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Roundup Ready Crops Herbicide Resistance Carry Over.

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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Table of Contents
Abstract Introduction Literature Review Methodology Data Analysis Conclusion Literature Cited Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Pg. 3 Pg.4-5 Pg.5-6 Pg.7-8 Pg.8-9 Pg. 10 Pg. 11 Pg. 12 Pg. 12-13 Pg. 14

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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Intro Roundup ready plants are specifically resistant to the herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate is a herbicide made for broad-leaf weeds. It is the most commonly used herbicide on a global scale since it has the lowest level of toxicity. Due to glyphosates mode of action this herbicide only works on actively growing plants and has no effect on pre-emergent plants. Glyphosate has similar modes of actions to herbicides such Axxe. Since glyphosate shares similar attributes of modes with Axxe. Axxe could be an alternative for glyphosate. If Axxe can be used in place of glyphosate with similar effects on the weeds and have little to no effects on the health of the plant the herbicide is applied to, Axxe can be an alternative to glyphosate is the Roundup Ready crops can have carry over resistance to the Axxe. This would allow for different herbicide use globally so other herbicides could be used and glyphosate would not be as heavily relied on as it is now.

Literature Review
Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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Herbicides kill plants. Herbicides can be selective so that wanted plants are kept. Nonselective herbicides must be placed carefully to avoid nearby plants. Different herbicides work on different types of plants, different components of plant metabolism, and at different times in plant growth cycles. Some are taken up into the plants vascular system, while others affect the plant on contact (Callaghan, 2002). For a similar experiment there are four independent variables. Those independent variables are the three herbicides and type of maize used on the area. The three different herbicides applied to the maize was Monosan herbi (2,4-D-dimetil ammonium), Maton (2,4-Dizoktilester), and Equip (foramsulfuron+isoxadifen-ethyl-safener)(Mehmeti,2012). The type of maize used was ZP-434. The experiment consisted of two dependent variables. The first dependent variable is the amount of weeds after the application of the herbicides. The second dependent variable is the yield of maize. I also share variables with research on herbicide effect on photosynthesis on marine plants. This experiment also studies the growth of the plants after the herbicides have been applied to the plants of the experiment. The key concepts of this project are the effects of similar herbicides on weeds and yield of maize. My project deals with concepts similar to this. Herbicides with similar modes of action as glyphosate will be applied to round up ready crops. The effect of the other herbicides to specifically resistant plants is being tested. This is to test how different herbicides can be used on or around these plants with little affect. Amount of herbicide is also being tested. This is to see how much of a herbicide can a plant handle without taking too much damage to its health or growth rate. This experiment has similar variables some of the variables in the experiment I am

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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conducting. The independent variables both involve types of herbicides and type of plant. Both experiments require Axxe as a herbicide tested on plant health, growth rate, and yield. There are a few inconsistencies with these papers. Little to none is known about the health of the actual plants after the experiments. Some of the experiments lacked in amount of trials. This information was too limited for me to draw results from the experiment. Another shortcoming is the limited amount of herbicides during the experiment. GMOs are genetically modified organisms. These are most widespread in the plant community. GMOs hit a high record of being used by farmers in 2012, reaching over 17.3 million. Most of todays crops are GMOs since herbicides are used on over 90% of all crops in the world. Axxe and Glyphosate are both broad spectrum, systemic herbicides that differ in modes of action. Axxe is a herbicide that emits a soap into the plants that then focuses on growing points of the plants. Glyphosate is a post emergence herbicide that works by emitting an enzyme into the plants that then focuses on growing points of the plants. Methods For each independent variable in this experiment there are several levels for each. One variable would be the type of herbicide applied to the soybeans. These two herbicides are glyphosate and Axxe. Another level for the independent variable is the type of soybean. One dependent variable is the height of the plant after growth. This will be measured in centimeters and will be categorized by type of herbicide. Another variable is plant health. This will be measured by checking the color and strength of the separate parts of the plant. Once these are measured an accurate depiction of the plants health can concluded upon.

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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For this project there are several steps for conducting the experiment. The first step would be to gather the materials. This would include the glyphosate, Axxe, roundup ready soybeans, flower pots, and soil. Once these are obtained the pots will be readied and the soybeans will be planted in them. The soybeans will be allowed to grow for 2 and a half weeks and then the herbicides will be applied. Three days will be used for letting the herbicide take its affect. Then the data will be collected on how the plant was affected. For this experiment there are several hazardous materials that will be used. These potential hazardous chemicals are known as Axxe and glyphosate. Wear appropriate glove and mouth protection to handle the chemicals. Place the empty containers in a proper disposal bin for the type of container and its contents. These are the handling and safety precautions for the chemicals. This will be supervised by the research teacher, Mr. Hendrix, seeing as the project setting is at the school.

For the data analysis, there will be several pieces of data recorded. The first amount of data recorded would be the height of the plant. The second amount of data recorded would be the health of the plant. For each of these variables there will be a graph with a scale for each. This will allow for separation of data.

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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For this experiment, two bar graphs will be needed. This will allow for one to measure each unit of the plant. One graph will represent the height of the plant. The other will represent the health of the plant. The data will also be separated by herbicide. For the first few weeks, the first trial was allowed to grow. Then the herbicides were then applied and growth was observed from that point. The control group continued growing at a normal rate, with constant averages. The glyphosate groups growth rates slowed by a few centimeters on average showing it does affect growth rates, yet is not significant enough to matter. Lastly the Axxe herbicide group had the heaviest impact. The plants growth slowed tremendously, of over several centimeters lost. Then after wards the plants began to die.

Data Post-emergence Appliance

16 14 12 10 Glyphosate 8 6 4 2 0 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Axxe Control

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Pre-emergence Appliance
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Glyph. axxe Control

The first table represents the growth of the original trial and shows the average growth of the plants in centimeters per week once the herbicides were applied. The second table shows the growth rate of the plants when the herbicides were applied once they were planted. This explains why this graph has many more zeroes than the other one.

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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Conclusion
The point of this project was to see carry over resistance affects on the growth and health rates of roundup plants. My original hypothesis was rejected with the Axxe having more damage done to the plant then positive. My original goal was not accomplished, seeing as the Axxe herbicide did not have much carry over resistance with the soybeans. The Axxe ended up not having carried over resistance. Even with the Glyphosate being made for these plants, it still started to have adverse affects to the health of the plants after they started to grow.

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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Literature Cited
Derr, J. F., & Appleton , B. L. (1988). Herbicide Injury to Trees and Shrubs: A pictorial guide to symptom diagnosis. Blue Crab Press. Mehmet, A., Demaj, A., Demelezi, I., & Rudari, H. (2012). Effect of Post-Emergence Herbicides on Weeds and Yeild of Maize. 27-37. Mehmet, A., Demaj, A., Sherifi, E., & Waldhardt, R. (2011). Growth and productivity of weeds in two maize crop production systems. Herbologia, 105-112. Ruhl, G. (2008). Diagnosing Herbicide Injury on Garden Landscape Plants. Purdue Extension, 14. Walsh, G. (n.d.). Effects of Herbicides on Photosynthesis and Growth of Marine Unicellular Algae. Environmental Protection Agency, 45-48.

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Appendix A
Title: Resistance carry over from Roundup ready plants. Hypothesis: Depending on the type of herbicide, the roundup ready plants could have carry over resistance. IV: Type of herbicide, type of plant Levels of the IV: Glyphosate 25 Axxe 25 No herbicide 25

DV: Health status of the plant, Height of the plant Measurements: Centimeters, 1-10 health scale, ounces, gallons, milliliters Constants: Type of plant, Type of water, Type of plant pot Controls: No herbicide

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

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Appendix B
Equipment & Instruments Needed Equipmen t Name Size/ Details Current Location or Order Information*
N/A

Length of Time Needed

Additional Notes (Note if you will need exclusive use of the equipment during testing and explain why)
N/A

Numbered step(s) in your detailed procedure where this will be used (must be listed specifically)
N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Incubator Space Needed Type of Incubator Incubator Temperature

N/A

Length of Incubation
N/A

Space Required (ie: Number of Test tubes or plates)

N/A

Additional Notes
N/A

N/A

Reusable Materials Needed Material Name Majskorn Plant pot

20

Quantity Needed

Current Location or Order Information *

IKEA

Length of Time Needed

5 weeks

Numbered step(s) in your detailed procedure where this will be used (must be listed specifically) 1. Fill pots with soil 2. Place plant seeds in soil 3. Allow for plants to grow

Disposable Materials Needed Material Name

Roundup 32 Oz. Weed and Grass Killer Concentrate Plus

Quantity Needed 32oz

Current Location or Order Information * Lowes

Numbered step(s) in your detailed procedure where this will be used (must be listed specifically) 1. Apply normal amount to soybeans 2. Apply 2 times normal amount on soybeans 1. Apply normal amount to soybeans 2. Apply 2 times normal amount on soybeans 1. Plant the soybean trials. Let the trials grow. 2. Apply the herbicides to the soybeans. 3. Watch Growth

AXXE

179.2oz

Processing takes 1-3 weekdays Flinn Scientific, inc.

Roundup Soybeans

4oz, 600/pkg

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014

13 | P a g e Budget: Total Cost of Reusable Materials & New Equipment Ordered: $ _19.80_________ Total Cost of Disposable Materials Needed (cannot be reused): $ _$52.63____

Appendix C
Safety For this experiment there are several hazardous materials that will be used. These potential hazardous chemicals are known as Axxe and glyphosate. Wear appropriate glove and mouth protection to handle the chemicals. Place the empty containers in a proper disposal bin for the type of container and its contents. These are the handling and safety precautions for the chemicals. This will be supervised by the research teacher, Mr. Hendrix, seeing as the project setting is at the school. Materials 5.3 liters of Axxe 1 liter of glyphosate concentrate 500 count package of roundup ready soybeans 21 Majaskorn Pots Procedures 1. Take pots and label each group, the control and both herbicides(7 in each group) 2. Fill all 21 pots with the same garden soil 3. Plant 3 seeds per pot 4. Allow plants to grow for three weeks, measuring plant height every other day
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5. Measure initial plant height and health 6. Apply 4.9 milliliters of glyphosate and Axxe to their respective groups, every other day for 1 week, after growth 7. Allow 1 week for herbicide to take effect on the soybeans while still measuring height 8. Measure health of plants based on size, color, number of leaves/pods, firmness of stems and plant weight. 9. Compare the beginning height and health with aftermath results, along with comparing the two groups with the control in an ANOVA test. 10. Record results

Jayshon Adams RMSST 930 Rowland Road Conyers, GA 2013-2014