. .tudents can aunderstand properties of solutions such as pA, acid and based strength and how to measure or calculated pA of the solutions. &%. !f students are given a galvanic cell they can analy@e balance ionic e<uation, and calculate cell characteristics such as standard cell potential, chemical e<uilibrium constant and ph of solution, and can predict the spontaneity or nonspontaneity of the reactions in the cell.

Student Guide Book

&&. !f the students are given data concentration versus time from the chemical reaction, they can analy@e the order of reaction, rate constant and rate of reaction. &$. .tudents can understand sources of the metallic elements, a brief theory of metallurgy, the making of iron and steel, and properties of semiconductors, ceramics and composites materials.

Student Guide Book

*ut#ine o$ Subject
Chapter

Supporti#e Learnin! "bjecti#e &

Topic &. 1atter and 1easurement

Sub$topic &.&. The study of chemistry &.$. Classification of matter &.-. )roperties of matter &.,. Bnits of measurement &./. Bncertainty in measurement &.4. Dimensional "nalysis $.&. The atomic theory of matter $.$. The Discovery of atomic structure $.-. The 1odern view of atomic structure $.,. 1olecules and molecular compounds $./. !ons and ionic compounds $.4. 7aming inorganic compounds $.2. Development of the )eriodic Table $.6. (lectron .hells and .i@es of "toms $.3. !oni@ation energy $.&%. (lectron "ffinities $.&&. 1etals, nonmetals, and metalloids $.&$. *roup Trends for the "ctive 1etals $.&-. *roup Trends for .elected 7onmetals

%eference C&D Chap.& C$D Chap.&

$,-,6

$. "toms, 1olecules, !ons, and )eriodic Table

C&D Chap. $,2,6 C$D Chap. $

-. .toichiometry0 Calculations with Chemical :ormulas and (<uations

Chemical (<uations )atterns of Chemical 5eactivity "tomic and 1olecular Weight The 1ole (mpirical :ormula from "nalyses Euantitative !nformation from alance (<uations -.2. 'imiting 5eactants ,. "<ueous ,.&. *eneral properties of a<ueous solution 5eactions and ,.$.)recipitation reaction .olution ,.-."cid?base reaction .toichiometry ,.,.+xidation?reduction reaction

-.&. -.$. -.-. -.,. -./. -.4.

C&D Chap. C$D Chap. -

C&D Chap. ,,&, C$D Chap. ,

Student Guide Book

4,2

/.

4.

&%

2.

&&

6.

&$

3.

,./.Concentration of solution ,.4..olution stoichiometry and chemical analysis ,.2.(<uilibrium Constant Thermochemistry /.&. The 7ature of (nergy /.$. The :irst 'aw of Themodynamics /.-. (nthalpy /.,. (ntalphies of 5eaction /./. Calorimetry /.4. AessFs 'aw /.2. (ntalphies of :ormation /.6. :oods and :uels "<ueous 4.&. "cid? ase Concepts0 ronsted?'owry (<uilibria0 theory "cid and ase 4.$. "cid .trength and ase .trength 4.-. "cid dissociation 4.,. "<ueous "cids and ased 4./. Dissociation of Water 4.4. pA 4.2. 1easuring nad Calculating pA (lectrochemistry 2.&. *alvanic Cells 2.$. 7otation for *alvanic Cells 2.-. Cell )otentials and :ree (nergy Changes 2.,. .tandard 5eduction )otentials 2./. The 7ernst (<uation 2.4. (lectrochemical Determination of pA 2.2. .tandard Cell )otentials and (<uilibrium Constants 2.6. atteries Chemical 6.&. 5eaction 5ates 8inetics 6.$. 5ates 'aw and 5eaction +rder 6.-. (xperimental Determination of a 5ate 'aw 6.,. !ntegrated 5ate 'aws for a :irst?+rder 5eaction 6./. !ntegrated 5ate 'aws for a .econd? +rder 5eaction 6.4.Aalf 'ife of :irst?+rder 5eaction 6.2. Aalf 'ife of .econd?+rder 5eaction 6.6. 5eaction 1echanism "pplication of "pplication of Chemistry Chemistry ? (nvironmental Chemistry ? !ntroduction to (ngineering 1aterial

C&D Chap. 4 C$D Chap.

C&D Chap. &2 C$D Chap. &/

C&D Chap. &3 C$D Chap. &6

C&D Chap. &C$D Chap. &$

)rovided by 'ecturer

Student Guide Book

!eachin% +ethods and

Chapter

earnin% ,cti'ities
Week9Date &9 .ubtopic *eneral !nformation .") *rading Code of Conduct Course Contents .upportive 'earning +bjective 'earning 1ethods +rientation (xercise :eedback =+> ='> =B> !nteractive 'ecture 1edia9 1odule

$9

&. $. -. ,. /.

The study of chemistry Classification of matter )roperties of matter Bnits of measurement Bncertainty in measurement 4. Dimensional "nalysis

&

!nteractive 'ecture

.cele

.cele

Student Guide Book

Week9Date -9

.ubtopic

,9

&. The atomic theory of matter $. The Discovery of atomic structure -. The 1odern view of atomic structure ,. 1olecules and molecular compounds /. !ons and ionic compounds 4. 7aming inorganic compounds 2. Development of the )eriodic Table 6. (lectron .hells and .i@es of "toms 3. !oni@ation energy &%. (lectron "ffinities &&. 1etals, nonmetals, and metalloids &$. *roup Trends for the "ctive 1etals &-. *roup Trends for .elected 7onmetals &. The atomic theory of matter $. The Discovery of atomic structure -. The 1odern view of atomic structure ,. 1olecules and molecular compounds /. !ons and ionic compounds 4. 7aming inorganic compounds 2. Development of the )eriodic Table 6. (lectron .hells and .i@es of "toms 3. !oni@ation energy &%. (lectron "ffinities &&. 1etals, nonmetals, and metalloids &$. *roup Trends for the "ctive 1etals &-. *roup Trends for .elected 7onmetals

.upportive 'earning +bjective $, -, 6

'earning 1ethods +rientation (xercise :eedback =+> ='> =B> !nteractive .cele .cele 'ecture

1edia9 1odule

$, -, 6

) '

)emicu

)resentation

Student Guide Book

Week9Date /

.ubtopic

.upportive 'earning +bjective

49

29

&. The atomic theory of matter $. The Discovery of atomic structure -. The 1odern view of atomic structure ,. 1olecules and molecular compounds /. !ons and ionic compounds 4. 7aming inorganic compounds 2. Development of the )eriodic Table 6. (lectron .hells and .i@es of "toms 3. !oni@ation energy &%. (lectron "ffinities &&. 1etals, nonmetals, and metalloids &$. *roup Trends for the "ctive 1etals &-. *roup Trends for .elected 7onmetals &. Chemical (<uations $. )atterns of Chemical 5eactivity -. "tomic and 1olecular Weight ,. The 1ole /. (mpirical :ormula from "nalyses 4. Euantitative !nformation from alance (<uations 2. 'imiting 5eactants &. *eneral properties of a<ueous solution $. )recipitation reaction -. "cid?base reaction ,. +xidation?reduction reaction /. Concentration of solution 4. .olution stoichiometry and chemical analysis 2. (<uilibrium Constant
1idsemester (xam

'earning 1ethods +rientation (xercise :eedback =+> ='> =B> ) ' )emicu )resentasi

1edia9 1odule

!nteractive 'ecture

.cele

.cele

!nteractive 'ecture

.cele

.cele

Student Guide Book

Week9Date 39

.ubtopic

&%9

&&9

&. The 7ature of (nergy $. The :irst 'aw of Themodynamics -. (nthalpy ,. (ntalphies of 5eaction /. Calorimetry 4. AessFs 'aw 2. (ntalphies of :ormation 6. :oods and :uels &. "cid? ase Concepts0 ronsted?'owry theory $. "cid .trength and ase .trength -. "cid dissociation ,. "<ueous "cids and ased /. Dissociation of Water 4. pA 2. 1easuring nad Calculating pA &. *alvanic Cells $. 7otation for *alvanic Cells -. Cell )otentials and :ree (nergy Changes ,. .tandard 5eduction )otentials /. The 7ernst (<uation 4. (lectrochemical Determination of pA 2. .tandard Cell )otentials and (<uilibrium Constants 6. atteries

.upportive 'earning +bjective 4,2

'earning 1ethods +rientation (xercise :eedback =+> ='> =B> !nteractive .cele .cele 'ecture

1edia9 1odule

!nteractive 'ecture

.cele

.cele

&%

!nteractive 'ecture

.cele

.cele

Student Guide Book

Week9Date &$9

.ubtopic

&-9

&. 5eaction 5ates $. 5ates 'aw and 5eaction +rder -. (xperimental Determination of a 5ate 'aw ,. !ntegrated 5ate 'aws for a :irst?+rder 5eaction /. !ntegrated 5ate 'aws for a .econd?+rder 5eaction 4. Aalf 'ife of :irst?+rder 5eaction 2. Aalf 'ife of .econd? +rder 5eaction 6. 5eaction 1echanism "pplication of Chemistry ? (nvironmental Chemistry ? !ntroduction to (ngineering 1aterial
5eview :inal exam period, see the (xam schedule in .!"8 7*

.upportive 'earning +bjective &&

'earning 1ethods +rientation (xercise :eedback =+> ='> =B> !nteractive .cele .cele 'ecture

1edia9 1odule

&$

!nteractive 'ecture

.cele

.cele

&,9 &/9 &49

4,2,3,&%,&& ,&$

Student Guide Book

10

E-ercises and ,ssi%nments

Subtopic &ee'
$9

Chapter
&. $. -. ,. /. 4. &. $. -. ,. /. 4. 2. 6. 3. &%. &&. &$. &-. &. $. -. ,. /. 4. 2. 6. 3. &%. &&. &$. &-. &. $. -. ,. /. 4. 2. 6. 3. The study of chemistry Classification of matter )roperties of matter Bnits of measurement Bncertainty in measurement Dimensional "nalysis The atomic theory of matter The Discovery of atomic structure The 1odern view of atomic structure 1olecules and molecular compounds !ons and ionic compounds 7aming inorganic compounds Development of the )eriodic Table (lectron .hells and .i@es of "toms !oni@ation energy (lectron "ffinities 1etals, nonmetals, and metalloids *roup Trends for the "ctive 1etals *roup Trends for .elected 7onmetals The atomic theory of matter The Discovery of atomic structure The 1odern view of atomic structure 1olecules and molecular compounds !ons and ionic compounds 7aming inorganic compounds Development of the )eriodic Table (lectron .hells and .i@es of "toms !oni@ation energy (lectron "ffinities 1etals, nonmetals, and metalloids *roup Trends for the "ctive 1etals *roup Trends for .elected 7onmetals The atomic theory of matter The Discovery of atomic structure The 1odern view of atomic structure 1olecules and molecular compounds !ons and ionic compounds 7aming inorganic compounds Development of the )eriodic Table (lectron .hells and .i@es of "toms !oni@ation energy

(ssi!nment )roup *ndi#idua (ssi!nment (ssi!nment

"ssignment &

-9

*roup report and discussion9 )resentation

!ndividual report

,9

*roup report and discussion9 )resentation

!ndividual report

/9

*roup report and discussion9 )resentation

!ndividual report

Student Guide Book

11

&ee' &%. &&. &$. &-.

49

Subtopic (lectron "ffinities 1etals, nonmetals, and metalloids *roup Trends for the "ctive 1etals *roup Trends for .elected 7onmetals

(ssi!nment )roup *ndi#idua (ssi!nment (ssi!nment

&. $. -. ,. /. 4.

Chemical (<uations )atterns of Chemical 5eactivity "tomic and 1olecular Weight The 1ole (mpirical :ormula from "nalyses Euantitative !nformation from alance (<uations 2. 'imiting 5eactants &. $. -. ,. /. 4. *eneral properties of a<ueous solution )recipitation reaction "cid?base reaction +xidation?reduction reaction Concentration of solution .olution stoichiometry and chemical analysis 2. (<uilibrium Constant &. $. -. ,. /. 4. 2. 6. The 7ature of (nergy The :irst 'aw of Themodynamics (nthalpy (ntalphies of 5eaction Calorimetry AessFs 'aw (ntalphies of :ormation :oods and :uels
"ssignment -

"ssignment $

29

69

"ssignment ,

39

&. "cid? ase Concepts0 ronsted?'owry theory $. "cid .trength and ase .trength -. "cid dissociation ,. "<ueous "cids and ased /. Dissociation of Water 4. pA 2. 1easuring nad Calculating pA &. $. -. ,. /. 4. *alvanic Cells 7otation for *alvanic Cells Cell )otentials and :ree (nergy Changes .tandard 5eduction )otentials The 7ernst (<uation (lectrochemical Determination of pA

"ssignment /

&%9

"ssignment 4

Student Guide Book

12

&ee'

Subtopic 2. .tandard Cell )otentials and (<uilibrium Constants 6. atteries

(ssi!nment )roup *ndi#idua (ssi!nment (ssi!nment

&&9

&. 5eaction 5ates $. 5ates 'aw and 5eaction +rder -. (xperimental Determination of a 5ate 'aw ,. !ntegrated 5ate 'aws for a :irst?+rder 5eaction /. !ntegrated 5ate 'aws for a .econd?+rder 5eaction 4. Aalf 'ife of :irst?+rder 5eaction 2. Aalf 'ife of .econd?+rder 5eaction 6. 5eaction 1echanism "pplication of Chemistry ? (nvironmental Chemistry ? !ntroduction to (ngineering 1aterial
5eview :inal exam period, see the (xam schedule in .!"8 7* )aper

"ssignment 2

&-9

&,9 &/9 &49 &29

Student Guide Book

13

(ssi!nment * &. (ach of the following can be classified as a heterogeneous mixture, pure substance, compound, or element. Aow would you classify eachG !ced tea heterogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture pure substance compound element !sopropyl alcohol heterogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture pure substance compound pure substance and compound Aelium pure substance and element homogeneous mixture pure substance compound element .ugar heterogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture compound pure substance
+

pure substance and compound " freshly cut surface of sodium <uickly becomes dull with a film of white sodium oxide when it is exposed to air. !s this a
14

Student Guide Book

physical change or a chemical changeG )hysical Chemical

,

"nother property of sodium is that it conducts electricity, as do all metals. !s electrical conductivity an intensive or extensive property of sodium metalG !ntensive (xtensive Aow many significant figures are there in the number &%$%./G $ , / 4

Aow many significant figures are there in the number %.%%&$G & $ , /

Aow many significant figures should there be in the answer to the following problemG

$ , / 4
Student Guide Book 15

1/

What is the answer to the following problem, reported to the correct number of significant figuresG

%.&&6%2 %.&&6& %.&&6 %.&$ %.&

Student Guide Book

16

8!1!" D"."5 P01*C2 13 T014()( D(L(1 506*D2P(7 5*T( Topi' * Tembaga atau copper adalah senyawa yang banyak ditemukan secara alamiah di lingkungan dan disebarkan melalui fenomena alam. 1anusia pun banyak menggunakan senyawa ini, misalnya dalam industri atau pertanian. )roduksi tembaga meningkat pada dekade terakhir ini sehingga jumlah tembaga di lingkungan meningkat. Aampir semua bentuk senyawa tembaga akan mengendap atau terikat pada sedimen air atau partikel tanah. Tembaga tidak terurai di lingkungan dan karenanya dapat terakumulasi pada tanaman dan hewan bila tembaga tersebut terdapat di tanah. "kan tetapi senyawa tembaga yang larut dalam air menjadi ancaman terbesar pada kesehatan manusia. Walaupun kekhawatiran akan bahaya ancaman kesehatan pada manusia, penyerapan tembaga oleh tubuh diperlukan karena tembaga, dalam jumlah kecil, termasuk dalam unsur logam yang penting untuk kesehatan manusia. Tubuh manusia dapat mengatasi tembaga dalam jumlah relatif besar. 7amun tembaga dalam jumlah yang terlalu banyak dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan yang penting. Tubuh manusia dewasa mengandung tembaga sebanyak &,, sampai $,& mg9kg berat tubuh. Dengan demikian untuk manusia sehat dengan berat sekitar 4% kg kira?kira akan mengandung %,& gram tembaga. Tembaga dan beberapa unsur logam bersama dengan asam amino, asam lemak, serta vitamin diperlukan untuk proses metabolisme normal. .elain kelebihan jumlah tembaga, masalah yang juga serius adalah defisiensi tembaga karena kurangnya jumlah konsumsi tembaga melalui air minum atau makanan. Defisiensi tembaga juga bisa mengantar pada penyakit yang parah dan kematian. Tu!as 3 1. Dapatkah anda menje a!kan apakah tem"a#a dari a!pek$a!pek kimian%a& 2. Ba#aimana !en%a'a ter!e"ut dapat "erada di in#kun#an maupun da am tu"uh manu!i. 3.Ba#aimana pen#aruhn%a pada kehidupan manu!ia( he'an maupun tum"uhan "i a "er e"ihan adan%a& )endapat ne#ati* +kontra, tentan# pen#aruh tem"a#a pada manu!ia( he'an( maupun tum"uhan dida!arkan pada in*orma!i2 "erikut1eskipun Cu merupakan komponen penting yang diperlukan untuk metabolisme manusia , namun keberadaannya dalam jumlah yang besar dapat menyebabkan keracunan. #umlah Cu yang akut dalam tubuh =lebih besar dari -% mg9liter Cu> dapat menyebabkan beberapa gejala peradangan pada usus, dan juga mual?mual, kejang dan muntah?muntah. 4. .e a!kan !atuan2 ain +3"uah, %an# "i!a di#unakan untuk men%atakan kandun#an !uatu /at da am arutan& )endapat tentang logam Cu yang bersifat karsinogenik masih belum dapat dipastikan kebenarannya. 5. 0pakah %an# dimak!ud !i*at kar!ino#enik dan apa pu a %an# dimak!ud den#an 1*ree radica !2&

Student Guide Book

17

Cu dibutuhkan tanaman untuk pertumbuhannya dalam jumlah kecil =micronutrient>. Tanah? tanah yang kaya akan kandungan logam Cu cenderung menyebabkan jumlah tanaman yang dapat tumbuh di tanah tersebut menjadi terbatas. 6.2 3hemica ! nutrient!2 apa !aja %an# di"utuhkan o eh tanaman untuk dapat tum"uh den#an !u"ur& 7. 3hemica nutrient! mana !ajakah %an# "ia!an%a ma!ih per u ditam"ahkan me a ui pem"erian pupuk "uatan& 8. 4ahukah Sdr. "ah'a pupuk2 "uatan +*erti i/er, itu ju#a "i!a meru!ak in#kun#an( "eri contoh 3 pencemaran aki"at pemupukan %an# "er e"ihan.

)(1!CB $0 &aspada8 5 orin 4isa Timbu 'an 5an'er Se asa8 19 September 2/1/ : 1132/ &*4 5ompas.com $ 8olam renang dalam ruangan tertutup =indoor> menjadi pilihan banyak orang karena terhindar dari sinar matahari. 7amun ada baiknya "nda waspada karena menurut sebuah penelitian, berenang di dalam kolam renang indoor yang diberi klorin bisa menyebabkan kanker. 8lorin memang sering digunakan sebagai @at pembasmi kuman di kolam renang. Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh ilmuwan dari Centre of 5esearch in (nvironmental (pidemiology and 5esearch !nstitute Aospital del 1ar, .panyol, diketahui bahwa kolam renang indoor yang diberi klorin bisa menyebabkan mutasi D7" secara permanen =mutagenicity>. )enelitian tersebut dilakukan terhadap ,3 orang perenang. H ukti terjadinya efek genotoxic =mutasi menjadi karsinogen> terlihat pada para perenang setelah mereka berenang selama ,% menit di kolam renang indoor dan mengandung klorin,H kata para ilmuwan dalam pernyataannya. )ara ilmuwan mengaitkan risiko kanker ini dengan efek klorin terhadap sistem pernapasan para perenang. eberapa waktu lalu juga dipublikasikan penelitian mengenai efek klorin terhadap penyakit asma pada anak. 1enurut para ahli, kalau klorin bersenyawa dengan @at organik, seperti air seni atau keringat,m maka akan menghasilkan senyawa sejenis nitrogen triklorin yang dapat mengakibatkan iritasi hebat. .enyawa organik tersebut, lanjutnya, dapat bereaksi menjadi gas di kolam tertutup dan membawa dampak terhadap sel?sel tubuh yang melindungi paru?paru. 1eski efek samping klorin ini cukup berbahaya, namun "nda tidak perlu menghindari olahraga berenang mengingat cukup banyak manfaat kesehatan dari kegiatan berenang. H8ami tidak menyarankan orang untuk berhenti berenang namun kami menghimbau pengelola kolam renang untuk mengurangi penggunaan klorin,H kata 1anolis 8ogevinas, peneliti.
Student Guide Book 18

Tu!as 3 1. Dapatkah anda menje a!kan apakah k orin dari a!pek2 kimian%a& 2. Ba#aimana un!ur ter!e"ut dapat "erada di in#kun#an maupun da am tu"uh manu!ia. 3.Ba#aimana pen#aruhn%a pada kehidupan manu!ia( he'an maupun tum"uhan "i a "er e"ihan adan%a& 4. .e a!kan !atuan2 %an# "i!a di#unakan untuk men%atakan kandun#an !uatu /at da am arutan& )enelitian tersebut dilakukan terhadap ,3 orang perenang. H ukti terjadinya efek genotoxic =mutasi menjadi karsinogen> terlihat pada para perenang setelah mereka berenang selama ,% menit di kolam renang indoor dan mengandung klorin,H kata para ilmuwan dalam pernyataannya. 5. 0pa %an# dimak!ud den#an #enoto5ic( muta!i dan kar!ino#en & 1enurut para ahli, kalau klorin bersenyawa dengan @at organik, seperti air seni atau keringat, maka akan menghasilkan senyawa sejenis nitrogen triklorin yang dapat mengakibatkan iritasi hebat. .enyawa organik tersebut, lanjutnya, dapat bereaksi menjadi gas di kolam tertutup dan membawa dampak terhadap sel?sel tubuh yang melindungi paru?paru. 6. #am"arkan !en%a'a$!en%a'a nitro#en trik orin( !e"utkan ju#a !en%a'a$!en%a'a or#anik ainn%a %an# mun#kin ter"entuk den#an adan%a k orin & 1eski efek samping klorin ini cukup berbahaya, namun "nda tidak perlu menghindari olahraga berenang mengingat cukup banyak manfaat kesehatan dari kegiatan berenang. H8ami tidak menyarankan orang untuk berhenti berenang namun kami menghimbau pengelola kolam renang untuk mengurangi penggunaan klorin,H kata 1anolis 8ogevinas, peneliti. 7. 0pakah !udah ada pen##anti k orin & ka au ada !e"utkan apa !aja & 8. 6ira$kira #a! apa !aja %an# "erada di dida am ko am renan# indoor dan apa "edan%a den#an %an# "erada di ko am renan# outdoor &

5eteran!an Pembuatan 1a'a ah 'e ompo'3 &. #umlah halaman &% ? &4 hlm $. 8ertas ",, huruf si@e &$, spasi &./ -. )akai lembar cover yang berisi0 judul, nomor )emicu, informasi kelompok. ,. uat daftar isi bila lebih dari &% halaman, dan daftar pustaka.

/. lampiran bisa ditambahkan bila perlu.

Student Guide Book

19

4. 2.

agian pendahuluan0 'atar belakang, pro" em !tatement, informasi yang diperlukan. agian isi0 pembahasan isu?isu pembelajaran.

6. )enutup0 kesimpulan. Pembuatan S ide untu' Presentasi3 &. #umlah halaman 6 ? &, slide ppt. $. )age set up0 landscape, huruf si@e $%, background terang. -. )akai lembar cover yang berisi0 judul, nomor )emicu, informasi kelompok. ,. /. agian pendahuluan0 'atar belakang, pro" em !tatement dalam & slide. agian isi0 pembahasan isu?isu pembelajaran.

4. )enutup0 kesimpulan. 5etentuan untu' mahasis;a yan! tida' presentasi3 &. $. agi kelompok yang akan presentasi, harus mengisi borang yang telah disediakan. agi kelompok bernomer gasal mengerjakan Tugas )emicu & dan bagi kelompok bernomer genap mengerjakan Tugas )emicu $ pada kertas yang sudah disediakan.

Semua pe'erjaan di'e as di'umpu 'an pada ;a'tu se esai 'u iah.

Student Guide Book

20

Pemicu PBL 1: MSG, Amankah dikonsumsi?

eberapa kali muncul kekhawatiran di media, terutama diwakili oleh 'embaga 8onsumen, soal di pasaran ada berbagai produk makanan ringan dalam kemasan yang biasa dikonsumsi anak? anak, tidak mencantumkan kandungan 1.* =vetsin>. 8ritik tersebut menyatakan, konsumsi 1.* dalam jumlah tertentu mengancam kesehatan anak?anak. 1enteri 8esehatan pun sudah memberi pernyataan yang meminta )+1 menarik produk makanan kemasan yang tidak mencantumkan kandungan 1.*9 .eberapa jauhkah sebenarnya 1.* membahayakan kesehatan manusia G

1.* memberikan rasa gurih dan nikmat pada berbagai macam masakan, walaupun masakan itu sebenarnya tidak memberikan rasa gurih yang berarti. )enambahan 1.* ini membuat masakan seperti daging, sayur, sup berasa lebih nikmat dan gurih. 1.* dijual dalam berbagai bentuk produk dan kemasan, produk penyedap rasa seperti "jinomoto atau 5oyco mengandung 1.* sebagai salah satu bahan penyedap rasa. )roduk makanan siap saji, makanan beku maupun makanan kaleng juga mengandung 1.* dalam jumlah yang cukup besar. .elain lada dan garam, botol berlabel penyedap rasa yang mengandung 1.* juga dapat dengan mudah ditemukan di rak bumbu dapur maupun di atas meja restoran. Bmumnya, 5estoran Cina banyak menggunakan 1.* untuk menyedapkan masakan?masakannya. .ejauh ini, belum banyak penelitian tentang konsumsi 1.* ini dilakukan langsung terhadap manusia. Aasil dari penelitian dari hewan, memang diupayakan untuk dicoba pada manusia. Tetapi hasil?hasilnya masih bervariasi. .ebagian menunjukkan efek negatif 1.* seperti pada hewan, tetapi sebagian juga tidak berhasil membuktikan. T2)(S *3 &. "nda sebagai seorang ahli kimia, diminta oleh pihak )+1 untuk memberikan penjelasan mengenai 1.* sebagai penyedap makanan dari sisi bidang keahlian9ilmu anda. .etelah mendengar penjelasan ini, pihak )+1 berharap dapat mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat kebutuhan manusia akan 1.*, seberapa jauh 1.* dapat
Student Guide Book 21

membahayakan kesehatan manusia dan menentukan sanksi yang diberikan pada produsen makanan yang menyalahgunakan penggunaan 1.* tsb. .ewaktu mempersiapkan presentasi anda membuat ringkasan mengenai beberapa hal penting yang menyangkut penggunaan 1.* dalam bahan makanan, "pa yang akan anda tulisG 1S) basic3 ? What is 1.*G ? Aow long has 1.* been usedG ? Aow is 1.* madeG 2sin! 1S) in <ood3 ? Aow does 1.* enhance food flavorG ? Aow is 1.* used in cooking ? Aow much does an average person consumeG ? Aow does 1.* affect metabolismG 1S) benefit3 ? !mproving taste ? 5educing sodium intake. 1S) disad#anta!e $. 1enurut anda apa yang sesungguhnya menjadi kontroversi yang menyangkut penggunaan 1.* ini dalam makananG agaimana tanggapan saudaraG ? 6asi pene itian men!enai efe' 1S) terhadap 'esehatan manusia. -. #ika anda menjadi salah seorang wakil yang duduk di lembaga konsumen, apa yang bisa anda sarankan pada para produsen makanan di !ndonesia, terutama yang menyangkut penggunaan 1.* pada makananG ? (turan men!enai 'ua ifi'asi ma'anan dari 4P"1 T2)(S **3 "nda ingin sekali bisa lebih memahami bagaimana 1.* sebagai salah satu senyawa kimia memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap cita rasa masakan dan juga kesehatan. .ebagai seorang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang ilmu kimia, tentunya anda harus dapat mendalami terlebih dahulu tentang komponen kimia pembentuk senyawa 1.* dan sifat?sifatnya, dengan menjawab beberapa pertanyaan di bawah ini. ,. Dari literatur diperoleh informasi bahwa 7atrium merupakan komponen utama yang terdapat dalam 1.* dan unsur tersebut tercantum dalam tabel sistem periodik. 1engapa dalam tabel tersebut unsur 7a memiliki no atom &&G agaimana sesungguhnya unsur? unsur dalam tabel tersebut di susunG 1engapa unsur?unsur tersebut perlu disusun sedemikian rupaG ? Definisi Sistem periodi' ? Dasar$dasar penyusunan unsur da am sistem periodi' ? 1anfaat penyusunan unsur$unsur da am suatu sistem periodi'.

Student Guide Book

22

/. !nformasi apa saja yang dapat anda peroleh mengenai unsur?unsur dari tabel sistem peridik tersebutG "dakah kemiripan sifat dari unsur 7a dengan beberapa unsur lain yang ada dalam tabel tersebut dan bagaimana hal demikian terjadiG agaimana kecenderungan sifat unsur 7a dibandingkan dengan unsur lain dalam sistem periodik tersebutG ? 5omponen$'omponen da am sistem peridiodi' unsur ? <a'tor pentin! yan! menentu'an 'emiripan sifat unsur ? Sifat$sifat unsur dan 'ecenderun!annya da am sistem periodi'. 4. "pakah manfaat yang anda peroleh dengan mengetahui sifat?sifat unsur yang terdapat dalam sistem periodikG 2. erdasarkan teori yang telah dibaca dari berbagai literatur9pustaka mengenai senyawa kimia didapat informasi bahwa atom?atom pada umumnya tidak ditemukan dalam keadaan bebas =kecuali pada temperatur tinggi>, melainkan sebagai suatu molekul. Dengan demikian unsur 7a di alam juga diperoleh dalam bentuk suatu unsur yang berikatan dengan unsur lainnya membentuk suatu senyawa kimia. agaimana anda bisa meramalkan bentuk geometri dari suatu senyawa kimiaG ? =enis$jenis bentu' !eometri senya;a 'imia ? Lan!'ah$ an!'ah da am merama 'an bentu' !eometri mo e'u >senya;a 'imia

T2)(S ***3 6. *aram beryodium merupakan garam 7aCl yang difortifikasi dengan kalium iodida. agaimana anda menentukan bilangan kuantum dari unsur?unsur pembentuk kalium iodida tersebutG. "pakah susunan bilangan kuantum tersebut mengikuti prinsip 'arangan )auli G +rbital?orbital apa sajakah yang ditempati oleh elektron dari atom?atom tersebut G Dimanakah letak unsur?unsur tersebut dalam sistem periodik G Bntuk dapat membentuk senyawa kalium iodida, ion?ion apakah yang terbentuk dari unsur?unsur tersebut G

Keterangan Makalah: 9. minimum 8 halaman maksimum 16 halaman 10. kertas A4, size 12, spasi 1.5 11. ada lembar cover yang berisi: judul, nomor PBL, informasi kelompok. 12. ada daftar isi bila lebih dari 10 halaman, dan daftar pustaka. 13. lampiran bisa ditambahkan bila perlu. 14. Bagian pendahuluan: Latar belakang, problem statement, informasi yang diperlukan (melampirkan peta konsep). 15. Bagian isi: pembahasan isu-isu pembelajaran.
Student Guide Book 23

16. Penutup: kesimpulan.

Student Guide Book

24

G,.,+ /,)&.0 B,1,N 2(+(, +& !(3+,N",,! Garam0 natrium k#orida0 atau %aram da4ur0 meru4akan bahan kimia yan% san%at berman$aat da#am kehidu4an kita5 /iketahui ada #ebih dari 165000 ke%unaan bahan ini5 +akanan kita akan hambar jika kuran% %aram5 Semua binatan%0 ju%a manusia0 membutuhkan baik natrium mau4un k#orida untuk kehidu4an dan kesehatan5 2arena tubuh tidak da4at mem4roduksi natrium mau4un k#orida0 maka keduanya meru4akan nutrisi yan% 7esensia#85 Setia4 oran% men%%unakan %aram0 #an%sun% mau4un tidak #an%sun%5 Setia4 oran% ,merika men%konsumsi 19 ton %aram se#ama hidu4nya0 602 4on setahun untuk setia4 oran%5 1anya sedikit saja dari jum#ah yan% besar tesebut dikonsumsi seba%ai makanan5 Berikut ini 4emba%ian dari 4en%%unaan utama %aram di ,merika (www.saltinstitute.org/)

Gambar 15 )en%%unaan utama %aram di ,merika Secara $isik0 %aram tidak jauh berbeda den%an %u#a5 !eta4i0 jika kita me#arutkan %u#a atau %aram ke da#am air0 akan terjadi $enomena yan% berbeda: #arutan %aram da4at menya#akan boh#am #am4u sedan%kan #arutan %u#a tidak5 +en%a4a terjadi 4erbedaan tersebut: )ertanyaan tentan% 4en%ertian #arutan d##5 Sa#ah satu 4en%%unaan terbesar dari %aram di ,merika Serikat ada#ah seba%ai ;hi%h<ay sa#t=5 /i ne%ara3ne%ara 6 musim0 %aram di%unakan untuk mencairkan es atau sa#ju di ja#an raya atau4un ja#an umum #ainnya5 Saat ini0 %aram meru4akan 4encair es ja#an raya yan% 4a#in% e$ekti$0 mudah di4ero#eh0 dan ekonomis5 ebih dari 60> %aram kerin% yan% dihasi#kan di ,merika Serikat di%unakan seba%ai 4encair es5 a5 Secara kimia0 a4a yan% terjadi jika %aram ditebarkan di atas es atau sa#ju: +en%a4a es maencair sete#ah berkontak den%an %aram: b5 ?ika kita %unakan %aram #ain se#ain %aram da4ur untuk mencairkan sejum#ah tertentu es0 ba%aimana kuantitas (jum#ah) dari %aram tersebut dibandin%kan den%an %aram da4ur: Samakah: ?e#askan@ c5 ?ika kita menjeran% sejum#ah air 4ada 2 4anci yan% berbeda0 dimana satu 4anci ditambahkan 100 %ram %aram dan 4anci yan% #ainnya tidak0 ba%aimana den%an tem4eratur air 4ada kedua 4anci tersebut saat air di 4anci te#ah mendidih: ,4akah sama atau berbeda: +en%a4a:

Student Guide Book

25

)en%%unaan %aram terbesar ada#ah seba%ai bahan baku da#am 4embuatan bahan3 bahan kimia5 Sa#ah satu industri yan% men%%unakan %aram seba%ai bahan baku ada#ah industri 4u#4 dan kertas untuk men%hasi#kan k#orin dan soda kaustik5 2#orin dihasi#kan me#a#ui e#ektro#isis5 ,rus #istrik dia#irkan me#a#ui %aram NaC# cair men%hasi#kan k#orin dan sebuah ion sodium (NaA) yan% da4at bereaksi den%an air di da#am se# e#ektro#isis menjadi soda kaustik dan %as hidro%en seba%ai 4roduk sam4in%5 a5 !u#iskan 4ersamaan reaksi yan% terjadi 4ada 4embuatan k#orin b5 ?ika satu ton %aram di4roses untuk men%hasi#kan k#orin dan soda kaustik0 (i) bera4a tekanan %as 4ada se# e#ektro#isis sete#ah reaksi ber#an%sun% sem4urna: ,sumsikan bah<a tem4eratur di da#am se# ada#ah 2B*C5 (ii) Bera4a tekanan 4arsia# dari hydro%en: (iii) Bera4a jum#ah kostik soda yan% dihasi#kan dan bera4a air yan% dibutuhkan da#am 4roses ini: d5 ?ika dua atau #ebih %as dicam4ur0 masin%3masin% %as akan mem4unyai tekanan sendiri yan% disebut tekanan 4arsia#5 ?e#askan men%enai tekanan 4arsia#@ e5 Bisakah %as membentuk #arutan: ,4akah yan% dimaksud den%an #arutan: $5 ?ika kita mencam4ur minyak dan air0 mereka akan membentuk cam4uran yan% immiscib#e5 ,4akah yan% dimaksud den%an immiscib#e: ,4akah ada cam4uran %as yan% immiscib#e: +en%a4a:

Student Guide Book

26

Assignment 2
P R A C T I C E &. alance the following e<uation0 III7A- J III+$ III7+$ J IIIA$+ The balanced e<uation shows that &.%% mole of 7A- re<uires III mole=s> of +$. a> %./2 c> &.-b> &.$/ d> &.2/ Write a balanced e<uation for the combustion of acetaldehyde, CA-CA+. T E S T

$.

When properly balanced, the e<uation indicates that III mole=s> of +$ are re<uired for each mole of CA-CA+. a> & c> $./ b> $ d> -. alance the following e<uation with the .1"''(.T WA+'( 7B1 (5 C+(::!C!(7T. possible. .elect the number that is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced e<uation0 III8Cl+- III8Cl J III+$ a> / b> 4 c> 2 d> 6 Write a balanced e<uation for the combustion of propane, C-A6.

,.

When properly balanced, the e<uation indicates that III moles of +$ are re<uired for each mole of C-A6. a> b> -./ c> / d> 6 /. What is the tota mass of products formed when &4 grams of CA, is burned with excess oxygenG a> 6% g c> -4 g b> ,, g d> -$ g Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when $/ g of aluminum reacts with excess hydrochloric acid.
27

4.

Student Guide Book

a> b>

%.,& g %.3$ g

$"l J 4ACl $ "lCl- J - A$ c> &.$ g d> $.6 g

2.

Aow many grams of the mixed oxide, :e-+,, are formed when 4.%% g of +$ react with :e according to -:e J $+$ :e-+, a> ,-., c> &2, b> 64.6 d> $&.2

6.

:or the reaction0 $1n+$ J ,8+A J +$ J Cl$ $81n+, J $8Cl J $A$+ there is &%%. g of each reactant available. Which reagent is the limiting reagentG C1olar 1asses0 1n+$K64.3; 8+AK/4.&; +$K-$.%; Cl$K2%.3D a> 1n+$ c> +$ b> 8+A d> Cl$

3.

Aow many grams of nitric acid, A7+-, can be prepared from the reaction of 3$.% g of 7+$ with -4.% g A$+G a> b> 4, 24 -7+$ J A$+ $A7+- J 7+ c> 6, d> &&4

Student Guide Book

28

&%.

The reaction of $/.% g ben@ene, C4A4, with excess A7+- resulted in $&., g C4A/7+$. What is the percentage yieldG C4A4 J A7+- C4A/7+$ J A$+ a> &%%L c> /,.-L b> $2.,L d> 6/.4L

&&.

Aow many grams of A$+ will be formed when &4.% g A$ is allowed to react with &4.% g +$ according to a> b> &6.% g &,, g c> d> $A$ J +$ $A$+G 3.%% g -$.% g

&$.

When 6.%% g of A$ reacts with -$.% g of +$ in an explosion, $A$ J +$ $A$+, the final gas mixture will contain0 a> A$, A$+, and +$ c> +$ and A$+ only b> A$ and A$+ only d> A$ and +$ only

&-.

&.%/4 g of metal carbonate, containing an unknown metal, 1, were heated to give the metal oxide and %.-24 g C+$. 1C+-=s> J heat 1+=s> J C+$=g> What is the identity of the metal 1G a> 1g c> Mn b> Cu d> a

Student Guide Book

29

&,.

.tyrene, the building block of polystyrene, is a hydrocarbon, a compound containing only C and A. " given sample is burned completely and it produces &.,6& g of C+$ and %.-%g of A$+. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. a> CA c> C$Ab> CA$ d> C$A/

Student Guide Book

30

Assignment 3
P R A C T I C E &. alance the following e<uation0 III7A- J III+$ III7+$ J IIIA$+ The balanced e<uation shows that &.%% mole of 7A- re<uires III mole=s> of +$. a> %./2 c> &.-b> &.$/ d> &.2/ Write a balanced e<uation for the combustion of acetaldehyde, CA-CA+. T E S T

$.

When properly balanced, the e<uation indicates that III mole=s> of +$ are re<uired for each mole of CA-CA+. a> & c> $./ b> $ d> -. alance the following e<uation with the .1"''(.T WA+'( 7B1 (5 C+(::!C!(7T. possible. .elect the number that is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced e<uation0 III8Cl+- III8Cl J III+$ a> / b> 4 c> 2 d> 6 Write a balanced e<uation for the combustion of propane, C-A6.

,.

When properly balanced, the e<uation indicates that III moles of +$ are re<uired for each mole of C-A6. a> b> -./ c> / d> 6 /. What is the tota mass of products formed when &4 grams of CA, is burned with excess oxygenG a> 6% g c> -4 g b> ,, g d> -$ g Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when $/ g of aluminum reacts with excess hydrochloric acid. $"l J 4ACl $ "lCl- J - A$
31

4.

Student Guide Book

a> b>

%.,& g %.3$ g

c> d>

&.$ g $.6 g

2.

Aow many grams of the mixed oxide, :e-+,, are formed when 4.%% g of +$ react with :e according to -:e J $+$ :e-+, a> ,-., c> &2, b> 64.6 d> $&.2

6.

:or the reaction0 $1n+$ J ,8+A J +$ J Cl$ $81n+, J $8Cl J $A$+ there is &%%. g of each reactant available. Which reagent is the limiting reagentG C1olar 1asses0 1n+$K64.3; 8+AK/4.&; +$K-$.%; Cl$K2%.3D a> 1n+$ c> +$ b> 8+A d> Cl$

3.

Aow many grams of nitric acid, A7+-, can be prepared from the reaction of 3$.% g of 7+$ with -4.% g A$+G a> b> 4, 24 -7+$ J A$+ $A7+- J 7+ c> 6, d> &&4

Student Guide Book

32

&%.

The reaction of $/.% g ben@ene, C4A4, with excess A7+- resulted in $&., g C4A/7+$. What is the percentage yieldG C4A4 J A7+- C4A/7+$ J A$+ a> &%%L c> /,.-L b> $2.,L d> 6/.4L

&&.

Aow many grams of A$+ will be formed when &4.% g A$ is allowed to react with &4.% g +$ according to a> b> &6.% g &,, g c> d> $A$ J +$ $A$+G 3.%% g -$.% g

&$.

When 6.%% g of A$ reacts with -$.% g of +$ in an explosion, $A$ J +$ $A$+, the final gas mixture will contain0 a> A$, A$+, and +$ c> +$ and A$+ only b> A$ and A$+ only d> A$ and +$ only

&-.

&.%/4 g of metal carbonate, containing an unknown metal, 1, were heated to give the metal oxide and %.-24 g C+$. 1C+-=s> J heat 1+=s> J C+$=g> What is the identity of the metal 1G a> 1g c> Mn b> Cu d> a

Student Guide Book

33

&,.

.tyrene, the building block of polystyrene, is a hydrocarbon, a compound containing only C and A. " given sample is burned completely and it produces &.,6& g of C+$ and %.-%g of A$+. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. a> CA c> C$Ab> CA$ d> C$A/

Student Guide Book

34

Assignment 4
%ea'si
1g=s> J $ ACl=a<> 1gCl$=a<> J A$=g> 1g+=s> J $ ACl=a<> 1gCl$=a<> J A$+=l>

6
?,42 k#9mol ?&/& k#9mol

$2. berdasarkan informasi diatas, dan diberikan data untuk air, Af K ?$64 k#9mol, berapa Af 1g+=s> G ="> ?3%, k#9mol = > ?4%$ k#9mol =C> ?--, k#9mol =D> ?-% k#9mol

$$. 8arbon bereaksi dengan oksigen berdasarkan reaksi berikut $C=s> J +$=g> $C+=g> A K ?$$% k#
)ernyataan mana yang benar G &. reaksi adalah eksotermik. $. pembakaran %./% mol karbon menghasilkan // k# energy panas

="> hanya & = > hanya $

=C> & dan $ =D> bukan & atau $

$,. *unakan data, AN untuk reaksi ini 7+=g> J O +$=g> 7+$=g> 5eaksi O 7$=g> J +$=g> 7+$=g> ="> ?/2.% = > ?$6./ =C> J$6./ =D> J/2.% AN, k#9mol --.$ k#9mol O 7$=g> J O +$=g> 7+=g> 3%.$ k#9mol

$/. &.% g sample " pada &%% NC ditambahkan kedalam &%% ml A$+ pada $/ NC. 1enggunakan &%% m' A$+ terpisah lainnya, prosedur diulang dengan sampel dengan sampel C. agaimana temperatur akhir dari air G .ampel " C ="> Tc P Tb P Ta = > Tb P Ta P Tc
Student Guide Book

)anas spesifik %.4% # g?& C?& %.,% # g?& C?& %.$% # g?& C?& =C> Ta P Tb P Tc =D> Ta K Tb K Tc
35

$4. .eberapa besar ben@ene, C4A4=l>, harus dibakar didalam sebuah bomb calorimeter untuk mencapai temperaturnya &./ NC G Diberikan0 8onstanta calorimeter &$./3 k#9C dan AN0pembakaran for C4A4 K ?,&.3 k# gQ& ="> %.,/ g = > $.6 g =C> -.- g =D> 6., g

&3. -%.% m' air pada &% NC dicampur dengan /%.% m' air pada 4% NC. erapa temperature akhir dari campuran G ="> -& NC =C> ,& NC = > -/ NC =D> ,4 NC $,. erapa nilai AN untuk reaksi :e$+-=s> J -A$+=l> $:e=+A>-=s> .enyawa :e$+-=s> :e=+A>-=s> A$+=l> ="> -/.4 k# = > $64 k# =C> 6/6.4 k# =D> ?/-4 k# ANf =k#9mol> ?6$,.$ ?6$-.% ?$6/.6

$/. 8etika 7a$.$+- . -A$+ dilarutkan dalam air, larutan menjadi dingin. Diagram mana yang merepresentasikan kejadian dalam larutan tersebut G

Student Guide Book

36

NChO 1996 $$. The standard enthalpy of formation =ANf> for sodium bromide is the enthalpy change for the reaction ="> 7aJ=g> J = > 7aJ=g> J =C> $ 7a=s> J =D> 7a=s> J O rQ=g> 7a r=g> rQ=g> 7a r=s> r$=g> $ 7a r=s> r$=l> 7a r=s>

$-. Bse the standard enthalpies of formation in the table to calculate AN for this reaction0 $ Cr+,$Q=a<> J $ AJ=a<> Cr$+2$Q=a<> J A$+=l> .ubstance Cr+,$Q=a<> Cr$+2$Q=a<> A =a<> A$+=l> ="> $2$.& k# = > &-.2 k# NChO 1995 $&. :or which of these processes is the sign of the enthalpy change different from the othersG ="> "l$+-=s> $ "l=s> J -9$ +$=g> = > A$+=s> A$+=l> =C> Cl$=g> $Cl=g> =D> Cl=g> J eQ ClQ=g> $$. The standard enthalpy of formation =AN> for nitrogen=!R> oxide is the enthalpy change for the reaction ="> 7=g> J $+=g> 7+$=g> = > O 7$=g> J +$=g> 7+$=g> =C> O 7$+,=g> 7+$=g> =D> 7+=g> J O +$ 7+$=g> $-. !n a bomb calorimeter, reactions are carried out at ="> constant volume. = > constant pressure.
Student Guide Book 37
J

ANf, k# molQ& ? 66&.$ ? &,3%.% ? $6/.6 =C> ?&-.2 k# =D> ?$2$.& k#

=C> & atm pressure and $/ NC. =D> & atm pressure and % NC.

Student Guide Book

38

$4. Consider the reaction Ag=l> J $ "gJ=a<> Ag$J=a<> J $ "g=s> What is the enthalpy change for this reaction if ANf for "gJ =a<> is J&%/.4 k# molQ& and for Ag$J =a<> is J&2&.& k# molQ&G ="> 4/./ k# are evolved per mole of Ag. = > 4/./ l8 are absorbed per mole of Ag. =C> ,%.& k# are evolved per mole of Ag. =D> ,%.& k# are absorbed per mole of Ag. NChO 1994 $,. " student mixes &%% m' of %./% 1 7a+A with &%% m' of %./% 1 ACl in a styrofoam cup and observes a temperature increase of T&. When she repeats this experiment using $%%m' of each solution, she observes a temperature change of T$. !f no heat is lost to the surroundings or absorbed by the styrofoam cup, what is true about T& and T$G ="> T$ K T& =C> T$ K $ T& = > T$ K %./ T& =D> T$ K , T& $2> *iven these values of AN0 A$=g> J +$=g> A$+$=l> A$=g> J =&9$> +$=g> A$+=l> What is the value of AN for this reactionG C.$=l> J 4 A$+$=l> C+$=g> J 4 A$+=l> J $ .+$=g> ="> ?&&2/ k# = > ?&//& k# NChO 1993 &-. Which process or reaction has a positive AG ="> A$+=l> A$+=s> = > $CA-+A=l> J -+$=g> $C+$=g> J ,A$+=l> =C> C+$=s> C+$=g> =D> $ 7a=s> J Cl$=g> $ 7aCl =s> &/. :or the reaction A$=g> J !$=s> $ A!=g>
Student Guide Book

AN ? &66 k# ? $64 k#

C.$=l> J -+$=g> C+$=g> J $.+$=g> ? &%22 k#

=C> ?&44/ k# =D> ?-3$& k#

Arxn K /-.% k#
39

What will be the value of Arxn =in k#> for this rxn G A!=g> O A$=g> J O !$=s> ="> $4./ = > 2.=C> ?$4./ =D> ?/-.%

Student Guide Book

40

Assignment 5 &. Which oxide forms a basic solution when mixed with waterG ="> 8$+ =C> C+$ = > "l$+=D> .+-/. Which %.& 1 solution has the highest pAG ="> sodium carbonate = > sodium chloride =C> ammonium carbonate =D> ammonium chloride -4. Which is the strongest acidG ="> acetic acid ? =8a K &.6 x &%Q/> = > ben@oic acid ? =8a K 4.- x &%Q/> =C> formic acid ? =8a K &.6 x &%Q,> =D> nitrous acid ? =8a K 4.% x &%Q,> -2. What is the order of concentration of the ions and molecules in a nitrous acid solutionG 7itrous acid, A7+$, is a weak acid. ="> A-+J K 7+$Q P A7+$ P +AQ = > A-+J K 7+$Q K A7+$ K +AQ =C> A7+$ P A-+J K 7+$Q P +AQ =D> A7+$ P 7+$Q P A-+J P +AQ NChO 1998 --. " water solution of sodium carbonate, 7a$C+-, has a pA greater than 2 because ="> it contains more carbonate ions than water molecules. = > it contains more sodium ions than carbonate ions. =C> sodium ions react with water. =D> carbonate ions react with water. -,. Which species dissociates most completely in water solutionG ="> 7A,J =C> A7+= > A$C+=D> A.+,Q

Student Guide Book

41

-2. "ccording to rSnsted ?'owry Theory, which of these species cannot be amphotericG ="> 7A,J=a<> =C> 7A$Q=a<> = > 7A-=a<> =D> 7A$Q=a<> NChO 1997 -,. Which acid reacts with 7a+A to form sodium hypochlorite =the ingredient in household bleach>G ="> A+Cl =C> A+Cl+$ = > A+Cl+ =D> A+Cl+-/. Which of these acids is the strongest in a<ueous solutionG ="> A-)+, =C> ACl+= > A$.+=D> A+Cl -2. 7ormal rain water has a pA of /.4. This is best explained by the presence of ="> nitrogen oxides. = > carbon dioxide. =C> sulfur oxides. =D> particulates. -6. !n a %.%/% 1 solution of a weak monoprotic acid, CAJDK &.6 x &%Q-. What is its 8aG ="> -.4 x &%Q$ =C> 4.2 x &%Q/ = > 3.% x &%Q/ =D> &.4 x &%Q2 NChO 1996 -,. "ccording to the rSnsted?'owry definition, a base is a substance that ="> increases the hydroxide ion concentration in water. = > can react with water to form +AQ ions. =C> can donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond. =D> can accept a proton from an acid. /. What is the pA of a %.%$ 1 solution of 8+AG ="> &$.=C> $.% = > &$.% =D> &.2 -4. Which couple is not a conjugate acid?base pairG
Student Guide Book 42

="> AC+-Q and C+-$Q = > A-+J and A$+ =C> A$)+,Q and )+,-Q =D> 7A- and 7A$Q -2. These acids are listed in order of decreasing acid strength in water. A! P A7+$ P CA-C++A P AC7 "ccording to the rSnsted?'owry theory, which anion is the weakest baseG ="> !Q =C> CA-C++Q = > 7+$Q =D> C7Q -6. What is the CAJD in a %.,% 1 solution of A+ClG .ubstance (<uilibrium Constant, 8a A+Cl ="> &., x &%Q6 1 = > &.$ x &%Q, 1 =C> &.3 x &%Q, 1 =D> -.2 x &%Q, 1 -./ x &%Q6

-3. Which of these salts will give a basic solution when added to waterG ="> 7A,7+=C> Ca=7+->$ = > 7A,C$A-+$ =D> Ca=C$A-+$>$ NChO 1995 $. When sodium oxide, 7a$+, is added to water, the major products expected are ="> 7aJ and +AQ ions = > 7aJ ions and A$+ =C> 7aJ and +$Q ions =D> 7aJ and +AQ ions, and +$ gas -4. "t % NC the ion product constant of water, 8w, is &.$ x &%Q&/. The pA of pure water at this temperature is ="> 4.66 =C> 2.,4 = > 2.%% =D> 2./4

Student Guide Book

43

-2. What is the CAJD in a %.%&% 1 solution of AC7G The e<uilibrium constant, 8a, for AC7 e<uals 4.$ x &%Q&% ="> -.4 x &%Q- 1 =C> &.% x &%Q2 1 = > $./ x &%Q4 1 =D> 4.$ x &%Q&% 1 -6. AC7=a<> J AC+-Q=a<> C7Q=a<> J A$C+-=a<> !f the value of the e<uilibrium constant, 8, is less than &, what is the strongest base in this systemG ="> AC7 =C> C7Q = > AC+-Q =D> A$C+,%. The conjugate acid of the bicarbonate ion, AC+-Q, in A$+ is ="> A-+J =C> +AQ $ = > C+- Q =D> A$C+,&. The sodium salt, 7a", of a weak acid is dissolved in water and no other substance is added. Which of the following statements is correctedG ="> CAJD K C"QD =C> C"QD K C+AQD = > CAJD K C+AQD =D> CA"D K C+AQD ,$. Which of these ions is predicted to produce the most acidic solution when dissolved in A$+G ="> 8J =C> Co$J = > a$J =D> :e-J ,-. When %.&% 1 solutions of the solutes; ACl+,, 7A, r, 8+A, 8C7, are arranged in order in increasing CAJD, the correct order is ="> 8+A T 8C7 T 7A, r T ACl+, = > 8C7 T 8+A T ACl+, T 7A, r =C> ACl+, T 7A, r T 8C7 T 8+A =D> 7A, r T ACl+, T 8+A T 8C7

Student Guide Book

44

Assignment 6
NChO Pra ti e Pr!"#ems 1985 ,-. The chemical reaction taking place in a dry cell may be written Mn=s> J $AJ=a<> J $1n+$=s> Mn$J=a<> J $1n+=+A>. The battery is to be discarded after $.%% g of @inc is converted to Mn$J=a<>. !f %.%&%% amperes of current is continuously drawn, for how many seconds can the battery operateG a> C=4/.,> =%.%&%%>D U C=$> =34,/%%>D b> C=$> =34,/%%>D U C=%.%&%%> =4/.,>D c> C=$> =4/.,> =34,/%%>D U =%.%&%%> d> C=$.%%> =$> =34,/%%>D U C=4/.,> =%.%&%%>D ,,. !n the oxidation?reduction reaction .n,J J $ :e$J $ :e-J J .n$J
a> b> c> d> .n,J is the oxidi@ing agent and :e$J is the reducing agent. .n,J is the reducing agent and :e$J is the oxidi@ing agent. .n,J is the reducing agent and :e-J is the oxidi@ing agent. :e-J is the oxidi@ing agent and .n$J is the reducing agent.

,/. *iven the standard reduction potentials Cu$J J $eQ "l J -eQ
-J

Cu=s> (N K J%.-, Rolt "l=s> (N K ?&.44 Rolt

Calculate the standard voltage for the reaction $"l=s> J -Cu$J $"l-J J -Cu=s> a> ?&.$$ Rolt c> J,.-, Rolt b> J$.%% Rolt d> J/.64 Rolt

Student Guide Book

45

1986 ,4. *iven the standard electrode =reduction> potentials0 Cd$J=a<> J $eQ Cd=s> (N K ?%.,% v "gJ=a<> J eQ "g=s> What would be the (N for a cadmium?silver cellG a> %., v b> %./ v c> &.$ v d> $.% v ,6. " current of &%.% amperes flows for $.%% hours through an electrolytic cell containing a molten salt of metal x. This results in the decomposition of %.$/% mole of metal x at the cathode. The oxidation state of x in the molten salt is
a> &J b> $J c> -J d> ,J

(N K J%.6% v

,3. !n a voltaic cell, oxidation occurs at the

a> b> c> d> anode cathode salt bridge electrode at which electrons enter from the outside

/%. The free energy change for the chemical reaction that occurs in a voltaic cell when it is discharging and producing an electric current must be a> positive b> negative c> @ero d> unpredictable 1988 -,. !n the reaction .+$ J $ A$. - . J $ A$+ a> sulfur is oxidi@ed and hydrogen is reduced b> sulfur is reduced and there is no oxidation c> sulfur is reduced and hydrogen is oxidi@ed d> sulfur is both reduced and oxidi@ed -/. Which group among the representative =main?group> elements contains the most powerful oxidi@ing agentG a> group ! b> group !!! c> group R! d> group R!!
Student Guide Book 46

-4. The following standard electrode =reduction> potentials refer to a<ueous solution at $/NC. 7i$J=a<> J $eQ Cu =a<> J $eQ :e-J=a<> J eQ
$J

7i=s> Cu=s> :e$J=a<>

(N K ? %.$/ R (N K J %.-, R (N K J %.22 R

What is the standard potential for the reaction Cu$J=a<> J 7i=s> Cu=s> J 7i$J=a<> G a> %.%3 R b> %./3 R c> %.64 R d> &.%$ R -2. Which ion, in solution, can be oxidi@ed by appropriate chemical means but also can be reduced by a different chemical reactionG a> :e$J b> :Q c> C+-$Q d> 7+-Q 1989 ,3. Minc reacts with dilute acid to produce A$ and Mn$J but silver does not liberate hydrogen from an acid. This information enables one to predict that a> A$=g> J Mn$J=a<> $AJ=a<> J Mn=s> b> $ "g=s> J Mn$J=a<> $"gJ=a<> J Mn=s> c> $ "gJ=a<> J Mn=s> $"g=s> J Mn$J=a<> d> $ "g=s> J $AJ=a<> A$=g> J $ "gJ=a<> /%. !n the electroplating of silver from cyanide solution the cathode reaction is "g=C7>$Q =a<> J e? "g=s> J $C7Q =a<> Aow many grams of silver should be deposited by a current of ,./% amperes in $6.% minutesG a> %.&,& g b> ,.$- g c> 6.,/ g d> &$./- g

Student Guide Book

47

199$ &2. :or the reaction shown below, which statement is trueG a> :e is the oxidi@ing agent b> Cd undergoes oxidation c> Cd is the reducing agent d> :e undergoes oxidation $:e J - CdCl$ $ :eCl- J -Cd

&3. What is the potential in volts for the spontaneous reaction between the "g9"g$J and Mn9Mn$J half?cellsG Mn$J J $eQ Mn "gJ J &eQ "g a> ?$.-4& c> &./4$ 1991 ,2. *iven the standard reduction potentials, Cr-J J -eQ Cr ?%.2, R )b$J J $eQ )b ?%.&- R what is the standard potential, (N, for the following reactionG $ Cr J - )b$J $ Cr-J J - )b a> %.4& R c> &.%3 R b> %.62 R d> &.62 R Aalf?cell reaction Cu$J =a<> J $eQ Cu=s> 7i$J =a<> J $eQ 7i=s>
a> b> c> d>

(N K ?%.24-R (N K %.233R

b> ?&./4$ d> $.-4&

(N ?%.$/ R J%.-, R

4/. When two half?cells are connected using a salt bridge,

a galvanic cell will result in which Cu is the cathode a galvanic cell will result in which Cu is the anode an electrolytic cell will result in which 7i is the cathode an electrolytic cell will result in which 7i is the anode

Student Guide Book

48

1992 /6. Corrosion of ships can be minimi@ed by attaching a Hsacrificial plateH of @inc to the hull. This plate corrodes instead of the steel of the ship because
a> b> c> d> the @inc behaves as a cathode, and is oxidi@ed to @inc ions. the @inc behaves as an anode, and is oxidi@ed to @inc ions. the steel hull behaves as a cathode, and is reduced to iron ions. the steel hull behaves as an anode, and is reduced to iron ions.

/3. " spoon is made the cathode in an electroplating apparatus containing a "g7+- solution. Aow many grams of "g will be plated on the spoon if a current of $.%% " is passed through the apparatus for &.3% min.G a> %.$// g b> %.&/% g c> %.&$6 g d> %.%4-6 g 4%. " cell is set up using the following reactions0 Mn V Mn$J =%./1> VV 7i$J =%.& 1> V 7i 7i$J J $eQ 7i (N K ?%.$/% R Mn$J J $eQ Mn (N K ?%.24- R What is the voltage of the cellG a> ?%./&- R b> ?&.%&- R c> %.,3$ R d> %./&- R 1993 42. Aow many grams of cobalt metal will be deposited when a solution of cobalt=!!> chloride is electroly@ed with a current of &%. amperes for &%3 minutesG a> %.44 b> ,.% c> $% d> ,%

Student Guide Book

49

44. What voltage will be produced by the electrochemical cellG

5eduction )otentials )b J $eQ )b

$J

?%.&- R ?&.46 R

"l J -eQ "l

-J

a> $.32R c> ?&.6&R 1994

b> &.//R d> ?$.32R

,4. !f solid nickel metal were added to separate a<ueous solutions each containing &1 concentrations of "gJ, Cd$J, and .n$J ions, how many metals would plate out, based on the given standard reaction potentialsG .tandard 5eduction )otentials "gJ9"g %.233 R $J .n 9.n ?%.&,& R $J 7i 97i ?%.$-4 R $J Cd 9Cd ?%.,%% R a> @ero c> two b> one d> three

,6. .olutions of "gJ, Cu$J, :e-J and Ti,J are electroly@ed with a constant current until %.&% mol of metal is deposited. Which will re<uire the greatest length of timeG a> "gJ b> Cu$J c> :e-J d> Ti,J

Student Guide Book

50

1996 ,-. Bse these reduction potentials to determine which one of the reactions below is spontaneous. 5eduction 5eaction )otentials, (N "gJ J eQ "g )b$J J $eQ )b R$J J $eQ R a> b> c> d> R$J J $ "g R J $ "gJ R$J J )b R J )b$J $ "gJ J )b$J $ "g J )b $ "gJ J )b $ "g J )b$J %.6%% R ? %.&$4 R ? &.&6 R

,,. !t is possible to produce chlorine gas by electroly@ing any of these chlorine?containing compounds under the proper conditions. Which compound will re<uire the smallest number of coulombs to produce one mole of chlorineG a> Ca=+Cl>$ b> 7aCl+$ c> 8Cl+d> 1g=Cl+,>$ 1997 ,-. What is the function of A$+$ in this reactionG 4AJ J $1n+,Q J /A$+$ $1n$J J /+$ J 6A$+ a> catalyst c> oxidi@ing agent b> reducing agent d> inhibitor

,,. Aow much hydrogen is produced from the electrolysis of water in the same time that $.$ ' of oxygen is formedG a> %.&, ' b> &.& ' c> $.$ ' d> ,., ' ,/. Which of these changes will cause the value of the potential for this half?reaction to be less negativeG =(N K ?%.$6 R for the reaction.> Co$J=a<> J $ eQ Co=s> a> increasing the amount of solid Co b> decreasing the amount of solid Co

Student Guide Book

51

c> increasing the concentration of Co$J=a<> d> decreasing the concentration of Co$J=a<> 1998 ,%. :or this reaction, (Ncell K %.23 R. 4!Q=a<> J Cr$+2$Q=a<> J &,AJ -!$ =a<> J $Cr-J=a<> J 2A$+=a<> *iven that the standard reduction potential for Cr$+2$Q=a<> $Cr-J =a<> is &.-- R, what is (Nred for !$=a<>G a> J%./, R c> J%.&6 R b> ?%./, R d> ?%.&6 R

,&. What is the product formed at the anode in the electrolysis of &.% 1 7a7+-=a<>G a> A$=g> b> 7+$=g> c> +$=g> d> 7a=s> ,$. Which of these ions is the best reducing agentG .tandard 5eduction )otentials, (N :e-J=a<> J eQ :e$J=a<> J%.22 R Cu$J=a<> J eQ CuJ=a<> J%.&/ R a> :e-J c> Cu$J ,-. Mn=s> J Cl$=g, & atm> Mn$J=a<, & 1> J $ClQ=a<, & 1> "n electrochemical cell based on this reaction has a cell voltage, (N, of $.&$ R. Which change could make the cell voltage greater than $.&$ RG a> add more Mn=s> b> add more ClQ=a<> ions c> decrease the concentration of Mn$J=a<> ions d> decrease the partial pressure of Cl$ b> :e$J d> CuJ

Student Guide Book

52

Assignment 7
P R A C T I C E T E S T

&.

Which of the following does 7+T influence the speed of a chemical reactionG a> concentration of reactants b> nature of reactants c> temperature d> presence of a catalyst e> none of these What would cause the change in the kinetic energy diagrams as shownG

$.

2E
2E

a> increasing the A b> c> d> e> -. decreasing the temperature increasing the surface area addition of a catalyst increasing the concentration of reactant erapa laju dari setelah $%

Diketahui diagram waktu vs konsentrasi untuk reaksi " . detik reaksi berjalanG

a> %.%/% mol9's b> -.$ mol9's c> $.$ mol9's

Student Guide Book

d> %.%&% mol9's e> 3.6 mol9's

53

,.

The reaction -+$ $+- is proceeding with a rate of disappearance of +$ e<ual to %.4% mol9's. What is the rate of appearance of +-, in mol9'sG a> %.4% b> %.,% c> %.&% d> %.3% e> &.$%

/.

" reaction has the rate law 5ate K kC"D$C D. What is the overall order of the reactionG a> % b> $ c> & d> , e> What are the correct units for a second order rate constantG a> mol9's d> '$9mol$s b> &9s e> mol$9'$s c> '9mols The reaction !? J +Cl? !+? J Cl? is first order with respect to !? and first order with respect to +Cl?. The rate constant is 4.& x &%?$ '9mols. What is the rate of reaction when C!?D K %.&% 1 and C+Cl?D K %.$% 1G a> $., x &%?, 19s d> &.$ x &%?, 19s b> &.$ x &%?- 19s e> $., x &%?/ 19s c> 4.& x &%?- 19s

4.

2.

6.

.ebuah reaksi dan hokum laju reaksi diberikan dibawah ini. #ika CC,A4D K $.% 1, lajunya adalah %.&%4 19s. erapa laju CC,A4D K ,.% 1G $ C,A4 C6A&$ a> %.%/- 19s b> %.$&$ 19s c> %.&%4 19s 5ate K kCC,A4D$ d> %.,$, 19s e> %.%$$ 19s

3.

The rate law for the reaction $7+=g> J +$=g> $7+$=g> is 5ate K kC7+D$C+$D. What happens to the rate when the concentration of 7+ is doubledG a> the rate doubles d> the rate is halved b> the rate triples e> none of these c> the rate <uadruples

Student Guide Book

54

&%. Dibawah ini tersedia data laju alir untuk reaksi, $" J untuk reaksi iniG
(xperiment & $ C"Do $.% 1 $.% 1 ,.% 1 kC"D$C D$ C Do &.% 1 $.% 1 &.% 1

C.
5ate =19s> %.&%% %.,%% %.&%%

erapa hokum laju reaksi

a> 5ate K kC"DC D d> 5ate K b> 5ate K kC"D$C D e> 5ate K kC D$ c> 5ate K kC"DC D$

&&. The acid cataly@ed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a first order reaction with the rate constant given below. :or an experiment in which the starting concentration of hydrogen peroxide is %.&&% 1, what is the concentration of A$+$ ,/% minutes after the reaction beginsG $A$+$ $A$+ J +$ kK&.-- x &%?, min?& a> %.%34& 1 b> %.&%, 1 c> %.&&2 1 d> %.%%4/6 1 e> %.%&/4 1

&$. What is the rate constant for a first order reaction for which the half?life is 6/.% secG a> %.%%6&, sec?& d> %.%&&6 sec?& b> ,.,, sec?& e> /6.3 sec?& c> %.&2% sec?& &-. What fraction of a reactant remains after - half?lives of a first order reactionG a> &9$ d> &96 b> &9e> &9&$ c> &94 &,. "sumsikan reaksi terjadi dengan mekanisme seperti dibawa ini. "pa hokum laju untuk reaksi tersebut G "J C Cepat CD 'ambat a> b> c> d> 5ate K kC"DC DCCD 5ate K kC"D$ 5ate K kC"DC D 5ate K kC"DC D9CDD
55

Student Guide Book

e> 5ate K kC"D &/. "ccording to collision theory, which of the following factors does 7+T influence the rate of reactionG a> collision fre<uency b> collision energy c> collision orientation d> collision rebound direction e> none of these &4. What distance corresponds to the activation energy for the reaction of W to XG

a> a b> b c> c

d> d e> e

&2. "t what point on the potential energy diagram given below does the transition state =activated complex> occurG

a> a b> b c> c

Student Guide Book

d> d e> e

56

&6. The rate constants, at two different temperatures, for the reaction CA ! J r? CA r J !?
-

are given below. t K -%C k K &.-6 x &%?, 1?&s?& t K ,3C k K &.$& x &%?- 1?&s?& What is the activation energy for this reactionG 5 K 6.-&, #9mol8. a> 3$.2 k#9mol b> $%% k#9mol c> ,%.- k#9mol d> -,- k#9mol e> none of these

&3. Which of the following is 7+T true about a catalystG a> it speeds up the forward reaction b> is acts as an inhibitor c> it speeds up the reverse reaction d> it may be homogeneous e> it may be heterogeneous $%. !n the reaction, A$ J r$ $A r, the step r J A$ A r J A is what stepG a> initiation d> propagation b> completion e> termination c> inhibition $&. !n the reaction, A$ J r$ $A r, the step r J r r$ is what stepG a> initiation d> propagation b> completion e> termination c> inhibition $$. " free radical is a chemical species that possesses a> a positive charge b> a negative charge c> an unpaired electron d> an oxygen atom e> unconventional political views

Student Guide Book

57

,ssessment and Code o$ Conduct

Chapter

,.1. *nstrument &. *roup assignments $. !ndividual assignments -. )resentation ,. 'embar Tugas 1ahasiswa /. 1idsemester exam =written test, restricted response essay, extended response essay> 4. :inal exam =written test, restricted response essay, extended response essay> 1.2. (ssessment 7o &. $. -. ,. /. Component *roup and individual assignments )resentation 'T1 1id semester exam :inal exam Total Weight $% L &% L &% L -% L -% L &%% L

4.-. *rading
C 6/ " 6%?6,.3 "? 2/?23.3 J 2%?2,.3 4/?43.3 ? 4%?4,.3 CJ //?/3.3 C /%?/,.3 C? ,% Y ,3.3 D %?,% (

4.,. Code of Conduct

o o o o o 7o cheating. Cheating will be sanctioned with Z([ mark. 7o sandals 7o smoking "ttendance is re<uired min 2/ L. WhyG 8nowledge can be transferred through handout, but Zvalues[ canFt be\ .o, please come and we may share good values in life. 1aximum late 0 &/ minutes

Student Guide Book

58

.e$erences
C&D C$D C-D 5alph A. )etrucci, *eneral Chemistry0 )rinciples and 1odern "pplications, 6th (d. )rentice Aall !nc, 7ew Xork, $%%&. #ohn 1c1urry, 5obert C. :ay, Chemistry =-rd ed.>, )rentice Aall, $%%&. 5aymond Chang, Williams College, Chemistry =2rd ed.>, 1c*raw?Aill, $%%-.

Student Guide Book

59