History of USA - Books 1-3

PENGUIN BOOKS THE PENGUIN HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Hugh Brogan was edu a!ed a! Re"!
on S hoo# and Ca$%r&dge' He wor(ed on !he E ono$&s! )or !wo *ears %e)ore h&s )&rs! +&s&! !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es as a Har(ness Fe##ow &n ,-./' He was a Fe##ow o) S! 0ohn1s Co##ege2 Ca$%r&dge2 )or !he "er&od ,-.3456 and !herea)!er2 un!&# h&s re!&re$en! &n ,--72 !augh! a! !he Un&+ers&!* o) Esse8 9he was R' A' Bu!#er Pro)essor o) H&s!or* )or !he "er&od ,--647:' H&s wor(s &n #ude a s!ud* o) A#e8&s de To ;ue+&##e2 To ;ue+&##e 9,-53:2 The <&)e o) Ar!hur Ranso$e 9,-76:2 Mowg#&1s Sons= K&"#&ng and Baden>Powe##1s S ou!s 9,-75: and Kenned* 9,--.:' H&s $os! re en! wor( &s S&gna##&ng )ro$ Mars= Se#e !ed <e!!ers o) Ar!hur Ranso$e 9,--5:' HUGH BROGAN The Pengu&n H&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es o) A$er& a Se ond Ed&!&on
PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN BOOKS Pu%#&shed %* !he Pengu&n Grou" Pengu&n Boo(s <!d2 7? S!rand2 <ondon @C/R ?R<2 Eng#and Pengu&n Pu!na$ In '2 35A Hudson S!ree!2 New Yor(2 New Yor( ,??,62 USA Pengu&n Boo(s Aus!ra#&a <!d2 /A? Ca$%erwe## Road2 Ca$%erwe##2 B& !or&a 3,/62 Aus!ra#&a Pengu&n Boo(s Canada <!d2 ,? A# orn A+enue2 Toron!o2 On!ar&o2 Canada M6B 3B/ Pengu&n Boo(s Ind&a 9P: <!d2 ,, Co$$un&!* Cen!re2 Pan hshee# Par(2 New De#h& 4 ,,? ?,52 Ind&a Pengu&n Boo(s 9NC: <!d2 Cnr Roseda#e and A&r%orne Roads2 A#%an*2 Au (#and2 New Cea#and Pengu&n Boo(s 9Sou!h A)r& a: 9P!*: <!d2 /6 S!urdee A+enue2 Rose%an( /,-.2 Sou!h A)r& a Pengu&n Boo(s <!d2 Reg&s!ered O))& es= 7? S!rand2 <ondon @C/R ?R<2 Eng#and www'"engu&n' o$ F&rs! "u%#&shed as The <ong$an H&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es o) A$er& a %* <ong$an ,-7A Pu%#&shed as The Pe#& an H&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es o) A$er& a &n Pengu&n Boo(s ,-7. Re"r&n!ed as The Pengu&n H&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es o) A$er& a &n Pengu&n Boo(s ,--?
Se ond ed&!&on "u%#&shed %* <ong$an ,--Pu%#&shed &n Pengu&n Boo(s /??, ,6 Co"*r&gh! D Add&son @es#e* <ong$an2 ,-7A2 ,--A## r&gh!s reser+ed The $ora# r&gh! o) !he au!hor has %een asser!ed E8 e"! &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es o) A$er& a2 !h&s %oo( &s so#d su%Ee ! !o !he ond&!&on !ha! &! sha## no!2 %* wa* o) !rade or o$erw&se2 %e #en!2 re>so#d2 h&red ou!2 or o!herw&se &r u#a!ed w&!hou! !he "u%#&sher1s "r&or onsen! &n an* )or$ o) %&nd&ng or o+er o!her !han !ha! &n wh& h &! &s "u%#&shed and w&!hou! a s&$&#ar ond&!&on &n #ud&ng !h&s ond&!&on %e&ng &$"osed on !he su%se;uen! "ur haser ISBN= -57>?>,6>,-356A>7 Con!en!s A No!e o) Than(s No!e )or !he Re+&sed Ed&!&on A (now#edge$en!s BOOK ONE= The Se!!#e$en! BOOK T@O= The O#d Order and !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on BOOK THREE= The Age o) E;ua#&!* BOOK FOUR= The Age o) Go#d BOOK FIBE= The Su"er"ower A No!e on Fur!her Read&ng Inde8 <&s! o) Ma"s A No!e o) Than(s Th&s %oo( has %een )&)!een *ears &n !he $a(&ng 4 ra!her $ore2 &) !he !&$e !a(en )or "r&n!&ng &! &s a##owed )or 4 and so $* )&rs! !han(s $us! %e !o $* "u%#&shers2 who ha+e shown e8e$"#ar* "a!&en e 9!he* were e8"e !&ng so$e!h&ng $u h shor!er2 $u h sooner:' Ne8! I $us! !han( $* !wo a ade$& ho$es2 S! 0ohn1s Co##ege2 Ca$%r&dge2 and !he Un&+ers&!* o) Esse82 no! on#* )or "a*&ng $* sa#ar* %u! )or "ro+&d&ng e8 e##en! ond&!&ons )or !he "ursu&! o) #earn&ng' One o) !he grea! ad+an!ages o) %e#ong&ng !o su h &ns!&!u!&ons &s !ha! a! "o&n!s o) d&))& u#!* *ou an a#wa*s !urn !o a o##eague )or re#&a%#e ad+& eF an &n+a#ua%#e &r u$s!an e' In so #ong a "er&od2 dur&ng wh& h I ha+e !r&ed !o $as!er so enor$ous a su%Ee ! as !he h&s!or* o)
!he Un&!ed S!a!es 9I $a* sa* I grew ra!her wear* o) %e&ng !o#d wha! an eas* Eo% I had2 s&n e A$er& a was so new a oun!r*:2 a#$os! e+er*!h&ng I ha+e done or #earned see$s !o ha+e on!r&%u!ed !o !he $a(&ng o) $* %oo(F and I ha+e %ene)&!ed d&re !#* )ro$ &nnu$era%#e on+ersa!&ons w&!h #earned and shar"> $&nded h&s!or&ans2 %o!h Br&!&sh and A$er& an' I! wou#d see$ !o #a&$ !oo $u h &) I were !o na$e !he$ a## here= I ho"e I a$ no! a na$e>dro""er' Be!!er !o sa*2 &n genera# !er$s2 !ha! I ha+e "ro)&!ed huge#* )ro$ $an* #e !ures2 se$&nars2 #asses2 ar!& #es2 $onogra"hs and s!ra* en oun!ers wh& h2 !hough un &!ed2 ha+e he#"ed !o s!reng!hen !h&s h&s!or* &n &nnu$era%#e wa*s' I ha+e #earned a #o! )ro$ $* "u"&#s2 %o!h !hrough d&s o+er&ng wha! !he* rea##* needed !o (now and 9when !he* as(ed $e ;ues!&ons I ou#dn1! answer2 or2 &n !he&r essa*s2 &n #uded &n)or$a!&on or re)eren es !ha! were new !o $e: where $* own &gnoran e #a*' I ha+e a#so %ene)&!ed )ro$ +ar&ous +&s&!s !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 )ro$ d&s o+er&es &n a ade$& #&%rar&es !here2 and )ro$ o""or!un&!&es !o ge! !o (now !he +ar&ous reg&ons o) !ha! &$$ense oun!r*' So I ough! a#so !o na$e !he Un&+ers&!* o) Ch& ago2 <ew&s and C#ar( Co##ege 9Por!#and2 Oregon:2 !he Un&+ers&!* o) @ash&ng!on 9Sea!!#e: and !he Un&+ers&!* o) Tennessee2 a## o) wh& h grea!#* ass&s!ed $* s!ud&es and $* unders!and&ng o) A$er& a2 &n re!urn2 a! $os!2 )or a #&!!#e su$$er !ea h&ng' And I $us! na$e !he $en who go! $e !o !he "#a es= 0ohn Ho"e Fran(#&n2 Don Ba#$er2 Dw&gh! Ro%&nson and M&#!on K#e&n2 $* good )r&ends' I a$ a#so we## aware o) how $u h !h&s %oo( owes !o !he !wo *ears wh& h I s"en! as a Har(ness Fe##ow a! !he Broo(&ngs Ins!&!u!&on and a! Ya#e %e!ween ,-./ and ,-.6' <as! %u! no! #eas!2 &ndeed a%o+e a##2 I and $* %oo( are &$$easura%#* &nde%!ed !o $* )a!her2 !he #a!e Den&s Brogan' I! w&## soon %e !en *ears s&n e he d&ed2 %u! !he #onger I #&+e !he $ore I a$ aware o) how $u h I owe h&$F &n "ar!& u#ar I (now !ha! &! was he who $ade $e an A$er& an&s!2 and he who !augh! $e a## !he $os! &$"or!an! !h&ngs I needed !o #earn a%ou! !he Un&!ed S!a!es' I w&sh he ou#d ha+e #&+ed !o see !h&s resu#! o) h&s !ea h&ng 9&) on#* %e ause he wou#d ha+e !o#d $e +er* )ran(#* where &! )e## shor!:F h&s $e$or* and e8a$"#e ha+e %een w&!h $e ease#ess#* as I wor(ed a! &!' Bar&ous "eo"#e a! +ar&ous !&$es read a## or "ar! o) $* dra)!s2 and whe!her %* orre !&on or en ourage$en! he#"ed $e a#ong' I end !h&s no!e %* na$&ng !he$ w&!h a## gra!&!ude= 0' R' Po#e2 H' C' Por!er2 A' F' Row#ands2 Ru"er! She#dra(e2 0&## S!e&n%erg2 Howard Te$"er#e*2 Hugh Tu##o h2 A#e8ander Tusa2 F&ona Benn and S!uar! @oo#)' @&+enhoe2 /A 0u#* ,-73 Hugh Brogan No!e )or !he Se ound I$"ress&on I a$ $os! gra!e)u# !o !he re+&ewers and orres"onden!s who ha+e ena%#ed $e gradua##* !o orre ! +ar&ous errors !ha! d&s)&gured !he )&rs! ed&!&on o) !h&s h&s!or*' @&+enhoe2 ,/ No+e$%er ,-7. No!e )or !he Re+&sed Ed&!&on H&s!or* does no! s!and s!&##2 as I was we## aware when !h&s %oo( was )&rs! "u%#&shed &n ,-7A2 %u! ne&!her I nor an*%od* e#se )oresaw wha! rad& a# hanges &! wou#d %r&ng )or!h &n !he ne8! )ew *ears' The end o) !he Co#d @ar was a g&gan!& ser&es o) e+en!s2 !he H'B'
onse;uen es o) wh& h are s!&## $a(&ng !he$se#+es )e#!F we $us! !here)ore wa&! )or an*!h&ng #&(e a )u## unders!and&ng o) &!s &$"or!an e' Bu! !oda*2 a )u## de ade a)!er !he So+&e! Un&on and &!s e$"&re %egan !o %rea( u"2 &! &s none !oo soon !o add !o $* hron& #e a ha"!er re oun!&ng !he #as! *ears o) !he Co#d @ar2 and !o re+&se ear#&er ha"!ers &n !he #&gh! o) our new (now#edge' To "ush !he !a#e )ur!her2 &n!o !he ,--?s2 wou#d %e "oss&%#e %u! no! rea##* use)u#= !he "a!!ern under#*&ng e+en!s &s no! *e! #ear2 and &n a %oo( o) !h&s (&nd !he "a!!ern &s wha! $a!!ers' So $* narra!&+e now goes down !o !he re!&re$en! o) Rona#d Reagan %u! 9e8 e"! &n &den!a##*: no )ur!her' I ha+e $a&n!a&ned $* d&+&s&on o) A$er& an h&s!or* &n!o )&+e $a&n e"o hs2 %u! ha+e hanged !he #a%e# a!!a hed !o !he #as!= on e a##ed GThe New @or#d12 &! &s now a##ed GThe Su"er"ower1' Th&s re)#e !s $* on+& !&on !ha! !he en!ra# !he$e o) wor#d h&s!or* &n !he !wen!&e!h en!ur*2 )or good and e+&#2 has %een !he e$ergen e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es as a "ower and &+&#&Ha!&on !ha! sur"asses2 &n &!s rea h and s!reng!h2 a## e$"&res o) !he "as!2 and !ha! !hose who %eg&n !he&r ana#*ses a! o!her "o&n!s 4 w&!h !he Russ&an Re+o#u!&on2 sa*2 or !he o##a"se o) !he o#d o#on&a# e$"&res 4 are "ro)ound#* $&s!a(en' The !orren! o) resear h &n!o a## as"e !s o) A$er& an h&s!or* has on!&nued !o )#ow !hroughou! !he "as! )our!een *ears2 and !he )ash&ona%#e "re> e$&nen e o) so &a# h&s!or* 9&n !he %roades! sense: has %een ons!an!#* rea))&r$ed' Th&s $a(es #ess d&))eren e !o !he s!ud* o) A$er& an h&s!or* !han $&gh! %e su""osed= as I ho"e &s #ear )ro$ wha! )o##ows2 !he h&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es has a#wa*s %een "r&$ar&#* !he h&s!or* o) a so &e!*' Bu! &n !h&s re+&sed ed&!&on I ha+e !r&ed !o !a(e a oun! o) !he $os! &$"or!an! d&s o+er&es and )resh h*"o!heses' And I on!&nue !o %e gra!e)u# !o !he readers who ha+e wr&!!en !o $e w&!h o$$en!s2 r&!& &s$s2 orre !&ons and sugges!&ons= I ha+e !a(en are)u# no!e o) a## !ha! !he* ha+e sa&d2 and re+&sed $* !e8! &n $an* "#a es as a resu#!' I a#so w&sh !o a (now#edge he#" )ro$ B&rg&n&a Sa"&ro and Graha$ K' @&#sonF <ou&s C#a&%orneF T&$ Ha!!onF Ken P#u$$er and Ton* Badger' I ha+e a#so re+&sed !he ded& a!&on2 %u! &n &!s new )or$ &! &s s!&## $ean! !o e8"ress $* !han(s !o a## !hose s!uden!s2 a! Esse82 Ca$%r&dge and e#sewhere2 )or who$ !h&s %oo( was wr&!!en2 who o+er !he *ears ha+e !augh! $e so $u h 9"erha"s a! #eas! as $u h as I ha+e !augh! !he$: and who2 )ro$ )&rs! !o #as!2 ha+e $ade $* "ro)ess&ona# &n+o#+e$en! w&!h A$er& an h&s!or* so enEo*a%#e' @&+enhoe2 0anuar* ,--7 A (now#edge$en!s @e are &nde%!ed !o au!hor1s agen!s on %eha#) o) The Na!&ona# Trus! )or "er$&ss&on !o re"rodu e e8!ra !s )ro$ GCa"!a&ns Courageous1 and GThe @h&!e Man1s Burden1 %o!h )ro$ The De)&n&!&+e Ed&!&on o) Rud*ard K&"#&ng1s Berse "u%#&shed %* Hodder I S!ough!on' For "er$&ss&on !o re"rodu e we are gra!e)u# !o !he )o##ow&ng= )or #oose#* %ased ada"!a!&on o) $a" on end"a"er o) !e8! o) R' A' B&##&ng!on2 @es!ward E8"ans&on2 "u%#&shed %* Ma $&##an Pu%#&sh&ng Co' In ' ,-6-F )or $a" #oose#* %ased on $a"s )ro$ A' M' 0ose"h*2 The Ind&an Her&!age o) A$er& a2 "u%#&shed %* 0ona!han Ca"e <!d ,-53' Ded& a!ed !o A## M* Pu"&#s H'B'
BOOK ONE The Settlement As in the Arts and Sciences the first foundation is of more consequence than all the improvements afterwards, so in kingdoms, the first foundation or plantation is of more dignity and merit than all that followeth. Francis Bacon 1 Prelude c. !,!!! B" # c. A$ 1%!! &arlsefni and his men sailed into the estuary and named the place 'ope ()idal *ake+. 'ere they found wild wheat growing in fields on all the low ground and grape vines on all the higher ground. ,very stream was teeming with fish. )hey dug trenches at the high-water mark, and when the tide went out there were hali.ut trapped in the trenches. /n the woods there was a great num.er of animals of all kinds. ,irik0s Saga 1
Hu$an h&s!or* has %een #arge#* !he s!or* o) $&gra!&ons' The )&rs! ross&ngs !o !he A$er& an on!&nen!s see$ !o ha+e !a(en "#a e !owards !he end o) !he #as! I e Age' So $u h wa!er had gone !o !he $a(&ng o) !he grea! nor!hern & e> a" !ha! !he o eans re eded )ro$ !he sha##ow Ber&ng S!ra&!s2 and "ro!o>Mongo#&ans2 &! &s !hough!2 $o+ed a ross !he #and>%r&dge !hus )or$ed' Then !he* gradua##* )ound !he&r wa*2 as genera!&on )o##owed genera!&on2 sou!hwards down & e> )ree +a##e*s' The&r dr&)!&ngs wen! on )or !housands o) *ears' The Ber&ng !ra+erse $a* ha+e %egun %e)ore 3?2??? BC' Pa!agon&a2 !he e8!re$e sou!hern !&" o) Sou!h A$er& a2 was rea hed %* -??? BC' Man es!a%#&shed h&$se#) &n a## "ar!s o) !he !wo on!&nen!s and &n !he re#a!ed &s#ands o) !he Car&%%ean' H&s u#!ures grew !o %e $an*2 +ar&ed and )as &na!&ng' None o) !he$ ad+an ed !o !he use o) &ron or !o o$"#e!e #&!era *F %* o!her $easures o) hu$an "rogress !he a h&e+e$en!s were s!r&(&ng2 es"e &a##* !hose o) !he Ma*an2 AH!e and In a &+&#&Ha!&ons o) Cen!ra# and Sou!h A$er& a' Bu! %* AD ,6-/ !he New @or#d2 &n &!s &so#a!&on2 #agged su%s!an!&a##*2 &n u#!ure2 %eh&nd !he O#d' The !rans>Ber&ng $&gra!&on "ro%a%#* eased when !he I e Age ended and !he sea rose2 so !ha! !he s!ra&!s a""eared aga&n2 $a(&ng an* #arge $o+e$en! o) "o"u#a!&on &$"oss&%#e' Then &+&#&Ha!&on %egan !o de+e#o" &n !he grea! r&+er>"#a&ns o) Ch&na2 Ind&a and !he M&dd#e Eas!' Tha! "ro ess !oo wen! on )or !housands o) *ears' C&!&es were )ounded and des!ro*ed and re>)ounded2 e$"&res rose and )e##2 no$ad hordes a!!a (ed2 on;uered and were a%sor%ed &n!o $ore s!a%#e "o"u#a!&on grou"sF !he s!o ( o) hu$an (now#edge s#ow#* &n reased' A! #eng!h one )ru&! o) !ha! (now#edge2 !he "er)e !ed S and&na+&an #ong>sh&"2 ga+e su h &$"e!us !o one "ar!& u#ar $&gra!or* grou" !ha! &! ou#d dare !o a h&e+e !he on;ues! o) !he o ean' A%ou! AD 7?? !he B&(&ngs rea hed !he Faeroe Is#andsF &n 75? !he* #anded &n I e#and2 and %* !he %eg&nn&ng o) !he e#e+en!h en!ur* <e&) !he <u (* had d&s o+ered B&n#and !he Good2 "ar! o) !he on!&nen! o) Nor!h A$er& a' B&n#and was g&+en &!s na$e and &!s e"&!he! %e ause &! was )ar %e!!er su&!ed !o hu$an ha%&!a!&on !han Green#and 9se!!#ed &n -7,>/:2 or e+en I e#and2 %u! !he B&(&ngs were una%#e !o se!!#e &!' The &nha%&!an!s2 who$ !he* a##ed S(rae#&ngs 9rough#*2 Gwre! hes1:2 were nu$erous and soon %e a$e hos!&#eF !he B&(&ngs "ossessed no wea"ons !ha! ou#d o$"ensa!e su))& &en!#* )or !he&r nu$er& a# &n)er&or&!*' The d&s!an es !o Green#and2 I e#and and Euro"e were !oo grea! !o %e on+en&en!#* and regu#ar#* rossed2 e+en %* #ong>sh&"s' So B&n#and was ne+er o#on&Hed2 !hough (now#edge o) &! and o) !he reg&ons !o &!s nor!h2 Mar(#and and He##u#and 4 e+en a er!a&n $easure o) &n!er ourse 4 "ers&s!ed &n !he Norse #ands )or en!ur&es2 as &s shown %*2 a$ong o!her !h&ngs2 !he sur+&+a# &n Green#and o) hes!s $ade a""aren!#* o) #ar h wood )ro$ Nor!h A$er& a' In !he end worsen&ng #&$a!& ond&!&ons des!ro*ed e+en !he Green#and se!!#e$en!s' The B&(&ng $&gra!&ons #ed !o no!h&ng2 un#ess 9as &s Eus! "oss&%#e: Chr&s!o"her Co#u$%us #earned o) !he B&n#and !rad&!&on' Euro"e had o!her drea$s o) !he @es!' Is#ands #*&ng )ar ou! !owards or %e*ond !he sunse! 4 !he Is#ands o) !he B#es!2 !he Garden o) !he Hes"er&des2 H*>Bras&#2 A!#an!&s2 T&r>na>Og2 Es!o!&#and2 !he Se+en C&!&es o) An!&##&a 4 are o$n&"resen! &n #egend' The Ir&sh had !rad&!&ons !ha! S! Brendan and o!hers o) h&s (&dne*2 !ra+e##&ng &n #ea!her %oa!s2 )ound "ea e)u# re!rea!s )or "ra*er a ross !he seas 9Ir&sh $on(s do &ndeed see$ !o ha+e go! !o I e#and %e)ore !he B&(&ngs2 !hough no! ne essar&#* an* )ur!her:' The @e#sh a! so$e s!age &n+en!ed !he saga o) Pr&n e Mado 2 who sa&#ed &n!o !he @es!2 and2 !he* e+en!ua##* a##eged2 !here %e a$e e&!her !he an es!or o) !he Ind&ans or !he %ege!!er o) !he&r #anguage 9!he ;ues! )or @e#sh>s"ea(&ng Ind&ans was !o #as! &n!o !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*:' Fro$ !&$e !o !&$e s&gn&)& an! o%Ee !s were washed on!o !he oas!s o) !he O#d @or#d= %od&es o) s!range $en2 wood ar+&ngs2 %ran hes o) un(nown !rees' Bu! !hese #ues2 #&(e B&n#and2 #ed !o no!h&ng= !he* were d&s"#a*ed !o a wor#d wh& h )or #ong had no "ar!& u#ar reason !o %o!her a%ou! !he$'
The red&s o+er* o) B&n#and a$e a%ou! !hrough oarser &r u$s!an es' B* !he end o) !he )&)!een!h en!ur* !he Por!uguese were a#ar$&ng !he&r ne&gh%ours %* !he&r su ess as na+&ga!ors and o ean>!ra+e##ers' The* had "ower)u# $o!&+es= s#a+es2 &+or* and go#d ou#d %e go! )ro$ A)r& a2 and !he* ho"ed !o ga&n a share &n !he #u ra!&+e s"& e>!rade2 $ono"o#&Hed un!&# !hen %* !he Bene!&ans and !he Tur(s' The* su eeded &n )&nd&ng new rou!es !o !he Ind&es2 %* wa* o) !he Ca"e o) Good Ho"e' O!hers de!er$&ned !o e$u#a!e !he$' In ,6-/ Isa%e##a !he Ca!ho#& 2 Jueen o) S"a&n2 sen! ou! a Genoese sa&#or o) e en!r& gen&us !o )&nd a wes!ward rou!e !o !he Ind&es2 as he was sure he ou#d' Ins!ead he )ound !he &s#ands o) !he Car&%%ean' He $ade )our +o*ages &n a##2 on !he #as! !wo o) wh& h2 &n ,6-7 and ,A?/2 he d&s o+ered !he $a&n#and' Co#u$%us a##ed !he S(rae#&ngs GInd&ans1 and su""osed !ha! !he #ands he had )ound were "ar! o) As&aF %u! a! #eas! he re ogn&Hed !he s o"e o) h&s d&s o+er&es and "ro"hes&ed !he&r &$"or!an e' Now greed s"urred on !he Euro"eans !o su%due !he A$er& ans' E+en &) go#d and s&#+er had no! %een d&s o+ered &n Me8& o and Peru2 !he ;ues! )or !hese $e!a#s or )or a sea>rou!e !o As&a2 or )or su h o!her wea#!h as A$er& a on!a&ned2 wou#d ha+e drawn !he wh&!e $an &n!o !he New @or#d2 on e he (new o) &!s e8&s!en eF %u! as &! was2 !he res"#enden! &+&#&Ha!&ons o) !he AH!e s and !he In as were s!agger&ng#* e))e !&+e ad+er!&se$en!s )or !he en!er"r&se' To!a# #a ( o) s ru"#e where hea!hen sa+ages were on erned $ade !he wor( o) des"o#&a!&on $ora##* eas* as we## as agreea%#e2 and on;ues! ou#d )ur!her %e Eus!&)&ed %* !he un&+ersa##* a e"!ed ne ess&!* o) "rea h&ng !he Chr&s!&an God1s word !hroughou! !he wor#d' Euro"ean d&seases des!ro*ed !he A$er& an "o"u#a!&on $ore e))e !&+e#* !han an* wea"ons and de$ora#&Hed !he sur+&+ors %* !he&r s a#e= "erha"s -? "er en! o) !he Ind&ans d&ed o) !hese &n)e !&ons 4 s$a##"o82 $eas#es2 $a#ar&a2 *e##ow )e+er 4 &n !he )&rs! en!ur* a)!er !he d&s o+er&es' <as!#*2 Euro"ean !e hno#og* had ad+an ed grea!#* s&n e !he B&(&ng era' The S"an&ards and Por!uguese 9who d&+&ded !he wes!ern and eas!ern he$&s"heres %e!ween !he$: had guns2 swords2 ar$our2 horses2 &$"ro+ed sa&#&ng +esse#s and &$"ro+ed na+&ga!&on' The* a#so had )&rs!>ra!e $&#&!ar* and "o#&!& a# organ&Ha!&on2 "er)e !ed &n !he s!rugg#e aga&ns! !he Moors2 and eas* a ess !o A$er& a a#ong !he Trade @&nd #a!&!udes' The* ou#d go where !he* wan!ed and do as !he* #&(ed' B* !he $&dd#e o) !he s&8!een!h en!ur* !he* had e))e !&+e#* asser!ed !he&r ru#e o+er $os! o) Cen!ra# and Sou!hern A$er& a2 and !he S"an&ards had a#so a ;u&red2 and were +er* s#ow#* %eg&nn&ng !o rea#&He2 #a&$s !o !he dar( on!&nen! nor!h o) Me8& o' Bu! )ro$ !he %eg&nn&ng2 and e+en a! !he he&gh! o) her "ower2 &$"er&a# S"a&n )a ed o$"e!&!&on2 es"e &a##* &n !he Nor!h' To unders!and wh* re;u&res an awareness o) $an* )a !ors' F&rs! $us! %e $en!&oned !he new Euro"ean s!a!e s*s!e$2 w&!h &!s %u&#!>&n !enden * !o on)#& !' The Rena&ssan e s!a!e resu#!ed )ro$ !he o$"#e8 &n!er"#a* o) $an* "ower)u# )or es2 !he re#a!&+e s!reng!h o) wh& h +ar&ed )ro$ one oun!r* !o ano!her' Ne+er!he#ess &! &s #ear !ha! &! e8&s!ed "r&$ar&#* !o "ro!e ! &!s $e$%ers )ro$ +&o#en e2 a%o+e a## )ro$ )ore&gn and &+&# war2 as was de$ons!ra!ed &n !he %r&##&an! wr&!&ngs o) N& o#K Ma h&a+e##& and Tho$as Ho%%es' So #ong as !he !hrea! o) war was rea# and "ress&ng2 and so #ong as a s!a!e ou#d do &!s Eo% %* a+er!&ng !ha! !hrea!2 so #ong ou#d &! oun! on &!s su%Ee !s1 su""or!2 a#!hough !ha! su""or! was se+ere#* ;ua#&)&ed %* a d&s#&(e o) !a8a!&on so &n!ense as !o #ead2 )re;uen!#*2 !o re%e##&on' Bu! &) !he !hrea! o) war re eded !oo o$"#e!e#* !he ne ess&!* o) !he s!a!e2 a! #eas! &n !he h&gh#* en!ra#&Hed2 o""ress&+e2 h&erar h& a# )or$ !ha! &! wore &n !he s&8!een!h en!ur*2 wou#d %e ;ues!&oned' Conse;uen!#*2 a## !hose who had a s!a(e &n &!s on!&nuan e 4 (&ngs2 $&#&!ar* ar&s!o ra &es2 %ureau ra!s and $er enar* so#d&ers 4 had a +es!ed &n!eres!2 whe!her !he* ad$&!!ed &! or no!2 &n "er"e!ua!&ng !he e+&# !ha! !he s!a!e e8&s!ed !o orre !' Th&s "arado8 ou#d on#* %e reso#+ed %* an e!hos wh& h $ade "er$anen! &n!er>s!a!e o$"e!&!&on a e"!a%#e2 &) no! !o
!he "oor "easan!s o) Euro"e2 a! #eas! !o !he ons &en es o) !he&r $as!ers' Tha! e!hos was no! #a (&ng' The h&s!or* o) ea h o) !he Euro"ean s!a!es had %een2 dur&ng !he "er&od o) &!s r&se2 a h&s!or* o) !err&!or&a# e8!ens&on' There see$ed !o %e no reason wh*2 &n !he Age o) Monar h*2 &n !he !&$e o) &!s $a!ur&!*2 a s!a!e shou#d a%andon !he "o#& * o) aggrand&He$en!' Re&gn&ng d*nas!&es )ound &! ne essar* !o #a&$ ou!#*&ng "ro+&n es2 os!ens&%#* &n order !o $a&n!a&n !he&r #ega# r&gh!s and !o &n rease !he "ower2 wea#!h and se ur&!* o) !he&r s!a!es' Ind&+&dua# (&ngs we# o$ed %a!!#es )or new "ossess&ons2 s&n e !he* )e#! &! was &ng#or&ous no! !o ha+e )ough! +a#&an!#* &n war' The ar&s!o ra * had )or en!ur&es %een &$%ued w&!h !he &dea o) honour2 and &den!&)&ed &! w&!h $&#&!ar* +&r!ues2 wh& h o) ourse needed war )or !he&r d&s"#a*' In)er&ors2 e+er "rone !o !a(e !he&r )ash&ons )ro$ a%o+e2 a""ro+ed2 or a! #eas! )or !he $os! "ar! a e"!ed2 a## !hese a!!&!udes' I! wou#d ha+e %een d&))& u#! no! !o do so2 s&n e !he* were o) +er* #ong s!and&ng and "er$ea!ed !he who#e so &a# s!ru !ure' @ar !hus see$ed eas* and na!ura# !o e+er*%od*' So when S"a&n rose !o her he&gh! as a resu#! o) !he Co#u$%&an d&s o+er&es and !he $a!r&$on&a# e8"ans&on&s$ o) !he Ha%s%urg d*nas!*2 a## !he o!her O#d @or#d s!a!es o$%&ned aga&ns! her' In a wor#d o) &ne+&!a%#e war2 her s!reng!h was !oo grea! !o %e !o#era!ed sa)e#*' Nor d&d S"a&n do an*!h&ng !o on ea# &!2 or !o $a(e &! a e"!a%#e2 )or she !oo #&+ed %* !he ru#es o) !he Rena&ssan e ga$e' And s&n e $en s!r&(e a! !he&r ene$&es where+er a %#ow &s e))e !&+e2 S"a&n was ha##enged as $u h &n !he New @or#d as &n !he O#d' Her r&+a#s ho"ed !o w&n !he !reasure and !rade o) !he A$er& as )or !he$se#+es' The Eng#&sh2 #ed %* ano!her I!a#&an2 0ohn Ca%o!2 $ade !he )&rs! an!&>S"an&sh "ro%es= !he* #anded &n New)ound#and &n ,6-5 and d&s o+ered !he grea! od>)&sher&es2 a !reasure a#$os! as "re &ous as go#d )or $ed&e+a# Euro"e2 wh& h su))ered )ro$ a shor!age o) "ro!e&n and2 %e&ng Ro$an Ca!ho#& 2 needed )&sh !o ea! on Fr&da*s and &n <en!' Eng#and #a&d #a&$ !o New)ound#and2 %u! was a! )&rs! !oo wea( !o $a(e her #a&$ good' Fren h and Por!uguese )&sher$en "redo$&na!ed on !he Grand Ban('/ The Fren h $ade !he )&rs! e))e !&+e ha##enge !o S"a&n' The "&ra!es o) FranLo&s I were #e! #oose &n !he Car&%%ean ha#) a en!ur* %e)ore Haw(&ns and Dra(e' In ,A/6 FranLo&s e$"#o*ed *e! ano!her I!a#&an2 G&o+ann& BerraHano2 !o e8"#ore !he A!#an!& oas!s o) Nor!h A$er& a= !h&s #ed !o !he d&s o+er* o) Manha!!an Is#and and !he grea! har%our a! !he $ou!h o) !he Hudson r&+er' The Fren h had resu$ed !he ;ues! )or !he rou!e !o !he Ind&es2 and a#!hough !he +o*ages o) BerraHano and Car!&er )a&#ed !o )&nd &!2 or !o es!a%#&sh a Fren h o#on* &n !he New @or#d 9a!!e$"!s !o wres! F#or&da )ro$ S"a&n a#so )a&#ed:2 !he* d&d #ead !o !he !horough e8"#ora!&on o) !he nor!h> eas! oas!2 es"e &a##* o) !he Gu#) o) S! <awren e' Then !he re#&g&ous wars %ro(e ou!2 and Fren h &n&!&a!&+es #arge#* eased' The Eng#&sh re!urned !o Nor!h A$er& a as sea> dogs2 &n !he re&gn o) E#&Ha%e!h I2 as soon as !ha! Jueen )e#! &! sa)e !o ha##enge S"a&n' The&r #eader was @a#!er Ra#egh' Fro$ h&s ha#)>%ro!her2 Hu$"hre* G&#%er!2 Ra#egh had !a(en !he no!&on !ha! !he reg&on was one o) !he Gr& h and un(nown #ands2 )a!a##* and &! see$e!h %* God1s "ro+&den e2 reser+ed )or Eng#and1' Bes&des2 !he r& h o$$er e and &!&es o) New S"a&n were !e$"!&ng "r&Hes )or "&ra!& a# Eng#&sh$en= hen e !he e8"#o&!s o) Fran &s Dra(e &n !he Car&%%ean' On !he&r s&de2 !he S"an&ards "#anned !o &nEure Eng#and %* s!&rr&ng u" re%e##&on &n Ire#and' In re+enge2 Ra#egh de &ded !o es!a%#&sh a o#on* &n wha!2 &n honour o) !he B&rg&n Jueen2 he a##ed GB&rg&n&a1= !ha! &s2 $os! o) !he eas!ern sea%oard nor!h o) F#or&da and sou!h o) GNoru$%ega1 9!he )u!ure New Eng#and:' Su h a o#on*2 #*&ng on !he )#an( o) S"a&n1s o$$un& a!&ons w&!h Euro"e2 ou#d w&!h #u ( "re* su ess)u##* on !he S"an&sh !reasure>)#ee!s as !he* $ade !he&r wa* ho$e' He d&d no! go !o B&rg&n&a h&$se#)2 %u! w&!h !he su""or! o) h&s Jueen he "#a ed se!!#ers on Roano(e Is#and2 on !he oas! o) wha! &s
now Nor!h Caro#&na2 &n ,A7AF %u! a! !he&r own re;ues! S&r Fran &s Dra(e arr&ed !he$ ho$e &n !he )o##ow&ng *ear' The ne8! a!!e$"!2 &n ,A752 was e+en #ess su ess)u#' Neg#e !ed %* !he ho$e go+ern$en! %e ause o) !he Ar$ada r&s&s2 !he #&!!#e o#on*2 or ra!her !he o#on&s!s2 had +an&shed %* !he !&$e !ha! Ra#egh1s sh&"s ne8! +&s&!ed Roano(e' The on#* #ega * o) !hese e))or!s was !he na$e2 B&rg&n&aF so$e re$ar(a%#e "a&n!&ngs o) !he na!&+es and !he&r +&##agesF and a res&dua# Eng#&sh &n!eres! &n !he area wh& h %ore )ru&! !wen!* *ears #a!er' S"a&n a! )&rs! res&s!ed !he a!!e$"!s on her A$er& an $ono"o#* w&!h ons&dera%#e su ess' T&$e and !he hur h e+en!ua##* a%a!ed !he sa+ager* o) !he on;u&s!adoresF %* gen!#er $e!hods her de+o!ed )r&ars on+er!ed and "a &)&ed !he Ind&ans2 so !ha! her )or!s and $&ss&ons ou#d s"read u" !he oas! )ro$ F#or&da &n!o wha! are now Georg&a and !he Caro#&nasF de)en es were s!reng!hened &n !he Car&%%ean2 so !ha! Dra(e2 &n s"&!e o) a## !he da$age he had &n)#& !ed2 d&ed a! #as! %ro(en>hear!ed a)!er a )&na# )a&#ure !o a"!ure and (ee" Pana$a' In !&$e S"a&n wea(enedF %u! !h&s $ere#* &n reased on)#& !2 )or2 as !he "ower o) !he Euro"ean s!a!es %e a$e $ore e;ua#2 one w&!h ano!her 9as &! d&d2 on !he who#e2 !hroughou! !he se+en!een!h en!ur*:2 so d&d !he&r a"a &!* and w&## !o $a(e !rou%#e )or ea h o!her' In !urn2 New Fran e2 New Eng#and2 New Ne!her#and2 e+en !en!a!&+e New Swedens and New Den$ar(s2 &$&!a!ed New S"a&n' Se!!#e$en!s &n Nor!h A$er& a were )ough! and hagg#ed o+er as &) !he* were "ro+&n es &n Euro"e= )or e8a$"#e2 !he Eng#&sh !oo( Jue%e )ro$ !he Fren h2 res!or&ng &! on "a*$en! o) Jueen Henr&e!!a Mar&a1s dowr* &n ,.33F New Ne!her#and hanged hands !w& e %e)ore %e o$&ng New Yor( )or good' The un)or!una!e Ind&ans 4 a%o+e a##2 Fren h>%a (ed Hurons and Eng#&sh>%a (ed Iro;uo&s 4 )ound !he$se#+es and !he&r ;uarre#s drawn &n!o Euro"ean d&s"u!es &n wh& h !he* had no &n!eres!' I! $us! no! %e su""osed2 howe+er2 !ha! !he &n!er> s!a!e on)#& !s2 &$"or!an! !hough !he* were2 were !he on#* auses o) Nor!h A$er& an o#on&Ha!&on2 or !ha! !he* were &nno en! o) re#&g&ous or "o"u#ar on!en!2 or !ha! $onar h& a# "o#& * was a#wa*s #ear>headed and ru!h#ess' None o) !hese !h&ngs was !rue' Fur!her$ore2 we ha+e seen a#read* how s!rong an &n)#uen e was e ono$& greed2 and !h&s a))e !ed "eo"#es as we## as ru#ers' The Eng#&sh and !he Du! h a#&(e dragged !he&r go+ern$en!s %eh&nd !he$ as !he* "ressed &n!o e+er* orner o) !he wor#d #oo(&ng )or "ro)&!' The New)ound#and )&sh&ng #ed !o !rade w&!h !he Ind&ans' Fur2 es"e &a##* !ha! o) !he %ea+er2 was as +a#ua%#e a "rodu ! as od2 and !he Ind&ans were w&##&ng !o %ar!er &! )or su h Euro"ean goods as &ronware and %a#es o) #o!h' Trad&ng>"os!s were es!a%#&shed2 and %* !he %eg&nn&ng o) !he se+en!een!h en!ur* !he re!urn&ng Fren h2 #ed %* Sa$ue# de Cha$"#a&n2 were "ress&ng )ur!her and )ur!her u" !he S! <awren e r&+er and se ur&ng Canada )or Fran e' Jue%e was )ounded &n ,.?72 Mon!rea# &n ,.6/' The Du! h !raded and se!!#ed u" !he r&+er Hudson' The %eg&nn&ngs o) Eng#&sh a !&+&!&es are d&s ussed &n !he ne8! ha"!er' To ano!her ha"!er $a* a#so %e #e)! an a oun! o) !he e))e !s o) !he )ero &ous re#&g&ous d&s"u!es !ha! !or$en!ed Euro"e %e!ween ,A,5 and ,.7-' Here &! &s enough !o re$ar( !ha! !hese e))e !s were dra$a!& ' A#ong w&!h hunger )or !rade and !reasure2 !he "o#&!& a# o$"e!&!&on and !he e+er&$"ro+&ng (now#edge o) !he @es!ern seas2 re#&g&on )or ed on !he o"en&ng>u" o) Nor!h A$er& a' And &! was so eas*' The r& hes !ha! !he on!&nen! on!a&ned were )ree2 &! see$ed2 )or !he !a(&ng' A )ew *ears o) "h*s& a# su))er&ng were a## !ha! an* "ar! o) &! e8a !ed as !he "r& e o) on;ues!' The Ind&ans were !oo )ew !o do $u h $ore !han )&gh! a rearguard a !&on' Modern s ho#arsh&" anno! *e! "ro+&de agreed es!&$a!es o) !he s&He o) !he "o"u#a!&on o) Nor!h A$er& a %e)ore !he Euro"eans a$e= guesses +ar* )ro$ !wo $&##&on !o e&gh!een $&##&on' Bu! wha!e+er !he !ru!h2 wh&!e d&seases2 !o wh& h !he na!&+es had a! )&rs! no &$$un&!*2 e+en!ua##* redu ed !he&r nu$%ers as &ne8ora%#* as !he* had !hose o) Me8& o and Peru' E+en so #a!e as ,737 a s$a##"o8 e"&de$& wou#d #ear !he wa* )or wh&!e se!!#ers a ross !he Grea! P#a&ns' So &n!o !he o$"ara!&+e#* e$"!* se+en $&##&on s;uare $&#es o) !he on!&nen! !he dense#* se!!#ed Euro"e
ou#d "our &!s sur"#us sons and daugh!ers &n e+er>swe##&ng nu$%ers' The Ind&ans were #osers2 %u! no! !he on#* ones2 nor "erha"s !he wors!' There were o!hers2 $u h $ore nu$erous2 who $ade !he oun!r* a ha""* hun!&ng>ground' For !he$ &! had %een "arad&se' Bea+er2 %u))a#o2 Caro#&na "ara(ee!s2 du (haw(s2 e#(2 grea! au(s2 gr&HH#* %ears2 $oun!a&n>#&ons2 "assenger "&geons2 sea>$&n(s2 sea>o!!ers2 whoo"&ng ranes and $an* o!her s"e &es !ha! ha+e s&n e %een e&!her near#* or ;u&!e e8!er$&na!ed a%ounded &n nu$%ers !ha! now see$ #&!era##* un%e#&e+a%#e' A ord&ng !o a d&s!&ngu&shed $odern h&s!or&an2 a! !he !&$e o) !he )&rs! se!!#e$en! o) B&rg&n&a !here were !ur(e*s !ha! we&ghed se+en!* "ounds or $ore2 and du (s so nu$erous !ha! )#o (s se+en $&#es #ong shu! ou! !he sun#&gh! as !he* "assed o+erhead' S!rea$s swar$ed w&!h )&sh so #arge !ha! ord&nar* ne!s wou#d no! ho#d !he$ and so "#en!&)u# !ha! a horse ou#d no! wade a ross a r&+er when !he* wererunn&ng' Un!&# !he s&8!een!h en!ur* $en had %een !oo )ew and !oo wea( &n wea"ons !o d&$&n&sh !he a%undan e'6 I! was so enor$ous !ha! )or $ore !han !wo en!ur&es !he Euro"eans were on!&nua##* a$aHed %* !he %eau!*2 nu$%ers and no+e#!* o) !he Nor!h A$er& an %&rds2 %eas!s and )&shes !ha! !he* were des!ro*&ng' S&$&#ar#*2 !he* "ro #a&$ed !he&r ad$&ra!&on )or !he %eau!&)u# )ores!s !ha! !he* )e##ed2 !he "#a&ns2 r&+ers and $oun!a&ns !he* des"o&#ed' Nowada*s !he&r des endan!s #a$en! a "o&soned #and and )ear a s&#en! s"r&ng'
The Roots of English Colonization )his royal throne of kings, this scept0red isle, )his earth of ma1esty, this seat of 2ars, )his other ,den, demi-paradise, )his fortress .uilt .y 3ature for herself Against infection and the hand of war, )his happy .reed of men, this little world, )his precious stone set in the silver sea, 4hich serves it in the office of a wall, 5r as a moat defensive to a house, Against the envy of less happier lands6 4illiam Shakespeare 4hy then should we stand striving here for places of ha.itation (where many are spending as much la.our and cost to recover or keep sometimes an acre or two of *and, as would produce them many and as good or .etter in another "ountry+ and in the mean time suffer a whole "ontinent as fruitful and convenient for the use of men to .e waste without any improvement7 8ohn 4inthrop Fro$ !he he&gh!s o) O#*$"us !he Eng#&sh on;ues! o) Nor!h A$er& a2 "ro!ra !ed !hough &! was !hrough a en!ur* and a ha#)2 $us! ha+e see$ed $ere#* an &n &den! &n !he $o+e$en! wh& h arr&ed Euro"ean "ower and Euro"ean u#!ure !o e+er* orner o) !he wor#d' Bu! !hose who !r* !o unders!and !he or&g&ns o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es ha+e !o de &de "re &se#* wha! &! was !ha! so d&))eren!&a!ed Eng#and )ro$ her o$"e!&!ors w&!h&n !he genera# Euro"ean $o+e$en! !ha! she was a%#e !o ou!s!r&" !he$ a##' @ha! were !he s"e &a# )a !ors &n Tudor and S!uar! Eng#and
!ha! aug$en!ed !he genera# ou!ward !enden * o) !he Euro"eansM GGo#d2 !rade2 !&##age re"resen! !he !hree s!ages &n !he h&s!or* o) o#on&Ha!&on2 and !he grea!es! o) !hese2 %e ause )unda$en!a##* essen!&a# !o "er$anen e2 &s !&##age21 sa*s !he #ead&ng h&s!or&an o) !he A$er& an o#on&es', He &s r&gh!F %u! &! &s &$"or!an! !o no!& e !ha! !he Euro"eans d&d no! d&s o+er !h&s !ru!h )or o+er a en!ur*' E+en Ra#egh2 $os! &n!e##&gen! o) !he )&rs! Eng#&sh o#on&Hers2 !hough! o) Roano(e "r&$ar&#* as an &ns!ru$en! )or se ur&ng a #arge and ear#* "ro)&!2 e&!her %* go#d>$&n&ng2 "#under&ng !he S"an&sh2 or %* !rade' As )or !he I%er&an na!&ons2 !he* were a! )&rs! on!en! !o ho#d Sou!hern and Cen!ra# A$er& a %* )or e2 #&+&ng a! ease o)) !he #a%our o) s#a+es &$"or!ed )ro$ A)r& a 9)or Ind&ans $ade %ad s#a+es2 d*&ng $ore ra"&d#* !han !he* ou#d %e re"#a ed:' Ye! !he wea#!h o) Nor!h A$er& a had !o %e wor(ed )or %* Euro"eans2 no! on#* as !raders or !ra""ers2 %u! as )ar$ers and ar!&sans a#so' Th&s2 as $u h as an* o) Co#u$%us1s2 was a d&s o+er* !ha!2 on e $ade2 wou#d hange !he h&s!or* o) !he wor#d' I! was no! enough !o $&ne go#d2 !o hau# )&sh )ro$ !he wa!ers and !o !a(e %ea+er )ro$ !he )ores! %* %a&!er w&!h !he na!&+es' Th&s )a ! &$"#&ed )our !h&ngs a%ou! !he Euro"ean ad+an e' I! $ean! !ha! !he oun!r* wou#d su eed $os! o$"#e!e#* wh& h ou#d $os! eas&#* e8"or! !he #arges! nu$%er o) "eo"#eF wh& h ou#d $os! eas&#* (ee" !he$ su""#&ed 4 &n o!her words2 wh& h was s!ronges! a! sea o+er !he #onges! "er&odF wh& h had o#on&s!s who %rough! w&!h !he$ !he $os! a""ro"r&a!e s(&##sF and2 #as!#*2 wh& h had !he $os! ada"!a%#e u#!ure2 &n !he w&des! sense o) !ha! word' Tha! oun!r* !urned ou! !o %e Eng#and' In)er&or a! +ar&ous !&$es and &n +ar&ous res"e !s !o her r&+a#s2 she "ossessed2 o+era##2 a s!ronger hand !han an* o) !he$' Her +& !or* was u#!&$a!e#* due !o !he )a ! !ha! she was !he do$&nan! en!&!* &n an &s#and' She was !hus s"ared !he "er&#s and !e$"!a!&ons !ha! a))#& !ed !he on!&nen!a# "owers' Ire#and2 so near2 so a#&en2 so +u#nera%#e !o )ore&gn )#ee!s2 was her wea( "o&n!2 %u! !he Ro*a# Na+* guarded &! su ess)u##*2 on !he who#e2 aga&ns! )ore&gn a!!a (2 and !he Ba!!#e o) !he Bo*ne was $ere#* !he #as! o) $an* +& !or&es wh& h &n !he #ong run "u! an end !o an* danger )ro$ !he &nha%&!an!s' Un#&(e one o) her h&e) r&+a#s2 Ho##and2 Eng#and was a#$os! &$"oss&%#e !o &n+ade su ess)u##* wh&#e her )#ee! was &n %e&ng' Un#&(e ano!her2 Fran e2 she wou#d no! su u$% !o !he #ure o) on!&nen!a# hege$on*2 %e ause her gen!r*2 )or !he&r own reasons2 (e"! !he K&ng &n he (2 as !he* ou#d no! ha+e done &) a #ong #and )ron!&er2 %* $a(&ng a #arge s!and&ng ar$* ne essar*2 had $ade h&$ !he&r $as!er' In so$e res"e !s S"a&n2 &so#a!ed )ro$ Euro"e %* !he sea and !he P*renees a#$os! as e))e !&+e#* as Eng#and was %* !he Channe#2 shared !he &nsu#ar ad+an!ageF %u! !h&s was neu!ra#&Hed %* &n!erna# "ar!& u#ar&s$ and %* !he rush&ng2 &) s"e !a u#ar2 &nher&!an e o) !he Ha%s%urgs &n !he <ow Coun!r&es2 Ger$an*2 I!a#*2 Hungar* and Bohe$&a' Un#&(e !h&s an &en! ene$*2 Eng#and had no !err&!or&a# or d*nas!& en!ang#e$en!s o) a (&nd er!a&n !o &n+o#+e her &n on!&nen!a# #and war' Ca#a&s had gone under Mar* Tudor2 Hano+er wou#d no! o$e un!&# !he dea!h o) Jueen Anne' The resu#! o) a## !h&s good )or!une was a s!ead* hus%and&ng o) +&gour and a"&!a#' Co$"ared !o !he Th&r!* Years @ar2 or !he Swed&sh wars2 or !he wars o) <ou&s NTB2 Eng#and1s C&+&# @ars were $ere e"&sodesF and s&n e !he&r resu#!2 &n !he no!>!oo>#ong run2 was !he re$ou#d&ng and re&n+&gora!&ng o) Eng#&sh "o#&!& a# &ns!&!u!&ons2 wh& h )ur!her &n reased !he oun!r*1s s!reng!h &n a## )or$s o) &n!erna!&ona# o$"e!&!&on2 !he* are no! e"&sodes !o %e regre!!ed %* Eng#&sh$en or Eng#&sh>s"ea(&ng A$er& ans' <*&ng a ross !he sea o$$un& a!&ons o) ha#) Euro"e w&!h !he ou!s&de wor#d2 &n a "er&od when2 as has %een sa&d2 Euro"ean u#!ure was o$&ng !o o+er"ower a## o!her grou"s wha!e+er2 !he s e"!1red &s#e needed on#* !he w&## !o use &!s +ar&ous resour es !o !a(e !o &!se#) wha!e+er &! wan!ed 4 so+ere&gn!*2 #oo! or !he wor#d1s o$$er e' Nor was !he w&## #a (&ng' On !he on!rar*2 $an* !h&ngs )os!ered &!' More "er&#s on)ron!ed Eng#and dur&ng !he s&8!een!h en!ur* !han &n an* o!her %e!ween !he
e#e+en!h and !he !wen!&e!h' In ,A?? she d&d no! see$ we## e;u&""ed !o $ee! !he$' She was !he wea(es!2 $&#&!ar&#*2 "o#&!& a##* and e ono$& a##*2 o) !he #ead&ng @es!ern s!a!es' Her !rade was #arge#* &n !he hands o) )ore&gners' Her "o#&!* was s!&## endangered %* !he r&+a#r&es o) Yor( and <an as!er' Her )euda# &ns!&!u!&ons were &n de a*2 her a"&!a# resour es and geogra"h& a# (now#edge were s$a##2 S"a&n and Por!uga# were do$&nan! &n e+er* o ean' Nor d&d !h&ngs a! on e &$"ro+e' Ra!her2 !he woo#>!rade de #&ned2 and a)!er ,AA? !he #o!h>!rade d&d so !oo' Henr* BIII &n+o#+ed !he oun!r* &n )u!&#e )ore&gn wars !o wh& h he soon added a re#&g&ous re+o#u!&on' A d&s"u!ed Crown and an e+en $ore %&!!er#* d&s"u!ed hur h se!!#e$en! e8"#a&n a#$os! a## !he "o#&!& s o) E#&Ha%e!h I1s re&gn' I$"or!s o) A$er& an %u##&on he#"ed !o "rodu e a Euro"ean &n)#a!&on wh& h2 &n !urn2 genera!ed so &a# on)#& ! and !ens&on' Bu! danger and $&s)or!une shar"ened !he w&!s' Throughou! !he en!ur* !he Tudor s!a!e s!reng!hened &!s e))& &en! gr&" on !he oun!r*' The s!rugg#e w&!h S"a&n2 re#&g&ous &n or&g&n2 ;u& (#* grew na!&ona#&s!& = Dra(e2 !he "r&n &"a# %urg#ar o) !he S"an&sh Ma&n2 %e a$e2 &n !he e*es o) h&s oun!r*$en2 a #ead&ng Pro!es!an! and Eng#&sh hero2 as d&d h&s )e##ow De+on&an "&ra!es2 Haw(&ns2 G&#%er! and Ra#egh' No! on#* d&d he show !he wa* !o honour God and +&nd& a!e h&s oun!r*1s "r&de= h&s un#& ensed %u! "ro)&!a%#e war on !he !reasure> )#ee!s o) S"a&n see$ed !o "o&n! !o !he so#u!&on o) Eng#&sh e ono$& d&))& u#!&es' H&s de)ea! o) !he S"an&sh Ar$ada o$"#e!ed !he )us&on o) $o!&+es' Rea#"o#&!&(2 o+e!ousness and re#&g&ous Hea# )used &n an a"o!heos&s o) "a!r&o!& !r&u$"h' Car&%%ean "&ra * was ho#*2 #u ra!&+e and )or a #ong !&$e eas*' I! was resor!ed !o $ore and $ore Hea#ous#*2 ser&ous#* wea(en&ng and de)err&ng !he )&rs! Eng#&sh a!!e$"!s !o o#on&He Nor!h A$er& a' In+es!$en! &n %u aneer&ng en!er"r&ses see$ed surer and $ore "#easura%#e and $ore er!a&n#* God1s w&## !han &n+es!$en! &n wha! were a##ed G"#an!a!&ons1' Then &n ,.?6 !he new K&ng2 0a$es I2 $ade "ea e w&!h !he S"an&ard2 and Eng#&sh a"&!a# sough! new ou!#e!s' Than(s !o +ar&ous &n &den!a# )a !ors2 su h as !he e8 #us&on o) )ore&gn !raders and !he d&sso#u!&on o) !he $onas!er&es2 %u!2 a%o+e a##2 !han(s !o !he un!&r&ng en!er"r&se o) Tudor $er han!s2 !here had %een a s!ead* a u$u#a!&on o) wea#!h dur&ng !he s&8!een!h en!ur*' New !rad&ng o$"an&es2 regu#a!ed %* ro*a# har!ers2 s"rang u"2 "ar!#* !o u!&#&He2 "ar!#* !o &n rease2 !he new resour es' The Mus o+* Co$"an*2 !he <e+an! Co$"an*2 !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an*2 !he Gu&nea Co$"an*2 !he Eas!#and Co$"an* 4 !he&r +er* na$es are e+&den e o) how )ar Eng#&sh $er han!s were "re"ared !o go &n !he&r sear h )or $ar(e!s' E))or!s !o $anu)a !ure new goods )or e8"or! #ed !o a "r&$&!&+e &ndus!r&a# re+o#u!&on2 wh& h rea!ed *e! $ore r&s( a"&!a#' I! was er!a&n !ha! %e)ore #ong2 ha+&ng e8"#ored &n a## o!her d&re !&ons2 !he o$"an&es wou#d !urn wes!ward' Pea e has!ened !he "ro ess2 as war had re!arded &!' So$e had %een en ourag&ng &! )or *ears' In ,.?? R& hard Ha(#u*!2 )r&end2 ounse##or and "ro!OgO o) Ra#egh2 rowned near#* !wo de ades o) d&#&gen! "ro"aganda %* "u%#&sh&ng !he )&na# +ers&on o) h&s Pr&n &"a# Na+&ga!&ons2 Bo*ages2 and D&s o+er&es o) !he Eng#&sh Na!&on/ !o rouse !he Eng#&sh )ro$ !he&r Gs#ugg&sh se ur&!*12 an a&$ &n wh& h he was #arge#* su ess)u#' He "re+en!ed !he a h&e+e$en!s and "roEe !s o) G&#%er! and Ra#egh )ro$ %e&ng )orgo!!en2 e+en when !he one was dead and !he o!her a "r&soner &n !he Tower' A$ong h&s readers were !he #arge nu$%er o) &n)#uen!&a# $en who had %een &n+o#+ed w&!h Ra#egh and h&$se#) &n !he&r Ir&sh and A$er& an en!er"r&ses2 $en now "ower)u# &n !he o$"an&es 4 S&r Tho$as S$&!h2 )or e8a$"#e2 who do$&na!ed !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an*' Ha(#u*! $ade a o$"#e!e ase )or o#on&Ha!&on' In h&s "ages &! &s eas* !o #earn wha! !he E#&Ha%e!hans ho"ed !o a h&e+e &n !he @es!' <a!er "ro"aganda on)&r$s !he #esson' Fro$ !he who#e or"us we an d&s o+er !he a""ea# o) A$er& a !o a## #asses2 and wh* !he Eng#&sh $ade !he
grea! d&s o+er*2 !ha! !&##&ng !he so&# 4 no! go#d2 or e+en !rade 4 wou#d %es! %r&ng "er$anen e and wea#!h !o !he on;uerors o) Nor!h A$er& a' To !he r& h2 &! see$s2 B&rg&n&a $ean! &n !he )&rs! "#a e drea$s o) ;u& ( "ro)&! 4 &) no! )ro$ go#d> $&nes2 !hen )ro$ !he Nor!h>@es! Passage !o Ca!ha*2 wh& h was no dou%! #ose a! hand23 or )ro$ !&$%er2 soa">$anu)a !ur&ng or !he e8"or! o) "&! h' In+es!ors were a#so !e$"!ed %* !he &dea o) "rodu &ng Med&!erranean o$$od&!&es2 su h as w&ne and o#&+e o&#' <and on a s a#e no #onger a+a&#a%#e &n Eng#and was as a!!ra !&+e !o s;u&res "en! &n "e!!* a res as &! was !o #a%ourers w&!h none' O!her )a !ors "#a*ed !he&r "ar!' There was !he usua# $&ss&onar* e8 use !o san !&)* !he en!er"r&se' Eng#&sh$en were "ro)essed#* as read* as S"an&ards G!o "rea h and %a"!&He &n!o Chr&s!&an Re#&g&on2 and %* "ro"aga!&on o) !he Gos"e# !o re o+er ou! o) !he ar$s o) !he De+&# a nu$%er o) "oor and $&sera%#e sou#s2 wra"! u" &n dea!h2 &n a#$os! &n+&n &%#e &gnoran e1'6 The #egend o) Pr&n e Mado was use)u# re&n)or e$en! !o !he #a&$ der&+&ng )ro$ 0ohn Ca%o!2 )or &! "ro+ed 9a! an* ra!e !o Eng#&sh$en and @e#sh$en: !ha! G!ha! oun!r* was %* Br&!ons d&s o+ered2 #ong %e)ore Co#u$%us #ed an* S"an&ards !h&!her1' Su h were !he so"s !o ons &en e2 wh& h $ade des"o&#&ng !he Ind&ans "oss&%#e' More "os&!&+e a""ea#s ou#d %e $ade !o !he des&re )or g#or* &n !he h&gh Ro$an )ash&on= 9ou .rave heroic minds :wrote 2ichael $rayton; 4orthy your country0s name, )hat honour still pursue, <o and su.due= 4hilst loitering hinds *urk here at home with shame6 And in regions far, Such heroes .ring ye forth As those from whom we came> And plant our name ?nder that star 3ot known unto our 3orth6 9The "oe$ ends w&!h a "u)) )or GIndus!r&ous Ha(#u*!1 and h&s Bo*ages': A #ess #o)!* $o!&+e was !o %e )ound &n !he genera# an8&e!* a%ou! !he #arge +agran! "o"u#a!&on wh& h wars2 !he r&se &n "r& es2 en #osures and !he grow!h o) !he !owns had rea!ed &n Eng#and' The we##>!o>do were +&+&d#* aware o) !he )rag&#&!* o) !he so &a# "ea e wh& h !he C&+&# @ars were soon !o sha!!er' Ha(#u*! o))ered !he New @or#d as a #&!era##* God>g&+en so#u!&on !o !he "ro%#e$ o) G+a#&an! *ou!hs rus!&ng and hur!)u# %* #a ( o) e$"#o*$en!1 4 G&d#e "ersons12 0ohn Donne a##ed !he$2 Gand !he h&#dren o) &d#e "ersons1' GA $ons!rous swar$ o) %eggars21 sa&d o!hers' Pr&sons ou#d %e e$"!&ed o) !he Ga%#e $en !o ser+e !he&r Coun!r*2 wh& h )or s$a## ro%%er&es are da&#* hanged u" &n grea! nu$%ers1' B&rg&n&a and !he +o*age !h&!her wou#d no! on#* )ree Eng#and o) r&$&na#s2 &! wou#d !urn !he$ &n!o Gso%er2 $odes! "ersons12 "ro$&sed ano!her au!hor&!*' Une$"#o*ed so#d&ers ou#d %e used aga&ns! !he Gs!u%%orn Sa+ages1 9no dou%! &n !he &n!er+a#s o) "rea h&ng !he gos"e# !o !he$:' I! was a## +er* !e$"!&ng and on+&n &ng !o a #ass wh& h )e#! !hrea!ened )ro$ %e#ow' Trans"or!a!&on o) on+& !s and2 #a!er2 !he
en ourage$en! o) e$&gra!&on %e a$e )or en!ur&es a se!!#ed "o#& * o) !he go+ern$en! )or dea#&ng w&!h !h&s order o) "ro%#e$s' The u""er #asses were a#so en ouraged %* !he "re eden! se! &n Ire#and2 wh& h ser+ed as an e8"er&$en!a# #a%ora!or* )or &den!&)*&ng and so#+&ng !he "ro%#e$s o) o#on&Ha!&on= !he Gw&#d Ir&sh1 s!and&ng )or !he Ind&ans' @ha! see$ed !o %e !he a%so#u!e s!ra!eg& ne ess&!* o) se ur&ng Ire#and !o Eng#&sh ru#e2 and !he res&s!an e o) !he &nha%&!an!s !o !ha! ru#e2 had sugges!ed !he &dea o) o#on&H&ng !he s&s!er &s#andF and wha! ou#d %e done !here ou#d %e done &n B&rg&n&a' B* !he sa$e !o(en2 Ir&sh se!%a (s &nured !he Eng#&sh r& h !o B&rg&n&an ones= !he* %e a$e "re"ared2 &n so$e $easure2 )or a #ong hau#' The sa$e ou#d no! %e sa&d o) !he Eng#&sh "oor2 who were !he &ns!ru$en!s o) !hese s he$es' Ire#and as a "#a e o) se!!#e$en! had #&!!#e a!!ra !&on )or !he$' The so#d&er* (new &! as a "#a e o) %ad "a*2 )ood shor!ages2 &n o$"e!en! o))& ers2 na!&+e !rea her* and na!&+e rue#!*' The &+&#&ans heard o) &! as a "#a e where &+&#&ans were $assa red' Bo!h2 !here)ore2 Ghad as #&e) go !o !he ga##ows as !o !he Ir&sh wars1F Ire#and and war were near#* s*non*$ous !er$s' A## !h&s a""#&ed2 w&!h !he added !errors o) !he s!or$* A!#an!& 2 d&s!an e and !he un(nown2 !o Nor!h A$er& a' On#* !he s!ronges! $o!&+es ou#d o+err&de a d&s!as!e )or o#on&Ha!&on %ased on a er!a&n (now#edge o) so$e e8!re$e#* un"#easan! )a !s' How sens&%#e !ha! d&s!as!e was2 how re#&a%#e !ha! (now#edge2 was de$ons!ra!ed when a! #as! a "er$anen! se!!#e$en! was a h&e+ed &n B&rg&n&a' The )&rs! &nha%&!an!s d&ed eas&#* and &n #arge nu$%ersF and 3?? o) !he sur+&+ors re!urned !o Eng#and &n !he )&rs! n&ne *ears o) !he #&!!#e o#on*1s e8&s!en e' The ;ues! o) !he se+en!een!h> en!ur* a"&!a#&s! was !here)ore !he sa$e as !ha! o) !oda*1s h&s!or&an' @ha!2 %o!h as(ed2 ou#d &ndu e !he #a%our&ng #asses o) Eng#and !o a%andon !he&r ho$es )or !he dangers o) !he B&rg&n&a +o*ageM The answer anno!2 !oda*2 %e !a(en d&re ! )ro$ !he $en and wo$en %es! a"a%#e o) g&+&ng &!' To us2 !he "oorer so &a# #asses are du$%' The* had )ew $eans !o !e## !he&r !hough!s !o "os!er&!*2 s&n e !he* were #arge#* &##&!era!e and s&n e !he "resses were $os!#* used )or !he "ur"oses o) !he&r %e!!ers2 wh& h d&d no! &n #ude $a(&ng sur+e*s o) $ass o"&n&on' Howe+er2 a$ong !hose "ur"oses was a w&sh !o &ndu e #arge nu$%ers o) !he %e!!er sor! o) #ow#* Eng#&sh$en !o sa&# )or !he @es!' Su ess)u# "#an!a!&ons ou#d %e %u&#! on#* ou! o) hu$an $a!er&a# su"er&or !o !ha! wh& h ou#d %e swe"! !oge!her )ro$ !he "r&sons2 %ro!he#s and s#u$s o) <ondon and o$"e##ed !o go !o A$er& a' The resu#! was a +as! #&!era!ure o) "ro"aganda and "ersuas&on d&re !ed no! so $u h a! !he $an #oo(&ng )or an &n+es!$en! as a! !he $an #oo(&ng )or a han e &n #&)e' Fro$ !ha! #&!era!ure an %e #earned wha! !he&r on!e$"orar&es !hough! wou#d $o+e !he wor(&ng $en' And on su h $a!!ers on!e$"orar&es are #&(e#* !o %e %road#* r&gh!' I! &s on#* a $a!!er o) us&ng !he e+&den e w&!h au!&on' @ho ou#d no! #earn a #o! a%ou! !he $o!&+a!&on o) Eng#and !oda* )ro$ su h a s!ud* o) Eng#&sh ad+er!&s&ngM Ha(#u*! was !he grea!es! au!hor o) "ro$o!&on #&!era!ure2 %u! he had oun!#ess &$&!a!ors' One !he$e do$&na!es o+erwhe#$&ng#* &n !he&r a""ea#s !o !he "eo"#e= #and>hunger' GIn B&rg&n&a #and )ree and #a%our s ar eF &n Eng#and #and s ar e and #a%our "#en!*1 was !he s#ogan !ha! su$$ed &! u"' In a "re>&ndus!r&a# age #and was %ound !o %e !he $os! "re &ous o$$od&!*2 wh&#e !he #a%our o) h&s %od* was o)!en a## !ha! a $an had !o se##' B&rg&n&a ou#d2 !here)ore2 eas&#* %e "resen!ed as a #and o) un&;ue o""or!un&!*' To !he +er* "oor2 a oun!r* where an &##&$&!a%#e )ores! "ro+&ded an &ne8haus!&%#e su""#* o) )ree )ue# and )ree hous&ng $a!er&a#s was "a!en!#* a #and G$ore #&(e !he Garden o) Eden= wh& h !he <ord "#an!ed2 !han an* "ar! e#se o) a## Ear!h1' And2 as has %een no!ed2 !he +er* "oor were +er* nu$erous &n Tudor and S!uar! Eng#and' So !o !he$ was
sung= )o such as to @irginia $o purpose to repair> And when that they shall hither come, ,ach man shall have his share, $ay wages for the la.ourer, And for his more content, A house and garden plot shall have Besides Atis further meant )hat every man shall have a post And not thereof denied 5f general profit, as if that he )welve pounds, ten shillings paid. The %e!!er>o)) ou#d %es! %e !e$"!ed %* #arger2 &) s&$&#ar2 &ndu e$en!s= @&!h wha! on!en! sha## !he "ar!& u#ar "erson e$"#o* h&$se#) !here when he sha## )&nd !ha! )or a P,/ ,?s' ad+en!ure he sha## %e $ade #ord o) /?? a res o) #and2 !o h&$ and h&s he&rs )ore+er' And )or !he harge o) !rans"or!a!&on o) h&$se#)2 h&s )a$&#* and !enan!s he sha## %e a##o!!ed )or e+er* "erson he arr&es ,?? a res $ore' And wha! #a%ourer soe+er sha## !rans"or! h&$se#) !h&!her a! h&s own harge !o ha+e !he #&(e "ro"or!&on o) #and u"on !he a)oresa&d ond&!&ons and %e sure o) e$"#o*$en! !o h&s good on!en! )or h&s "resen! $a&n!enan e' No! on#* was !here "#en!* o) !he ara%#e #and !ha! had grown so e8"ens&+e2 %e ause so s ar e2 &n Eng#and' In A$er& a !here were none o) !he o""ress&+e )euda# #aws !ha! en u$%ered #andho#d&ng &n Eng#and= !here2 o"*ho#ders ou#d %e o$e )reeho#ders' No en #os&ng o) o$$on #ands &n A$er& a= !here2 $en ou#d ea! shee"2 no! shee" $en' I! &s #&!!#e wonder !ha!2 a ord&ng !o Andrews2 G!he %u#( o) !he o#on&a# "o"u#a!&on was o) !he ar!&san and !enan! #ass wh& h &n Eng#and he#d %* so$e )or$ o) %urgage or o"*ho#d !enure1'. <&)e &n Eng#and he#d #&!!#e har$ )or $an* su h= !he* $&gh! re (on !he$se#+es )or!una!e !o ha+e a wa* o) es a"e' P#ague and )a$&ne are no! "#easan! !h&ngs &n !he$se#+es2 and %o!h were o$$onF !he* a#so had d&sas!rous e))e !s on !he e ono$*2 e))e !s wh& h2 &ne+&!a%#*2 %ore hardes! on !he "oores!' M&sgo+ern$en!2 as s*$%o#&Hed under 0a$es I %* A#der$an Co (a*ne1s s he$e2 wh& h wre (ed !he #o!h>!rade &n !he ,./?s2 or &n!erna!&ona# !raged*2 su h as !he Th&r!* Years @ar2 wh& h o$"#e!ed Co (a*ne1s wor(2 were on#* a #&!!#e #ess &ne+&!a%#e' Hu$an $&s)or!une on a na!&ona# or on!&nen!a# s a#e has %een one o) !he $os! ons!an! )or es %eh&nd e$&gra!&on !o A$er& a )ro$ !he se+en!een!h en!ur* !o !he !wen!&e!h The "ro$o!ers2 &n )a !2 were &n a se##er1s $ar(e!' A## !he* had !o do was !o o+er o$e $e$or&es o) Ire#and %* dou%#&ng and redou%#&ng !he&r assuran es !ha! A$er& a was !he !rue de$&>Parad&se' Nor d&d !he* )a&#' The Re+erend Dan&e# Pr& e d&s"#a*ed !he !rue o#ours o) Ce#!& )an!as* when2 &n a ser$on &n ,.?-2 he rha"sod&Hed !ha! B&rg&n&a was T*rus )or o#ours2 Basan )or woods2 Pers&a )or o&#s2 Ara%&a )or s"& es2 S"a&n )or s&#(s2 Nar &s )or sh&""&ng2 Ne!her#ands )or )&sh2 Po$ona )or
)ru&!2 and %* !&##age2 Ba%*#on )or orn2 %es&des !he a%undan e o) $u#%err&es2 $&nera#s2 ru%&es2 "ear#s2 ge$s2 gra"es2 deer2 )ow#s2 drugs )or "h*s& 2 her%s )or )ood2 roo!s )or o#ours2 ashes )or soa"2 !&$%er )or %u&#d&ng2 "as!ures )or )eed&ng2 r&+ers )or )&sh&ng2 and wha!soe+er o$$od&!* Eng#and wan!e!h No! on#* @a#es s"o(e &n !h&s s!ra&n' I! was an Eng#&sh "#a* wh& h2 )our *ears %e)ore Mr Pr& e ga+e !ongue2 asser!ed !ha! &n B&rg&n&a Gw&#d %oar &s as o$$on as our !a$es! Ba on &s here1 9!he w&#d %oar &s no! an A$er& an s"e &es:' Cur&os&!* and &gnoran e a%ou! !he New @or#d ou#d %e ad+an!ageous#* $an&"u#a!ed &n a hundred wa*s' Thus2 &n ,.?A )&+e Ind&ans were %rough! o+er and "araded round !he oun!r*2 !o &!s +as! e8 &!e$en!' The* were an e8 e##en! ad+er!&se$en! )or B&rg&n&a= !he %es! sor! o) "roo) !ha! &! d&d a !ua##* e8&s!' Po ahon!as2 !he %eau!&)u# Ind&an GPr&n ess1 who$ 0ohn Ro#)e $arr&ed a )ew *ears #a!er,? and %rough! !o Eng#and2 $us! ha+e %een an e+en s!ronger s!&$u#us !o !he &$ag&na!&on' I! &s !rue !ha! ano!her $o!&+e2 !he re#&g&ous2 "#a*ed a $aEor2 &ndeed a hero& "ar! &n s!&$u#a!&ng Eng#&sh se!!#e$en! &n A$er& aF %u! &! an %es! %e s!ud&ed !hrough !he h&s!or* o) New Eng#and' And $an* *ears %e)ore !he P&#gr&$s sa&#ed2 !he !w&n des&res o) !he a"&!a#&s!s )or ga&n and o) !he "oor )or #and2 %o!h s!&$u#a!ed %* !he !r&%e o) Ha(#u*!2 su eeded a! #as! &n "#an!&ng Eng#&sh$en "er$anen!#* &n !he New @or#d' As a $o!&+e2 $a!er&a#&s$ had "ro+ed su))& &en!' In ,.?A !wo o$"an&es2 )or <ondon and )or P#*$ou!h2 were har!ered2 !he&r %us&ness %e&ng !o es!a%#&sh o#on&es &n A$er& a' A)!er so$e e8"#ora!or* Eourne*s and *e! ano!her a%or!&+e a!!e$"! %* !he P#*$ou!h Co$"an* !o es!a%#&sh a se!!#e$en! 9!h&s !&$e a! Sagadaho 2 &n wha! &s now !he s!a!e o) Ma&ne: !he <ondon Co$"an* )ounded !he )&rs! endur&ng Eng#&sh "#an!a!&on2 on /6 Ma* ,.?52 on !he 0a$es r&+er &n B&rg&n&a' I! was s$a##2 and a#read* un)or!una!e2 s&n e o) !he o$"an* o) ,66 !ha! had e$%ar(ed &n !hree #&!!#e sh&"s 9Susan Cons!an!2 Gods"eed2 D&s o+er*: on#* ,?A had sur+&+ed !he +o*age' The "#a e !he* )ounded2 0a$es!own2 has #ong %een a%andoned Bu! w&!h 0a$es!own %eg&ns !he h&s!or* "ro"er o) !he "eo"#e (nown as A$er& ans'
3 The Planting of Virginia 1607 76
And cheerfully at sea Success you still entice )o get the pearl and gold, And ours to hold @irginia, ,arth0s only paradise. 4here nature hath in store Fowl, venison, and fish, And the fruitfull0st soil 4ithout your toil )hree harvests more, All greater than your wish. And the am.itious vine "rowns with his purple mass )he cedar reaching high
)o kiss the sky, )he cypress, pine, And useful sassafras 2ichael $rayton D&sas!er dogged !he )&rs! B&rg&n&ans2 and d&sa""o&n!$en! !he&r "a!rons2 )or near#* !wen!* *ears' The reasons were $an* and o$"#& a!ed' No!h&ng2 on a #ong +&ew2 ou#d %e sa&d aga&ns! !he reg&on !ha! !he* had hosen )or !he&r e8"er&$en!' The 0a$es r&+er w&nds2 w&de and dee"2 )&)!* $&#es &n!o !he &n!er&or and &s on#* one o) a s ore o) na+&ga%#e wa!erwa*s' The oas!2 &n )a !2 &s e8!ra+agan!#* &nden!ed and "ro+ed &dea# )or !ha! sea%orne !ra))& w&!h !he ou!er wor#d w&!hou! wh& h !he o#on* ou#d no! ha+e #&+ed' The #and &!se#)2 s#o"&ng gen!#* u"wards !owards !he )oo!h&##s o) !he A##eghen&es2 was e8!re$e#* )er!&#e2 r& h &n ga$e and !&$%er' The #o a# Ind&ans2 !hough )u##* a"a%#e o) resen!&ng and "un&sh&ng &nEur&es2 were #ess )or$&da%#e and !h&nner on !he ground 9!han(s !o Euro"ean d&seases: !han $an* !r&%es !o %e en oun!ered e#sewhere2 %* o!hers2 #a!er on' The )r&gh!)u# A$er& an #&$a!e >Eung#e>ho! &n su$$er2 !undra> o#d &n w&n!er2 un%eara%#* hu$&d whene+er &! &sn1! )reeH&ng 4 &s2 as &! ha""ens2 )ar $ore agreea%#e &n B&rg&n&a !han &n $os! o) !he res! o) !he Eas!ern sea%oard' Ca"!a&n 0ohn S$&!h su$$ed &! u" a ura!e#*= The su$$er &s ho! as &n S"a&nF !he w&n!er o#d as &n Fran e or Eng#and' The hea! o) su$$er &s &n 0une2 0u#*2 and Augus!2 %u! o$$on#* !he o#d %reeHes assuage !he +ehe$en * o) !he hea!' The h&e) o) w&n!er &s ha#) De e$%er2 0anuar*2 Fe%ruar*2 and ha#) Mar h' The o#d &s e8!re$e shar"2 %u! here !he "ro+er% &s !rue2 !ha! no e8!re$e #ong on!&nue!h' Cer!a&n#* &! &s no! !he da$" and $&#d #&$a!e o) Eng#andF6 %u! $an* ou#d %e )ound !o sa* !ha! !h&s &s no d&sad+an!age' Tho$as 0e))erson2 )or e8a$"#e2 a! !he end o) !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*2 e8u#!ed &n !he )a ! !ha! whereas &n Euro"e one ne+er saw a who##* %#ue s(*2 ;u&!e &nno en! o) #oud2 &n B&rg&n&a &! was o$$on' So $u h &s !rueF %u! &! &s e;ua##* !rue !ha! !he new o#on* $ore !han on e ha&r1s %read!h o) shar&ng !he )a!e o) Roano(e and Sagadaho ' a$e w&!h&n a
In ,.,? !he se!!#ers had a !ua##* a%andoned !he s&!e and were sa&#&ng down>r&+er when !he* $e! !he new Go+ernor2 <ord De <a @arr2 sa&#&ng u" &!2 w&!h $en and su""#&es su))& &en! !o a##ow !he en!er"r&se !o %e renewed' A! !ha! !&$e 4 on#* !hree *ears a)!er &!s )ound&ng 4 0a$es!own a""eared ra!her as !he ru&ns o) so$e an &en! )or!&)& a!&on2 !han !ha! an* "eo"#e #&+&ng $&gh! now &nha%&! &!' The "a##&sadoesQ !orn down2 !he "or!s o"en2 !he ga!es )ro$ !he h&nges2 !he hur h ru&ned and un)re;uen!ed2 e$"!* houses 9whose owners1 un!&$e#* dea!h had !a(en new#* )ro$ !he$: ren! u" and %urn!2 !he #&+&ng no! a%#e2 as !he* "re!ended2 !o s!e" &n!o !he woods !o ga!her o!her )&rewRod' And &n ,.,5 a new De"u!*>Go+ernor )ound &! $u h !he sa$e= GQ %u! )&+e or s&8 houses2 !he hur h down2 !he "a#&sadoes %ro(en2 !he %r&dge &n "&e es2 !he we## o) )resh wa!er s"o&#edQ1 The $ore !he ear#* h&s!or* o) B&rg&n&a &s s!ud&ed2 !he $ore &! $us! 9and d&d: a""ear $&ra u#ous !ha! !he o#on* sur+&+ed' Three !h&ngs e8"#a&n !he $&ra #e' F&rs!2 &n !&$e2 &$"or!an e and honour2 $us! %e "#a ed !he s"&r&! o) so$e o) !he o#on&s!s2 and so$e o) !he&r #eaders' Ca"!a&n 0ohn S$&!h $a* %e !a(en as !he !*"e o) %o!h2 "ar!#* %e ause
he has #e)! re$ar(a%#e a oun!s o) h&$se#) and h&s e8"er&en es2 "ar!#* %e ause o) h&s genera# &$"or!an e2 as "ro"agand&s!2 !o !he o#on&Ha!&on $o+e$en! as a who#e2 "ar!#* %e ause w&!hou! h&$ !he B&rg&n&an se!!#e$en! $us! ha+e )oundered w&!h&n !wo *ears o) &!s %&r!h' Ca"!a&n S$&!h 9,A5-4,.3,: was a so#d&er o) )or!une who sa&#ed w&!h !he )&rs! se!!#ers' A $an w&!h2 as &! "ro+ed2 Eus!&)&ed )a&!h &n h&s own a%&#&!&es and no wea( re#u !an e !o $a(e ene$&es2 he was a !ua##* "#a ed under arres! )or $u!&n* %e)ore !he #&!!#e )#ee! rea hed !he Canar&es2 and re$a&ned &n duress un!&# &! was )ound !ha! !he <ondon Co$"an*1s sea#ed orders $ade h&$ a $e$%er o) !he oun &# !ha! was !o ru#e !he o#on*' Th&s2 h&s h&gh re"u!a!&on a$ong !he se!!#ers and !he good o))& es o) !he Co$"an*1s ha"#a&n res!ored h&$ !o )reedo$2 wh& h he "ro eeded !o $a(e !he $os! o)' Dur&ng !he su$$er he %es!&rred !he Co$"an* &n!o %u&#d&ng ade;ua!e she#!ersF he hun!ed on &!s %eha#) and &n!&$&da!ed !he Ind&ans &n!o "ro+&d&ng $a&He )or &!' A $a">$a(er2 he energe!& a##* e8"#ored !he area2 w&!h ne+er $ore !han a hand)u# o) o$"an&ons' On one o) !hese e8"ed&!&ons2 dur&ng !he w&n!er2 he was a"!ured %* Ind&ans and !a(en !o Powha!an2 h&e) o) !he on)edera * o) !ha! na$e' Powha!an $&gh! ha+e (&##ed S$&!h2 %u! a! !he #as! $o$en! Po ahon!as2 G!he K&ng1s deares! daugh!er12 Ggo! h&s head &n her ar$s2 and #a&d her own u"on h&s !o sa+e h&$ )ro$ dea!h1' Th&s #ed !o a !e$"orar* re on &#&a!&on w&!h Powha!an2 who ga+e !he Eng#&sh$an !he na$e GNan!a>;uaus1 and re e&+ed &n re!urn !wo annons and a $&##s!one )ro$ 0a$es!own' On h&s re!urn !o !ha! "#a e S$&!h )ound h&s )e##ow>se!!#ers "re"ar&ng !o a%andon !he under!a(&ng and sa&# &n !he "&nna e )or Eng#and or New)ound#andF %u! he2 !hrea!en&ng !he %oa! w&!h annon )ro$ !he shore2 )or ed !he$ !o s!a* or s&n(' I! was h&s !h&rd su h &n!er+en!&on= on an ear#&er o as&on one o) !he wou#d>%e )ug&!&+es had %een e8e u!ed )or $u!&n*' Th&s !&$e !he #ead&ng $u!&neers were $ere#* sen! as "r&soners !o Eng#and' B* !he s"r&ng Ca"!a&n S$&!h2 !hough s!&##2 o))& &a##*2 no $ore !han a $e$%er o) !he oun &#2 had e$erged as !he $as!er>s"&r&! o) !he en!er"r&se' No wonder' He see$s !o ha+e %een %orn w&!h a## !he g&)!s o) a )ron!&ers$an2 &n #ud&ng !he (na ( o) hand#&ng Ind&ans2 g&)!s su h as were !o "ro+e !he&r +a#ue aga&n and aga&n dur&ng !he on;ues! o) Nor!h A$er& a' The %od* o) !he se!!#ers were sens&%#e enough !o re ogn&He &!' The* hose h&$ as !he&r Pres&den! &n Se"!e$%er ,.?7' H&s as endan * was no! !o %e ser&ous#* sha(en un!&# !he a &den! !ha! "u! an end !o h&s B&rg&n&an areer2 a#!hough a)!er !ha! a &den! 9!he e8"#os&on o) a %ag o) gun"owder2 Gwh& h !ore !he )#esh )ro$ h&s %od* and !h&ghs1: a "#o! was #a&d !o assass&na!e h&$' Bu! Gh&s hear! d&d )a&# h&$ !ha! shou#d ha+e g&+en )&re !o !ha! $er &#ess "&s!o#21 S$&!h e8"#a&ns' So$e #a!er Pres&den!s were !o %e #ess )or!una!e' S$&!h #e)! &n Se"!e$%er ,.?-' The !wo "re ed&ng *ears had seen h&$ )a e2 and )or !he $os! "ar! o+er o$e2 a $u#!&!ude o) h&deous "ro%#e$s' F&rs! and wors! was !he re urren! !hrea! o) s!ar+a!&on' There ne+er were nor ou#d %e ade;ua!e )ood su""#&es )ro$ ho$eF sh&"s rea hed B&rg&n&a on#* )our !&$es %e!ween ,.?5 and ,.?-' The Eng#&sh were s#ow !o $as!er !he ar!s o) a! h&ng or (&##&ng A$er& an ga$e2 wh& h was no!2 &n an* ase2 &n+ar&a%#* "#en!&)u#' Dur&ng !he )re;uen! ;uarre#s w&!h !he Ind&ans %ar!er )or )ood eased' In ,.?7 S$&!h organ&Hed !he su ess)u# "#an!&ng and rea"&ng o) !he o#on*1s own ornF %u! ra!s2 o$e &n!o B&rg&n&a o)) !he sh&"s2 de+oured a#$os! !he who#e2 so !ha! !he se!!#ers had !o %e %oarded ou! w&!h !he Ind&ans' Ne+er!he#ess2 %* !he end o) h&s Pres&den * he had se ured !he )ood su""#*' The o#on&s!s had enEo*ed a se ond har+es!2 and !he&r Euro"ean #&+es!o ( 4 "&gs2 hens2 goa!s and so$e shee" 4 were "ro#&)era!&ng sa!&s)a !or&#*' Ne8! on#* !o s!ar+a!&on as an ene$* was d&sease' 0a$es!own had %een )ounded on an &s!h$us !ha! was &dea# )or $&#&!ar* de)en e2 %u!2 surrounded %* $arshes2 was )a!a# !o !he hea#!h o) a## !oo $an*' Ma#ar&a a$e w&!h Car&%%ean $os;u&!oes2 #&(e !he ra!s2 &n !he )&rs!
sh&"s' P#ague and *e##ow )e+er a$e w&!h !he #a!er sh&"sF so2 a""aren!#*2 d&d Ea&#>)e+er' Bad d&e! %red s ur+*' Bad wa!er %red d*sen!er*' The da$"s and o#ds o) w&n!er were no d&s ourage$en! !o rheu$a!& d&sorders' F&na##*2 "s* ho#og& a# a&#$en!s $a* ha+e a""eared= &n ,.,- one o) !he se!!#ers 9who2 &! &s !rue2 d&d no! #&+e a! 0a$es!own: &ns&s!ed !ha! B&rg&n&a was hea#!h*2 and !ha! G$ore do d&e here o) !he d&sease o) !he&r $&nd !han o) !he&r %od* %* ha+&ng !h&s oun!r* +& !ua#s o+er>"ra&sed un!o !he$ &n Eng#and and %* no! (now&ng !he* sha## dr&n( wa!er here1' The on!ras! %e!ween ond&!&ons &n !he&r new and !he&r o#d ho$es $us! sure#* ha+e see$ed undu#* shar" !o $an*' Bu! &n +&ew o) !he "h*s& a# "red& a$en! $en!a# auses need s ar e#* %e &n+o(ed !o e8"#a&n !he )a ! !ha! %* !he end o) ,.?5 on#* !h&r!*>e&gh! $en sur+&+ed o) !he hundred or so who had or&g&na##* #anded' <eadersh&" ou#d do #&!!#e aga&ns! %a !er&a or $e#an ho#*' I! %e a$e a e"!ed !ha! &! was ne essar* !o Gseason1 se!!#ersF. and2 o) ourse2 !he "ro ess o) a #&$a!&Ha!&on o)!en )a&#ed' So o) !he hundreds o) se!!#ers2 &n #ud&ng2 )ro$ ,.,, onwards2 wo$en and h&#dren2 who were "oured &n!o B&rg&n&a2 hundreds on!&nued !o d&e or !o )#ee %a ( !o Eng#and2 so !ha! !he "o"u#a!&on d&d no! "ass !he !housand $ar( un!&# !he !wen!&esF and s!&## !here were )#u !ua!&ons' In ,./7 !here were re (oned !o %e 32??? B&rg&n&ansF &n ,.3? on#* Gu"wards o) /2A??1' B* ,.632 &! &s !rue2 !here had %een a dra$a!& &n rease2 !o near#* A2???' Season&ng re$a&ned a s#ow %us&ness' Dea!h2 d&sease and !he Ind&an were !o s!a#( !he )ron!&er o) se!!#e$en! !hroughou! &!s h&s!or*F !he* &$"osed a orres"ond&ng ne ess&!* on !he )ron!&ers$en and wo$en !o %e &n essan!#* wa! h)u#2 "ruden! and hardwor(&ng' Ye! S$&!h1s #&!!#e %and on!a&ned $an* who d&d !he&r %es! !o e+ade !he ne ess&!*' So$e2 as has %een seen2 !r&ed !o a%andon B&rg&n&a en!&re#*F o!hers deser!ed !o !he Ind&ansF "r&+a!e !rad&ng under$&ned S$&!h1s a!!e$"!s !o regu#a!e re#a!&ons w&!h !he a%or&g&nes2 and #a8ness ena%#ed !hese !o s!ea# )ro$ !he Co$"an*1s )ew "re &ous s!ores' Mu!&n* was ende$& 2 ;uarre##&ng &n essan!' And a## !oo $an* o) !he se!!#ers 4 Gdrun(en g#u!!onous #o&!erers1 4 were s&$"#* no! "re"ared !o !urn !he&r hands !o !he $undane !as(s o) o%!a&n&ng )ood2 e&!her %* hun!&ng or agr& u#!ure2 or o) %u&#d&ng she#!ers' These #as! S$&!h e+en!ua##* dea#! w&!h %* swear&ng !o !urn o)) a## who wou#d no! wor( !o s!ar+e &n !he w&#dernessF %u! !he $ora# he drew was !ha! se!!#ers who were $ere#* gen!#e$en or so#d&ers were worse !han use#ess' GGood #a%ourers and $e han& a# $en1 were wha! was wan!ed2 and !here were )ar !oo )ew o) !hese a$ong !he )&rs! B&rg&n&ans 4 "erha"s so$e !wo doHen' GA## !he res! were "oor gen!#e$en2 !rades$en2 ser+&ng $en2 #&%er!&nes2 and su h #&(e2 !en !&$es $ore )&! !o s"o&# a o$$onwea#!h2 !han e&!her %eg&n one2 or %u! he#" !o $a&n!a&n one'1 G@hen *ou send aga&n21 he wro!e !o !he <ondon Co$"an*2 GI en!rea! *ou ra!her send %u! !h&r!* ar"en!ers2 hus%and$en2 gardeners2 )&sher$en2 %#a (s$&!hs2 $asons and d&ggers u" o) !rees2 roo!s2 we## "ro+&dedF !han a !housand o) su h as we ha+e= )or e8 e"! we %e a%#e %o!h !o #odge !he$2 and )eed !he$2 !he $os! w&## onsu$e w&!h wan! o) ne essar&es %e)ore !he* an %e $ade good )or an*!h&ng'1 S$&!h2 a! #eas!2 ra"&d#* #earned !he #essons o) !&##age2 and saw !hrough so$e o) !he de#us&+e +&s&ons !ha! were en ourag&ng !he B&rg&n&a +o*age &n Eng#and' The B&rg&n&a Co$"an* o) <ondon was #&!!#e ;u& (er !o #earn !han !he genera#&!* o) Eng#&sh$en2 and S$&!h o$"#a&ned %&!!er#* a%ou! !he unrea#&s!& orders &! sen! h&$2 o$$and&ng h&$ !o )&nd go#d> $&nes2 and !he "assage !o !he Sou!h Sea2 and Ra#egh1s #os! o#on&s!s2 and no! !o )&gh! !he Ind&ans2 and !o rown Powha!an K&ng and +assa# o) 0a$es I' Bu! !hough &! &s "oss&%#e !o s*$"a!h&He w&!h !he Ca"!a&n2 &! &s no! en!&re#* "oss&%#e !o !a(e h&s gr&e+an es as so#e$n#* as he d&d h&$se#)' For !he se ond )a !or2 )or #a ( o) wh& h B&rg&n&a wou#d er!a&n#* ha+e )oundered2 was !he s!ead* su""or! !ha! !he "aren! o$"an* ga+e !o &!s rea!&on' S$&!h #e)! &n !he au!u$n o) ,.?-' The &n o$"e!en!s who$ he had su"erseded had re!urned2 and !he new ru#ers o) !he o#on*2 S&r Tho$as Ga!es and <ord De <a @arr2 had
no! *e! arr&+ed' 0a$es!own2 wh& h S$&!h had #e)! !o#era%#* we## ordered2 &$$ed&a!e#* %egan !o )a## !o "&e es2 and !here ensued !he GS!ar+&ng T&$e1' Ye! as we ha+e seen2 !he o#on* sur+&+ed2 &) on#* Eus!' The <ondon Co$"an* on!&nued !o )&nd )or &! $one*2 and wo$en and $en 9o) an &$"ro+ed ;ua#&!*:' I! sen! ou! e))& &en! and unsen!&$en!a# so#d&ers2 su h as Tho$as Da#e and Sa$ue# Arga##2 !o go+ern &! S #a S$&!h 9!ha! &s !o sa*2 au!o ra!& a##*: un!&# &! had )ound &!s )ee!2 and !hen &! %egan gra e)u##* !o re#&n;u&sh &!s a%so#u!e on!ro# as "r&+a!e en!er"r&se %e a$e des&red and "oss&%#e' And when e$ergen &es o urred &! d&d a## &! ou#d !o o$e !o !he res ue' The wors! su h e$ergen * was &n ,.//' B* !hen !he o#on* had s"read )ar u" %o!h s&des o) !he 0a$es2 as )ar as !he )a##s where R& h$ond now s!ands' Powha!an and Po ahon!as were %o!h dead2 and !he #eadersh&" o) !he Ind&ans had de+o#+ed on !he unders!anda%#* %&!!er O"e han anough' On // Mar h2 Ga! e&gh! o) !he #o ( on !ha! )a!a# Fr&da* $orn&ng12 he #aun hed a are)u##* "#anned $assa re wh& h (&##ed a !h&rd or so o) !he ,2/?? se!!#ers' On re e&+&ng !he news !he Co$"an* &$$ed&a!e#* a""#&ed !o !he K&ng )or #ea+e !o send !o !he %e#eaguered o#on&s!s G er!a&n o#d as! ar$s re$a&n&ng &n !he Tower and !he M&nor&!es1' The ar$s were sen!2 and used !o su h e))e ! !ha! !he o#on&s!s soon redu ed !he Ind&ans !o su%$&ss&on' There was !o %e no $ore ser&ous !rou%#e w&!h !he$ )or !wen!* *earsF and !he ne8! u"r&s&ng 9&n ,.66: was !he #as!' I! was no! eas* )or !he Co$"an* !o %e so s!ead)as!' One o) !he ne ess&!&es wh& h $os! "#agued %o!h !he o#on* and &!s "ro$o!ers was !ha! o)2 so$ehow2 show&ng a "ro)&! )or !he ad+en!urers 9!ha! &s2 s!o (ho#ders:' I! &s !hough! !ha! !he Co$"an* ga&ned grea! s!reng!h )ro$ %e&ng %ased on !he o$"ara!&+e#* +as! resour es o) <ondon2 ra!her !han on !he s#ender )unds wh& h were a## !ha! Ra#egh and !he ou!>"or!s 9P#*$ou!h2 e! ': had %een a%#e !o ra&se )or Roano(eF ne+er!he#ess e+en <ondoners d&d no! #&(e !hrow&ng good $one* a)!er %ad' And "ro)&! "ro+ed +er* hard !o o$e %*' Conse;uen!#*2 a)!er !he g#or&ous d&s"a! h 9and a""aren! )a&#ure: o) !he )&rs! )ew +o*ages2 &n+es!ors grew war*' The Co$"an*2 whose or&g&na# $e$%ers ou#d no!2 %* !he$se#+es2 ra&se $ore $one*2 had a#read* e8"anded &!s $e$%ersh&"2 se##&ng shares a! P,/ ,?s' ea h and gran!&ng s"e &a# "r&+&#eges !o !hose who wou#d %u* !wo or )our su h shares' In ,.,/ &! h&! on !he &dea o) runn&ng a #o!!er*' Ro*a# "er$&ss&on was g&+en2 and un!&# ,./,2 when !he "er$&ss&on was re+o(ed2 !he #o!!er* was G!he rea# and su%s!an!&a# )ood %* wh& h B&rg&n&a ha!h %een nour&shed1' I!s end&ng was a #ead&ng ause o) !he o##a"se o) !he Co$"an*2 wh& h a$e a%ou! &n ,./6' @&!h a !reasur* e$"!&ed %* !he &nsa!&a%#e re;u&re$en!s o) !he o#on* and &!s #eaders a! %&!!er odds2 !he organ&Ha!&on had ou!#&+ed &!s use)u#ness' B&rg&n&a %e a$e a o#on* under !he d&re ! go+ern$en! o) !he K&ng' Bu! %e)ore !hen !he Co$"an* had redou%#ed &!s ser+& es !o B&rg&n&a' Dur&ng &!s )&rs! and grea!es! "er&od &!s head2 or !reasurer2 was S&r Tho$as S$&!h2 !he o#d asso &a!e o) Ra#egh and !he #ead&ng <ondon $er han!' He he#d o))& e )ro$ ,.?- !o ,.,7 and ondu !ed a))a&rs a%#* and sens&%#* 4 $u h $ore a%#* !han h&s su essors' Se+era# o) !he $os! +a#ua%#e de+e#o"$en!s o) !he Co$"an*1s "o#& * see$ !o ha+e or&g&na!ed &n h&s !&$e' Bu! &n ,.,7 he was d&s#odged %* a a%a# headed %* S&r Edw&n Sand*s2 a so$ewha! &$"e!uous2 +&s&onar* $an' He and S$&!h had do$&na!ed !he Co$"an* s&n e &!s %eg&nn&ngs2 and !he&r ;uarre#2 wh& h ra"&d#* %e a$e $an* o!her ;uarre#s &n+o#+&ng $an* o!her "ersons 4 an a$oe%a o) a ;uarre# 4 was2 when a## &s sa&d2 !he roo! ause o) !he Co$"an*1s )a##' Bu! "erha"s !he ;uarre# and !he onse;uen! )a## o) S$&!h were ne essar*' For Sand*s2 dur&ng h&s %r&e) as endan *2 ga+e #&)e !o !wo "o#& &es wh& h were !o %e o) !he +er* grea!es! &$"or!an e )or !he )u!ure o) A$er& a' F&rs!2 he #aun hed !he headr&gh! s*s!e$ o) #and a##o!$en!' Under !h&s arrange$en!2 wh& h re"#a ed !he o#d s*s!e$ o) Co$"an* $ono"o#*2 a "ros"e !&+e se!!#er re e&+ed )&)!* a res )or h&$se#) and as $u h aga&n )or e+er* add&!&ona# "erson who$ he %rough! w&!h h&$ !o B&rg&n&a 4 )a$&#* or ser+an!s' The #and was !o %e h&s and h&s he&rs1 )ore+er' In re!urn2 he had on#* !o "a* a )&8ed ren!2 !o !he Co$"an*2 or !owards !he re ru&!$en! and su""or! o) !he #erg*2 or !owards
!he su""or! o) a o##ege2 de"end&ng on wha! "or!&on o) !he "u%#& #ands he had %een a##o!!ed' Th&s s*s!e$ s"read )ro$ B&rg&n&a !o $an* o) !he o!her o#on&es and %e a$e a B&rg&n&an r&gh!2 as &!s na$e &nd& a!es2 a)!er !he )a## o) !he Co$"an* wh& h had on)erred &! as a "r&+&#ege' Under &!2 as !he )&gures o) "o"u#a!&on and o u"a!&on sugges!2 !he grow!h o) !he o#on* was s!ead*2 &) no! sw&)!= no! e+en !he grea! $assa re ou#d #ong &n!erru"! &!' The drea$ o) #anded &nde"enden e &n !he New @or#d %egan !o o$e !rue2 and a ord&ng#* !he #ure o) B&rg&n&a was s!reng!hened' Th&s re)or$ was a! #eas! as &$"or!an! as !he o!her w&!h wh& h Sand*s1 na$e &s asso &a!ed= !he es!a%#&sh$en!2 under !he Co$"an*1s "a!ronage2 o) !he Genera# Asse$%#* o) !he o#on*2 !he B&rg&n&an "ar#&a$en!2 &n wh& h re"resen!a!&+es o) !he se!!#ers 4 a##ed2 )or !h&s "ur"ose2 %urgesses 4 $e!2 )ro$ ,.,- onwards2 !o d&s uss and "ass u"on !he&r o$$on a))a&rs' The r&se o) !h&s %od* was +er* sw&)!' I! !oo( a#$os! )ewer *ears !han !he House o) Co$$ons !oo( en!ur&es !o rea h $a!ur&!*' B* ,.3A2 &n wh& h *ear !he %urgesses de"osed a Go+ernor o) B&rg&n&a2 &! had %e o$e !he en!ra# &ns!&!u!&on o) !he o#on*' Su h "re o &!* de$ands e8"#ana!&on' The )a ! &s !ha! &! wou#d ha+e %een &$"oss&%#e !o go+ern !he o#on*2 on e "r&+a!e en!er"r&se and "r&+a!e #andho#d&ng had %een san !&oned2 w&!hou! $a h&ner* )or onsu#!&ng !he o#on&s!s and o%!a&n&ng !he&r assen! !o "ro"osed $easures' The $u!&nous s!ra&n &n !he ear#&es! se!!#ers 4 $en who were )a &ng dea!h and whose on#* ho"e #a* &n oo"era!&on 4 has a#read* %een s!ressed' The sa$e s!ra&n was !o e8"ress &!se#) aga&n and aga&n &n B&rg&n&an h&s!or*2 r&gh! down !o !he Re+o#u!&on2 &) no! %e*ond'7 The K&ng had no ar$* &n B&rg&n&a2 wh&#e !he B&rg&n&ans no! on#* had ar$s %u! a +er* #&+e#* sense o) !he&r own &n!eres!s' @hen &n d&))& u#!*2 !he* ou#d a#wa*s +an&sh )or a !&$e &n!o !he un(nown w&#derness' The asser!&on o) au!hor&!* %* )or e was !hus e+en $ore d&))& u#! !han &! was &n Eng#and' So$e $a h&ner* o) onsen!2 o) o$"ro$&se2 was !here)ore a go+ern$en!a# ne ess&!*2 and was ear#* re ogn&Hed as su h2 )&rs! %* !he ro*a# Go+ernors and !hen %* !he K & ng h&$se#) 9&n ,.3-:' Su h ne ess&!* wou#d ha+e $ade &!se#) )e#! e+en w&!hou! !he ra!her wea( Eng#&sh re"resen!a!&+e !rad&!&on2 or !he or&g&na#&!* o) S&r Edw&n Sand*s' Bu! he and !he Co$"an* deser+e red&! )or %e&ng !he )&rs! !o a e"! !he )a !sF )or !he $a h&ner* o) onsen! &s2 o) ourse2 !he +er* essen e o) !he @es!ern !rad&!&on o) )reedo$2 and was !o ha+e an e8!raord&nar* )#ower&ng on A$er& an so&#' The roo! and s!e$ o) !ha! )#ower were !he &ns!&!u!&ons se! u" &n B&rg&n&a and New Eng#and &n !he ear#* se+en!een!h en!ur*' The hard>won ar!s o) sur+&+a# on !he )ron!&er and !he w&se d&s"os&!&ons o) !he Co$"an* #arge#* a oun!2 !hen2 )or !he su ess o) !he !h&rd a!!e$"! !o o#on&He B&rg&n&a' Bu! no! a## !he &n!e##&gen e &n !he wor#d an "re+a&# w&!hou! !he $eans o) su ess' And un!&# ,.,/ &! see$ed a! !&$es as &) !here were no su h $eans' I! was no! Eus! !ha! B&rg&n&a see$ed )a!a##* #a (&ng &n !hose resour es wh& h wou#d guaran!ee a "ro)&! !o !he Co$"an*1s shareho#dersF &! see$ed #a (&ng &n !he resour es needed !o su""or! !he o#on&s!s !he$se#+es' I! was !rue !ha!2 g&+en !he )er!&#&!* o) !he #and2 !he* $&gh! grow enough !o )eed and #o!he !he$se#+esF %u! &) su%s&s!en e )ar$&ng was !o %e !he des!&n* o) B&rg&n&ans2 !here was no sense &n ha+&ng o$e so )ar= &! was a+a&#a%#e a! ho$e' R&gh! un!&# !he end o) !he !wen!&e!h en!ur*2 !he h&e) #ure o) Nor!h A$er& a )or "ros"e !&+e &$$&gran!s was !he o""or!un&!* )or a h&gher s!andard o) #&+&ng' So un#ess !he o#on* ou#d rea##* "ro$&se su h an o""or!un&!*2 &! wou#d )a&#' And a## "ro$&ses wou#d %e de#usor* un#ess a wa* ou#d %e )ound %* wh& h B&rg&n&a ou#d "a*2 w&!h her e8"or!s2 )or !he goods wh& h she wou#d )or #ong %e o%#&ged !o &$"or!' In !he ear#* se+en!een!h en!ur* !hese goods were a#$os! e+er*!h&ng2 )ro$ %oo(s !o wh&"saws2 )ro$ ar$our !o +&negar2 wh& h !he o#on&s!s ou#d e&!her need or des&re' 0ohn S$&!h and !he Co$"an* a#&(e !r&ed !o so#+e !h&s "ro%#e$ %* en ourag&ng s&#(> $anu)a !ur&ng2 g#ass>$anu)a !ur&ng2 soa"> $anu)a !ur&ng2 !he e8"or! o) !&$%er "rodu !s2 o) gra&n2 o) w&ne2 o) an*!h&ng %u! !he one !h&ng wh& h "ro+ed !o %e !he !h&rd ne ess&!* )or !he
sa#+a!&on o) B&rg&n&a= !o%a o' Th&s !he* )&er e#* o""osed2 &n !he !ee!h o) !he o#on&s!s1 &ns&s!en e on "rodu &ng a#$os! no!h&ng e#se' For !he dangers o) an e ono$* a%so#u!e#* do$&na!ed %* a s&ng#e s!a"#e ro" were as #ear &n !he se+en!een!h en!ur* as !he* are nowada*s' De"enden e on one "r&$ar* "rodu ! #ea+es !he "rodu ers a! !he $er * o) !he $ar(e!2 w&!h &!s re urr&ng g#u!s and #owered "r& es2 and &!s re urr&ng shor!age o) $one*' Pr&$ar* "rodu ers are nor$a##* a! !he $er * o) !he&r us!o$ers an*wa*= %u! &) !he* ha+e d&+ers&)&ed !he&r "rodu !s !he* an a! #eas! ho"e !o #&+e o)) !he sa#es o) !he o!hers when !he sa#es o) one 4 sa*2 o oa 4 ha+e de #&ned2 &n +o#u$e or &n +a#ue' To !hese !heore!& a# o%Ee !&ons $a* %e added !he de!a&# !ha! !he se+en!een!h> en!ur* wor#d $ar(e! was )ar )ro$ en ourag&ng !o !he B&rg&n&ans' S$o(&ng was %* no $eans a no+e# d&sease' Ind&ans2 o) ourse2 !hroughou! %o!h A$er& as2 s$o(ed' Fro$ !he$ !he ha%&! s"read !o Por!uga# 9,AA7:2 S"a&n 9,AA-: and2 !hrough !he u%&;u&!ous sea>dogs2 !o Eng#and &n ,A.A' Ine+&!a%#*2 &! was S&r @a#!er Ra#egh who $ade !o%a o )ash&ona%#e' He s!ar!ed !o s$o(e a)!er !he )&rs! Roano(e e8"ed&!&on and G!oo( a "&"e o) !o%a o a #&!!#e %e)ore he wen! !o !he s a))o#d1' H&s e8a$"#e $ean! !ha! h&s dread so+ere&gn1s !hunders aga&ns! so!weed2 as &! was so$e!&$es a##ed2 or G!h&s ho""&ng her% o) he##12 were !hunders &n +a&n' 0ohn Ro#)e2 Po ahon!as1s hus%and2 !he )&rs! !o grow !o%a o &n B&rg&n&a 9,.,/: and !o sh&" &! !o Eng#and2 was h&$se#) a ha%&!ua# s$o(er' He an ha+e %een under #&!!#e &##us&on !ha! !he B&rg&n&an #ea) wou#d )&nd &! eas* !o o$"e!e w&!h @es! Ind&an2 S"an&sh or e+en Eng#&sh>grown !o%a o' And &n )a ! %* ,.3? !he B&rg&n&ans had he#"ed !o ause a g#u! on !he wor#d1s $ar(e!' Ro#)e and !he o!hers )e#!2 howe+er2 !ha! !he* had #&!!#e ho& e' To%a o ou#d %e so#d a! a "ro)&!2 !hough !he "ro)&! $&gh! %e un er!a&n2 &rregu#ar and #ow' An*one ou#d grow &!' To !he uns(&##ed B&rg&n&ans !hese !wo argu$en!s were &rres&s!&%#e' The* !oo( !he "#unge2 and soon !he )&rs! grea! %oo$ &n A$er& an h&s!or* was under wa*' A! one s!age e+en !he s!ree!s o) 0a$es!own were sown w&!h !o%a oF and !he Hea# !o "#an! $ore and $ore grea!#* en ouraged !he s"read o) "o"u#a!&on u" !he 0a$es r&+er and2 &n !he !h&r!&es2 u" and down !he oas!2 on e+er* &n#e! %e!ween !he r&+er Po!o$a and !he D&s$a# Swa$"' Th&s $o+e$en! was &n "ar! aused %* !he )a ! !ha! !o%a o e8haus!ed !he so&# &n se+en *ears2 so !ha! !o%a o "#an!ers were ons!an!#* &n sear h o) new #ands' Th&s e8"#a&ns a#so !he s!ead* $o+e wes!ward o) B&rg&n&ans &n !he se+en!een!h and e&gh!een!h en!ur&es and !he e+en!ua# ru&n o) B&rg&n&a when2 a! !he %eg&nn&ng o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 !he s!a!e had run ou! o) )resh #and su&!a%#e )or u#!&+a!&on' Thus !he des!&n* o) B&rg&n&a was )&8ed' Pr& es wen! down2 "rodu !&on wen! u"= &n ,.,- !he o#on* "rodu ed /?2??? "ounds o) !o%a o a! !hree sh&##&ngs a "ound2 &n ,.3-2 ,2A??2??? "ounds a! !hree"en e' A *ear #a!er !he "o"u#a!&on o) !he o#on* was o+er ,?2???2 $a(&ng B&rg&n&a !he #arges! Eng#&sh se!!#e$en! 9wh& h &! re$a&ned un!&# !he Re+o#u!&on:' I!s #&)e2 whe!her e ono$& or so &a#2 was do$&na!ed %* a nu$erous *eo$an>"#an!er #ass= no! un!&# !he ne8! en!ur* was !o%a o !o su""or! an ar&s!o ra *' Be)ore !ha! !&$e &! had %e o$e "#a&n !ha! !o%a o had se!!#ed B&rg&n&a1s )a!e &n ano!her )unda$en!a# $a!!er' The h&s!or* o) agrar&an so &e!*2 un!&# !he o$&ng o) !he $a h&ne age2 was e+er*where do$&na!ed %* !he !ens&on %e!ween !he des&re o) $os! $en !o %e &nde"enden! )ar$ers and !he "ower o) a )ew $en !o o$"e# !he$ !o %e de"enden! #a%ourers' Fro$ age !o age2 oun!r* !o oun!r*2 !he u""er hand #a* now w&!h one s&de2 now w&!h ano!her2 as geogra"h*2 "o"u#a!&on and !e hno#og& a# "ressures de!er$&ned' In B&rg&n&a !he &ssue was #ong &n dou%!' On !he one hand !he $os! "ro)&!a%#e grow!h o) !o%a o de$anded2 &n !he #ong run2 #arge es!a!es and hea"2 "#en!&)u# #a%our' On !he o!her hand !he Eng#&sh "o"u#a!&on was +er* s$a##2 and e+er* $a#e $e$%er o) &! was de!er$&ned !o %e2 &) no! r& h2 !hen a! #eas! &nde"enden!2 !hrough !he u#!&+a!&on o) !o%a o 4 &) need %e on "#an!a!&ons no %&gger !han ou#d %e wor(ed %* one )a$&#*' Th&s de!er$&na!&on (e"! u" !he "r& e o) #a%our and he#d down !he "oss&%#e "ro)&!s o) !o%a o2 !o !he "o&n!2 &! $&gh! %e argued2 o) endanger&ng !he o#on*1s sur+&+a#' Bar& ous re$ed&es were !r&ed2 !he $os! &$"or!an! %e&ng !he s*s!e$ o) &nden!ures2 %* wh& h
ser+an!s were %rough! ou! )ro$ Eng#and a! !he "#an!ers1 e8"ense2 %ound !o ser+& e )or a !er$ o) *ears2 and !hen g&+en !he&r )reedo$ and a #&!!#e #and' Bu! &nden!ures "ro+ed unsa!&s)a !or*= !he ser+an!s had ons!an!#* !o %e re"#a ed2 were )re;uen!#* d&so%ed&en! and unre#&a%#e2 and as )re;uen!#* ran awa* and $ade good !he&r es a"e' Howe+er2 a so#u!&on was )ound2 and &! $a* %e wondered wh* &! was no! )ound sooner2 as Euro"eans had %een %u*&ng A)r& an s#a+es s&n e !he )&)!een!h en!ur* and arr*&ng !he$ !o !he A$er& as s&n e ear#* &n !he s&8!een!h' S&r 0ohn Haw(&ns had sh&""ed s#a+es !o !he S"an&sh o#on&es &n !he ,A.?s and )ound an eager $ar(e! )or !he$' <and2 s!a"#e ro"s2 and hea" #a%our 4 !he !hree essen!&a#s o) wha! %e a$e !he en!ra# e ono$& &ns!&!u!&on o) !he New @or#d2 !he "#an!a!&on 9a word whose +er* $ean&ng narrowed !o )&! !he new )a !s: 4 were &n "#a e &n S"an&sh and Por!uguese A$er& a %* !he $&d>s&8!een!h en!ur*2 %u! &! !oo( a #ong "ro ess o) !r&a# and error %e)ore !he&r Eo&n! "o!en!&a# was rea#&Hed2 and &! was on#* &n ,.?? or !herea%ou!s !ha! A)r& ans &n !ens o) !housands %egan !o %e &$"or!ed annua##* !o wor( !he grea! es!a!es o) BraH&# and !he Car&%%ean' Sugar2 e #&"s&ng s&#+er and go#d2 %e a$e !he $os! #u ra!&+e o$$od&!* o) A!#an!& !rade2 %u! !o%a o2 o!!on and d*es!u))s a#so )&gured #arge#* )ro$ !he s!ar!' The Eng#&sh soon go! !he &dea= &n !he ,.6?s2 Bar%ados e$erged as !he&r )&rs!2 &$$ense#* "ro)&!a%#e2 sugar o#on*' I! &s no red&! !o !he&r $e$or* !ha! !he s#a+e>#a%our s*s!e$2 as !he* ada"!ed &!2 was e+en rue##er !han !he H&s"an& +ar&e!*2 and was de%ased )ur!her %* "reEud& e aga&ns! "eo"#e who were %#a (' Du! h !raders %rough! A)r& ans !o B&rg&n&a )or !he )&rs! !&$e &n ,.,-2 and $ore )o##owed2 &n !&n* nu$%ers2 o+er !he ne8! )ew de ades' For !he )&rs! !wo genera!&ons2 A)r& ans were !rea!ed2 &! see$s2 $u h #&(e o!her &nden!ured ser+an!s2 e+en 9&n so$e ases: !o !he d&s!r&%u!&on o) #and !o !he$ when !he&r !&$e o) ser+& e was u"' One o) !he$2 An!hon* 0ohnson2 &s re orded as a )ree$an own&ng a!!#e and /A? a res &n ,.A?'- Perha"s2 wh&#e A)r& an>A$er& ans were )ew2 !he B&rg&n&ans d&d no! !h&n( !o !rea! !he$ as an*!h&ng o!her !han )e##ow hu$an %e&ngs' Bu! a)!er !he Res!ora!&on o) Char#es II &n ,..? !he "#an!ers ou#d no #onger %e %#&nd !o !he o""or!un&!&es sugges!ed %* !he e8a$"#e o) !he Car&%%ean sugar &s#ands2 wh& h now !oo( A)r& an s#a+es &n huge nu$%ers w&!h orres"ond&ng#* huge "ro)&!s' The "r& e o) !o%a o was s!&## )a##&ng ra"&d#* as new #ands a$e &n!o "rodu !&on2 )or &ns!an e &n !he o#on* o) Mar*#and2 )ounded &n ,.3/ !o !he grea! &nd&gna!&on o) !he B&rg&n&ans2 who saw &! as a r&+a# 9wh& h &ndeed &! was:' Be ause so!weed was so hea"2 and %e ause o) !he grow&ng "ros"er&!* o) !he Eng#&sh "eo"#e a! #arge2 s$o(&ng %e a$e an e+er $ore genera# ha%&! &n Eng#andF,? !he $ar(e! was #&$&!#ess2 and !he "rodu ers ou#d $a(e +as! )or!unes2 "ro+&ded !ha! !he* (e"! !he&r os!s down 4 !he&r #a%our os!s a%o+e a##' The !urn&ng "o&n! a$e w&!h !he )&rs! o) !he grea! A$er& an u"r&s&ngs2 Ba on1s Re%e##&on2 &n ,.5.' As #eader o) !he "oorer "#an!ers2 Na!han&e# Ba on2 a d&s!an! re#a!&on o) !he grea! Fran &s2 se&Hed on!ro# o) B&rg&n&a )ro$ !he ro*a# Go+ernor2 S&r George Ber(e#e*2 on !he grounds !ha! Ber(e#e* o""osed $a(&ng war on !he Sus;uehanna Ind&ans and se&H&ng !he&r #ands' Ba on and h&s )o##ow&ng were !rue re+o#u!&onar&es2 "#ann&ng !o o+er!urn !he "o#&!& a# and so &a# s!ru !ure o) !he o#on*2 a%o#&sh !he "o## !a82 and en#&s! "oor )ree$en2 &nden!ured ser+an!s and A)r& an s#a+es &n !he&r )or es' The* %urned 0a$es!own !o !he ground' Bu! Ba on d&ed o) d*sen!er*2 and Ber(e#e* !hen ra##&ed enough s!reng!h !o su""ress !he re%e##&on' To "re+en! an* re urren e o) !hese e+en!s2 ro*a# au!hor&!* was "#a ed )&r$#* on !he s&de o) !he r& her se!!#ersF !he&r a!!e$"!s !o gra% a## !he %es! #and &n B&rg&n&a were endorsed2 and A)r& ans were ra"&d#* e8 #uded )ro$ !he "r&+&#eges o) &+&# so &e!* 9&) )ree: or !hrus! down &n!o ho"e#ess ser+&!ude 9&) s#a+es:' A new gen!r* e$erged2 wh& h ;u& (#* enr& hed &!se#) %* &!s e))e !&+e $ono"o#* o) #and2 #a%our and "o#&!& a# "ower' The "r& e wou#d %e "a&d2 )or near#* !wo en!ur&es2 %* !he s#a+es' I! was a !rag& de+e#o"$en!2 %u! g&+en !he o$%&na!&on o) !o%a o2 a h&erar h& a# so &a# s!ru !ure %o!h &n Eng#and and her o#on&es2 and !he greed o) se+en!een!h> en!ur* Eng#&sh$en2 &! was "ro%a%#*
&ne+&!a%#e'
The Planting of Ne! Englan" 160#$ %& 167'

4ho would true @alour see *et him come hither> 5ne here will "onstant .e, "ome 4ind, come 4eather. )here0s no $iscouragement, Shall make him once Belent, 'is first avow0d /ntent, )o .e a Pilgrim. 8ohn Bunyan, )he Pilgrim0s Progress )hose that love their own chimney corner and dare not go far .eyond their own towns0 end shall never have the honour to see the wonderful works of Almighty <od. )he Beverend Francis 'igginson, 1%CD
The a ess&on o) E#&Ha%e!h I !o !he !hrone o) Eng#and &n ,AA7 %rough! w&!h &! wha! "ro+ed !o %e !he de &s&+e +& !or* o) Pro!es!an!&s$F %u! s ar e#* was &! won when !he word Pur&!an %egan !o %e heard2 &n a##us&on !o a "ar!* w&!h&n !he na!&ona# hur h wh& h he#d !ha! !he wor( o) re)or$a!&on was no! o$"#e!e when !he Po"e had %een reEe !ed2 !he $onas!er&es d&sso#+ed2 !he $ass a%o#&shed and !he Boo( o) Co$$on Pra*er &$"osed' Ine+&!a%#* !he au!hor&!&es saw !he e8&s!en e o) !h&s "ar!* as a "o#&!& a# "ro%#e$' As has %een s!a!ed2, !he Rena&ssan e s!a!e e8&s!ed !o se ure &!s su%Ee !s aga&ns! &+&# war and &n+as&on' The Tudor d*nas!* ra$$ed ho$e !h&s "o&n! e8"#& &!#*2 end#ess#*' Anar h*2 %a!!#e and usur"a!&on had %rough! !he$ !he Crown o) Eng#andF !he&r "ro"aganda aga&ns! !hese e+&#s 4 wh& h )ound &!s $os! %r&##&an! e8"ress&on &n er!a&n "#a*s o) Sha(es"eare 4 was &n essan!' The Tudors a#so saw #ear#* !ha! &) su%Ee !s were #e)! !o !he $s e #+e s !he* wou#d $a(e !he&r so+ere&gn1s re#&g&ous o"&n&ons !he !ou hs!one o) !he&r #o*a#!*' To $onar hs on+&n ed o) !he&r r&gh! and du!* !o ru#e &! was &n!o#era%#e !ha! &+&# "ea e2 !he&r re&gns2 "erha"s e+en !he&r #&+es2 shou#d %e a! !he $er * o) !ur%u#en! )ana!& s' The &n)eren e was #ear' No! on#* $us! re#&g&on !ea h !he du!* o) o%ed&en e !o !he "r&n e and su%$&ss&on !o !he so &a# order o+er wh& h he 9or she: "res&ded' The na!&ona# hur h $us! %e2 )or sa)e!*1s sa(e2 o) ro*a# order&ng %o!h &n )or$ and do !r&nesF &! $us! %e su%ord&na!e !o ro*a# "ur"oses' To Jueen E#&Ha%e!h2 a! #eas!2 !he r&gh!ness o) !he arrange$en! was #ear' She was no!2 she (new2 a de$and&ng so+ere&gn= she wou#d $a(e no w&ndows &n!o $en1s sou#s' <e! her su%Ee !s swear a##eg&an e !o her as Su"re$e Go+ernor o) !he hur h and a## wou#d %e we##' I! was her du!*2 &! was her God>g&+en e8 #us&+e "r&+&#ege2 !o ru#e !he rea#$2 !o !a(e !he de &s&ons ne essar* )or &!s sa)e!* and her own' There)ore !o d&so%e* her !oo ons"& uous#*2 or !o ;ues!&on her de &s&ons !oo "u%#& #*2 or !oo )re;uen!#* !o de$and $ore !han she was "re"ared !o g&+e2 was !o +erge on d&s#o*a#!*2 &) no! re%e##&on' Un)or!una!e#* $an* Eng#&sh$en and Eng#&shwo$en d&d de$and $ore' Pro!es!an!&s$ had a %u&#!>&n de$o ra!& !enden * &n !ha! &! en ouraged !he #&!era!e !o sear h !he S r&"!ures )or !he$se#+es and a ! &n !he #&gh! o) wha! !he* )ound !here' Thus s!reng!hened %* wha! !he* !oo( !o %e God1s word2 !he Pur&!ans )re;uen!#* re)used !o on)or$ !he&r ondu ! !o !he Jueen1s +&ews= so$e o) !he$ dared !o re%u(e her !o her )a e' Nor was e+en she who##* reasona%#e2 ons&s!en! or rea#&s!& ' Her own re#&g&ous !as!es 9&! wou#d "ro%a%#* %e e8 ess&+e !o s"ea( o)
her on+& !&ons: were onser+a!&+e2 and as her re&gn on!&nued she gradua##* )ound %&sho"s who2 shar&ng !he$2 were ha""* !o a!!e$"! !o )or e !he$ on her su%Ee !s' Hen e !he "ro$o!&on !o Can!er%ur* o) !he %u##*&ng @h&!g&)! and !o <ondon o) !he "o#& e$an>#&(e Ban ro)!' Fur!her$ore E#&Ha%e!h2 #&(e a#$os! e+er*one e#se2 #ung !o !he o#d $ed&e+a# drea$ o) re#&g&ous un&!*' The Chur h o) Eng#and $us! %e !he Chur h o) a## Eng#&sh$en= !he who#e na!&on a! "ra*er' She wou#d no! ad$&! !ha! !he &dea#s o) un&)or$&!* and o$"rehens&+eness were a! war w&!h ea h o!her2 %u! e+en &n her #&)e!&$e Ar h%&sho" @h&!g&)!1s onser+a!&s$ and r&g&d&!* dro+e $an* o) !he de+ou! !o Gse"ara!e1 )ro$ !he s&n)u# na!&ona# hur h 4 !o res&gn )ro$ &!2 as &! were2 and organ&He #&!!#e Gse"ara!&s!1 hur hes o) !he&r own 9!he* were a##ed G on+en!& #es1:' B&sho"s grew $ore and $ore un"o"u#arF and &n !he se+en!een!h en!ur* !he &dea# o) a o$"rehens&+e na!&ona# hur h rashed !o !he ground2 %r&ng&ng !he drea$ o) na!&ona# re#&g&ous un&)or$&!* 9whe!her e"&s o"a#&an or "res%*!er&an: !o ru&n w&!h &!' A! !he %eg&nn&ng o) E#&Ha%e!h1s re&gn !he Pur&!ans were2 &n a sense2 no #ess 9and no $ore: !han !he Pro!es!an! "ar!* &!se#)' The* saw !ha! !he oun!r* was s!&## )or !he $os! "ar! e&!her Ca!ho#& or &nd&))eren!' The&r %us&ness was !o %r&ng !he )u## Re)or$a!&on !o "assF !o a h&e+e !he on+ers&on o) Eng#and' For *ears and *ears !he* !r&ed !o "ersuade !he&r Jueen !o Eo&n !he$ &n !he wor( %* reorgan&H&ng !he hur h on "res%*!er&an #&nes and %* us&ng her un;ues!&oned r&gh! !o o$"e# her su%Ee !s !o %e sa+ed' The* ;u&!e agreed w&!h her !ha! a un&)or$2 a##> e$%ra &ng na!&ona# hur h was de$anded %* %o!h reason and re#&g&onF on#* &! $us! %e go+erned on !he #&nes !ha! Ca#+&n &n)erred )ro$ !he B&%#e' E#&Ha%e!h2 howe+er2 s!ead&#* re)used !o o>o"era!e' So !he Pur&!ans were o$"e##ed2 a)!er so$e nas!* %rushes w&!h !he #aw2 !o !urn )ro$ "o#&!& a# !o "ure#* "as!ora# #a%ours' As !he* were no! !o ha+e !he han e !o o$"e# !he&r oun!r*$en !o o$e &n2 !he* !r&ed !o "rea h !he$ &n' B* ,.?3 !he* were su eed&ng s"e !a u#ar#*' The Eng#&sh Re)or$a!&on had $an* auses2 %u! &!s sou# was !he des&re !o renew !he Chr&s!&an #&)e o) !he "eo"#e2 and Pur&!an&s$ was !ha! sou#1s &ns!ru$en!' E"&s o"a * was res&s!ed %e ause &! a !ed as an u$%re##a )or su h a%uses as "#ura#&s$2 non>res&den! #erg*2 orru"! hur h our!s and a Gdu$% dog12 non>"rea h&ng2 un#earned $&n&s!r*2 a## o) wh& h a$e %e!ween !he Eng#&sh and !he good news o) sa#+a!&on' E+en %e)ore !he&r re%u)) a! !he Jueen1s hands !he Pur&!an $&n&s!ers had shown !he$se#+es ade"! a! "as!ora# wor(F !herea)!er !he* $o+ed !hrough !he #and2 de+o!ed !o u"roo!&ng s&n )ro$ !he hear!s o) !he ongrega!&ons' The&r h&e) !oo# was !he ser$on' I! had "#a*ed #&!!#e "ar! &n "re>Re)or$a!&on hur h #&)e' Now a ons &en!&ous $&n&s!er wou#d e8"e ! !o ha+e !o "rea h on e e+er* da*2 and a! #eas! !w& e on !he Sa%%a!hF and "rea h&ng was e8!raord&nar&#* "o"u#ar' I! was so$e!h&ng new2 and "eo"#e )#o (ed !o hear good s"ea(ers 4 so $u h so !ha! Ggadd&ng a%ou! !o ser$ons1 was a +& e $u h denoun ed %* !he onser+a!&+e'/ Bu! !he god#* had !he #as! word' Ser&ous and &n!e##&gen!2 !he* had an &n)#uen e on !he&r o$$un&!&es ou! o) a## "ro"or!&on !o !he&r nu$%ers2 !hough !hose &n reased ra"&d#*' <&(e *oung S&eg)r&ed w&!h !he %ro(en sword No!hung2 !he Pur&!ans ground down !he Eng#&sh sou# !o "owder and !hen re>)orged &! !o hero& !e$"er' Nor &s !h&s on#* $e!a"hor' The en!ra# Pur&!an e8"er&en e was !ha! o) on+ers&on2 when a $an1s s&ns G a$e u"on h&$ #&(e ar$ed $en2 and !he !&de o) h&s !hough!s was !urned1' Con+ers&on s!ru ( &n $an* wa*s2 as we #earn )ro$ !he &nnu$era%#e )rag$en!s o) au!o%&ogra"h* #e)! us= )ro$ a !ra ! so#d %* a "ed#ar2 )ro$ an &nsu#! hur#ed %* a wo$an &n !he s!ree! 9!hus Gdrun(en Per(&ns1 %e a$e G"a&n)u# Per(&ns12 a e#e%ra!ed "rea her: 4 $os! usua##* )ro$ so$e Ga))e !&ona!e1 ser$on' Con+ers&on was !he $o$en! when God1s gra e en!ered !he sou# and %egan !he wor( o) &!s rede$"!&on' I! was a $o$en! "redes!&ned )ro$ Crea!&on2 as S! Pau# !augh!=3 G@ho$ he d&d "redes!&na!e2 !he$ he a#so a##edF1 &! was !he $o$en! when He##1s ga!es #osed= G@ho$ he a##ed2 !he$ he a#so Eus!&)&edF1 !he $o$en! when !he doors o) !he Ce#es!&a# C&!* o"ened= G@ho$ he Eus!&)&ed2 !he$ he a#so g#or&)&ed'1 I! was a $o$en! !ha! en#&gh!ened and reEo& ed !he #&+es o) !ens o) !housands o) "#a&n "eo"#e' I! assured !he$ !ha! a#!hough #&)e wou#d on!&nue !o daun!
!he$ w&!h &!s "ro%#e$s and !e$"!a!&ons2 !he* had on#* !o )&gh! ease#ess#* aga&ns! s&n w&!h&n !he$ and w&!hou! !he$2 and wha!e+er wounds !he* !oo( &n !he %a!!#e2 +& !or* was sure' I! &s eas* !o $&s!a(e !he na!ure o) !h&s Pur&!an&s$' The word !oda* genera##* onno!es a #o+e#ess res"e !a%&#&!*2 a Ph&#&s!&ne narrowness2 B&%#& a# &do#a!r* or a neuro!& ha!red o) o!her "eo"#e1s "#easures' GShow $e a Pur&!an21 sa&d H' <' Men (en2 Gand I1## show *ou a son> o)>a>%&! h'1 Bu! wh&#e &! wou#d %e a%surd !o den* !ha! a er!a&n ensor&ousness was "resen! &n Pur&!an&s$ )ro$ !he s!ar!2 &! wou#d %e e;ua##* a%surd !o #e! !he degenera!e as"e ! &! wears !oda* on ea# !he s"#endours o) &!s "r&$e' Cer!a&n o) !he&r sa#+a!&on2 !he %es! Pur&!ans were %ra+e2 heer)u#2 &n!e##&gen! and hard>wor(&ng' One o) !he&r "rea hers urged !he$ !o %e G$err* &n !he <ord2 and *e! w&!hou! #&gh!nessF sad and hea+* &n hear! )or !he&r own s&ns2 and !he a%o$&na!&ons o) !he #and2 and *e! w&!hou! d&s ourage$en! or du$"&shness1' The ;ua#&!* o) Pur&!an "&e!* &s %es! sa+oured &n The P&#gr&$1s Progress' 0ohn Bun*an2 !he o#d Irons&de2 (new how !o $a(e h&s s&$"#e &$age 4 one !ha! had #ong %een dear !o Pur&!ans2 &ndeed !o a## Eng#&sh$en= Ha(#u*!1s on!&nua!or a##ed h&s %oo( Pur has2 H&s P&#gr&$s 4 o) #&)e as a Eourne* and a %a!!#e2 no! on#* !rue2 %u! s!ar!#&ng#* &$"or!an!' I! &s eas*2 read&ng Bun*an2 !o )ee# wha! &$$ense s!reng!h !hose o) h&s )a&!h der&+ed )ro$ !he&r %e#&e) !ha! !he "ro$&ses Chr&s! $ade were #&!era##* !rue' For !he$2 !he !ru$"e!s were sure !o sound on !he o!her s&de' @ha! ou#d (&ngs2 ;ueens and ar h%&sho"s do aga&ns! su h "eo"#eM Ber* #&!!#eF and )or !he $os! "ar! !he* "ruden!#* a!!e$"!ed #ess' Pur&!an&s$ was #e)! !o see" "ea e)u##* !hrough Eng#and' Bu! a)!er !he Ha$"!on Cour! Con)eren e &n ,.?6 Po#& e$an Ban ro)!2 now Ar h%&sho" o) Can!er%ur*2 was unw&se enough !o a!!e$"! a #&!!#e "erse u!&on' GA""ar&!ors and "ursu&+an!s and !he o$$&ssar* our!s1 4 !he who#e de!es!ed $a h&ner* o) e #es&as!& a# o))& &a#do$ 4 were !urned aga&ns! !hose2 w&!h&n and w&!hou! !he hur h2 who were #ess !han "er)e ! on)or$&s!s !o !he o))& &a##* "res r&%ed "ra !& esF a$ong !he$ a #&!!#e %and o) Se"ara!&s!s #&+&ng &n +&##ages on !he %orders o) <&n o#nsh&re2 Yor(sh&re and No!!&ngha$sh&re' The #eaders o) !h&s on+en!& #e were edu a!ed2 %u! &!s $e$%ers were )or !he $os! "ar! #ow#*2 s&n ere2 #&!era!e %u! o!herw&se un!u!ored )o#(' The&r &rregu#ar "&e!* was !hus dou%#* o))ens&+e !o !he au!hor&!&es2 w&!h !he&r $e$or&es o) T*#er2 Cade and Ke!!' So so$e were !a(en and #a""ed u" &n "r&son2 o!hers had !he&r houses %ese! and wa! hed n&gh! and da*2 and hard#* es a"ed !he&r handsF and !he $os! were )a&n !o )#ee and #ea+e !he&r houses and ha%&!a!&ons2 and !he $eans o) !he&r #&+e#&hood' Unders!anda%#*2 !hese re#&g&ous <&n o#nsh&re "oa hers de &ded !o e$&gra!e' @&!h so$e d&))& u#!* &n ,.?5 and ,.?7 !he* s#&""ed o+er &n grou"s !o Ho##and2 Gwhere !he* heard was )reedo$ o) re#&g&on )or a## $en12 #ed %* Pas!or Ro%&nson and E#der @&##&a$ Brews!er' Ro%&nson and Brews!er !oo( !he&r )o##owers !o <e*den2 where w&!h $u h d&))& u#!* !he* s ra! hed a #&+&ng )or !he ne8! !en *ears or so' Bu! <e*den ou#d no! %e a "er$anen! res!&ng> "#a e' There was a danger o) S"an&sh on;ues!F !he "ros"e ! o) on!&nu&ng gr&nd&ng "o+er!* was a d&s ourage$en!F !he h&#dren o) !hese reso#u!e Eng#&sh !hrea!ened !o !urn Du! h2 no! on#* as !o #anguage2 wh& h was %ad enough2 %u! as !o re#&g&on2 wh& h was )ar worse 9)or !he Du! h2 !hough Ca#+&n&s!s2 re)used !o (ee" a "ro"er#* g#oo$* Sa%%a!h:' F&na##*2 !here see$ed !o %e s$a## han e &n <e*den o) a h&e+&ng !ha! rea##* re$ar(a%#e #a%our )or God o) wh& h !he $ore arden! Se"ara!&s!s drea$ed2 he$$ed &n as !he* were %* !he wor#d' I! wou#d %e %e!!er !o $o+e on aga&n' @here !oM Eng#and was s!&## #osed2 &!s hur hes2 )or !he $os! "ar!2 orru"!' The&r $&nds %egan !o !urn !o Gso$e o) !hose +as! and un"eo"#ed oun!r&es o) A$er& a1' I! was no! rea##* sur"r&s&ng' The &dea o) a re#&g&ous re)uge a ross !he wa!er was !o#era%#* o%+&ous' The Fren h Pro!es!an! #eader2 Ad$&ra# Co#&gn*2 had sen! a "ar!* !o se!!#e &n
F#or&da as ear#* as ,A.? 9!hough as !he Se"ara!&s!s (new2 &! had %een s"eed&#* snu))ed ou! %* !he S"an&ards:' More "ar!& u#ar#*2 !he e8&#es were %* no $eans u! o)) )ro$ Eng#&sh news2 and !hese were !he grea! *ears o) !he B&rg&n&a ad+en!ure2 as we ha+e seen' The B&rg&n&a Co$"an* o) <ondon2 &n &!s ;ues! )or )unds2 was ad+er!&s&ng &!se#) )ar and w&de' 0ohn S$&!h was s!&## %us*' In ,.,/ he "u%#&shed h&s $a" o) B&rg&n&a2 Gw&!h a des r&"!&on o) &!s Co$$od&!&es2 Peo"#e2 Go+ern$en!2 and Re#&g&on1' In ,.,6 he was e$"#o*ed %* !he Co$"an* !o e8"#ore !he Nor!h A!#an!& oas! )ro$ Peno%s o! Ba* !o Ca"e Cod' He #earned enough !o $a(e ano!her good $a"2 !o g&+e !he reg&on a na$e2 New Eng#and2 and !o %eg&n a #eng!h* #&!erar* a$"a&gn e8!o##&ng !he e8 e##en es o) !hose "ar!s )or se!!#e$en!= !hus &n ,.,. he "u%#&shed h & s Des r&"!&on o) New Eng#and and &n ,./? h&s New Eng#and Tr&a#s'7 In )a ! he %e a$e a )u##> )#edged G%oos!er12 a !*"e we ha+e $e! %e)ore and w&## aga&n' Ne+er!he#ess2 !he Ca"!a&n2 as was h&s ha%&!2 !o#d )ew #&es2 &n s"&!e o) h&s en!hus&as$' He ou#d !ru!h)u##* %oas!2 )or e8a$"#e2 !ha! *ou sha## s ar e )&nd an* %a*2 sha##ow shore or o+e o) sand2 where *ou $a* no! !a(e $an* #a$s or #o%s!ers2 or %o!h a! *our "#easure2 and &n $an* "#a es #oad *our %oa! &) *ou "#easeF nor &s#es where *ou )&nd no! )ru&!s2 %&rds2 ra%s2 and $usse#s2 or a## o) !he$F )or !a(&ng a! a #ow wa!er od2 us(2 ha#&%u!2 s(a!e2 !ur%o!2 $a (ere#2 or su h #&(e are !a(en "#en!&)u##* &n d&+ers sand* %a*s2 s!ore o) $u##e!2 %ass2 and d&+ers o!her sor!s o) su h e8 e##en! )&sh as $an* as !he&r ne! an ho#d= no r&+er where !here &s no! "#en!* o) s!urgeon2 or sa#$on2 or %o!h2 a## wh& h are !o %e had &n a%undan e o%ser+&ng %u! !he&r seasons= %u! &) a $an w&## go a! Chr&s!$as !o ga!her herr&es &n Ken!2 !hough !here %e "#en!* &n su$$er2 he $a* %e de e&+edF so here !hese "#en!&es ha+e ea h !he&r seasons2 as I ha+e e8"ressed' In !h&s and o!her "assages !hroughou! h&s wor( he ga+e +en! !o h&s se!!#ed %e#&e) !ha! a )or!une2 &ndeed an e$"&re2 ou#d %e )ounded on !he )&sher&es o) New Eng#and= Por!uga#2 S"a&n2 Pro+en e and I!a#* wou#d a## "ro+&de read* $ar(e!s )or Gour dr* )&sh2 green )&sh2 s!urgeon2 $u##e!2 a+&are2 and %u!!ango1' GThere)ore 9honora%#e and wor!h* oun!r*$en: #e! no! !he $eanness o) !he word F&sh d&s!as!e *ou2 )or &! w&## a))ord as good go#d as !he $&nes o) Gu&ana or Tu$%a!u2 w&!h #ess haHard and harge2 and $ore er!a&n!* and )a &#&!*'1 The <e*den o$$un&!* $&gh! we## %e en ouraged %* su h !a#(' Fur!her$ore2 !hese were !he *ears o) a %urgeon&ng Du! h &n!eres! &n Nor!h A$er& a' In ,.?- S&r Henr* Hudson2 an Eng#&sh $ar&ner &n Du! h "a*2 had red&s o+ered Manha!!an Is#and and2 %eh&nd &!2 a huge r&+er wh& h now %ears h&s na$e' He !hus o"ened u" a r& h )ur>%ear&ng reg&on !o Euro"ean !rade2 and was soon )o##owed' In ,.,3 !he Du! h sa&#ed ,A? $&#es u" !he Hudson and )ounded a !rad&ng>"os! a##ed For! Nassau 9#a!er2 OrangeF #a!er s!&##2 A#%an*F !oda*2 !he a"&!a# o) New Yor( s!a!e:' The* a#so %egan !o !rade on !he De#aware r&+er2 whose $ou!h &s ,A? $&#es or so sou!h o) !ha! o) !he Hudson' In ,./, !he&r a !&+&!&es u#$&na!ed &n !he )ounda!&on o) !he Du! h @es! Ind&a Co$"an*2 $u h on !he #&nes o) !he +ar&ous Eng#&sh o$"an&es= &! %egan !o send ou! se!!#ers &n ,./62 and &n ,./A4. )ounded a o#on* on Manha!!an Is#and2 a##ed New A$s!erda$' To &n rease &!s se ur&!* !he d&re !or o) !he en!er"r&se2 Pe!er M&nu&!2 %ough! !he &s#and )ro$ !he #o a# Ind&ans w&!h s&8!* gu&#ders1 wor!h o) $&s e##aneous goods' Th&s !ransa !&on &s now #egendar* as G!he %es! rea#>es!a!e dea# &n h&s!or*1' The <e*den ongrega!&on was a""roa hed %* !he Du! h2 #oo(&ng )or wor!h* se!!#ers2 when word o) !he&r "#ans go! a%ou!' Bu! Du! h s!&rr&ngs were no! +er* )ar ad+an ed when Pas!or Ro%&nson1s )#o ( %egan &!s de#&%era!&ons &n ,.,. or ,.,5' And ne&!her B&rg&n&a nor New Eng#and ou#d see$ %e!!er !han daun!&ng' For !he Se"ara!&s!s had none o) !he resour es o) !he grea! o$"an&esF !he&r on#* re#&an e ou#d %e on !he&r own hara !ers and on !he God who$ !he* were !r*&ng so earnes!#* !o "#ease' Trus!&ng &n !ha! God2 and &n H&s %#ess&ng on su h a grea! and honoura%#e a !&on2 !he* re)used !o %e daun!ed' The* agreed on !he "r&n &"#e o) e$&gra!&on !o !he New @or#d and on an a""#& a!&on !o !he B&rg&n&a Co$"an* o) <ondon )or a "a!en! !o ere ! a G"ar!& u#ar "#an!a!&on1
on &!s !err&!or*' These "#an!a!&ons were !he #a!es! de+& e o) !he <ondon Co$"an* )or en ourag&ng2 a! s$a## os! !o &!s e8haus!ed e8 he;uer2 $ore o) !he se!!#ers o) who$ &! was &n des"era!e need',? In e))e ! !he organ&Hers o) a "ar!& u#ar "#an!a!&on were g&+en su h r&gh!s as !o $a(e &! a#$os! an &nde"enden! o#on*' In re!urn2 &! was ho"ed2 !he* wou#d "ro+&de su""#&es and o#on&s!s' The &dea %e a$e a )a+our&!e o) S&r Edw&n Sand*s' I! so ha""ened !ha! E#der Brews!er1s )a!her had %een Sand*s1 %ro!her1s !enan! a! S roo%* 9a re#a!&onsh&" !ha! was #oser !han &! sounds:F and !ha! Sand*s h&$se#) had "ur&!an& a# s*$"a!h&es' The on #us&on was o%+&ous !o %o!h "ar!&es2 and $a!!ers shou#d ha+e gone sw&)!#* )orward !o a on #us&on' The* d&d no!2 e+en w&!h ro*a# en ourage$en!F,, !he s!rugg#e !o organ&He !he des"era!e +o*age wen! on )or !wo *ears2 )ar &n!o !he su$$er o) ,./?' News a$e !ha! ano!her Se"ara!&s! ongrega!&on2 )ro$ A$s!erda$2 sa&#&ng !o A$er& a on a s&$&#ar errand2 had $e! w&!h !o!a# d&sas!er a! sea2 ,3? "er&sh&ng= !h&s $us! ha+e #owered s"&r&!s a! <e*den2 !hough +o& es were no! wan!&ng !o a!!r&%u!e !he d&sas!er !o !he )a&#&ngs2 $ora# and e #es&as!& a#2 o) !he e8"ed&!&on1s #eader' Mone* was shor!2 and Brews!er2 %* !a !#ess#* "r&n!&ng a re#&g&ous !ra ! a!!a (&ng 0a$es BI and I1s hur h "o#& * &n S o!#and2 a#&ena!ed !he au!hor&!&es and had !o go &n!o h&d&ng' Bu! Ga! #eng!h2 a)!er $u h !ra+a&# and !hese de%a!es2 a## !h&ngs were go! read* and "ro+&ded1' The* had %ough! S"eedwe##2 a s$a## sh&" o) s&8!* !ons2 a! <e*den2 !o arr* !he$ !o Eng#andF !he* a#so ho"ed !o $a(e use o) her &n A$er& a' A #arger sh&"2 Ma*)#ower2 was h&red !o arr* !he grea!er "ar! o) !he o$"an* and &!s s!ores a ross !he A!#an!& ' She was !o $ee! S"eedwe## a! Sou!ha$"!on' Brews!er wou#d %e !he s"&r&!ua# gu&de o) !he Eourne*ers2 )or Ro%&nson $us! s!a* &n <e*den w&!h !he $aEor&!* o) !he ongrega!&on who had de #&ned !he +o*age2 a! an* ra!e )or !he "resen!' And !he !&$e %e&ng o$e !ha! !he* $us! de"ar!2 !he* were a o$"an&ed w&!h $os! o) !he&r %re!hren ou! o) !he &!*2 un!o a !own sundr* $&#es o)) a##ed De#)!sha+en2 where !he sh&" #a* read* !o re e&+e !he$' So !he* #e)! !ha! good#* and "#easan! &!* wh& h had %een !he&r res!&ng "#a e near !we#+e *earsF %u! !he* (new !he* were "&#gr&$s2 and #oo(ed no! $u h on !hose !h&ngs2 %u! #&)! u" !he&r e*es !o !he hea+ens2 !he&r deares! oun!r*2 and ;u&e!ed !he&r s"&r&!s' Th&s was on // 0u#* ,./?' E+en now !here were $ore de#a*s' S"eedwe## "ro+ed unseawor!h* 9Brad)ord !hough! her rew had sa%o!aged her:2 %u! &! was #ong %e)ore ho"e o) her re"a&r was a%andoned' On#* on ,. Se"!e$%er d&d Ma*)#ower )&na##* sa&# )ro$ P#*$ou!h' She arr&ed2 %es&des !he o))& ers and rew2 ,?A "ersons2 o) who$ !h&r!*>)&+e on#* were er!a&n#* P&#gr&$s 9as !he Se"ara!&s!s $a* now2 )o##ow&ng !he&r h&s!or&an2 "ro"er#* %e a##ed:' The res! had %een )ound %* !he <ondon $er han!s who$ !he P&#gr&$s had &ndu ed !o )&nan e !he&r +o*age2 and were &nden!ured ser+an!s or "ersons o) "ar!& u#ar s(&##s #&(e#* !o %e use)u# &n !he new o#on* 9!he #essons o) 0a$es!own had sun( &n2 !hough !he P&#gr&$s had dared !o re)use 0ohn S$&!h1s o))er !o o$e w&!h !he$:' The sh&" was hea+&#* #aden w&!h )urn&!ure2 "o!s2 "ans and "ro+&s&onsF so$e #&+es!o (2 &! a""ears 4 "&gs2 goa!s and h& (ens2 !wo dogs 9o) ourse:2 no a!!#e' The sh&" herse#) &s des r&%ed as a Gs!aun h2 hun(*2 s#ow>sa&#&ng +esse#2 s;uare>r&gged2 dou%#e>de (ed2 %road a%ea$2 w&!h h&gh u""er s!ru !ure a! !he s!ern2 !he "assengers o u"*&ng a%&ns or ;uar!ers %e!ween de (s2 or2 &n !he ase o) !he wo$en and h&#dren2 &n rough a%&ns )orward %e#ow !he "oo"1 She was a%ou! n&ne!* )ee! #ong2 !wen!*>)&+e )ee! w&de a! her wa&s!' She %oas!ed !we#+e annon' Her u""er de ( #ea(ed &n %ad wea!her2 and she was +er* o+er rowded2 ha+&ng "erha"s !h&r!* $ore "eo"#e on %oard !han she shou#d' Dur&ng !he +o*age she en oun!ered !he au!u$na# ga#es2 and her "assengers were e8!re$e#* seas& (' A! one "o&n! !here was ser&ous danger o) !he +esse# )ounder&ng' A#!oge!her2 &! was &n ond&!&ons +er* #&(e !hose o) !he #a!er s!eerage2 as we## as !hose o) !he ear#&er B&rg&n&a +o*ages2 !ha! !he P&#gr&$s rossed !he A!#an!& ' In !h&s sense !he* had a !*"& a# e$&gran! e8"er&en e' The s&ng#e ad+an!age o) Ma*)#ower was !ha! she was a Gswee!1 sh&"= ha+&ng %een engaged &n !he w&ne !rade2 her ho#d was no! ran( w&!h !he s$e##s and d&seases
#e)! %eh&nd %* an&$a# argoes' The resu#! was a hea#!h* +o*age= o) !he en!&re o$"#e$en! o) ,6- "ersons2 Gon#*1 )&+e d&ed' Bu! )ood was &nsu))& &en! and no! good2 !he +o*age was o+er#ong2 on)&ne$en! on sh&"%oard was e+en #onger' @hen !he #and&ng &n A$er& a had %een $ade and !he w&n!er had o$e2 !he $or!a#&!* )ro$ s ur+* and s&$&#ar o$"#a&n!s was )r&gh!)u#2 arr*&ng o)) ha#) !he rew and ha#) !he "assengers2 &n #ud&ng a## %u! )our o) !he e&gh!een $arr&ed wo$en' Man* o) !hese dea!hs $us! %e a!!r&%u!ed !o wha! was su))ered on Ma*)#ower' So when2 a! da*%rea( on - No+e$%er2 !he* $ade #and)a##2 G!he* were no! a #&!!#e Eo*)u#1' The !&" o) Ca"e Cod2 )&)!* $&#es ou! )ro$ !he $a&n#and2 $us! ha+e #oo(ed $u h as &! does !oda*= a was!e o) !u$%#ed wh&!e sand dunes2 "a! h&#* he#d !oge!her %* s!ands o) s ru%%* oa( and "&ne' The P&#gr&$s ou#d no! se!!#e !here2 %u! !he* !oo( wa!er a%oard and !hen se! ou! !o #oo( )or a )r&end#&er shore' The* ho"ed !o sa&# sou!h and se!!#e on !he Hudson2 &n wha! was !hen !er$ed G!he nor!hern "ar!s o) B&rg&n&a1F %u! w&nd and ro (s )or ed !he$ %a ( &n!o wha! &s now Pro+&n e!own har%our on Ca"e Cod' Fro$ !here +ar&ous re onna&ssan e "ar!&es wen! ou! &n sear h o) )ood and a su&!a%#e s&!e )or &nha%&!a!&on2 and on De e$%er a "ar!* #ed %* Brad)ord )ound &!s wa*2 &n a %#&nd&ng snows!or$2 &n!o P#*$ou!h har%our 9)&rs! d&s o+ered %* 0ohn S$&!h2 na$ed %* h&$ and !he )u!ure Char#es I:' P#*$ou!h was hosen !o %e !he&r new ho$e2 and on ,. De e$%er Ma*)#ower en!ered !he har%our',3 On /A De e$%er2 &gnor&ng an* "o"&sh s&gn&)& an e o) !he da!e2 !he* se! !o wor( !o ere ! G!he )&rs! house )or o$$on use !o re e&+e !he$ and !he&r goods1' 0a$es!own had a ;u&red a s&s!er' The P&#gr&$s1 ase was gr&$ enough' Brad)ord sa*s= And )or !he season &! was w&n!er2 and !he* !ha! (now !he w&n!ers o) !ha! oun!r* (now !he$ !o %e shar" and +&o#en!2 and su%Ee ! !o rue# and )&er e s!or$s2 dangerous !o !ra+e# !o (nown "#a es2 $u h $ore !o sear h an un(nown oas!' Bes&des2 wha! ou#d !he* see %u! a h&deous and deso#a!e w&#derness2 )u## o) w&#d %eas!s and w&#d $en 4 and wha! $u#!&!udes !here $&gh! %e o) !he$ !he* (new no!Q @ha! ou#d now sus!a&n !he$ %u! !he S"&r&! o) God and H&s gra eM Ma* no! and ough! no! !he h&#dren o) !hese )a!hers r&gh!#* sa*= GOur )a!hers were Eng#&sh$en2 wh& h a$e o+er !h&s grea! o ean2 and were read* !o "er&sh &n !h&s w&#dernessF %u! !he* r&ed un!o !he <ord2 and He heard !he&r +o& e and #oo(ed on !he&r ad+ers&!*21 e! ' G<e! !he$ !here)ore "ra&se !he <ord2 %e ause He &s good= and H&s $er &es endure )ore+er'1 The P&#gr&$s had !o su))er= agon* )o##owed !he&r arr&+a#2 an agon* wh& h d&d no! a%a!e un!&# ,./A2 when2 Brad)ord !e##s us2 !he se!!#ers )&rs! !as!ed G!he swee!ness o) !he oun!r*1' Bu! &n so$e res"e !s !he* were #u (*' The w&n!er was $&#d )or !he reg&on2 and !he Ind&ans2 ha+&ng %een &$$ense#* redu ed &n nu$%er %* a "#ague2 were #ess dangerous !han !hose o) B&rg&n&a' Near> on!e$"orar* a oun!s2 !hough ad$&!!ed#* wr&!!en as en ourag&ng "ro"aganda2 do $a(e &! see$ !ha! ond&!&ons were #ess un%eara%#e &n P#*$ou!h !han !he* had %een2 !en *ears "re+&ous#*2 &n B&rg&n&a' For one !h&ng2 !he P&#gr&$s were $ade o) %e!!er s!u)) !han !he B&rg&n&ans' The* sur+&+ed2 and !hus a h&e+ed !he&r h&s!or& $&ss&on' For New P#*$ou!h was no! a o#on* !ha! ou#d eas&#* or ;u& (#* grow' The Se"ara!&s!s were a $&nor&!* o) !he &nha%&!an!s !o %eg&n w&!h2 %u! !he* ear#* su%dued !he&r )e##ows !o !he&r wa*sF *e! !he&r e #es&as!& a# do !r&nes2 wh& h &n e))e ! den&ed !he au!hen!& &!*2 !he "ur&!*2 o) a## o!her ongrega!&ons wha!e+er2 e8 e"! !hose o) !he re$a&n&ng e8&#es &n <e*den and A$s!erda$2 were %ound !o re"e# $an*2 e+en $an* o!her Pur&!ans2 who $&gh! ha+e Eo&ned !he$' Then2 !he e ono$& %as&s o) !he o#on* was !oo wea( and narrow !o su""or! an* a$%&!&ous ed&)& e= no! un!&# ,.67 d&d !he P&#gr&$s "a* o)) !he de%!s &n wh& h !he&r +o*age had &n+o#+ed !he$' Far$&ng and )&sh&ng 9!he so&# %e&ng !h&n and P#*$ou!h )ar )ro$ !he %es! )&sh&ng> grounds: a#&(e a! )&rs! d&sa""o&n!ed !he ho"es !ha! had %een "#a ed &n !he$= on#* !he )ur>!rade
(e"! !he &n)an! o#on* &n %e&ng' In a s$a## wa*2 &! &s !rue2 &! !hro+e= &n ,./7 !he !own "resen!ed a res"e !a%#e a""earan e !o a Du! h +&s&!or2 who has #e)! us de!a&#s o) !he we##>%u&#! wooden houses2 !he gardens2 !he s!o (ade and !he annonF %* ,.3? &!s "o"u#a!&on s!ood a! near#* 3??2 %* ,.35 &! was near#* AA?' Bu! B&rg&n&a2 a! !he sa$e da!es2 had a "o"u#a!&on o) $ore !han /2A?? and $ore !han A2??? res"e !&+e#*' P#*$ou!h2 w&!h &!s "o"u#a!&on o)2 &n !he $a&n2 un&n!e##e !ua# and so &a##* und&s!&ngu&shed Hea#o!s2 ou#d sa+e &!se#)2 &ndeed "ros"er2 %* &!s e8er!&onsF &!s &n)#uen e ou#d s"read on#* %* e8a$"#e' There wou#d %e no!h&ng #&(e !he s!ead* $ar h o) "o"u#a!&on a ross oun!r* )ro$ !he )&rs! se!!#e$en! !ha! so s!rong#* hara !er&Hed !he B&rg&n&an de+e#o"$en!F !hough &! &s wor!h no!&ng !ha! &n o!her res"e !s !he o$$on )ea!ures o) A$er& an e8"er&en e $ade !he$se#+es )e#!' Thus2 &n P#*$ou!h2 as &n 0a$es!own2 an a!!e$"! !o ha+e a## !h&ngs &n o$$on was $ade2 and )a&#ed' Brad)ord !e##s us= So !he* %egan !o !h&n( how !he* $&gh! ra&se as $u h orn as !he* ou#d2 and o%!a&n a %e!!er ro" !han !he* had done2 !ha! !he* $&gh! no! s!&## !hus #angu&sh &n $&ser*' A! #eng!h2 a)!er $u h de%a!e o) !h&ngs2 !he Go+ernor,A 9w&!h !he ad+& e o) !he h&e)es! a$ong !he$: ga+e wa* !ha! !he* shou#d se! orn e+er* $an )or h&s own "ar!& u#ar2 and &n !ha! regard !rus! !he$se#+esQ And so ass&gned e+er* )a$&#* a "ar e# o) #andQ Th&s had +er* good su ess2 )or &! $ade a## hands +er* &ndus!r&ous2 so as $u h orn was "#an!ed !han o!herw&se wou#d ha+e %een %* an* $eans !he Go+ernor or an* o!her ou#d use2 and sa+ed h&$ a grea! dea# o) !rou%#e2 and ga+e )ar %e!!er on!en!' The wo$en now wen! w&##&ng#* &n!o !he )&e#d2 and !oo( !he&r #&!!#e ones w&!h !he$ !o se! ornF wh& h %e)ore wou#d a##ege wea(ness and &na%&#&!*' On e $ore &! had %een shown !ha!2 wha!e+er !he&r )a&!h &n a o$$on road !o hea+en2 0a o%ean Eng#&sh$en des&red &nd&+&dua# e ono$& sa#+a!&on on ear!h2 and !ha! !he on#* wa* !o se ure !he&r "ros"er&!* and ohes&on &n !he New @or#d was %* assuag&ng !he&r #and>hunger= wh& h2 )or!una!e#*2 was eas*' In New Eng#and2 as &n B&rg&n&a2 !he $os! a##ur&ng ad+er!&se$en! )or !he o#on&es was !o %e !ha! wh& h we )&nd &n su h re$ar(s as @&##&a$ H&#!on1s2 $ade )ro$ P#*$ou!h &n ,./,= G@e are a## )reeho#ders2 !he ren! da* do!h no! !rou%#e usQ1 And2 as &n B&rg&n&a2 !he "o#&!& a# ne ess&!&es o) A$er& an #&)e a#so $ade !he$se#+es )e#! "ro$"!#*' @hen !he Ma*)#ower o$"an* on!e$"#a!ed &!s )u!ure a)!er rea h&ng Ca"e Cod &! see$ed "#a&n !ha! su h a grou"2 )ar )ro$ a## !he san !&ons and %#ess&ngs o) regu#ar Eng#&sh go+ern$en!2 ou#d no! !hr&+e w&!hou! an agreed ons!&!u!&on' A ord&ng#* !he Sa&n!s 9re$e$%er&ng !he o+enan! %* wh& h !he*2 #&(e a## Se"ara!&s! hur hes2 had es!a%#&shed !he$se#+es: and !he S!rangers 9!ha! &s2 !he non> Sa&n!s: agreed on !he Ma*)#ower Co$"a ! 4 s&gned on ,, No+e$%er %* $os! o) !he o$"an*1s adu#! $a#es' In on!en! &! was no $ore !han a o+enan! ons!&!u!&ng !he s&gna!or&es a %od* "o#&!& 2 wh& h wou#d &ssue and a%&de %* &!s own #awsF %u! !he $anner &n wh& h &! was arr&+ed a! was2 &) no! de$o ra!& 2 a! #eas! se#)>go+ern&ng2 #&(e !he Se"ara!&s! hur hesF,. and !he ons!&!u!&on wh& h e+o#+ed )ro$ &!2 !hough &n su%s!an e "a!erna#&s!& 9)or !he Go+ernor and h&s oun &# $ade a## de &s&ons:2 had s&$&#ar hara !er&s!& s= no!a%#* !he "ro+&s&on )or !he annua# e#e !&on o) !he Go+ernor %* a## "ro"er#* ;ua#&)&ed adu#! $a#es' Seen aga&ns! a $odern A$er& an %a (ground !here &s no!h&ng +er* s!r&(&ng &n !he P&#gr&$s1 "o#&!& a# arrange$en!sF %u! se! aga&ns! !he %a (ground o) S!uar! Eng#and !he* are e#o;uen! o) wha! was d&))eren! a%ou! !he New @or#d' Go+ern$en!2 &ndeed sur+&+a#2 was "oss&%#e !here on#* w&!h !he onsen! o) !he go+ernedF "o#&!& a# &ns!&!u!&ons !here)ore %e a$e &n !he )&rs! &ns!an e &ns!ru$en!s )or se ur&ng !ha! onsen!' The Ma*)#ower Co$"a ! was !he )&rs! o) &nnu$era%#e agree$en!s arr&+ed a! %* !he A$er& an "eo"#e as !he* )ounded new se!!#e$en!s' I!s e8a$"#e was un ons &ous#* %u! e8a !#* )o##owed &n se+en!een!h> en!ur* New Eng#and2 &n e&gh!een!h> en!ur* Ken!u (*2 !hroughou! re+o#u!&onar* A$er& a2 and e+er*where on !he n&ne!een!h> en!ur* )ron!&er= &n Te8as2 Ca#&)orn&a2 Iowa and Oregon' These agree$en!s ena%#ed genera!&ons o) se!!#ers !o )ee# !ha! !he&r #&+es2 "ro"er!* and "ros"e !s were se ure under !he ru#e o) #aw2 and !he* ond&!&oned A$er& an "o#&!& a#
assu$"!&ons2 so !ha! !he #eaders o) re+o#u!&onar* Mar*#and ou#d asser! w&!hou! )ear o) on!rad& !&on !ha! GA## go+ern$en! o) r&gh! or&g&na!es )ro$ !he "eo"#e2 &s )ounded &n o$"a ! on#*'1 ,5 A## !h&s "re"ared !he wa* )or !he grea!es! o$"a ! o) a##2 !he Cons!&!u!&on o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' The P&#gr&$s were !hus )orerunners o) e+en $ore !han was "ro"hes&ed !o !he$ )ro$ Eng#and &n ,./32 when !he&r asso &a!es wro!e= G<e! &! no! %e gr&e+ous un!o *ou !ha! *ou ha+e %een &ns!ru$en!s !o %rea( !he & e )or o!hers who o$e a)!er w&!h #ess d&))& u#!*F !he honour sha## %e *ours !o !he wor#d1s end'1 The P&#gr&$s had shown wha! ou#d %e doneF and o!hers soon "ro)&!ed )ro$ !he&r e8a$"#e' For Eng#and had now en!ered on a ha#)> en!ur* o) hron& !rade de"ress&on2 and her grea!es! e8"or!2 #o!h 4 es"e &a##* &n &!s !rad&!&ona# )or$2 !he so> a##ed O#d Dra"er&es 4 was hardes! h&! o) a##' An &## w&nd %#ew !hroughou! Eas! Ang#&a and !he Sou!h>@es!2 where Pur&!an&s$2 ou!s&de <ondon2 was a! &!s s!ronges!F and "resen!#* a new )or e %egan !o $a(e &!se#) )e#! &n !he Chur h o) Eng#and= !he %&go!ed $odera!&on o) @&##&a$ <aud2 rea!ed %&sho" &n ,./,2 B&sho" o) <ondon &n ,./72 Ar h%&sho" o) Can!er%ur* &n ,.33' O+er>Hea#ous and o+er>sure o) h&$se#) he was2 &n !he end2 !o do as $u h as an* $an 9ne8! !he K&ng: !o %r&ng down !he o#d order &n Eng#andF %u! %e)ore !ha! he $&gh!&#* he#"ed !o %r&ng a%ou! ano!her &$"or!an! wor(2 !he Grea! M&gra!&on o) !housands o) Pur&!ans !o New Eng#and2 !here !o %e )ree o) h&$ and ho#d u" !he $ode# o) a Re)or$ed hur h !o !he&r unha""* oun!r*$en a! ho$e' O!her &$"u#ses !oo "ushed !he$ wes!wards2 as !he* had "ushed !he B&rg&n&ans %e)ore= &$"u#ses wh& h2 !hroughou! !h&s !&$e2 were s"e (#&ng !he A!#an!& oas!2 )ro$ New)ound#and sou!hwards2 w&!h wh&!e $en1s ha%&!a!&ons' As a resu#! o) !he de"ress&on2 #and>hunger and !he ;ues! )or !rade were s!ronger !han e+er' No! on#* !ha!2 &! was an era when $oun!&ng &n o$"e!en e and re$o!eness were dr&+&ng !he S!uar! $onar h* &n!o ru&nous#* ar%&!rar* ourses= &! was no! so good !o %e an Eng#&sh$an as &! had %een' Bu! !here an %e no dou%! !ha! !he re#&g&ous &$"u#se2 as su h2 was "redo$&nan!2 &ndeed su))& &en! %* &!se#) !o a oun! )or !h&s GPur&!an Heg&ra1',7 I! was &n!&$a!e#* onne !ed2 o) ourse2 w&!h !he o!her )or es $en!&oned' Two>)&)!hs o) !he e$&gran!s see$ !o ha+e o$e )ro$ !he #o!h oun!&es' The K&ng1s &n o$"e!en! des"o!&s$ was a sea$#ess we%2 o""ress&ng !he "o#&!& a# and e ono$& as we## as !he re#&g&ous #&)e o) h&s su%Ee !s2 w&!h S!ar Cha$%er as we## as H&gh Co$$&ss&on2 s&n e re#&g&on2 #a%our and "o#&!& s were &n!er)used' Bu! none o) !h&s need ha+e %een !rue2 and !he Pur&!ans wou#d s!&## ha+e sa&#ed' <aud s&#en ed !he god#* "rea hers2 en)or ed on)or$&!*2 )rus!ra!ed a## a!!e$"!s !o "ur&!an&He !he Chur h o) Eng#and )ro$ w&!h&n' More and $ore !he Pur&!ans )ound God1s wor( !o %e ha$"ered &n Eng#andF !he* $us! "ursue &! e#sewhere' I! &s unne essar* !o e#a%ora!e !he "ro ess wh& h #ed !o !he grea! de &s&on' The "ro"aganda o) a genera!&on had "o&n!ed !he wa*2 and !he P&#gr&$s had $ade &! see$ "ra !& a%#e' <aud $ade !he $a!!er urgen!' Ear#&er e))or!s were rowned and su"erseded %* !he )ounda!&on2 &n ,./-2 o) !he Massa huse!!s Ba* Co$"an*2 wh& h &nher&!ed a s!rugg#&ng "#an!a!&on a! Nau$(eag 9now Sa#e$: &n New Eng#andF and &n ,.3? &! "u! a )#ee! !o sea o) e#e+en sh&"s2 arr*&ng 5?? "assengers2 /6? ows2 s&8!* horses2 !he ro*a# har!er o) !he Co$"an* 9so !ha! se#)>go+ern$en! was #ega##* "oss&%#e &n New Eng#and:,- and a #eader2 !he Go+ernor o) !he Co$"an* and !he o#on*2 0ohn @&n!hro" 9,A774,.A?:2 !he )&rs! grea! A$er& an' @&n!hro" was o) !he sa$e as!on&sh&ng gen!r* genera!&on as P*$2 Ha$"den and O#&+er Cro$we##F nor was h&s a h&e+e$en! #ess !han !he&rs' <&(e Cro$we##2 he was a de a*&ng gen!#e$an= h&s es!a!e2 Gro!on &n Su))o#(2 was a! !he hear! o) !he reg&on &nEured %* !he de #&ne o) !he O#d Dra"er&es' <&(e Cro$we##2 !hough he was )ar )ro$ %e&ng an ord&nar* $an2 an ord&nar* $an ou#d ha+e %een $ade ou! o) h&$' H&s na!ura# !as!es were !hose o) a s!ra&gh!)orward oun!r*$an= he #&(ed )ood2 dr&n( and )&e#d s"or!sF was e8!re$e#* u8or&ous
9)our w&+es2 s&8!een h&#dren:F ha!ed <ondon' <&(e Cro$we##2 h&s sou# had ear#* %een )&red %* Pur&!an&s$F #&(e Cro$we##2 he had #&!!#e or no sense o) hu$ourF #&(e Cro$we##2 h&s han e a$e a! !he age o) )or!*' There !he rese$%#an e eases' There were !ra es o) a h&gh generos&!* and an &n!e##e !ua# d&s!&n !&on &n @&n!hro" wh& h Cro$we## ne+er a!!a&ned' There was no wh&)) o) su#"hur a%ou! h&$2 none o) !he Cro$we##&an %#&nd gro"&ng !o h&s des!&n*' @&n!hro" was e$&nen!#* reasona%#e' He wres!#ed &n!e##&gen!#* w&!h h&s !e$"!a!&ons2 &n !he "ro ess d&s o+er&ng !he grea! s!reng!h o) h&s hara !er and !he Eo*s o) a #&)e o) ha##enge' H&s da*s were $ar(ed !hroughou! %* an earnes! and hones! a!!e$"! !o $ou#d h&$se#) and h&s so &e!* a ord&ng !o !he w&## o) God' Bu! he $ade no &$"oss&%#e de$ands o) h&$se#) and h&s )e##ows' H&s re#&g&on re)#e !ed h&s hara !er2 as a $an1s re#&g&on a#wa*s does2 ra!her $ore !han &! sha"ed &!' @&n!hro" was a%#e2 hard>wor(&ng2 hea#!h* and2 un!&# !he a## a$e2 o%s ure= Pur&!an&s$ ena%#ed h&$ !o %a#an e a$%&!&on and "#easure2 and !o a e"! !he narrow on)&nes o) h&s #&)e' Ye! &n ,./- he was (nown !o a w&de &r #e o) Pur&!an gen!r*2 $er han!s2 #aw*ers and $&n&s!ers as a $an o) grea! g&)!s2 a! "ea e w&!h h&$se#)' He was #ear#* su h a $an as !he Massa huse!!s Ba* Co$"an* needed' Gradua##* he was drawn &n!o &!s "#ansF gradua##* he a e"!ed !he "ar! he $&gh! "#a* &n !he$' He se! down on "a"er !he argu$en!s &n )a+our o) a!!e$"!&ng a Pur&!an "#an!a!&on &n New Eng#and' Reasons o) a$%&!&on and e ono$& s were s!a!edF %u! o+er a## "redo$&na!ed !he )ee#&ng !ha!2 )or !he )a&!h)u# o) God2 !he !&$es were %ad and ge!!&ng worseF !ha! God was "re"ar&ng a Eudge$en! aga&ns! Eng#and2 Gand who (nows2 %u! !ha! God ha!h "ro+&ded !h&s "#a e2 !o %e a re)uge )or $an*2 who$ he $eans !o sa+e ou! o) !he genera# des!ru !&on1' Howe+er2 &) !he o#d Eng#and were2 &n s"&!e o) a##2 !o %e sa+ed2 &! $&gh! %es! %e done )ro$ !he new' GI! was a good ser+& e !o !he Chur h o) !he 0ews !ha! 0ose"h and Mar* )orsoo( !he$2 !ha! !he&r $ess&ah $&gh! %e "reser+ed )or !he$ aga&ns! !he !&$es o) %e!!er ser+& e'1 And &) !h&s undou%!ed#* honoura%#e wor( were !o su eed2 &! wou#d need !o %e under!a(en %* so$e $en2 a! #eas!2 o) edu a!&on2 a%&#&!* and wea#!h' @&n!hro" a! #as! agreed !o %e !he h&e) o) !he$' H&s )r&ends had #ong &ns&s!ed !ha! !he* wou#d no! s!&r w&!hou! h&$' Now !hou !he ho"e o) Israe#2 and !he sure he#" o) a## !ha! o$e !o !hee2 (n&! !he hear!s o) !h* ser+an!s !o !h*se#)2 &n )a&!h and "ur&!*' Draw us w&!h !he swee!ness o) !h&ne odours2 !ha! we $a* run a)!er !hee2 a##ure us2 and s"ea( (&nd#* !o !h* ser+an!s2 !ha! !hou $a* "ossess us as !h&ne own2 &n !he (&ndness o) *ou!h and !he #o+e o) $arr&age' Carr* us &n!o !h* Garden2 !ha! we $a* ea! and %e )&##ed w&!h !hose "#easures2 wh& h !he wor#d (nows no!= #e! us hear !ha! swee! +o& e o) !h&ne2 $* #o+e2 $* do+e2 $* unde)&#ed' S"read !h* s(&r! o+er us and o+er our de)or$&!*2 $a(e us s& ( w&!h !h* #o+e' <e! us s#ee" &n !h&ne ar$s2 and awa(e &n !h* (&ngdo$' The Eo*ous sense o) a d&+&ne wor( !o %e done arr&ed h&$ on !r&u$"han!#* !o !he %u&#d&ng o) !he $os! re$ar(a%#e o) !he Eng#&sh o#on&es and !he es!a%#&sh$en! o) a !ru#* new so &e!* &n !he New @or#d' The !&$es were w&!h h&$' A! !he&r arr&+a#2 !he Pur&!ans )ound2 #&(e !he P&#gr&$s %e)ore !he$2 !ha! !he Ind&ans were agreea%#* )ewF and !here was no ser&ous &n!er)eren e2 #e! a#one a!!a (2 )ro$ !he Du! h or !he Fren h' The o#on* ne+er #a (ed !he essen!&a# )or su ess2 "#en!&)u# re ru&!$en!= dur&ng !he GE#e+en Years T*rann*1 so$e /?2??? Pur&!ans are !hough! !o ha+e rossed !o Massa huse!!s Ba*' Man* d&ed2 $an* #os! hear! and re!urnedF %u! $os! s!a*ed' The ear#&er arr&+a#s su""#&ed !he #a!er w&!h orn2 dressed !&$%er2 a!!#eF &n re!urn !he #a!e o$ers "ro+&ded !he #o!h2 "o!s2 gun"owder and so on wh& h ou#d no! *e! %e $anu)a !ured &n New Eng#and' The de%! o) A$er& a !o @&n!hro" and h&s asso &a!es 9es"e &a##* !he $&n&s!ers: an s ar e#*
%e o+eres!&$a!ed 9!hough &! $a* %e $&ss!a!ed:' I! was no! $ere#* !ha! !he Go+ernor $ade a## !he grea! de &s&ons o) !he ear#* da*s2 su h as !ha! !o es!a%#&sh !he sea! o) go+ern$en! on !he Shaw$u! "en&nsu#a2 !herea)!er )a$ous as Bos!onF or !ha! h&s heer)u# )a&!h sus!a&ned !he se!!#ers1 $ora#e !hroughou! !he s!ar+&ng w&n!er a)!er !he&r arr&+a#F or !ha! he generous#* su%s&d&Hed !he o#on* )ro$ h&s own "o (e!' H&s )a&!h2 h&s "rogra$$e2 h&s $e!hod o) go+ern$en! ra&sed so$e ;ues!&ons2 se!!#ed o!hersF %u! o+era## !he grea! wor( o) !he Pur&!ans was !he s!a$"&ng o) !he&r hara !er on A$er& an so &e!*' For !he $ar(2 !hough $u h a#!ered %* !&$e2 has "ro+ed &nde#&%#e' True2 &n !he e*es o) !he Pur&!ans !he$se#+es2 !he&r )a&#ure was a#$os! as ons"& uous as !he&r su ess' @e ha+e seen !ha! one a&$ o) !he Grea! M&gra!&on was !o "ro+&de &n !he New @or#d a new $ode# o) !he due )or$ o) go+ern$en!2 &+&# and e #es&as!& a#2 %* wh& h2 when !he !&$es $ended2 !he O#d @or#d was so$ehow !o %e sa+ed' G@e $us! ons&der !ha! we sha## %e as a C&!* u"on a H&##21 sa&d @&n!hro" !o !he )&rs! se!!#ers2 G!he e*es o) a## "eo"#e are u"on us'1 A s"#end&d and deser+ed#* )a$ous asser!&on' Un)or!una!e#* &! re$a&ned a $ere asser!&on' The e*es o) a## "eo"#e 4 e+en o) Eng#&sh "eo"#e 4 "ro+ed !o %e #oo(&ng e#sewhereF and )ro$ !ha! da* !o !h&s2 when !he* ha+e )ro$ !&$e !o !&$e !urned !o !he B&%#e Co$$onwea#!h )ounded %* @&n!hro"2 !he* ha+e seen $ore !o %#a$e !han !o ad$&re' Se+en!*>)&+e *ears o) !he Pur&!an s"&r&! %ore !he New Eng#and se!!#e$en!s as !he&r )ru&!F %u! !he s"&r&! on!&nued !o e+o#+e w&!h !he *ears2 #ea+&ng !he &deas o) @&n!hro"1s genera!&on %eh&nd2 s!randed2 as &! were2 on !he A$er& an shore= #oo(&ng !o a d&))eren! har+es!' @&n!hro"1s &!* u"on a h&## was2 ne+er!he#ess2 a !ua##* %u&#!2 organ&Hed and $a&n!a&ned aga&ns! &!s ene$&es' Few o!her U!o"&as ou#d e+er %oas! as $u h' No wonder !ha!2 &n s"&!e o) ou!er neg#e ! and &nner %a (s#&d&ng2 &!s &!&Hens on!&nued !o %e "roud o) &! and o) !he$se#+es' I! was +er* $u h a Se"ara!&s! U!o"&a' No! !ha!2 %e)ore !he&r +o*age2 $an* o) !he Pur&!ans had %een o) !he P&#gr&$ s!r&"e' As a $a!!er o) )a !2 no!h&ng &n !he h&s!or* o) Eng#&sh Pro!es!an!&s$ &s $ore s!r&(&ng !han !he e8!re$e and #ong>endur&ng re#u !an e o) !he Pur&!ans under !he S!uar!s !o %e #og& a# and se"ara!e )ro$ !he na!&ona# hur h' Howe+er Hea#ous )or !he d&s &"#&ne2 )ew o) !he $&n&s!ers and #a* Pur&!ans had !he $ar!*rs1 !e$"era$en!F and $an*2 e+en o) !he $os! earnes!2 o) !hose #eas! swa*ed %* $a!er&a# ons&dera!&ons 9!he d&s o$)or! o) "r&son2 !he o$)or! o) a %ene)& e: ou#d no! %r&ng !he$se#+es !o a%andon o$"rehens&+eness and !he&r dear2 &) s&n)u#2 )e##ow> oun!r*$en2 e+en !hough !he* her&shed !he no!&on !ha! a hur h ough! on#* !o %e a #o a# !h&ng2 an e8 #us&+e and &nde"enden! ongrega!&on o) !he sa+ed' The Massa huse!!s Congrega!&ona#&s!s were no! +o#un!ar* s h&s$a!& s= !he* were dr&+en ou! o) !he&r hur h %* <aud'/? I! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! "ro)essed Se"ara!&s!s had %een !he )&rs! !o $a(e !he grea!es! %rea( o) a##2 and #ea+e2 no! Eus! !he&r hur h2 %u! !he&r oun!r*2 see(&ng a new Eng#andF and &! &s a er!a&n !es!&$on* !o !he des"a&r se!!#&ng #&(e a w&n!er )og o+er !he Pur&!ans &n <aud&an Eng#and !ha! so $an* o) !he$ de &ded !o )o##ow !he P&#gr&$ #ead' For %* do&ng so !he* on eded !he Se"ara!&s! ase' The* s!rugg#ed aga&ns! ad$&!!&ng &!= @&n!hro" and h&s )r&ends 9"ro!es!&ng2 $a*%e2 a !r&)#e !oo $u h: &ssued a )u#so$e de #ara!&on o) #o*a#!* !o !he Chur h o) Eng#and Eus! %e)ore sa&#&ng' The* had no w&sh !o see$ deser!ers o) God1s ause &n Eng#and' Bu! !he a ! o) sa&#&ng was a s&gn !ha! !he* had &n )a ! a%andoned &!' Geogra"h* was !oo s!rong' Three !housand $&#es o) o ean2 !he* d&s o+ered2 #e)! !he$ )ree 9and !here)ore %ound: !o )o##ow !he&r re#&g&ous "r&n &"#es !o !he&r #og& a# on #us&ons w&!hou! )ear or regre!' B&sho"s and !he Boo( o) Co$$on Pra*er were a%andoned' T&es o) sen!&$en! and ha%&! )e## awa*2 and non>se"ara!&ng Congrega!&ona#&s$ ended' E+er* New Eng#and hur h was so+ere&gn &n &!s #o a#&!*2 a$ena%#e on#* !o !he ad+& e o) ne&gh%our&ng hur hes and !he s!rong ar$ o) !he &+&# au!hor&!*' Th&s #as! was a +er* se+ere res!r& !&on on !he sa red )reedo$ o) !he hur hes' I! was a $u h $ore !o!a# surrender !o !he s!a!e !han an*!h&ng wh& h Char#es I or <aud were a%#e !o &$"ose on !he hur h &n Eng#and' Bu! @&n!hro" and !he $&n&s!ers )e#! !he* had #&!!#e ho& e %u! !o !r* !o s;uare !h&s &r #e' Heres* and sed&!&on 9!ha! &s2 non>Congrega!&ona#&s! +&ews:
wou#d s"rou! un#ess so$e "ower e8&s!ed !o he ( !he$' Tha! "ower ou#d on#* %e !he s!a!e2 s&n e no hur h $&gh! oer e ano!her2 and s&n e !he s!a!e e8&s!ed on#* !o )ur!her God1s #ear "ur"oseQ &! was so"h&s!r*2 %u! "#aus&%#e enough' Heres* %e a$e a &+&# o))en e2 #&(e an* o) !he o!hers 9su h as w&! h ra)!2 "ro)an&!*2 %#as"he$*2 &do#a!r*2 adu#!er*2 sodo$*2 Sa%%a!h> %rea(&ng: w&!h wh& h !he our!s had !o dea#' R&gh! #&%er!*2 @&n!hro" are)u##* e8"#a&ned2 was #&%er!* on#* !o do God1s w&##' A## o!her )or$s o) #&%er!* were )rowned on' So2 ar$ &n ar$2 !he Pur&!an hur hes and !he Pur&!an s!a!e )or ed $en !o %e )ree' I! was an en#&gh!ened des"o!&s$' Su h a s*s!e$ was $ore a e"!a%#e &n !he re#&g&ous !han &n !he se u#ar s"here' The %u#( o) !he se!!#ers were ha""* !o %e#&e+e !ha! !he d&+&nes who$ !he* had )o##owed )ro$ Eng#and (new how !o s!eer !he$ a## sa)e !o hea+en2 and su""or!ed !he$ and !he en)or &ng se u#ar ar$ on!en!ed#* aga&ns! su h ha##engers as Roger @&##&a$s 9,.?3473:2 !he )ounder o) Rhode Is#and o#on* &n ,.3.2 who argued )or o$"#e!e se"ara!&on %e!ween !he &ns!&!u!&ons o) hur h and s!a!e2 and Anne Hu! h&nson 9,A-, > ,.63:2 who #a&$ed d&re ! &ns"&ra!&on )ro$ God' Po#&!& s was a d&))eren! $a!!er' @&n!hro" #aun hed2 and wou#d ha+e #&(ed !o on!&nue2 an en#&gh!ened des"o!&s$ &n !h&s s"here !oo2 %u! &r u$s!an es were !oo s!rong )or h&$2 and he showed h&s usua# good sense &n gra e)u##* g&+&ng wa* !o !he$' The o#on&s!s &n!ended !o run no r&s(s o) )or ed #oans2 sh&" $one*2 %&##e!&ng or an* o!her ar%&!rar* e8a !&ons now !ha! !he* had go! )ree o) O#d Eng#and' The "rea hers !oo2 re$e$%er&ng <aud1s hea+* hand2 were a## &n )a+our o) a s!r& !#* #&$&!ed go+ern$en! &n non>e #es&as!& a# a))a&rs' GI) *ou !e!her a %eas! a! n&gh!21 sa&d !he Re+erend 0ohn Co!!on2 Ghe (nows !he #eng!h o) h&s !e!her %e)ore $orn&ng'1 So &n ,.3/ !he se!!#ers &ns&s!ed on !he "r&n &"#e o) no !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on 9!hough no! &n !hose words:' I! was agreed !ha! e+er* !own was !o e#e ! !wo de"u!&es 9#&(e !he %orough $e$%ers o) !he House o) Co$$ons: !o on)er w&!h !he Go+ernor and o!her $ag&s!ra!es 9(nown as ass&s!an!s: and +o!e ne essar* !a8es' The* a#so su ess)u##* #a&$ed !he r&gh! !o e#e ! !he Go+ernor and De"u!*' Then &n ,.362 a! !he Ma* $ee!&ng o) !he Genera# Cour!2 G&! was ordered2 !ha! )our genera# our!s shou#d %e (e"! e+er* *ear2 and !ha! !he who#e %od* o) !he )ree$en shou#d %e "resen! on#* a! !he our! o) e#e !&on o) $ag&s!ra!es2 e! '2 and !ha!2 a! !he o!her !hree2 e+er* !own shou#d send !he&r de"u!&es2 who shou#d ass&s! &n $a(&ng #aws2 d&s"os&ng #ands2 e! '1' The Genera# Cour! was2 under !he har!er2 !he so+ere&gn %od* %o!h o) !he Massa huse!!s Ba* Co$"an* and o) &!s o#on*2 &n!o wh& h &! had $erged' In reas&ng#* !h&s our! a$e !o rese$%#e !he Eng#&sh Par#&a$en!' The rese$%#an e was a en!ua!ed when2 &n ,.662 &! was )or$a##* d&+&ded &n!o !wo houses2 !he $ag&s!ra!es and !he de"u!&es' @&n!hro"2 %e#&e+&ng &n a !ru#* ar&s!o ra!& go+ern$en! 4 G!he %es! "ar! &s a#wa*s !he #eas! and o) !ha! %es! "ar! !he w&ser &s a#wa*s !he #esser12 he sa&d 4 de"#ored !h&s e+o#u!&on2 %u! ou#d no! end &!' The annua# e#e !&on o) Go+ernor and o!her $ag&s!ra!es had %rough! !he Eo*s o) e#e !ora# "o#&!& s !o !he s*$"a!he!& so&# o) Nor!h A$er& a' @&n!hro" was !w& e +o!ed ou! o) !he Go+ernorsh&" )or a "er&od o) *ears 9&n ,.36 and ,.6?:F and h&s %e#&e) &n a )#e8&%#e2 organ& go+ern$en!2 !o %e gu&ded %* !he "re eden!s o) &!s own de &s&ons2 was reEe !ed %* !he o#on&s!s2 who &ns&s!ed on a ode o) wr&!!en #aws 4 !he Bod* o) <&%er!&es 9,.6,:'/, @&!h&n so )ew *ears o) &!s es!a%#&sh$en!2 !he Massa huse!!s "#an!a!&on had grown &n!o a )u##* se#)>go+ern&ng #&!!#e re"u%#& 2 ha+&ng on#* "a"er onne !&ons w&!h !he ro*a# go+ern$en! &n Eng#and 4 &! was )ar ou!s&de %o!h !he "ro!e !&on and !he "ower o) @h&!eha##' Bu! &! was )ar )ro$ %e&ng a de$o ra *2 wh& h @&n!hro" 9re)#e !&ng !he genera# edu a!ed a!!&!ude o) h&s !&$e: des r&%ed as !he $eanes! o) a## )or$s o) go+ern$en!' There had %een no de$o ra * &n Israe#' The danger !ha! Gwor#d#* $en shou#d "ro+e !he $aEor "ar!1 o) !he go+ern$en! had !o %e a+o&ded2 and was2 %* a de ree 9,.3,: !ha! G!o !he end !he %od* o) !he o$$ons $a* %e "reser+ed o) hones! and good $enQ no $an sha## %e ad$&!!ed !o !he )reedo$ o) !h&s %od* "o#&!& 2 %u! su h as are $e$%ers o) so$e o) !he hur hes w&!h&n !he #&$&!s o) !he sa$e1' S&n e on#* !hose who ou#d on+&n e !he o!her $e$%ers !ha! !he* had %een on+er!ed were ad$&!!ed !o hur hes !he
danger o) ungod#* ru#e was !hus e#&$&na!edF and s&n e !he nu$%er o) !he on+er!ed was a#wa*s s$a##2 !he danger o) $ere $aEor&!* ru#e was e#&$&na!ed a! !he sa$e !&$e' An O#&!e2 !hen2 o) !he e#e !2 !he Sa&n!s2 go+erned Massa huse!!sF an O#&!e wh& h was &!se#) do$&na!ed %* $en #&(e @&n!hro"2 as he des&red2 $en o) wea#!h2 edu a!&on and %reed&ng'// I! was no! a #ass O#&!e2 a## !he sa$e' God d&d no! sa+e or da$n %* &n o$e= "oor as we## as r& h were ad$&!!ed !o !he hur hes' @ha!e+er !he o!her ≠ua#&!&es2 hur h $e$%ers were e;ua# &n "o#&!& a# r&gh!s' Ye! &n e+er* #ass2 &n e+er* !own2 !he* were &n a $&nor&!*' B* !he end o) !he en!ur* !he&r $ono"o#* o) "o#&!& a# "ower was e8 &!&ng en+* &n !he unregenera!e' <ong %e)ore !ha!2 &! was "ro+&ng &n on+en&en! !o !he regenera!e' E))& &en * re;u&red w&der &!&Hensh&"' For )ree$ansh&" en!a&#ed no! r&gh!s on#*2 %u! res"ons&%&#&!&es2 and a## !oo $an* hur h $e$%ers2 o%e*&ng a na!ura# &ns!&n ! !o sh&r(2 were de #&n&ng !o a""#* )or &!' In order !o (ee" !he a))a&rs o) go+ern$en! runn&ng s$oo!h#*2 &! "ro+ed ne essar* !o )&nd wa*s round !he ru#e res!r& !&ng )ree$ansh&" 4 #e! us sa* &!&Hensh&" 4 !o !he sa+ed' 9In !he daugh!er o#on* o) Conne !& u! 4 )ounded &n ,.3A 4 !he ru#e was ne+er ado"!ed': The "ure#* #o a# )ran h&se was ear#* o"ened !o a## $en o) $a!ure *ears who had !a(en !he oa!h o) )&de#&!* !o !he o$$onwea#!h' In !h&s wa* !he &dea o) "o#&!& a# e;ua#&!* %egan !o $a(e &!se#) )e#!' I! was no! an &dea# wh& h ou#d $a(e $u h headwa* &n a so &e!* whose "r&$e "reo u"a!&on was re#&g&on' Bu! 9here !he h&s!or* !urns o$& : !hough !he su%Ee ! on!&nued )as &na!&ng2 !he "reo u"a!&on d&d no! #as! +er* #ong 4 er!a&n#* no! so #ong as !he $&n&s!ers1 o%sess&on w&!h !he &dea o) New Eng#and1s d&+&ne errand and o+enan! w&!h God' Soon !he $en o) Mar%#ehead near Sa#e$ were oarse#* !e##&ng !he&r $&n&s!er !ha! he was $&s!a(en as !o !he&r $o!&+e &n !ra+e##&ng !o A$er& a 4 Gour $a&n end was !o a! h )&sh1' For )&sh&ng "ro+ed a#$os! as #u ra!&+e as 0ohn S$&!h had )oreseen' The New Eng#anders soon +en!ured !o !he Grand Ban(s and s!ead&#* &$"ro+ed !he des&gn o) !he&r )&sh&ng +esse#s' The resu#! was !ha! &n ,.6, a#one 3??2??? %arre#s o) od were e8"or!edF herr&ng2 $a (ere#2 a#ew&+es and de#& &ous %ass a#so )ound read* $ar(e!s' Grea! Br&!a&n had her own )&sher$en2 %u! Euro"e was ha""* !o !a(e !he %es! o) New Eng#and1s a! hesF !he $&dd#&ng grades were so#d !o )ar$ers o) !he A$er& an %a (> oun!r*2 !he wors! )ed s#a+es on @es! Ind&an "#an!a!&ons' Pros"er&!* was )os!ered %* !he )ur>!rade !oo2 wh& h2 #u ra!&+e &n &!se#) 9!hough ra"&d#* de #&n&ng a)!er !he )&rs! de ade o) se!!#e$en!:2 a#so o"ened u" !he %a (> oun!r* o) New Eng#and !o )ar$ers' I! "ro+ed &$"oss&%#e !o e8"or! !he reg&on1s "#en!&)u# !&$%er2 #a%our and !rans"or!a!&on os!s %e&ng so h&gh2 %u! !he sh&"%u&#ders o) Bos!on and !he oas! $ade good use o) &!2 as !he* d&d o) o!her $ar&ne s!ores' For o+erseas !rade %oo$ed' So$e o) &!s &ngred&en!s ha+e %een $en!&oned' O!hers were2 )or e8"or!= "&"e>s!a+es2 %arre#>s!a+es2 #a"%oard2 shee"2 goa!s2 hogs2 horses2 %ar#e*2 whea!2 oa!s2 r*e2 dr&ed %ee)2 "or(2 ru$2 heese2 %u!!er2 soa"2 )ra$es o) houses2 "easF )or &$"or!= )ro$ !he @es! Ind&es2 $o#asses 9)or $a(&ng ru$:2 sugar2 o!!on2 !o%a o2 &nd&go2 s#a+esF )ro$ Euro"e2 w&ne2 sa#!2 )ru&!s2 ra&s&ns2 s&#(2 o#&+e o&#2 #a es2 #&nen2 #o!hF )ro$ !he sou!hern Eng#&sh o#on&es2 !o%a o2 orn2 %eans2 $ea!' Trade %e a$e a )as &na!&on )or !he h&#dren o) !he Pur&!ans2 and !he $&n&s!ers )ound !ha! !he* were d&s!ress&ng#* read* !o !e## #&es !o he#" &!2 and !he&r )or!unes2 a#ong' There were e+en gra+er onse;uen es' As ear#* as ,.36 a su$"!uar* #aw had !o %e "assed )or%&dd&ng !he use o) G#a e2 s&#+er2 go#d1 &n #o!h&ng2 and Gs#ashed #o!hes2 o!her !han one s#ash &n ea h s#ee+e and ano!her &n !he %a (F a#so2 a## u!wor(s2 e$%ro&dered or need#ewor( a"s2 %ands and ra&#s1' To no e))e != )or!* *ears #a!er &! was )re;uen!#* ne essar* !o )&ne hu$%#e "ersons )or &$"uden!#* wear&ng !he )a%r& o) !he&r %e!!ers2 s&#(' Then2 dr&n(2 !ha! s!a"#e o) !he !rade2 had d&s!ress&ng e))e !s= &n ,.53 a $&n&s!er #a$en!ed GHow has w&ne and &der2 %u! $os! o) a## ru$2 de%au hed $u#!&!udes o) "eo"#e2 *oung and o#dM1 Mos! dread)u#2 howe+er2 was !he d&s!ra !&ng e))e ! o) $ere "ros"er&!* &!se#)' B* ,..? Bos!on was a !hr&+&ng !own o) 32??? "eo"#e2 #ear e+&den e o) God1s )a+ourF %u! !o wha! a+a&# &) &! had )orgo!!en &!s $&ss&onM M&n&s!er&a# ou! r&es %e a$e &n essan!= GI! on erne!h New Eng#and a#wa*s !o re$e$%er !ha! or&g&na##* !he* are a "#an!a!&on re#&g&ous2 no! a "#an!a!&on o) !rade'1
No use 4 !he g#oo$* +erd& ! ou#d no! %e a+o&ded= GOu!ward "ros"er&!* &s a wor$ a! !he roo!s o) god#&ness2 so !ha! re#&g&on d&es when !he wor#d !hr&+es'1 Ma!!ers were no %e!!er &n !he %a (> oun!r*' On !he&r arr&+a# !he Pur&!ans had ;u& (#* sensed how we## ada"!ed !he !rad&!&ona# Eng#&sh $anor>+&##age was !o !he&r "ur"osesF so !he* organ&Hed !he New Eng#and oun!r*s&de a ord&ng#*' Th&s was a su"er)& &a##* $ore s&gn&)& an! &$"or!a!&on !han !he Esse8 wea!her%oard&ng wh& h o+ered !he&r houses and %arnsF *e! &! has #e)! #ess o) a $ar( on !he A$er& an #ands a"e' @ea!her%oard&ng an now %e )ound &n ;uan!&!* &n e+er* s!a!e o) !he Un&onF !he god#* !ownsh&" o) !he Pur&!ans1 "#ans2 nowhere' Ye! !he &dea had see$ed so goodT The nu #ear +&##age2 surrounded %* )&e#ds )ar$ed &n s!r&"s2 su h as !he se!!#ers had (nown &n Eng#and2 wou#d %e e ono$& a##* se#)>su))& &en! and (ee" !he +&##agers #ose under !he $&n&s!er1s e*e' I! wou#d $a(e eas* !he $a&n!enan e o) a s hoo#2 and !he Chr&s!&an !ra&n&ng o) ser+an!s and h&#dren' I! wou#d "re+en! !he &n!e##e !ua# and $ora# s!agna!&on &n &so#a!&on o) adu#!s2 and )a &#&!a!e #o a# se#)>go+ern$en!2 s&n e !own>$ee!&ngs ou#d eas&#* %e arranged' Thus a ongrega!&on2 whe!her $ee!&ng as a &+&# or as an e #es&as!& a# o$$un&!*2 ou#d o%ser+e !he "r&n &"#es o) &!s &ns!&!u!&on2 and &!s $e$%ers 9"ower)u##* egged on %* a "rea h&ng $&n&s!er1s e#o;uen e: ou#d a ! aga&ns! an* %a (s#&d&ng' To a wonder)u# e8!en! !he New Eng#and !ownsh&" a h&e+ed a## !hese !h&ngsF and2 &n "ure#* se u#ar )or$2 &! #&ngers s!&##2 w&!h &!s hara !er&s!& &ns!&!u!&ons2 !he !own>$ee!&ng and !he se#e !$en 9annua##* e#e !ed ad$&n&s!ra!&+e o))& ers:2 &n !he ;u&e!er orners o) New Eng#and' Bu! #and>hunger &n Conne !& u! and Massa huse!!s on!&nued !o %e s!rong' <and was "#en!&)u#F and2 un!&# !he #oo$&ng o) !he Eng#&sh C&+&# @ar dr&ed u" !he su""#* o) new &$$&gran!s2 !here was2 as has %een s!a!ed2/3 an eager $ar(e! )or agrar&an "rodu !s o) a## (&nds' Pr& es o##a"sed2 &! &s !rue2 &n ,.6/F %u! !he* gradua##* re o+ered as New Eng#and sa&#ors )ound $ar(e!s a%road' Soon !he de$ands o) !he $ar(e! $ade !he$se#+es )e#! aga&n on !he )ar$F and2 !hus assured o) "ro)&!2 !he )ar$ers o"ened u" $ore and $ore new #and' The* ou#d no! %e (e"! w&!h&n range o) !he !owns and !he $&n&s!ers2 and !he&r #and>hunger $ade !he$ so$ewha! unre e"!&+e !o e8hor!a!&ons' GOu!#*&ng "#a es12 sa&d one "rea her2 Gwere nurser&es o) &gnoran e2 "ro)aneness and a!he&s$'1 Sa&d ano!her2 GThe )&rs! !ha! a$e o+er h&!her )or !he Gos"e# ou#d no! !e## wha! !o do w&!h $ore #and !han a s$a## nu$%er o) a res2 *e! now $en $ore eas&#* swa##ow down so $an* hundreds and are no! sa!&s)&ed'1 A !h&rd e8 #a&$ed2 GSure !here were o!her and %e!!er !h&ngs !he Peo"#e o) God a$e h&!her )or !han !he %es! s"o! o) ground2 !he r& hes! so&#'1 No dou%!= %u! !he Peo"#e o) God hose !o )orge! &!' The* hose !o #&+e &n A$er& a2 no! as $e$%ers o) a #ose> (n&! o$$un&!* o) "&e!*2 %u! as &nd&+&dua#&s! )ar$ers2 ea h see(&ng h&s and h&s )a$&#*1s sa#+a!&on2 e ono$& a##* and s"&r&!ua##*2 on h&s own' Had !he* ared !o !he* ou#d ha+e argued !ha! !he* were !he !rues! Pur&!ans2 &nd&+&dua# sa#+a!&on %e&ng !he en!ra# +a#ue o) Pur&!an&s$F no wonder !ha!2 &n "ro"&!&ous &r u$s!an es 9and !he )ron!&er o) se!!#e$en! &n Nor!h A$er& a was +er* "ro"&!&ous:2 !he +a#ue was )o##owed !o &!s #og& a#2 Ghe !ra+e#s )as!es! who !ra+e#s a#one12 on #us&on' Bu! %* !he "erha"s e8 ess&+e#* s!r& ! s!andards o) &!s )ounders !he &!* on !he h&## %egan !o #oo( #ess #&(e 0erusa#e$ !han #&(e a d&s"#a ed Sodo$ or Go$orrahF and Brad)ord shoo( h&s head o+er !he degenera * o) P#*$ou!h2 !oo' So "erha"s &! was as we## !ha! !he e*es o) a## "eo"#e were d&re !ed e#sewhereF %u! !h&s2 !oo2 was a ause o) d&s!ress and saddened 0ohn @&n!hro" %e)ore h&s dea!h' F&rs! !here was <aud= !he* had )#ed h&$' Then !here was !he Pres%*!er&an Par#&a$en!= !he* de)&ed &!' Then Cro$we## arose2 an Inde"enden!2 one o) !he&r own 4 and &ns!ead o) ado"!&ng !he New Eng#and wa* o) o$"u#sor* Congrega!&ona#&s$2 as e8e$"#&)&ed &n P#*$ou!h2 Massa huse!!s2 Conne !& u! and New Ha+en2 he !oo( u" !he &deas o) !he %#a ( )#o ( a$ong !he$2 Roger @&##&a$s1s shee" o) Rhode Is#and2 !ha! ho!%ed o) re#&g&ous #&%er!*T GTo#era!&on1 was a## !he r*' /6 The New Eng#and Pur&!ans were r&s&ng !o !he "ea( o)
!he&r "o#&!& a# s!reng!h= Conne !& u! and New Ha+en were se!!#ed2 and &n ,.A/ Massa huse!!s asser!ed &!s do$&n&on o+er !he reg&ons o) New Ha$"sh&re and Ma&ne !o !he nor!h2 where $an* o) !he ungod#* had %een rash enough !o se!!#e w&!h&n rea h o) !he sa&n!#* o$$onwea#!h1s #ong ar$' In !he sa$e *ear &! assu$ed one o) !he h&e) a!!r&%u!es o) so+ere&gn!* and %egan !o $&n! &!s own $one*' Bu! !o wha! a+a&#M The errand &n!o !he w&#derness had )a&#ed' Ber* su ess was orru"!&ng !he new Canaan )ro$ w&!h&nF and !he Pur&!ans !he* had #e)! %eh&nd were neg#e !&ng !he #essons o) Massa huse!!s or!hodo8*' @ha! ou#d &! $a!!er !o an Eng#&sh Inde"enden! !ha! Mas!er Tho$as She"ard2 !he $&n&s!er o) Ca$%r&dge2 Massa huse!!s2 had de #ared &! GSa!an1s "o#& *2 !o "#ead )or an &nde)&n&!e and %ound#ess !o#era!&on1M To !he $en o) Bun*an1s genera!&on on#* !he ado"!&on o) su h a "o#& * ou#d sa+e !he$ )ro$ Bed)ord Ea&#' To !he&r e*es 9so$e o) !he$ %egan !o sa* so as ear#* as ,.632 when Roger @&##&a$s2 see(&ng2 su ess)u##*2 !o "ro!e ! Rhode Is#and )ro$ Massa huse!!s e8"ans&on&s$2 wen! !o Eng#and )or he#": !he o$"u#sor* or!hodo8* o) New Eng#and was o#d and s!er&#e' <a!er ho#ders o) !h&s o"&n&on were !o !a#( o) !he Gg#a &a# age1 o) !he New Eng#and $&nd' The saga was o+er' Had &! no!h&ng !o show %u! an!& #&$a8M The d&$&nuendo o) a o$$er &a# re"u%#& where !he )ounders had &n!ended !o %u&#d !he C&!* o) GodM GThus s!ands !he ase %e!ween God and us210ohn @&n!hro" had %oas!ed &n ,.3?2 Gwe are en!ered &n!o Co+enan! w&!h h&$ )or !h&s wor(2 we ha+e !a(en ou! a Co$$&ss&on2 !he <ord ha!h g&+en us #ea+e !o draw our own Ar!& #es2 we ha+e "ro)essed !o en!er"r&se !hese A !&ons u"on !hese and !hese ends2 we ha+e hereu"on %esough! h&$ o) )a+our and %#ess&ng'1 He had earnes!#* warned h&s )o##owers !ha! !here $us! %e no %a (s#&d&ng2 )or )ear o) !he <ord1s Eudge$en!F and he had "ro$&sed !he$ God1s %#ess&ng &) !he* were )a&!h)u#' Perha"s !he "ro$&se was a "resu$"!uous $&s!a(e' GThou sha#! no! !e$"! !he <ord !h* God'1 The* had %a (s#&dF and *e!2 !o Eudge %* a## ear!h#* s!andards2 God had %#essed !he$' I! was $ore !han a #&!!#e aw(ward and a%surd' A sense o) hu$&#&a!&ng )a&#ure haun!ed !he $&n&s!ers a! !he end o) !he se+en!een!h en!ur*' New Eng#and was no #onger !he #and o) !he o+enan!' The* ou#d !a(e no o$)or! &n &!s su%#unar a h&e+e$en!s= a h&gh2 and &$"ro+&ng2 s!andard o) #&+&ng )or a##F a )ree and s!a%#e so &e!*F a !hr&+&ng #&)e o) !he $&nd and s"&r&!'@here was C&onM Perha"s !here was one answer wh& h wou#d ha+e o$)or!ed !he$ so$ewha!' A! an* ra!e &! $us! %e o))ered !oda*' Pur&!an&s$2 &! $us! %e sa&d aga&n2 &n)#uen ed !he who#e o) Eng#&sh Pro!es!an!&s$2 %e&ng on#* &!s $os! rad& a# )or$' I!s $os! hara !er&s!& no!e was one o) &n!ense &n!ros"e !&on2 &n!ense on ern w&!h &nd&+&dua# sa#+a!&on' As &! see"ed !hrough Eng#and and on;uered A$er& a &! dee"#* a))e !ed !he #&+es o) oun!#ess $en and wo$en2 $an* o) who$ were an*!h&ng %u! Pur&!ans &n !he s!r& ! sense' The resu#! was !ha!2 &n s"&!e o) #er& a# Eere$&ads2 !he Eng#&sh and A$er& an hara !er2 a! &!s %es! and $os! e))e !&+e2 was so%er2 res"e !a%#e2 se#)>re#&an!2 energe!& 2 on!en! on !he who#e w&!h de en!2 ho$e#* "#easures' I!s do$&nan! !ra&!s o) earnes!ness and u"r&gh!ness an %e )ound as $u h &n 0ane Aus!en and Dr 0ohnson as &n 0ohn Ada$s and Dr Fran(#&n2 and #a* %eh&nd !he grea!es! a h&e+e$en!s o) !he B& !or&ans' I! was !he $os! re$ar(a%#e wor( o) !he Eng#&sh Re)or$a!&on2 and $&gh!2 howe+er re#u !an!#*2 ha+e %een a e"!ed as a su))& &en! Eus!&)& a!&on %* !hose $&n&s!ers who !r&ed so earnes!#* !o rea!e a god#* "eo"#e' The* we## (new2 a)!er a##2 how &ne+&!a%#* )ar shor! o) "er)e !&on a## hu$an endea+our $us! )a##' In A$er& a2 !he New Eng#and hara !er %e a$e a#$os! "ro+er%&a#' @e sha## see &! $a(&ng !he Re+o#u!&on2 !he C&+&# @ar and !he Indus!r&a# Re+o#u!&on' I!s grea!ness #a* &n &!s reasona%#eness2 earnes!ness and Hea# )or r&gh!eousnessF &!s wea(ness &n a !enden * !owards h*"o r&s*2 o+e!ousness and se#)>r&gh!eousness' Through &! Pur&!an&s$ "ers&s!ed &n!o #a!er !&$es' The &!* on a h&## )a&#edF %u! &! was one o) grea!er au!hor&!* e+en !han 0ohn @&n!hro"1s who "ro$&sed !ha! G!he K&ngdo$ o) Hea+en &s w&!h&n *ou1' The ourse o) A$er& an h&s!or* wou#d ha+e g&+en a Pur&!an reason !o su""ose !ha! !h&s "ro$&se2 a! #eas!2 had
%een (e"!'
' (n"ians 1#)* 1)*0

4e were happy when he first came. 4e first thought he came from the *ight> .ut he comes like the dusk of the evening now, not like the dawn of the morning. 'e comes like a day that has passed, and night enters our future with him6 Plains "hieftain, c. 1EF! Friends, it has .een our misfortune to welcome the white man. 4e have .een deceived. 'e .rought with him some shining things that pleased our eyes> he .rought weapons more effective than our own. A.ove all he .rought the spirit-water that makes one forget old age, weakness and sorrow. But / wish to say to you that if you wish to possess these things for yourselves, you must .egin anew and put away the wisdom of your fathers. 9ou must lay up food and forget the hungry. 4hen your house is .uilt, your store-room filled, then look around for a neigh.our whom you can take advantage of and seiGe all he has. "hief Bed "loud of the 5glala SiouH *ike the miner0s canary, the /ndian marks the shift from fresh air to poison gas in our political atmosphere> and our treatment of /ndians, even more than our treatment of other minorities, reflects the rise and fall of our democratic faith. FeliH S. "ohen, 1DID B&rg&n&a and Massa huse!!s e8a !ed !he s"a e de+o!ed !o !he$ here2 )or no! on#* d&d !he* re!a&n !he&r "r&$a * a$ong !he Eng#&sh se!!#e$en!s down !o !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on and %e*ond2 %u! %e!ween !he$ !he* "er)e !#* &##us!ra!e2 &ndeed e"&!o$&He2 !he grea! o#on&H&ng $o+e$en! and &!s roo!s' Bu! !he s&s!er se!!#e$en!s !ha! )o##owed !he$ ra"&d#* $us! no! %e )orgo!!en' As Eng#and "u! )or!h her s!reng!h &n !he se+en!een!h en!ur* her o#on&es s"read )ur!her a#ong !he A!#an!& oas! o) Nor!h A$er& a2 and )#our&shed &n !he @es! Ind&es' Massa huse!!s %red New Ha$"sh&re 9)&na##* rea!ed an &nde"enden! "ro+&n e &n ,.-/: as we## as Conne !& u! and Rhode Is#and' The Du! h o) New A$s!erda$ e8!&ngu&shed New Sweden 9!he )u!ure s!a!e o) De#aware: on#* !o )a## !he$se#+es !o Eng#&sh on;ues! &n ,..62 when New A$s!erda$ and New Ne!her#and %e a$e !he &!* and o#on* o) New Yor(' Fur!her sou!h !hree "ro"r&e!ar* o#on&es were "#an!ed 4 GNew Caesarea or New 0erse*1 9,..6:2 !he wor( o) <ord Ber(e#e* and S&r George Car!ere!F Penns*#+an&a 9,.7,:2 )ounded %* @&##&a$ Per$ !o %e a re)uge )or Jua(ers and !o enr& h h&s )a$&#*F and Mar*#and 9,.3/:2 )ounded %* !he )&rs! <ord Ba#!&$ore as a re)uge 9!hough &! was no! !o %e $u h used as su h: )or Ca!ho#& s' B&rg&n&a s"rou!ed Nor!h Caro#&na2 on A#%e$ar#e Sound2 )&rs! se!!#ed )ro$ !he o#der o#on* dur&ng !he ,.A?s2 !hough &!s #ega# e8&s!en e da!es )ro$ ,..3' Sou!h Caro#&na2 on !he o!her hand2 !hough %orn #ega##* o) !he sa$e ,..3 har!er2 a ;u&red no se!!#ers un!&# ,.5?2 when &! %egan a !hr&+&ng areer' The #as! add&!&on !o !h&s s!r&ng o) o#on&es was Georg&a2 )ounded &n ,53/2 &n "ar! !o ser+e as a "#a e o) reha%&#&!a!&on )or "ersons &$"r&soned )or de%! &n Eng#and2 "ar!#* as a "#an!a!&on )or !he u#!&+a!&on o) s&#(2 %u! h&e)#* as a %u))er s!a!e aga&ns! !he S"an&sh &n F#or&da and !he Fren h &n <ou&s&ana' For wh&#e2 !o !he nor!h2 !he Eng#&sh o#on&es and !he&r ou!"os!s 4 No+a S o!&a and New)ound#and 4 Eos!#ed Canada2 !he sou!hern %oundar* o) Eng#&sh Nor!h A$er& a was a $a!!er o) on!&nuous &n!erna!&ona# s!r&)e )ro$ !he )ounda!&on o) Sou!h Caro#&na onwards' Fren h en!er"r&se #&n(ed !he !wo areas o) )r& !&on' <ou&s NIB1s %ra+e e8"#orers2 &ns"&red "ar!#* %* an &$"er&a# +&s&on and "ar!#* %* a hunger !o $ono"o#&He !he )ur>!rade2 #a&$ed !he Grea! <a(es
and !he M&ss&ss&""& )or !he&r K&ngF and &n ,.-- )ounded a o#on* a%ou! !he $ou!hs o) !he grea! r&+er wh& h !he* na$ed <ou&s&ana &n h&s honour' The S"an&ards2 %* on!ras!2 s!ood $a&n#* on !he de)ens&+e2 ha+&ng $u h !o #ose' The* s!&## had !he energ* !o re on;uer New Me8& o 9#os! !o a grea! re%e##&on o) Pue%#o Ind&ans &n ,.7?: and2 so #a!e as ,5.-2 !o en!er and se!!#e U""er Ca#&)orn&a' Bu! !he&r "o#& * was do$&na!ed %* dread o) Eng#&sh o$"e!&!&on !o !he nor!h and Fren h o$"e!&!&on !o !he wes!' On !he&r s&de !he Eng#&sh dreaded en &r #e$en! and e8!&n !&on %* !he Fren h2 or %* a Fran o>S"an&sh o$%&na!&on' The Fren h dreaded an Eng#&sh ha##enge )or on!ro# o) !he M&ss&ss&""&' The o%sess&+e r&+a#r&es o) Euro"e had rea hed Nor!h A$er& aF )or $ore !han a en!ur* !he* wou#d de!er$&ne &!s h&s!or*' The !hree o$"e!&ng e$"&res d&))ered &n hara !er' F#or&da1s +a#ue !o S"a&n was h&e)#* s!ra!eg& = !he o#on* "ro!e !ed !he Baha$as Channe# and S"an&sh o$$un& a!&ons w&!h Me8& o and !he sugar &s#ands' A ord&ng#* &! was garr&soned ra!her !han &nha%&!ed2 !hough Fran &s ans d&d !he&r usua# e8 e##en! $&ss&onar* wor( a$ong !he Ind&ans' The Eng#&sh o#on&es2 we ha+e seen2 were agrar&an and o$$er &a#2 and grew e+er $ore !h& (#* "o"u#a!ed' New Fran e gradua##* a ;u&red a )ar$&ng "o"u#a!&on2 %u! &!s #&)e%#ood2 #&(e !ha! o) <ou&s&ana2 was !he !rade &n "e#!r&es 4 %ea+er )ur and deer h&des' Su h d&ss&$&#ar en!&!&es2 &! $a* %e !hough!2 ou#d we## ha+e a))orded !o o>e8&s!' Unha""&#* !he* were no! d&))eren! enough' A## had an &n!eres! &n !he )ur> !rade2 )or one !h&ngF and !he ha%&! o) sus"& &on2 )ear and r&+a#r*2 o$$on !o a## !hree2 d&d !he res!' In !h&s2 we see2 O#d and New @or#ds were $u h a#&(e' Bu! &n !he $eans o) o$"e!&!&on !he on!&nen!s d&))ered shar"#*' No! )or $an* *ears ou#d !here %e a on+en!&ona# war o) regu#ar so#d&ers &n Nor!h A$er& a2 or e+en on+en!&ona# o$$er &a# r&+a#r*' The !ang#ed )ores!s were !oo w&de2 wh&!e nu$%ers 9)or war)are: !oo )ew2 Euro"ean !a !& s !oo &n)#e8&%#e' A## Euro"eans had !o #earn !he #essons !augh! New Eng#anders %* K&ng Ph&#&"1s @ar 9,.5A4.:2 !ha! G&! &s one !h&ng !o dr&## a o$"an* &n a "#a&n ha$"a&gn and ano!her !o dr&+e an ene$* !hrough !he deser! woods1F and !ha! Ind&an a##&es were a%so#u!e#* ne essar*2 !o a ! as au8&#&ar&es and s ou!s' The Ind&an2 &! e$erged2 was !he (e* !o do$&n&on &n !he w&#derness' @hen Nor!h A$er& a was a! wha! "assed )or "ea e2 &$"er&a# su ess was $easured &n !er$s o) &n)#uen e w&!h !he !r&%es' @hen2 as re"ea!ed#* ha""ened2 "ea e was ad$&!!ed !o %e war2 !he Euro"eans2 &! has %een we## sa&d2 showed !he$se#+es Gread* !o )&gh! !o !he #as! Ind&an1' <u (&#* )or !he &n!ruders2 !he !r&%es were o$$on#* ha""* !o )&gh! ea h o!her' The* had !he usua# hu$an gr&e+an es aga&ns! !he&r ne&gh%ours2 and war was a "r&n &"a# o u"a!&on a$ong !he$' Su ess &n war was !he #ead&ng sour e o) &nd&+&dua# "res!&ge' Indeed2 %e)ore !he Euro"ean arr&+a#2 wars see$ !o ha+e %een waged &n $an* ases so#e#* !o "ro+&de han es )or warr&ors !o w&n !h&s "res!&ge' I! was a #e!ha# ga$e2 w&!h e#a%ora!e ru#es2 and so add& !ed were $os! o) !he Ind&ans !o &! !ha! &n !he ear#* e&gh!een!h en!ur* !he Chero(ees ou#d re$ar(2 G@e anno! #&+e w&!hou! war' Shou#d we $a(e "ea e w&!h !he Tus aroras2 we $us! &$$ed&a!e#* #oo( ou! )or so$e o!her na!&on w&!h who$ we an engage &n our %e#o+ed o u"a!&on'1 The s(&## ga&ned &n !h&s w&#derness on)#& ! "ro+ed &n+a#ua%#e )or a!!a (&ng or de)end&ng Euro"ean "ossess&ons' Fur!her$ore2 on#* Ind&ans ou#d "ro+&de !he o$$od&!&es o) !he "e#!r&es !radeF and !here was $u h $one* !o %e $ade ou! o) !he$' For as !&$e wen! on !he Ind&ans grew e+er $ore de"enden! on Euro"ean goods' B* !he sa$e !o(en !he* grew $ore and $ore $an&"u#a%#e' Those who on!ro##ed !he su""#* o) essen!&a# ar!& #es su h as guns on!ro##ed !he&r us!o$ers' And so !he ur!a&n rose on !he !raged* o) !he na!&+e "eo"#es o) Nor!h A$er& a'
There had %een a #ong "ro#ogue' I! &s eas* !o )orge!2 when s!ud*&ng !he o$"ara!&+e#* gen!#e ru#e o) S"a&n nor!h o) Me8& o 9a! an* ra!e a)!er !he Pue%#o re+o#!:2 wha! !he on;ues! o) !he AH!e s and !he In as had &n+o#+ed' The r&$es o) !he Ang#o>A$er& ans "a#e %es&de !hose o) Cor!Us and h&s su essors' Hundreds o) !housands o) Ind&ans were (&##ed ou!r&gh!F e+en $ore were wor(ed s#ow#* and horr&%#* !o dea!h as s#a+es' The )a ! !ha! Euro"ean d&seases were e+en $ore des!ru !&+e hard#* e8 uses !he on;u&s!adores' One Car&% Ind&an2 a%ou! !o %e %urned !o dea!h a)!er a re%e##&on2 re)used %a"!&s$2 !hough &! ou#d !a(e h&$ !o hea+en2 %e ause he )eared he wou#d )&nd $ore Chr&s!&ans !here' Geno &de &s an un"#easan! word2 %u! &! see$s a""ro"r&a!e here' I) !he Nor!h A$er& an Ind&ans had (nown wha! had ha""ened sou!h o) !he R&o Grande2 !he* $&gh! we## ha+e !re$%#ed a! !he )u!ure'
The Ind&ans and !he Ang#o>A$er& ans Bu! !he* were %#essed#* &gnoran!' The* d&d no! e+en (now how o$"#e!e#* !he* were !ra""ed &n !he des!&n* o) !he Euro"eans' Towards !he end o) !he&r da*s o) )reedo$ and "ower one $an o) gen&us a$ong !he$2 !he Shawnee Te u$seh 9,5.74,7,3:2 saw !he !ru!h and rea#&Hed !ha! on#* %* un&!&ng &n one na!&on $&gh! !he Ind&ans sa+e !he$se#+es' Te u$seh 9GCrou h&ng T&ger1: was a grea! genera#2 a o$"e##&ng ora!or2 a generous and hu$ane $an' Bu! h&s +&s&on a$e !oo #a!e2 !he red $en had !hrown awa* !he&r sa)e!* and !he&r nu$%ers &n ease#ess wars a$ong !he$se#+esF a)!er de#us&+e ear#* su ess Te u$seh )a&#ed2 and d&ed &n %a!!#e' The Fa!es were no! !o %e %a#(ed' Few h&s!or& a# !he$es are o) grea!er )as &na!&on !han !he !a#e o) !he Nor!h A$er& an Ind&anF %u! &! anno! %e !o#d here )or &!s own sa(e' A h&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es $us! %e a h&s!or* o) +& !orsF !he de)ea!ed are re#e+an! h&e)#* )or wha! !he* !e## us o) !he&r on;uerors' Sed +& !a Ca!on&F !he sage Auden2 howe+er2 !e##s us !ha! Few e+en w&sh !he* ou#d read !he #os! anna#s o) a udge##ed "eo"#e Honour !o !hose )ewF %u! !he* $us! see( sa!&s)a !&on e#sewhere' <e! us see wha! !he udge##ed an re+ea# o) !he&r o""ressors' Na$es are re+ea#&ng' @ha! d&d !he ra es a## ea h o!herM The Ang#o>A$er& ans had a #ong #&s! o) sa+our* adEe !&+es and nouns )or !he Ind&ans= )or e8a$"#e2 %eso!!ed2 h&#d&sh2 rue#2 degraded2 d&r!*2 d&seased2 drun(en2 )a&!h#ess2 g#u!!onous2 &nso#en!2 Eea#ous2 #aH*2 #*&ng2 $urder&ng2 "ro)#&ga!e2 s!u"&d2 !h&e+&ng2 !&$orous2 un &+&#&Ha%#e2 +&nd& !&+e2 wor!h#essF %ar%ar&ans2 de$ons2 hea!hen2 sa+ages2 +ar$&n!s 9+er$&n:' The red $en were no #ess de)&n&!e' A! )&rs!2 %* !he gen!#e Car&%s2 !he Euro"eans were a##ed GThe Peo"#e )ro$ Hea+en1' <a!er2 Ind&ans !o !he nor!h2 who a$e !o (now !he$ we##2 du%%ed !he$ GPeo"#e Greed&#* Gras"&ng )or <and1' Me$%ers o) !he A#gon;u&an grou" $os! o$$on#* a##ed !he Eng#&sh GThe Coa!wear&ng Peo"#e1F ne8! o)!en2 GThe Cu!>Throa!s1' In $an* res"e !s !he Ind&ans %ad#* needed !o %e d&s o+ered %* Euro"e' The grea!es! &n!e##&gen eA $us! %e #&$&!ed %* !he $eans a+a&#a%#e !o &!2 and Ind&an !e hno#og& a# %a (wardness was #arge#* &ne+&!a%#e2 %e ause o) !he a%sen e &n !he A$er& as o) eas&#* wor(ed !&n and &ron de"os&!s2 and o) draugh! an&$a#s 9hen e !he "r&n &"#e o) !he whee# ou#d no! %e e8"#o&!ed:' The sa red %oo( and h&gher $a!he$a!& s o) !he Ma*a2 s!agger&ng s!one and $e!a#wor( a h&e+e$en!s2 !he grea! In a "o#&!& a# s*s!e$2 $&gh! $a(e Cen!ra# and Andean A$er& a g#or&ous= !he* ou#d no! nu##&)* !he Ind&ans1 wea(ness &n o!her res"e !s' So &! was &n "ar! w&!h de#&gh! and )as &na!&on !ha! !he &n!e##&gen! red $en gree!ed !he o$&ng o) !he Peo"#e )ro$ Hea+en and !he&r $ar+e##ous "ossess&ons' @hen !he S"an&sh en!ered New Me8& o. &n ,A-7 !he* %rough! w&!h !he$
shee"2 goa!s and horses' T&$e2 han e and !he Pue%#o re%e##&on gradua##* s"read !hese !h&ngs a$ong !he wes!ern !r&%es who !hereu"on %egan !o e+o#+e !he daHH#&ng P#a&ns u#!ure wh& h has so #ong en han!ed !he wor#d1s &$ag&na!&on' Man* Ind&ans now %e a$e she"herds and horse$en 9and %r&##&an! horse>!h&e+es:F5 $oun!ed on "&e%a#d "on&es and ar$ed2 or&g&na##*2 w&!h s"earheads $ade )ro$ o#d S"an&sh sword %#ades2 !hen w&!h guns go! &n !rade )ro$ !he Eas!2 !he* %e a$e $&gh!* hun!ers o) %u))a#o' No #onger was &! ne essar* !o s!a$"ede a herd o+er a #&))2 or !o wa&! )or a wea( or &nEured %eas! !o s!ra*F now sw&)! r&ders ou#d se#e !2 "ursue and %r&ng down !he&r "re* whene+er !he* hose' The resu#! was hea#!h and wea#!h= )&na##* a%andon&ng a#$os! a## seden!ar* "ursu&!s !o !he wo$en2 !he $en %rough! &n $ea! &n su h +as! ;uan!&!&es !ha! !here was $ore !han enough )or e+er*%od*' As a resu#! !he "o"u#a!&on grew s!rong and nu$erous' Ma#e #eaders o) !he S&ou82 res"#enden! &n eag#e>)ea!her war> %onne!s2 $ade !he $os! "& !ures;ue a""earan eF %u! &! &s !hrough !he wo$en1s wor( !ha! we an $os! #ear#* see wha! !he new wa* o) #&)e a$oun!ed !o' Men $&gh! %e ar!&s!s and "a&n! "& !or&a# a#endars on %u))a#o #ea!herF &! was !he wo$en who2 )or e8a$"#e2 Eer(ed !he sur"#us $ea!F !ha! &s2 s#& ed &! !h&n and dr&ed &!F or "ounded &! !oge!her w&!h %err&es and "oured $e#!ed )a! and $arrow o+er &! !o $a(e "e$$& an' I! was !he* who orna$en!ed #o!h&ng and "ar)#e he 9%ags $ade o) raw %u))a#o h&de: w&!h "or u"&ne need#es2 %eadwor(2 e#(s1 !ee!h and "a&n!F !he* who $ade and "a&n!ed !he %u))a#o h&de #odges 9!&"&s:' Mean!&$e !he $en dan ed !he annua# Sun Dan e2 !o w&n su"erna!ura# )a+our )or !he !r&%eF or r&!ua# dan es !o se ure a good hun!F or !he war dan e2 a)!er wh& h !he* wou#d go o)) !o ra&d r&+a# !r&%es and earn "ersona# g#or*' The grea!es! )ea! was !o oun! ou"2 !ha! &s2 !o !ou h a hosen )oe w&!h a s"e &a# s!& ( and ge! awa* w&!hou! har$&ng h&$ or %e&ng har$ed' A! !&$es war wou#d %e sus"ended' Then !here wou#d %e grea! ga!her&ngs2 )or ga$%#&ng2 !rade2 )oo! ra es2 horse ra esF &! was !hus !ha! !he s&gn #anguage o) !he P#a&ns de+e#o"ed2 !o $a(e o$$un& a!&on "oss&%#e %e!ween !r&%es !ha! s"o(e d&))eren! #anguages' The "ro%#e$ o) o$$un& a!&on w&!h )e##ow>!r&%es$en o+er a d&s!an e was so#+ed %* !he de+& e o) s&gna#s $ade w&!h s$o(e )ro$ %u))a#o> dung )&res' I! was a good #&)eF s$a## wonder !ha! $an* !r&%es a%andoned !he&r se!!#ed +&##ages )or a no$ad& e8&s!en e' A## was we## so #ong as !he %u))a#o herds #as!edF and !he* !ee$ed &ne8haus!&%#* un!&# !he wh&!e se!!#ers a$e' A## !he sa$e2 !he P#a&ns u#!ure was !he ou! o$e o) a $ee!&ng %e!ween !he Ind&ans and !he Euro"eans' The sa$e was !rue &n !he dense eas!ern )ores!' The horse was #ess +a#ua%#e !here2 %u! %rass (e!!#es re"#a ed ear!henware oo(&ng "o!s2 Eng#&sh #o!h re"#a ed a!!&re o) )ur and h&de2 and2 a%o+e a##2 guns re"#a ed %ows and arrows' E+er*where !he Ind&ans we# o$ed !he o$&ng o) Euro"ean an&$a#s and ar!e)a !s w&!h Eo*2 and !he&r u#!ures %urs! &n!o %r&e)2 %eau!&)u# )#ower' E+en had !ha! %een a##2 a "r& e wou#d ha+e had !o %e "a&d2 so$e o) &! &n urren *= guns and "owder ou#d %e o%!a&ned on#* %* %ar!er2 and !o ge! !he$ eas!ern Ind&ans had !o hun! !he&r woods %are o) %ea+er and deer'7 Th&s &n !urn %red !rou%#e' For e8a$"#e2 when !he Iro;uo&s 9or F&+e Na!&ons: had run !hrough !he&r #o a# su""#* o) )urs !he* hose !o se ure a on!&nu&ng )#ow o) !rade goods %* %e o$&ng $&dd#e$en &n !he !ra))& wh& h %rough! )urs )ro$ !he une8haus!ed @es! !o !he r&+ers Hudson and S! <awren e' Th&s was s&$"#e !o arrange= a## !he* had !o do was $assa re !he "re+&ous $&dd#e$en2 Hurons and re#a!ed !r&%es2 wh& h !he* du#* d&d 9,.674A3:F !hen !he* se!!#ed down )or !he ne8! en!ur* as !he #ords o) !he Nor!h> Eas!2 one o) !he $os! )or$&da%#e o%s!a #es !o Fren h and Eng#&sh ad+an e' S&$&#ar on+u#s&ons o urred e+er*where %e*ond !he )ron!&er o) wh&!e se!!#e$en!' The* were no! !oo &$"or!an!= #ong %e)ore !he o$&ng o) !he Euro"ean2 !r&%es and on)edera &es had r&sen and )a##en' And !he "resen e o) wh&!es2 &n )or!s or !ownsh&"s2 $&gh! s!a%&#&He2 ra!her !han &n)#a$e2 a "er&#ous s&!ua!&on' The oas!a# !r&%es o) Sou!h Caro#&na we# o$ed !he "#an!&ng o) Char#es Town &n ,.5?= &! "ro!e !ed !he$ )ro$ !he w&#d Ind&ans o) !he &n!er&or' For !he %#ess&ngs o) !rade2 su h "r& es were no! !oo h&ghF %u! $ore was e8a !ed' The Pur&!ans2
no! on!en! w&!h earnes!#* !r*&ng !o on+er! !he Ind&ans !o Chr&s!&an&!*2 hara !er&s!& a##* !r&ed !o &$"ose !he "r&$ Sa%%a!ar&an $anners o) rura# Eng#and on !he$= !h&s was one o) !he on!r&%u!or* auses o) K&ng Ph&#&"1s @ar The "ro+&n &a#&s$ o) Ang#o>A$er& an u#!ure2 &!s o$"#a en * &n )ron! o) !he e8o!& 2 was a "er"e!ua# sour e o) )r& !&on2 and o) $&ser* !o !he Ind&ans' Ind&an us!o$s were onde$ned %* su ess&+e genera!&ons as s&n)u#2 un>Chr&s!&an2 un &+&#&Hed2 un"rogress&+e' In !he #a!er n&ne!een!h en!ur* !he agen! )or !he Yan(!on S&ou8 wro!e= As #ong as Ind&ans #&+e &n +&##ages !he* w&## re!a&n $an* o) !he&r o#d and &nEur&ous ha%&!s' Fre;uen! )eas!s2 hea!hen ere$on&es and dan es2 ons!an! +&s&!&ng V !hese w&## on!&nue as #ong as "eo"#e #&+e !oge!her &n #ose ne&gh%ourhoods and +&##ages' I !rus! !ha! %e)ore ano!her *ear &s ended !he* w&## genera##* %e #o a!ed u"on &nd&+&dua# #and or )ar$s' Fro$ !ha! da!e w&## %eg&n !he&r rea# and "er$anen! "rogress' I! &s !he +o& e o) Gradgr&nd2 onde$n&ng !he &n!ense#* so &a%#e Ind&ans !o dour2 &) +&r!uous2 $one*> gru%%&ng &n )reeH&ng &so#a!&onF %u! !he agen! s"o(e )or "as! and )u!ure2 as we## as )or h&s own o#d> hear!ed !&$e' The o%sess&on w&!h "r&+a!e "ro"er!* wh& h2 as we ha+e seen2 $ade &! &$"oss&%#e )or !he Eng#&sh !o organ&He !he&r or&g&na# "#an!a!&ons on o$$un&s! "r&n &"#es $ade &! &$"oss&%#e )or !he$ or !he&r des endan!s !o res"e !2 or e+en !o o$"rehend2 Ind&an o$$un&s$2 Ind&an #ann&shness2 an* $ore !han !he* ou#d res"e ! or !o#era!e Ind&an "o#*ga$* or Ind&an re#&g&onF and &n a## !oo $an* ases !h&s o%sess&on $a(es su h res"e ! &$"oss&%#e !oda*' The so &a# %&go!r* o) !he Ang#o>A$er& ans2 !hen2 was an a))#& !&on !o !he Ind&ansF %u! !he&r d&seases were $ore "un&sh&ng s!&##' Genera# S$a##"o82 Genera# Cho#era2 swe"! !he A$er& an "#a&ns as ru!h#ess#* as !he&r o##eagues 0an+&er and FO+r&er d&d !he Russ&anF and !he* were a&ded %* $eas#es2 d*sen!er*2 s ar#e! )e+er2 +enerea# d&sease2 &n)#uenHa and !u%er u#os&s' The Euro"eans an hard#* %e %#a$ed )or s"read&ng !hese &n)e !&ons2,, )ro$ wh& h2 a)!er a##2 !he* su))ered2 &) #ess a!as!ro"h& a##*2 !he$se#+es' Nor shou#d !he* %e onde$ned en $asse )or !he wors! d&sease o) a##2 a# oho#&s$' Fer$en!ed and d&s!&##ed dr&n(s were un(nown !o !he "re>Co#u$%&an Ind&ans2 so !he* had as #&!!#e res&s!an e !o a# oho#&s$ as !o s$a##"o82 and )or so$e reason2 *e! !o %e e8"#a&ned2 !he&r so &a# organ&Ha!&on was &n a"a%#e o) de+e#o"&ng us!o$s %* wh& h dr&n(&ng ou#d %e rendered as o$"ara!&+e#* &nno uous as &! &s a$ong %#a ( and wh&!e A$er& ans 9no! !ha! !ha! &s sa*&ng +er* $u h:' Fro$ ear#&es! !&$es !he wh&!e go+ern$en!s saw !he danger and $ade earnes! e))or!s !o (ee" )&rewa!er awa* )ro$ !he Ind&ans' The* were su""or!ed %* a## !he w&ser heads a$ong !he !r&%es' Bu! !hese e))or!s were #arge#* de)ea!ed %* !he $an&a )or %ooHe and %* !he read&ness o) !oo $an* wh&!es !o su""#* &! &n !he des&red2 #&$&!#ess ;uan!&!*' The Eng#&sh !raders )ound !ha! g#ass %eads2 ha! he!s2 hoes2 (n&+es2 sh&r!s2 oa!s2 ha!s2 shoes2 s!o (&ngs2 %ree hes2 %#an(e!s2 !hread2 s &ssors2 guns2 )#&n!s2 "owder2 %u##e!s2 !o%a o2 "&"es2 #oo(&ng g#asses2 os!r& h "#u$es2 s&#+er $eda#s2 *ards o) s&#( and %a#es o) #o!h 9!o na$e on#* so$e &!e$s o) !he !rade: were o)!en #ess des&red !han !he $eans o) ge!!&ng dead drun(' GBrand* goes o)) &n o$"ara%#* we##21 !he* d&s o+ered2 and was +er* eas* !o su""#*2 "ar!& u#ar#* &) adu#!era!ed' Drun(2 an Ind&an was &n a"a%#e o) &ns&s!&ng on "ro"er "a*$en! )or h&s goods2 and he see$ed !o %e &n a"a%#e o) res&s!&ng !he han e !o ge! drun(' There were o!her onse;uen es2 howe+er2 !han ru&ned Ind&ans' Go+ernor George Tho$as o) Penns*#+an&a su$$ed !he $a!!er u" &n ,566= Our Traders &n de)&an e o) !he <aw arr* S"&r&!ous <&;uors a$ongs! !he$2 and !a(e Ad+an!age o) !he&r &nord&na!e A""e!&!e )or &! !o hea! !he$ ou! o) !he&r s(&ns and !he&r wa$"u$2wh& h &s !he&r Mone*2 and o)!en !o de%au h !he&r w&+es &n!o !he Barga&n' Is &! !o %e wondered a! !hen2 &) when !he* Re o+er )ro$ !he Drun(en )&!2 !he* shou#d !a(e se+ere re+engesM
Indeed no!F aga&n and aga&n !he )ron!&er o) se!!#e$en! was s ourged %* )#a$e and !o$ahaw( as !he Ind&ans "a&d )or !he&r !rea!$en! %* !he !raders' Bu! !he !raders were un&+ersa##* he#d !o %e !he dregs o) !he wh&!e ra e= GThe <ewdness and w& (edness o) !he$ ha+e %een a S anda# !o !he Re#&g&on we Pro)ess'1 The* were su""osed !o %e unre"resen!a!&+e o) !he&r "eo"#e' Perha"s !he* wereF )or !hough $an* were &ndeed uns ru"u#ous rogues2 who so#d !he Ind&ans dr&n(2 and2 &n !he Sou!h>Eas! a! #eas!2 d&d no! hes&!a!e !o egg !he$ on !o &n!er>!r&%a# wars2 so !ha! "r&soners ou#d %e a"!ured !o se## &n!o s#a+er*2 a! #eas! a## were read* !o #&+e a$ong !he Ind&ans2 !o ado"! !he&r wa*s and !o $arr* !he&r wo$en' I! was "oss&%#e !o %e an hones! Ind&an !rader2 and !hose !ha! were a ;u&red grea! &n)#uen e' The* $arr&ed &n!o h&e)#* )a$&#&es2 and !he&r des endan!s 4 %ear&ng na$es #&(e Bran!2 M G&##&+ra*2 Ross 4 %e a$e grea! #eaders o) !he&r "eo"#e' A%o+e a##2 !he !raders2 who de"ended on !he Ind&ans )or !he&r #&+e#&hood as $u h as !he Ind&ans de"ended on !he$2 d&d no! wan! !he&r us!o$ers !o d&sa""ear' The* &nEured2 %u! d&d no! ha!e2 !he Ind&ansF Eus! as !rade d&sru"!ed 4 &n a sense2 )ru&!)u##* d&sru"!ed 4 %u! d&d no! des!ro* !he Ind&ans1 wa* o) #&)e' Ha!red and des!ru !&on were !he s"e &a#&!&es o) !he res"e !a%#e2 who !augh! !he Ind&ans !ha! !he* were no! !o (ee" !he&r &nde"enden e when !he* were no #onger re;u&red )or use &n !he ;uarre#s o) !he S"an&sh2 Fren h and Br&!&sh E$"&res' For !he res"e !a%#e2 !*"& a#2 )ar$&ng Br&!&sh wan!ed !he Ind&ans1 #andF and2 as !&$e was !o show2 !he* wan!ed a## o) &!' In due ourse !he* ga&ned !he s!reng!h !o !a(e &!' And w&!hou! #and2 !he Ind&an $us! ease !o e8&s!F or a! #eas! go under2 %e o$e u!!er#* de"enden! and d&s"&r&!ed' Two needs #ashed when red $e! wh&!eF and so d&d !wo grea! "r&n &"#es= !he "r&n &"#e o) "r&+a!e "ro"er!* and !he "r&n &"#e o) o$$on ownersh&"' The Eng#&sh a!!&!ude was we## s!a!ed %* 0ohn @&n!hro"2 &n words wh& h #oo( )orward !o !he do !r&nes o) Ho%%es2 <o (e and Rousseau= Tha! wh& h &s o$$on !o a## &s "ro"er !o none' Th&s sa+age "eo"#e ru#e!h o+er $an* #ands w&!hou! !&!#e or "ro"er!*F )or !he* en #ose no ground2 ne&!her ha+e !he* a!!#e !o $a&n!a&n &!2 %u! re$o+e !he&r dwe##&ngs as !he* ha+e o as&on2 or as !he* an "re+a&# aga&ns! !he&r ne&gh%ours' And wh* $a* no! Chr&s!&ans ha+e #&%er!&es !o go and dwe## a$ongs! !he$ &n !he&r was!e #ands and woods2 #ea+&ng !he$ su h "#a es as !he* ha+e $anured )or !he&r orn2 as #aw)u##* as A%raha$ d&d a$ong !he Sodo$&!esM For God ha!h g&+en !o !he sons o) $an a !wo>)o#d r&gh! !o !he ear!hF !here &s a na!ura# r&gh! and a &+&# r&gh!' The )&rs! r&gh! was na!ura# where $en he#d !he ear!h &n o$$on2 e+er* $an se!!#&ng and )eed&ng where he "#easedF !hen2 as $en and a!!#e &n reased2 !he* a""ro"r&a!ed so$e "ar e#s o) ground %* en #os&ng and "e u#&ar $anuran e2 and !h&s &n !&$e go! !he$ a &+&# r&gh!' Thus !he "a!r&ar h o) New Eng#and2 Eus!&)*&ng !he ro%%er&es he $ean! !o o$$&! %* !he %es! so &a# s &en e o) h&s da*' Perha"s h&s s!*#e %e!ra*s a s#&gh!#* uneas* ons &en eF %u! e+en &) &! does no!2 he shou#d no! %e %#a$ed o+er$u h' The $&gra!&on o) )or!* $&##&on Euro"eans %e!ween ,.?5 and ,-,6 &s !oo grea! a $a!!er !o %e dea#! w&!h %* e#e$en!ar* $ora# !e8!s2 su h as !he E&gh!h Co$$and$en!' M&gra!&on2 we ha+e seen2 &s na!ura# !o $an' I! anno! reasona%#* %e $a&n!a&ned !ha!2 on e !he A!#an!& had eased !o %e a %arr&er2 !he Euro"eans were wrong !o %e!!er !he$se#+es %* sa&#&ng !o &nha%&! !he #arge#* e$"!* #and' E+en !he Ind&ans $&gh! ha+e %ene)&!ed grea!#* )ro$ &!' An*wa*2 !here was 9and &s: roo$ enough on !he +as! on!&nen! )or %o!h "eo"#es'
The Ind&ans (new &!' I! was hard2 o) ourse2 on !he "ar!& u#ar !r&%es wh& h had !o %e s;ueeHed or d&s#odged !o $a(e wa* )or Eng#&sh +&##agesF on)#& ! was !here)ore &ne+&!a%#e2 %u! s&n e !he wh&!es su))ered as a u!e#* as !he reds dur&ng &!s ourse2 !he* ou#d ha+e %een he#d !o ha+e "urged !he r&$es o$$&!!ed on arr&+a#' The !wo "eo"#es $&gh! ha+e de+e#o"ed s&de %* s&de &n "ea e' Cer!a&n#* !he Ind&ans ho"ed so' No!h&ng &s $ore s!r&(&ng2 !hroughou! !he #ong !a#e o) !he&r agon*2 !han !he $anner &n wh& h2 aga&n and aga&n2 !he* wa&!ed !o a!!a ( un!&# dr&+en !o des"era!&on2 and2 aga&n and aga&n2 )a&#ed !o un&!e aga&ns! !he )oe2 and2 aga&n and aga&n2 he#d !he&r hands a! !he #as!2 when !he* had h&$ a! !he&r $er *' O) ourse !here was a#wa*s d&s"u!e w&!h&n !he !r&%es2 %e!ween onser+a!&+es and !hose Ind&ans who sough! !o "ro)&!2 %o!h &n goods and &ns!ru !&on2 )ro$ !he Coa!wear&ng Peo"#e' Bu! %* and #arge &! $a* %e sa&d !ha! #a!er genera!&ons were &n!e##&gen! enough !o re"ea! Powha!an1s reason&ng2 as he e8"ressed &! !o 0ohn S$&!h= Th&n( *ou I a$ so s&$"#e2 no! !o (now &! &s %e!!er !o ea! good $ea!2 #&e we##2 and s#ee" ;u&e!#* w&!h $* wo$en and h&#dren2 #augh and %e $err* w&!h *ou2 ha +e o""er ha! he!s2 or wha! I wan!2 %e&ng *our )r&end= !han %e )or ed !o )#* )ro$ a##2 !o #&e o#d &n !he woods2 )eed u"on a orns2 roo!s2 and su h !rashF and %e so hun!ed %* *ou2 !ha! I an ne&!her res!2 ea!2 nor s#ee"F %u! $* !&red $en $us! wa! h2 and &) a !w&g %u! %rea(2 e+er* one r&e!h !here o$e!h Ca"!a&n S$&!h= !hen $us! I )#* I (now no! wh&!her= and !hus w&!h $&sera%#e )ear2 end $* $&sera%#e #&)e' I! &s !rue !ha! on !oo $an* o as&ons2 as on !h&s2 su h words were no! u!!ered &n good )a&!h2 or re e&+ed &n &!F %u! !he h&s!or* o) !he Ind&an su""or!s !he$' Aga&n and aga&n he $ade !rea!&es w&!h !he wh&!e $an2 !o #as!2 &n !he "& !ures;ue "hrase2 Gas #ong as grass grows or wa!er runs1F &n+ar&a%#* !he !rea!&es were %ro(en a#$os! a! on e 4 %* !he wh&!es' Trea her* was a "r&n &"a# !he$e &n !he wh&!es1 !rea!$en! o) !he red $en' The use !raders regu#ar#* $ade o) wh&s(* !o hea! Ind&ans o) !he&r )a&r "a*$en! has a#read* %een $en!&oned' I! was as regu#ar#* ado"!ed !o hea! !he$ o) !he&r #ands' Nor was &! !he on#* $e!hod' I##&!era!e Ind&ans were &ndu ed !o "u! !he&r na$es !o do u$en!s !rans)err&ng #and>!&!#e wh& h !he* d&d no! unders!and and had2 an*wa*2 no r&gh! !o s&gn2 %u! wh& h were used !o Eus!&)* !he e8"u#s&on o) !he$ and !he&r )e##ows )ro$ !he&r hun!&ng> grounds' In ,.7. !he De#aware Ind&ans eded !o @&##&a$ Penn as $u h #and !o !he nor!h as a $an ou#d wa#( &n !hree da*s' The u"r&gh! and $odera!e Penn 9GI des&re !o enEo* &! w&!h *our onsen!2 !ha! we $a* a#wa*s #&+e !oge!her as ne&gh%ours and )r&ends12he had re$ar(ed &n ,.7/: !oo( on#* wha! he o+ered &n a da* and a ha#) o) eas* s!ro##&ngF %u! )&)!*>one *ears #a!er h&s su essors had !he res! o) !he ground o+ered %* re#a* runners2 and #a&$ed !he who#e enor$ous e8!en! under !he so> a##ed G@a#(&ng1 "ur hase' 9Th&s #ed d&re !#* !o !he war o) !he ,5A?s &n Penns*#+an&a': In #a!er *ears %r&%&ng !he h&e)s 4 "ar!& u#ar#* ha#)>%reed ones 4 !o "ar! w&!h !r&%a# #and was )ound !o %e a good $e!hod' Ano!her was !o re ogn&He2 )or !he "ur"ose o) #and !ransa !&ons2 a "#&an! Ind&an as h&e)2 or an o!herw&se une$"owered )rag$en! o) a !r&%e as o$"e!en! !o a ! )or !he who#e' And where s!ra&gh!)orward !r& (er* was &na""#& a%#e2 hu$%ug2 &!s !w&n2 "ro+ed &n+a#ua%#e' The !wo grea!es! wrongs e+er o$$&!!ed aga&ns! !he Ind&ans as a grou"2 !he Re$o+a# A ! o) ,73? and !he A##o!$en! A ! o) ,7752,3 were %o!h $ade "a#a!a%#e !o !he Ang#o>A$er& an ons &en e %* s&n ere2 se$&> s&n ere and &ns&n ere assuran es !ha! !he* were "assed h&e)#* !o he#" !he&r +& !&$s' Crue#!* was ano!her #ead&ng !he$e' In e8!enua!&on &! $a* %e urged !ha! !he Ind&ans 9es"e &a##* !he sad&s!& Iro;uo&s: were de$ons when on !he war"a!hF %u! &! shou#d %e o%ser+ed !ha! &n !he&r "ea e!&$e %eha+&our 9un#ess de$ora#&Hed %* %ooHe: !he* were2 o$"ared !o !he wh&!e $en2 $ode#s o) de oru$' The* enEo*ed a h&gh degree o) so &a# ohes&on and !o#eran e2 and $u h a%ou! Euro"ean $anners as!on&shed and d&s!ressed !he$' The* ou#d no! unders!and h&#d>
%ea!&ng2 or &ndeed e8 #us&+e )a$&#* #o*a#!*= GI don1! unders!and *ou Fren h$en 4 *ou #o+e on#* *our own h&#dren2 %u! we #o+e a## h&#dren21 sa&d an A#gon;u&n !o a 0esu&! $&ss&onar* Re#&g&ous s!r&)e horr&)&ed !he$' An Ind&an h&e) who she#!ered a "erse u!ed Jua(er &n w&n!er ou#d on#* e8 #a&$2 G@ha! a God ha+e !he Eng#&sh who dea# so w&!h one ano!her a%ou! !he worsh&" o) !he&r GodT1 Too o)!en !he* showed !he$se#+es "reEud& ed aga&ns! !he %#a ( $en2 and a! !he %eg&nn&ng o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* Sou!h> Eas!ern !r&%es owned $an* %#a ( s#a+es 9o) who$ !he wh&!es were an8&ous !o des"o&# !he$:F %u! s#a+er* under !he Se$&no#es was a )ar gen!#er !h&ng !han under !he wh&!es' One w&!ness was &ns&s!en! !ha! Gan Ind&an wou#d as soon se## h&s h&#d as h&s s#a+e2 e8 e"! when under !he &n)#uen e o) &n!o8& a!&ng #&;uor1' Bu! &! &s no! ne essar*2 e+en &) &! &s )a&r2 !o onde$n wh&!e %eha+&our %* on!ras!&ng &! w&!h red' I! s!ands onde$ned %* &!s own s!andards' The re ords o) !he A$er& an "as! re>e ho w&!h denun &a!&ons o) !he )&end&shness o) !he sa+ages2 Eus! as A)r& ans were a used o) &nsa!&a%#e #us!2 %#ood#us! and r&$&na# "ro"ens&!&es o) a## (&ndsF %u! !he Chr&s!&ans !he$se#+es ra"ed2s a#"ed2 #oo!ed2 $urdered2 %urned and !or!ured2 !he +er* deeds %* wh& h !he* Eus!&)&ed !he&r on!e$"! and #oa!h&ng )or !he Ind&an' Sa&d U S <&eu!enan! Da+&s2 who )ough! aga&ns! Geron&$o2GQ !he Ind&an was a $ere a$a!eur o$"ared !o !he Wno%#e wh&!e $anX' H&s r&$es were re!a&#2 ours who#esa#e'1 Co#one# Ch&+&ng!on 9a Me!hod&s! $&n&s!er: ou#d2 as #a!e as,7.62 organ&He !he Sand Cree( Massa re o) 3?? "ea e)u# Che*ennes and Ara"hoes &n Co#orado' GK&## and s a#" a##21 he sa&d2 G%&g and #&!!#eF n&!s $a(e #& e'1 A US go+ern$en! o$$&ss&on su%se;uen!#* o$$en!ed= I! s ar e#* has &!s "ara##e# &n !he re ords o) Ind&an %ar%ar&!*' F#ee&ng wo$en2 ho#d&ng u" !he&r hands and "ra*&ng )or $er *2 were sho! downF &n)an!s were (&##ed and s a#"ed &n der&s&onF $en were !or!ured and $u!&#a!ed' No one w&## %e as!on&shed !ha! a war ensued wh& h os! !he go+ern$en! Y3?2???2??? and arr&ed on)#agra!&on and dea!h !o !he %order se!!#e$en!s' No $a!!er= &n Den+er2 a)!er !he $assa re2 Ch&+&ng!on had e8h&%&!ed a hundred s a#"s &n a #o a# !hea!re and had %een ha&#ed as a hero' The ne8! *ear Genera# Ph&# Sher&dan ga+e a "hrase !o !he #anguage when he re$ar(ed G!he on#* good Ind&ans I e+er saw were dead1' A )ew *ears ear#&er2 on !he @es! Coas!2 !he r* had gone u"= G<e! our $o!!o %e e8!er$&na!&on2 and dea!h !o a## o""osers'1 In Kansas2 &n ,7.52 !he Ind&ans were a!!a (ed as Ggu!>ea!&ng s(un(sQ whose &$$ed&a!e and )&na# e8!er$&na!&on a## $en2 e8 e"! Ind&an agen!s and !raders2 shou#d "ra* )or1' E8a$"#es o) su h %eha+&our ou#d %e &!ed a#$os! &nde)&n&!e#*' Howe+er2 !hose g&+en shou#d %e enough !o a oun! )or !he na$e Cu!>Throa!s' I! &s $ore d&))& u#! !o e8"#a&n su h &nhu$an&!*' Cer!a&n ons&dera!&ons see$ !o %e re#e+an!' The Nor!h A$er& an Ind&ans #&+ed )or !he $os! "ar! %* hun!&ng2 and &n !he h&s!or* o) Euro"ean o#on&a#&s$ &! was a#wa*s !he hun!ers who were $os! e8"osed !o e8!er$&na!&ng "ra !& es' Me8& o and Peru are s!&## #arge#* &nha%&!ed %* des endan!s o) !he agr& u#!ura# AH!e s and In asF !he hun!&ng Car&%s o) !he &s#ands were o$"#e!e#* w&"ed ou!' Se ond#*2 &! &s no!ewor!h* !ha! wh&#e !he Ind&an !r&%es were )or$&da%#e 4 wh&#e2 &n o!her words2 !he* o u"&ed $os! o) !he on!&nen! and had Fren h and S"an&sh a##&es 4 !he* were !rea!ed w&!h ons&dera%#e res"e !' I! was %e)ore ,7?? !ha! !he $os! $agn&)& en! "ro$&ses were $adeF a)!er2 !ha! !he A$er& ans2 grow&ng s!ead&#* %o#der2 o$$&!!ed !he&r wors! a!ro &!&es' Th&rd#*2 !here an %e no dou%! !ha! !he )ron!&er area a! a## !&$es had a h&gh on en!ra!&on o) wh&!e ra%%#eF and !he )ur!her !he )ron!&er ad+an ed awa* )ro$ !he se!!#ed areas 9wh& h &! d&d w&!h enor$ous s"eed !hroughou! !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*: !he $ore o$"#e!e#* d&d !he ra%%#e ge! ou! o) hand' The Ind&ans )e#! !he e))e !' For e8a$"#e2 a#!hough rue#!*2 hu$%ug and #and>hunger were ons"& uous &n New Eng#and a! !he !&$e o) K&ng Ph&#&"1s @ar2 !he Pur&!an ons &en e a#so $ade &!se#) )e#! &n word and deed2 and e))e !&+e#* "ro!e !ed "ea e)u# Ind&ans )ro$ !he +enge)u# $o%s !ha! $&gh! o!herw&se ha+e #*n hed !he$2 as
Ind&ans were #*n hed &n Penns*#+an&a dur&ng !he Pon!&a u"r&s&ng 9,5.3 4 6:' The Re+erend In rease Ma!her2 g#oa!&ng o+er !he a"!ure o) K&ng Ph&#&"1s w&)e and h&#d 9GI! $us! %e %&!!er as dea!h )or h&$Q )or !he Ind&ans are $ar+e##ous#* )ond and a))e !&ona!e !owards !he&r h&#dren1:2,. was $ore !han oun!er%a#an ed %* !he Re+erend 0ohn E#&o! 9,.6?4-?:2 !rans#a!or o) !he )&rs! Ind&an B&%#e2 $&ss&onar* !o !he !r&%es2 who %es&des on+er!&ng $an* !o Chr&s!&an&!*,5 argued s!rong#* aga&ns! se##&ng Ind&ans as s#a+es and !r&ed &n +a&n !o sa+e !he #&)e o) an Ind&an he %e#&e+ed &nno en! o) an* r&$e2 re!or!&ng !o !he Go+ernor1s assuran es o) gu&#! G!ha! a! !he grea! da* he shou#d )&nd !ha! Chr&s! was o) ano!her $&nd2 or words !o !ha! "ur"ose2 so I de"ar!ed1' Su h dough!* de)enders o) !he na!&+es were ha""&#* !o ar&se a! a## "er&ods and &n a## "#a es o) A$er& an h&s!or*F %u! !he* were ne+er aga&n !o %e so e))e !&+e as &n New Eng#and un!&# a)!er !he F&rs! @or#d @ar2 and &n !he @&#d @es!1s "a#$* da*s !he* were re"ea!ed#* )rus!ra!ed' I! $a* a#so %e ons&dered !ha! &! &s on#* &n !he #as! )&)!* *ears or so !ha! regu#ar asso &a!&on w&!h an&$a#s o) $an* (&nds 4 horses and ows as we## as dogs and a!s 4 has eased !o %e un&+ersa#' Toda*2 &! &s eas* enough )or !he wh&!e $an !o see red $en2 %#a ( $en2 *e##ow $en2 as hu$an2 )or !he&r #&(eness !o h&$se#) s!r&(es h&$ &ns!an!#*2 !he&r #&(eness !o an&$a#s no! a! a##2 s&n e he does no! (now $an* o) !hese' The re+erse was !rue dur&ng !he se!!#e$en! o) A$er& a' The "re>Darw&n&an Eng#&sh$an2 su""os&ng h&$se#) !o %e a #&!!#e #ower !han !he ange#s2 h&s "er e"!&ons s!u#!&)&ed %* a narrow reed and u#!ure2 saw !he d&))eren es %e!ween h&$se#) and o!her ra es as +as!#* &$"or!an!2 and !he sa$e wen! )or !he&r #&(eness !o !he %ru!e rea!&on' The A)r& an was #ear#* a %eas! o) %urden2 and $&gh! %e ens#a+edF !he Ind&an was a hun!&ng %eas!2 and $&gh! %e sho! 9es"e &a##* s&n e on !he who#e he $ade "oor $a!er&a# )or s#a+er*:' The no!e o) on!e$"! 9Pros"ero on Ca#&%an: runs r&gh! !hrough !he #&!era!ure and anno! %e $&ssed' I! &s !o %e )ound &n Ha(#u*! 9G$ore %ru!&sh !han !he %eas!s !he* hun!2 $ore w&#d and un$an#* !han !ha! un$anned w&#d oun!r*2 wh& h !he* range ra!her !han &nha%&!1:2 &n e&gh!een!h> en!ur* B&rg&n&a 9GInd&ans and NegroesQ !he* s ar e#* ons&der as o) !he hu$an s"e &esF so !ha! &! &s a#$os! &$"oss&%#e2 &n ases o) +&o#en e2 or e+en $urder2 o$$&!!ed on !hose unha""* "eo"#e %* an* o) !he "#an!ers2 !o ha+e !he de#&n;uen!s %rough! !o Eus!& e1:2 Penns*#+an&a 9G!he an&$a#s +u#gar#* a##ed Ind&ans1: and e+en &n !he en#&gh!ened n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 when !he o$&ng o) Darw&n $ere#* en ouraged !he wh&!es !o ho#d !ha! !he #aw o) !he sur+&+a# o) !he )&!!es! had onde$ned !he GBan&sh&ng Ind&an1 !o !he usua# )a!e o) o%so#e!e s"e &es 9G!he* do a e"! !he !ea h&ng !ha! $an&)es! des!&n* w&## dr&+e !he Ind&ans )ro$ !he ear!h21 sa&d B&sho" @h&""#e o) M&nneso!a &n ,77,' GThe &ne8ora%#e has no !ears or "&!* a! !he r&es o) angu&sh o) !he doo$ed ra e'1:' Mer &)u##*2 !he !&$e has o$e when2 as Sena!or Fre#&nghu*sen o) New 0erse* ho"ed &n ,73?2 G&! &s no! now ser&ous#* den&ed !ha! !he Ind&ans are $en2 endowed w&!h (&ndred )a u#!&es and "owers w&!h ourse#+es1' Progress &s "oss&%#e' Bu! &!s +er* )a ! $a(es !he "as! $ore d&))& u#! !o unders!and &$ag&na!&+e#*' @h&!e on!e$"! )or !he red $an now see$s so a%surd as !o %e a#$os! &n red&%#e' @e an see !ha! o+er a "er&od o) $&##enn&a !he Ind&ans2 $a(&ng use o) +er* #&$&!ed resour es2 had &n e+er* "ar! o) !he A$er& as e+o#+ed wa*s o) #&)e !ha! were a#$os! "er)e !#* adEus!ed !o !he en+&ron$en!2 and &n $an* ases he#d ou! h&gh ho"es o) )u!ure e+o#u!&on' More2 we an see !ha! &n so$e res"e !s 4 and !hose wh& h were $os! un&+ersa##* !o %e )ound a$ong !he !r&%es 4 Ind&an u#!ure !oo was su"er&or !o !he Euro"ean' Thus2 !he &dea o) o>o"era!&on was en!ra# !o Ind&an #&)e2 as o$"e!&!&on &s !o ours' The Ind&ans were h&gh#* &nd&+&dua#&s!& 2 and +&ed w&!h ea h o!her &n !he "er)or$an e o) %ra+e deeds' The* adored dress&ng u"2 and her&shed )a+our&!e horses2 )a+our&!e guns' And a$ong !he )ar !r&%es o) !he Nor!h> @es! !here was e+en o$"e!&!&on &n !he a ;u&s&!&on and d&s"#a* o) "ersona# wea#!h'1,7Bu! !he&r essen!&a# so &a# %e#&e) was one o) "ro"er!*>as>use' The Ind&ans shared wha! !he* had2 es"e &a##* )ood= &! was no!ed !ha! wh&#e !here was an* !o share2 a## shared &!F when !here was none2 a## s!ar+ed'
Mos! o) a##2 !he* shared !he #and' The !r&%e had &!s !err&!or*' An* $e$%er $&gh! se! u" h&s #odge on an* "ar! o) &! and !here grow h&s orn' The F&+e C&+&#&Hed Tr&%es 9Cho !aw2 Chero(ee2 Ch& (asaw2 Se$&no#e2 Cree(: e8"#a&ned &n ,77,= I$"ro+e$en!s an %e and )re;uen!#* are so#d2 %u! !he #and &!se#) &s no! a ha!!e#' I!s o u"an * and "ossess&on are &nd&s"ensa%#e !o ho#d&ng &!2 and &!s a%andon$en! )or !wo *ears $a(es &! re+er! !o !he "u%#& do$a&n' In !h&s wa* e+er* one o) our &!&Hens &s assured o) a ho$e' The Ind&an ou#d no $ore unders!and !he Euro"eans1 on e"!&on o) "er"e!ua# "ersona# !&!#e !han !he* ou#d unders!and h&s on e"!&on o) none' Nor ou#d he unders!and !he a u$u#a!&ng &! h' @h* d&d !he Peo"#e Greed&#* Gras"&ng )or <and wan! $ore a res !han !he* needed !o grow )ood onM @h* d&d !he* %u&#d houses !ha! wou#d ou!#as! !he&r o u"an!sM @h* were Ind&ans a##ed !h&e+es )or he#"&ng !he$se#+es !o wha! !he* needed2 as !he* a#wa*s hadM A%o+e a##2 wh*2 e+en when he had a ;u&red &! hones!#*2 d&d !he wh&!e $an &ns&s! !ha! #and he had %ough! %e a$e h&s e8 #us&+e#*2 and )or a## !&$eM How ou#d he $a(e su h a #a&$M I! was r&d& u#ous' GSe## a oun!r*T1 e8 #a&$ed Te u$seh' G@h* no! se## !he a&r2 !he #ouds2 and !he grea! seaM Q D&d no! !he Grea! S"&r&! $a(e !he$ a## )or !he use o) h&s h&#drenM1 The &ssue o) #and anno! %e sh&r(ed' A#!hough2 )ro$ one "o&n! o) +&ew2 !he $*s!er* o) !he re#a!&ons %e!ween !he Eng#&sh se!!#ers and !he Nor!h A$er& an Ind&ans anno! e+er %e unders!ood2 an* $ore !han an* o!her grea! e+&# 9)or wh* shou#d $en o""ress ea h o!herM:2 !he !e$"!a!&on !o wh& h !he se!!#ers su u$%ed &s a## !oo "#a&n2 and a## !oo )a$&#&ar' I! was !he usua# !e$"!a!&on !o %e#&e+e !ha! wha! we wan! w&!h "ass&on $us! %e r&gh!F and !ha! !he $eans o) o%!a&n&ng &! anno! %e s&n)u#' The "ass&on )or #anded "ro"er!*2 !ha! guaran!ee o) &nde"enden e2 "ros"er&!* and "res!&ge2 wh& h2 as we ha+e seen2 u"roo!ed !he Eng#&sh and arr&ed !he$ a ross !he A!#an!& !o B&rg&n&a and New Eng#and2 a#so arr&ed !he$ and !hose who a$e !o Eo&n !he$ &n!o !he "ra !& e o) a!ro &ous r&$es' <and>hunger &s !oo wea( a "hrase2 )or hunger an %e sa!ed' I! were %e!!er a##ed #and> #us!= &! was as &nsa!&a%#e as !he sea' <&(e a## grea! des&re2 &! was )er!&#e &n ra!&ona#&Ha!&ons wh& h sa!&s)&ed !hose who )e#! &!2 &) no one e#se' @hen !he A$er& an Re"u%#& was es!a%#&shed2 &!s Pres&den! %e a$e !he Grea! Fa!her o) !he Ind&ans' E+en &n h&s $os! en#&gh!ened &n arna!&ons2 he was sw&)! !o e+ade h&s "a!erna# o%#&ga!&onsF and so$e!&$es he o$$&!!ed &n)an!& &de' GThe hun!er or sa+age s!a!e re;u&res a grea!er e8!en! o) !err&!or* !o sus!a&n &!2 !han &s o$"a!&%#e w&!h !he "rogress and Eus! #a&$s o) &+&#&Hed #&)eQ and $us! *&e#d !o &!Q A o$"u#sor* "ro ess see$s !o %e ne essar*2 !o %rea( !he&r ha%&!s2 and &+&#&He !he$1 90a$es Monroe:' GThe&r u#!&+a!ed )&e#dsF !he&r ons!ru !ed ha%&!a!&ons 4 are undou%!ed#* %* !he #aws o) na!ure !he&rs' Bu! wha! &s !he r&gh! o) !he hun!s$an !o !he )ores! o) a !housand $&#es o+er wh& h he has a &den!a##* ranged &n ;ues! o) "re*M1/? 90ohn Ju&n * Ada$s:' GThe ga$e %e&ng des!ro*ed as a (now#edged %* a##2 !he r&gh! o) "ossess&on2 gran!ed !o !he Ind&ans )or !he "ur"ose o) hun!&ng eases2 and Eus!& e2 sound "o#& *2 and !he ons!&!u!&ona# r&gh!s o) !he &!&Hen2 wou#d re;u&re &!s %e&ng res&gnedQ1 9Andrew 0a (son:' GIs one o) !he )a&res! "or!&ons o) !he g#o%e !o re$a&n &n a s!a!e o) na!ure2 !he haun! o) a )ew wre! hed sa+ages2 when &! see$s des!&ned %* !he Crea!or !o g&+e su""or! !o a #arge "o"u#a!&on and !o %e !he sea! o) &+&#&Ha!&onM1 9@&##&a$ Henr* Harr&son:' I! was !he un&+ersa# argu$en!F &!s #&gh!ness was !he un&+ersa# )ee#&ng' No wonder2 !hen2 !ha! !he h&s!or* o) !he Ind&an &n !he Eng#&sh o#on&es2 and &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es a)!erwards2 an %es! %e s(e! hed &n !er$s o) !he de+e#o"$en! o) !he wh&!e "rogra$$e )or de"r&+&ng !he red $an o) h&s #ands' The !raged* had !hree a !s2 orres"ond&ng rough#* !o !he !hree "r&n &"a# eras o) A$er& an h&s!or*' Dur&ng !he o#on&a# e"o h !he Ind&an "os&!&on re$a&ned2 on e !he Euro"ean oas!a# se!!#e$en!s had %een es!a%#&shed2 sur"r&s&ng#* s!a%#e' The Iro;uo&s <eague !o !he nor!h2
!he #ooser Cree( Con)edera!&on !o !he sou!h2 an hored as !he* were on !he #&ne o) !he A""a#a h&ans2 $ar(ed#* he#d u" wh&!e e8"ans&on2 "ar!& u#ar#* a)!er !he Iro;uo&s had rea#&Hed !ha! !he %es! wa* )or !he Ind&ans !o re$a&n nu$erous and "ros"erous was !o s!a* neu!ra# &n !he Fran o>Br&!&sh ;uarre# and no! !o )&gh! ea h o!her $ore !han !he* ou#d he#"' There was a gradua# eros&on o) !he Ind&an "os&!&on2 %u! &! re$a&ned a s!rong one so #ong as !he Eng#&sh dared no! a!!a ( !he !r&%es )or )ear !ha! !he* wou#d go o+er !o Fran e' E+en a)!er !he Fren h de)ea! &n !he Se+en Years war and !he e8"u#s&on o) !he Br&!&sh &n !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on2 !he Ind&ans o) !he Sou!h ou#d s!&## "#a* !he sa$e ga$e2 us&ng S"a&n 9now $&s!ress o) <ou&s&ana as we## as F#or&da: aga&ns! !he A$er& ans' The #as! !r&u$"h o) !h&s "er&od was !he Cree( @ar aga&ns! !he %r&gand s!a!e o) Georg&a 9,57.4-?:2 wh& h was $as!er$&nded %* !he grea! h&e) A#e8ander M G&##&+ra*2 /3 who s&gned a !rea!* w&!h George @ash&ng!on &n ,5-? !ha! "ro!e !ed !he %u#( o) !he Cree( #ands aga&ns! en roa h$en! )or !he ne8! !wen!*>)&+e *ears' B* !he end o) !ha! "er&od !he se ond a ! had )a&r#* %egun' Th&s was !he e"o h &n wh& h !he A$er& an "eo"#e2 re#&e+ed o) a#$os! a## &n!erna!&ona# an8&e!&es and ga&n&ng &n wea#!h and nu$%ers e+er* da*2 asser!ed !he&r o$"#e!e do$&nan e o+er !he on!&nen!' To !he Ind&ans !he* "ro+ed !he&r "ower %* s!r&""&ng !he !r&%es o) a#$os! a## !he* "ossessed2 !hus ensur&ng !ha! !he !h&rd a ! shou#d show !he Ind&ans as "au"ers de"enden! on !he harsh2 &rregu#ar and )re;uen!#* s!u"&d har&!* o) Un #e Sa$' I! &s !he "ro ess o) s"o#&a!&on as arr&ed ou! &n !he se ond a ! !ha! ra&ses !he $os! ser&ous ;ues!&ons a%ou! !he A$er& an na!&ona# hara !er' Thus under !he Ind&an Re$o+a# A ! o) ,73? !he .?2??? Ind&ans o) !he F&+e C&+&#&Hed Tr&%es were $o+ed )ro$ !he #ands !he* had a#wa*s o u"&ed2 #ands wh& h were guaran!eed !o !he$ on !he honour o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es as "#edged &n !rea!* a)!er !rea!*2 !o #ands )ar a ross !he M&ss&ss&""& 4 #ands wh& h &n due !&$e were a#so !o %e )&# hed )ro$ !he$' Man* o!her Ind&ans2 un!&# !he +er* end o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 were !o %e u"roo!ed' Bu! !he Grea! Re$o+a# s!& (s &n !he $e$or* %e ause o) &!s s a#e2 and %e ause o) !he os!en!a!&ous %ad )a&!h o) a## on erned2 )ro$ Pres&den! 0a (son down !o Greenwood <e)#ore2 a renegade Cho !aw h&e)2 and %e ause o) !he &$$ense hu$an su))er&ng &n+o#+ed' One e8a$"#e= when !he Cho !aw $&gra!&on was arranged2 !he wh&!es o) A#a%a$a and M&ss&ss&""& des ended on !he unha""* !r&%e #&(e so $an* horse)#&es2 !o %u##* and !r& ( !he Ind&ans ou! o) $os! o) !he&r $o+a%#e "ro"er!* as we## as !he&r #ands' The !r&%e !hen had !o !re( !o Ind&an Terr&!or* 9!oda*2 O(#aho$a: dur&ng !he w&n!er o) ,73,4/ 4 !he o#des! s&n e ,55.' A! #eas! ,2.??2 or near#* a !en!h o) !he en!&re !r&%e2 d&ed as a resu#! o) !he hardsh&"s o) !he e$&gra!&on and a ho#era e"&de$& !o wh& h2 &n !he&r s!ar+&ng2 na(ed2 she#!er#ess2 ho"e#ess and un #ean ond&!&on2 !he e$&gran!s ou#d o))er #&!!#e res&s!an e' Mos! o) !hose who d&ed were h&#dren or o#d "eo"#e' Ano!her e8a$"#e= !he ,.2??? Chero(ees/6 rea#&Hed2 #ong %e)ore ,7372 when !he* were re$o+ed %* )or e )ro$ !he&r an &en! ho$e#ands &n !he $oun!a&ns o) wes!ern Georg&a and Nor!h Caro#&na2 !ha! !he on#* wa* !o sur+&+e !he &$"a ! o) !he wh&!e $an was !o #earn h&s wa*s' A ord&ng#* !he* !urned !he$se#+es &n!o a su ess)u# )ar$&ng "eo"#eF Se;uo*a2 a Chero(ee ha#)>%reed o) gen&us2 &n+en!ed an a#"ha%e! )or !he&r #anguage2 wh& h ra"&d#* s"read #&!era * a$ong !he$F !he* had a "r&n!&ng>"ress and a wee(#* news"a"er2 and &n ,7/5 ado"!ed a ons!&!u!&on $ode##ed on !ha! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' A## &n +a&n= !he usua# o#d2 greed* hos!&#&!* wen! !o wor(2 and !he Chero(ees had !o #a%our a#ong !he&r own "a!h o) agon* &n!o !he @es!' The* a##ed &! !he Tra&# o) TearsF and a! #eas! 62??? d&ed2 e&!her &n !he on en!ra!&on a$"s where !he* were asse$%#ed )or de"or!a!&on or dur&ng !he re$o+a# &!se#)' Con!e$"#a!&on o) !hese and a## !he o!her a!ro &!&es a! #eng!h )or es !he h&s!or&an !o )a e )unda$en!a#s' He w&## re$e$%er !he rusades2 !he re#&g&ous wars2 !he Re&gn o) Terror2 !he Russ&an "urges2 and !he e8!er$&na!&on o) !he 0ews2 and see !ha! !he !rea!$en! $e!ed ou! !o !he A$er& an Ind&an was no! e8 e"!&ona#2 &! was hara !er&s!& a##* Euro"ean2 &) no! hu$an2 and gen!#er !han $an* o$"ara%#e $an&)es!a!&ons' He w&## #oo( w&!h dou%#ed and redou%#ed s e"!& &s$ on a## e8"ress&ons o) $&ss&onar* Hea#2 re$e$%er&ng !ha! !hough $an* good $en se!
ou! !o %r&ng Chr&s!&an&!* !o !he Ind&ans2 !he* were a#$os! #ud& rous#* )ewer &n nu$%er !han !he $u#!&!udes who2 "ro)ess&ng s&$&#ar $o!&+es2 were on erned on#* !o gra!&)* !he&r #us! )or #and a! an* "r& e2 and !han !he s!&## #arger nu$%ers who a"a!he!& a##* a##owed e+&# !o !r&u$"h' More2 he w&## dou%! !he de"!h and s&n er&!* o) $os! $en1s "ro)ess&ons o) &+&#&Ha!&on2 de$o ra * and %ene+o#en e a! $os! !&$es2 s&n e !he* ha+e so o)!en "ro+ed su h )ee%#e he (s on ondu !2 and o$"a!&%#e w&!h a !&ons o) !he u!$os! &nEus!& e' Ye! he w&## no! des"a&r e&!her o) hu$an&!* or o) !he "oss&%&#&!* o) "rogress' For e+en on !he )ron!&er !he Euro"eans were no! un&)or$#* or "er"e!ua##* +& &ous' Man* 9&) !oo )ew: deeds o) (&ndness and !ru!h )ro$ wh&!e !o red2 red !o wh&!e2 are (nown2 es"e &a##* &n !he re#a!&ons o) !he US ar$* w&!h !he Ind&ans' And !he )a&!h#essness2 &nhu$an&!* and greed d&s"#a*ed %* !he wh&!es !o !he Ind&ans were !o "ro+e !he&r own "un&sh$en!' I! was !he o"era!&on o) !hese hara !er&s!& s &n Georg&a wh& h2 )&rs!2 e8"e##ed !he Chero(ees and !hen2 &n ,7.62 #a&d !he s!a!e o"en !o Sher$an1s de+as!a!&ng $ar h !o !he sea2/A when !he wh&!es "a&d !he "ena#!* )or !he&r head#ong ourse +&a !he o""ress&on o) !he Ind&ans and !he ens#a+&ng o) !he A)r& ans &n!o re%e##&on and %#ood* &+&# war' More genera##*2 we an sa* !ha! as !he wh&!es d&d !o !he&r red +& !&$s2 so !he* d&d2 and do2 !o ea h o!her and !o !he %#a (s 4 w&!h wha! resu#!s !he r&$&na# s!a!&s!& s o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es !oda* $a(e "#a&n' Ye! &! $us! %e added !ha! as !&$e has "assed2 $ore and $ore wh&!e A$er& ans ha+e o$e !o see !he )o##* and #oa!he !he e+&# o) !h&s #ega * o) +&o#en e2 and ha+e ! r & e d 2 "ar& "assu2 !o %eha+e $ore Eus!#* and $er &)u##* !o !he Ind&an as !he* ha+e !r&ed !o %e $ore Eus!2 $ore $er &)u#2 &n !he&r o!her so &a# re#a!&ons' Bu! !h&s has %een $os!#* a !wen!&e!h> en!ur* de+e#o"$en!' The n&ne!een!h en!ur* was !he Ind&an1s era o) de)ea!2 wh& h was on#* $ade worse 9)or "un&sh$en! )o##owed: %* ea h !e$"orar* +& !or*= !ha!2 )or e8a$"#e2 o) !he <&!!#e B&g Horn2 when so$e S&ou82 under CraH* Horse and S&!!&ng Bu##2 w&"ed ou! an A$er& an reg&$en!' The news rea hed !he Eas!2 &! &s "#easan! !o re"or!2 on A 0u#* ,75.2 &n n& e !&$e !o s"o&# !he e#e%ra!&ons o) a hundred *ears o) )reedo$ and &nde"enden eF %u! !he re!a#&a!&on was a## !he $ore rue#' A *ear #a!er so$e o) !he NeH Per Os2 genera##* re (oned !o %e a$ong !he $os! &n!e##&gen! and #arge> $&nded o) !he !r&%es2 were )or ed o)) !he&r ho$e#ands &n !he @a##owa +a##e* &n eas!ern Oregon2/. and2 a)!er drun(en ou!rages %* a hand)u# o) !he&r *oung $en2 were hun!ed %* ar$* de!a h$en!s ,2A?? $&#es a ross Idaho2 Ye##ows!one Par( and Mon!ana' The* )ough! a %r&##&an! a$"a&gn wh& h earned !he$ !he ungrudg&ng res"e ! o) !he&r an!agon&s!s= G!he* a%s!a&ned )ro$ s a#"&ng21 sa&d Genera# Sher$an2 G#e! a"!&+e wo$en go )reeF d&d no! o$$&! &nd&s r&$&na!e $urders o) "ea e)u# )a$&#&es and )ough! w&!h a#$os! s &en!&)& s(&##1' Bu! &n !he end !he* were augh! a! a "#a e a##ed Sna(e Cree(2 )or!* $&#es sou!h o) !he Canad&an %order and sa)e!*2 and rea#&Hed2 #&(e <ee a! A""o$a!!o8 !we#+e *ears %e)ore2 !ha! !he* )a ed a ho& e %e!ween ann&h&#a!&on or surrender' The&r war>#eaders had a#$os! a## %een (&##ed2 so &! was #e)! !o Ch&e) 0ose"h2 !he w&ses! $an a$ong !he$2 !o a e"! !he &ne+&!a%#e' He a$e )orward %e!ween !he ar$&es and s"o(e no%#* o) wha! %ro(e !he Ind&ans= QI a$ !&red o) )&gh!&ng' Our h&e)s are (&##ed' <oo(&ng G#ass &s dead' Toohoo#hoo#>Ho!e &s dead' The o#d $en are a## dead' I! &s !he *oung $en who sa* *es and no' He who #ed !he *oung $en &s dead'/5 I! &s o#d and we ha+e no %#an(e!s' The #&!!#e h&#dren are )reeH&ng !o dea!h' M* "eo"#e2 so$e o) !he$2 ha+e run awa* !o !he h&##s2 and ha+e no %#an(e!s2 no )oodF no one (nows where !he* are 4 "erha"s )reeH&ng !o dea!h' I wan! !o ha+e !&$e !o #oo( )or $* h&#dren and see how $an* I an )&nd' Ma*%e I sha## )&nd !he$ a$ong !he dead' Hear $e2 $* h&e)s2 I a$ !&redF $* hear! &s s& ( and sad' Fro$ where !he sun now s!ands2 I w&## )&gh! no $ore )ore+er' Nor d&d heF Ch&e) 0ose"h s"en! !he res! o) h&s #&)e 9he d&ed &n ,-?6: &n "a!&en!#* e))e !&+e
d&"#o$a *2 !he o%Ee ! o) wh& h was !o ge! h&s "eo"#e %a ( !o !he&r ho$e#ands2 or a! #eas! so$ewhere near%*' He surrendered2 ha+&ng re e&+ed generous "ro$&ses= a## were %ro(en2 no! %* !he o))& ers who $ade !he$ %u! %* !he&r su"er&ors 9G@h&!e $en ha+e !oo $an* h&e)s21 was h&s o$$en!:' In !he end2 a)!er *ears o) su))er&ng2 he was a%#e !o #ead !he NeH Per Os %a ( !o !he Nor!h>@es!F %u! he ne+er aga&n #&+ed &n @a##owa' Na!ura##* enough2 !he de)ea! o) !he #as! Ind&an warr&ors 9!he A"a hes under Geron&$o2 who G a$e &n1 &n ,77.: d&d no! end !he s"o#&a!&on' In ,7-? !he de enn&a# ensus $ade &! see$ !ha! !here was no $ore uno u"&ed #and a+a&#a%#e )or wh&!e se!!#e$en! &n !he Un&!ed S!a!esF %u! &n !ha! +er* *ear !he Ind&an !r&%es were ro%%ed o) a )ur!her se+en!een $&##&on a res 4 one>se+en!h o) !he re$a&n&ng Ind&an #ands 4 under !he A##o!$en! A ! o) ,7752 wh& h Congress had "assed so#e#*2 &!s su""or!ers a+erred2 &n order !o has!en !he &+&#&Ha!&on and ha""&ness o) !he Ind&ans' I! resu#!ed &n !he Ind&ans #os&ng e&gh!*>s&8 $&##&on a res a#!oge!her %e!ween ,775 and ,-36' The* were !he $os! +a#ua%#e a res' Ye! !he Ind&ans2 as !he* grew "oorer2 grew a#so2 %* a "ro ess o$$on &n Gunderde+e#o"ed1 oun!r&es2 $ore nu$erous' I! had on e see$ed !ha! !he ra e wou#d gradua##* ease !o re"rodu e &!se#)' Now $ore and $ore Ind&ans a$e &n!o !he wor#d !o su))er' The&r reser+a!&ons2 narrow and "oor !o %eg&n w&!h2 were #ess and #ess a%#e !o a))ord !he$ !he $eans o) #&)e' The* %e a$e e+er $ore e8"ens&+e harges on !he go+ern$en!2 wh& h *e! on!&nued a##ous and &n o$"e!en! 4 so $u h so !ha! %* !he ,-/?s des!&!u!&on was %r&ng&ng a%ou! )a$&ne' I! see$ed !ha! !he #as! ru&n o) !he A$er& an Ind&an was a! hand' B* !he sa$e !o(en2 !he wh&!e on;ues! o) !he on!&nen!2 wh& h had %egun so un er!a&n#*2 so s$a##2 so #ong ago2 was o$"#e!e'
BOOK T+O The Ol" Or"er an" the ,meri%an Re-ol.tion 3ovus 5rdo Seclorum. 2otto of the ?nited States of America 2any states and kingdoms have lost their dominions .y severity and an un1ust 1ealousy. / remem.er none that have .een lost .y kindness and a generous confidence. ,vils are frequently precipitated .y imprudent attempts to prevent them. /n short, we never can .e made an independent people eHcept it .e .y <reat Britain herself> and the only way for her to do it is to make us frugal, ingenious, united, and discontented. 8ohn $ickinson, 1F%J /mperial Britain 1%%!#1F% )he o.ligation of each Briton to fulfill the political duties, receive a vast accession of strength when he calls to mind of what a no.le and well .alanced constitution of government he has the honour to .elong> a constitution of free and equal laws, secured against ar.itrary will and popular licence, a constitution in fine the nurse of heroes, the parent of li.erty, the patron of learning and arts, and the dominion of laws. <eorge /// 'ere num.erless and needless places, enormous salaries, pensions, perquisites, .ri.es, groundless quarrels, foolish eHpeditions, false accounts or no accounts, contracts and 1o.s, devour all revenue, and produce continual necessity in the midst of natural plenty. Ben1amin Franklin to 8oseph <alloway, *ondon, CJ Fe.ruary 1FFJ )he American colonies are great to this country in general and indeed very 1ustly, as .eing the principal sources of our .alance in trade, and consequently of our riches and strength, .y the great quantity of shipping employed, of manufactures vended and of the useful returns of their growth. 'orace 4alpole, 1FJI
On /. O !o%er ,5.?2 K&ng George II d&ed a! s!oo# &n h&s #ose!', H&s grandson2 ene$* and he&r2 a#so na$ed George2 was !wen!*>!wo *ears o#d' H&s re&gn was !o %e !he se ond #onges! &n Eng#&sh h&s!or*2 and one o) !he $os! e+en!)u#F he h&$se#) was !o "#a* a $ore &$"or!an! "ar! &n "o#&!& s !han an* o) h&s su essors2 a#!hough h&s ro#e &n A$er& an h&s!or* was %* no $eans so ru &a# as #egend $a&n!a&ns' A word a%ou! h&s hara !er &s &n order' George III was no !*ran!2 wha!e+er h&s ene$&es sa&d' He was de+o!ed !o !he Br&!&sh Cons!&!u!&on2 and h&s "o#&!& a# +&r!ues #ea" !o !he e*e &) we o$"are h&$ w&!h !hose o!her ro*a# )a&#ures2 Char#es I2 <ou&s NBI and N& ho#as II2 and e8"#a&n wh* he (e"! h&s #&)e and !hrone wh&#e !he* #os! !he&rs' He was a%o+e a## !h&ngs o"en2 hones! and #o*a#' M&n&s!ers who were !rue !o !he&r ro*a# $as!er1s "erson and "o#& &es ou#d de"end on h&s su""or!' He was e8!re$e#* hard> wor(&ng2 and gradua##* a ;u&red an &$$ense "o#&!& a# e8"er!&se $a! h&ng !ha! o) !hose o!her $as!er>$anagers o) e&gh!een!h> en!ur* Eng#&sh "o#&!& s2 S&r Ro%er! @a#"o#e 9,.5.4,56A: and !he Du(e o) New as!#e 9,.-34,5.7:' H&s "r&+a!e #&)e was %#a$e#ess 9!ha! &s2 s&ng#e> $&nded#* u8or&ous:F and s&n e he had !he sense !o s!&"u#a!e !ha! !he wo$an hosen )or h&s w&)e shou#d %e un&n!eres!ed &n "o#&!& s2 !h&s !ra&! he#"ed h&s "o"u#ar&!*' F&na##*2 he was a s!ou! Eng#&sh "a!r&o!' GI g#or* &n !he na$e o) Br&!a&n21 he re$ar(ed' No! )or h&$ !he #ong&ngs o) h&s grand)a!her and grea!>grand)a!her )or !he&r dear na!&+e Hano+er' To h&$2 Hano+er was G!ha! horr&d e#e !ora!e wh& h has a#wa*s #&+ed u"on !he +er* +&!a#s o) !h&s "oor oun!r*1' H&s "ass&on )or agr& u#!ure and a oun!r* #&)e earned h&$ !he n& (na$e o) GFar$er George1' These a!!&!udes ou#d on#* endear h&$ )ur!her !o $os! o) h&s su%Ee !s' He was an &n!e##&gen! "a!ron o) !he ar!s and #earn&ng2 and ga+e a "ens&on !o Sa$ue# 0ohnson' The K&ng had !he de)e !s o) h&s +&r!ues' As a %a (ward2 se #uded %o* he was ra (ed %* se#)> d&s!rus! and #ung )or reassuran e !o !he Ear# o) Bu!e 9,5,34-/:' Poor Bu!e was as wea( as !he K&ng see$ed2 and a! #eng!h )a&#ed h&s )r&end o$"#e!e#*' Bu! %* !hen George had $a!ured2 and h&s se#)> on)&den e %e a$e su h !ha! he ou#d )or *ears "ro" u" an a""a##&ng#* wea( Pr&$e M&n&s!er= <ord Nor!h' Unha""&#* se#)> on)&den e a## !oo o)!en shaded &n!o o%s!&na * and w&#)u#ness' Fur!her$ore2 George !hough! !ha! hange o) an* (&nd was &n o$"a!&%#e w&!h !he sur+&+a# o) h&s oun!r* and her grea!ness' The on+& !&ons he de)ended w&!h "ass&ona!e s!u%%ornness were !hose o) a narrow2 se ond>ra!e &n!e##e !' Aga&n and aga&n he e$"#o*ed h&s "o#&!& a# unn&ng2 h&s "owers as K&ng and !he res"e ! won %* h&s hara !er 9#a!er2 !he !&$&d&!* &ns"&red %* h&s $adness: !o "re+en! essen!&a# re)or$s' In ,5.? h&s &nher&!an e was as $agn&)& en! as !ha! o) an* $onar h &n h&s!or*' No wonder !ha! George and h&s %o#d Br&!ons were )u## o) se#)> g#or&)& a!&on' Bu! !he s"endour was !rans&en!' The ne8! )&+e ha"!ers w&## e8"#a&n how !he Eng#&sh> s"ea(&ng wor#d a$e !o s"#&! &n!o !wo grea! %u! u!!er#* d&s!&n ! "o#&!&es 4 how Far$er George1s %&gges! )ar$ was #os!' He ou#d no! ha+e e8"e !ed !o #ose &!2 o$&ng !o !he !hrone2 as he d&d2 dur&ng an enor$ous#* su ess)u# war o) e8"ans&onF and e+en %e)ore !ha! war s!ar!ed &n ,5A.2 !he Br&!&sh E$"&re was so$e!h&ng !o $ar+e# a!' The w&#des! +&s&ons o) Ra#egh2 Ha(#u*! and Ca"!a&n S$&!h had #ong %een sur"assed' A! !he $&d>"o&n! o) !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* Grea! Br&!a&n was s!rong enough !o rush her #as! r&+a# and %e o$e !he #eader and ar%&!er o) !he wor#d' Hers was2 a%o+e a##2 an A!#an!& e$"&re' Br&!&sh sh&"s +en!ured !o Ch&naF !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an* )os!ered a #u ra!&+e !rade &n Sou!h As&a and wou#d soon w&n !he ru#e o) Benga#F %u! Ind&a was !o %e !he hear! o) !he se ond2 no! !he )&rs!2 Br&!&sh E$"&re' George I##1s "r&n &"a# o+erseas "ossess&ons s!re! hed &n a g&gan!& %ow round !he gre* o ean )ro$ New)ound#and2 down !he eas! oas! o) Nor!h A$er& a2 a ross !he Car&%%ean and !he "re &ous sugar &s#ands !o !he wes! oas! o) A)r& a= a ur+e o) so$e e&gh! !housand $&#es' I! was an e$"&re %u&#! on2 %*
and )or !radeF and &n ,5A? !ha! !rade was wor!h $ore !han P/?2???2??? annua##*' The &$"er&a# $er han! $ar&ne was !he #arges! &n !he wor#dF K&ng George1s su%Ee !s enEo*ed !he h&ghes! s!andard o) #&+&ng' There were )&)!een $&##&on o) !he$= )ewer !han !he &nha%&!an!s o) !he (&ngdo$ o) Fran e2 %u!2 &) +ar&ous a# u#a!&ons "ro+ed sound 9as !he* d&d:2 !he e$"&re was des!&ned ra"&d#* !o o+erhau# !he an &en! r&+a# &n "o"u#a!&on as &n e+er*!h&ng e#se' Un#&(e &!s n&ne!een!h> en!ur* su essor2 and &n s"&!e o) !he "resen e w&!h&n &!s %orders o) Ir&sh2 A)r& ans2 A$er& an Ind&ans and Eas! Ind&ans2 &! was s!r&(&ng#* ho$ogeneous2 !he %u#( o) &!s "eo"#e %e&ng wh&!e2 Pro!es!an! and Eng#&sh>s"ea(&ng' The w&de seas a !ed2 no! as a %arr&er2 %u! as a #&n( 4 )or wa!er !rans"or! was2 &n !he "re>ra&#wa* age2 )ar eas&er2 and )ar hea"er2 !han #and' Ye! re+o#u!&on was !o %rea( ou! 4 )&rs! &n !he Br&!&sh E$"&re2 !hen &n !he (&ngdo$ o) Fran e= &n o!her words2 &n !he !wo $os! $odern2 r& hes!2 %es!> go+erned "o#&!&es &n !he wor#dF and &! %ro(e ou! &n !he $ore ad+an ed o) !he$ )&rs!' Th&s was no! a o&n &den e2 %u! h&s!or&ans are s!&## gro"&ng )or2 and ;uarre##&ng o+er2 !he e8"#ana!&on' I! &s a #arge and d&))& u#! ;ues!&on' No answer an %e )&na#' S!&##2 !he "o&n! $us! )&r$#* %e $ade !ha! &! was grow!h2 no! de a*2 +& !or*2 no! de)ea!2 !ha! !ou hed o)) !he A$er& an and Fren h Re+o#u!&ons' A#e8&s de To ;ue+&##e #ong ago "o&n!ed ou! !ha! I! &s no! a#wa*s !he go&ng )ro$ %ad !o worse !ha! auses a re+o#u!&on' I! ha""ens $ore o)!en !ha! a "eo"#e who ha+e %orne w&!hou! o$"#a&n!2 and a""aren!#* w&!hou! )ee#&ng2 $os! o""ress&+e #aws2 !hrow !he$ o)) +&o#en!#* as soon as !he&r we&gh! #&gh!ens' The s*s!e$ !ha! a re+o#u!&on des!ro*s &s a#$os! a#wa*s %e!!er !han !ha! wh& h &$$ed&a!e#* "re eded &!2 and e8"er&en e !ea hes !ha! !he $os! dangerous $o$en! )or a %ad go+ern$en! &s usua##* !ha! &n wh& h &! %eg&ns !o re)or$' @&!h $odern h&s!or& a# (now#edge2 we wou#d ha+e !o $od&)* !hese re$ar(s %e)ore ourse#+es a""#*&ng !he$ !o !he Fren h o#d orderF and !he* wou#d ha+e !o %e s!&## $ore shar"#* ;ua#&)&ed %e)ore !he* ou#d %e a""#&ed !o !he )&rs! Br&!&sh E$"&reF %u! !here &s s!&## $u h re#e+an! !ru!h &n !he$2 wor!h "onder&ng' For To ;ue+&##e "o&n!s !o !he "heno$enon now (nown as G!he re+o#u!&on o) r&s&ng e8"e !a!&ons1' I! was su h a re+o#u!&on !ha! under$&ned !he o#d order !hroughou! !he @es!' No so &a# s*s!e$ an e+er %e "er)e !2 and !he )a&#&ngs o) !he o#d order ear#* %e a$e $an&)es!' Bu! &! was des!ro*ed %* &!s su ess' I! had %een g&+en &!s )&na# sha"e %* !he Eng#&sh and Fren h o) !he se+en!een!h en!ur* and !he&r grea!es! s!a!es$en' The&r wor( had %een )ar )ro$ )ru&!#ess' The* had no! $ere#* so#+ed2 &n rough and read* )ash&on2 !he "ro%#e$s o) re#&g&ous and &+&# s!r&)e wh& h had "#agued !he&r oun!r&esF !he* had no! $ere#* $ade !hose oun!r&es !he $&gh!&es! and $os! "rogress&+e s!a!es &n !he wor#d' The* had rea!ed !he $odern Fren h2 Br&!&sh and A$er& an na!&ons2 whose o+err&d&ng hara !er&s!& !urned ou! !o %e a res!#ess rea!&+&!*' Th&s rea!&+&!* ou#d no! #ong %e on)&ned w&!h&n !he "o#&!& a#2 e ono$& 2 &n!e##e !ua# and so &a# s!ru !ure wh& h genera!ed &!' The $en o) !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* a$e !o e8"e !2 and &ne8ora%#* !o de$and2 $ore !han !he se+en!een!h> en!ur* order&ng o) !he&r wor#d ou#d "oss&%#* "ro+&de' A ho$e and re)uge !hus %e a$e a "r&son' On#* &n !he Br&!&sh Is#es d&d &! "ro+e "oss&%#e !o %rea( ou! )a&r#* "ea ea%#*2 and e+en !here !he Ir&sh had a ghas!#* h&s!or*' O+erseas2 !he $&gh!* ed&)& e wh& h George III &nher&!ed o##a"sed &n !u$u#! and war2 and !he )a!e o) !he Fren h (&ngdo$ needs no re!e##&ng here' To %e sure2 "er&ods o) se#)> r&!& &s$ were )re;uen! e+en wh&#e !he o#d order was a! &!s he&gh!' Mon!es;u&eu was on#* !he grea!es! na$e a$ong !he r&!& s who rose u" aga&ns! !he Fren h $onar h* %e!ween !he dea!h o) <ou&s NTB and !he Se+en Years @ar' In Br&!a&n2 !he
#ong as endan * o) Ro%er! @a#"o#e dro+e o""os&!&on "o#&!& &ans o) a## s!r&"es &n!o )renH&ed denun &a!&ons o) GRo%&no ra *1 and !he de #&ne o) Br&!&sh #&%er!*' The #ass& "hrase G%r&%er* and orru"!&on1 %egan !o %e heard 4 &n Nor!h A$er& a2 a$ong o!her "#a es' The r* wen! u" !ha! an o""ress&+e Par#&a$en! had su eeded !he o""ress&+e S!uar!s' GPower1 9we wou#d sa* G!he s!a!e1 or G%ureau ra *1: $us! %e %rough! under on!ro# aga&n %* su h de+& es as $anhood su))rage2 "ar#&a$en!ar* re)or$ and )reedo$ o) !he "ress' O""os&!&on wr&!ers s"read a%road an o""ress&+e an8&e!*2 a $ood re&n)or ed %* !he #ong2 und&s!&ngu&shed *ears o) !he @ar o) !he Aus!r&an Su ess&on' In ,5A? )ear and worr* were grow&ng as ano!her grea! s!rugg#e w&!h Fran e drew near2 )or $an* dou%!ed !he a"a &!* o) !he ru#&ng #&;ue !o a h&e+e +& !or*2 or e+en !o a+er! de)ea!' Henr* Pe#ha$ 9,.-A4,5A6:2 !he h&e) $&n&s!er2 was %e!!er )&!!ed )or redu &ng !he na!&ona# de%! and !he s&He o) !he na+* !han )or ondu !&ng a war' In s"&!e o) a##2 !he under#*&ng $ood o) $&d> en!ur* Br&!a&n 4 !he r&gh! #&!!#e2 !&gh! #&!!#e &s#and 4 was one o) un#o+e#* and a#$os! %o!!o$#ess o$"#a en *2 %red %* s&8!* *ears1 su ess &n a## )&e#ds o) #&)e' The rea#$ o) Grea! Br&!a&n6 was !he hear! and h&e) %ene)& &ar* o) !he #u ra!&+e E$"&re' The gross na!&ona# "rodu ! was wor!h so$e P672???2??? annua##*2 P,A2???2??? %e&ng e8"or!ed' The oun!r*$en and he&rs o) New!on2 Mar#%orough2 Po"e2 Hogar!h2 Ch&""enda#e2 Ken! and <o (e2 on!e$"#a!&ng !he$se#+es and su h $onu$en!s as Par#&a$en! and !he Ban( o) Eng#and2 saw #&!!#e !o r&!& &He' On !he on!rar*2 !he* %rooded on !he&r &nnu$era%#e +&r!ues and on !he o$"#&$en!s !he* &n essan!#* "a&d !he$se#+es' The na!&ona# $ood was we## s*$%o#&Hed %* !he !o&#so$e #aw*er B#a (s!one2 whose Co$$en!ar&es a!!e$"!ed !o de$ons!ra!e !he w&sdo$2 ons&s!en * and ra!&ona#&!* o) !he Co$$on <aw o) Eng#and2 !ha! e8!raord&nar* hodge>"odge )ro$ !he dee" "as!' The #ower orders ongra!u#a!ed !he$se#+es on %e&ng )ree%orn2 and on no! wear&ng wooden shoes #&(e %a (ward )ore&gners' The an!he$ o) !he age "ro #a&$ed= )o thee .elongs the rural reign> )hy cities shall with commerce shine> All thine shall .e the su.1ect main And every shore it circles thine. Ru#e2 Br&!ann&aT Br&!ann&a ru#e !he wa+esT Br&!ons ne+er ne+er ne+er sha## %e s#a+esT You $a*2 !here)ore2 %o#d#* de)* !he %es!>read h&s!or&an !o ass&gn a s&ng#e re&gn &n a## our anna#s when !hese grea! ends o) go+ern$en! were $ore re#&g&ous#* &n!ended or $ore genera##* o%!a&ned !han under h&s "resen! MaEes!*1s aus"& &ous2 $&#d2 and s!ead* ad$&n&s!ra!&on= na*2 *ou $a* %o#d#* ha##enge !he $os! d&s on!en!ed and ;ueru#ous o) a## h&s su%Ee !s !o "o&n! ou! !ha! na!&on under Hea+en where he w&## +en!ure !o asser!2 !ha! he ou#d #&+e so ha""&#*2 &n a## res"e !s2 as he does &n Eng#and' Thus an anon*$ous ad$&rer o) !he ons!&!u!&on &n ,567' H&s +&ews are re"resen!a!&+e' Ye! !he Hano+er&an >"erha"sone ough! !o sa* !he @a#"o#ean 4 "o#&!& a# s*s!e$ was2 as has %een sa&d2 !he so#u!&on !o !he "ro%#e$s o) S!uar! Eng#and' To dea# w&!h !he "ro%#e$s o) Georg&an Br&!a&n &! wou#d ha+e had !o %e )#e8&%#e and ada"!a%#e' Unha""&#* &! was dangerous#* r&g&d' For one !h&ng2 &! was dee"#* ar&s!o ra!& and o#&gar h& a#' On !he e+e o) !he grea! hanges !ha! o##e !&+e#* are (nown as !he Indus!r&a# Re+o#u!&on2 #anded wea#!h was s!&## !he su"re$e sour e o) "ower and "res!&ge' The gen!#e$en o) Eng#and were w&ser !han !he Fren h no%#esse= #ess &nso#en!2 s"end!hr&)!2 e8 #us&+e2 $&#&!ar*2 Cour!>or&en!ed2 se#)&sh and rass' Bu! 9or "erha"s !here)ore: !he* had an e+en )&r$er gr&" on !he&r oun!r*' The grea! )a$&#&es o) !he @h&g ar&s!o ra * had "a#"a%#* ga&ned $os! )ro$ !he G#or&ous Re+o#u!&on' S&n e ,.7- !he Br&!&sh "o#&!& a# s*s!e$ had re)#e !ed !he&r &n)#uen e2 !he&r a res2 !he&r ren!>ro##sF %u! !he #esser gen!r*2
!he s;u&rear h*2 se ure &n !he&r $anor>houses and !he&r Eus!& esh&"s o) !he "ea e2 were ;u&!e as dee"#* o$$&!!ed !o !he s*s!e$ as !he grandees' The&r #esser s!a!us on#* $ade !he$ #ess &n!e##&gen!2 )or &! (e"! !he$ $os!#* &n !he oun!r*s&de w&!h none %u! dogs2 horses and hun!s$en )or o$"an*' In e+er*!h&ng2 &nd&+&dua##* and o##e !&+e#*2 !he* showed !he e))e ! o) narrow hor&Hons' Shoo!&ng2 hare> ours&ng2 )o8>hun!&ng and "or! were !he&r "#easuresF hur h>go&ng was !he&r re#&g&onF )ar$&ng and ga$e(ee"&ng !he&r on#* %us&ness' Sno%%&sh %* +o a!&on2 )or !he* were o$"e##ed !o her&sh !he +a#ues o) %#ood2 #and and ash wh& h (e"! !he$ a! !he !o" o) !he hea"2 !he* were a#so as %eso!!ed#* &nsu#ar as an* o) !he&r $os! &gnoran! &n)er&ors' In "o#&!& s2 whe!her &n Par#&a$en! or ou! o) &!2 !he* were dee"#* onser+a!&+eF re#u !an! !o "a*2 or !o +o!e2 !a8es2 !hough ons &en!&ous#* do&ng so when o%#&ged %* #awF on!e$"!uous o) $er han!s and o) )or!unes won &n !rade 9un#ess #u (* $arr&ages %rough! su h )or!unes !he&r wa*:F #o*a# !o !he K&ng2 !he Pro!es!an! re#&g&on and o#d us!o$sF $ore re#u !an! !han an* du(e or %us&ness$an !o on!e$"#a!e rad& a# hange2 e8 e"! "erha"s )or !he en #osure o) !he o$$on )&e#ds' As !o !he @h&g grandees2 !he* had wea#!h2 wor#d#&ness and &n!e##&gen e enough !o %e ra(es or re)or$ers &) !he* hose w&!hou! $u h r&s(' The&r %as& onser+a!&s$ d&d no! %e o$e ons"& uous un!&# !he* were )r&gh!ened %* !he Fren h Re+o#u!&on' The* were as re#u !an! as !he s;u&res !o on!e$"#a!e !he #oss o) "ower2 or an* a#!era!&on &n !he s he$e o) !h&ngs wh& h had g&+en !he$ as endan *' Bu! !he&r "os&!&on was o$"#& a!ed %* !h&s +er* &ns!&n ! )or "ower' A ord&ng !o !he @h&g !rad&!&on2 !he* had wres!ed au!hor&!* )ro$ !he S!uar! (&ngs !o e8er &se &! !he$se#+es2 &n !he na$e o) Pro!es!an!&s$ and !he #anded gen!r*F !h&s #e)! !he$ w&!h a res&dua# sus"& &on o) !he Crown2 no $a!!er who wore &!' A## wen! )a&r#* we## wh&#e George I and George II #e! !he$se#+es %e gu&ded %* !he o#&gar hsF %u! !he e$ergen e o) !he a !&+e2 o"&n&ona!ed George III soon re+&+ed !he d&+&s&ons and !ens&ons w&!h&n !he o#&gar h* &!se#) !ha! had $ar(ed !he re&gns o) @&##&a$ III and Jueen Anne' A +&gorous (&ng $ade a +&gorous o""os&!&on #&(e#*= &! on#* needed an &ssue2 wh& h !he !&$es sw&)!#* "ro+&ded' Then2 as #ong %e)ore2 !he ro#e o) !he $onar h& a# e8e u!&+e aga&n %e a$e a #ead&ng ;ues!&on o) Br&!&sh "o#&!& s' The !rad&!&on o) su h a )u##>%#ooded#* ar&s!o ra!& so &e!* was %ound !o %e !ha! o))& e was "r&$ar&#* a )or$ o) "ro"er!*2 a sour e o) &n o$e' No h&gher end ou#d %e &$ag&ned )or !he "u%#& ser+& e !han !ha! o) "ro+&d&ng )or !he de"endan!s o) !he gen!#e$en and "eers o) Br&!a&n2 $en whose "os&!&on en!&!#ed !he$ !o &ns&s! on de en! "ro+&s&on2 ou! o) !he na!&ona# "urse2 )or !he&r *ounger %ro!hers and o!her "oor )r&ends and re#a!&ons' Hen e !he "ower w&e#ded %* !he K&ng2 or h&s !rus!ed M&n&s!er 9a @a#"o#e2 a Pe#ha$:2 !hrough !he $ed&u$ o) deaner&es2 %&sho"r& s2 #er(sh&"s2 o$$&ss&ons &n !he ar$*2 o#on&a# go+ernorsh&"s2 e! ' 4 !he who#e +as! $a h&ne o) "a!ronage' E+en !h&s was on#* "ar! o) !he so &a# s*s!e$ !ha! &! s*$%o#&HedF )or e8a$"#e2 !he $un& &"a# go+ern$en! o) Eng#and had %een )a##&ng &n!o !he hands o) #&!!#e #o a# o#&gar h&es s&n e %e)ore !he C&+&# @ar' Bu! &! was !he "ar! !ha! $a!!ered2 )or "o#&!& s #arge#* ons&s!ed o) s;ua%%#&ngs o+er !he a##o a!&on o) !he "a!ronage "#u$s2 and &! was !he "ar! !hrough wh& h !he E$"&re was go+erned' Ine+&!a%#* we $us! as(2 how e))& &en! was &!M No s&$"#e answer an %e g&+en' C#ear#*2 a s*s!e$ wh& h ou#d %r&ng !he Br&!&sh2 &n war and "ea e2 !o !he "&nna #e !he* had a!!a&ned %* !he end o) !he Se+en Years @ar was %o!h +&gorous and e))& &en!2 &) on#* %* !he s(&n o) &!s !ee!h' Bu! &! had ons"& uous )a&#&ngs2 )or a## !ha!' In !he )&rs! "#a e2 !he "a!ronage $a h&ne2 s(&#)u##* used2 ga+e whoe+er o$$anded &! an a#$os! un%rea(a%#e ho#d on !he "o#&!& &ans' The House o) Co$$ons ou#d and d&d re%e# )ro$ !&$e !o !&$e2 %r&ng&ng down su h #ong>do$&nan! M&n&s!ers as @a#"o#e and <ord Nor!hF %u! &! d&d no! do so o)!en2 and se#do$ or ne+er su eeded &n )or &ng an unwan!ed Pr&$e M&n&s!er on !he K&ng2 a! an* ra!e )or +er* #ong' Throughou! !he Georg&an age no $&n&s!r* e+er #os! a genera# e#e !&on'
So &! was dangerous#* "oss&%#e )or a go+ern$en! !o "ers&s! &n ru&nous "o#& &es #ong a)!er "u%#& o"&n&on wou#d ha+e san !&oned !he&r a%andon$en!2 and s!&## #onger a)!er !he&r unw&sdo$ shou#d ha+e %een #ear !o M&n&s!ers 4 or !o !he K&ng' Se ond#*2 a s*s!e$ so r&dd#ed w&!h Eo%%er*2 so s!udded w&!h s&ne ures 4 a go+ern$en! ser+& e wh& h had as so "ro$&nen! an o%Ee ! !he "ro!e !&on o) "o#&!& &ans1 #&en!s2 or o) re!&red "o#&!& &ans !he$se#+es2 was no! +er* a"a%#e o) "u!!&ng !he r&gh! $an &n !he r&gh! "#a e' Th&s a))e !ed o))& es h&gh and #ow' An e8 e"!&ona# $an a! !he head o) a))a&rs2 #&(e !he e#der P&!! 9,5?7457:2 $&gh! (now how !o )&nd !he r&gh! "erson 9sa*2 Genera# @o#)e: )or !he r&gh! Eo% 9!he on;ues! o) Canada:F ne+er!he#ess !here was a## !oo $u h #&(e#&hood !ha! an e$ergen * wou#d )&nd a $an o) on#* "assa%#e o$"e!en e &n !he "#a e o) urgen *' More &$"or!an!2 !he e+er*da* #e+e# o) (now#edge and a"a%&#&!* &n !he $&dd#e and #ower ran(s o) !he "u%#& ser+& e was ad+erse#* a))e !ed' @e need no! !a(e !oo ser&ous#* !he ase o) !he $e$%er o) !he Board o) Trade who !hough! !ha! B&rg&n&a was an &s#andF %u! h&s #&(e "ro#&)era!ed2 and $ade &! d&))& u#! !o on e&+e and arr* ou! w&se "o#& &es' Sur+e*&ng !he Age o) @a#"o#e and !he Age o) Cha!ha$2. we $a* !h&n( !ha! !he wonder was !ha! !he &$"er&a# and do$es!& ad$&n&s!ra!&on was so we## ondu !edF %u! &!s de)& &en &es were rea#2 and were soon !o e$erge as )a!a##* &$"or!an!' Th&rd2 and #as!2 we $us! no!e !he $os! &ns&d&ous2 and "erha"s !he wors!2 e+&# o) !he s*s!e$2 wh& h was !ha! e+er*one 4 K&ng1s )r&ends2 &+&# ser+an!s and @h&g re)or$ers a#&(e 4 had a s!a(e &n &!' Boards2 o$$&!!ees and &n o$"e!en!s $&gh! "ro#&)era!e !o !he genera# on)us&on' E+er*one was ond&!&oned2 a#$os! un ons &ous#*2 !o a+o&d !he !hough! o) )unda$en!a# a#!era!&on' So$e "o#&!& &ans1 a !&ons $&gh! arr* !he$ and !he&r oun!r*$en #ong #eagues !owards rad& a# hange= !hus !he *ounger P&!! grea!#* en#arged !he s o"e and e))e !&+eness o) Ed$und Bur(e1s Ge ono$& a# re)or$12 !rans$u!&ng wha! had s!ar!ed as a $ere a!!e$"! !o ur% ro*a# "a!ronage &n!o a !rue $odern&Ha!&on o) Eng#&sh go+ern$en!' Bu! !he "o#&!& &ans1 +&s&on re$a&ned %ounded %* hor&Hons %e*ond wh& h no! e+en !he P&!!s2 Bur(e or Char#es Fo8 ou#d #oo(' Th&s $ade !he$ ur&ous#* he#"#ess when a r&s&s arose wh& h "osed )unda$en!a# ha##enges !o !he o#d order' There &s no sure e+&den e !ha! e+en Cha!ha$2 &n o))& e and &n hea#!h2 ou#d ha+e se!!#ed !he A$er& an ;ues!&on "ea ea%#*2 !o !he endur&ng sa!&s)a !&on o) %o!h s&des' H&s assu$"!&ons were !oo $u h !hose o) George III' In +&ew o) !he )orego&ng2 &! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! !he a!!&!ude o) !he Br&!&sh !o !he E$"&re wh& h !he* had a ;u&red was no! +er* en#&gh!ened' D&s!&n !&ons $us! %e $ade' So$e Br&!ons s!&## regarded !he New @or#d as "o!en!&a##* a $os! #u ra!&+e &n+es!$en!F o!hers s!&## ho"ed !o )&nd a %e!!er #&)e %* go&ng !hereF o!hers2 es"e &a##* &n !he "o#&!& a# #ass2 saw !he E$"&re2 eas! and wes!2 as %o!h a %urden and a g#or*' Bu! &! see$s sa)e !o sa* !ha! on !he who#e a "ro)ound &nd&))eren e !o2 a#$os! an unawareness o)2 !he o#on&es1 e8&s!en e was !he o$$ones! s!an e2 e+en dur&ng !he e8 &!e$en!s o) !he Se+en Years @ar' The o#on&s!s ou#d !hus oun! a$ong !he&r %#ess&ngs a o$"#e!e se ur&!* aga&ns! &n!er)eren e )ro$ Br&!&sh "u%#& o"&n&on' The end&ng o) !h&s se ur&!* was !o $a(e a grea! d&))eren e )or !he worse' The wa(&ng o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on &n !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s awo(e !he s#u$%er&ng Eng#&sh !oo2 &$"e##&ng !he$ !o as( !he$se#+es wha! !he* !hough! o) !he o#on&es' The* re"#&ed2 as $en a#wa*s do &n su h ases2 w&!h a !orren! o) #& hO2 on !h&s o as&on a%ou! !he Mo!her Coun!r*' The* !oo( grea! "r&de and "#easure2 !he* de &ded2 &n own&ng an e$"&re 9"ro+&ded &! os! !he$ no!h&ng:2 and !he&r !one 9 augh! )ro$ !he&r %e!!ers2 !he "o#&!& &ans: %e a$e h&gh#* "a!ron&H&ng' The* ou#d $a(e no!h&ng o) !he A$er& an +&ew !ha! !he o#on&s!s owed a##eg&an e2 no! !o !he&r Br&!&sh )e##ow> su%Ee !s2 %u! !o George III as !he&r o$$on K&ng' As BenEa$&n Fran(#&n sa&d2 GE+er* $an &n Eng#and see$s !o ons&der h&$se#) as a "&e e o) a so+ere&gn o+er A$er& aF see$s !o Eos!#e h&$se#) &n!o !he !hrone w&!h !he K&ng2 and !a#(s o ) our su%Ee !s &n !he Co#on&es'1 I! was sha##ow2 )oo#&sh and har$#ess 4 un!&# !he e8"#os&on o) ,5562 when !he Nor!h $&n&s!r* was
a%#e !o )an !h&s )ee#&ng &n!o a )#a$e o) su""or! )or &!s se+ere A$er& an $easures2 and !hus swee" as&de a## o""os&!&on &n &!s dr&+e !o d&sas!er' Bu! !he grea! e$ergen * was )ar %e#ow !he hor&Hon &n ,5A?' In !ha! *ear !he E$"&re was s!&## +er* $u h wha! &! had a#wa*s %een2 w&!h no!h&ng worse !o "er"#e8 &! !han !he "erenn&a# "ro%#e$s o) !he Fren h2 !he S"an&sh and !he Ind&ans2 and organ&Hed a ord&ng !o !he se! o) e ono$& and "o#&!& a# "r&n &"#es o$$on#* (nown as $er an!&#&s$' The !er$ &s on+en&en!2 %u! !rea herous' I! was ne+er a oheren!2 un&+ersa##* "ra !&sed reed2 and !o "resen! &! as an o%so#e!e e ono$& !heor*2 or2 on!rar&w&se2 as a )orerunner o) !he e ono$& "o#& &es o) $odern na!&on>s!a!es2 &s !o o+er>s&$"#&)*' The word &!se#) &s n&ne!een!h> en!ur*F Ada$ S$&!h2 &n The @ea#!h o) Na!&ons 9"u%#&shed &n ,55.:2 was !he )&rs! o$$en!a!or !o &den!&)* !he !h&ng 4 he a##ed &! G!he $er an!&#e s*s!e$1' D&))eren! oun!r&es ado"!ed d&))eren! +ar&e!&es o) &! a! d&))eren! !&$es' Genera#&Ha!&ons a%ou! $er an!&#&s$ are !here)ore er!a&n !o %e unsound2 and &n wha! )o##ows I on)&ne $*se#) !o !he Br&!&sh +ar&an!' S!&##2 !here was no!h&ng un&;ue a%ou! !he Eng#&sh s*s!e$2 e8 e"! !he s&He o) &!s su ess' Iden!&)&a%#* $er an!&#&s! do !r&nes were w&de#* "o"u#ar )or $an* en!ur&es2 and a! so$e !&$e or o!her were ado"!ed as go+ern$en! "o#& * %* e+er* &$"or!an! s!a!e &n @es!ern Euro"e' In )a ! $er an!&#&s$ was one o) !he $os! un&+ersa# e8"ress&ons o) !he o#d order o) !he @es!' I!s r&se and de #&ne orres"onded #ose#* !o !he r&se and de #&ne o) !ha! order' I! was s ar e#* o&n &den!a# !ha! ,55. saw!he e$ergen e no! on#* o) Ada$ S$&!h2 !he r&!& o) $er an!&#&s$2 %u! a#so o) 0ere$* Ben!ha$2 !he r&!& o) B#a (s!one2 and Tho$as 0e))erson2 !he r&!& o) !he o#d "o#&!& s' A $o$en! o) genera# r&s&s had arr&+ed' Ye! !he Br&!&sh $er an!&#e s*s!e$2 &) Eudged %* &!s own !ene!s2 was one o) !he o#d order1s $os! so#&d su esses' In !he $&d>e&gh!een!h en!ur* &!s a h&e+e$en!s were #ear )or a## !o see' The E$"&re was !he h&e) o) !he$2 )or &! en o$"assed2 e8"#a&ned and $ade "oss&%#e a## !he o!hers' Su h a $onu$en!a# s!ru !ure ou#d ne+er ha+e %een ere !ed %* a "ure#* e ono$& !heor*' Mer an!&#&s$ was a "o#&!& a# as we## as an e ono$& do !r&ne' As one o) &!s su""or!ers as(ed2 GCan a na!&on %e sa)e w&!hou! s!reng!h and &s "ower !o %e o$"assed and se ured %u! %* r& hesM And an a oun!r* %e o$e r& h an*wa* %u! %* !he he#" o) a we##> $anaged and e8!ended !ra))& M1 Mer an!&#&s$ re)#e !ed !he rea#&!&es o) a wor#d &n wh& h &n!er>s!a!e o$"e!&!&on &n a## )&e#ds was dead#* and &n essan!' I! a#so &n!ens&)&ed !ha! o$"e!&!&on= a #arge "ar! o) a $er an!&#&s! ru#er1s "ur"ose was !o den* !o h&s r&+a#s2 and se ure !o h&$se#)2 as %&g a "&e e as "oss&%#e o) wha! was !hough! !o %e a #arge#* s!a!& ;uan!&!*= !he wea#!h o) !he wor#d' I! was &n "ar! a s*s!e$ o) de)ens&+e o$$er &a# regu#a!&onF %u! was a#so !he on!&nu&ng2 &ns!&!u!&ona#&Hed e8"ress&on o) !he a$%&!&ous2 aggress&+e2 ou!ward>#oo(&ng s"&r&! wh& h had &ns"&red !he )&rs! A$er& an se!!#e$en!s2 !he )&rs! ;ues! )or !he wor#d1s !rade' O!her ons&dera!&ons had "#a*ed a "ar! &n o#on&Ha!&on2 %u! o$$er &a# greed had ne+er %een #a (&ng2 and as greed was rewarded %* su ess2 !he e+er>wea#!h&er $er han!s o) an e+er> wea#!h&er Eng#and rose &n &n)#uen e' The&r +&ews %egan !o o#our !hose o) s!a!es$en and !heor&s!s' The grea! Ear# o) C#arendon 9,.?-456: urged !he need )or a s!rong na+*2 as en ouraged %* !he Na+&ga!&on A !s2 !o he ( !he G&$$odera!e des&re1 o) o!her s!a!es G!o engross !he who#e !ra))& o) !he un&+erse1' @hen !he Se ond Du! h @ar %ro(e ou! &n ,..62 Genera# Mon ( o$$en!ed on &!s or&g&ns2 G@ha! $a!!ers !h&s or !ha! reason' @ha! we wan! &s $ore o) !he !rade !he Du! h now ha+e'1 F&)!* *ears #a!er 0ohn @&!hers2 au!hor o) The Du! h Be!!er Fr&ends Than !he Fren h2 re$ar(ed2 GI) !hose Frog#ands were on e rushed !he !rade o) !he wor#d wou#d %e our own'1 Su h $en de$anded wars2 "#an!a!&ons and A !s o) Par#&a$en! !o he#" on !he ;ues! )or r& hesF !he ru#ers o) Eng#and2 #oo(&ng !o !he $&#&!ar* s!reng!h2 "ros"er&!* and ;u&e! o) !he rea#$2 were ha""* !o o>o"era!eF and so $er an!&#&s$ was %orn2 !o "u! &!s s!a$" &nde#&%#* on !he A!#an!& E$"&re2 %o!h &n &!s rea!&on and go+ern$en!'
The ear#&es! !heor&s!s were no! es"e &a##* &n!eres!ed2 )or !he $os! "ar!2 &n o#on&es= !he* ho"ed !o e8!&ngu&sh Du! h o$"e!&!&on 9)or a !&$e !he&r h&e) "ro%#e$: %* o!her $eans' Bu! %* !he #a!e se+en!een!h en!ur* !he Eng#&sh o+erseas "ossess&ons had o$e !o "#a* an essen!&a# "ar! &n $er an!&#&s! !hough!' E ono$& se#)>su))& &en * was2 as a#wa*s2 !he a&$2 %u! now &! was on e&+ed on an &$"er&a#2 no! $ere#* na!&ona# s a#e' A## $e$%ers o) !he E$"&re 4 o#on&es and $o!her oun!r* 4 wou#d on!r&%u!e !o !he "ros"er&!* o) a##F ou!s&de su""#*2 o) s(&##s or "rodu e2 wou#d no! %e needed' Fro$ !h&s %as&s !he !rade o) !he wor#d wou#d %e a"!ured2 and !hus !he wea#!h and g#or* o) Eng#and wou#d %e s"#end&d#* aug$en!ed' The o#on&es were $ere#* an e8"ed&en!' No! )or a $o$en! were !he* su""osed !o ha+e an* "ur"oses o) !he&r own' The* e8&s!ed )or !he sa(e o) !he $o!her oun!r* wh& h had )ounded and nour&shed and now "ro!e !ed !he$' There was no roo$ )or sen!&$en! or &$ag&na!&on &n !he grea! $ar&!&$e and o$$er &a# s!rugg#e' The o#on&s!s1 &n!eres!s ou#d ne+er %e a##owed !o !a(e "re eden e o+er Eng#and1s' A ord&ng !o a o$$en!a!or &n ,.-.2 GThe sa$e res"e ! &s due )ro$ !he$ as )ro$ a !enan! !o h&s #and#ord'1 The&r ro#e was s&$"#* !o "ro+&de2 hea"#*2 !hose !h&ngs 4 h&e)#* ro"s su h as sugar2 r& e and !o%a o 4 wh& h !he Eng#&sh ou#d no! or wou#d no! grow a! ho$e' The* wou#d !hus e$an &"a!e Eng#and )ro$ de"enden e on )ore&gners' The* wou#d )urn&sh !he Eng#&sh $er han! w&!h a $ar(e! wh& h he ou#d "ro)&!a%#* $ono"o#&He2 on e e))e !&+e #aws had %een "assed e8 #ud&ng )ore&gn o$"e!&!orsF and su h #aws2 !he e#e%ra!ed Na+&ga!&on A !s2 were "assed %e!ween ,.A, and ,.-.' The Na+&ga!&on A !s were $an*2 and !he s*s!e$ !he* es!a%#&shed was ne+er who##* s*$$e!r& a# or !horough#* e))& &en!' Bu! !he&r "r&n &"a# "ro+&s&ons2 as se! ou! &n !he A !s o) ,..? and ,.-.2 were #ear and "ra !& a# enough' The&r "ur"ose was !o res!r& ! !he o#on&es !o !he )un !&ons #&s!ed &n !he #as! "aragra"h and !o $ono"o#&He !he "ro)&!s o) !he arr*&ng !rade2 &ndeed o) a## )or$s o) e ono$& a !&+&!*2 so )ar as was "oss&%#e= no )ore&gner shou#d grow r& h as a resu#! o) a !&+&!&es arr&ed on w&!h&n !he Eng#&sh rea#$ or o#on&es' Under "ena#!* o) )or)e&!ure o) sh&"s and goods &! was #a&d down !ha! a## +esse#s &$"or!&ng or e8"or!&ng goods !o or )ro$ an* Eng#&sh G#ands2 &s#ands2 "#an!a!&ons or !err&!or&es1 &n As&a2 A)r& a or A$er& a2 or arr*&ng goods )ro$ su h "ossess&ons !o !he Eng#&sh rea#$2 or arr*&ng e8"or!s ou! o) !he rea#$2 $us! %e G!ru#* and w&!hou! )raud1 Eng#&sh2 w&!h Eng#&sh $as!ers2 and rews !hree>;uar!ers Eng#&sh' Fore&gn goods $&gh! o$e !o !he rea#$ &n su h +esse#s on#*2 or &n +esse#s o) !he&r oun!r&es o) or&g&n 9a %#ow aga&ns! Du! h $&dd#e$en2 !h&s:' An* #&ng2 s!o (>)&sh2 "&# hard2 od>)&sh2 herr&ng2 wha#e>o&#2 wha#e>)&n2 wha#e>%one2 wha#e>%#u%%er2 e! '2 &$"or!ed &n )ore&gn %o!!o$s Gsha## "a* dou%#e a#&ens us!o$1' The A$er& an o#on&es $&gh! e8"or! er!a&n s"e &)&ed2 or Genu$era!ed12 "rodu !s 9sugar2 !o%a o2 o!!on2 &nd&go and o!her d*es2 s"e (#ewood: on#* !o ea h o!her or !o Eng#andF us!o$s o))& ers &n !he "#an!a!&ons were !o ha+e !he sa$e "owers as !hose &n !he rea#$2 and "#an!a!&on #aws wh& h #ashed w&!h !he Na+&ga!&on A !s were de #ared !o %e G&##ega#2 nu## and +o&d2 !o a## &n!en!s and "ur"oses wha!e+er1' The s*s!e$ was rounded o)) %* so$e #esser "ro+&s&ons2 and &n ,.-. !he Board o) Trade was se! u" !o ad$&n&s!er &!' I! &s &$"oss&%#e !o de &de e8a !#* how su ess)u# !he s*s!e$ was' A ord&ng !o Br&!&sh $er han!s2 !&$es were a#wa*s %ad2 )ore&gn o$"e!&!&on was a#wa*s dangerous2 e+en under !he Na+&ga!&on A !s 9and s&n e !hose a !s were de)&ed %* +as! nu$%ers o) s$ugg#ers2 !he $er han!s $a* no! ha+e %een en!&re#* wrong:' Howe+er2 so$e o%ser+a!&ons $a* %e +en!ured' The $er an!&#e s*s!e$ was se#)&sh and na!&ona#&s!& 4 ar&s&ng )ro$ a ond&!&on o) on)#& !2 no dou%!2 %u! $a(&ng !ha! ond&!&on worse' A ord&ng !o C' M' Andrews2 !he grea!es! h&s!or&an o) o#on&a# A$er& a2 GI! )o$en!ed war &n "ro+o(&ng an e ono$& s!rugg#e a$ong !he o$$er &a# and &ndus!r&a# na!&ons )or "#a e2 "ower2 and wea#!h'1 I! sa r&)& ed !he E$"&re1s "er&"her* !o &!s en!re2 and a## #o)!&er ons&dera!&ons !o !hose o) o$$er e and "ower' Aga&ns! !h&s &! an on#* %e urged !ha! ru#ers &n !he se+en!een!h and e&gh!een!h en!ur&es had !o dea# w&!h !he wor#d as !he* )ound &!2 and $er an!&#&s$ was a! #eas! a ra!&ona# and &n $an* wa*s a %ene)& &a# res"onse
!o !r*&ng &r u$s!an es' More "ar!& u#ar#*2 !he Br&!&sh s*s!e$ !urned2 as we ha+e seen2 on !ro"& a# and su%>!ro"& a# s!a"#e "rodu !s' The* were ra&sed %* "#an!a!&on owners &n !he $a&n#and o#on&es sou!h o) Penns*#+an&a and &n !he Br&!&sh @es! Ind&es2 whose "ros"er&!* was $ade "oss&%#e %* !he &$"or!a!&on o) +as! nu$%ers o) A)r& an s#a+es2 &n &!se#) a #u ra!&+e s!a"#e !rade' There were so$e ru &a# d&))eren es %e!ween !he $a&n#and and &s#and "#an!ers' The $a&n#and "#an!ers2 whose ro"s were #ess "ro)&!a%#e2 %ough! )ewer s#a+es2 a $u h h&gher "ro"or!&on o) !he$ wo$en2 and !rea!ed !he$ %e!!er 9s&n e re"#a e$en!s )or !he dead or &n a"a &!a!ed were e8"ens&+e:' The "ro"or!&on o) %#a ( s#a+es !o )ree wh&!es was )ar2 )ar grea!er on !he &s#and "#an!a!&ons2 and so was d&s on!en!' The "#an!ers were !o a grea! e8!en! a%sen!ees' Conse;uen!#* &$"er&a# "ro!e !&on2 aga&ns! re%e##&on as we## as &n+as&on2 was $u h $ore &$"or!an! !o !he &s#ands !han !o !he $a&n#and' Se ond#*2 sugar was so &n o$"ara%#* !he $os! +a#ua%#e o#on&a# ro" !ha! !he a%sen!ee "#an!ers were a%#e !o %u* !he$se#+es &n!o Par#&a$en! and !he ru#&ng #ass o) #anded gen!#e$en2 !o )or$2 &n a##&an e w&!h !he sugar $er han!s2 a "ower)u# #o%%* (nown as !he @es! Ind&a &n!eres!' B* on!ras!2 !o%a o "#an!ers were on!en! !o %e o#on&s!s' The* regu#ar#* e8 eeded !he&r &n o$es &n !he a!!e$"! !o #&+e $agn&)& en!#* a! ho$e' The&r red&! was good2 %u! !he* o+er> s!ra&ned &!= %* !he ou!%rea( o) !he Re+o#u!&on2 &! &s es!&$a!ed2 !he* owed $ore !han P6 $&##&on s!er#&ng !o <ondon' Br&!a&n !hro+e on !he s*s!e$ as she was $ean! !o' She had %e o$e !he s!a"#e )or her o#on&es= a## o#on&a# "rodu e "assed !hrough her "or!s &n &!s ;ues! )or Euro"ean us!o$ers2 and she rea"ed !he $&dd#e$an1s reward' She enEo*ed a $ono"o#* o) !he o#on&a# $ar(e! )or $anu)a !ures2 wh& h s!&$u#a!ed her &ndus!r&es2 and was &nde"enden! o) "o!en!&a##* hos!&#e sour es )or su""#&es o) su h essen!&a# o$$od&!&es as na+a# s!ores= !ar2 "&! h2 ros&n2 !ur"en!&ne2 he$"2 $as!s2 *ards2 %ows"r&!s' The s#a+e>!rade was a r&s(* and o)!en un"ro)&!a%#e %us&ness !o &nd&+&dua#s2 %u! &! he#"ed !o $a(e !he )or!une o) Br&s!o# and <&+er"oo#' The $er han! $ar&ne %ene)&!ed )ro$ !he Na+&ga!&on A !s2 as "#anned2 and !hus )urn&shed a reser+e o) !ra&ned sea$en and seawor!h* +esse#s2 $os! use)u# !o !he Ro*a# Na+* &n !&$e o) war' The +ar&ous us!o$s du!&es %rough! &n handso$e re+enue re!urns )or !he go+ern$en!2 and "#a es &n !he us!o$s ser+& e were use)u# add&!&ons !o "a!ronage' The !rade and !a8 s!ru !ure $ean! !ha! !here was a ons!an! dra&n o) %u##&on )ro$ !he o#on&es !o !he rea#$2 wh& h a""eased !he ons!an! $er an!&#&s! an8&e!* a%ou! a shor!age o) "re &ous $e!a#s' F&na##*2 !he )en es wh& h Br&!a&n ere !ed round her E$"&re den&ed &!s "rodu !s !o her r&+a#s' De &ded#* !he $o!her oun!r* see$ed !o ha+e #&!!#e reason !o o$"#a&n o) $er an!&#&s$' Nor was &! so o""ress&+e !o !he o#on&es as &! $a* see$' Grea! Br&!a&n wan!ed her "#an!a!&ons !o %e on!en!ed and "ros"erous2 and !oo( s!e"s !o $a(e !he$ so' The !o%a o o#on&es o) !he sou!h $a&n#and 4 B&rg&n&a2 Mar*#and and Nor!h Caro#&na 4 were a##owed !o !rade on#* w&!h Br&!a&nF %u! !he* were g&+en a $ono"o#* o) !he Br&!&sh $ar(e!2 hea+* du!&es %e&ng "#a ed on )ore&gn #ea) and Br&!&sh )ar$ers %e&ng )or%&dden !o grow an*' S&$&#ar ad+an!ages were g&+en !o Sou!h Caro#&na2 wh& h grew r& e and &nd&goF and o) ourse !o !he sugar &s#ands 9wh& h o!herw&se wou#d ha+e su))ered )ro$ !he o$"e!&!&on o) hea" Fren h sugar:' The o#on&es o) !he nor!h $a&n#and 4 Penns*#+an&a !o New Ha$"sh&re 4 had !he&r own "ro)&!a%#e "#a e &n !he s*s!e$' The Br&!&sh @es! Ind&es %e a$e de"enden! on !he$ )or "ro+&s&ons' New Eng#anders were en ouraged %* !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en! !o %u&#d and sa&# sh&"s2 and e+en!ua##* su""#&ed near#* a !h&rd o) a## Br&!&sh %o!!o$s2 own&ng ha#) o) !he 32??? +esse#s &n+o#+ed &n !he o#on&a# !rade' Perha"s !he o#on&es1 h&e) ga&n was &n !he "o#&!& a# and $&#&!ar* s"here' Br&!a&n2 a are#ess $o!her2 e8"e !ed her h&#dren !o %e se#)>su""or!&ngF !he* were !o %e a sour e o) "ro)&!2 no! e8"enseF %u!2 w&!h
so$e ons&s!en *2 and whe!her !he Na+&ga!&on A !s were o%e*ed or no! 4 !he* o)!en were no!2 )or an &##& &! !rade w&!h !he Fren h and S"an&sh o#on&es %e a$e a +a#ua%#e sour e o) &n o$e !o !he Nor!h A$er& ans 4 she d&d no! &n!er)ere w&!h !he&r &n!erna# go+ern$en!2 %e*ond o as&ona##* d&sa##ow&ng a o#on&a# #awF and she "ro!e !ed !he$ aga&ns! Fran e and S"a&n' The o#on&es were we## aware o) "o#&!& a# and $&#&!ar* "ro%#e$s2 and !ha! &s#ands and "#an!a!&ons ou#d hange hands a! "ea e on)eren es' To !he$ !here)ore &! $a!!ered #&!!#e !ha! no #arge Br&!&sh )or e was sen! !o A$er& a un!&# !he Se+en Years @ar= !he* were "ro!e !ed e;ua##*2 or %e!!er2 %* !he $o!her oun!r*1s +& !or&es on Euro"ean %a!!#e)&e#ds2 or a! sea' For !he res!2 !he* were sure o) so$e ass&s!an e and su""or! &n !he&r "erenn&a# s!rugg#e aga&ns! !he Fren h> and S"an&sh>su""or!ed Ind&ans' The Board o) Trade ou#d "#an &n!e##&gen!#*2 and so$e!&$es res ue a des"era!e s&!ua!&on' For e8a$"#e2 !he &n o$"e!en! he&rs o) !he )ounders and "ro"r&e!ors o) Sou!h Caro#&na2 de #ared under Jueen Anne !o %e G!he )ron!&er o#on* o) a## Her MaEes!*1s "#an!a!&ons on !he Ma&n &n A$er& a12 $&gh! ha+e %een #e)! !o ru&n !he&r "ro+&n e and enEo* !he&r har!er &n "ea e )or )ar #onger2 had no! !he Ya$asee Ind&ans &n ,5,A2 &n a war ar&s&ng ou! o) !he $&sdeeds o) !he Ind&an !raders2 shown +&+&d#* how a wea( go+ern$en! &n one o#on* ou#d &nEure !he who#e Br&!&sh "os&!&on &n Nor!h A$er& a' The war w&"ed ou! !he Ind&an !rade o) !he Caro#&nas )or a !&$e and re+&+ed Fren h and S"an&sh s!reng!h &n !he area' The sou!hern )#an( o) !he Br&!&sh $&gh! %e !urned2 or !he&r !raders and se!!#ers on)&ned !o !he oas!a# "#a&ns' The o#on* sur+&+ed 4 Eus! 4 %u! &!s de)en e had #ear#* %e o$e !oo &$"or!an! !o %e #e)! !o &n a"a%#e "r&+a!e $anage$en!2 so !he Board o) Trade endorsed a re+o#! o) !he se!!#ers &n ,5,-2 and &n ,5/- !he "ro"r&e!ors were %ough! ou!2 Sou!h Caro#&na %e&ng G!a(en &n!o !he K&ng1s hand1 4 !ha! &s2 %e o$&ng a rown o#on* o) !he usua# !*"e2 w&!h a Crown> a""o&n!ed go+ernor' On !he who#e2 !hen2 !he $er an!&#&s! s*s!e$ $us! %e re (oned !o ha+e )u#)&##ed !he "ur"oses o) &!s $a(ers= &! $ade !he "ros"er&!* o) a## "ar!s o) !he E$"&re "oss&%#e' I!s draw%a (s were &!s &ne))& &en * and &n o$"#e!eness 4 !he Board o) Trade ou#d ne+er &ndu e Par#&a$en! !o $a(e &! wa!er!&gh!2 and !he us!o$s o))& ers were !oo )ew2 !oo &##>"a&d2 !oo orru"! !o "#ug !he ga"s' I! was2 e ono$& a##*2 &n reas&ng#* o%so#es en!' Bu! &!s des!ru !&on was !o o$e )ro$ ;u&!e d&))eren! auses' In ,5A. !he war !ha! had %een !hrea!en&ng %e!ween Fran e and Grea! Br&!a&n s&n e !he&r #as! "ea e 9,567: %urs! &n!o #&)eF and %e)ore #ong !he he#$ o) Br&!&sh go+ern$en! had %een se&Hed %* !he $an o) gen&us2 P&!! !he E#der2 +a&ng#or&ous#* %u! !ru#* sa*&ng2 GI (now !ha! I an sa+e !he oun!r* and !ha! I a#one an'1 For !he war had no! %een go&ng we##F and P&!! &n arna!ed !he #og& o) $er an!&#&s$ 4 #og& wh& h2 ru!h#ess#* "ursued2 wou#d %r&ng +& !or*' P&!! was no! a)ra&d o) !he harsh &n!erna!&ona# on)#& !2 !he s ra$%#e )or "ower and "ro)&!2 )ro$ wh& h $er an!&#&s$ s"rang' On !he on!rar*2 he reEo& ed &n &!' Fa&!h &n Br&!a&n1s d&+&ne $&ss&on &ns"&red h&$2 as &! had &ns"&red !hose ear#&er "&ra!es2 !he E#&Ha%e!han sea>dogs' He had #ong orre !#* &den!&)&ed Fran e as Br&!a&n1s #as! r&+a#2 and now he )e## u"on her w&!h w&#d )ero &!*' Her a"a &!* )or sea !rade and sea war)are $us! %e des!ro*ed' Br&!a&n $us! %e aggrand&Hed w&!h Fran e1s s"o&#s' As !o !he os! o) su h an ons#augh!2 o) su h a dar&ng %&d )or "re>e$&nen e2 &! ou#d 9P&!! !hough!: %e $e!2 u#!&$a!e#*2 )ro$ !he "ro eeds o) warF un!&# !he* were rea#&Hed2 h&s o##eague2 New as!#e2 $&gh! use)u##* s!rugg#e !o ra&se $one* %* #oans and !a8es' Meanwh&#e !he Fren h sugar &s#ands2 Canada2 Ind&a and !he F#or&das were se&Hed2 and !he Fren h na+* was des!ro*ed a! Ju&%eron Ba*' O+ern&gh!2 &! see$ed2 P&!! had dou%#ed !he e8!en! o) !he Br&!&sh E$"&re w&!h one hand2 wh&#e sus!a&n&ng w&!h h&s o!her Freder& ( o) Pruss&a1s s!rugg#e &n Euro"e aga&ns! ho"e#ess odds' Freder& (1s ro#e was !o (ee" !he Fren h !oo %us* !o de)end !he&r E$"&re' GI ha+e on;uered Canada &n Ger$an*21 P&!! %oas!ed' Then +& !or* showed &!s d&sa""o&n!&ng s&de' The $er an!&#e s*s!e$ !ou hed !he su$$&! o) &!s g#or*2 and g#or* "ro+ed !oo $u h )or &!' F&rs!2 George II d&ed2 and !he new K&ng2 #ong&ng )or
"ea e2 #&(e $os! o) h&s "eo"#e2 go! r&d o) !he grea! war $&n&s!er' In ,5.3 George III and Bu!e s&gned !he )&rs! Trea!* o) Par&s' Ne8!2 !he go+ern$en! %egan !o )a e !he "ro%#e$ !ha! P&!! had so a&r&#* d&s$&ssed' The war had run u" !he Na!&ona# De%! !o P,/-2A7.257-2 arr*&ng an &n!eres! harge o) P62.772,55 "er annu$' The #and>!a8 s!ood a! )our sh&##&ngs &n !he "ound' G#or* and "ower now had !o %e "a&d )or' How was &! !o %e doneM And how was an e$"&re grown sudden#* so #arge2 so he!erogeneous2 !o %e har$on&ous#* go+ernedM
7 Thirteen Colonies %& 167' 1763

,ngland already possesses an uninterrupted line of well-peopled provinces on the coast successively .egun within less than 1J! years. She sees them every year augmented .y an accession of su.1ects eHcited .y the desire of living under governments and laws formed on the most eHcellent model upon earth. /n vain do we look for an equal prosperity among the plantations of other ,uropean 3ations6 )his surprising increase of people is a foundation that will .ear a mighty superstructure. 8ohn Bartram of Philadelphia, 1FJ1 0 )is here Apollo does erect his throne> )his his Parnassus, this his 'elicon. 'ere solid sense does every .osom warm> 'ere noise and nonsense have forgot to charm, )hy seers how cautious, and how gravely wise= )hy hopeful youth in emulation rise> 4ho, if the wishing muse inspired does sing, Shall li.eral art to such perfection .ring, ,urope shall mourn her ancient fame declined, And Philadelphia .e the Athens of mankind. Anon, )itan0s Almanac, 1F ! / do not see how we can thrive until we get into a stock of slaves sufficient to do all our .usiness, for our children0s children will hardly see this great "ontinent filled with people, so that our servants will still desire freedom, to plant for themselves, and not stay .ut for very good wages. ,manuel $owning to 8ohn 4inthrop, c. 1%IJ
A! !he en!re o) !he E$"&re and !he E$"&re1s "ro%#e$s #a* !he $a&n#and o#on&es o) Br&!&sh Nor!h A$er& a' In ,5.3 !here were e&gh!een o) !he$' Th&r!een were #a!er !o !urn re%e# and #a&$ !he #&on1s share o) a!!en!&on' Bu! &! &s &$"or!an! !o re$e$%er !ha!2 )ee%#e2 under"o"u#a!ed and &ns&gn&)& an! !hough No+a S o!&a2 New)ound#and2 Eas! and @es! F#or&da were2 Georg&a was s ar e#* an* %e!!er' On#* !he new#* won Jue%e and !he se+en!een!h> en!ur* Eng#&sh )ounda!&ons ou#d #a&$ !o %e $a!ure so &e!&es' Nor were e+en !he !we#+e sen&or Eng#&sh "#an!a!&ons un&)or$ or un&!ed' E ono$& 2 re#&g&ous2 "o#&!& a# and u#!ura# d&))eren es u! !he$ o)) )ro$ ea h o!her' Massa huse!!s was a""aren!#* #o*a# !o !he CrownF ne&gh%our&ng New Yor( s&$$ered w&!h agrar&an re+o#!' The "a!!ern o) o$&ng e+en!s as! no shadow %e)ore &!' So #ong as se!!#ers $o+ed wes! &n!o !he w&#derness !he agon&es o) 0a$es!own and P#*$ou!h wou#d %e re"ea!ed2 %u! &n !he $&d>e&gh!een!h en!ur* !he wes!ward $o+e$en! was on#* Eus! %eg&nn&ng !o ross !he A""a#a h&an $oun!a&ns' In !he oas!a# !owns !he )&rs! )ee%#e se!!#e$en!s and !he&r su))er&ngs were on#* $e$or&es' E+en !he s&!e o) 0a$es!own had %een a%andoned a)!er a d&sas!rous )&re &n ,.--2 and Massa huse!!s had swa##owed u" !he P&#gr&$ o#on* &n ,.-, when2 &n !he a)!er$a!h o) !he G#or&ous Re+o#u!&on2 &! a ;u&red &!s se ond
har!er 9!he )a$ous )&rs! ha+&ng %een o+er!hrown &n ,.762 when !he Eng#&sh go+ern$en! a! #as! ga+e wa* !o &!s $oun!&ng &rr&!a!&on a! !he Pur&!ans1 o%s!&na!e re)usa# !o on)or$ !o ro*a# "o#& &es:' The *ears s&n e !hen had a! )&rs! seen Bos!on1s on!&nued de+e#o"$en! on !he #&nes &nd& a!ed &n Cha"!er 6' I!s "o"u#a!&on had r&sen )ro$ 52??? &n ,.-? !o ,52??? &n ,56?2 and !hroughou! !he *ears %e!ween &! had %een !he #arges! &!* &n !he o#on&es' I! and !he o!her !owns o) New Eng#and re!a&ned !he&r hara !er&s!& &ns!ru$en! o) se#)>go+ern$en!2 !he !own>$ee!&ng2 wh& h $ade e+en !he s$a##es! !ownsh&" a &!*>s!a!e2 a d&re ! de$o ra * o) !he "ures! #ass& a# (&nd' The !own>$ee!&ngs were $ore and $ore do$&na!ed %* !he we##>o)) a! !he e8"ense o) !he "oor and !he G$&dd#&ng sor!12 %u! !he* s!&## shar"#* d&))eren!&a!ed !he New Eng#and )ro$ !he O#d and "ro+&ded essen!&a# !ra&n&ng &n se#)>go+ern$en!' The re#&g&ous and so &a# !enden &es d&s ussed a! !he end o) Cha"!er 6 a#so on!&nued' The New Eng#and ons &en e2 !he New Eng#and $&nd2 had $an* +& !or&es ahead %e)ore !he&r su%$ers&on &n !he +as! so &e!* o) !wen!&e!h> en!ur* A$er& a' Bu! $&n&s!er&a# denun &a!&on o) !he !oo> e+&den! %a (s#&d&ng wen! on' A +&s&!or &n ,56? $&gh! sa* !ha! !he Bos!on&ans1 o%ser+a!&on o) !he Sa%%a!h was G!he s!r& !es! (e"! !ha! e+er I *e! saw an*where12 and &ndeed !he da* see$s s!&## !o ha+e %een a "ro"er#* $&sera%#e one2 w&!h no "u%#& "#easures o) an* (&nd a##owed2 no! e+en wa#(&ng &n !he s!ree!s' A## e#se de #&ned )ro$ god#&ness' To a Hugueno! +&s&!or &n ,.75 &! was #ear !ha! G!he Eng#&sh who &nha%&! !hese oun!r&es are as e#sewhere2 good and %ad1' Th&s was no onso#a!&on !o !he sur+&+&ng Pur&!ans' One o) !he$2 0udge Sa$ue# Sewa## 9,.A/4,53?:2 denoun ed Ga))e !a!&on and use o) ga&e!*2 os!#* %u&#d&ngs2 s!&##ed and o!her s!rong #&;uors2 "a#a!a%#e2 !hough e8"ens&+e d&e!Q sensua#&!*2 e))e$&na!eness2 unr&gh!eousness2 and on)us&on1 and !r&ed !o res!ra&n h&s a ;ua&n!an e )ro$ wear&ng "er&w&gs' Ano!her2 Co!!on Ma!her2 de"#ored !he a""earan e on !he s!ree!s o) Bos!on o) %eggars2 who$ Gour <ord 0esus Chr&s! h&$se#) ha!h e8"ress#* )or%&dden us !o oun!enan e1 9&! was God1s #aw !ha! $en wor(2 no! %eg:2 and #a$en!ed !ha! G&d#eness2 a#asT &d#eness &n reases &n !he !own e8 eed&ng#*F &d#eness2 o) wh& h !here ne+er a$e an* goodnessT1, @orse was !o ha""en2 &n s"&!e o) a## e))or!s' The Genera# Cour! o) Massa huse!!s had !hree !&$es !o "ass #aws )or%&dd&ng Ge8!raord&nar* e8"ense a! )unera#s1' @o$en go! ou! o) hand= so$e dared !o run awa* )ro$ d&sagreea%#e hus%ands2 o!hers se! u" &n !he o#des! "ro)ess&on on Bos!on do (s' Mos! un)or!una!e#*2 a #ead&ng %us&ness o) !he !own a$e !o %e !he $anu)a !ure and e8"or! o) ru$2 wh& h was drun( !hroughou! !he E$"&re as we## as %* !he Ro*a# Na+*' Bos!on2 e8"or!&ng so$e .??2??? ga##ons annua##*2/ was herse#)2 &) an*!h&ng2 #ess %ooH* !han o!her "#a es' In ,5A/ Penns*#+an&a2 an agrar&an o#on* w&!h $an* !h&rs!* har+es!ers2 d&s!&##ed 7?2??? ga##ons o) ru$ and &$"or!ed A/.25?? ga##ons' A Ph&#ade#"h&a "oe!2 0' Du$%#e!on2 wro!e a Rha"sod* on Ru$' R&gh!>!h&n(&ng Bos!on&ans were no! o$)or!ed' In ,5/. !he* had !o denoun e &n !he "ress G!he %&r!h o) so )or$&da%#e a $ons!er &n !h&s "ar! o) !he wor#d1 as dan &ng2 and !o announ e !ha! G!he a%use o) s!rong dr&n( &s %e o$&ng e"&de$& a# a$ong us2 and &! &s +er* Eus!#* su""osedQ !ha! !he $u#!&"#& a!&on o) !a+erns has on!r&%u!ed no! a #&!!#e !o !h&s e8 ess o) r&o! and de%au her*1' Ta+erns were &ndeed $u h $ore nu$erous !han hur hes2 and "ro%a%#* $ore &n)#uen!&a#= &! was &n !he&r hos"&!a%#e roo$s !ha! news was e8 hanged and o"&n&ons )or$ed' Bos!on&ans2 we are !o#d2 sa! G!&""#&ng and so!!&ng )or who#e e+en&ngs2 or "erha"s )or who#e da*s1' Mu h o) !he $&n&s!ers1 ou! r* see$s !o us2 w&!h our d&))eren! %e#&e)s and +a#ues2 &rra!&ona# and d&s"ro"or!&ona!e2 or s&$"#* e#der#*' The %u#( o) !he o#on&a# "o"u#a!&on2 a%o+e a## &n Massa huse!!s2 was as gr&$#* on+en!&ona# &n &!s $ora#&!* as ou#d %e w&shed' Rea# r&$e2 on !he o!her hand2 was a on re!e "ro%#e$ on wh& h !he $&n&s!ers ou#d o))er #&!!#e gu&dan e2 one wh& h !he A$er& an &!&es were as una%#e !o so#+e &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* as !he* are &n !he !wen!&e!h' A#read* o$"#a&n!s were heard a! New Yor( !ha! G&! see$s !o %e now %e o$e
dangerous )or !he good "eo"#e o) !h&s &!*2 !o %e ou! #a!e a! n&gh!s2 w&!hou! %e&ng su))& &en!#* s!rong or we##> ar$ed2 as se+era# a!!a (s and d&s!ur%an es ha+e %een #a!e#* $ade &n our s!ree!s1' To dea# w&!h !he s"r&n(#&ng o) )oo!"ads2 house%rea(ers2 sho"#&)!ers2 "& ("o (e!s2 e! ' 4 $an* o) !he$ no dou%! !rans"or!ed )ro$ Eng#and 4 !he o#on&s!s had !o re#* on !he o#d Eng#&sh s*s!e$ o) wa! hes and ons!a%#es !ha!2 &n Bos!on a! an* ra!e2 had &$"ro+ed +er* #&!!#e s&n e !he da*s o) Dog%err*'3 Thus &n ,56/ so$e $a#& &ous and e+&#>$&nded "ersons !oo( o)) !he h&nges and arr&ed #ear awa*2 !he door o) !he wa! h>house a! !he !own do (2 wh&#e our Guard&ans were a! !he&r na!ura# res!2 !o !he grea! endanger&ng o) !he&r hea#!h2 &) no! !he&r #&+es2 !here %e&ng no!h&ng $ore "ern& &ous !o "ersons as#ee"2 !han no !urna# a&r' There has %een a "ro"osa# $ade &n !he ne&gh%ourhood2 !o ra&se a guard )or !he de)en e o) !he sa&d house2 !o "re+en! !he #&(e enor$&!* )or !he )u!ure' Bu! a## generous "ro"osa#s $ee! w&!h o""os&!&on )ro$ on!ra !ed s"&r&!s2 so$e o%Ee ! and sa*2 !ha! !he wa! h$en ough! a! #eas! !o !a(e are o) !he&r own #odg&ngs' To no a+a&#= !h&s was no! !he )&rs! !&$e !he wa! h had s#e"! on du!*2 nor was &! !he #as!2 )or a $on!h #a!er !he door was s!o#en aga&n' The !ru!h was !ha! a## wa! hes !ended !o %e wha! !he* were a##ed &n New Yor(= "ar e#s o) G&d#e2 dr&n(&ng2 +&g&#an! snorers2 who ne+er ;ue##ed an* no !urna# !u$u#! &n !he&r #&+es 9nor as we an #earn2 were e+er !he d&s o+erers o) a )&re %rea(&ng ou!2: %u! wou#d2 "erha"s2 %e as read* !o Eo&n &n a %urg#ar* as an* !h&e) &n Chr&s!endo$1' I! was usua##* &$"oss&%#e !o )&nd enough s!rong2 res"ons&%#e $en )or !he wa! h2 and e;ua##* &$"oss&%#e !o ere ! "r&sons s!rong enough !o (ee" r&$&na#s un!&# !he&r !r&a# 4 and !he &n &den! a! New 0erse* &n ,56A2 when2 a)!er a "o#&!& a##* $o!&+a!ed Ea&#>%rea(2 !he Ea&#>%rea(ers $ended !he ho#e !he* had $ade &n !he wa## %e)ore d&s"ers&ng2 was ;u&!e as e8 e"!&ona# &n o#on&a# A$er& a as &! wou#d %e an*where e#se' The r&$e ra!e rose e+er*where2 %e ause &n reas&ng wea#!h &n reased !e$"!a!&onF %e ause $ore and $ore &$$&gran! )e#ons arr&+edF %e ause !he s&He o) !he &!&es &n reased2 o))er&ng !he "ro!e !&on o) ur%an anon*$&!*F %e ause2 e+en &n A$er& a2 &! was "oss&%#e !o %e une$"#o*ed or under)edF %e ause !he s&He o) !he on!&nen! he#"ed ge!awa*sF and %e ause &nno en! A$er& ans2 no! *e! a!!uned !o !he !&$es2 were s!&## eas* gu##s' The $&n&s!ers ou#d %e e8 used )or d&s$a* when on!e$"#a!&ng su h a wor#d and )or s&gh&ng !ha! !h&ngs d&d no! use !o %e so &n New Eng#and' The* a#so had "ro)ess&ona# grounds )or an8&e!*' There ou#d %e no dou%! !ha! !he Congrega!&ona# hur hes were #os&ng !he&r ho#d on $en' Perha"s &! a## %egan &n !he $&d>se+en!een!h en!ur*2 when &! had un)or!una!e#* see$ed ne essar* !o "erse u!e !he Jua(ers2 !hen &n!en! on d&s!ur%&ng !he "ea e o) C&on w&!h !he&r own +ers&on o) d&+&ne !ru!h' So$e had %een )#ogged )ero &ous#*2 so$e &$"r&soned or dr&+en )ro$ !he o#on*2 so$e hanged' Th&s sor! o) !h&ng en ouraged !he ho$e au!hor&!&es !o annu# !he @&n!hro" har!er2 )or &! was @h&!eha##1s o"&n&on2 e8"ressed %* !he Board o) Trade &n ,5A?2 !ha! Gas !o#era!&on and a )ree e8er &se o) re#&g&on &s so +a#ua%#e a %ran h o) !rue #&%er!*2 and so essen!&a# !o !he enr& h&ng and &$"ro+&ng o) a !rad&ng na!&onF &! shou#d e+er %e he#d sa red &n h&s MaEes!*1s Co#on&es1'6 So !he "ern& &ous "ra !& e o) re#&g&ous )reedo$ a$e !o Massa huse!!s2 and w&!h &!2 Ang#& an&s$2 wh& h "ro+ed sho (&ng#* a!!ra !&+e !o so$e o) !he %e!!er>o))'A Then !here was !he %ad %us&ness o) !he Sa#e$ w&! hes &n ,.-/2 when &n a wa+e o) su"ers!&!&ous h*s!er&a !wen!* "eo"#e were hanged )or r&$es o) w&! h ra)! !ha! !he Eudges and !he Eur* #a!er %e a$e on+&n ed !he* had no! o$$&!!ed 90udge Sewa## no%#* $ade "u%#& on)ess&on2 &n !he $ee!&nghouse2 o) h&s )au#!:' Th&s d&d no!h&ng !o s!reng!hen "u%#& res"e ! )or !he $&n&s!ers' F&na##*2 !he age o) s &en e was a! hand and $an* $en were grow&ng #ess sus e"!&%#e !o !he o#d B&%#& a# e+ange#&s$= $ore &n!eres!ed &n !he wor#d a%ou! !he$2 #ess &n !he wor#d !o o$e' In h&s o#d age Co!!on Ma!her de+o!ed h&$se#) !o !he &n!rodu !&on o) &no u#a!&on aga&ns! s$a##"o8F wh&#e !he *oung BenEa$&n Fran(#&n so#d h&s se! o) Bun*an1s wor(s !o %u* h&s!or* %oo(s' No! !ha! !he age was &rre#&g&ous' In s"&!e o) s &en e2 %e#&e) &n a $ag& a# un&+erse was s!&##
)a&r#* genera#' Pres%*!er&an&s$ re+&+ed &n A$er& a as a rusad&ng reed2 w&!h !he )&re !ha! had on e %een !he Congrega!&ona#&s!s1 and !he Jua(ers1F and &n !he !h&r!&es !he Grea! Awa(en&ng2 )&rs! and )&er es! o) re#&g&ous re+&+a#s2 swe"! a ross !he o#on&es' I! was onne !ed w&!h !he %&r!h o) Me!hod&s$ &n Eng#and= George @h&!e)&e#d h&$se#) +&s&!ed A$er& a !o "rea h !he new word' He2 and A$er& an re+&+a#&s!s #&(e h&$2 su h as 0ona!han Edwards o) Nor!ha$"!on2 Massa huse!!s 9,5?34A7:2 dea#! w&!h !he degenera!e !&$es %* re+&+&ng !he o#d Pur&!an on ern w&!h !he on+& !&on o) s&n2 !he ne ess&!* o) on+ers&on and !he er!a&n!* o) sa#+a!&on' S"e !a u#ar resu#!s were a h&e+ed' Me$%ers o) Edwards1s ongrega!&ons )e## !o !he )#oor &n )&!s as he announ ed !ha! God2 !hough he w&## (now !ha! *ou anno! %ear !he we&gh! o) o$n&"o!en e !read&ng u"on *ou2 *e! he w&## no! regard !ha!2 %u! he w&## rush *ou under h&s )ee! w&!hou! $er *F he w&## rush ou! *our %#ood2 and $a(e &! )#*2 and &! w&## %e s"r&n(#ed on h&s gar$en!s so as !o s!a&n a## h&s ra&$en!' He w&## no! on#* ha!e *ou2 %u! he w&## ha+e *ou &n !he u!$os! on!e$"!' Th&s sor! o) !h&ng on+&n ed !ens o) !housands !ha! !he* $us! hange !he&r w& (ed wa*sF %u!2 as &n a## su h ases2 a )ew *ears #a!er !he e))e ! had #arge#* worn o)) and !he good "eo"#e o) Bos!on and Ph&#ade#"h&a )e#! )ree !o dan e aga&n' The Awa(en&ng dou%!#ess sa+ed sou#s2 %u! &! s"#&! hur hesF &ndeed2 &!s e$"has&s on !he &$"or!an e o) &nd&+&dua# e8"er&en e $a* %e sa&d !o ha+e de$o ra!&Hed A$er& an re#&g&on' Man* $en o) good sense2 good na!ure or good edu a!&on d&s#&(ed &!s e$o!&ona#&s$ and !urned !o de&s$2 un&!ar&an&s$ or &n)&de#&!*' Man* ongrega!&ons s"#&! &n!o New <&gh! 9ran!&ng: and O#d <&gh! 9res"e !a%#e: "or!&onsF and a gu#) o"ened2 wh& h has no! *e! #osed2 %e!ween !he #&%era#2 ra!&ona#&H&ng "ros"erous re#&g&on o) !he !own and !he )unda$en!a#&s$ o) !he e ono$& a##* and &n!e##e !ua##* %a (ward oun!r*s&deF and a#so %e!ween !he re#&g&on o) !he ur%an r& h and !he ur%an "oor' I! was an O#d <&gh! Pres%*!er&an $&n&s!er who sn&))ed !ha! G!he +u#gar e+er*where are &n #&ned !o en!hus&as$1' In Conne !& u! !he d&s"u!e s"&##ed o+er &n!o "o#&!& s and %e a$e a ;uarre# o) se u#ar "ar!&es !ha! was s!&## %&!!er dur&ng !he Re+o#u!&onar* "er&od' In o!her res"e !s Bos!on2 and !he New Eng#and wh& h &! do$&na!ed and re"resen!ed2 )#our&shed no!a%#*' The Bos!on <a!&n S hoo#2 Har+ard Co##ege and $&gh!* Ya#e Co##ege 9)ounded a! New Ha+en2 Conne !& u!2 &n ,5?,2 %* s!r& ! Congrega!&ona#&s!s2 when Har+ard showed a#ar$&ng s&gns o) #&%era#&s$: were $ere#* !he $os! ons"& uous o) $an* e8 e##en! edu a!&ona# &ns!&!u!&ons wh& h ga+e New Eng#and !he h&ghes! #&!era * ra!e &n !he o#on&es and ;u&!e "ro%a%#* &n !he wor#d' Ino u#a!&on )or s$a##"o8 augh! on a)!er so$e res&s!an e= %e)ore #ong !he o#on&es had ou!s!r&""ed Br&!a&n &n genera##* ado"!&ng &!' D&sas!rous and re"ea!ed )&res )or ed Bos!on&ans !o re"#a e !he&r wooden houses %* %r& ( as $u h as !he* ou#d2 and !o de+e#o" an e))& &en! )&re>ser+& e' Town san&!a!&on $ade grea! ad+an esF so d&d "r&n!&ng and !he %oo(>!rade' I) Bos!on %u&#! )ewer and )ewer sh&"s2 o!her !owns &n Massa huse!!s and Rhode Is#and %u&#! $ore and $ore' There was !he ru%' @or#d#&er $en !han !he $&n&s!ers ou#d reasona%#* worr* a%ou! Bos!on a)!er,56?' The narrow and agr& u#!ura##* un"ro$&s&ng h&n!er#and eased !o a!!ra ! se!!#ers2 who )ound $ore !e$"!&ng "ros"e !s !o !he Sou!h>@es!' Newer o#on&es 9a%o+e a##2 Penns*#+an&a: %egan !o u! &n!o Bos!on1s ear#* $ono"o#* o) !he !rade !o !he @es! Ind&es' The !own1s sh&"%u&#d&ng d&d &ndeed de #&ne2 and so d&d !ha! a ura!e %aro$e!er o) her "ros"er&!*2 her "o"u#a!&on2 wh&#e !he o!her #ead&ng A$er& an &!&es on!&nued !o ga&n' The ru$>!rade %e a$e !he on#* de"enda%#e s!a"#e2 and !ha! &n !urn de"ended on &$"or!&ng $o#asses )ro$ !he Fren h @es! Ind&es2 where &! was hea"er !han &n !he Eng#&sh2 a "ra !& e &ne))e !&+e#* )or%&dden %* !he Mo#asses A ! o) ,533' The $er han!s o) Bos!on !urned s$ugg#ers ra!her !han o%e* !he #aw2 %u! o!her2 hea+&er %#ows were &n s!ore )or !he$' Br&!a&n dr&)!ed &n!o war w&!h Fran e &n !he )or!&es2 and Massa huse!!s %ore $os! o) !he %urden &n !he o#on&es' Her sa&#ors were "ressed &n!o !he Ro*a# Na+*F $an* o) her *oung $en were (&##edF and hea+* !a8es ha$"ered e ono$& #&)e s!&## $ore' @orse2 &! was de &ded !o )a## &n w&!h !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en!1s des&re !o re"#a e !he
&n)#a!&onar* and unsound "a"er $one* !hen urren! w&!h a $e!a##& urren *F a ord&ng#* &n ,56!he "a"er $one* was a##ed &n and o&ns %e a$e !he on#* #ega# !ender' Bu! !he* were &n +er* shor! su""#*2 so !ha! !here was no $one* !o )&nan e new +en!ures' As a resu#!2 $er han!s were soon #a$en!&ng !ha! G!rade &s ;u&!e dead1 and !ha! Ga## !rade see$s !o %e s!agna!edF and #&!!#e e#se goes on %u! dr&n(&ng1' In ,5.? Bos!on was de+as!a!ed %* !he wors! o) a## !he $an* )&res she endured dur&ng !he o#on&a# "er&od' GTh&s on e )#our&sh&ng $e!ro"o#&s $us! #ong re$a&n under &!s "resen! deso#a!&on12 s&ghed !he Bos!on Pos! Bo*2 a #o a# news"a"er' I! &s no! +er* sur"r&s&ng !ha!2 &n !he&r a!!e$"! !o re ou" !he&r #osses2 Bos!on&ans !raded )ree#* w&!h !he ene$* dur&ng !he Se+en Years @ar' Nor &s &! sur"r&s&ng !ha! !he )&rs! e+en!s o) !he Re+o#u!&on s!ru ( s"ar(s ou! o) a &!* wh& h had %een &n a %ad wa* )or !wen!* *ears' For a "& !ure o) !hr&+&ng ur%an #&)e we ha+e !o !urn !o Bos!on1s su ess)u# r&+a#2 Ph&#ade#"h&a' In her re#a!&on !o !he "ro+&n e surround&ng her2 !he *ounger !own $a* s!and )or a## !ha! was new2 ho"e)u# and +&gorous &n o#on&a# A$er& a' In !he auses wh& h %rough! &! a%ou!2 &n !he auses o) &!s su%se;uen! su esses and &n !he na!ure o) &!s u#!&$a!e )a&#ure2 !he )ounda!&on o) Penns*#+an&a5 &n so$e res"e !s re a##s !ha! o) Massa huse!!s' @&##&a$ Penn 9,.664,5,7: &n!ended Ga ho#* e8"er&$en!12 a s!a!e !o %e run on Jua(er #&nes2 as 0ohn @&n!hro" had "#anned h&s &!* on a h&##' <&(e !he o#der drea$2 !he Jua(er +&s&on )aded' In ,5/, a ra"&d#* &n reas&ng r&$e ra!e &ndu ed !he Fr&ends !o a%andon !he&r $&#d "ena# ode )or an e8!re$e#* s!&)) one= !he r&$e wa+e on!&nued !o $oun!' One h&s!or&an has un(&nd#* re$ar(ed !ha! e&gh!een!h> en!ur* Jua(ers "re)erred !he oun!&ng> house !o !he $ee!&nghouse' He $&gh! e;ua##* we## ha+e re$ar(ed !ha! !he* "re)erred !he )a$&#* )ar$2 )or !he se!!#ers &n Penns*#+an&a %rushed as&de2 ;u&!e as )&r$#* as !he New Eng#anders had done and e+en $ore "ro$"!#*2 a## a!!e$"!s !o $a(e !he$ #&+e &n o$"a ! +&##ages2 en!r&ng !he&r #&+es on !he $ee!&ng> house and u#!&+a!&ng !he&r #ands o>o"era!&+e#*' The* were reso#u!e &nd&+&dua#&s!sF and &! was !o %e &n #arge "ar! )ro$ !he&r se!!#e$en!s !ha! !he !rad&!&on o) !he s$a## )ar$ was e+en!ua##* !o s"read &n!o !he Oh&o and M&ss&ss&""& r&+er +a##e*s2 !here%* %e o$&ng a sa red2 %e ause so un&+ersa#2 de!a&# o) !he A$er& an wa* o) #&)e' <&(e !he Pur&!ans2 Penn had %een s"urred on %* !he )ear o) re#&g&ous "erse u!&on &n Eng#and' Fr&ends who shared h&s an8&e!* e$&gra!ed !o !he new o#on* &n #arge nu$%ers= %* ,.-?2 a $ere se+en *ears a)!er her )ounda!&on2 Ph&#ade#"h&a was !he se ond &!* o) !he o#on&es2 w&!h a "o"u#a!&on o) 62??? 9&n !he sa$e *ear Bos!on1s was 52???:' The s"e !a u#ar r&se o) Penns*#+an&a was a e#era!ed %* "erse u!&on &n ano!her "#a e !han Eng#and 9where2 as &! !urned ou!2 !he Jua(ers were #e)! &n "ea e:' The Fr&ends had es!a%#&shed on!a !s w&!h Euro"ean re#&g&ous grou"s o) !he sa$e ;u&e!&s!2 undog$a!& s!r&"e &n !he da*s o) George Fo82 !he&r )ounderF and @&##&a$ Penn h&$se#) had +&s&!ed su h grou"s &n Ger$an*' A ord&ng#* he !oo( "a&ns !o ad+er!&se h&s "roEe ! %* ha+&ng h&s "ro$o!&ona# "a$"h#e!s !rans#a!ed &n!o Ger$an and d&s!r&%u!ed &n !he Rh&ne#and2 where !he* had a grea! su ess' For !he &n essan! wars o) <ou&s NIB &n !ha! reg&on2 and r&g&d o""ress&on o) !he new se !s %* na!&+e ru#ers who2 whe!her <u!heran2 Ca#+&n&s! or Ca!ho#& 2 were a## e;ua##* uns*$"a!he!& 2 $ade !he &dea o) a )resh s!ar! &n a new wor#d &rres&s!&%#e2 !hough !he Eourne* !o A$er& a was e+en $ore %ese! w&!h d&))& u#!* and hardsh&" !han &! had %een )or !he P&#gr&$s' Poor "easan!s )or !he $os! "ar!2 !he se !ar&ans had so$ehow !o )&nd !he&r wa* down !he Rh&ne2 "as! &nnu$era%#e !o##s and us!o$s %arr&ers2 )&rs! !o Ho##and2 !hen !o Eng#and2 !hen !o A$er& a' A! e+er* s!age !he* en oun!ered hea!s and o""ressors2 and !he sh&"s wh& h arr&ed !he$ !o A$er& a 9&n re!urn )or !he "r&+&#ege o) se##&ng !he$ as &nden!ured ser+an!s when !he* arr&+ed: were a## !oo o)!en wha! were #a!er (nown as G o))&n>sh&"s1 4 +esse#s ;u&!e un)&! )or !he +o*age= unhea#!h*2 o+er rowded2 #&a%#e !o )ounder' @hereas !he P&#gr&$s had a! #eas! enEo*ed a o$"ara!&+e#* ;u& ( ross&ng2 !hese Ger$ans 9or Pa#a!&nes2 )ro$ !he Rhen&sh Pa#a!&na!e2 as !he* were a##ed &n Penns*#+an&a:7 o)!en were on)&ned a! sea )or $on!hs2 wa&!&ng )or )a+oura%#e w&nds !o arr* !he$ &n!o har%our' So$e!&$es !he* )ound ass&s!an e or re+enge when !he* arr&+ed' @hen one su h sh&"2 !he <o+&ng Un&!*2 sa&#&ng )ro$
Ro!!erda$2 arr&+ed &n Bos!on2 !he au!hor&!&es d&s o+ered !ha! ha#) !he ,6/ "assengers had d&ed on !he +o*age and !he o!her ha#) had %een $ons!rous#* o""ressed %* a %ru!a# a"!a&n and rew' 0udge B*)&e#d o) !he +& e>ad$&ra#!* our! "un&shed !he s oundre#s hea+&#*' Bu! !he Pa#a!&nes anno! e+en so ha+e %een +er* ha""* !o %e &n Bos!on2 )or !here was #&!!#e #and #e)! !o !a(e u" &n New Eng#and2 where !he so&# was an*wa* none !oo good' New Yor( $&gh! ha+e a!!ra !ed !he$2 %u! !he grea! "ro"r&e!ors2 Du! h and Eng#&sh2 who do$&na!ed !ha! o#on* had no &n!en!&on o) endanger&ng !he&r !&!#es !o !he #and %* ad$&!!&ng !oo nu$erous and +&gorous a )ar$&ng "o"u#a!&on2 e+en as !enan!r*' Penns*#+an&a was !he "#a e' Penn had #a&d &! down )ro$ !he )&rs! !ha! !here shou#d %e no re#&g&ous !es! )or !he ho#d&ng o) o))& e or !he e8er &se o) "o#&!& a# r&gh!s2 #e! a#one $o#es!&ng or "reEud& e &n "erson or es!a!e %e ause o) G ons &en!&ous "ersuas&on or "ra !& e1' @&!h h&$2 &! was a $a!!er o) no%#e re#&g&ous "r&n &"#e= GHow an an* $an1s ons &en e %e a! ano!her1s d&s"oseM1 he as(ed' Th&s was &n #&ne w&!h !he "ra !& a# o#on&a# "o#& * o) !he Board o) TradeF %u! !he "o#& * o) re#&g&ous )reedo$ was so Hea#ous#* arr&ed ou! &n Penns*#+an&a !ha! a Ger$an !ra+e##er &n ,5A? re"or!ed= Co$&ng !o s"ea( o) Penns*#+an&a2 !ha! o#on* "ossesses grea! #&%er!&es a%o+e a## o!her Eng#&sh o#on&es2 &nas$u h as a## re#&g&ous se !s are !o#era!ed !here' @e )&nd !here <u!herans2 Re)or$ed2 Ca!ho#& s2 Jua(ers2 Mennon&!es or Ana%a"!&s!s2 Herrnhu!er or Mora+&an Bre!hren2 P&e!&s!s2 Se+en!h Da* Ba"!&s!s2 Dun(ers2 Pres%*!er&ans2 New%orn2 Free$asons2 Se"ara!&s!s2 Free!h&n(ers2 0ews2 Moha$$edans2 Pagans2 Negroes and Ind&ans' The E+ange#& a#s and Re)or$ed2 howe+er2 are &n !he $aEor&!*' Bu! !here are $an* hundred un%a"!&Hed sou#s !here !ha! do no! e+en w&sh !o %e %a"!&Hed' The a!!ra !&+eness o) su h a s!a!e o) a))a&rs !o !he Pa#a!&nes a$"#* Eus!&)&es2 &n a wor#d#* sense2 %o!h @&##&a$ Penn and !he Board o) TradeF %u! Penns*#+an&a had har$s )or e+er*%od*' The oas!a# "#a&n2 gen!#* s#o"&ng a hundred $&#es &n#and )ro$ Ph&#ade#"h&a !o !he )ee! o) !he A""a#a h&ans2 wa!ered %* !hree grea! r&+ers 4 !he Sus;uehanna2 !he S hu*#(&## and !he De#aware 4 was &dea# oun!r* )or Euro"ean )ar$ers2 whe!her Pa#a!&nes2 Eng#&sh2 S o!!&sh or Ir&sh' The !e$"era!e #&$a!e $ade &! "oss&%#e )or !he$ !o grow !he ro"s !he* were used !o= whea! a%o+e a##2 %u! a#so r*e2 oa!s2 %ar#e*2 he$" and )#a8F $a&He was !he on#* new gra&n !he* a!!e$"!ed' The &$$ense )er!&#&!* o) !he so&#2 and !he #arge a reage !o %e had )or !he as(&ng2 ensured #arge har+es!s )or e+er*one2 a#!hough Penns*#+an&an $e!hods o) agr& u#!ure were d&s!&n !#* %a (ward2 o$"ared !o Eng#&sh or e+en sou!h Ger$an ones' So$e se!!#ers had $one* enough !o ge! #and2 &$"#e$en!s and hous&ng &$$ed&a!e#*F o!hers ser+ed ou! &nden!ures2 #earn&ng !he wa* o) !he new oun!r*2 and !hen se! ou! wes!ward' Howe+er &! was2 de+e#o"$en! was ra"&d' The )&rs! se!!#e$en! o) an* s&He !o %e )ounded a)!er !he Jua(er &!* herse#) was Ger$an!own on !he S hu*#(&## 9,.73:' O!hers soon )o##owed' B&g Ger$an %arns2 s"read&ng or hards and )er!&#e )&e#ds soon ga+e a new hara !er !o !he %a ( oun!r*' Be)ore #ong a +as! and e+er>&n reas&ng !&de o) )ar$ "rodu e %egan !o "our &n!o Ph&#ade#"h&aF and a &!*1s )or!une was $ade' Th&s s!or* &##us!ra!es2 as we## as an* o!her2 how huge#* A$er& a was !o %ene)&! )ro$ her &$$&gran!s 9she wou#d a#so %e sha"ed and hanged %* !he$ &n non>e ono$& 2 non>u!&#&!ar&an wa*s:'- The r&se o) Ph&#ade#"h&a &##us!ra!es ano!her genera# !ru!h a%ou! A$er& an h&s!or*= !he &$"or!an e o) !he &!&es2 and o) !he "ro esses o) ur%an&Ha!&on' Ph&#ade#"h&a had grea! ad+an!ages' The &!* a !ed as !he essen!&a# e8"or!>&$"or! hanne# )or Penns*#+an&a2 )or !he GThree Coun!&es1 9!he )u!ure s!a!e o) De#aware:2 )or G@es! 0erse*1 9!he #ower area o) New 0erse*: and2 un!&# !he %e#a!ed r&se o) Ba#!&$ore2 )or Mar*#and2 !hough
!he areas were a## "o#&!& a##* d&s!&n !' The Grea! Ph&#ade#"h&a @agon Road was %u&#! !o %r&ng !he )ar$ers1 "rodu e sw&)!#* !o $ar(e!= &! was !rans"or!ed &n !he )a$ous Cones!oga wagons2,? )orerunners o) !he o+ered wagons &n wh& h !he "&oneers were !o se!!#e !he Grea! @es! &n !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*' The or"ora!&on o) Ph&#ade#"h&a s"en! #arge su$s %e!ween ,5/? and ,53. on %u&#d&ng2 &$"ro+&ng and regu#a!&ng !he &!* $ar(e!2 un!&# &! was !he en+* o) o!her !owns and was a##owed %* )ore&gners !o %e !he %es! o) &!s %&gness &n !he (nown wor#d2 and undou%!ed#* !he #arges! &n A$er& aF I go! !o !h&s "#a e %* 5 Zour &n)or$an! on!&nues[ and had no s$a## sa!&s)a !&on &n see&ng !he "re!!* rea!ures2 !he *oung #ad&es2 !ra+ers&ng !he "#a e )ro$ s!a## !o s!a##2 where !he* ou#d $a(e !he %es! $ar(e!2 so$e w&!h !he&r $a&d %eh&nd !he$ w&!h a %as(e! !o arr* ho$e !he "ur hase2 o!hers !ha! were des&gned !o %u* !r&)#es2 as a #&!!#e )resh %u!!er2 a d&sh o) green "eas2 or !he #&(e2 had !he good na!ure and hu$&#&!* enough !o %e !he&r own "or!ers' The wagoners2 on e !he* had so#d !he&r "rodu e2 %ough! wha! !he* needed2 and so !rade wen! on $err&#*' B* !he e+e o) !he Re+o#u!&on &! was !hough! !ha! !here were no )ewer !han /?2??? wagons &n Penns*#+an&a2 and !he* wen! down !o Ph&#ade#"h&a &n hundreds' More !han e&gh!* arr&ages )or !he gen!r* added !o !he hur#*>%ur#*' The d&n and danger o) !he s!ree!s were so$e!&$es unendura%#e' On !h&s so#&d e ono$& )ounda!&on &!* #&)e )#our&shed' B* ,5.? Ph&#ade#"h&a had a "o"u#a!&on o) /325A?2 and was !he #arges! !own &n !he o#on&es2 #ead&ng &!s neares! r&+a#2 New Yor( 9swe##&ng )ro$ war!&$e "ro)&!s:2 %* $ore !han A2???' B* ,55A &! had near#* dou%#ed2 ha+&ng 6?2??? &nha%&!an!s2 and #e)! a## o!hers %eh&nd',, A! !he !o"2 do$&na!&ng !he &!*2 were !he $er an!&#e gen!r*2 re+e##&ng &n !he&r wea#!h2 !he&r "o$"2 !he&r "ower2 !he&r !own and oun!r* houses' Man* were s!&## Jua(ers2 %u! a dr&)! &n!o !he $ore show* and ar&s!o ra!& Ang#& an o$$un&on had %egun2 as &n Bos!on' These $er han!s enEo*ed and "a!ron&Hed2 !hough !he* d&d no! rea!e2 an &n!e##e !ua# #&)e wh& h was !hrea!en&ng !o sur"ass Bos!on1s' The grea! <&nnaeus2 )or e8a$"#e2 )ounder o) $odern %o!an*2 a##ed !he Jua(er Dr 0ohn Bar!ra$ o) Ph&#ade#"h&a G!he grea!es! na!ura# %o!an&s! &n !he wor#d1' A! !he %o!!o$ was a o$"ara!&+e#* s$a## #ass o) !he "oor2 !he une$"#o*ed2 !he !rans&en!' The&r ond&!&on was a""re &a%#* #ess "&!&a%#e !han !ha! o) !he&r $ore nu$erous Eng#&sh and Euro"ean oun!er"ar!s2 %u! su h O#d @or#d e+&#s as une$"#o*$en!2 s#u$s2 %eggar*2 "ros!&!u!&on2 hunger and !he degrada!&ons o) "oor re#&e) were "resen! &n !he New2 and !he +er* "oor were $&sera%#e enough' Be!ween !he e8!re$es a$e !he grea! %u#( o) !he &!&Hens2 G!he $&dd#&ng sor!12 !he &n!e##&gen!2 energe!& 2 !hr&+&ng ar!&san #ass2 !he rea# %ene)& &ar&es o) A$er& a2 who ga+e !he &!* &!s hara !er and d&d $os! !o e8"#o&! &!s o""or!un&!&es'Hones!2 earnes! wor($en ou#d %e sure o) $a(&ng a good #&+&ng &n Ph&#ade#"h&a2 where s(&##s were a#wa*s &n de$andF and $an* ou#d do %e!!er2 r&s&ng !o )or!une and so$e!&$es !o )a$e' I! was su h $en who$ 0us!& e @&##&a$ A##en had &n $&nd when he heer)u##* asser!ed= GYou $a* de"end u"on &! !ha! !h&s &s one o) !he %es! "oor $an1s oun!r&es &n !he wor#d'1 I! was $os! )&!!&ng !ha! !he )&rs! wor#d>)a$ous A$er& an shou#d s"r&ng )ro$ a$ong !he$2 and !ha! he shou#d s!&## %e !he s*$%o# a! on e o) h&s &!* and h&s oun!r*' BenEa$&n Fran(#&n 9,5?.4-?: &s2 o) a## grea! A$er& ans2 !he one I shou#d $os! #&(e !o d&ne w&!h &n hea+en' He was "h*s& a##* unre$ar(a%#e2 !hough he had a saga &ous2 !w&n(#&ng )a e2 a s!rong2 s!urd* %u&#d2 and s"e !a #es' H&s hara !er was an en han!&ng %#end o) s&$"#& &!*2 dro##er*2 shrewdness2 energ*2 &n!e##e !ua# ur&os&!*2 %ene+o#en e and &n!egr&!*' A"ar! )ro$ !ou hes o) endear&ng +an&!*2 h&s on#* wea(ness was )or wo$en= he on)essed !ha! &n *ou!h he ou#d no! res&s! !he$2 and &n o#d age he was s!&## an &n orr&g&%#e )#&r!' He was $&dd#e> #ass !o !he ore= !he "ro"he! o) !he u#! o) r&s&ng &n !he wor#d %* hard wor( and hones! wor!h' I an see no!h&ng wrong &n !h&s2 !hough o!hers ha+e "ro)essed !o do so' Fran(#&n had a gen&us )or enEo*&ng #&)e
w&!hou! e+er )a&#&ng &n h&s du!* !o so &e!* and !o h&s ons &en e' He was a wa#(&ng "arado8= a hedon&s!& Pur&!an' Thus h&s #&)e we## &##us!ra!es2 a$ong o!her !h&ngs2 an e8!raord&nar* !rans)or$a!&on !ha! was !hrea!en&ng Pur&!an&s$ &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*' For !hough Fran(#&n ear#* %e a$e a de&s!2 he was %orn &n Bos!on o) "er)e !#* or!hodo8 "aren!s' The* ou#d no! a))ord !o (ee" h&$ a! s hoo# )or $ore !han a *ear2 %u! GI do no! re$e$%er when I ou#d no! read1= he edu a!ed h&$se#)2 w&!h grea! su ess2 e+en!ua##* $as!er&ng Fren h2 I!a#&an2 S"an&sh and <a!&n2 as we## as so$e degree o) ar&!h$e!& 2 and read&ng e8!ens&+e#* &n e+er*!h&ng Eng#&sh !ha! a$e h&s wa*2 wh& h2 as he was a "r&n!er %* !rade2 was a grea! dea#' In due ourse he %e a$e a $ore !han o$"e!en! na!ura# s &en!&s!' A! )&rs! he wor(ed )or h&s e#der %ro!her 0a$es &n Bos!onF %u! *oung BenEa$&n grew wear* o) h&s a""ren!& esh&" and ran awa* !o New Yor(' There was no wor( )or h&$ !here2 so he )ound h&s wa* !o Ph&#ade#"h&a2 where2 a)!er a )ew *ears2 he %egan a ra"&d r&se !o grea! "ros"er&!*' H&s "r&n!&ng %us&ness !hro+e2 and %* ,567 he was r& h enough !o re!&re2 *oung !hough he was2 and do as he "#eased 4 a )a ! wh& h &n &!se#) !e##s us $u h a%ou! !he grow!h o) h&s hosen &!*F %u! &! &s !he e8!raord&nar* +ar&e!* and nu$%er o) h&s o u"a!&ons !ha! %es! on+e* !he na!ure o) #&)e &n e&gh!een!h> en!ur* Ph&#ade#"h&a' H&s $os! )a$ous +en!ures2 ne8! !o h&s "o#&!& a# areer2 were h&s e8"er&$en!s w&!h e#e !r& &!*2 &n !he ourse o) wh& h he "ro+ed !he s&ng#e na!ure o) !he G)#u&d12 de$ons!ra!ed !he &den!&!* o) #&gh!n&ng and e#e !r& &!*2 and w&!h hara !er&s!& 2 and hara !er&s!& a##* A$er& an2 "ra !& a#&!* &n+en!ed !he #&gh!n&ng>rod 4 no s$a## !h&ng !h&s2 )or A$er& an !hunders!or$s are )ero &ous and !he #arge#* wooden !owns,/ o) o#on&a# A$er& a su))ered aga&n and aga&n )ro$ de+as!a!&ng )&res' Fran(#&n we## (new !h&s= he had "&oneered a +o#un!eer )&re>)&gh!&ng so &e!* a! Ph&#ade#"h&a2 an e8a$"#e wh& h was w&de#* )o##owed' 9Th&s was a#so hara !er&s!& a##* A$er& an &n !ha! a "r&+a!e grou" o) &!&Hens under!oo( !o do wha! e#sewhere was #e)! !o !he au!hor&!&es': I! was as an e#e !r& a# s &en!&s! !ha! he )&rs! a!!a&ned &n!erna!&ona# e#e%r&!* and was awarded honorar* degrees a! S! Andrew1s 9,5A-: and O8)ord 9,5./:2 so !ha! &! &s on#* "ro"er !o s"ea( o) h&$ &n #a!er #&)e as Dr Fran(#&n' 9He #o+ed !he !&!#e': H&s grea! re"u!a!&on a! ho$e was )ounded on h&s Eourna#&s$' A! !h&s !&$e !he "ower o) !he new#* $a!ure "ress !o &n)#uen e o"&n&on and ondu ! was &$$ense2 and grow&ng' I! !hrea!ened !o r&+a#2 &) no! !o e #&"se2 !ha! o) !he "u#"&!' <&(e h&s %ro!her 0a$es and $os! o!her o#on&a# "r&n!ers o) an* &$"or!an e2 BenEa$&n Fran(#&n2 as "ar! o) h&s "r&n!&ng %us&ness2 ran a news"a"er 9!he Penns*#+an&a GaHe!!e:2 $os! o) wh& h ons&s!ed o) ad+er!&se$en!s and re"r&n!s )ro$ Eng#&sh and o#on&a# "a"ers2 %u! !he or&g&na# "ar! o) wh& h he h&e)#* wro!e h&$se#)' He a#so2 aga&n )o##ow&ng usua# "ra !& e2 "u%#&shed an a#$ana 2 under !he "seudon*$ o) R& hard Saunders' As Poor R& hard1s A#$ana &! soon %e a$e &$$ense#* "o"u#ar2 se##&ng ,?2??? o"&es annua##*2 and was2 sa*s !he au!hor2 Ggenera##* read2 s ar e an* ne&gh%ourhood &n !he "ro+&n e %e&ng w&!hou! &!1' Fran(#&n "e""ered &! w&!h "ro+er%s2 &n+en!ed or &$"ro+ed %* h&$se#)2 wh& h "assed &n!o !he #anguage= GGrea! Ta#(ers2 #&!!#e Doers1F GGod hea#s and !he do !or !a(es !he )ee1F GNe ess&!* has no <aw= I (now so$e A!!orne*s o) !he na$e1F GNe&!her a )or!ress nor a $a&d w&## ho#d ou! #ong a)!er !he* %eg&n !o "ar#e*1F G<os! !&$e &s ne+er )ound aga&n1 9one o) !he Pur&!an a8&o$s o) %eha+&our:' The "#a&n "eo"#e o) A$er& a2 &n need a%ou! e;ua##* o) a$use$en! and good ad+& e2 de#&gh!ed &n !h&s sor! o) !h&ng2 and &n !he au!hor2 who en ouraged !he !as!e )or read&ng 9good %us&ness !o do so: %* )ound&ng )&rs! a %oo(> #u% 9&! arose ou! o) a d&s uss&on grou" a##ed !he 0un!o !ha! he s!ar!ed &n Ph&#ade#"h&a: and !hen an a ade$* wh& h soon grew &n!o !he Co##ege o) Ph&#ade#"h&a 9 har!ered ,5AAF #a!er !he Un&+ers&!* o) Penns*#+an&a 4 !he )&rs! un&+ers&!*2 as d&s!&n ! )ro$ a o##ege2 &n A$er& a:' Fran(#&n had a#wa*s %een &n!eres!ed &n "u%#& a))a&rs= h&s Hea# )or &$"ro+&ng h&$se#) and !he wor#d around h&$ &$"#&ed as $u h' He had a hundred s he$es wh& h needed "o#&!& a# a !&on= !here was one )or re)or$&ng !he n&gh! wa! h2 and one )or %u&#d&ng a "u%#& hos"&!a# 9%o!h su eeded:'
Ine+&!a%#* he was drawn &n!o "o#&!& s2 &n !he )&rs! "#a e %* !he needs o) $&#&!ar* de)en e' Penns*#+an&a had !wo )unda$en!a# "ro%#e$s= !he "o#&!& a# "ower o) !he "a &)&s! Jua(ers2 and !ha! o) !he Pro"r&e!ors2 !he Penn )a$&#*' Bo!h were res!r& !&ng !he )ree grow!h o) !he o#on*F !he )or$er !hrea!ened &!s #&)e' The Fr&ends re#&ed on God and !he&r !rea!&es w&!h !he Ind&ans2 so &n ,565 Fren h and S"an&sh +esse#s were a%#e !o en!er !he De#aware and a!!a ( "#an!a!&ons and sh&""&ng' Ano!her !&$e !he* $&gh! des end on Ph&#ade#"h&a &!se#)' Fran(#&n "ro"osed a +o#un!ar* asso &a!&on2 #&(e h&s )&re>)&gh!&ng one2 )or !he de)en e o) !he "ro+&n e' As usua#2 h&s s he$e was a grea! su ess2 and a)!er !ha! he was &rre!r&e+a%#* se! on a "u%#& areer' In ,567 he en!ered !he Penns*#+an&an asse$%#*' H&s &n)#uen e and h&s "o"u#ar&!* grewF he )or$ed a "o#&!& a# "ar!* wh& h &n !&$e de)ea!ed !he Pro"r&e!ors and &n or"ora!ed !hose Jua(ers who were read* !o )&gh! &n se#)>de)en e 9!he Ind&ans de+as!a!ed !he )ron!&er &n ,5A.2 so !he nu$%er was #arge:' In ,5A5 he was sen! !o Eng#and !o a ! as Penns*#+an&a1s <ondon agen! &n !he a!!e$"! )&na##* !o rush !he Penns' The a""ren!& esh&" o) a s!a!es$an was o$"#e!e' A## !h&s shows how Penns*#+an&a was $a!ur&ng' The "ro ess2 and !he d&re !&on &n wh& h &! was $o+&ng2 were #ear !o so$e on!e$"orar&es' So asser!&+e had !he asse$%#* grown2 e+en so ear#* as ,5?52 !ha! !he !hen Go+ernor re$ar(ed G&! "#a&n#* a""ears !ha! !he a&$ &s !o re+&se !he $e!hod o) go+ern$en! a ord&ng !o our Eng#&sh Cons!&!u!&on2 and es!a%#&sh one $ore near#* rese$%#&ng a re"u%#& &n &!s s!ead1' He was de)end&ng @&##&a$ Penn1s "reroga!&+es2 %u! !he asser!&+eness was a )a ! a## !he sa$e' In ,5AA !he De"u!*>Go+ernor wro!e= The* ha+e %een $os! re$ar(a%#* &ndu#ged2 %o!h %* !he Crown and Pro"r&e!ar&es2 and are su))ered !o enEo* "owers un(nown !o an* asse$%#* u"on !he on!&nen!2 and e+en su h as $a* render !he$ a +er* dangerous %od* herea)!erF %u! no! on!en! w&!h "r&+&#eges gran!ed !o !he$ %* har!er !he* #a&$ $an* $ore and a$ong o!hers an a%so#u!e e8e$"!&on )ro$ !he )or e o) ro*a# and "ro"r&e!ar* &ns!ru !&ons' The Penns*#+an&ans2 #&(e o!her A$er& ans2 were now nu$erous and s!rong enough !o &ns&s! on !he&r own &n!eres!sF !he* e8"ressed !he$se#+es +&gorous#* !hrough !he&r asse$%#* and %egan !he e+o#u!&on o) !he A$er& an "ar!* s*s!e$' The* were we## used !o #oo(&ng a)!er !he$se#+esF !he* were no! a! a## used !o "a*&ng !a8es' In a## !hese res"e !s !he* were !*"& a# o) $os! o) !he&r )e##ow> o#on&a#s' In one res"e !2 howe+er2 !he* were h&gh#* a!*"& a#' G@e do no! #&(e Negro ser+an!s21 sa&d Fran(#&n )&r$#* 9a#!hough he a##owed ad+er!&se$en!s on ern&ng su h !o a""ear &n !he Penns*#+an&a GaHe!!e:' H&s o%Ee !&on was #arge#* !he ou! o$e o) Euro"ean se#)>&n!eres!= he d&d no! wan! !o see !he "ro+&n e o+errun2 as !he sou!hern and Car&%%ean o#on&es had %een2 %* A)r& ans' He was e+en!ua##* !o !a(e a $u h h&gher +&ew o) !he ;ues!&on' Bu! h&s or&g&na# a!!&!ude was as hara !er&s!& a##* Penns*#+an&an as &! was un!*"& a# o) $&d> en!ur* A$er& a &n genera#' Few Ph&#ade#"h&an $er han!s en!ered !he s#a+e>!rade2 wh& h was !he s!a"#e o) New"or!2 Rhode Is#and2 an e;ua##* Jua(er &!*' Penns*#+an&a or&g&na##* a e"!ed s#a+er* and "ro$u#ga!ed a harsh ode o) regu#a!&ons !o go+ern &!' Free A)r& ans were a!!a (ed as G&d#e s#o!h)u# "eo"#eQ who o)!en "ro+e %ur!henso$e !o !he ne&gh%ourhood2 and a))ord &## e8a$"#es !o o!her negroes1' Bu! )ro$ !he s!ar! !here were dou%!s' The ear#&es! an!&>s#a+er* "e!&!&on a$e )ro$ Ger$an !own & n ,.77' Me$or&es o) !he "erse u!&ons !he* !he$se#+es had su))ered2 and !he&r en!ra# do !r&ne o) !he Inner <&gh! 9God wor(&ng &n !he hear!s and ons &en es o) $en:2 s#ow#* #ed !he Jua(ers o) Ph&#ade#"h&a !o see !h&ngs as !he* were' A r&se &n wh&!e &$$&gra!&on2 $a(&ng %#a ( #a%our #ess ne essar*2 was a grea! he#"' The Jua(ers %egan !o $o+e !o !he "os&!&on !ha! no $e$%er o) !he So &e!* o) Fr&ends $&gh! %e a s#a+e> !rader' The* sen! e$&ssar&es o+er !o Eng#and w&!h !he $essage2 wh& h soon )ound w&##&ng hearers' Thus %egan one o) !he $os! &$"or!an! de+e#o"$en!s &n !he h&s!or* o) hu$an&!*= organ&Hed an!&>s#a+er*' Bu! &! d&d no! a h&e+e $a!ur&!* or su ess o+ern&gh!' In !he e&gh!een!h
en!ur* s#a+er* and !he s#a+e>!rade were a! !he&r he&gh!' I! &s $ore !han !&$e !o e8a$&ne !hese $os! !rag& o) A$er& an &ns!&!u!&ons' S#a+er* &s a )or$ o) ser+& e &$"osed and $a&n!a&ned %* )or e= no $ore2 no #ess' I! !rea!s $en as !h&ngs2 as "&e es o) "ro"er!*',6 To de)&ne &! &s !o onde$n &!' I! +&o#a!es !he Go#den Ru#e' As A%raha$ <&n o#n &s sa&d !o ha+e re"#&ed !o a "ro>s#a+er* argu$en!2 G@ha! &s !h&s good !h&ng !ha! no $an wan!s )or h&$se#)M1 So $u h &s #ear !o usF %u! &! has on#* %e o$e #ear dur&ng !he "as! /A? *ears' The h&s!or& a# "ro%#e$ &s !ha! o) de &d&ng wh* s#a+er* was a%o#&shed2 no! wh* &! arose2 )or &! see$s !o ha+e e8&s!ed on!&nuous#* s&n e !he dawn o) h&s!or*' In so$e so &e!&es &! was $&#d or #&$&!ed &n s o"e2 or e+en!ua##* d&ed ou!' The Eng#&sh &n Eng#and2 )or e8a$"#e2 had #os! a## !he $ed&e+a# )or$s o) ser+&!ude %* ,.?? a! !he #a!es!' Bu! !he* d&d no! hes&!a!e !o &n!rodu e s#a+er* &n!o !he&r new e$"&re a )ew *ears #a!erF and !he s*s!e$ o) &nden!ured ser+&!ude2 wh& h "a+ed !he wa* )or !ha! o) A)r& an ens#a+e$en!2 was e+o#+ed ou! o) Tudor $e!hods o) dea#&ng w&!h !he une$"#o*ed and %eggars wh& h &n !he&r harshness rese$%#e !he o#on&a# s#a+e odes',A In s"&!e o) !he&r Chr&s!&an&!* and grow&ng &+&#&Ha!&on2 !he Eng#&sh were s!&## 9$*!hs o) Merr* Eng#and !o !he on!rar*: ease#ess#* rue# &n !he&r so &a# re#a!&ons' The o#d Br&!&sh E$"&re2 #&(e &!s r&+a#s2 was %u&#! on s#a+er*' Th&s $eans no! on#* !ha! !he A!#an!& s#a+e>!rade2 en!r&ng on !he Gu&nea Coas!2 was a #arge "ar! o) !he wor#d !rade wh& h !he E$"&re was des&gned !o a"!ure2 %u! !ha! $os! o) !he E$"&re1s o$$er e was &n !he "rodu e o) s#a+er*' Sugar was !he h&e) &$"er&a# o$$od&!*= !he sugar "#an!a!&ons o) !he Car&%%ean were wor(ed %* s#a+es',. Par! o) !he sugar wen! !o Eng#and2 !o enr& h !he $er han!s !hereF "ar! &n !he )or$ o) $o#asses !o New Eng#and2 !o %e $ade &n!o ru$',5 The sugar &s#ands grew +er* #&!!#e o) !he&r own )ood2 so $er han!s )ound read* $ar(e!s !here )or !he "rodu e o) Ire#and2 Penns*#+an&a2 New Yor( and !he New Eng#and )&sher&es' The s&gn&)& an e o) !h&s !rade &s un$&s!a(a%#e= as R& hard Pares "u! &!2 G@&!hou! &! !he sugar o#on&es ou#d no! ha+e e8&s!ed and !he Nor!h A$er& an o#on&es ou#d no! ha+e de+e#o"ed',7 E8"osed !o new d&seases2 o+erwor(ed and under)ed2 a s#a+e on a sugar "#an!a!&on had a #&)e> e8"e !an * o) on#* se+en *earsF !h&s2 and !he shor!age o) wo$en 9wh& h &$"#&ed a shor!age o) h&#dren:2 $ean! !ha! !he "#an!ers had !o re"#en&sh !he&r #a%our )or e %* regu#ar#* &$"or!&ng new s#a+es2 wh& h o) ourse was good %us&ness )or !he s#a+e> !raders' The Eas! Ind&a Co$"an* and !he Eng#&sh $anu)a !urers go! a share o) !he "ro)&! %* "rodu &ng &ron2 oarse #o!h2 %eads and o!her &!e$s w&!h wh& h !o !e$"! A)r& an !raders w&!h +& !&$s !o se##' Th&s !r&angu#ar !rade was2 &n )a !2 !he s*$%o# o) !he E $ " & r e ' S& )or!&s E!rur&a re+&!= !he oun!r*s&de round Br&s!o# soon g#ea$ed w&!h oun!r* "a#a es )or !he $er han!sF G#asgow %e a$e a grea! &!*F <&+er"oo# added !o &!s &nd&re ! "ro)&!s %* o"era!&ng a s$a## s#a+e>$ar(e! o) &!s own' The gu&#! o) #&+&ng o)) !he $&ser* and o""ress&on o) )e##ow hu$an %e&ngs s"read !hroughou! "ros"erous and +&r!uous Br&!&sh so &e!*' To !a(e !wo rando$ e8a$"#es= a s#a+e> %ased )or!une "a&d )or !he s"#end&d %u&#d&ngs %* Haw(s$oor a! A## Sou#s Co##ege2 O8)ordF and a#!hough 0ane Aus!en $ade a hos!&#e re)eren e !o !he s#a+e>!rade &n E$$a2 she a#so $ade !he Ber!ra$ )a$&#* &n Mans)&e#d Par( #arge#* de"enden! on a s#a+e>"#an!a!&on &n An!&gua )or !he&r wea#!h2 a""aren!#* un ons &ous o) !he e+&# !he* were e8"#o&!&ng' Nor was an* "ar! o) !he Nor!h A$er& an o#on&es )ree o) gu&#!' B* ,5/? one>s&8!h o) Bos!on1s "o"u#a!&on was %#a (' Co!!on Ma!her was on e "resen!ed w&!h a s#a+e>%o* %* h&s gra!e)u# "ar&sh&oners= he !urned !h&s !o good a oun! %* %a"!&H&ng !he %o* Ones&$us,- and #earn&ng )ro$ h&$ !he "ra !& e o) &no u#a!&on' Ma!her s"o(e u" )or !he re#&g&ous e;ua#&!* o) %#a (s and ad+o a!ed !he&r edu a!&onF %u! he a#so urged A)r& ans !o g&+e u" !he&r )oo#&sh G)ondness )or )reedo$1 and !o re ogn&He !ha! !he* were %e!!er o)) as s#a+es'/? In ,5.? !here were
,.236? %#a (s &n New Yor(2 $os! o) !he$ s#a+es' Penns*#+an&a2 New 0erse* and !he Three Coun!&es !hro+e on !he&r e8"or!s !o !he s#a+e>&s#andsF and !he sou!hern$os! o#on&es 4 Mar*#and2 B&rg&n&a2 !he Caro#&nas and Georg&a 4 a## enEo*ed2 &) !ha! &s !he word2 s#a+e>%ased agrar&an e ono$&es' I! &s s!&## a $a!!er )or #earned argu$en! wha! e))e !s !he s#a+e>!rade had on !he +ar&ous A)r& an so &e!&es !ha! were !ou hed %* &!F %u! !here &s no d&s"u!e a%ou! wha! ha""ened a)!er !he s#a+es were %rough! !o !he $ar(e!s on !he oas!' A)!er #eng!h* hagg#&ng2 o)!en o$"#& a!ed %* r&+a#r&es a$ong !he s#a+ers o) d&))eren! na!&ona#&!&es2 so$e o) !he +& !&$s were %ough! and !a(en on %oard2 wh&#e !he res! were #e)! ro!!&ng on shore2 wa&!&ng )or !he ne8! us!o$ers' The argo s#a+es were $eanwh&#e $ana #ed w&!h hea+* &ron ha&ns &n "a&rs' The* were !a(en %e#ow and #a&d ou!2 we are !o#d %* a re)or$ed s#a+er2 &n !wo rows one a%o+e !he o!her2 on ea h s&de o) !he sh&"2 #ose !o ea h o!her2 #&(e %oo(s u"on a she#)' I ha+e (nown !he$ so #ose !ha! !he she#) wou#d no! eas&#* on!a&n one $ore' And I ha+e (nown a wh&!e $an sen! down a$ong !he $en !o #a* !he$ &n !hese rows !o !he grea!es! ad+an!age2 so !ha! as #&!!#e s"a e as "oss&%#e %e #os!Q And e+er* $orn&ng "erha"s $ore &ns!an es !han one are )ound o) !he #&+&ng and !he deadQ )as!ened !oge!her' For !he s#a+e>de (s were no! on#* he##&sh#* un o$)or!a%#e2 %u! a#so s"read&ng>grounds )or !he d&seases !ha! $an* o) !he +& !&$s %rough! a%oard w&!h !he$' Sh&"s so$e!&$es sa&#ed w&!h hundreds on %oard and arr&+ed ha+&ng #os! !wo>!h&rds o) !he&r o$"#e$en!2 !hough !he usua# #oss on Br&!&sh sh&"s &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* see$s !o ha+e %een $ore o$$on#* &n !he reg&on o) ,? "er en!2 and !he )&gure !ended !o de #&ne2 )or &! was ons&dered "ruden! !o !a(e so$e $easures !o "reser+e !he #&+es o) !he s#a+es= !he* were +a#ua%#e "ro"er!*' I! was usua# !o %r&ng !he$ u" on de ( and )or e !he$ !o dan e and s&ng )or !he sa(e o) !he&r hea#!h' So$e s#a+ers %ough! &ns!ru$en!s on !he oas! )or !he argo !o "#a*F &n !h&s wa* A)r& an $us& was arr&ed !o !he New @or#d' The songs were usua##* #a$en!s= !he s#a+es d&d no! $u h enEo* !hese o as&ons2 nor was &! $ean! !ha! !he* shou#d' Too grea! #&%era#&!* $&gh! #ead !o a su ess)u# u"r&s&ng2 and &! was a#wa*s ne essar* !o %e on guard aga&ns! su& &de a!!e$"!sF so a %ru!a# ons!ra&n! was un&+ersa#' A! #as! !he sh&" wou#d o$"#e!e !he A!#an!& ross&ng 9G!he M&dd#e Passage1: and !he s#a+es wou#d %e so#d aga&n2 aga&n w&!h e+er* add&!&ona# &r u$s!an e o) &nd&gn&!*' I) !he* were #u (* !he* were sh&""ed !o !he Nor!h A$er& an $a&n#andF &) !he* were no! 9and &! &s now !hough! !ha! on#* A "er en! o) !he !o!a#2 or a""ro8&$a!e#* 6??2???2 &n !he who#e h&s!or* o) !he !rade were arr&ed !o Br&!&sh Nor!h A$er& a: !he* ;u& (#* ro!!ed awa* &n !he $&nes2 ran hes and "#an!a!&ons o) BraH&#2 S"an&sh A$er& a and !he sugar &s#ands' In !h&s )ash&on !he A)r& an "o"u#a!&on o) !he o#on&es grew un!&# Eus! %e)ore !he Re+o#u!&on 9and )or so$e de ades a)!er &!:' I! was2 ne8! !o !he Eng#&sh2 !he #arges! e!hn& grou"' The !o!a# nu$%er o) s#a+es &$"or!ed !o !he !h&r!een o#on&es or s!a!es %e)ore ,5-? &s !hough! !o ha+e %een %e!ween /A?2??? and 3??2??? 9our &n)or$a!&on &s a! "resen! !oo s an!* )or grea!er "re &s&on:2 %u! +er* ear#*2 ou!s&de Sou!h Caro#&na a! an* ra!e2 !he A)r& an "o"u#a!&on %egan !o show a na!ura# &n rease wh& h %* !he end o) !he en!ur* was a""roa h&ng !ha! o) !he Euro"eans' B* ,55A !here were a""ro8&$a!e#* ha#) a $&##&on A)r& an> A$er& ans2 $an* o) who$ had )&rs!>hand e8"er&en e o) !he horrors o) !he M&dd#e Passage' A o$"ar&son o) !he %&r!h>ra!e and dea!h>ra!e o) !he Nor!h A$er& an "#an!a!&ons w&!h !hose o) "#an!a!&ons e#sewhere2 no! !o $en!&on a o$"ar&son w&!h !he dea!h>ra!e on sh&"%oard2 shows !ha! ond&!&ons &n !he !h&r!een o#on&es2 e+en &n !he !o%a o> and r& e>grow&ng reg&ons2 were %e!!er !han !he* $&gh! ha+e %eenF %u! !he* were horr&%#e enough' The s*s!e$ was one o) )or ed #a%our and de"ended on !he $os! %ru!a# san !&ons' @&! hes were no! %urned !o dea!h2 %u!
s#a+es were' So #a!e as ,7?A a s#a+e su))ered !h&s "un&sh$en! &n Nor!h Caro#&na )or "o&son&ng her $as!er2 $&s!ress and !wo o!her wh&!esF !he ne8! *ear ano!her2 a $an2 was %urned &n Georg&a )or (&##&ng an o+erseer'// Burn&ng was a "un&sh$en! !ha! had ear#&er %een )a&r#* o$$on2 and &! was resor!ed !o on a grand s a#e &n New Yor( &n ,56?4 6,2 when2 &n a s are !ha! was !he "re &se e;u&+a#en! o) !he Sa#e$ w&! h>hun!2 !he &!* on+&n ed &!se#) !ha! &! was &n &$$&nen! danger o) %e&ng %urned !o !he ground %* a horde o) "o"&sh %#a (s' Four wh&!es were hanged2 )our!een %#a (s were %urned2 e&gh!een were hanged2 se+en!* de"or!ed' E+er*where !he odes regu#a!&ng s#a+er* as a so &a# &ns!&!u!&on au!hor&Hed !he harshes! "un&sh$en!s and ga+e $as!ers a )ree hand2 u" !o and &n #ud&ng !he "ower o) #&)e and dea!h2 w&!h !he&r s#a+es' For "r&+a!e regu#a!&on2 howe+er2 !he wh&" was usua##* dee$ed su))& &en!= !he d&ar* o) @&##&a$ B*rd2 a u#!&+a!ed B&rg&n&an gen!#e$an2 !he o#on*1s $os! #earned Eudge2 shows h&$ #ash&ng one or $ore o) h&s Gser+an!s1 e+er* )ew wee(s'/3 Fear&ng !o "u! &deas &n!o !he&r ha!!e#s1 heads2 s#a+e>owners wou#d no! #e! !he$ %e !augh! Chr&s!&an&!* 9no! !ha! !he hur h had o)!en %au#(ed a! re ogn&H&ng !he #eg&!&$a * o) s#a+er*: or %e !augh! !o read and wr&!e' S#a+es were used asua##* as on u%&nes2 so $u h so !ha! &! has %een !hough! !ha! !here was $ore &n!er> ra &a# $&ng#&ng &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* !han a! an* !&$e s&n eF !he )ee#&ngs o) )a!hers2 $o!hers and h&#dren were no! res"e !ed2 )a$&#&es %e&ng )re;uen!#* %ro(en u" when !he $as!er wan!ed !o se##' S#a+es were ou!s&de !he "ro!e !&on o) !he o$$on #aw= e+en &n Penns*#+an&a !he* were den&ed !r&a# %* Eur*' A%o+e a## !he A)r& ans were e$"#o*ed ru!h#ess#* and &n essan!#* !o "er)or$ !he hea+* #a%our !ha! !he Euro"eans wou#d no!' To %e a grea! !o%a o "#an!er &n B&rg&n&a !wo !h&ngs were re;u&red= "#en!* o) hea" #and !o re"#a e !he a res was!ed %* so&#>e8haus!&on and so&#>eros&on2 !he $ar(s o) &ne))& &en! agr& u#!ure2 and hea" #a%our 9o!herw&se !he o+erheads o) runn&ng a #arge "#an!a!&on wou#d "r& e &!s "rodu ! ou! o) !he $ar(e!:' O""ress&on o) !he Ind&ans "ro+&ded !he )&rs!2 o""ress&on o) !he A)r& ans !he se ond' On !h&s )ounda!&on a s"#end&d &+&#&Ha!&on was ere !ed' Or so &! &s on+en!&ona# !o s!a!e' Cer!a&n#* &! anno! %e den&ed !ha! )or a shor! !&$e B&rg&n&a "rodu ed nu$%ers o) $en as re$ar(a%#e )or !he&r hara !er as !he&r &n!e##e !' George @ash&ng!on 9,53/4--:2 Tho$as 0e))erson 9,5634,7/.: and 0ohn Marsha## 9,5AA4,73A: are on#* !he grea!es! na$es a$ong !he$' The* were h&gh>s"&r&!ed2 we##> edu a!ed2 r& h2 &n!e##&gen! and res"ons&%#e gen!#e$en2 who %ro(e a (&ngdo$ and rea!ed a re"u%#& ' Man* o) !he$ dee"#* d&sa""ro+ed o) s#a+er*2 !hough )ew o) !he$ ou#d !h&n( o) an*!h&ng !o do !o end &!2 sa+e e$an &"a!&ng !he&r own s#a+es &n !he&r w&##s2 as @ash&ng!on d&d' Mean!&$e !he* "#anned !o #ear !he Ind&an !r&%es )ro$ !he #ands wes! o) !he A""a#a h&ans and se&He )or !he$se#+es new )&e#ds !o e8"#o&! !hrough !he #a%our o) !he&r %onds$en' The* #&+ed &n handso$e houses on !&da# ree(s and r&+ers2 e8"or!&ng !o%a o !o Eng#and2 and &n re!urn &$"or!&ng !he $eans !o #ead a &+&#&Hed #&)e as !he Eng#&sh gen!r* unders!ood &!= "or!2 "or e#a&n and $ahogan* )urn&!ure' The* sen! !he&r sons e&!her !o !he Inns o) Cour! !o a ;u&re a s$a!!er&ng o) #aw and $anners2 or !o @&##&a$s%urg2 0a$es!own1s su essor as !he a"&!a# o) B&rg&n&a2 where !he* ou#d a!!end !he o##ege o) @&##&a$ and Mar* 9)ounded &n ,.-3: and #a!er s!ud*2 as 0e))erson d&d2 under !he #aw*ers "ra !&s&ng &n !he !own' The&r u#!ura# a h&e+e$en!s were rea#' @&##&a$ B*rd had one o) !he #arges! #&%rar&es &n !he o#on&es &n h&s genera!&on2 as 0e))erson had &n h&s' And Mon!& e##o2 0e))erson1s grea! drea$ house2 des&gned %* &!s owner2 re$a&ns !he $os! e8!raord&nar* %u&#d&ng &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 as Bersa&##es &s &n Fran e' I! was %egun &n ,55? and no! )&n&shed un!&# ,7?-2 and &n arna!es a #&)e!&$e o) s!ead&#* &$"ro+&ng !as!e and s(&##' Bu! #&(e Bersa&##es &! has a "ro)ound#* a$%&guous $ean&ng' 0e))erson2 an ar h&!e ! and &n!er&or des&gner o) gen&us2 &$"osed h&s +&s&on o) !he no%#e #&)e on a B&rg&n&an h&##!o" as o$"#e!e#* as !he Sun K&ng &$"osed h&s on !he hea!hs o) !he \#e de Fran e' Pos!er&!* does we## !o ad$&re and her&sh %o!h $onu$en!s= "os!er&!* has no! had !o "a* )or !he$' Ye! ea h g#or* was $ade "oss&%#e on#* %* a dee"#* o""ress&+e so &e!* wh& h ru!h#ess#* e8"#o&!ed !he wea('/6 0e))erson2 &! &s !rue2 was a hu$ane s#a+e>$as!er2 where <ou&s NIB was a su"re$e#* a##ous (&ngF %u! he was !he %ene)& &ar* o) a
s*s!e$ wh& h was !he nega!&on o) hu$an&!*' And #&(e !he Fren h $onar h*2 !he B&rg&n&an s*s!e$2 %e ause o) &!s s!reng!h and wea(ness a#&(e2 arr&ed !he seeds o) &!s own er!a&n des!ru !&on w&!h&n &!' For !he grea!es! a h&e+e$en! o) !he B&rg&n&an gen!r* was un;ues!&ona%#* "o#&!& a#' I! &s "oss&%#e !o e8aggera!e &!s or&g&na#&!*' Gen!#e$en &n Eng#and were e;ua##* $onar hs o) !he oun!r*s&de2 and e+er* o$$un&!* &n !he o#on&es was ne essar&#* se#)> go+ern&ng' Bu! !here &s no den*&ng !ha! &n B&rg&n&a2 $ore !han an*where e#se2 !he !heor* and "ra !& e o) A$er& an re"u%#& an&s$ grew !o $a!ur&!*' The gen!#e$en o) !he o#on* were sa&d !o %e Ghaugh!* and Eea#ous o) !he&r #&%er!&es2 &$"a!&en! o) res!ra&n!2 and an s ar e#* %ear !he !hough! o) %e&ng on!ro##ed %* an* su"er&or "ower1' The grea! "#an!ers and !he&r )a$&#&es 4 Rando#"hs2 B*rds2 Harr&sons >do$&na!ed !he reg&onF !he #esser "#an!ers and wh&!e )ar$ers $o+ed o%ed&en!#* &n or%&!2 and !he )ran h&se2 %e&ng res!r& !ed !o )reeho#ders w&!h a! #eas! a hundred un&$"ro+ed a res 9or !wen!*>)&+e &$"ro+ed2 w&!h house:2 ou#d no! "#a e "ower &n dangerous 4 )or e8a$"#e2 &n %#a ( 4 hands 9!hough so$e %#a ( )ree$en +o!ed as #a!e as ,5/3:'/A I! was2 &n shor!2 a h&gh#* #ass>s!ru !ured so &e!*' The gen!r* e8"e !ed !o %e onsu#!ed a%ou! !he organ&Ha!&on and "o#&!& s o) !he&r o$$un&!&esF !he* ser+ed ons &en!&ous#* &)2 &n $an* ases2 re#u !an!#*2 on !he +es!r&es2 o$$&ss&ons o) !he "ea e and o!her &ns!&!u!&ons %* wh& h !he&r ho#d on hur h and s!a!e was $a&n!a&ned2 and !rea!ed !he +o!ers !o ru$ "un h/. and %ar%e ued %ee) a! e#e !&on !&$e2 !o $a(e sure !ha! !he r&gh! $en on!&nued &n o$$and 9&! on e os! George @ash&ng!on PA? !o %e e#e !ed !o !he House o) Burgesses:' O))& &a##* Ang#& an2 !he* a##owed no %&sho" !o ha##enge !he&r on!ro# o) e #es&as!& a# "a!ronageF a#!hough a Crown o#on*2 B&rg&n&a was rea##* ru#ed %* &!s asse$%#*2 !he House o) Burgesses2 wh& h2 &n an e"o h when a## !he o#on&a# asse$%#&es were r&s&ng &n "ower and +&gour2 had no r&+a# )or se#)> asser!&+eness' The ru#&ng #ass had &n a )ew de ades a h&e+ed a "os&!&on o) un ha##enged au!hor&!* and had no! *e! %red ou! o) &!s s*s!e$2 %* $arr&age e8 #us&+e#* w&!h&n a on)&ned &r #e2 !he ;ua#&!&es o) &n!e##&gen e2 dr&+e and Eudge$en! wh& h had %rough! &! !o !he !o"' I!s o$$onwea#!h was as $u h a $ode# o) !he ar&s!o ra!& re"u%#& dear !o Mon!es;u&eu as Bos!on was a $ode# o) !he &!*> s!a!e' The grea! "#an!ers were as asua##* er!a&n o) !he&r r&gh! !o $a(e a## &$"or!an! de &s&ons w&!hou! &n!er)eren e )ro$ a%o+e or %e#ow as !he* were er!a&n o) !he&r %ene+o#en e and w&sdo$' I) ha##enged2 !he* wou#d and e+en!ua##* d&d re#* on !he&r se#)>e+&den! $a!ur&!* and s(&## !o Eus!&)* !he&r des&re !o go+ern !he$se#+es and o!hers' And w&!h&n !he ar&s!o ra!& "a#e2 a## was e;ua#&!*2 du!* and res"ons&%&#&!*' Unha""&#* )or !he gen!r*2 ar&s!o ra * was2 &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*2 show&ng s&gns o) o%so#es en e' The $os! &$"or!an! s#ogan o) !he age was !ha! o) !he a$%&!&ous2 &n!e##&gen!2 edu a!ed *oung %ourgeo&s= G areers o"en !o !a#en!1' A## !he !rad&!&ona# Eus!&)& a!&ons o) ar&s!o ra!& ru#e "ro+ed use#ess when ha##enged2 &n one na!&on a)!er ano!her2 %* $en who des&red and were a%#e !o !a(e and w&e#d "ower2 whe!her &n!e##e !ua#2 e ono$& or "o#&!& a#' I! &s !rue !ha! a## was no! "#a&n sa&#&ng )or !hese new $en' In Eng#and !he* had a hard !&$e o) &! un!&# !he ,73/ Re)or$ A !2 and #a!er' In Fran e &! !oo( !hree re+o#u!&ons !o d&s"#a e !he no%&#&!*' A## !he sa$e2 !he&r $ono"o#* o) "ower was doo$ed2 and nowhere $ore !han &n A$er& a' There2 !he ur%an gen!r* was %* de)&n&!&on raw2 %ourgeo&s and arr&+&s!e2 #&(e !he !owns !he$se#+esF and e+en !he !o%a o ar&s!o ra!s were new $en' The&r "ower and "os&!&on were !oo re en!#* ga&ned2 %* $e!hods !oo &$&!a%#e2 and were !oo o$"#e!e#* under$&ned %* e ono$& )a&#ure2 !o rea!e a "er$anen! no%#e as!e #&(e !hose wh& h he#d u" "rogress &n Fran e and Ger$an*' The !o%a o %arons were soon su""#an!ed2 &n !rue A$er& an )ash&on2 %* $en as energe!& and as new#* r& h as !he&r own grand)a!hers had %een' E+en !he&r "o#&!& a# "ra !& es wor(ed aga&ns! !he$2 as a Penns*#+an&an wr&!er "o&n!ed ou! &n ,55.2 sa*&ng !ha! Ga "oor $an has rare#* !he honour o) s"ea(&ng !o a gen!#e$an on an* !er$s2 and ne+er w&!h )a$&#&ar&!* %u! )or a )ew wee(s %e)ore !he e#e !&onQ B#essed s!a!e !ha! %r&ngs a## so near#* on a
#e+e#T In a word2 e#e !&oneer&ng and ar&s!o ra!& a# "r&de are &n o$"a!&%#e'1 F&na##*2 &n order !o de)end !he&r "ower )ro$ a ha##enge )ro$ a%o+e and a%road 4 )ro$ Br&!a&n and !he Br&!&sh K&ng 4 !he* had %een o%#&ged !o %e o$e se#)> ons &ous and e8"#& &! re"u%#& ansF !he* had )ound &! ne essar*2 as w&## %e shown &n !he )o##ow&ng ha"!ers2 !o Eus!&)* re%e##&on %* a""ea#&ng !o !he r&gh!s o) $an' E8!re$e e$ergen * had "rodu ed an e8!re$e re$ed*2 one wh& h was a "ower)u# e8a$"#e !o o!hers %es&des gen!#e$en' I! "ro+ed &$"oss&%#e !o (ee" !he s#a+es )ro$ Eng#&sh2 Chr&s!&an&!* and #&!era * )or e+erF soon !he* )ound )r&ends whose ons &en es were new#* awa(ened !o !he &$"#& a!&ons o) !he&r re#&g&ous and "o#&!& a# "r&n &"#es 9$an* o) !he #a!!er ha+&ng %een #earned )ro$ !he B&rg&n&ans:F and &n due ourse &! was d&s o+ered !ha! !he r&gh!s o) $an were sed&!&ous' The* under$&ned George @ash&ng!on1s B&rg&n&a as !horough#* as !he* had under$&ned George III1s e$"&re2 and !he #eadersh&" o) !he Sou!h "assed2 d&sas!rous#*2 !o Sou!h Caro#&na2 where $en were s!&## grow&ng r& h %* s#a+er* and were no! asha$ed !o ad$&! !he )or e on wh& h !he&r "o#&!& a# and so &a# s*s!e$ res!ed' Men were s!&## #&+&ng who re$e$%ered 0e))erson when2 &n ,7.,2 a war %ro(e ou! %e!ween !hose who adhered !o h&s "r&n &"#es and !hose who adhered !o h&s "ra !& e' Thus !he B&rg&n&an )or$u#a was e8"osed as se#)> on!rad& !or*' Nor was !ha! a##' I! anno! %e den&ed !ha! B&rg&n&a was %ased on s#a+er*F e;ua##*2 &! was %ased on ra e>"reEud& e' Fro$ !he %eg&nn&ng o) !he !rade s#a+er* and ra &s$ had gone !oge!her' I! &s &$"oss&%#e !o sa* !ha! e&!her a$e )&rs!' The Por!uguese2 &n arr*&ng !he s#a+e> !rade &n!o !he A!#an!& 2 were $ere#* e8!end&ng a "ra !& e wh& h had %een on!&nuous &n !he Med&!erranean s&n e !he re$o!es! an!&;u&!*' And &n a## e"o hs $en o) one reed2 #ass2 ra e or s!a!e ha+e !ended !o des"&se2 ha!e and )ear $en o) a#&en &den!&!&es' Few so &e!&es2 )ur!her$ore2 ha+e %een $ore "aro h&a#2 se#)> sa!&s)&ed2 greed* and rue# !han Euro"e &n !he age o) !he d&s o+er&es' So !he )a!e o) !he A)r& ans was as er!a&n and un"#easan! as !ha! o) !he Red Ind&ans w&!h who$ &! was #&n(ed' The* were !o %e ens#a+ed2 "u! !o $en&a# !as(s and des"&sed2 as !he $as!ers ha+e a#wa*s des"&sed !he $as!ered' As !&$e wen! on !he nea! reason&ng !ha! !he A)r& an was ens#a+ed %e ause he was &n)er&or2 and was &n)er&or %e ause he was a s#a+e2 a$e !o %e su""or!ed %* o!her2 e;ua##* $&s h&e+ous2 &) no! a#wa*s $u!ua##* ons&s!en!2 s*##og&s$s' S#a+er* was a "un&sh$en! )or !he Fa## o) Man and !here)ore "ar! o) !he na!ura# order2 no! !o %e !a$"ered w&!h' The s#a+e>!rade on)erred a %ene)&! on !he A)r& an2 s&n e &! re$o+ed h&$ )ro$ !he s&n and hea!hen&s$ o) !he Dar( Con!&nen!' The sa$e A)r& an was a sa+age who ou#d no! %e Chr&s!&an&Hed2 and %e ause he was no! a Chr&s!&an had no r&gh!s' Be&ng %#a (2 hea!hen and ens#a+ed !he A)r& an was d&))eren!2 and !here)ore wrong2 )or !o %e Euro"ean2 and es"e &a##* Eng#&sh2 was !o %e r&gh!F !o %e hea!hen and ens#a+ed was #ear#* !o %e &n)er&or !o a )ree Chr&s!&anF s&n e a## A)r& ans were %#a (2 hea!hen and ens#a+ed "erha"s !he&r o#our was &n)er&or !oo' Indeed &! ;u&!e #ear#* was2 %e ause %#a ( was !he o#our o) n&gh!2 o) e+&#2 o) !he urse o) Ha$ 9&$"osed on h&$ )or #oo(&ng a! h&s )a!her Noah drun( and na(ed:F/5 and &! was we## (nown !ha! %#a ( $en "re)erred wh&!e wo$en !o !he&r own2 Eus! as a"es 9&! was a##eged: "re)erred %#a ( wo$en !o $a!es o) !he&r own s"e &es'/7 Poss&%#* !he %#a ( $an was no! hu$an a! a##2 %u! a #esser rea!ure2 a #&n( &n !he Grea! Cha&n o) Be&ng %e!ween hu$an&!* and !he a"es' A)!er a##2 he #&+ed2 and was )&rs! en oun!ered %* !he Euro"ean2 &n !he sa$e "ar! o) !he wor#d as !he h&$"anHee 9(nown a! !ha! !&$e as !he orang>ou!ang:/-Q an &$$ense )arrago o) e+&# nonsense s#ow#* $u#!&"#&ed as $en2 o!herw&se o) good ons &en e2 )ound !ha! !he* had !o Eus!&)* !he on!&nu&ng wrong !he* were &n)#& !&ng on !he&r )e##ow> $enF and )ear o) re%e##&on or o!her re!r&%u!&on2 )ear &ns"&red %* gu&#! and !he o as&ona# +&o#en! e8"ress&on o) %#a ( resen!$en!2 $ade ha!red &ne+&!a%#e and &n reased !he w&## !o Eus!&)* !he roo! o) a## e+&#' The resu#! was !he dee"#* en!ren hed2 "a!ho#og& a# en$&!* %e!ween !he ra es wh& h &s !he ug#&es! and o#des! "ro%#e$ o) A$er& an so &e!*F an en$&!* !o wh& h !he #&gh! o) B&rg&n&a2 Mr 0e))erson2 ga+e re+ea#&ng e8"ress&on &n !hose "ar!s o) h&s %oo( on h&s na!&+e #and2 No!es on
B&rg&n&a2 where he e8"a!&a!ed a! #eng!h on !he ug#&ness o) A)r& ans' I! $a(es one #oo( w&!h a s e"!& a# e*e on h&s rhe!or& 2 h&s ar h&!e !ure and !he wooden "#ough he &n+en!ed2 and "re)er2 !o h&s rus!& "arad&se2 &!&es su h as Bos!on and Ph&#ade#"h&a where ho"e )or !he )u!ure was rea##* %e&ng %orn' Rura# A$er& a2 !he &dea# !o wh& h !he B&rg&n&ans were re#&g&ous#* o$$&!!ed2 was ne+er2 e+en &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*2 !he !h&ng o) a%so#u!e Eo* !ha! !he* de"& !ed' So &a# $o%&#&!* 4 !he $eans o) r&s&ng )ro$ one #ass !o ano!her 4 was )ar grea!er &n o#on&a# A$er& a !han &n Euro"e2 %u! &! was grea!er &n !he !owns !han &n !he oun!r*' In so$e areas !here was su%s!an!&a# so &a# and "o#&!& a# e;ua#&!* %e!ween !he )ar$ers2 %u! !hese were !he "oorer reg&ons' The r& her areas showed shar" and r&g&d #ass d&+&s&ons' Bu! 9a %&g %u!: geogra"h& a# $o%&#&!* 4 !he han e !o $o+e wes! !o +&rg&n #and and s!ar! a new2 $ore "ros"erous areer 4 o))ered ho"e !o agrar&an A$er& ans on !he $a(e' The )u!ure #a* !ha! wa* )or $an*' Be)ore !he Pea e o) Par&s !he Fren h %egan !o #a* ou! a !own where !he r&+ers M&ssour&2 M&ss&ss&""& and I##&no&s $ee!F !hough &! was !o %e under S"an&sh so+ere&gn!* )or !he ne8! )or!* *ears2 S! <ou&s )ro$ &!s %eg&nn&ng a!!ra !ed Eng#&sh>s"ea(&ng !raders and se!!#ers' To !he nor!h>eas!2 a! !he For(s o) !he Oh&o2 a)!er !he de)ea! o) Pon!&a 2 ano!her w&#derness !own2 P&!!s%urgh2 %egan !o grow u" on !he s&!e o) )or$er For! P&!! 9or Du;uesne:' Th&s wes!ward $o+e$en! soon rea!ed "ro%#e$s o) !he h&ghes! "o#& * )or !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en!' Meanwh&#e !he grea! "#an!ers o) B&rg&n&a were )a##&ng dee"er and dee"er &n!o de%! !o <ondon and S o!!&sh $er han!s= !he wor#d "r& e o) !o%a o was o##a"s&ng and !he so&# o) B&rg&n&a was %e o$&ng e8haus!ed' P#an!ers &n Sou!h Caro#&na2 wh&#e $ore "ros"erous2 #&+ed )or !he )ew $on!hs &n !he *ear when !he* ou#d )#ee )ro$ !he dangers o) *e##ow )e+er and s#a+e re%e##&on on !he&r r& e and &nd&go "#an!a!&ons !o Char#es Town or2 %e!!er s!&##2 !o !he oo# %reeHes o) New"or!2 Rhode Is#and2 Eus! !hen %eg&nn&ng &!s #ong areer as !he r& h $an1s "#a*ground' The %a (> oun!r*2 )ro$ Georg&a !o Ma&ne2 s!rugg#ed aga&ns! Ind&ans2 agrar&an &ne))& &en *2 &nde%!edness and re$o!eness2 a#read* d&s"#a*&ng a "ro+&n &a#&s$ and a ha!red )or $ore "ros"erous Eas!erners 9G &!* s#& (ers1: wh& h were !o s ar A$er& an so &e!* un!&# we## &n!o !he !wen!&e!h en!ur*' E+en Dr Fran(#&n2 who &n ,5.6 no%#* de)ended !he r&gh!s o) so$e Ind&ans aga&ns! a $o% o) rura# #*n hers 9G!he Pa8!on Bo*s1:2 su u$%ed su))& &en!#* !o %u o#& "reEud& e !o worr* a%ou! !he &n o$&ng !&de o) Ger$ans as we## as !ha! o) A)r& ans2 )ear&ng !ha! !he Eng#&sh se!!#ers and !he&r u#!ure wou#d %e #os!2 and "ersuad&ng h&$se#) !ha! Swedes and F&nns were dar(er !han2 and !here)ore &n)er&or !o2 !he Eng#&sh' A#$os! e+er* "ro+&n e had !err&!or&a# #a&$s !ha! were unrea#&s!& %u! no! !o %e re#&n;u&shed23? and hen e ;uarre##ed w&!h &!s ne&gh%ours o+er %oundar&es' The war %e!ween de%!or and red&!or &n!eres!s wh& h was !o )&gure )or so #ong &n A$er& an h&s!or* was %eg&nn&ng2 and !a(&ng &!s s!andard )or$ o) a d&s"u!e a%ou! "a"er $one*' Mar*#and2 dr&+en %* e ono$& ne ess&!*2 had &$"or!ed /?2??? !rans"or!ed on+& !s2 as &nden!ured ser+an!s2 !o !he d&s$a* o) adEa en! o#on&es'A sense o) o$$on &n!eres!2 &) no! o) o$$on na!&onhood2 was s#ow#*2 a#$os! surre"!&!&ous#* grow&ng2 %u! e+en &n !he )a e o) !he grea!es! e$ergen * !he o#on&es had *e! (nown2 !he war w&!h Fran e2 was no! s!rong enough !o sus!a&n Fran(#&n1s ,5A6 A#%an* P#an )or o#on&a# un&on' The "ea e2 &! was ho"ed2 wou#d %r&ng renewed "ros"er&!* w&!h &!2 as war had %rough! +&gour and se#)> on)&den eF %u! e+er*where !here were d&s on!en!s and gr&e+an es wh& h +er* #&!!#e wou#d en)#a$e' Ra"&d grow!h had $ade !he o#on&es s!rong2 and !here)ore "o!en!&a##* dangerous' The* were no! !he s#ee"&ng dogs o) S&r Ro%er! @a#"o#e1s )a+our&!e "hrase= !he* were s#ee"&ng dragons'
/ The +a0ing of the Re-ol.tion 17')
66
)hat our su.1ects in the American colonies are children of the state and to .e treated as such no one denies> .ut it can0t reasona.ly .e admitted that the mother country should impoverish herself to enrich the children, nor that <reat Britain should weaken herself to strengthen America. "harles $avenant, 1%DE /f the "olonies do not now unite, and use their most vigorous endeavours in all proper ways, to avert this impending .low, they may for the future, .id farewell to freedom and li.erty, .urn their charters, and make the .est of thraldom and slavery. For if we can have our interests and estates taken away, and disposed of without our consent, or having any voice therein, and .y those whose interest as well as inclination it may .e to shift the .urden off from themselves under pretence of protecting and defending America, why may they not as well endeavour to raise millions upon us to defray the eHpenses of the last, or any future war7 ,liphalet $yer of "onnecticut, 1F%I A great empire and little minds go ill together. ,dmund Burke, 1FFJ @ar2 ne8! on#* !o !e hno#og*2 &s !he $os! er!a&n so#+en! o) $odern so &e!*' Re)or$s $&s arr*2 re+o#u!&ons are "re+en!ed or "er+er!edF war &s a#wa*s w&!h us and se#do$ or ne+er )a&#s !o %r&ng swee"&ng hange' So &! was w&!h !he Se+en Years @ar' I!s &$$ed&a!e wor( was s!r&(&ng enough= !he e8"u#s&on o) !he Fren h )ro$ Ind&a and Nor!h A$er& a2 !he on)&r$a!&on o) Pruss&a1s e8"ans&on &n Euro"e2 !he ra&s&ng>u" o) Br&!&sh "ower2 !he as!&ng> down o) !he an &en! r&+a# d*nas!&es o) Ha%s%urg and Bour%on2 !he a""earan e o) Russ&a as a "r&n &"a# )a !or &n !he %a#an e o) "ower' The war #e)! %eh&nd &!2 #&(e a## wars2 a se! o) new a#&gn$en!s )or !he ne8! round= Fran e and S"a&n #ung !oge!her &n ho"e o) a o$$on re+enge on Br&!a&n and2 $ore o$&nous )or !he &s#anders2 Freder& ( o) Pruss&a2 need&ng !he$ no $ore2 !urned !o o##a%ora!&on w&!h !he Tsar&na Ca!her&ne &n !he "ar!&!&on o) Po#and' Br&!a&n )ound herse#) w&!hou! an a##* on !he on!&nen!' Bu! &! was !he e ono$& onse;uen es o) !he Se+en Years @ar2 a%o+e a##2 !ha! were !o sha"e !he )u!ure' The usua# war!&$e %oo$ 9"rodu ed %* $&#&!ar* "ur has&ng: was )o##owed %* !he usua# "os!> war s#u$"' A## !he )or$er %e##&geren!s had !o gra""#e w&!h $ons!er de)& &!s #e)! %* !he s!rugg#e2 and !o do so w&!h +er* &nade;ua!e $eans' The go+ern$en!s o) !he o#d order2 &n )a !2 were &n an &$"oss&%#e s&!ua!&on' As Nor$an Ha$"son has re$ar(ed2 GI! was !he os! o) war)are2 &rres"e !&+e o) &!s su ess2 &n an age when !he des!ru !&+e a"a &!* o) go+ern$en! had go! ahead o) !he e ono$& "rodu !&+&!* o) so &e!&es2 !ha! su%Ee !ed a## !he Powers !o new s!resses' The a!!e$"!s o) go+ern$en!s !o ra&se $ore $one* &n !urn se! o)) new so &a# on)#& !s'1, <ou&s NB1s e))or!s !o so#+e h&s $one* "ro%#e$s #ed h&$ on !o h&s )&na# and $os! dra$a!& #ash w&!h h&s "ar#e$en!s' The de)& &! &n urred %* !he +& !or&ous "ower was !o #ead !o re+o#u!&on &n Nor!h A$er& a' In A"r&# ,5.32 !wo $on!hs a)!er !he Pea e o) Par&s2 <ord Bu!e res&gned' H&s ner+e 9a#wa*s )ee%#e: had %een des!ro*ed %* &##>hea#!h2 %* !he ou! r* o) !he $o%2 %* !he a%use hur#ed a! h&$ as a S o! h$an2 as a ro*a# )a+our&!e2 as !he ar h&!e !
o) a "us&##an&$ous !rea!* 9@&##&a$ P&!!1s "e! a##ega!&on: and a%o+e a## 9!hough o) ourse &! was no! sa&d o"en#*: as !he $an who had d&s#odged !he @a#"o#ean @h&gs )ro$ !he sea!s o) "ower and "ro)&! wh& h !he* had enEo*ed )or )or!* *ears' George III was %&!!er#* d&sa""o&n!ed a! !hus #os&ng h&s GDeares! Fr&end12 who2 a)!er en ourag&ng h&s K&ng !o %e#&e+e !ha!2 !oge!her2 !he* wou#d %r&ng %a ( !he re&gn o) "u%#& +&r!ue2 had des"a&red o) !he "roEe ! and was now #ea+&ng h&$ &n !he #ur hF3 %u! he $ade !he %es! o) &! &n we# o$&ng Bu!e1s hosen su essor as F&rs! <ord o) !he Treasur* 9&n e))e !2 "r&$e $&n&s!er:2 George Gren+&##e 9,5,/45?:' Gren+&##e was a r&s&ng s!ar who$ George and Bu!e had ear#&er %rough! &n!o "ower as #eader o) !he House o) Co$$ons &n su ess&on !o P&!! 4 wh& h had aused P&!!2 who was h&s %ro!her>&n>#aw2 !o d&sown h&$' The K&ng no dou%! su""osed he was !a(&ng on a #o*a# a##*' He and h&s un)or!una!e su%Ee !s were !o "a* dear#* )or !h&s na!ura# $&s!a(e' Gren+&##e was one o) !he $os! )or$&da%#e "o#&!& &ans o) h&s da*' A)!er P&!!1s e#e+a!&on !o !he <ords &n ,5.. he do$&na!ed !he Co$$ons as no one e#se ou#d' Th&s was no! %e ause o) h&s har$ or e#o;uen e2 )or he was ;u&!e w&!hou! e&!her ;ua#&!*= h&s s"ee hes wen! on )or e+er2 and a d&s ern&ng )o##ower sa&d !ha! Ghe was !o a "ro+er% !ed&ous1' Bu! !he sa$e $an no!ed !ha! G!hough h&s e#o;uen e har$ed no%od*2 h&s argu$en! on+er!ed1' <og& a#2 a ura!e and o+erwhe#$&ng#* we##>&n)or$ed2 he was a#wa*s !he e8"er!' He had )ur!her +&r!ues as an ad$&n&s!ra!or2 %e&ng au!&ous2 u"r&gh! and2 a%o+e a##2 ease#ess#* hard>wor(&ng' He was !oo greed* )or "ersona# "ro)&! )ro$ o))& e2 o!herw&se we ou#d sa* !ha! !oda* he wou#d ha+e $ade an e8 e##en! sen&or &+&# ser+an! under a s!rong $&n&s!er' As a s!a!es$an &n an* age he wou#d ha+e %een a d&sas!er2 )or he was an &$"o#&!& &an2 en!&re#* #a (&ng !ha! saga &!* wh& h was2 )or e8a$"#e2 a #ead&ng hara !er&s!& o) Dr Fran(#&n' He was !a !#ess2 un&$ag&na!&+e2 s!u%%orn2 +o&d o) Eudge$en! and se#)>sa!&s)&ed as on#* !he* an %e who ne+er s!o" !a#(&ng= !he* ha+e !&$e !o hear2 %u! no! !o #&s!en !o r&!& &s$' H&s wors! !ra&! )ro$ !he K&ng1s "o&n! o) +&ew was !ha!2 ha+&ng %een (e"! ou! o) "ower )or *ears2 he was now de!er$&ned !o %e $as!er2 and %adgered h&s wre! hed so+ere&gn ease#ess#* )or !o(ens o) su%Ee !&on' In !he end George go! r&d o) h&$2 and su$$ed h&$ u" as no %e!!er !han a #er( &n a oun!&ng house' Bu! %* !he !&$e o) h&s )a## he had done &rre"ara%#e da$age' As a good #er( he had a horror o) de%! and &$$ed&a!e#* se! a%ou! redu &ng !he oun!r*1s +as! #&a%&#&!&es' He "ared heese w&!h !he Hea# and )o##* !ha! Eng#and e8"e !s o) !he Treasur*' I) he #a (ed Mr G#ads!one1s haw(1s e*e )or de!a&#2 he had a## h&s re (#essness &n $&#&!ar* and na+a# a))a&rs2 s!ar+&ng !he ar$* o) $en and !he na+* o) $one*' The e+&# resu#!s o) !h&s "o#& * were !o %e o$e e+&den! &n !he @ar o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on= $ean!&$e Gren+&##e grew +er* "o"u#ar w&!h %a (%en hers ho"&ng )or redu !&ons &n !he #and>!a8' No!h&ng wou#d ha+e "#eased !he $&n&s!er $ore !han !o %e a%#e !o o%#&ge !he$F %u! he was we## aware !ha! a! !he $o$en! &! #oo(ed as &) he wou#d %e o%#&ged !o ra&se ano!her !a8 &ns!ead 9)or he re)used !o %orrow:' Pea e has &!s de)& &!s as we## as war' Gren+&##e $a* no! ha+e had !he &$ag&na!&on !o rea#&He !ha! a $&#&!ar&#* en)ee%#ed Eng#and &n+&!ed a!!a (2 and ano!her e8"ens&+e warF %u! he ou#d no! o+er#oo( one !ha! was a !ua##* rag&ng' In A$er& a &n Ma* ,5.3 !he Nor!h>@es!ern Ind&ans wen! on !he war"a!h2 &ns"&red %* !he O!!awa #eader Pon!&a F !he who#e )ron!&er2 )ro$ !he Grea! <a(es )ar sou!hwards2 was &n )#a$es2 and !he Br&!&sh ar$* had'!o s!a$" !he$ ou!' The Pon!&a r&s&ng was Eus! !he sor! o) sudden r&s&s !ha! !he E$"&re $&gh! e8"e ! &n !he )u!ure and )or wh& h2 !here)ore2 &! wou#d ha+e !o %e a#wa*s read* 9as &! had no! %een &n ,5.3: 4 read* w&!h so#d&ers2 read* )&nan &a##*' The Fren h and Ca!ho#& o#on* o) Jue%e had no se!!#ed )or$ o) go+ern$en! and $&gh! re%e# a! an* $o$en!' Br&!&sh so#d&ers &n A$er& a were needed !o (ee" !he o#der o#on&es &n order2 shou#d !he* ge! res!&+e' The* $&gh! a#so %e used !o $a(e !he )ur>!raders %eha+e2 de!er s;ua!!ers on Ind&an #and and "u! down s$ugg#&ng' In !he o"&n&on o) Genera# A$hers!2 !he Br&!&sh o$$ander &n Nor!h A$er& a2 garr&sons ough! !o %e $a&n!a&ned &n New)ound#and2 Ca"e Bre!on2 Pr&n e Edward
Is#and2 No+a S o!&a and !he F#or&das' GThe @ho#e21 he r&gh!#* o$$en!ed2 G&s an I$$ense E8!en!'1 There were a#so !he garr&sons o) G&%ra#!ar and M&nor a !o !h&n( o)' Gren+&##e es!&$a!ed !ha! !he annua# os! o) su""or!&ng !hese )or es wou#d %e P35/25562 $os! o) wh& h wou#d %e s"en! &n Nor!h A$er& a' The on#* ;ues!&ons !ha! re$a&ned were2 where and how !o ra&se !h&s su$M I! was eas* !o de &de !ha! !he Br&!&sh !a8"a*er2 a#read* !he $os! hea+&#* $u# !ed &n !he @es!ern wor#d2 shou#d no! %e )ur!her %urdened' Had Grea! Br&!a&n %een a $&#&!ar&s! a%so#u!e $onar h* #&(e Fran e2 her go+ern$en! $&gh! ha+e a# u#a!ed !ha! !he "ower and wea#!h a ru&ng )ro$ !he e$"&re o) Nor!h A$er& a wou#d &n !he end r& h#* re"a* !he Treasur* )or an* &$$ed&a!e ou!#a*s= )ur!her !a8a!&on or )ur!her %orrow&ng $&gh! ha+e see$ed eas&#* a e"!a%#e "o#& &es' Bu! !he a h&e+e$en!s o) !he "re+&ous en!ur* and a ha#) $ade su h a# u#a!&ons &$"oss&%#e' Parado8& a##*2 !he o$"ara!&+e $odern&!* o) Br&!&sh &ns!&!u!&ons $ade ada"!a!&on !o $odern needs harder' In an a%so#u!e $onar h* g#or*2 "ower and "ro)&! 9&) an*: redounded &n !he )&rs! "#a e !o !he K&ng2 who ou#d !hus !a(e !he #ong +&ew2 &) he hose2 or was a%#e !o 9!wo ond&!&ons no! o)!en )u#)&##ed:F %u! &n a ons!&!u!&ona# $onar h*2 where !he "urse was )&r$#* on!ro##ed %* a !a8>"a*&ng gen!r*2 &! was $u h harder !o see wha! wou#d %e ga&ned %* sa r&)& &ng !he "resen! !o !he )u!ure' I! was no! a ase o) hoos&ng !o #ose A$er& a ra!her !han s"end P35/2556 "er annu$= &! had no! o$e !o !ha! *e!2 !hough &! shor!#* wou#d' Ra!her &! see$ed !o !he Eng#&sh ne&!her Eus! nor ne essar* !ha! !he* a#one shou#d %ear a## !he os! o) an &$"er&a# organ&Ha!&on )ro$ wh& h !he A$er& ans "ro)&!ed2 &n &$$ed&a!e !er$s2 so $u h $ore !han !he* 9&! was no! Yor(sh&re wh& h Pon!&a !hrea!ened2 a)!er a##:' The no!&on !ha! !he* ough! &n "ruden e !o sa r&)& e !he&r &$$ed&a!e r&gh!s and &n!eres!s !o !he #arger good o) !he E$"&re had no a!!ra !&on )or !he$' The !a8"a*ers1 s!r&(e wh& h was !o %r&ng !he E$"&re down $a* %e sa&d !o !h&s e8!en! !o ha+e %egun on !he eas!ern A!#an!& shore' Bes&des2 !he e8&s!&ng go+ern$en!a# $a h&ner* $ade )ur!her !a8a!&on &n Eng#and a#$os! &$"oss&%#e' Grea! Br&!a&n enEo*ed unusua##* ad+an ed )&nan &a# arrange$en!s 9one o) !he reasons )or her !r&u$"h o+er Fran e:F %u!2 #&(e a## o!her s!a!es o) !he o#d order2 she ou#d ne+er $a(e her )u## e ono$& resour es a+a&#a%#e !o her ru#ers' In ,5.3 she was a! !he end o) su h resour es as were a+a&#a%#e' A !a8 on &der2 de!er$&ned u"on %* Bu!e2 "ro+o(ed G!u$u#!s and r&o!s1 &n !he @es! Coun!r*' I! &n or"ora!ed an e8 &se2 a ha!ed na$e s&n e !he s!or$ wh& h had )or ed @a#"o#e !o w&!hdraw h&s s&$&#ar s he$e &n ,533F $ore &$"or!an!2 &! see$ed e8!raord&nar*2 !o a oun!r* new#* a! "ea e2 !ha! add&!&ona# #e+&es shou#d %e &$"osed' T&$es were %ad2 and )or so$e *ears go! worse= &! was !hough! !ha! so$e 6?2??? "ersons were &n "r&son )or de%! &n ,5.6' De &ded#*2 )ur!her e8a !&ons were ou! o) order' In !he +&ew o) Gren+&##e2 and &ndeed o) $os! "eo"#e who !hough! a%ou! !he $a!!er2 &! was h&gh !&$e !ha! !he A$er& ans assu$ed a share o) !he %urden o) !he&r own de)en e' There re$a&ned !he ;ues!&on o) wha! du!&es !o #e+*2 and how' Here ano!her $a!!er was re#e+an!' I! had no! es a"ed !he go+ern$en!1s no!& e2 dur&ng !he war2 !ha! &! was no! on#* +er* d&))& u#! !o ge! !he o#on&es !o "a* an*!h&ng d&re !#* )or !he war e))or! 4 P&!! had had !o "ro$&se re&$%urse$en! %e)ore e+en Massa huse!!s wou#d ra&se a "enn* 4 !he e8!ens&+e o#on&a# !rade w&!h !he ene$* had "ro%a%#* "ro#onged !he #ong and e8"ens&+e war and had er!a&n#* s!reng!hened !he )oe s&gn&)& an!#*' Th&s $&gh!&#* enraged @&##&a$ P&!!' Ne+er $&nd !ha! !he New Eng#anders1 !ra))& w&!h !he Fren h was essen!&a# !o ena%#e !he$ !o e8&s!2 #e! a#one "#a* !he&r "ar! &n )&nan &ng !he grea! s!rugg#e= P&!! ou#d on#* see !ha! &! ga+e !he Fren h !he essen!&a# su""#&es !he* needed !o on!&nue !o )&gh!' I! was a "arado8 o) !he (&nd !ha! $&n&s!ers ha!e !o )a e= w&!hou! New Eng#and !he Fren h &n !he New @or#d $us! ha+e o##a"sed $u h soonerF *e! w&!hou! !he Fren h !he A$er& ans ou#d no! ha+e )ough! a! a##' P&!!2 &ns!&n !&+e au!o ra! !ha! he was2 ou#d no! endure !he !hough! !ha! !he Na+&ga!&on A !s were %e&ng s*s!e$a!& a##* )#ou!edF worse2 !ha! !he us!o$s o))& ers &n !he New @or#d e(ed ou! !he&r $&sera%#e "a* %* a e"!&ng )ees )ro$ s$ugg#ers &n #&eu o) )u## "a*$en! o) !he !ar&)) 9!he
go&ng ra!e a! Bos!on was &d' a ga##on o) ru$ when !he du!* was no!&ona##* .d':F he $a* e+en 9wh&#e &n o))& e: ha+e had so$e s*$"a!h* w&!h Gren+&##e1s +&ew !ha! !he who#e s*s!e$ was +er* e8"ens&+e !o ad$&n&s!er and %rough! &n ne8! !o no!h&ng !o o+er !he os!s' He and o!hers denoun ed !h&s G#aw#ess se! o) s$ugg#ers1 and !he&r G&##ega# and $os! "ern& &ous !rade12 and !he Ro*a# Na+* was ordered !o en)or e !he A !s' I! see$ed a ne essar* s!e" !owards +& !or*' Bu! #&(e o!her war!&$e $easures &n o!her wars2 !h&s de &s&on was !o ha+e a #ong "ea e!&$e h&s!or*' @&!hou! rea#&H&ng &! P&!! had d&+er!ed !he $er an!&#e s*s!e$ )ro$ &!s ro#e as an &ns!ru$en! )or regu#a!&ng and en ourag&ng !rade 4 !he on#* one &n wh& h &! $ade an* sense 4 !o one o) ra&s&ng a re+enue' I! was an e8a$"#e eager#* )o##owed %* !he Gren+&##e $&n&s!r*' GPre+en!&ng s$ugg#&ng &s !o %e a )a+our&!e o%Ee ! o) !he "resen! ad$&n&s!ra!&on21 announ ed Tho$as @ha!e#*2 Gren+&##e1s Man Fr&da* a! !he Treasur*' The na+* was (e"! a! wor(2 and s!r& ! ad$&n&s!ra!&+e $easures were !a(en !o en)or e !he Na+&ga!&on A !s 9no! %e)ore !&$e= o#on&a# ad$&n&s!ra!&on had grown dread)u##* s#a (:' And !he A !s were now de)&n&!e#* !o %e e8"#o&!ed )or ra&s&ng a re+enue2 !he $one* ga&ned !o %e s"en! on !he &$"er&a# es!a%#&sh$en! &n Nor!h A$er& a' To &n rease !he !a(e2 new ar!& #es o) !rade were enu$era!ed' I! was es!&$a!ed !ha! !h&s new "o#& *2 e$%od&ed &n !he so> a##ed Sugar A ! 9,5.6:2 wou#d %r&ng &n so$e P6A2??? "er annu$ 4 a good re!urn2 %u! no! near#* enough !o o+er !he os!s o) e$"&re' To )&## !he ga" Gren+&##e !oo( u" a $easure !ha! had o)!en %een "ro"osed 4 a o#on&a# s!a$" du!*' <ega# do u$en!s2 su h as w&##s and on+e*an es2 ou#d %e re;u&red2 !o %e +a#&d2 !o arr* a s!a$"2A )or wh& h !he "ar!* &n+o#+ed wou#d ha+e !o "a* !he go+ern$en!' Su h a du!* had %een &$"osed &n Eng#and )or *ears and had "ro+ed a de"enda%#e2 hea" and eas* sour e o) re+enue' In A$er& a !oo &! wou#d2 no dou%!2 "ro+e2 Gren+&##e !hough!2 Ge;ua#2 e8!ens&+e2 no! %urdenso$e2 #&(e#* !o *&e#d a ons&dera%#e re+enue2 and o##e !ed w&!hou! a grea! nu$%er o) o))& ers1' A ord&ng#*2 &n Mar h ,5.62 a! !he sa$e !&$e as he announ ed h&s o!her o#on&a# $easures2 Gren+&##e "ro"osed2 and arr&ed2 a reso#u!&on &n !he House o) Co$$ons !ha! a s!a$" !a8 $&gh! %e &$"osed %* Par#&a$en! on !he o#on&esF and he e8"#& &!#* asser!ed2 w&!hou! %e&ng ha##enged2 !ha! Par#&a$en! had !he r&gh! !hus d&re !#* !o !a8 !he o#on&s!s' He was una$%&guous= GMr Gren+&##e s!rong#* urg1d no! on#* !he "ower %u! !he r&gh! o) Par#&a$en! !o !a8 !he o#on&es2 and ho"1d &n God1s Na$e as h&s e8"ress&on was !ha! none wou#d dare d&s"u!e !he&r so+ere&gn!*1F he added !ha! &) a s&ng#e $an dou%!ed Par#&a$en!1s r&gh!2 Ghe wou#d !a(e !he sense o) !he House2 ha+&ng heard w&!hou! doors h&n!s o) !h&s na!ure dro""ed1' No one res"onded' Th&s was !he )&rs! grea! error wh& h %rough! on !he A$er& an r&s&s' I! was e+en $ore !rag& !han )a!uous' @ho$ !he gods w&sh !o des!ro* !he* )&rs! $a(e unsound o) Eudge$en!' Gren+&##e had #ear#* no!ed 4 how ou#d he no!M 4 !he res!&+eness o) !he o#on&es under h&s "o#& &es and !he r&!& &s$s o) h&s ourse !ha! were a#read* urren! &n Eng#and Gw&!hou! doors1' Ins!ead o) !a(&ng warn&ng2 he de &ded !o %raHen &! ou! 4 a rea !&on !ha! was !o %e a##>!oo> un&+ersa# a$ong !he Eng#&sh &n !he o$&ng *ears' To !he o#on&s!s1 r*2 Eus! %eg&nn&ng !o %e heard2 !ha! !he* $&gh! no! %e !a8ed %* a Par#&a$en! &n wh& h !he* were no! re"resen!ed2 he wou#d answer w&!h a S!a$" A !2 wh& h !he )a&!h)u# @ha!e#* ha&#ed as Ga grea! $easureQ on a oun! o) !he &$"or!an! "o&n! &! es!a%#&shes2 !he r&gh! o) Par#&a$en! !o #a* an &n!erna# !a8 u"on !he o#on&es1' S$ug#* &nsu#ar2 ad$&n&s!ra!&+e and se#)>assured2 &n a"a%#e o) ;ues!&on&ng h&s own re !&!ude2 he ne8! o$$&!!ed ano!her $&s!a(e' H&s s!a$" du!* reso#u!&on2 %* o$$&!!&ng Par#&a$en! !o an asser!&on o) &!s r&gh! !o !a8 !he o#on&s!s2 $ade &! d&))& u#!2 &) no! &$"oss&%#e2 )or !ha! "roud and !ou h* &ns!&!u!&on e+en !o ons&der hang&ng &!s $&nd &) ha##engedF wh&#e %* de)err&ng !he &n!rodu !&on o) a %&## )or a *ear 9!ha! &s2 un!&# ,5.A: he ga+e h&$se#) !&$e !o draw u" a good $easure %ased on re#&a%#e &n)or$a!&on a%ou! o#on&a# ond&!&ons2 &n wh& h h&s ad$&n&s!ra!&+e a%&#&!&es ou#d d&s"#a* !he$se#+es !o ad+an!age' I! was a #e+er s he$e2 %u! un)or!una!e#* o"en !o $&s ons!ru !&on' 0as"er Maudu&!2 !he agen! &n Eng#and o) Massa huse!!s2 $&sunders!ood &!' He wro!e ho$e !o !e## !he asse$%#* !ha! G!he s!a$" du!* *ou w&## see2 &s de)err1d !&## ne8! *ear' I
$ean !he a !ua# #a*&ng &!= Mr Gren+&##e %e&ng w&##&ng !o g&+e !he "ro+&n es !he&r o"!&on !o ra&se !ha! or so$e e;u&+a#en! !a8' Des&rous as he e8"ress1d h&$se#) !o onsu#! !he ease2 !he ;u&e!2 and !he goodw&## o) !he o#on&es'1 Maudu&!1s $&s!a(e &s unders!anda%#e= Gren+&##e1s w&ses! ourse wou#d ha+e %een !o %eha+e &n Eus! !h&s wa*' So$e o) !he o#on&es 9no!a%#* Massa huse!!s: were w&##&ng a! #eas! !o d&s uss a#!erna!&+e $eans o) ra&s&ng !he needed $on&es= Penns*#+an&a1s agen!2 Dr Fran(#&n2 !hough! !he* $&gh! $ee! &n a Ggenera# Congress1 )or !he "ur"ose' 9Presu$a%#* he was ho"&ng !o re+&+e h&s A#%an* P#an': Bu! no!h&ng ou#d %e done w&!hou! a #ear and o))& &a# s!a!e$en! )ro$ Gren+&##e o) how $u h $one* he wan!ed' No su h s!a!e$en! was e+er )or!h o$&ng' Gren+&##e had $ade u" h&s $&nd !o ha+e a s!a$" !a8' I! ne+er see$s !o ha+e o urred !o h&$ !ha! %* )a&#&ng !o onsu#! !hose o#on&a# #eaders $os! s*$"a!he!& !o h&s "ro%#e$s and "o#& &es he was he#"&ng !he&r o""onen!s' He !hough! he ou#d a))ord !o &gnore !he "e!&!&ons o) "ro!es! !ha! "oured &n )ro$ e+er* o#on* as !he *ear o) gra e ended' H&s #er(s "rodu ed2 and he #a&d %e)ore Par#&a$en!2 a swee"&ng $easure2 wh& h $&gh! ha+e %een des&gned !o a))ron! !he ur%an o#on&a# O#&!e 4 #aw*ers2 $er han!s2 ed&!or> "r&n!ers 4 and !hus !o "ro+o(e unan&$ous res&s!an e2 )or &! !a8ed no! on#* #ega# %u! a#so o$$er &a# !ransa !&ons and do u$en!s 9#&;uor #& en es2 $or!gages2 &nsuran e "o#& &es2 us!o$s #earan es and so on: and "a$"h#e!s2 a#$ana s2 news"a"ers2 news"a"er ad+er!&se$en!s 4 a "r&n!er1s who#e %us&ness2 &n )a !' These ne essar* s!a$"s were !o %e e$%ossed on shee!s o) "a"er &n Eng#and and so#d on#* %* !he s!a$" o$$&ss&oners 4 !hus &nEur&ng !he "r&n!ers s!&## )ur!her2 s&n e $an* o) !he$2 #&(e BenEa$&n Fran(#&n2 were a us!o$ed !o $anu)a !ur&ng !he&r own "a"er' On // Mar h ,5.A !he S!a$" A ! %e a$e #aw2 and !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on %egan' For !he S!a$" A ! was a a!a#*s!2 !ou h&ng o)) )unda$en!a# hange' The reasons )or &!s &$$ense un"o"u#ar&!* are s&$"#e enough and 9e8 e"! )or !he s!ra&gh!)orward gr&e+an e o) !he #aw*ers and %us&ness$en: are su$$ed u" &n !he )a$ous s#ogan2 Gno !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on1' As !he ear#&er ha"!ers o) !h&s %oo( shou#d ha+e $ade #ear2 !he A$er& an o#on&s!s were a +&gorous2 !hr&+&ng2 &nde"enden!>$&nded "eo"#e' The* had enEo*ed $os! o) !he essen!&a#s o) se#)>go+ern$en! )ro$ !he !&$e o) !he ear#&es! se!!#e$en!s2 and were we## aware o) &!s %ene)&!s' Fur!her$ore2 !he* regarded !he$se#+es as s!&## re!a&n&ng and enEo*&ng !he r&gh!s o) Eng#&sh$en2 wh& h had %een od&)&ed and $ade e8"#& &! a! !he G#or&ous Re+o#u!&on &n ,.77' A$ong !he $os! )unda$en!a# o) !hose r&gh!s was !he r&gh! !o %e !a8ed on#* w&!h !he onsen! o) !he$se#+es or !he&r re"resen!a!&+es' Th&s r&gh! o) re"resen!a!&on2 !he* a$e !o !h&n(2 was %e*ond !he "ower o) (&ngs !o g&+e or !o w&!hho#d' The "ower o) !he "urse2 &! was he#d2 had ena%#ed !he se+en!een!h> en!ur* Par#&a$en!s !o wres! a )ree ons!&!u!&on )ro$ !*rannous ru#ersF !o re#&n;u&sh !ha! "ower was !o r&s(2 or ra!her !o ensure2 a re!urn o) s#a+er*' Th&s $u h was agreed on %o!h s&des o) !he A!#an!& F %u! whereas !he Eng#&sh @h&gs were on!en! !o #ea+e &! a! !ha!2 !o assu$e !ha! +& !or&es won %* Par#&a$en! were %es! and su))& &en!#* sa)eguarded %* Par#&a$en!2 !he o#on&s!s 9$ore a!!a hed !o r&gh!s !han !o &ns!&!u!&ons: wen! )ur!her' The* were no!2 and "ro%a%#* ou#d no! %e2 "ro"er#* re"resen!ed &n Par#&a$en! %* !he&r own MPs2 so Par#&a$en! ou#d no! #aw)u##* !a8 !he$' So$e "o#&!& &ans 9a$ong !he$ Gren+&##e: he#d !ha! !he* were G+&r!ua##*1 re"resen!ed &n Par#&a$en! %e ause $en whose &n!eres!s o&n &ded w&!h !he&rs sa! !here= !he* %rushed as&de !h&s o%we%' In !he&r s&!ua!&on2 !he* he#d2 on#* !he&r asse$%#&es ou#d !ru#* re"resen! !he$F !he asse$%#&es e8er &sed !he "ower o) !he "urse &n !he o#on&es' The S!a$" A ! en roa hed on !ha! "ower' The o#on&s!s had ne+er %een o+er!#* !a8ed )ro$ Br&!a&n %e)ore2 !hough2 as !he* soon d&s o+ered2 !he new Sugar A ! was essen!&a##* a !a8&ng de+& e !oo' Bu! !he Sugar A !2 !hough "oss&%#* unw&se2 was #ear#* ons!&!u!&ona# &n !he&r e*es2 s&n e &! was os!ens&%#* on erned on#* w&!h !he regu#a!&on o) !rade2 a #eg&!&$a!e on ern o) !he &$"er&a# Par#&a$en!2 whereas !he S!a$" A ! &##ega##* !a8ed !he o#on&s!s w&!hou! !he&r onsen!2 )or !ha! onsen! ou#d %e g&+en on#* &n
!he #&!!#e "ar#&a$en!s2 !heasse$%#&es'. I! was a #&gh! !a82 !rueF %u! !o onsen! !o a #&gh! !a8 was !o g&+e warran! )or !he su%se;uen! &$"os&!&on o) a hea+* !a8 4 "oss&%#*2 O horrorT2 !o r&s( !he !rans)er o) !he o$"#e!e !a8 %urden o) !he E$"&re )ro$ Br&!&sh shou#ders !o o#on&a# ones' 9Bes&des2 #&gh! !hough &! was2 &! wou#d a !ua##* dou%#e !he a$oun! "a&d %* A$er& ans &n !a8es': GThe sa$e "r&n &"#es wh& h w&## Eus!&)* su h a !a8 o) a "enn* w&## warran! a !a8 o) a "ound21 !he* sa&d2 Gan hundred2 or a !housand "ounds2 and so on w&!hou! #&$&!a!&on'1 Th&s was an en roa h$en! o) "ower on #&%er!*= so$e o) !he "ro!es!ers $a* ha+e no!& ed !ha! )or so$e !&$e "as! @h&!eha## had s!ead&#* %een en roa h&ng on !he &nde"enden e o) o#on&a# go+ernors2 es"e &a##* &n !he $a!!er o) "a!ronage' Now &! was !he asse$%#&es1 !urn' The go+ern$en! $&gh! go on )ro$ !here !o "a* !he go+ernors2 a! "resen! de"enden! on !he asse$%#&es )or !he&r sa#ar&es2 w&!h !he "ro eeds o) !he S!a$" A !2 and !hus $a(e !he$ who##* &nde"enden! o) !he w&## o) !he&r su%Ee !s' 9In )a&rness we shou#d no!e !ha! Gren+&##e had Gwar$#* reEe !ed1 !h&s a##ega!&on': No wonder !he r* aga&ns! !he A ! was a#$os! unan&$ous' The A ! had %een "assed a)!er !he $os! energe!& 2 &n!e##&gen!2 earnes! and #o*a# "ro!es!s and re$ons!ran es )ro$ !he o#on&es' GThe %o#dness o) !he $&n&s!er a$aHes our "eo"#e21 wro!e a New Yor(er' GTh&s s&ng#e s!ro(e has #os! Grea! Br&!a&n !he a))e !&on o) a## her o#on&es'1 The %#ow !o A$er& an on)&den e &n Br&!&sh w&sdo$2 Eus!& e and goodw&## was &ndeed +er* hea+* &) no! $or!a#F and !he su%se;uen! d&s o+er* !ha! res&s!an e ou#d "re+en! !he A !1s o"era!&on ga+e !he o#on&s!s a head* sense o) !he&r own s!reng!h' On#* *ears o) "a!&en e and good !e$"er ou#d ha+e $ade good !he da$age= and !he* were no! )or!h o$&ng' Bad !hough &! was2 !he A ! ou#d no! ha+e had su h a de+as!a!&ng e))e ! &n &so#a!&on' Had Gren+&##e he#d h&s hand2 !here $&gh! ne+er ha+e %een a ;uarre# %e!ween Br&!a&n and her o#on&esF %u! !o sa* !h&s &s !o sa* !ha! !he S!a$" A ! was !he #as! s!raw2 on)&r$&ng sus"& &ons and )ears wh& h had %een s!ead&#* $oun!&ng s&n e ,5A-' To unders!and !he$ &! &s ne essar* !o #oo( aga&n a! !he o#on&a# "o#& &es ado"!ed %* Eng#and a)!er !he )a## o) Jue%e ' Co#on&a# gr&e+an es $ade u" a )or$&da%#e %u! $&8ed %und#e' So$e were $ore or #ess hron& 2 ar&s&ng )ro$ !he da*>!o>da* d&))& u#!&es o) go+ern&ng an e$"&re2 and had #&!!#e s&gn&)& an e %e*ond !he h&gh#* &$"or!an! resu#! o) "rodu &ng a genera# #oss o) !e$"er' O) su h a na!ure were !he o$"#a&n!s "e u#&ar !o "ar!& u#ar "ro+&n es' Thus2 New Ha$"sh&re %&!!er#* resen!ed !he @h&!e P&ne A !s2 wh& h reser+ed wh&!e "&ne>!rees grow&ng ou!s&de "r&+a!e "ro"er!* )or !he use o) !he Ro*a# Na+*' These #aws were &##>!hough!>ou!2 no! d&s!&ngu&sh&ng %e!ween !rees wh& h were use)u# !o !he na+* and !rees wh& h were on#* use)u# !o !he o#on&s!s= a## were reser+ed' An &##>ad+&sed e))or! a! s!r& ! en)or e$en! &n ,5.3 roused !he who#e o) !he Conne !& u! +a##e*5 aga&ns! !he A !s2 Eus! when !he $ore genera# r&s&s was %rew&ng' A nagg&ng gr&e+an e on ern&ng Eudges a))e !ed )our o#on&es &n !h&s "er&od 4 New Yor(2 New 0erse*2 Penns*#+an&a and 0a$a& a' Ea h wan!ed !he&r Eudges !o s&!2 &n a ordan e w&!h "os!>,5?, Eng#&sh "ra !& e2 dur&ng good %eha+&our2 !hus g&+&ng !he$ se ur&!* o) !enure and "o#&!& a# &nde"enden e' The Crown2 howe+er2 &ns&s!ed on a""o&n!&ng o#on&a# Eudges dur&ng "#easure2 so !ha! &! ou#d2 &n !heor*2 d&s$&ss !he$ a! w&## 9&n "ra !& e &! ne+er d&d so:' I!s $o!&+e was !o re!a&n "o#&!& a# on!ro#2 )or o!herw&se !he Eudges2 de"enden!2 #&(e !he Go+ernors2 on !he asse$%#&es )or !he&r sa#ar&es2 $&gh! %e !oo !ender !o er!a&n !*"es o) r&$&na# 4 s$ugg#ers2 )or e8a$"#e' The Crown wou#d no! re#&n;u&sh !h&s on!ro#2 e+en when Penns*#+an&a and 0a$a& a wan!ed !o g&+e Eudges "er$anen! sa#ar&es as we## as !enure dur&ng good %eha+&our2 !hus $a(&ng !he$ &nde"enden! o) %o!h Crown and asse$%#&es' The o#on&s!s d&s#&(ed wha! !he* saw as an a!!e$"! !o ro% !he$ o) !he&r Re+o#u!&onar* her&!age' In Sou!h Caro#&na d&sa))e !&on was aused &n !he ear#* s&8!&es %* a #ash %e!ween !he asse$%#* and
a %#o (headed ro*a# Go+ernor2 who a%used h&s "ower o) d&sso#+&ng !he asse$%#*' These #o a# gr&e+an es2 $ore or #ess &$"or!an! &n ea h ase2 a## &n+o#+ed a d&s!ur%&ng r&g&d&!* &n !he o))& &a# Br&!&sh a!!&!ude !o !he "ro%#e$s o) o#on&a# #&)e and go+ern$en!= &n a## !hree ases !he %as& !rou%#e was a re)usa# on !he "ar! o) !he au!hor&!&es !o !a(e su))& &en! no!e o) !he o#on&s!s1 "o&n! o) +&ew' More ser&ous were a se! o) o$"#a&n!s !ha! a))e !ed a## !he o#on&es2 $ore or #ess' There was !he %&sho" ;ues!&on' The Ang#& an hur h &n A$er& a had ne+er (nown a %&sho"2 so !ha! o#on&a# #erg* had !o ross !o Eng#and !o %e orda&ned' There were o!her sound e #es&as!& a# reasons )or !h&n(&ng !he a""o&n!$en! o) an A$er& an %&sho" des&ra%#e2 %u! sounder "o#&!& a# reasons aga&ns! &!' To !he des endan!s o) !he Pur&!ans !he &dea o) a %&sho" was &nse"ara%#* onne !ed w&!h !he &dea o) "erse u!&on' The "#an!ers o) B&rg&n&a2 as we ha+e seen2 #&(ed !o run !he hur h !he$se#+es' There wou#d er!a&n#* %e a s!or$ &n !he o#on&es &) a %&sho" was a""o&n!ed 9!hough !he D&ssen!ers wou#d no!2 a""aren!#*2 ha+e o%Ee !ed !o a +&s&! )ro$ one o) !he Eng#&sh %&sho"s:' For on e !he go+ern$en! was sens&%#e enough no! !o s!&r u" a horne!s1 nes!= no %&sho" was a""o&n!ed &n !he "re>Re+o#u!&onar* "er&od' Bu! Tho$as See(er 9,.-34,5.7:2 rea!ed Ar h%&sho" o) Can!er%ur* &n ,5A72 was no! so sens&%#e' Born a D&ssen!er2 he had a on+er!1s $&s"#a ed Hea#2 +ar&ous e8"ress&ons o) wh& h ser&ous#* a#ar$ed !he o#on&s!s' He %a (ed !he o"en&ng o) an Ang#& an $&ss&onar* hur h a! Ca$%r&dge2 Massa huse!!s2 sea! o) Har+ard Co##ege and en!re o) New Eng#and Congrega!&ona#&s$= !h&s #oo(ed #&(e an a!!e$"! !o under$&ne Pur&!an&s$ &n Massa huse!!s2 and "ro%a%#* was' He &ndu ed !he Pr&+* Coun &# !o d&sa##ow a Massa huse!!s A ! se!!&ng u" a Congrega!&ona#&s! so &e!* )or $&ss&onar* wor( a$ong !he Ind&ans' He "ressed )or !he a""o&n!$en! o) a o#on&a# %&sho" and s!&rred u" a "a$"h#e! war on !he !o"& &n New Eng#and' These a !&+&!&es o) so "ower)u# and &n)#uen!&a# an Eng#&sh$an d&d no!h&ng !o endear !he $o!her oun!r* !o A$er& an D&ssen!ers 4 who were s!&## &n an o+erwhe#$&ng $aEor&!* &n New Eng#and' E+en $ore unse!!#&ng was !he ;ues!&on o) !he Br&!&sh ar$* &n Nor!h A$er& a' Bas& a##*2 !h&s was a $a!!er o) !wo r&gh! o"&n&ons #ash&ng' The Br&!&sh no!& ed !ha! dur&ng !he #a!e war !he o#on&a# $&#&!&a had "ro+ed s!ra!eg& a##* and !a !& a##* use#ess 4 a "o&n! re&n)or ed %* &!s "er)or$an e dur&ng a war w&!h !he Chero(ees 9,5A-4.,: and Pon!&a 1s r&s&ng' @&!h so$e honoura%#e e8 e"!&ons2 a%o+e a## Massa huse!!s2 !he o#on&es had )a&#ed !o su""#* e&!her su))& &en! $en or su))& &en! $one* )or "rose u!&ng !he war2 and *e! a## had re"ea!ed#* and urgen!#* su$$oned he#" )ro$ !he regu#ar ar$*= he#" wh& h had a#wa*s %een )or!h o$&ng' I! had &n )a ! %een "ro+ed aga&n and aga&n !ha! w&!hou! so$e en!ra#2 organ&H&ng $&#&!ar* au!hor&!* and a %od* o) !ra&ned !roo"s2 so$e engaged &n %u&#d&ng and garr&son&ng )or!s &n !he w&#derness2 o!hers e$%od&ed &n a s!ra!eg& reser+e2 )or use where ne essar* &n A$hers!1s GI$$ense E8!en!12 !he o#on&es2 "ar!& u#ar#* !he wes!ern$os! se!!#e$en!s2 were he#"#ess and &nde)ens&%#e' Fur!her "roo) o) !he "o&n!2 &) &! %e needed2 &s )urn&shed %* !he )a ! !ha! a)!er !he Re+o#u!&on !he new#* &nde"enden! A$er& ans )ound !ha!2 howe+er un$&#&!ar&s!& and an!&>!a8a!&on !he* were2 !he* s!&## had !o se! u" and "a* )or a na!&ona# ar$*' Th&s %e a$e one o) !he &nes a"a%#e res"ons&%&#&!&es o) !he )edera# go+ern$en!' In !he o#on&a# "er&od &! was !he &nes a"a%#e res"ons&%&#&!* o) !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en!F wh& h na!ura##* wan!ed gra!&!ude2 o>o"era!&on and )&nan &a# he#" &n %ear&ng &!' On !he o!her hand2 !he o#on&s!s had a## !he d&s!rus! o) a s!and&ng ar$* !rad&!&ona# &n Eng#and s&n e !he !&$e o) Cro$we##1s $aEor>genera#s' The* ou#d no! )orge! !ha! &! was !he&r e))or!s wh& h had on;uered !he Fren h )or!ress o) <ou&s%ourg on Ca"e Bre!on Is#and2 !he on#* ser&ous Br&!&sh ga&n dur&ng !he @ar o) !he Aus!r&an Su ess&on 9nor !ha! <ou&s%ourg had %een re!urned !o Fran e a! !he "ea e:F !ha! &n ,5AA !he Br&!&sh Genera# Braddo (2 )ar )ro$ sa+&ng !he Penns*#+an&a )ron!&er2 had #ed h&s ar$* !o d&sas!erF and !ha! !he regu#ars who e+en!ua##* won !he war &n A$er& a had #arge#* %een en#&s!ed !here2 and e$"#o*ed !a !& s de+&sed &n !he
o#on&es ou! o) #ong e8"er&en e o) %a!!#e &n !he woods' Nor ou#d !he* o+er#oo( A$hers!1s #arge "ar! &n "ro+o(&ng Pon!&a 1s r&s&ng7 4 an* $ore !han A$hers! ou#d o+er#oo( !he "ar! wh& h !he "ers&s!en! $o+e$en! o) se!!#ers wes!ward2 a ross !he $oun!a&ns2 &n!o !he Oh&o r&+er +a##e*2 "#a*ed &n a#ar$&ng !he !r&%es' On $&#&!ar* $a!!ers2 &n shor!2 !he A$er& ans and !he Br&!&sh ou#d ea h "#u$e !he$se#+es on !he&r su ess and ea h Eus!#* a use !he o!her o) &n o$"e!en e' @ha! %o!h !ended !o o+er#oo( was !ha! %o!h were arr*&ng ou! essen!&a# !as(s' The o#on&s!s )urn&shed !he !roo"s2 !he !a !& s2 so$e )unds and $an* su""#&esF !he Br&!&sh )urn&shed !he organ&Ha!&on2 !he d&s &"#&ne2 !he !ra&n&ng2 !he s!ra!eg*2 !he res! o) !he su""#&es and )unds2 and a%o+e a##2 !he sus!a&n&ng energ* !o (ee" !he ar$* &n %e&ng and "re"are )or )u!ure on!&ngen &es' <&n(ed !o !he $&#&!ar* ;ues!&on2 as I ha+e &nd& a!ed2 was !ha! o) !he Ind&ans and !he @es!ern #ands' The &$"er&a# go+ern$en! !oo( !he +&ew !ha! un#ess !here was !o %e ende$& 2 e8"ens&+e and %#ood* war on !he )ron!&er o) se!!#e$en!2 "#edges $ade !o !he Ind&ans had %e!!er %e (e"!2 and a## !rans)ers o) #and )ro$ red $en !o wh&!e had %e!!er %e $ade w&!h due #ega# "ro"r&e!*2 &n #ud&ng )a&r "a*$en! o) !he Ind&ans' I! was !he "o#& * o) !he Jua(ers &n Penns*#+an&a2 and was !o %e !ha! ado"!ed2 on !he who#e2 %* !he )edera# go+ern$en! &n !he "os!> Re+o#u!&onar* era2 !hus aga&n &##us!ra!&ng !he on!&nu&!* o) A$er& an h&s!or*' The se!!#ers2 or "&oneers as !he* wou#d o$e !o %e a##ed2 !oo(2 !he reader w&## no! %e sur"r&sed !o #earn2 a %o#der and rue##er a!!&!ude2 and %&!!er#* resen!ed !he Ro*a# Pro #a$a!&on o) ,5.3 wh& h drew a #&ne a#ong !he $a" )ro$ nor!h !o sou!h and s!a!ed !ha! !hus )ar $&gh! !he* go2 and no )ur!her2 &n !he&r ;ues! )or #and2 Gun!&# our )ur!her "#easure %e (nown1' The&r &nd&gna!&on2 and w&##&ngness !o de)* !he Pro #a$a!&on2 wou#d ha+e %een $u h &n reased had !he* (nown !ha! !he Board o) Trade w&shed !o "en !he$ u" %e!ween !he A""a#a h&ans and !he sea so !ha! !he* wou#d %e )or ed !o e$&gra!e !o !he new and e$"!* o#on&es o) No+a S o!&a2 Georg&a and !he F#or&das2 Gwhere !he* wou#d %e use)u# !o !he&r $o!her oun!r*2 &ns!ead o) "#an!&ng !he$se#+es &n !he hear! o) A$er& a2 ou! o) !he rea h o) go+ern$en!2 and where )ro$ !he grea! d&))& u#!* o) "ro ur&ng Euro"ean o$$od&!&es !he* wou#d %e o$"e##ed !o o$$en e $anu)a !ures !o !he &n)&n&!e "reEud& e o) Br&!a&n1' No! (now&ng !h&s2 !he o#on&s!s onso#ed !he$se#+es w&!h !he !hough! e8"ressed %* George @ash&ng!on !o h&s #and agen!2 !ha! !he Pro #a$a!&on was on#* Ga !e$"orar* e8"ed&en! !o ;u&e! !he $&nds o) !he Ind&ans1' As su h2 &! ou#d o) ourse %e &gnored' GThose see(&ng good #ands &n !he @es!21 sa&d @ash&ng!on2 G$us! )&nd and #a&$ !he$ w&!hou! de#a*'1 I! &s "#a&n2 !hen2 !ha! !here were $an* $a!!ers o) on!ro+ers* %e!ween !he o#on&es and !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en! &n !he ear#* s&8!&es wh& h were enough !o (ee" e+er*one %us* )or a #ong !&$e see(&ng $u!ua##* a e"!a%#e so#u!&ons2 %u! wh& h were un#&(e#* !o #ead !o a ru"!ure %e!ween !he !wo s&des' The Board o) Trade had %e o$e ra!her !oo se! &n !he o#d wa*s2 s!&## see&ng !he o#on&es and o#on&s!s as G$ere#* )a !ors )or !he "ur"oses o) !rade1F &! was2 a)!er a##2 an &ns!ru$en! o) !he o#d order2 who#ehear!ed#* ded& a!ed !o !he &n!eres!s o) !he Eng#&sh $er han!s2 "&##ars o) !ha! orderF %u! !he d&sagree$en!s ou#d ha+e s"u!!ered on )or *ears &n "er)e ! sa)e!* un!&# @h&!eha## $us!ered enough s!a!es$ansh&" !o dea# w&!h !he$' Indeed2 !here &s "#en!* o) e+&den e o) "ruden! and rea!&+e !hough! a%ou! !he E$"&re1s )u!ure a! !h&s "er&od= s#ow#*2 we $a* )ee#2 !he $ore $anagea%#e o#on&a# gr&e+an es ou#d ha+e %een a!!ended !o' The* were on#* dangerous &n !he on!e8! o) !he h&gh#* un$anagea%#e on!ro+ers&es de+e#o"&ng &n o!her "ar!s o) !he )ores!' These o!her &ssues a## %egan &n e ono$& s and ended &n "o#&!& s' Th&s was so %e ause2 &n e+er* ase2 !he !wo s&des2 w&!hou! %e&ng )u##* aware o) wha! !he* were do&ng2 were see(&ng !o $od&)* !he &ns!&!u!&ons and "ra !& es o) !he o#d o#on&a# s*s!e$ 4 &n &!se#) an &n!egra# "ar! o) !he Euro"ean o#d order 4 see(&ng !o ada"! !he$ !o !he needs o) a new age2 w&!hou! %e&ng agreed on e&!her !he $eans or !he ends o) !he e8er &se' Br&!&sh and A$er& ans a#&(e were s!rugg#&ng &n a
ne! o) &r u$s!an es wh& h !he* had no! wo+en and ou#d no! es a"eF !he* ou#d no! )u##* unders!and wha! was ha""en&ng !o !he$2 or !o ea h o!her' C' M' Andrews sugges!ed !ha! !he Br&!&sh E$"&re was a#read* %eg&nn&ng !o e+o#+e !owards &!s n&ne!een!h> en!ur* "a!!ern2 wh&#e !he !h&r!een o#on&es were $o+&ng !owards wha! !he* e+en!ua##* %e a$e2 an &nde"enden!2 un&!ar* Nor!h A$er& an na!&on' Th&s &s2 "erha"s2 a +&ew !oo do$&na!ed %* h&nds&gh! !o %e who##* on+&n &ngF %u! &! does a! #eas! a! h !he )ee#&ng wh& h o+erwhe#$s !he h&s!or&an )ro$ !&$e !o !&$e2 !ha! !he e ono$& 2 so &a#2 u#!ura# and !here)ore "o#&!& a# des!&n&es o) !he !wo "eo"#es were #ead&ng !he$ &ne8ora%#* a"ar!F "erha"s2 &n !he end2 !o )o##ow "ara##e# "a!hs2 %u!2 &ndu%&!a%#*2 !o )o##ow d&))eren! ones' So$e!h&ng +er* dee"2 so$e!h&ng ;u&!e en!ra#2 was a! &ssue %e!ween Grea! Br&!a&n and her o#on&esF &! )o##ows !ha! !o d&s o+er wha! &! was we $us! #oo( a! !he en!ra# "ro%#e$s o) $en1s #&+es2 and a! !he $e!ro"o#&!an areas o) !he o#on&es 4 no! a! !he w&#derness2 whe!her &n New Ha$"sh&re or !he Oh&o +a##e* or Georg&a2 %u! a! Bos!on2 Rhode Is#and2 New Yor(2 Ph&#ade#"h&a and B&rg&n&a' I! was &n !hese "#a es !ha! !he grea! dra$a un)o#ded2 en#&gh!en&ng !he "ar!& &"an!s %* &!s ourse as !o &!s )u## &$"or!an e and &$"#& a!&ons' @e !oo an %es! unders!and &! %* wa! h&ng &! de+e#o"= an see how &! grew %e)ore Mr Gren+&##e1s un)or!una!e e8"er&$en!2 how !ha! e8"er&$en! "ro+ed !o %e !he )a!a# !urn&ng> "o&n!2 and wh* &!s )a&#ure d&d no! %r&ng !he dra$a !o an end2 %u! $ere#* !o !he o"en&ng o) a new "hase' P&!!2 as we ha+e seen2 %egan !he "ro eed&ngs2 d&+er!&ng !he $er an!&#&s! s*s!e$ )ro$ &!s genera##* a e"!a%#e ro#e as !he $ore or #ess &$"ar!&a# regu#a!or o) &$"er&a# !rade !o !he $u h $ore ;ues!&ona%#e one o) de!er$&n&ng !he e ono$& #&)e o) !he E$"&re !o su&! !he $&#&!ar* and "o#&!& a# des&gns o) <ondon' Gren+&##e eager#* )o##owed h&$2 "ass&ng !he Sugar A ! a! a !&$e when h&s a !&on was er!a&n !o %e shar"#* resen!ed &n New Eng#and &n genera#2 and &n !he !owns o) Bos!on and New"or! &n "ar!& u#arF )or ea h de"ended on an un&$"eded !rade w&!h %o!h Fren h and Br&!&sh @es! Ind&es' British North ,meri%a1 176' D&s#&(e o) !he new s!r& !ness was &n )a ! so genera# !ha! !he Bos!on&ans se&Hed !he )&rs! o""or!un&!* o) sa%o!ag&ng !he #aws2 wh& h o urred #ong %e)ore !he Sugar A ! was "assed' In ,5., !he us!o$s o))& ers o) Bos!on a""#&ed )or wr&!s o) ass&s!an e !o ena%#e !he$ !o arr* ou! !he sear hes )or on!ra%and !ha! were "ar! o) !he&r Eo%' The !e hn& a#&!&es o) !hese wr&!s need no! de!a&n us= &! &s enough !o re ord !ha! !he our! )ound &n )a+our o) !he o))& ers2 %u! !he !e$"er o) Bos!on was su h !ha! !he wr&!s ou#d ne+er aga&n %e used &n Massa huse!!s' In ,5.. wr&!s o) ass&s!an e &n !he o#on&es were d&sa##owed %* !he Eng#&sh A!!orne*>Genera#' The ase has grea! s*$%o#& &$"or!an e2 )or no! on#* d&d &!2 &n !he end2 #ead !o a su ess)u# de)&an e %* !he o#on&s!s o) an A ! o) Par#&a$en! 9!he ,.-. Na+&ga!&on A ! au!hor&Hed wr&!s o) ass&s!an e:2 %u! &! $ade !he #aw*er 0a$es O!&s 9,5/A473: )a$ous as a rad& a# #eader' O!&s a""eared as ounse# )or !he $er han!s o) Massa huse!!s' O!her #aw*ers &n !he ase argued dr* "o&n!s o) #awF he "ass&ona!e#* denoun ed !he wr&!s2 wh& h san !&oned !he en!r* and sear h o) "r&+a!e houses2 as aga&ns! na!ura# #aw and !here)ore aga&ns! !he Br&!&sh Cons!&!u!&on and !here)ore &##ega# wha!e+er A !s o) Par#&a$en! sa&d' H&s s"ee h was &n !he an!&> "reroga!&+e !rad&!&on o) !he o$$on #aw2 %u! &! was "erha"s $ore no!a%#e )or &!s e#o;uen e !han &!s #earn&ng2 and none !he #ess e))e !&+e )or !ha!' I! was an e8!raord&nar* a h&e+e$en!2 )or &n &! O!&s #ea")rogged a## !he &ssues !ha! were !o "er"#e8 !he Br&!&sh and A$er& ans &n !he *ears !o o$e and arr&+ed a! !he s&$"#e a""ea# !o na!ura# #aw2 r&gh! and Eus!& e wh& h2 &n ,55.2 !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e was !o use as !he %as& Eus!&)& a!&on o) !he o#on&es1 re%e##&on' The s"ee h e#e !r&)&ed &!s hearers2 one o) who$2 ano!her rad& a# Bos!on&an #aw*er2 *oung 0ohn Ada$s 9,53A4,7/.:2 was !o da!e !he Re+o#u!&on )ro$ &!s u!!eran e' GO!&s was a )#a$e o)
)&re21 he re o##e !ed &n o#d age'GQ E+er* $an o) an &$$ense rowded aud&en e a""eared !o $e !o go awa*2 as I d&d2 read* !o !a(e ar$s aga&ns! wr&!s o) ass&s!an e' Then and !here2 was !he )&rs! s ene o) !he )&rs! a ! o) o""os&!&on2 !o !he ar%&!rar* #a&$s o) Grea! Br&!a&n' Then and !here2 !he h&#d Inde"enden e was %orn'1 No dou%! !here &s so$e e8aggera!&on &n !h&s a oun!2 %u! !here &s no dou%! !ha! !he s"ee h was re$ar(a%#e and arr&ed 0a$es O!&s !o a "os&!&on o) rad& a# #eadersh&"' A *ear a)!er h&s e$ergen e ano!her #ega# ora!or &n ano!her o#on* rose !o )a$e &n !he sa$e wa*' Aga&n a #ash %e!ween o#on&a# and Br&!&sh e ono$& o>"o#&!& a# &n!eres!s #a* &n !he %a (ground2 !h&s !&$e &n !he )or$ o) a de%!or> red&!or on!ro+ers* a%ou! !he urren *' The "#an!ers o) B&rg&n&a2 on)&den! &n !he $ar(e!a%&#&!* o) !he&r !o%a o2 had2 as we ha+e seen2 )e#! )ree !o )&nan e a #u8ur&ous wa* o) #&)e %* runn&ng u" enor$ous de%!s' Un)or!una!e#* !he* had )a&#ed !o re (on w&!h !he wea!her2 and so$e %ad har+es!s &n !he )&)!&es "#unged !he$ &n!o d&))& u#!&es w&!h !he&r red&!ors2 !he S o!!&sh and Eng#&sh $er han!s2 who wan!ed !o %e "a&d2 e&!her &n!eres! or "r&n &"a#2 &n good urren * 4 "re)era%#* &n !o%a o2 wh& h ou#d %e so#d a! a "ro)&!' In order !o )&nd !o%a o !o sa!&s)* !he $er han!s !he "#an!ers "assed a #aw a! !he e8"ense o) !he B&rg&n&an #erg*2 whose s!&"ends were su""osed !o %e "a&d &n !o%a o2 %u! who were now re;u&red !o a e"! B&rg&n&an "a"er $one* &ns!ead' Aga&n we need no! )o##ow !he de!a&#s o) !he d&s"u!e wh& h ensued 9&! was o$"ro$&sed e+en!ua##*:2 and !he so> a##ed GParsons1 Case1 wh& h arose ou! o) &! was on#* a s&de>&ssueF %u! Pa!r& ( Henr* 9,53.4--:2 a S o!!&sh Pres%*!er&an #aw*er )ro$ !he %a (> oun!r*2 $ade a ons!&!u!&ona# dra$a ou! o) &!' The K&ng2 a !&ng !hrough !he Pr&+* Coun &#2 had d&sa##owed !he #aw )or &ng !he "arsons !o a e"! "a"er $one*2 had heM Then he had %ro(en !he o$"a ! %e!ween h&$ and h&s "eo"#e2 degenera!ed &n!o a !*ran! and )or)e&!ed a## r&gh! !o h&s su%Ee !s1 o%ed&en e' Unders!anda%#*2 !h&s "ro+o(ed r&es o) GTreasonT1 %u! Henr* swe"! on !o denoun e !he #erg* as ra"a &ous har"&es and was arr&ed shou#der>h&gh )ro$ !he our!>roo$' The "#a&n!&)) 9!he Re+erend 0a$es Maur*: was awarded da$ages o) one "enn*' Nor was !ha! !he end o) !he on!ro+ers*' The "arsons dro""ed ou!2 %u! !he under#*&ng d&))& u#!* was s!&## !here= !he "#an!ers owed $ore !han !he* ou#d "a*2 and w&!h ons&dera%#e s"&r&! and unn&ng on!r&+ed !o e+ade !he&r o%#&ga!&ons2 &n s"&!e o) !he&r red&!ors1 "ressure' Ye! wh&#e !h&s "ressure )ro$ Br&!a&n on!&nued2 )ee#&ng &n B&rg&n&a grew $ore and $ore e$%&!!ered' B* !he !&$e o) !he Re+o#u!&on2 <' H' G&"son has "o&n!ed ou!2 !e$"ers were so h&gh !ha! none o) !he "#an!ers were #o*a#&s!s and none o) !he $er han!s were re%e#s' @ha! &s s!r&(&ng a%ou! !hese &n &den!s &s !ha! !he* o urred %e)ore !he end o) !he Se+en Years @ar 9!hough no! %e)ore +& !or* was &n s&gh!:' The* show how dangerous#* eas* &! was !o s!&r u" an!&> go+ern$en!a# )ee#&ngs &n !he !wo #ead&ng o#on&es2 e+en w&!hou! undue "ro+o a!&on' Bu! "ro+o a!&on2 o) ourse2 was no! #ong &n o$&ng' In ,5.6 Gren+&##e "ushed !he Sugar A ! !hrough Par#&a$en!' No o!her &n &den! &n !he $a(&ng o) !he Re+o#u!&on has %een $ore w&de#* $&sunders!ood !han !h&s' The Sugar A ! $ade !he hange &n !he &$"er&a# s*s!e$ a""aren! !o a##' Re+enue2 no! !rade regu#a!&on2 was now !o %e !he "ur"ose o) !he Na+&ga!&on A !s' A shou! o) &nd&gna!&on wen! u" )ro$ !he o#on&a# $er han!s' The du!* on $o#asses &$"or!ed !o !he $a&n#and o#on&es )ro$ !he non> Br&!&sh @es! Ind&es was redu ed )ro$ !he no!&ona# .d' !o 3d'2 %u! Gren+&##e $ade &! "#a&n !ha! )ro$ now on !he )u## du!* wou#d %e o##e !ed' In o!her words2 )or reasons a#read* g&+en2,? he was rea##* ra&s&ng !he du!* %* /d' a ga##on' So &n a !orren! o) "a$"h#e!s2 news"a"ers and #e!!ers !he $er han!s "red& !ed !ha! !he* wou#d %e u!!er#* ru&nedF,, and on !he who#e h&s!or&ans ha+e !a(en !he$ a! !he&r word' On#* G&"son has "o&n!ed ou! !ha! !he $o#asses was re;u&red )or $a(&ng ru$ and !ha! !he en!&re h&s!or* o) !a8a!&on &$"osed on %ooHe shows !ha!2 wha!e+er !he du!*2 dr&n(ers w&## "a* &!' In o!her words2 &! &s +er* eas* )or %rewers and d&s!&##ers !o "ass on !he&r os!s !o !he&r us!o$ers' Hen e !he sang )ro&d w&!h wh& h $odern
Chan e##ors o) !he E8 he;uer ra&se !he du!* on S o! h )ro$ !&$e !o !&$e' Gren+&##e2 &n )a !2 had hosen an a#$os! "a&n#ess wa* o) ra&s&ng re+enueF %u! !he d&s!&##ers o) A$er& a shr&e(ed as &) !he* had %een s!a%%ed' The !ru!h &s !ha! !he "ros"erous da*s o) war had2 on!rar* !o !he o#on&s!s1 e8"e !a!&on2 %een )o##owed2 &n A$er& a as &n Euro"e2 %* a "ea e!&$e s#u$"',/T&$es were %ad )or !raders on %o!h s&des o) !he A!#an!& 2 and &! was &$"oss&%#e )or !he A$er& an $er han!s no! !o %e#&e+e !ha! !he Sugar A ! wou#d $a(e $a!!ers worse' Co$"ared !o !h&s %e#&e) &! was o) #ess2 %u! s!&## grea! &$"or!an e !ha! !he A !2 #oose#* and &n ons&dera!e#* dra)!ed 9as !ended !o %e !he ase w&!h Gren+&##e1s $easures:2 ha$"ered !he who#e $ar&!&$e !rade2 and es"e &a##* oas!a# !ra))& 2 w&!h a se! o) &n!ense#* &rr&!a!&ng2 %e ause &n on+en&en! and un)a&r2 regu#a!&ons2 and rea!ed wha! #oo(ed #&(e a "a!ronage $a h&ne2 Ghordes o) "e!!* "#a e$en12 !o en)or e !he$' So$e2 #&(e Ch&e) 0us!& e Tho$as Hu! h&nson o) Massa huse!!s 9,5,,47?:2 e+en saw !ha! !he sugar du!* was essen!&a##* a !a8 on !he "eo"#e2 and !hus #ashed w&!h wha! Hu! h&nson a##ed G!he so $u h es!ee$ed "r&+&#ege o) Eng#&sh su%Ee !s 4 !he %e&ng !a8ed %* !he&r own re"resen!a!&+es1' The u"roar was enor$ous2 and a +&gorous $o+e$en! was #aun hed !o %o* o!! Br&!&sh goods un!&# !he go+ern$en! a$e !o &!s senses' The row had no! su%s&ded when !he S!a$" A ! was "assed' I! &s s$a## wonder !ha! !here was an un"re eden!ed e8"#os&on2 or !ha!2 %e ause o) !he Sugar A !2 so#&d $er han!s2 !he $os! &n)#uen!&a# and nor$a##* a$ong !he $os! onser+a!&+e e#e$en!s o) o#on&a# so &e!*2 asso &a!ed !he$se#+es w&!h &!' The de &s&+e "roo) o) Gren+&##e1s $ass&+e )r&+o#&!* &s !ha! he was so un)&! )or h&s "os! as !o %e unaware !ha! !o !he o#on&s!s !he S!a$" A ! rea##* was !he #as! s!raw 4 was rea##* #&(e a $a! h !o gun"owder' In "ar!&a# e8!enua!&on &! an %e "#eaded !ha! e+en !he o#on&a# agen!s &n <ondon2 e+en BenEa$&n Fran(#&n2 d&d no! )oresee !he d&$ens&ons o) !he rea !&onF %u! &! &s !he %us&ness o) go+ern$en!s !o %e we## &n)or$ed and !o (now wha! !he* are a%ou!' To urge !ha! Gren+&##e ou#d ha+e done no %e!!er 9!hough !h&s &s h&gh#* dou%!)u#: &s on#* !o sa* !ha! Br&!a&n was &n a"a%#e o) go+ern&ng A$er& aF wh& h was2 o) ourse2 wha! !he o#on&s!s a$e !o !h&n( and !o "ro+e' Bu! $u h had !o ha""en )&rs!' S ar e#* a sou# ou#d %e )ound &n A$er& a !o de)end !he S!a$" A !F %u! ne+er!he#ess !he o#on&s!s were )ar )ro$ un&!ed' On !he on!rar*2 !he* ;u& (#* s"#&! &n!o $odera!e and rad& a# )a !&ons2 w&!h !he rad& a#s arr*&ng !he da*' Th&s &n &!se#) &nd& a!es how $u h !he $o+e$en! o) res&s!an e !o Br&!&sh "reroga!&+es was !o hange A$er& a2 )or un!&# ,5.A we##> onne !ed and we##> o)) onser+a!&+es had ru#ed !he roos! &n e+er* o#on*' The* were swe"! awa* &n !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s' Pa!r& ( Henr* and h&s )o##owers rushed !he B&rg&n&an asse$%#* &n!o "ass&ng a se! o) an!&>S!a$" reso#u!&ons2 !he essen e o) wh& h was !he&r asser!&on o) !he "r&n &"#e o) no !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on' B* an a%surd a &den!2,3 !he &dea go! a%ou! &n !he o!her o#on&es !ha! B&rg&n&a had gone $u h )ur!her2 urg&ng d&so%ed&en e !o !he A ! and "ros r&%&ng2 as an ene$*2 an* $an who su""or!ed &!F and !he* were ;u& ( !o )o##ow !he su""osed e8a$"#e' Be)ore !he news arr&+ed &n Bos!on2 !he Massa huse!!s asse$%#*2 !he Genera# Cour! o) !he o#on*2 had #aun hed a "ro"osa# )or a on)eren e o) de#ega!es )ro$ a## !he o#on&es !o d&s uss $easures o) res&s!an eF and !h&s $ee!&ng2 !he e#e%ra!ed S!a$" A ! Congress2 d&d &n )a ! o"en on 5 O !o%er' B* !hen $a!!ers had !a(en an e+en $ore dra$a!& !urn' The $o% had gone !o wor(' The rowd &n !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on %ad#* needs a h&s!or&an' The !rad&!&ona# "& !ure2 o) a un&;ue#* d&s r&$&na!&ng2 $odera!e2 "o#&!& a##* $o!&+a!ed $o%2 #ed or $an&"u#a!ed %*2 &) no! ons&s!&ng en!&re#* o)2 $e$%ers o) !he $&dd#e or e+en !he u""er #asses 9one hears re"ea!ed#* o) wor($en1s #o!hes and %#a (ened )a es ser+&ng as &ne))e !&+e d&sgu&ses:2 has %een d&s red&!ed2 %u! as *e! no o$"#e!e su%s!&!u!e has %een "ro+&ded' There was ons&dera%#e u""er> #ass "ar!& &"a!&on &n so$e o) !he d&s!ur%an es= a $&##>owner and $&#&!&a o))& er #ed a r&s&ng
aga&ns! !he @h&!e P&ne A !s &n New Ha$"sh&re &n ,5A6F Ga## !he "r&n &"a# gen!#e$en1 &n Nor)o#(2 B&rg&n&a2 were a##eged !o ha+e ass&s!ed a! !he !arr&ng and )ea!her&ng o) a us!o$s o))& &a# &n ,5..F o!her &ns!an es ou#d %e su""#&ed' In !he Re+o#u!&onar* $o%s2 "ar!& &"a!&on and a $easure o) d&re !&on %* !he G%e!!er sor!1 were un&+ersa#= Eng#&sh "o#& * un&!ed !he A$er& ans and $ade &! "oss&%#e )or !he "ros"erous !o san !&on #aw#essness wh& h &n o!her !&$es horr&)&ed !he$' Bu! !he rowd e8&s!ed &nde"enden!#* o) &!s #eaders2 so$e!&$es 9)or e8a$"#e2 &n Rhode Is#and: ge!!&ng ou! o) !he&r on!ro#2 and we (now !ha! !he o$"ara!&+e res!ra&n! and res"e ! )or #ega#&!* o) !he A$er& an $o% a#so hara !er&Hed !he $o%s o) <ondon dur&ng !he @&#(es and Gordon r&o!s2 and e+en !he Par&s&an $o% dur&ng !he Fren h Re+o#u!&on= !he e&gh!een!h> en!ur* rowd (new wha! &! was a%ou!2 e+en &!s wors! org&es o) +&o#en e were no! "o&n!#ess2 and &!s s&$u#!aneous &$"a ! on !he h&s!or* o) Fran e2 Eng#and and A$er& a &s one $ore "&e e o) e+&den e show&ng how un&)or$ was !he h&s!or* o) !he A!#an!& wor#d dur&ng !h&s "er&od' The +er* #ow dea!h>ra!e &n o#on&a# d&s!ur%an es was due #ess !o !he res!ra&n! o) !he rowd !han !o !he wea(ness o) !he au!hor&!&es2 )or &n Euro"e &! was usua##* !he* who d&d !he (&##&ng2 no! !he r&o!ers'@e an &n)er )ro$ a## !h&s !ha! !he A$er& an $o% was #&(e &!s Euro"ean oun!er"ar!s &n o!her res"e !s= a%o+e a## !ha! &! was #arge#* se#)> d&re !&ng2 $os! o) !he !&$e' Howe+er2 !here &s $u h !ha! we do no! *e! (now a%ou! !he rowd2 $u h !ha! we need !o (now !ha! a! "resen! we an on#* guess' There had a#wa*s %een r&o!s &n !he A$er& an !owns and oun!r*s&de2 %u! wha! !ou hed !he$ o))M1 @ha! was !he re#a!&on o) !he e ono$& !o !he "o#&!& a# &n a rowd1s sense o) gr&e+an eM A%o+e a##2 who and wha! were !he r&o!ersM So$e +a#ua%#e wor( has %een done on !h&s #as! !o"& wh& h !hrows so$e #&gh! on !he o!hers as we##' A"ar! )ro$ a grou" o) ar"en!ers who )or$ed "ar! o) a New Yor( $o% &n ,5.A2 !he h&e) &den!&)&a%#e o$"onen!s o) !he ur%an rowd were Gar$ed sea$en2 ser+an!s2 NegroesQ1F Gsea$en2 %o*s2 and Negroes1F Gsau * %o*s2 Negroes and $u#a!!oes2 Ir&sh !eagues and ou! #and&sh Ea ( !ars1 4 !h&s #as! %e&ng 0ohn Ada$s1s a oun! o) !he $o% !ha! ra$"aged !hrough Bos!on a)!er !he Massa re &n ,55?' @e need !o %e on our guard here 4 Ada$s was des r&%&ng one &n &den! on#*2 &n a s"ee h2 )ur!her$ore2 as de)end&ng ounse#' S!ud&es o) Fren h "o"u#ar h&s!or* sugges! !ha! !he we##>o)) were +er* "rone !o e8aggera!e !he &$"or!an e o) ungra!e)u# ser+an!s &n re+o#u!&onar* $o+e$en!s2 !hough !he #&(e#&hood !ha!2 here2 &nden!ured ser+an!s are $ean! $a(es !he ana#*s&s $ore a e"!a%#e' No dou%! $an* o) !he GNegroes1 were wh&!es w&!h %#a (ened )a es 9&! was er!a&n#* a res"e !a%#e $o% 4 &! Pur&!an& a##* re)used !o r&o! on Sunda*s:' Ne+er!he#ess !here &s no need !o %e en!&re#* s e"!& a#2 s&n e !here &s a$"#e on)&r$a!or* e+&den e !ha! sa&#ors )or$ed a #arge e#e$en! &n !hese $o%s2 and s&n e !he #&s!s "resen! a ons&s!en! "& !ure o) a rowd )or$ed o) !he se+ere#* d&sad+an!aged2 #&!!#e a!!a hed !o !he&r o$$un&!&es and !he&r ru#ers' The "o"u#a!&on o) !he o#on&a# &!&es and !owns was h&gh#* $o%&#e a! !he #owes! #e+e#= &) a $an ou#d no! earn a de en! #&+&ng &n2 sa*2 Bos!on2 he wen! e#sewhere' Man* Gsau * %o*s1 ha)ed2 #&(e !he *oung Fran(#&n2 a! !he res!ra&n!s o) !he a""ren!& esh&" s*s!e$ and ran awa* )ro$ !he&r na!&+e "#a es2 #&(e h&$2 !o !r* !he&r #u ( &n ano!her o#on* 4 or &n Eng#and 4 or a! sea' A)r& ans2 whe!her )ree or ens#a+ed2 were "ro)ound#* d&sad+an!aged2 &n !he Nor!h as &n !he Sou!h2 &n !he &!&es as &n !he oun!r*s&deF %u! !he* were #eas! a$ena%#e !o oer &on and on!ro# &n !he !owns' As !o !he sea$en2 !he #arges! e#e$en! &n !he ur%an wor(&ng #ass2 !he* had a hos! o) gr&e+an es and a #ong e8"er&en e o) r&o!&ng' E+er* o#on* w&!h sea%oard !ra))& (new wha! a "ress>r&o! wasF e+er* sa&#or$an wen! &n dread o) !he "ress>gang' @e !end !o #oo( %a ( on &$"ress$en! as a "& !ures;ue ne ess&!* o) !he Age o) Horn%#ower' A !ua##* &! was a sa+age "ra !& e o) a sa+age ser+& e= #ega#&Hed (&dna""&ng' No! un!&# !he $u!&n&es 9$ore "ro"er#*2 s!r&(es: a! !he Nore and S"&!head dur&ng !he Fren h
Re+o#u!&onar* wars d&d !he wor(&ng ond&!&ons o) !he Ro*a# Na+* %eg&n !o &$"ro+e' In $&d> en!ur* !he* were horr&%#e' <&)e on !he o ean %#ue was no "& n& &n !he $er han! )#ee!s= wha#&ng was a "ar!& u#ar#* %&!!er and dangerous o u"a!&on' <&)e &n !he Ro*a# Na+* was )ar worse' D&s &"#&ne was harsh and &rra!&ona#F rue# "un&sh$en!s )ar )ro$ unusua# 9$er &#ess )#ogg&ng was !he ru#e:F !he "a* was %ad2 and2 a"ar! )ro$ !he dangers o) war2 a $an1s hea#!h was ons!an!#* &$"er&##ed %* s ur+*2 )e+er and !he we! and )&#!h* #&+&ng ond&!&ons o) !he #ower de (' On one "o&n! Do !ors 0ohnson and Fran(#&n were agreed= !he sea was no #&)e )or a $an' Dr 0ohnson res ued h&s %#a ( ser+an! )ro$ &!2 Dr Fran(#&n h&s son' Dr 0ohnson re$ar(ed !ha! Gno $an w&## %e a sa&#or who has on!r&+an e enough !o ge! h&$se#) &n!o a Ea&#F )or %e&ng &n a sh&" &s %e&ng &n a Ea&#2 w&!h !he han e o) %e&ng drowned1' Dr Fran(#&n o%ser+ed !ha! &##ness was e+en o$$oner &n !he Ro*a# Na+* !han &n !he $er han! $ar&ne2 and $ore )re;uen!#* )a!a# a! !ha!' Dea!h )ro$ dr&n(2 $adness or d&sease was &ndeed so o$$on !ha! we anno! wonder !ha! !he na+* was &n essan!#* "#agued %* !he "ro%#e$s o) deser!&on and under$ann&ng' So$e a"!a&ns !r&ed !o a+er! deser!&on %* w&!hho#d&ng !he&r rews1 "a* )or *ears2 a# u#a!&ng !ha! a $an wou#d hang on !o o##e !2 e+en!ua##*2 wha! was owed h&$2 ra!her !han #ose a## ho"e o) h&s "a* %* !a(&ng !o )#&gh!F %u! !h&s on#* added one $ore e+&# !o a #&)e a#read* !oo )u## o) !he$2 and was &ne))e !&+e' So2 ra!her !han !rea! sa&#ors de en!#*2 &$"ress$en! was ons!an!#* resor!ed !o' I! was o) +er* un er!a&n #ega#&!* &n A$er& a %e!ween ,5?7 and ,55A2 %u! !ha! ou#d no! s!o" !he na+*' I!s sh&"s haun!ed !he oas!2 &!s gangs regu#ar#* wen! ashore or %oarded $er han! +esse#s &n sear h o) deser!ers or o) e8!ra hands' The "eo"#e o) !he o#on&es rea !ed !o !he ;ues! )or deser!ers and $en !o "ress $u h as !he&r des endan!s &n !he Nor!h were !o rea ! !o !he ;ues! )or )ug&!&+e s#a+es &n !he $&d>n&ne!een!h en!ur*F and &ndeed sa&#ors were no %e!!er o)) !han s#a+es &n a## !oo $an* res"e !s2 %e&ng !o!a##* a! !he $er * o) !he&r e$"#o*ers= !here &s e+en a !a#e o) one o) !he !oo>nu$erous orru"! a"!a&ns "ress&ng $en and !hen se##&ng !he$ !o o!her sh&"s' @&+es )eared )or !he&r hus%ands2 "aren!s )or !he&r sons2 "arsons )or !he&r )#o (s2 $er han!s and s(&""ers )or !he rews o) !he&r !rad&ng +esse#s' E+en !he argu$en! !ha! !he Ro*a# Na+* "ro!e !ed !he E$"&re and !he !rade rou!es #os! )or e= Fran(#&n o$$en!ed2 a! !he he&gh! o) !he war &n ,5A-2 !ha! GNew Yor( and Bos!on ha+e so o)!en )ound !he &n on+en&en e o)Q s!a!&on sh&"s !ha! !he* are +er* &nd&))eren! a%ou! ha+&ng !he$= !he "ress&ng o) !he&r $en and !here%* d&sa""o&n!&ng +o*ages2 o)!en hur!&ng !he&r !rade $ore !han !he ene$* hur!s &!'1 I! &s no! sur"r&s&ng2 !here)ore2 !ha! $en were o)!en so des"era!e !o a+o&d &$"ress$en! !ha! !he* "re)erred !o )&gh! ra!her !han o$e ;u&e!#*' Conse;uen!#* "ress>r&o!s2 &n wh& h dea!hs o urred on %o!h s&des2 were regu#ar o urren es' Nor wou#d &! %e sur"r&s&ng &)2 as $a* ha+e ha""ened2 sa&#ors and !he "oorer &nha%&!an!s o) !he "or!s on e&+ed a sense o) !he r&gh!s !ha! were den&ed !he$2 a ha!red o) !he na+* and a s e"!& &s$ a%ou! !he #a&$s o) !he au!hor&!&es' <&(e !he "oor o) <ondon and Par&s2 !he* had su))ered !oo $u h !o %e na!ura# su""or!ers o) !he s!a!us ;uo' @hen !he* r&o!ed !he* wan!ed Eus!& e2 or2 &) !ha! was una!!a&na%#e2 re+enge' P#under2 e+en a# oho#& "#under2 see$s !o ha+e %een a $&nor &ndu e$en!= !he* were no! so#d&ers' The ;ues!&on re$a&ns2 wha! %rough! !he$ ou! aga&ns! !he s!a$" !a8M Be&ng a harge on #ega# and o$$er &a# %us&ness2 &! ou#d ha+e #&!!#e d&re ! e))e ! on !he "oorer #assesF and !he r* o) Gno !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on1 ou#d $ean #&!!#e !o !hose who were no! re"resen!ed e+en &n !he o#on&a# asse$%#&es' Bu! &n !he !h&r!een o#on&es &n ,5.A 9and ou!s&de !he$ !oo= se+era# o) !he @es! Ind&an &s#ands o""osed !he !a8: a## ond&!&ons wor(ed !o one end' The e ono$* was s!&## de"ressed2 so une$"#o*$en! was h&gh' Sa&#ors were as! on shore w&!h !he o$&ng o) "ea e= no $ore "r&+a!eers2 and a s#u$" &n $ar&!&$e !rade2 u! !he Eo%>su""#*' Dur&ng !he war "r& es had r&senF &n !he "ea e !he $one* su""#* was u! %a (2 %u! "r& es d&d no! )a## and !he wage>earner was worse o)) !han e+er' The Sugar A ! %rough! !he )ear !ha! !he "r& e o) ru$
wou#d r&se 9and ru$ was a )ood as we## as a dr&n( !o $an* "oor "eo"#e:= a s&$&#ar )ear had !ou hed o)) !he r&o!s aga&ns! !he &der !a8 &n !he a""#e> oun!&es o) Eng#and' F&na##*2 &! $a* %e argued2 so$eone #&)!ed !he #&d' Ne+er %e)ore had !rou%#e s"read so ra"&d#* or so un&+ersa##* )ro$ o#on* !o o#on* 4 no! e+en &n ,.7-2 when !he news o) !he G#or&ous Re+o#u!&on had !ou hed o)) re%e##&on aga&ns! ha#)>a>doHen un"o"u#ar go+ern$en!s' The Eng#&sh $&gh! we## regre! a#&ena!&ng !he "r&n!ers= !hrough !he&r news"a"ers and "a$"h#e!s !he* now he#"ed !o un&!e o"&n&on2 )ro$ !o" !o %o!!o$ and nor!h !o sou!h2 &n o""os&!&on !o !he S!a$" A !' E+en !he onser+a!&+es &n Massa huse!!s e hoed 0a$es O!&s1s #anguage o) na!ura# r&gh!s &n denoun &ng &!' Rad& a#s urged res&s!an e' Se re! grou"s $e! !o on er! "#ans2 )or &! was genera##* )e#! !ha! des"era!e $easures were needed' These grou"s )or$ed on!a !s w&!h !he #eaders o) !he rowd' The s!or$ %ro(e &n Augus!2 &n Bos!on' Andrew O#&+er had %een a""o&n!ed D&s!r&%u!or o) S!a$"s )or Massa huse!!sF so on ,6 Augus! !he $o% hanged h&$ &n e))&g* )ro$ a !ree &n Bos!on 9(nown !herea)!er as !he <&%er!* Tree:F #e+e##ed a new %r& ( %u&#d&ng he had %u&#! as a s"e u#a!&onF %ro(e !he w&ndows o) h&s "r&+a!e house2 wh& h &! #a!er sa (edF and %urned !he e))&g* a! a grea! %on)&re' The o#on&a# go+ern$en! ou#d do no!h&ng %u! wr&ng &!s handsF so !he ne8! da* O#&+er2 &$"ressed %* !h&s #ear e8"ress&on o) "u%#& o"&n&on2 announ ed !ha! he wou#d res&gn h&s "os!' GE+er*one agrees !ha! !h&s r&o! e8 eeds a## o!hers (nown here21 !he Go+ernor re"or!ed2 GQ ne+er had an* $o% so $an* a%e!!ors o) onse;uen e as !h&s &s su""osed !o ha+e had'1 Bu! &! was ;u& (#* ou!done' For !we#+e da*s #a!er !he rowd de &ded !o +en! &!s anger aga&ns! a## !hose &n+o#+ed &n en)or &ng !he !rade #aws' I! des!ro*ed !he re ords o) !he +& e> ad$&ra#!* our! and wre (ed !he houses o) !he reg&s!er o) !he our!2 o) !he Co$"!ro##er o) Cus!o$s and o) Ch&e) 0us!& e Hu! h&nson 4 who2 as he was !oo we## aware2 had done no!h&ng !o deser+e !h&s "un&sh$en!' Ye! !he a!!a ( on Hu! h&nson &s "ro%a%#* !he $os! s&gn&)& an! o) !hese e"&sodes' He was eas&#* !he $os! d&s!&ngu&shed $an &n !he o#on*= a des endan! o) Anne Hu! h&nsonF a #ead&ng $er han!F an e8 e##en! h&s!or&anF <&eu!enan! Go+ernor' More !o !he "o&n!2 he had de+o!ed h&$se#) !o !he "u%#& we#)are as a #ead&ng o))& &a# )or !wen!* *ears or $ore2 and had done grea! ser+& e2 )&rs!2 &n !he re)or$ o) Massa huse!!s1 urren * &$$ed&a!e#* a)!er !he @ar o) !he Aus!r&an Su ess&on2 a re)or$ wh& h had g&+en !he o#on* !he soundes! $one* &n A$er& aF se ond2 %* h&s ondu ! o) !he o#on*1s )&nan es dur&ng !he Se+en Years @arF !h&rd#*2 %* h&s ad$&n&s!ra!&on o) !hose )&nan es s&n e ,5.3' Un)or!una!e#* he was a#so so$e!h&ng o) a $ono"o#&s! o) go+ern$en! o))& e' He was re#a!ed %* $arr&age !o Andrew O#&+er2 and !he )a$&#&es o) !he !wo $en2 #ose#* &n!er!w&ned2 )ound )ew "os!s %enea!h !he&r d&gn&!*' The r&s&ng !&de o) &$"er&a# ord&nan es and &$"er&a# en)or e$en! #ed !o an &n rease &n !he nu$%er o) "os!s a+a&#a%#e !o su h o##e !ors' A ord&ng#*2 when !he $o% a!!a (ed Hu! h&nson &! was a!!a (&ng !he "er)e ! s*$%o# o) Ang#o> A$er& an &$"er&a# or!hodo8*' I! was a!!a (&ng !he e ono$& "o#& &es wh& h (e"! $an* o) &!s $e$%ers ou! o) wor(F !he "o#&!& a# s!ru !ure wh& h &n+o#+ed !he$ &n war or !he e8&gen &es o) war 9es"e &a##* &$"ress$en!:F and !he ar&s!o ra *2 "ar!>$er an!&#e2 "ar!>o))& &a#2 wh& h was s#ow#* )or$&ng 9Go+ernor Bernard o) Massa huse!!s2 a #ose a##* o) Hu! h&nson1s2 drea$ed o) rea!&ng a o#on&a# "eerage2 &n wh& h h&s )r&end wou#d no dou%! ha+e enEo*ed a "#a e:' So &! &s hard !o %e#&e+e !ha! !he rowd needed $u h &n &!e$en!F %u! &) &! d&d2 !here was an a !&on o$$&!!ee o) $&dd#e> #ass !rades$en2 (nown a! )&rs! as !he <o*a# N&ne and !hen as !he Sons o) <&%er!*2 !o egg &! on !hrough &!s #eader2 E%eneHer Ma &n!osh2 a shoe$a(er'/?The <o*a# N&ne had %een %eh&nd !he r&o! o) ,6 Augus!2 and &! &s hard !o dou%! !ha! !he* had a hand &n !ha! o) !he /.!h' Ye! &! a#so see$s #ear !ha! so$e o) !he $en %eh&nd !he se ond a))a&r had #&!!#e &n!eres! &n s!a$"s %u! a grea! one &n des!ro*&ng e+&den e !ha! !he* were s$ugg#ers wh& h2 !he* )eared2 had o$e &n!o Hu! h&nson1s hands' I) so !h&s o$"#e!es !he "& !ure o) an u"r&s&ng aga&ns! a## as"e !s o) !he !rad&!&ona# order'
The e8a$"#e !hus g&+en ;u& (#* s"read !o o!her o#on&es' I! %e a$e a )a+our&!e "as!&$e !o %urn !he e))&g* o) a s!a$" d&s!r&%u!or 9o)!en2 as &n !he O#&+er &n &den!2 w&!h a %oo!2 !o s!and )or <ord Bu!e2 !&ed !o &!s shou#der:2 !o "u## down houses and !o !error&He !he res"e !a%#e'/, The New Yor( d&s!r&%u!or was dr&+en !o res&gn on !he n&gh! o) !he Hu! h&nson r&o!F !wo da*s #a!er2 a $o% a! New"or!2 )or!&)&ed %* Gs!rong dr&n( &n "#en!* w&!h Chesh&re heese and o!her "ro+o a!&ons !o &n!e$"eran e and r&o!12 )or ed !he res&gna!&on o) !he Rhode Is#and d&s!r&%u!orF Se"!e$%er and O !o%er saw !he d&s!r&%u!ors &n $os! o) !he o!her o#on&es res&gn&ng !oo' The d&s!r&%u!or &n Conne !& u! was !hrea!ened w&!h #*n h&ng &) he d&dn1!F so was !he d&s!r&%u!or &n !he Baha$asF %o!h !oo( !he h&n!' The oun!r*s&de was as roused as !he !own 4 &n Massa huse!!s2 $ore so' GThe* !a#( o) re+o#!&ng )ro$ Grea! Br&!a&n &n !he $os! )a$&#&ar $anner21 !he Go+ernor re"or!ed2 Gand de #are !ha! !hough !he Br&!&sh )or es shou#d "ossess !he$se#+es o) !he oas! and $ar&!&$e !owns2 !he* w&## ne+er su%due !he &n#and'1 In Georg&a &! was !he oun!r* "eo"#e who )or ed !he $er han!s o) Sa+annah no! !o use !he s!a$"s' I! was aga&ns! !h&s !ur%u#en! %a (ground !ha! !he S!a$" A ! Congress $e! a! New Yor( on 5 O !o%er' @e $us! no! e8aggera!e !he s&gn&)& an e o) !he $ee!&ng' On#* n&ne o) !he on!&nen!a# o#on&es were re"resen!ed2 and o) !hose New Yor(2 New 0erse* and !he Three Coun!&es o) De#aware sen! on#* uno))& &a# or &rregu#ar#* hosen de#ega!es' The reso#u!&ons "assed %* !he Congress2 !hough )&r$2 &ndeed &n on!ro+er!&%#e2 s!a!e$en!s o) !he A$er& an ase2 were a## $odera!e#*2 e+en onser+a!&+e#*2 ou hed2 and e+en!s ra"&d#* ou!ran &!s de#&%era!&ons2 as !he @h&g or "a!r&o! "ar!* wh& h was )or$&ng e+o#+ed a "rogra$$e2 )&rs!2 o) re)usa# !o use or a##ow !he d&s!r&%u!&on o) !he s!a$"sF se ond2 o) non> &$"or!a!&on 4 !ha! &s !o sa*2 o) u!!&ng o)) a## !rade w&!h Grea! Br&!a&nF !h&rd2 o) a##ow&ng #ega# and o$$er &a# #&)e !o go )orward w&!hou! s!a$"s2 !hough !h&s r&s(ed hea+* "ena#!&es a! !he hand o) !he au!hor&!&es2 es"e &a##* !he Ro*a# Na+*2 wh& h was s!and&ng %* !o &n!er e"! unwarran!ed argoes' Ne+er!he#ess !he S!a$" A ! Congress was &$"or!an!' I! was no a%or!&+e A#%an* on)eren e' I!s $e$%ers e8er &sed )or !he )&rs! !&$e on a on!&nen!a# s a#e !hose ar!s o) organ&Ha!&on2 o$"ro$&se and on &#&a!&on wh& h were e+en!ua##* !o $a(e a on!&nen!a# #eg&s#a!ure "oss&%#e' I! had a na!&ona# !&nge= as one o) !he Sou!h Caro#&na de#ega!es2 Chr&s!o"her Gadsden 9,5/64 ,7?A:2 re$ar(ed2 we shou#d a## endea+our !o s!and u"on !he %road and o$$on ground o) !hose na!ura# and &nheren! r&gh!s !ha! we a## )ee# and (now2 as $en and as des endan!s o) Eng#&sh$en2 we ha+e a r&gh! !oQ There ough! !o %e no New Eng#and $en2 no New Yor(er I F (nown on !he on!&nen!2 %u! a## o) us A$er& ans' For !he )&rs! !&$e an &n!er> o#on&a# %od* $e! whose au!hor&!* was a e"!ed2 no! reEe !ed2 %* a## !he o#on&es' The e+en!s o) !he w&n!er on)&r$ed !he dr&)! o) e+en!s' I! was o) no a oun! !o %e o""osed !o !he S!a$" A !2 as Tho$as Hu! h&nson had %een )ro$ !he %eg&nn&ng= !he ;ues!&on was2 wha! was a $an "re"ared !o do a%ou! &!M The $odera!es were ho"e#ess#* o+er!a(en %* e+en!s and "ass&ons' I! was we## )or Dr Fran(#&n !ha! he was &n Eng#and a! !he !&$e' He had o""osed !he "assage o) !he A !2 %u! had seen no har$ &n a ;u&es &ng a)!erwards2 and had se ured !he "os! o) d&s!r&%u!or &n Penns*#+an&a )or h&s )r&end 0ohn Hughes2 who was soon )or ed !o res&gn &! and e+en!ua##* !o #ea+e !he o#on*' Fran(#&n was a! )&rs! o""osed !o G!he $adness o) !he "o"u#a e1 and Ga !s o) re%e##&ous !enden *1F %u! h&s )ore&gn res&den e ga+e h&$ !&$e !o hange h&s !une and e$erge as a #eader o) !he o""os&!&on= h&s re"resen!a!&ons !o !he House o) Co$$ons were !o %e &n)#uen!&a# &n "ersuad&ng Par#&a$en! !o re"ea# !he A !' Modera!es &n A$er& a were #ess )or!una!e= !he* #os! "o#&!& a# on!ro# !o !he rad& a#s and ou#d on#* oun! !he$se#+es #u (* &) !he* were #e)! &n "ea e'
B* !he New Year2 !hen2 !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en! was on)ron!ed w&!h an a u!e "ro%#e$' The S!a$" A ! had %een e))e !&+e#* nu##&)&ed2 !o use a !er$ w&!h a #ong )u!ure'/3 E8 e"! &n Georg&a2 and !here no! )or #ong2 no s!a$"s had %een d&s!r&%u!edF !he Sons o) <&%er!* &n !he +ar&ous o#on&es 9)or !he na$e had s"read w&!h !he ag&!a!&on: had e))e !&+e#* su"erseded !he regu#ar ad$&n&s!ra!&onsF #&)e was o!herw&se "ro eed&ng &n &!s nor$a#2 uns!a$"ed hanne#sFand !here was s&$"#* no! )or e enough a+a&#a%#e !o o$"e# o%ed&en e !o !he #aw' 9@e an now see !ha! !o ha+e !r&ed wou#d $ere#* ha+e "re &"&!a!ed !he @ar )or Inde"enden e n&ne *ears ear#&er': Co$$on sense sugges!ed !ha! !he Gren+&##e "rogra$$e $us! %e a%andoned= @h&!eha## and @es!$&ns!er wou#d ha+e !o #&$% down' I! was eas&er )or !he$ s&n e George III had go! r&d o) Gren+&##e &n 0u#*' The new $&n&s!r*2 headed %* !he Mar;u&s o) Ro (&ngha$ and o$"osed o) $en s*$"a!he!& !o !he o#on&es2 soon a$e !o !he +&ew !ha! !here was no!h&ng )or &! %u! re"ea#' Unha""&#* !here was no wa* o) d&sgu&s&ng !he )a ! !ha! !h&s was a hu$&#&a!&on )or Br&!a&n= one $u h resen!ed &n !he "roud Par#&a$en!' Man* were !he warn&ngs !ha! !o g&+e wa* on !he S!a$" A ! was !o ne ess&!a!e g&+&ng wa* on e+er*!h&ng e#seF !he s are row o) a o#on&a# %&d )or &nde"enden e2 wh& h had %een a#ar$&ng $&n&s!ers s&n e !he %eg&nn&ng o) !he en!ur*2 )#a""ed aga&n' And )or on e !he "ro"he!s o) doo$ were r&gh!' The ho& e2 &n a## ug#&ness2 was %e!ween war and a%d& a!&on= !here was no roo$ )or o$"ro$&se' To su h a "ass had Gren+&##e1s s!a!es$ansh&" redu ed !he grea! E$"&re' The A ! was re"ea#ed2 on ,7 Mar h ,5..2 and <ondon hur h %e##s rang ou! &n Eo*F %u! )&rs! a De #ara!or* A ! was "assed2 s!a!&ng !ha! no!h&ng had hanged2 !ha! Par#&a$en! had an a%so#u!e r&gh! and "ower !o do wha! &! #&(ed w&!h !he o#on&es whene+er &! hose' Th&s was o) ourse a )a e>sa+er2 and2 &! $a* %e !hough!2 an un on+&n &ng oneF %u! !he Ro (&ngha$s ou#d no! ha+e "ersuaded Par#&a$en! !o swa##ow re"ea# w&!hou! &!' M&n&s!ers1 h&e) )ear see$s !o ha+e %een !ha! war w&!h !he o#on&es wou#d ne essar&#* &n+o#+e a renewa# o) war w&!h Fran e and S"a&n 9aga&n2 an a ura!e )ore%od&ng:F !he* a#so en ouraged !he $er han!s o) Eng#and !o "e!&!&on Par#&a$en! )or re"ea#2 on !he grounds !ha! !rade was %e&ng ru&ned %* A$er& an non>&$"or!a!&on 9and &! was &n )a ! &n a "ar#ous ond&!&on:' Thus !he Eng#&sh were )urn&shed w&!h !wo good "ra !& a# e8 uses )or #&$%&ng down2 and !he ;ues!&on o) "r&n &"#e was s&de>s!e""edF %u! as !he De #ara!or* A ! showed2 !he $a!!er was no! as s&$"#e as $en o) good w&## wan!ed &! !o see$' For ;ues!&ons had %een ra&sed on %o!h s&des o) !he A!#an!& !o wh& h !here were2 &n e&gh!een!h> en!ur* !er$s2 a#$os! er!a&n#* no answers' The r& her o#on&s!s2 reared on !he !rad&!&ons o) !he G#or&ous Re+o#u!&on2 and &ndeed on !he !rad&!&on o) !he Cro$we##&an Re+o#u!&on %e)ore !ha!2 &nEured or anno*ed %* $an* $&sgu&ded Br&!&sh "o#& &es and )ee#&ng !he$se#+es !o %e#ong !o $a!ure so &e!&es2 w&!h a #&$&!#ess )u!ure2 re)used !o %e he#d &n #ead&ng s!r&ngs an* $ore' GNo !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on1 was a r* !ha! e8"ressed $ore !han &! sa&d= &! was rea##* an &ns&s!en! re)usa# !o %e go+erned w&!hou! "ro"er onsu#!a!&on %* a re$o!e and )re;uen!#* &n o$"e!en!2 &) we##>$ean&ng2 $o!her oun!r*' The "oorer o#on&s!s were2 we $a* haHard2 s& ( o) %e&ng o""ressed &n !he na$e o) an e$"&re2 &!&Hensh&" and &n!erna!&ona# !rade wh& h %rough! !he$ #&!!#e "er e"!&%#e %ene)&!' Bo!h "ar!&es2 !hough sus"& &ous enough o) ea h o!her2 ou#d un&!e o+er !he good o#d sen!&$en! !ha! GBr&!ons ne+er ne+er ne+er sha## %e s#a+es12 and s#a+er*2 &! see$ed2 was wha! !he Br&!ons1 go+ern$en! had &n s!ore )or !he$' Da* %* da* !ha! go+ern$en! see$ed $ore and $ore #&(e !he !*rannous reg&$es o) Char#es I and 0a$es II2 and "a$"h#e!s "oured )ro$ !he "resses !o en)or e !he "ara##e#s' I! wou#d ha+e !a(en2 &n !he wa(e o) !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s2 so$e e8!raord&nar* ges!ure o) generos&!* and re)or$ !o w&n %a ( !he on)&den e o) !he o#on&s!s &n !he Br&!&sh Par#&a$en!' Su h a ges!ure was &$"oss&%#e' The s!a!es$en o) @es!$&ns!er had no des&re !o !*rann&He an*%od*2 %u! e;ua##* !he* had no des&re !o u"se! !he a""#e ar! &n wh& h !he* had r&dden so ha""&#*
)or so #ong' <&(e !he A$er& an u""er and $&dd#e #asses2 !he* )a ed a ha##enge )ro$ %e#ow' The @&#(es a))a&r2 dur&ng !he *ears #ead&ng u" !o !he Re+o#u!&on2 was %r&ng&ng "o#&!& a# &ns!&!u!&ons under ser&ous a!!a ( &n Eng#and as we## as &n her o#on&es2 and &! was "ro%a%#* &$"oss&%#e !o re)or$ Par#&a$en! and !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en! a#ong #&nes e;u&!a%#e enough !o sa!&s)* !he o#on&es w&!hou! ha+&ng !o $a(e s&$&#ar on ess&ons a! ho$e' Th&s !he o#&gar hs were &n a "os&!&on !o re)use !o do' The* )ough! o)) re)or$ as #ong as !he* ou#dF so$e are )&gh!&ng a rearguard a !&on s!&##'/A In !he De #ara!or* A ! !he* na&#ed !he&r o#ours !o !he $as!= The sa&d o#on&es and "#an!a!&ons &n A$er& a ha+e %een2 are2 and o) r&gh! ough! !o %e2 su%ord&na!e un!o2 and de"enden! u"on !he &$"er&a# rown and "ar#&a$en! o) Grea! Br&!a&nQ !he K&ng1s $aEes!* %* and w&!h !he ad+& e and onsen! o) !he #ords s"&r&!ua# and !e$"ora#2 and o$$ons o) Grea! Br&!a&n2 &n "ar#&a$en! asse$%#ed2 had2 ha!h2 and o) r&gh! ough! !o ha+e2 )u## "ower and au!hor&!* !o $a(e #aws and s!a!u!es o) su))& &en! )or e and +a#&d&!* !o %&nd !he o#on&es and "eo"#e o) A$er& a su%Ee !s o) !he rown o) Grea! Br&!a&n2 &n a## ases wha!soe+er No argu$en! hereF no a""ea# !o @h&g or Re+o#u!&on "r&n &"#esF &ndeed2 &n one o) !he de%a!es on re"ea# <ord Mans)&e#d2 !he e$&nen! #aw*er2 wen! so )ar as !o den* !ha! Gno !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on1 a""#&ed e+en &n Eng#and &!se#)' The "eers and s;u&res who go+erned !he rea#$ a#so )eared !ha! on ess&ons !o !he o#on&es $us! u#!&$a!e#* #ead !o &nde"enden e2 &nde"enden e !o e ono$& ru&n2 and e ono$& ru&n !o !he end o) Br&!a&n1s grea!ness' The* ou#d no!2 &n )a !2 a%andon !he #og& o) $er an!&#&s$2 and &n so do&ng !hrew !he$se#+es a ross !he na!ura# de+e#o"$en! o) !he !&$es' E+en Gren+&##e2 &n h&s #er(1s wa*2 had seen !ha! !he E$"&re $us! hange and ada"! !o sur+&+e= h&s $&s!a(e was &n !he hanges !ha! he )a+oured' Bu! a)!er !he De #ara!or* A ! and !he )a## o) !he Ro (&ngha$ $&n&s!r* 9wh& h !oo( "#a e &n 0une ,5..: !h&s sa#u!ar* a!!&!ude was )orgo!!en' The Br&!&sh "eo"#e "ersuaded !he$se#+es !ha! on ess&ons !o !he A$er& ans u#!&$a!e#* $ean! !he&r own ru&nF and on !ha! ground2 on !he so#e "r&n &"#e o) se#)>de)en e2 !he* !oo( !he&r "u%#& s!and' The&r a!!&!ude was "a!he!& a##* unrea#&s!& 2 as !he A$er& ans ou#d see' In !he end &! $ade war &ne+&!a%#e'
) The Roa" to R.in 1766 7'

4hat do we mean .y the Bevolution7 )he war7 )hat was no part of the Bevolution> it was only an effect and consequence of it. )he Bevolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected, from 1F%! to 1FFJ, in the course of fifteen years .efore a drop of .lood was shed at *eHington. 8ohn Adams, 1E1J / know it is eHpected that the more determined the "olonies appear, the more likely it will .e to .ring the <overnment here to terms. / do not .elieve it. )homas 'utchmson, *ondon, 1FFI <overnments :derive; their 1ust powers from the consent of the governed. $eclaration of /ndependence, 1FF%
Re"ea# was e+en $ore we# o$e !o !he A$er& ans !han !o !he Eng#&sh' Dr Fran(#&n sen! h&s w&)e )our!een *ards o) "o$"adour sa!&n &n e#e%ra!&on' The Sons o) <&%er!* &n Bos!on reso#+ed !o d&s"#a* Gsu h &##u$&na!&ons2 %on)&res2 "*ra$&ds2 o%e#&s(s2 su h grand e8h&%&!&ons and su h )&rewor(s as were ne+er %e)ore seen &n A$er& a1' The New Yor( asse$%#* +o!ed !he ere !&on o) an e;ues!r&an s!a!ue o) George III and a s!a!ue &n %rass o) @&##&a$ P&!!' Coun!#ess $&n&s!ers hurr&ed &n!o !he&r "u#"&!s !o "rea h ser$ons o) !han(sg&+&ng' And !hen e+er*one !r&ed !o ge! %a ( !o nor$a# as )as! as "oss&%#e' No! !ha! nor$a#&!* was s*non*$ous w&!h !ran;u&##&!*' The +&gour o) o#on&a# #&)e had )ro$ !he s!ar! #ed !o on!en!&ous "o#&!& s' E+en &) !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en! had %eha+ed w&!h !he u!$os! &r u$s"e !&on and w&sdo$2 !he &n reas&ng $a!ur&!* o) A$er& an so &e!* $us! ha+e %rough! a%ou! de )a !o &nde"enden e %e)ore !he end o) !he en!ur*' I! wou#d s&$"#* no! ha+e %een "oss&%#e !o (ee" !he o#on&es &n !u!e#age &nde)&n&!e#*' Nor ou#d !he se"ara!&on ha+e %een a o$"#&shed who##* w&!hou! )r& !&on' The ;ues!&on %e)ore h&s!or&ans &s on#* whe!her !here a#so had !o %e +&o#en e and a o$"#e!e %rea(2 and !he answer !ends !o %e no2 &n !heor*' Seen &n !h&s #&gh!2 !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s2 #&(e #a!er ones2 was $ere#* a need#ess#* a u!e "hase &n a hron& d&sease' @hen &! had "assed2 !he "a!&en! was no! hea#ed2 %u! she was $ore $anagea%#e' In New Yor(2 )or e8a$"#e2 a )resh on!ro+ers* &$$ed&a!e#* !oo( !he s!age2 %u! was e+en!ua##* o$"ro$&sed' A$ong Gren+&##e1s $easures had %een !he Juar!er&ng or Mu!&n* A ! o) ,5.A' Th&s had %een "assed &n res"onse !o !he urgen! "#eas o) Genera# Tho$as Gage 9,5/,475:2 !he Co$$ander> &n>Ch&e) &n Nor!h A$er& a2 who was "#agued %* "ro%#e$s o) d&s &"#&n&ng2 ;uar!er&ng and !rans"or!&ng h&s !roo"s &n !he e8&s!&ng de)e !&+e s!a!e o) !he #aw' Pea e ha+&ng o$e2 A$er& ans who had %een ;u&!e oo"era!&+e &n war!&$e wou#d2 Gage !hough!2 grow on!u$a &ous' GI! w&## soon %e d&))& u#! &n !he "resen! S&!ua!&on21 he gru$%#ed2 G!o (ee" So#d&ers &n !he Ser+& e'1 He was "ro%a%#* an a#ar$&s!2 %u! ne+er!he#ess an A ! was "assed "ro+&d&ng !ha!2 where !here were no %arra (s2 !he o#on&a# go+ern$en!s were !o ;uar!er !he so#d&ers &n !a+erns2 un&nha%&!ed houses2 %arns or o!her su h %u&#d&ngsF "ro+&de !he$ w&!h %edd&ng2 )ue#2 "o!s and "ans2 and#es2 +&negar and sa#!2 and w&!h a ra!&on o) s$a## %eer2 &der or ru$' I! was one o) Gren+&##e1s %e!!er #aws2 )or he had had !he sense !o onsu#! !he o#on&a# agen!s2 &n #ud&ng Fran(#&n2 and !he* had seen !o &! !ha! !he A ! on!a&ned a$"#e "ro+&s&on )or "re+en!&ng and orre !&ng an* a%uses' As a resu#! !he #aw was ;u&e!#* a e"!ed &n $os! o) !he o#on&es' New Yor(2 howe+er2 $ade a )uss' The asse$%#* was ;u&!e w&##&ng !o #oo( a)!er !he so#d&ers2 who a$e &n +er* use)u# Eus! !hen2 )or !here were agrar&an r&o!s &n Du! hess Coun!*= !hrea!s were a !ua##* %e&ng $ade !o %urn New Yor( &!* !o !he ground' As a Br&!&sh o))& er no!ed &n h&s d&ar*2 GSons o) <&%er!* grea! o""osers !o !hese R&o!ers as !he* are o) o"&n&on no one &s en!&!#ed !o R&o! %u! !he$se#+es'1 A! !he roo! o) !h&s a))a&r was a d&s"u!e a%ou! #and>!&!#es %e!ween New Yor( and Massa huse!!s' The ar$* ga&ned no (udos &n !he #a!!er "ro+&n e )or &n!er)er&ng on !he s&de o) !he )or$er' And !he Juar!er&ng A ! $ade e+en New Yor( ungra!e)u#' I! see$ed !o %e ano!her a!!e$"! !o !a8 !he o#on&s!s un ons!&!u!&ona##*' A ord&ng#* !he asse$%#* res&s!ed &! )or o+er a *ear2 and )&na##*2 &n 0une ,5.52 "assed a B&##e!&ng A ! 9renewed annua##* !herea)!er: wh& h2 wh&#e do&ng a## !ha! Par#&a$en! had re;u&red2 s!ud&ed#* d&d no! $en!&on Par#&a$en!1s ro#e2 !here%* &$"#& &!#* den*&ng !he Par#&a$en!ar* r&gh! !o !e## !he o#on&a# asse$%#&es wha! #aws !o "ass' The go+ern$en! "ruden!#* &gnored !h&s s&#en! ha##enge2 and was rewarded when2 &n ,55?2 New Yor( a""#&ed )or 9and go!: Par#&a$en!1s onsen! !o an &ssue o) "a"er $one*2 !hus a (now#edg&ng Par#&a$en!ar* su"re$a *' In %o!h ases good sense "re+a&#ed' B* o$"ar&son &! $a!!ered #&!!#e !ha! 9a#so &n ,55?: one A#e8ander M Douga##2 a New Yor( Son o) <&%er!*2 %e&ng &$"r&soned )or
"u%#&sh&ng wha! !he asse$%#* a##ed Ga )a#se2 sed&!&ous and &n)a$ous #&%e#12 was du%%ed %* h&s )e##ow>rad& a#s G!he @&#(es o) A$er& a1' Th&s was no! go&ng !o %r&ng a%ou! a &+&# war' Nor was &! or&g&na##* o) re+o#u!&onar* s&gn&)& an e !ha! !he "o"u#ar "ar!* &n Massa huse!!s Ba* e8"#o&!ed &!s su ess &n !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s !o onso#&da!e &!s "ower' As Tho$as Hu! h&nson re$ar(ed2 GPower2 on e a ;u&red2 &s se#do$ +o#un!ar&#* "ar!ed w&!h'1 The rad& a#s1 "ros"e !s o) re!a&n&ng &! )or #ong were no!2 a)!er re"ea#2 +er* good' The* s!&## had a $aEor&!* &n !he Coun &# and !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es2 %u! !here was now no urgen! &ssue w&!h wh& h !o s!&r u" !he rowd and &ndu e so#&d &!&Hens !o o+er#oo( !he&r e8 esses' I! see$ed #&(e#* !ha! a! !he ,5.5 e#e !&ons !he onser+a!&+es wou#d $a(e #arge ga&ns= !he* $&gh! e+en w&n a $aEor&!*2 as !he* had regu#ar#* done un!&# ,5.A' The on#* "o#&!& a# ;ues!&on o) &$"or!an e was !ha! o) o$"ensa!&ng Hu! h&nson and !he o!her +& !&$s o) !he $o%' None dared o"en#* den* !he e;u&!* o) !h&s2 %u! )ew were w&##&ng !o do &! Eus! %e ause Par#&a$en! had ordered &! 9as "ar! o) !he re"ea# $easures:' On !he o!her hand )a&#ure !o o%e* wou#d a#&ena!e !he )r&ends o) !he o#on&es &n Eng#and and e$%arrass @&##&a$ P&!!2 who had Eus! )or$ed a new ad$&n&s!ra!&on' A o$"#& a!ed s!rugg#e )o##owed2 $u h #&(e !ha! on urren!#* "ro eed&ng &n New Yor(2 !he u"sho! o) wh& h was !ha! Hu! h&nson go! h&s o$"ensa!&on under an A ! o) !he Massa huse!!s asse$%#* 9!he Genera# Cour!: wh& h was &n Br&!&sh e*es ou!rageous#* un ons!&!u!&ona# and was a ord&ng#* d&sa##owed %* !he Pr&+* Coun &#' Bu! %* !he !&$e !ha! news rea hed Bos!on2 Hu! h&nson had %een "a&d2 so !he $a!!er was a##owed !o dro"' In !he sa$e on &#&a!or* +e&n Go+ernor Bernard de &ded !o o+er#oo( so$e s$a##> s a#e r&o!&ng wh& h had "re+en!ed sear hes %* us!o$s o))& ers &n Bos!on and &n Fa#$ou!h2 Ma&ne 9!hen a "ar! o) Massa huse!!s:' The ou!#oo( )or ag&!a!ors see$ed "oor' Th&s was s ar e#* a $a!!er )or gr&e)' I! &s &$"oss&%#e !o )ee# un;ua#&)&ed res"e ! )or !he se#)> s!*#ed G"a!r&o!1 #eaders o) Massa huse!!s' E+en !he %es! o) !he$2 "#u$" and "ass&ona!e 0ohn Ada$s 9,53A4,7/.:2 was2 ra!her e+&den!#*2 a *oung #aw*er and "o#&!& &an on !he $a(e2 who2 w&!h a no!a%#e a"a &!* )or se#)>de e"!&on2 hero>worsh&""ed 0a$es O!&s and wh&!ewashed h&s o!her asso &a!es2 wh&#e #oo(&ng on Tho$as Hu! h&nson as #&!!#e %e!!er !han a )&end' As !o !he o!her #eaders2 0a$es O!&s had %een a#ar$&ng h&s )r&ends w&!h &nsane s*$"!o$s )or so$e *ears %e)ore a u! o+er !he head &n a !a+ern %raw# w&!h a onser+a!&+e sen! h&$ rea##* $ad &n ,5.-' O!&s2 e+en when sane2 was se#)>!or!ured2 ne+er ha""* &n !he ro#e o) "a!r&o!2 una%#e !o re on &#e h&$se#) w&!h !he onser+a!&+es' There an %e no dou%! o) h&s %r&##&an e 4 he )urn&shed $an* o) !he %es! argu$en!s used %* !he "a!r&o!s &n !he *ears !o o$e' He was )re;uen!#* a res!ra&n&ng &n)#uen e on h&s asso &a!es' Bu! he was a#so2 when !he de$agog& $ood was on h&$2 a re (#ess #&ar2 as &n h&s s!a!e$en! !ha! !he S!a$" A ! had %een on o !ed &n Bos!on2 !ha! he (new !he +er* roo$ &n Go+ernor Bernard1s house where &! had %een on e&+ed2 !he !&$e2 and !he o$"an* res"ons&%#e' Su h )an!as&es ser+ed on#* !o &n)#a$e !he $o%2 and so d&d O!&s1s o as&ona##* w&#d #anguage2 as when he denoun ed !he $e$%ers o) !he House o) Co$$ons as Ga "ar e# o) %u!!on> $a(ers2 "&n>$a(ers2 horse Eo (e*s2 ga$es!ers2 "ens&oners2 "&$"s and whore $as!ers1' 0ohn Han o ( 9,53.4-3:2 Bos!on1s r& hes! $er han! 9and argua%#* &!s #ead&ng s$ugg#er:2 see$s2 !hroughou! h&s areer2 !o ha+e %een a $&8!ure o) +an&!*2 "&;ue and oward& e' H&s h&e) use !o !he "a!r&o!s was h&s wea#!h and so &a# s!and&ng= he $ade o""os&!&on s$ar!' O) !he$ a## !he $os! e))e !&+e was Sa$ue# Ada$s 9,5//4,7?3:' He has %een a##ed !he #as! o) !he Pur&!ans' He $&gh! Eus! as we## %e a##ed !he )&rs! o) !he "o#&!& &ans2 or e+en !he )&rs! de$o ra!' He $us! %e g&+en $ore !han a ursor* o$$en!' He had a genu&ne +o a!&on )or "o#&!& s2 wh& h was Eus! as we##2 s&n e he was &n o$"e!en! a! e+er*!h&ng e#se' H&s )a!her2 a su ess)u# $an o) %us&ness2 ha+&ng seen h&s son reEe ! %o!h !he $&n&s!r* and !he #aw as "ro)ess&ons2 #en! h&$ P,2??? !o $a(e a s!ar! &n !rade' Sa$ #en! ha#) o)
&! !o a )r&end2 and was ne+er re"a&dF !he res! so$ehow +an&shed' On h&s "aren!s1 dea!h he &nher&!ed ash2 rea# es!a!e and a !hr&+&ng %rewer*= !en *ears #a!er he was aga&n "enn&#ess' E#e !ed !a8> o##e !or )or Bos!on2 he !urned wha! was usua##* a #u ra!&+e "os! &n!o a #&a%&#&!*2 end&ng u" so$e P72??? down &n h&s a oun! and $ore !han sus"e !ed o) %e&ng #ega##*2 &) no! $ora##*2 an e$%eHH#er' I! was on#* %* "o#&!& a# $an&"u#a!&on !ha! he (e"! h&$se#) ou! o) Ea&#' The auses o) !h&s s!r&ng o) )a&#ures are eas* !o )&nd' Ada$s neg#e !ed %us&ness )or "o#&!& sF he was he#"#ess#* &$"ro+&den! and $udd#e>headed where $one* was on ernedF a%o+e a##2 he was )ar !oo )ond o) $a(&ng )r&ends2 )ar !oo unw&##&ng !o $a(e h&$se#) un"#easan!2 e&!her &n e8a !&ng wha! was due !o h&$ or wha! was due !o Bos!on2 !o %e a su ess)u# !rades$an2 #e! a#one an e))e !&+e !a8>ga!herer' H&s se ond ous&n 0ohn Ada$s re&n)or es !he &$"ress&on o) e8 ess&+e a$&a%&#&!* %* des r&%&ng Sa$ as a $an Go) re)&ned "o#& *2 s!ead)as! &n!egr&!*2 e8;u&s&!e hu$an&!*2 gen!ee# erud&!&on2 o%#&g&ng2 engag&ng $anners1' No dou%! !here &s e8aggera!&on here= 0ohn Ada$s saw $en2 )or good or &##2 as he wan!ed !he$ !o %e2 and Sa$ was h&s a##* as we## as h&s ous&nF %u! !he des r&"!&on )&!s +er* we## w&!h wha! e#se we (now o) !he e#der Ada$s' He was &n e+er*!h&ng e8!re$e#* o#d>)ash&oned' He was a s!r& ! Ca#+&n&s! &n re#&g&on and $ade a u#! o) !he )ounders o) New Eng#andF he ne+er had $u h !&$e )or !he r&s&ng genera!&on and was onser+a!&+e e+en &n dress 9he wore a !hree> ornered ha! !o h&s d*&ng da*:' In "u%#& #&)e he $ode##ed h&$se#) on !he $ore d&sagreea%#* +&r!uous Ro$ans o) P#u!ar h2 su h as !he e#der Ca!o' In s"&!e o) !he !a8 e$%eHH#e$en!2 h&s "ersona# &n!egr&!* was ne+er a##ed &n ;ues!&on= he ou#d r&gh!#* sa*2 when &n h&s e8!re$e o#d age he a! #as! re!&red )ro$ "o#&!& s2 !ha! he had ne+er $ade a "enn* )ro$ o))& e2 and &ndeed &! &s usua##* hard !o see wha! he #&+ed on' In ear#* #&)e he was a#so on+en!&ona##* "a!r&o!& ' There was no %e!!er ons!&!u!&on !han !he Br&!&sh2 e8 e"! !he Char!er o) Massa huse!!s' He saw &! as h&s $&ss&on &n #&)e !o "reser+e !he good o#d wa*s2 &n )a != un!&# he was o+er )or!* &! wou#d ha+e see$ed )an!as!& a##* un#&(e#* !ha! one da* Tho$as Hu! h&nson wou#d ser&ous#* as( whe!her !here was Ga grea!er &n end&ar* &n !he K&ng1s do$&n&on or a $an o) grea!er $a#&gn&!* o) hear!1' Ada$s1s +&ews were )or a #ong !&$e $u h #ess &$"or!an! !han h&s o u"a!&on'For h&s !a#en!s $ade h&$ !he )&rs! o) a #ong #&ne o) "ro)ess&ona# A$er& an "o#&!& &ans2 or %osses' He was a )#uen! and &ngen&ous Eourna#&s!2 who (new2 whe!her as h&e) on!r&%u!or !o !he Bos!on GaHe!!e or #er( !o !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es2 e8a !#* how !o dra)! ar!& #es2 s"ee hes or o))& &a# "a"ers &n su h a wa* as !o )ur!her h&s ends' E+en $ore &$"ress&+e was h&s o$$and o) !he o!her ar!s o) de$o ra!& "o#&!& s' <&(e $an* a #a!er en!hus&as! o) !he <e)!2 he had %een %orn !o h&s !rade= h&s )a!her2 a#so an a !&+e "o#&!& &an2 had se ured h&s ear#* ad$&ss&on !o !he Cau us C#u% o) Bos!on2 wh& h2 %es&des %e;uea!h&ng &!s na$e !o a #ong "rogen* o) "o#&!& a# organ&Ha!&ons2, was !he or&g&na# Gs$o(e> )&##ed roo$1 where2 o+er !o%a o and s!rong dr&n(2 !he #eaders o) !he Bos!on o""os&!&on )&8ed !he %us&ness2 es"e &a##* !he e#e !&ons !o o))& e2 !ha! wou#d o$e %e)ore !he ne8! !own>$ee!&ng' I! was !hrough !he Cau us C#u% !ha! Sa$ Ada$s %e a$e2 )&rs!2 #er( o) !he $ar(e!2 !hen !own s a+enger and )&na##*2 as we ha+e seen2 !a8> o##e !or' I! was a! !he #u% !ha! he #earned !he ar!s o) ge!!&ng a#ong w&!h "eo"#e 9)or wh& h h&s "#&a%&#&!* ga+e h&$ a na!ura# a"!&!ude:2 ar!s wh& h he ou#d "ra !&se )ur!her &n !he !a+erns2 where2 h&s ous&n 0ohn on e re$ar(ed2 G&) *ou se! !he e+en&ng2 *ou w&## )&nd !he house )u## o) "eo"#e dr&n(&ng dra$s2 )#&"2 !odd*2 arous&ng2 swear&ng2 %u! es"e &a##* "#o!!&ng w&!h !he #and#ord !o ge! h&$2 a! !he ne8! !own $ee!&ng2 an e#e !&on e&!her )or se#e !$an or re"resen!a!&+eQ1' So$e!h&ng o) a %&go!2 Sa$ Ada$s was ne+er!he#ess "re"ared !o o+er#oo( an* re#&g&ous or $ora# )a&#&ng &n a##&es2 or "o!en!&a# a##&es2 &) !he* +o!ed r&gh!' Sa$ was read* !o haun! !a+erns %e ause2 as 0ohn sa&d2 &n !a+erns G%as!ards2 and #eg&s#a!ors2 are )re;uen!#* %ego!!en1' I! was !here !ha! he a ;u&red !he re"u!a!&on o) %e&ng !he )r&end and s"o(es$an o) !he $eaner sor!2 )or who$ he had a genu&ne res"e !' He was no! a Free$ason2 #&(&ng on#* !hose
so &e!&es &n wh& h he was !he ru#&ng s"&r&!F %u! he e8"#o&!ed h&s $us& a# !a#en!s !o )ound a $us& a# so &e!* !hrough wh& h he ou#d on+er! $ore Bos!on&ans !o h&s s hoo# o) "a!r&o!&s$' He was no! $u h o) an ora!or or ad$&n&s!ra!or= he #e)! !ha! s&de o) !he ga$e !o o!hers' Bu! h&s &n)#uen e s"read !hrough !he !own %* $eans wh& h e+er* su%se;uen! genera!&on o) "o#&!& &ans wou#d ha+e re ogn&Hed= he was %u&#d&ng u" a $a h&ne' I! was !h&s a !&+&!* wh& h2 "erha"s2 #ed h&$ !o !he $&sEudge$en! !ha! was !o ha+e so "ro)ound an &n)#uen e on !he ourse o) A$er& an h&s!or*' @hen !h&ngs %egan !o go wrong2 Ada$s and !he o!her "a!r&o!s #oo(ed a%ou! )or so$eone !o %#a$e2 and2 )o##ow&ng !he #ead o) 0a$es O!&s2 %#a$ed &! a##2 as we ha+e seen2 on !he se re! $a h&na!&ons o) Hu! h&nson' The* sus"e !ed Hu! h&nson o) !he sor! o) underground a !&+&!* !he* were so good a! !he$se#+es' I! was #ong %e)ore Ada$s a e"!ed !ha! !he h&e) d&))& u#!* was w&!h <ondon2 and s!&## #onger 9no! un!&# 0anuar* ,55.: !ha! he a e"!ed !ha! &nde"enden e was !he on#* re$ed*F %u! *ears and *ears "re+&ous#* he and !he o!hers had !orn Massa huse!!s a"ar! &n !he&r +ende!!a aga&ns! !he Hu! h&nsons and O#&+ersF !he )eud s!reng!hened !he !enden *2 on %o!h s&des2 !o see e+er*!h&ng &n !he $os! #ur&d o#oursF and se+era# !&$es 9a%o+e a## dur&ng !he Bos!on Massa re and !he Bos!on Tea Par!* r&ses: e+en!s were g&+en a $ar(ed !urn )or !he worse2 or a! #eas! !he $ore +&o#en!2 %* !he sus"& &ons and "ass&ons o) !he "a!r&o! "ar!*2 wh& h Ada$s ass&duous#* and s&n ere#* )os!ered' Ye! he was2 &n one sense2 no #eader' He !hough! !ha! !he Eo% o) a "o#&!& &an was !o ad+&se !he "eo"#e2 !o a ;u&es e &n $aEor&!* de &s&ons2 !o !r* !o arr* !he$ ou!' In !h&s ra!her "ass&+e no!&on we an see a re)#e !&on o) Ada$s1s own hara !er' @e an a#so see a )oreshadow&ng o) one o) !he h&e) do !r&nes o) n&ne!een!h> en!ur* "ar!* "o#&!& s' Ada$s was no! !he sor! o) $an !o &n&!&a!e !rou%#e2 !hough !here was no sa*&ng how )ar he wou#d go &) he !hough! !ha! &!&Hens1 r&gh!s were %e&ng endangered' A $an o) su h "ure#* #o a# &n)#uen e was no! #&(e#* !o ause $u h !rou%#e when !&$es were ;u&e!2 !rade good and !he Br&!&sh no! o%+&ous#* o""ress&ng !he A$er& ans2 howe+er !&reso$e he $&gh! $a(e h&$se#) !o !he Go+ernor o) Massa huse!!s' On e $ore &! !oo( e+en!s &n&!&a!ed &n <ondon !o arouse A$er& a' In !he su$$er o) ,5..2 des"&!e !he&r su ess &n re"ea#&ng !he S!a$" A !2 !he Ro (&ngha$s )e## )ro$ "ower2 #arge#* %e ause !he* were "ushed %* @&##&a$ P&!!' He had )&rs! re)used !o Eo&n !he&r ad$&n&s!ra!&on2 and !hen &ndu ed h&s )o##owers !o w&!hdraw )ro$ &!' The Ro (&ngha$s2 a! odds w&!h e+er*one e#se 9es"e &a##* Gren+&##e and !he wan&ng "ower o) Bu!e:2 ou#d )&nd no o!her su""or! and were du#* su"erseded %* !he Grea! Co$$oner' He had #arge &deas o) h&s $&ss&on2 as )or$er#*' Th&s !&$e he wou#d res ue !he K&ng )ro$ )a !&on %* se!!&ng u" !he Ga%#e and d&gn&)&ed $&n&s!r*1 !ha! George des&red 4 a $&n&s!r* %ased on so#&d ro*a# su""or! and h&s own &$"er&ous au!hor&!*' He wou#d %e !he "a!r&o! $&n&s!er o) a "a!r&o! (&ng2 &n )a !2 and s$ash !he se#)&sh %onds o) )a !&on wh& h en!ang#ed a## o!her "o#&!& &ans' Th&s done2 he wou#d eng&neer a grand a##&an e %e!ween Eng#and2 Pruss&a and Russ&a as a oun!er%a#an e !o !he Bour%on "owers1 )a$&#* "a !F and he wou#d so#+e !he oun!r*1s )&nan &a# "ro%#e$s %* "#under&ng !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an* as &! had "#undered Benga#' A## !ha! was needed !o ensure su ess was a !o!a##* su%ser+&en! go+ern$en!' B* )&##&ng !he Ca%&ne! w&!h wea(#&ngs2 sa!e##&!es and odd>$en>ou! he !hough! he had se ured !h&s des&dera!u$' I! was a## )an!as*' P&!! was !oo o#d and &## !o arr* ou! !he du!&es o) one o) !he grea! e8e u!&+e o))& es= &ns!ead he !oo( !he s&ne ure Eo% o) <ord Pr&+* Sea# and !rans)erred !o !he House o) <ords2 as Ear# o) Cha!ha$2 !hus a%andon&ng !he Co$$ons where he had a#wa*s )ound !he %as&s o) h&s "ower' The sh&)! was $ore &$"or!an! as a on)ess&on o) wea(ness !han an*!h&ng e#se' S!&##2 &! d&$&n&shed h&s "o"u#ar&!* and au!hor&!* &n %o!h Eng#and and A$er& a' Ne8!2 &! !urned
ou! !ha! Pruss&a and Russ&a ou#d no! %e &n!eres!ed &n a Br&!&sh a##&an e2 and !ha! &! was )ar $ore d&))& u#! !o se!!#e !he a))a&rs o) !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an* !han Cha!ha$ assu$ed' The )&nan &a# "ro%#e$ re$a&ned +er* "ress&ng2 %u! Cha!ha$ was no! we## su&!ed !o gra""#e w&!h &! 4 he had a#wa*s #e)! $one* $a!!ers !o New as!#e &n h&s )&rs! $&n&s!r*' Budge!s and es!&$a!es were no! h&s s!*#e= as Hora e @a#"o#e re$ar(ed un(&nd#*2 G!he $u#!&"#& a!&on !a%#e d&d no! ad$&! o) %e&ng !rea!ed &n e"& 1' B* ear#* ,5.5 !he ad$&n&s!ra!&on was a#read* )ar &n!o shoa#>wa!er' Cha!ha$ ough! no! !o ha+e !a(en o))& e' Ph*s& a##* %ro(en2 he ou#d no! do !he wor(' And !hen he wen! $ad' H&s asso &a!es2 )ro$ !he K&ng down2 )ound &! a#$os! &$"oss&%#e !o %e#&e+e or a e"!2 %u! &! was !rue' A)!er $on!hs o) des"era!e s!rugg#e he su u$%ed= &n Mar h ,5.5 he d&sa""eared )ro$ so &e!* )or $ore !han !wo *ears2 una%#e !o %ear hu$an on!a ! or a""#* h&s $&nd !o %us&ness o) an* sor!' Ye! !h&s sha!!ered $an re$a&ned "r&$e $&n&s!erT No!h&ng $ore s!r&(&ng#* &##us!ra!es !he )rag&#&!* and &n o$"e!en e o) !he o#d order' The go+ern$en! o) Eng#and was s!&## a "ersona#2 no! a "ar!* $a!!er' The K&ng de"ended on Cha!ha$ !o res ue h&$ )ro$ !he !*rann* o) su h )a !&on #eaders as Gren+&##e and Ro (&ngha$2 who "ro"osed !o dea# w&!h !he a##eged undue &n)#uen e o) Bu!e o+er !he K&ng %* w&e#d&ng su h an &n)#uen e !he$se#+esF and g&+en !he ons!&!u!&ona# and "o#&!& a# rea#&!&es o) !he $&d>e&gh!een!h en!ur*2 George was who##* Eus!&)&ed &n "ro""&ng u" Cha!ha$ as #ong as "oss&%#e2 &n se#)> "ro!e !&on' The oun!r* $&gh! no! ha+e %een an* %e!!er go+erned &) !he )a !&ons had su eeded &n !he&r a!!e$"!s !o Gs!or$ !he C#ose!1 4 !ha! &s2 )or e !he$se#+es on !he K&ng' Bes&des2 &n !he #as! resor! !he* ou#d no! do so2 as !he* a#wa*s s!ar!ed !o ;uarre# a%ou! !he s"o&#s' So2 un!&# George ou#d )&nd a %e!!er sh&e#d2 Cha!ha$2 w&!h h&s dar(ened $&nd2 was sa)e &n o))& e' I! was a ho"e#ess wa* !o ru#e an e$"&re' Had !he $&n&s!r* %een s!rong enough !o re"#a e Pr&$e M&n&s!er&a# w&!h Ca%&ne! go+ern$en!2 &!s h&e)1s o##a"se $&gh! no! ha+e $a!!ered' Ca%&ne! go+ern$en! &s Eus! as +&a%#e as Pr&$e M&n&s!er&a#2 and was an ar! we## unders!ood &n e&gh!een!h> en!ur* Eng#and' Unha""&#*2 Cha!ha$1s Ca%&ne!2 w&!hou! Cha!ha$2 was se ond>ra!e' I! had %een "u! !oge!her &n de)&an e o) "ar!* "r&n &"#es and #oo(ed #&(e a s!re! h o) raH* "a+&ng 9!o o$"ress one o) Bur(e1s $os! )a$ous )#&gh!s o) &n+e !&+e:' Cha!ha$ !hus #e)! a ga" &ndeed' I! $&gh! ha+e %een )&##ed %* <ord She#%urne 9,5354,7?A:2 one o) !he Se re!ar&es o) S!a!e2 !he a%#es! o) !he Cha!ha$&!esF %u! he was un&+ersa##* d&s#&(ed and d&s!rus!ed' So a s!or$* "e!re# 4 Char#es Townshend2 !he Gs"#end&d shu!!#e o (1 4 Chan e##or o) !he E8 he;uer 4 e#o;uen!2 %r&##&an!2 uns!a%#e2 un!rus!wor!h* 4 was a%#e2 )or a )ew $on!hs2 !o do$&na!e !he ad$&n&s!ra!&on2 w&!h d&sas!rous onse;uen es )or Eng#and and A$er& a' Townshend 9,5/A4.5: &s a )&gure !o who$ &! &s d&))& u#! !o %e )a&r2 and $os! h&s!or&ans ha+e no! !r&ed' H&s )au#!s and h&s !a#en!s were e;ua##* g#ar&ng' Hora e @a#"o#e2 a! +ar&ous !&$es2 h&! h&$ o)) %es!= GH&s )&gure was !a## and ad+an!ageous2 h&s a !&on +ehe$en!2 h&s +o& e #oud2 h&s #augh #ouder' He had ar! enough !o d&sgu&se an*!h&ng %u! h&s +an&!*'1 @a#"o#e no!& ed !ha! &n e#o;uen e2 energ* and un"red& !a%&#&!* Townshend had $u h &n o$$on w&!h Cha!ha$2 and e8"#a&ned !ha!2 &n h&s grea! war $&n&s!r*2 P&!! d&d no! hoose !o ad+an e a *oung $an !o a $&n&s!er&a# o))& e2 whose a%&#&!&es were o) !he sa$e (&nd2 and so near#* e;ua# !o h&s own' Bo!h had )&ne na!ura# "ar!sF %o!h were a"a%#e o) grea! a""#& a!&on= wh& h was !he grea!er $as!er o) a%use ou#d no! eas&#* %e de!er$&ned= and &) !here was so$e!h&ng $ore aw)u# and o$"u#s&+e &n P&!!1s ora!or*2 !here was $ore a u!eness and $ore w&! &n Char#es Townshend1s'
P&!!1s d&s!rus! o) Townshend on!&nued= he d&d h&s %es! !o (ee" h&$ ou! o) h&s ,5.. $&n&s!r*2 and2 Eus! %e)ore h&s own o##a"se2 !r&ed !o re"#a e h&$ w&!h <ord Nor!h' He had e+er* reason' I) he h&$se#) was an &$"oss&%#e $as!er2 Townshend was an &$"oss&%#e su%ord&na!e' He was &n )#a! d&sagree$en! w&!h Cha!ha$ on !he Eas! Ind&a ;ues!&on and agreed w&!h Gren+&##e a%ou! A$er& a' As Cha!ha$ de #&ned2 Townshend su ess)u##* sa%o!aged h&s "o#& &es %* h&s energ*2 a%&#&!* and ho!>!e$"ered !hrea!s !o res&gn' He was no $ore #o*a# !o h&s o##eagues !han he was !o !he&r h&e)' B* !he #a!e su$$er o) ,5.5 no%od* !rus!ed h&$ an* $oreF h&s )u!ure was h&gh#* un"ro$&s&ngF !here was no!h&ng )or h&$ !o do %u! d&e2 wh& h he du#* d&d2 #ea+&ng h&s "r&+a!e a))a&rs &n grea! d&sorder' Ye! &n !he a ! o) "o#& * )or wh& h a#one he &s now re$e$%ered Townshend a !ed2 !hough w&!h h&s usua# )#a$%o*an e2 $ore as a s!a!es$an and #ess as a show$an !han &n an*!h&ng e#se he a!!e$"!ed' He had ser+ed a #ong a""ren!& esh&" &n A$er& an a))a&rs a! !he Board o) Trade2 and where o#on&a# ;ues!&ons were on erned2 was a ha$"agne +ers&on o) Gren+&##e' He had a#wa*s %een an e8"onen! o) &$"er&a# en!ra#&Ha!&on2 r&!& &H&ng !he A#%an* P#an2 )or e8a$"#e2 %e ause &! wou#d ha+e de+e#o"ed a de+o#+ed )edera# s!ru !ure &n Nor!h A$er& a' He was !oo &n!e##&gen! !o a e"! !he d&s!&n !&on %e!ween &n!erna# and e8!erna# !a8a!&on wh& h had eased !he wa* !o !he re"ea# o) !he S!a$" A !2 and2 #&(e a## o!her Br&!&sh "o#&!& &ans2 u"he#d !he "r&n &"#es o) !he De #ara!or* A !' Then2 as Chan e##or o) !he E8 he;uer he was shar"#* aware o) !he )&nan &a# "ro%#e$s !ha!2 !he S!a$" A ! and !he ra&d on !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an* %o!h ha+&ng )a&#ed2 were as "ress&ng as e+er' I! was !rue2 o) ourse2 !ha! Cha!ha$ was &den!&)&ed &n !he "u%#& $&nd2 %o!h &n Eng#and and !he o#on&es2 as A$er& a1s s!aun hes! )r&end2 and !ha! no $&n&s!r* %ear&ng h&s na$e ou#d de en!#* a%andon h&s "o#& * )or Gren+&##e1sF %u! wha! was !ha! !o TownshendM He saw h&s o""or!un&!*2 and !oo( &!' On /. 0anuar* ,5.52 Gren+&##e2 who was now )&8a!ed w&!h !he &dea !ha! A$er& a shou#d %e !a8ed2 &n!rodu ed a $o!&on !o !ha! end &n !he House o) Co$$ons' The $o!&on was de)ea!ed2 %u! Townshend2 re"#*&ng )or !he go+ern$en!2 a e"!ed !he "r&n &"#e &n+o#+ed %* announ &ng G!ha! he (new !he $ode %* wh& h a re+enue $&gh! %e drawn )ro$ A $ e r & a w&!hou! o))en e1' She#%urne r&gh!#* o$$en!ed !ha! su h a s"ee h was no! !he wa* !o $a(e an*!h&ng go down we## &n Nor!h A$er& aF %u! worse was !o o$e' A $on!h #a!er !he o""os&!&on arr&ed a $o!&on !o redu e !he #and>!a8 %* a sh&##&ng &n !he "ound= GThe Eo* &n !he House o) Co$$ons was +er* grea!21 Gren+&##e re orded2 Ga## !he oun!r* gen!#e$en o$&ng round Mr Gren+&##e2 sha(&ng h&$ %* !he hand2 and !es!&)*&ng !he grea!es! sa!&s)a !&on'1 Now !he )a! was &n !he )&re= )or &! was re (oned !ha! !he go+ern$en! needed $ore !han P6??2??? a *ear !o "a* )or o+erseas $&#&!ar* es!a%#&sh$en!s &n Nor!h A$er& a a#one' A ord&ng#* Townshend )e#! e$%o#dened !o )u#)&# h&s "#edge' One o) h&s !a#en!s as a "o#&!& &an was !ha! he a#wa*s (new wh& h wa* !he w&nd was %#ow&ng= a ord&ng !o Bur(e2 GHe on)or$ed e8a !#* !o !he !e$"er o) !he houseF and he see$ed !o gu&de2 %e ause he was a#wa*s sure !o )o##ow &!'1 He (new !he genera# &rr&!a!&on aused %* !he an!& s o) Massa huse!!s and2 e+en $ore2 o) New Yor(F e+en Cha!ha$ had a##ed New Yor( &n)a!ua!ed2 !he +& !&$ o) a de$on o) d&s ord2 and %e#&e+ed !ha! &! wou#d ha+e !o %e d&s &"#&ned' The House o) Co$$ons2 %e&ng e+en $ore re#u !an! !han usua# !o +o!e !a8es on &!se#)2 wou#d we# o$e #e+&es on A$er& a2 so #ong as !he* d&d no! %r&ng w&!h !he$ S!a$">#&(e !rou%#es' Th&s Townshend "ro$&sed !o arrange' He a#so $ean! !o "u! !he who#e go+ern$en! o) Nor!h A$er& a on a rad& a##* new )oo!&ng2 o) !he en!ra#&H&ng (&nd he )a+oured' On ,3 Ma* ,5.5 he &n!rodu ed h&s $easures' The #as! was s&gned %* !he K&ng on / 0u#*' A## had an eas* "assage !hrough Par#&a$en!' The* were he#"ed on %* a genera# resen!$en! o) New Yor(1s ungra!e)u# %eha+&our2 as &s shown %* !he )a ! !ha! one o) !he$ 9!he New Yor( Res!ra&n&ng A !: &n+a#&da!ed a## A !s o) !he New Yor( asse$%#* un!&# !he Juar!er&ng A ! was o%e*ed' Th&s "ar!& u#ar $easure re$a&ned a dead #e!!er2 %e ause !he New Yor( asse$%#* had o$"#&ed w&!h !he Juar!er&ng A ! &n 0une23 %u! &!s $ere "assage was resen!ed as an a ! o) ar%&!rar* usur"a!&on' I! was !o %e re$e$%ered' And !he
o!her Townshend #aws were a#so d&re !ed aga&ns! !he o#on&a# asse$%#&es' For whereas !he S!a$" A ! had %een are)u##* #&$&!ed !o !he "ur"ose o) "ro+&d&ng )unds )or !he &$"er&a# $&#&!ar* es!a%#&sh$en!2 Townshend e8"#o&!ed !he )&nan &a# "ro%#e$ and !he un"o"u#ar&!* o) !he A$er& ans !o s!r&(e a! &ns!&!u!&ons wh& h he had #ong he#d !o %e !he rea# or&g&na!ors o) a## Ang#o>A$er& an !rou%#es' H&s Re+enue A ! re+&+ed !he ;ues!&on o) !a8a!&on %* &$"os&ng new du!&es on g#ass2 #ead2 "a&n!ers1 o#ours2 "a"er and !ea2 and e8"#& &!#* au!hor&Hed wr&!s o) ass&s!an e &n !he&r o##e !&onF wh&#e ano!her a ! se! u" an A$er& an Board o) Cus!o$s Co$$&ss&oners a! Bos!on !o e8"ed&!e !he o##e !&on o) !hese and o!her2 o#der du!&es' The )o##ow&ng *ear )our new +& e>ad$&ra#!* d&s!r& !s 9Ha#&)a82 Bos!on2 Ph&#ade#"h&a2 Char#es Town: were se! u" !o a ! as )ur!her &ns!ru$en!s o) $er an!&#&s! on!ro# and #aw> en)or e$en!' These2 s&n e !he* o"era!ed w&!hou! Eur&es2 were seen %* A$er& ans as en roa h&ng )ur!her on sa red r&gh!s= G@ha! has A$er& a done !o %eQ d&s)ran h&sed and s!r&""ed o) so &n+a#ua%#e a "r&+&#ege as !r&a# %* Eur*M1 I! was worse !han !he S!a$" A !' A%o+e a##2 Townshend ear$ar(ed !he "ro eeds o) !he new du!&es !o se! u" a o#on&a# &+&# #&s!2 wh& h wou#d ena%#e !he K&ng !o "a* !he sa#ar&es o) o#on&a# Go+ernors2 us!o$s o))& ers and o!her o))& &a#s w&!hou! re ourse !o !he asse$%#&es wh& h had h&!her!o "a&d !he$' In shor!2 here was a d&re ! assau#! on !he "ower o) !he o#on&a# "urse' I! was %o#d2 &n!e##&gen! and e8 eed&ng#* unw&se 4 so unw&se !ha! !he $os! $*s!er&ous !h&ng a%ou! !he a))a&r &s !ha! Townshend a""aren!#* ne+er as(ed h&$se#) ser&ous#* &) and how h&s A !s ou#d %e en)or ed' E+en w&!hou! !he S!a$" A ! "re eden!s !he ha##enge $us! ha+e %een res&s!ed' I ha+e a#read* !r&ed !o $a(e &! #ear !ha! re"resen!a!&+e se#)> go+ern$en! was a "r&n &"#e oe+a# w&!h !he Eng#&sh se!!#e$en!s' The e&gh!een!h> en!ur* asse$%#&es e$%od&ed !h&s "r&n &"#e and %* ,5.5 were do&ng so +er* e))e !&+e#* &ndeed' Than(s "ar!#* !o Br&!&sh neg#e ! and "ar!#* !o !he s!resses o) #o a# "o#&!& s2 &n e+er* o#on* !he #ower2 "o"u#ar#* e#e !ed house had ga&ned an as endan * o+er %o!h !he e8e u!&+e 9!he Go+ernors: and !he u""er house 9!he Coun &#:'6 I! had ons!an!#* %een re"resen!ed !o @h&!eha## !ha! as #ong as !he Go+ernors de"ended on annua# +o!es o) !he o#on&a# asse$%#&es )or !he&r sa#ar&es !he asse$%#&es wou#d ha+e !he wh&" hand= %u! Char#es Townshend was !he )&rs! $&n&s!er e+er !o #&s!en2 and %* !he !&$e he a !ed &! was !oo #a!e' E+en &n B&rg&n&a2 where !he Go+ernor1s sa#ar* was sa)e )ro$ o""onen!s &n !he House o) Burgesses2 !he asse$%#* had grown used !o runn&ng !he o#on*2 ;u&!e as !he House o) Co$$ons was !o run n&ne!een!h> en!ur* Eng#and 9here2 as so o)!en2 o#on&a# de+e#o"$en! had ra ed ahead o) !ha! o) !he $o!her oun!r*:' As !o !he u""er houses2 !he Coun &#s2 !hese had de #&ned )or +ar&ous reasons' In Massa huse!!s Ba*2 under !he ,.-, Char!er2 !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es e#e !ed !he Coun &##ors2 and &! &s on#* sur"r&s&ng !ha! no! un!&# ,5.. and !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s d&d &! des&gned#* hoose $en who wou#d do &!s own %&dd&ng ra!her !han !he Go+ernor1sF %u! !he Coun &# had %een wea(en&ng )or s&8!* *ears "re+&ous#*' O!her o#on&es rea hed !he sa$e goa# %* d&))eren! "a!hs2 %u! a## rea hed &!' The "ures! @h&g do !r&ne a$e !o "re+a&#= !he r&gh! o) no !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on had %een su ess)u##* e8"#o&!ed !o $a(e ea h "ro+&n e essen!&a##* se#)>go+ern&ng2 and Townshend shou#d ha+e (nown enough !o rea#&He !ha! an* ha##enge !o !he asse$%#&es1 "owers was er!a&n !o "ro+o(e a )ero &ous rea !&on' Th&s was so )or $ore reasons !han one' No! on#* were !he asse$%#&es essen!&a##* so+ere&gn %* !he $&d>e&gh!een!h en!ur*= ea h had %e o$e !he &ns!ru$en! o) a "ar!& u#ar grou"2 or &n!eres!2 wh& h used !he$ !o w&e#d and (ee" #o a# "ower' P#an!ers !o !he Sou!h2 $er han!s !o !he Nor!h2 !hose #&+&ng on or near G!&dewa!er1 had )#our&shed $&gh!&#* &n !he "as! en!ur*2 and &n a hundred wa*s !he&r &n!eres! &n on!&nu&ng !o do so a))e !ed !he&r "o#&!& s' In Massa huse!!s2 !*"& a# o) !he New Eng#and o#on&es2 e+er*!h&ng !urned on !he !ownsh&"s2 w&!h wh& h $en &den!&)&ed !he$se#+es %e)ore !he* !hough! o) !he$se#+es as &!&Hens o) Massa huse!!s2 er!a&n#* %e)ore !he* !hough! o) !he$se#+es as su%Ee !s o) K&ng George' Re"resen!a!&on &n !he Genera# Cour! was we&gh!ed &n )a+our o) !he sea%oard2 $er an!&#e !owns2 and !he )a ! !ha! !he Cour! $e! a! Bos!on2 where !he $o% was a#wa*s a! hand !o &n!&$&da!e &n#and re"resen!a!&+es2 d&d no!h&ng !o orre ! !he %a#an e' I$"or!an! !hough !hese )a !ors were2 !&dewa!er as endan * &n
Massa huse!!s Ba* was h&e)#* !he resu#! o) !he )a ! !ha! !he $er han!s and sho"(ee"ers o) Bos!on (new wha! !he* wan!ed and how !o ge! &!= !he* were !he $os! d*na$& e#e$en!s &n !he o#on*1s "o#&!& s2 and !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s had un&!ed !he o#on&a#s &n +&ews $os! ongen&a# !o !he$' Su%se;uen! Br&!&sh %#unders re)reshed !he un&on' Thus !he Re+o#u!&on &n Massa huse!!s was h&e)#* !o %e sha"ed %* Bos!on2 a"&!a# o) o$$er e and "a!r&o!&s$' In Penns*#+an&a !he grea! )&gh! was %e!ween !he Per$ )a$&#*2 s!&## e8"#o&!&ng &!s "os&!&on 9)or e8a$"#e2 &!s enor$ous #andho#d&ngs were un!a8ed:2 and !he so> a##ed Jua(er "ar!* 4 wh& h2 %* !he !&$e Fran(#&n and h&s )r&end Ga##owa* a$e !o #ead &!2 was $&sna$ed2 %e&ng essen!&a##* !he "ar!* o) !he $er han!s and eas!ern #andho#ders' These $en #oo(ed on !he$se#+es as !he !rue re"resen!a!&+es o) !he "eo"#e o) Penns*#+an&a' The* %ased !he&r #a&$ "ar!#* on !he&r des en! )ro$ !he )&rs! Jua(er and Ang#& an se!!#ers2 "ar!#* on !he&r wea#!h 9)or "ro"er!* was &n reas&ng#* o$&ng !o %e seen as a ne essar* ;ua#&)& a!&on )or "ar!& &"a!&on &n "o#&!& s: and "ar!#* on !he (udos !he* )e#! !he* had earned %* !he&r #ong s!rugg#e aga&ns! !he o""ress&+e and ar&s!o ra!& a# Penns' Bu! !he Jua(er "ar!* was ne+er!he#ess a! odds w&!h !he h&n!er#and2 now )&##&ng u" w&!h Ger$an and Nor!hern Ir&sh a#&ens= &!s on!ro# o) !he asse$%#*2 and so o) Penns*#+an&a2 had !o %e de)ended on !wo )ron!s2 and &ndeed was2 %* $an* ad+an ed "o#&!& a# $e!hods2 &n #ud&ng !ha! o) gerr*$ander&ng' In B&rg&n&a an ad+an e !o !he @es! was a $a!!er o) des&re2 no! a#ar$2 !o !he grea! "#an!ers= !he* ho"ed !o $a(e a )or!une ou! o) &!2 and were ha""* &n "r&n &"#e !o e8!end !he su))rage !o @es!ern se!!#ers &) !h&s &ndu ed !he$ !o "#a* !he&r "ar! &n o"en&ng u" new !err&!or*' Bu! !he "#an!ers had2 o) ourse2 no &n!en!&on o) re#&n;u&sh&ng on!ro#' The* were ;u&!e a! one w&!h !he Penns*#+an&ans &n ho#d&ng !ha! "ro"er!* was a "rere;u&s&!e )or "o#&!& a# "ower' As a ,.5? B&rg&n&an #aw s!a!ed2 a +o& e &n e#e !&ons %e#onged on#* G!o su h as %* !he&r es!a!es rea# or "ersona# ha+e &n!eres! enough !o !&e !he$ !o !he endea+our o) !he "u%#& good1' E+en %e!ween "ro"er!*>ho#ders !here was no de$o ra *' The $ere r&gh! !o +o!e was no! wor!h +er* $u h2 s&n e #o a# go+ern$en! was &n !he hands o) !he o#&gar hs2 who a#so ensured !ha! no and&da!es )ro$ ou!s&de !he&r ran(s e+er go! e#e !ed !o !he House o) Burgesses2 or e+en a$e )orward' Con!ro##&ng !he asse$%#*2 on !he o!her hand2 was we## wor!hwh&#e2 and !he o#&gar hs1 "ro#onged su ess &n do&ng so 9go&ng %a ( !o !he se+en!een!h en!ur*: na!ura##* )or!&)&ed !he&r %e#&e) &n !he$se#+es and !he&r a!!a h$en! !o @h&g "r&n &"#es' Few o) !he$ had read Harr&ng!on2 S&dne* or <o (e2 %u! !hose wr&!ers1 &ns&s!en e !ha!2 %o!h &n na!ure and &n r&gh!2 go+ern$en!s ou#d %e )ounded on#* on !he w&## o) !he "eo"#e2 wh& h w&## was %es! e8"ressed !hrough re"resen!a!&+e &ns!&!u!&ons 9re#a!ed no!&ons wh& h !oge!her $ade u" !he do !r&ne o) #eg&s#a!&+e su"re$a *:2 #&(e !he&r )a&#ure !o su""or! un&+ersa# su))rage2 was +er* o$"a!&%#e w&!h A$er& an ond&!&ons' The &deas o) !hese wr&!ers had2 o+er !&$e2 %e o$e w&de#* d&))used &n !he o#on&es2 e+en &) !he&r wor(s had no!' A ord&ng#*2 when news o) !he Townshend A !s rea hed A$er& a2 !he on#* ;ues!&on was wha! )or$ res&s!an e shou#d !a(e !h&s !&$e' So #ear was !he ha##enge2 whe!her !o !he r&gh!s o) !he &!&Hens or !he "owers o) !he asse$%#&es2 !ha! so$e sudden2 s&ng#e2 +&gorous ou!%urs! #&(e !ha! wh& h had de)ea!ed !he S!a$" A ! $&gh! ha+e see$ed a "ro%a%#e res"onse' I)2 &ns!ead2 !he rea !&on was "ro#onged o+er !hree *ears or so and +ar&ed grea!#* &n &n!ens&!* )ro$ "#a e !o "#a e and !&$e !o !&$e2 &! was2 "arado8& a##*2 %e ause o""os&!&on !o Townshend !ou hed e+en $ore "eo"#e !han had o""os&!&on !o Gren+&##eF %e ause !he "a!r&o! #eaders saw2 and se&Hed2 !he o""or!un&!* !o de+&se new and e+en $ore )or$&da%#e organ&Ha!&ons o) res&s!an e2 wh& h ne essar&#* !oo( !&$eF and %e ause !h&s #as! de+e#o"$en! %egan ser&ous#* !o a#ar$ er!a&n A$er& an &n!eres!s2 so !ha! where !he S!a$" A ! r&s&s had2 on !he who#e2 un&!ed !he o#on&a#s 9)or e+en Tho$as Hu! h&nson had o%Ee !ed !o Br&!&sh "o#& *: !he Townshend r&s&s2 Eus! %e ause &! ran dee"er2 d&+&ded !he$' Massa huse!!s2 as $&gh! ha+e %een e8"e !ed2 #ed !he wa*' The rad& a# "a!r&o!s2 #ed %* Sa$ Ada$s2 were $os! on erned w&!h !he "o#&!& a# &$"#& a!&ons o) !he Townshend A !s= here was renewed !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on2 here was a "#o! !o $a(e !he o#on&a# go+ern$en!s
&nde"enden! o) !he go+erned2 here was !he !h&n end o) !he wedge' Be)ore #ong o#on&a# $one* wou#d %e used !o su""or! !he s!and&ng ar$* &n A$er& a and 9Ada$s d&d no! s ru"#e !o add: a %&sho" o+er New Eng#and' The us!o$s o$$&ss&oners2 now on !he&r wa* !o !a(e u" !he&r du!&es &n Bos!on2 shou#d %e g&+en as ho! a re e"!&on as had gree!ed !he wou#d>%e S!a$" o##e !ors' Bu! !h&s ad+& e )e## on dea) ears' For !he $o$en! &! was !he e ono$& as"e !s o) !he Townshend A !s wh& h $os! d&s$a*ed !he $er han!s and sho"(ee"ers= !he $er han!s %e ause s!r& !er us!o$s regu#a!&on wou#d "u! an end !o !he s$ugg#&ng &n wh& h so $an* o) !he$ 9es"e &a##* 0ohn Han o (: so "ro)&!a%#* engagedF !he s$a## $en %e ause !he* were )r&gh!ened !ha! !he r&se &n "r& es wh& h !he new du!&es wou#d %r&ng a%ou! wou#d "u! !he$ ou! o) %us&ness' There $a* ha+e %een so$e su%s!an e &n !he&r )ears' For e8a$"#e2 !he du!* on !ea was !hree"en e a "ound2 a no! &n ons&dera%#e su$ &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*' There were sa&d !o %e Gde#uges o) %an(ru"! &es1 &n Rhode Is#and !ha! au!u$nF !he Massa huse!!s Pos!>Bo* s"o(e o) an Ga#ar$&ng s ar &!* o) $one* and onse;uen! s!agna!&on o) !rade1 &n !ha! "ro+&n e' Cond&!&ons were $u h !he sa$e &n New Ha$"sh&re' @ha!e+er !he rea# ause2 !he Townshend du!&es were %#a$ed )or !h&s s!a!e o) a))a&rs2 and a s"on!aneous $o+e$en! s"rang u" !o oun!era ! !he$' GSa+e *our $one* and sa+e *our oun!r*21 sa&d ! h e Pos!>Bo*' On /7 O !o%er !he Bos!on !own> $ee!&ng #aun hed a non> onsu$"!&on agree$en!2 !he su%s r&%ers !o wh& h "#edged !he$se#+es !o %o* o!! a #arge nu$%er o) goods !ha! were usua##* &$"or!ed 9)or e8a$"#e2 G#oa) sugar2 ordage2 an hors2 oa hesQ Men and wo$en1s ha!sQ shoesQ snu))2 $us!ardQ g#ue1:2 !o %u* o#on&a# "rodu e &ns!ead2 and !o o%ser+e )ruga#&!* &n $ourn&ng 9s&n e !he *ards and *ards o) %#a ( #o!h ne essar* !o #a$en! !he dead &n !he usua# s!*#e had !o o$e )ro$ Eng#and:' Tea was no! o))& &a##* %o* o!!ed2 %u! &! %e a$e a "a!r&o!& du!* !o shun &!F %es&des2 &! was a G$os! #u8ur&ous and ener+a!&ng ar!& #e12 "ro%a%#* !o %#a$e )or a## !he new>)ang#ed a&#$en!s 9G!re$%#&ngs2 a"o"#e8&es2 onsu$"!&ons1: !ha! were go&ng round' Th&s sor! o) !h&ng "ro+ed "o"u#ar2 and !he non> onsu$"!&on $o+e$en! s"read !hroughou! sea%oard Massa huse!!sF %u! &! ou#d no! %e e8"e !ed !o ha+e $u h e))e ! on &$"er&a# "o#& *2 %e&ng ne&!her un&+ersa# nor dra$a!& ' A ord&ng#*2 rad& a#s and sho"(ee"ers 9o) ourse !he !wo a!egor&es o)!en o+er#a""ed: %egan !o #oo( )or $ore asser!&+e $easures2 as d&d $an* o) !he #ead&ng $er han!s' These2 !hrough !he&r $ou!h"&e e 0a$es O!&s2 had ensured !ha! !he us!o$s o))& ers were un$o#es!ed when !he* arr&+ed &n Bos!on on A No+e$%er ,5.5F %u! !he* were so )or%ear&ng on#* %e ause !he* were an8&ous no! !o a#&ena!e o"&n&on &n !he o!her o#on&es %* r&o!ous %eha+&our' @ha! was ho"ed )or was a renewa# o) !he non>&$"or!a!&on agree$en!s o) ,5.A= a ho"e !ha! was $u h en ouraged %* !he "u%#& a!&on o) 0ohn D& (&nson1s <e!!ers )ro$ a Far$er &n Penns*#+an&a2 wh& h a""eared &n !he Penns*#+an&a GaHe!!e %e!ween De e$%er ,5.5 and Fe%ruar* ,5.7' These <e!!ers were &$$ense#* su ess)u#= o))& &a##* o$$ended %* !own>$ee!&ngs2 re"u%#&shed &n news"a"ers !hroughou! !he o#on&es and a#so &n "a$"h#e! )or$2 !he* %e a$e !he B&%#e o) A$er& an "a!r&o!&s$ un!&# !he e+e o) &nde"enden e' @&!h oo# good !e$"er and good sense D& (&nson 9,53/4,7?7:2 a "ros"erous Ph&#ade#"h&an #aw*er2 a (now#edged !he so+ere&gn!* o) !he Crown and !he au!hor&!* o) Par#&a$en! !o regu#a!e !he !rade and &ndus!r* o) !he E$"&re2 %u! a!!a (ed e+er*!h&ng e#se= !he New Yor( Res!ra&n&ng A !2 !he Townshend A !s and2 roo! and %ran h2 a## a!!e$"!s !o !a8 !he o#on&es w&!hou! !he&r onsen! or go+ern !he$ o!herw&se !han !hrough !he&r asse$%#&es2 wh& h2 de"r&+ed o) !he "ower o) !he "urse2 $&gh! G "erha"s %e a##owed !o $a(e #aws )or !he *o(&ng o) hogs2 or !he "ound&ng o) s!ra* a!!#e' The&r &n)#uen e w&## hard#* %e "er$&!!ed !o e8!end so h&gh2 as !he (ee"&ng roads &n re"a&r2 as !ha! %us&ness $a* $ore "ro"er#* %e e8e u!ed %* !hose who re e&+e !he "u%#& ash'1 A$er& ans $us! res&s!2 or %e o$e $ere s#a+esF and2 s!rong#* de"re a!&ng +&o#en e2 D& (&nson ad+o a!ed a non> &$"or!a!&on $o+e$en! as !he %es! $eans' Th&s was $us& !o Massa huse!!s2 !hough no swee!er2 "resu$a%#*2 !han D& (&nson1s re$ar( &n a
#e!!er !o 0a$es O!&s !ha! G@hene+er !he ause o) A$er& an )reedo$ &s !o %e +&nd& a!ed2 I #oo( !owards !he "ro+&n e o) Massa huse!!s Ba*'1 Thus en ouraged2 O!&s and Sa$ Ada$s wor(ed w&!h a w&## a! !he w&n!er sess&on o) !he Genera# Cour!' On /? 0anuar* ,5.7 !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es agreed on a "e!&!&on !o !he K&ng see(&ng !he re"ea# o) !he Townshend A !s2 and on ,, Fe%ruar*2 a)!er $an* o) !he wes!ern onser+a!&+es had gone ho$e2 !he House +o!ed !o send a &r u#ar #e!!er !o a## !he o!her o#on&a# asse$%#&es2 a))&r$&ng A$er& an r&gh!s2 denoun &ng !he Townshend A !s and re"or!&ng wha! !he Massa huse!!s asse$%#* had done %* wa* o) "ro!es!' Then on , Mar h !he $er han!s o) Bos!on 9!ha! &s2 e+er*%od* who !raded d&re !#* w&!h Eng#and: $e! &n on #a+e and "#edged !he$se#+es !o re)ra&n )or a *ear )ro$ &$"or!&ng an*!h&ng %u! a )ew )&sh&ng essen!&a#s )ro$ Grea! Br&!a&n2 "ro+&ded on#* !ha! New Yor( and Ph&#ade#"h&an $er han!s wou#d agree !o a%s!a&n !oo' The $er han!s1 a !&on was Eus! wha! 0ohn D& (&nson had re o$$ended2 %u! !he &r u#ar #e!!er had !he )&rs! su ess' Th&s do u$en! was wr&!!en h&e)#* %* Sa$ue# Ada$s and &s a $onu$en! !o h&s #&!erar* s(&##' Una#ar$&ng#* "o#&!e2 $odera!e and #og& a# &n &!s #anguage2 &! ne+er!he#ess s!ood ro (> )&r$ on !he ;ues!&on o) !a8a!&on= wha! a $an has hones!#* a ;u&red &s a%so#u!e#* h&s own2 wh& h he $a* )ree#* g&+e2 %u! anno! %e !a(en )ro$ h&$ w&!hou! h&s own onsen!' S&n e A$er& ans ne&!her were2 nor2 &n "ra !& e2 ou#d %e2 "ro"er#* re"resen!ed &n Par#&a$en!2 !he* ou#d no! %e #aw)u##* !a8ed %* Par#&a$en!' I! was %e o$&ng a )a$&#&ar do !r&ne2 and was we# o$ed !hroughou! !he o#on&es' The B&rg&n&a Genera# Cour!2 )or e8a$"#e2 sen! o)) a "e!&!&on !o !he K&ng2 a $e$or&a# !o !he House o) <ords and a re$ons!ran e !o !he Co$$ons' Th&s a !&on 9,. A"r&# ,5.7: "ro$"!ed !he a !&ng Go+ernor !o "rorogue !he asse$%#*' Th&s2 or an e+en s!ronger $easure2 was Eus! wha! !he Br&!&sh go+ern$en! wou#d ha+e re;u&red o) h&$' For dur&ng !he "re+&ous w&n!er !he go+ern$en! had %een re ons!ru !ed 9!hough Cha!ha$ d&d no! res&gn un!&# O !o%er ,5.7:' The su""or!ers o) !he Du(e o) Bed)ord now do$&na!ed !he Ca%&ne!2 and2 #&(e !he K&ng2 &ndeed e+en $ore en!hus&as!& a##*2 %e#&e+ed !ha! a "o#& * o) G)&r$ness1 was wha! !he s&!ua!&on re;u&red' A new "os! o) A$er& an Se re!ar* had %een rea!ed2 and &!s )&rs! o u"an!2 @&##s H&##2 <ord H&##s%orough 9,5,74-3:2 read !he &r u#ar #e!!er w&!h grea! rage2 !hough he was no! a Bed)ord&!e' Massa huse!!s2 &! see$ed !o h&$2 was a!!e$"!&ng !o )or$ an Gunwarran!a%#e o$%&na!&on1 !o res&s! !he #aw and re+&+e !he Gd&s!ra !&ons1 o) !he S!a$" A ! r&s&sF so he sen! a &r u#ar #e!!er o) h&s own !o !he ro*a# Go+ernors2 !e##&ng !he$ !o d&sso#+e an* asse$%#* !ha! #oo(ed #&(e a !&ng )a+oura%#* on !he Massa huse!!s "ro"osa#s2 wh& h !he asse$%#* o) !ha! o#on* $us! w&!hdraw' A## !o no a+a&#' As ,5.7 wen! on2 one asse$%#* a)!er ano!her de)&ed H&##s> %orough and !he Go+ernors and was a ord&ng#* d&sso#+ed2 New 0erse* &n A"r&# %e&ng !he )&rs!2 New Yor( &n 0anuar* ,5.- %e&ng !he #as!' H&##s%orough1s #e!!er had done no $ore !han $a(e $a!!ers worse= &n Penns*#+an&a &! was denoun ed as G!he $&n&s!er&a# $anda!e2 %* wh& h &! see$s we $us! %ow our ne ( !o !he *o(e2 w&!hou! u!!er&ng one groan1' Meanwh&#e !he non>&$"or!a!&on $o+e$en! ou#d no! %e sa&d !o %e )#our&sh&ng= New Yor( had %een read* !o )o##ow Bos!on1s #ead2 as had !he $&nor !owns o) Massa huse!!s2 %u! Ph&#ade#"h&a hung %a (2 and w&!hou! &! no!h&ng ou#d %e a!!e$"!ed' For!una!e#* )or !he ause !he Br&!&sh aga&n &n!er+ened w&!h &##>ad+&sed de &s&ons and 9)or !he$: d&sas!rous resu#!s' Dur&ng !he w&n!er o) ,5.5472 as Massa huse!!s Ba* !r&ed !o ra##* !he o#on&es )or o$$on a !&on2 Sa$ue# Ada$s had (e"! !he Bos!on rowd on a shor! re&n2 so !ha! !he us!o$s o$$&ss&oners had %een a%#e !o wor( o$"ara!&+e#* un$o#es!ed2 !hough !he&r #&)e was )ar )ro$ "#easan!' A )a+our&!e !r& ( o) !he Gd&sorder#* %o*s1 o) !he &!* was !o #a* n&gh!>!&$e s&ege !o !he
o$$&ss&oners1 houses2 w&!h dru$> %ea!&ng2 horn>%#ow&ng 9!hrough on hes: and !he G$os! h&deous how#&ngs as !he Ind&ans2 when !he* a!!a ( an ene$*1' Th&s unner+ed !he o$$&ss&oners2 and !he (now#edge !ha! !he rowd wen! no )ur!her on#* %e ause Ada$s had #a&d &! down !ha! )or !he !&$e %e&ng !here were !o %e GNO MOBS>NO CONFUSIONS>NO TUMU<TS 1 was s ar e#* o$)or!&ng' Then on ,? 0une ,5.7 !here was a! #as! a rea# r&o! when !he us!o$s se&Hed 0ohn Han o (1s s#oo" <&%er!* on !he grounds !ha! she was s$ugg#&ng $ade&ra' The $o% s!oned !he o$$&ss&oners and %ro(e !he w&ndows o) !he&r houses2 so !ha! !he* had !o )#ee !o !he "ro!e !&on o) HMS Ro$ne*2 a warsh&" re en!#* s!a!&oned &n Bos!on har%our' On 3? Se"!e$%er !he Br&!&sh go+ern$en! rash#* sen! !wo reg&$en!s o) regu#ar so#d&ers !o Bos!on2 !o res!ore and $a&n!a&n order' In "ar! !h&s was "oss&%#e %e ause <ord H&##s%orough had a%andoned a## a!!e$"!s !o "o#& e !he @es!2 &n +&ew o) wha! he a##ed G!he enor$ous and ru&nous e8"ense1 &n+o#+ed' S&n e &! had so )ar "ro+ed &$"oss&%#e2 on e&!her s&de o) !he A!#an!& 2 !o ra&se a re+enue )or &$"er&a# "ur"oses2 !he au!hor&!&es had "er)or e )a##en %a ( on a "o#& * o) re (#ess "enn*>"&n h&ng' Genera# Gage had #aun hed e ono$&es !ha! were !o #ea+e !he ar$* &n a "oor wa* !o )&gh! !he @ar o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on' Now H&##s%orough de &ded !ha! !he regu#a!&on o) !he )ur>!rade and !he "re+en!&on o) ano!her Ind&an war were "o#& &es !ha! no #onger Eus!&)&ed !he&r os!2 so $os! o) !he &n!er&or )or!s were a%andoned' I! was ano!her Br&!&sh a%d& a!&onF %u! !h&s $os! s&gn&)& an! )a ! was o+er#oo(ed %e ause &! was &$$ed&a!e#* )o##owed %* !he $&#&!ar* o u"a!&on o) Bos!on' Th&s de+e#o"$en! had a +er* %ad e))e ! on A$er& an o"&n&on' For )&+e *ears !he go+ern$en! had &ns&s!ed !ha! !he s!and&ng ar$* was &n A$er& a on#* )or &$"er&a# de)en e2 *e! now &! was de #ared !o %e )or !he "ur"ose o) en)or &ng o%ed&en e !o Par#&a$en!2 and was !o "o#& e Bos!on' How ou#d Crown or Par#&a$en! e+er %e !rus!ed aga&nM Sa$ Ada$s2 who regarded a s!and&ng ar$* &n "ea e!&$e as a sure s&gn o) &$"end&ng !*rann*2 !a#(ed o) organ&H&ng ar$ed res&s!an e2 %u! !here were no +o#un!eers' Howe+er2 he d&d "ersuade !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es !o $ee! 9uno))& &a##*2 s&n e Go+ernor Bernard re)used !o su$$on &!:2 a##&ng &!se#) a on+en!&on2 on !he )a+our&!e se+en!een!h> en!ur* Eng#&sh $ode#' Th&s on+en!&on ga!hered &n !he wee( %e)ore !he !roo"s #anded2 and d&d #&!!#e2 e8 e"! !o s u!!#e ou! o) !own G#&(e a herd o) s a#ded hogs1 on !he da* !he !roo"sh&"s a""eared o))>shore= no one wan!ed !o %e !he )&rs! $ar!*r )or #&%er!*' Fur!her$ore2 dur&ng !he on+en!&on &! %e a$e "#a&n )or !he )&rs! !&$e !ha! !here was a so#&d o""os&!&on !o Bos!on&an e8!re$&s$ &n oun!r* Massa huse!!s2 wh& h su))& ed )or !he $o$en! !o (ee" Ada$s &n he (' Bu! &! was su))& &en! )or !he gross#* un ons!&!u!&ona# on+en!&on !o ha+e $e!= Br&!&sh #aw was !hus aga&n )#ou!ed2 and &n a new wa*' I! &s s ar e#* sur"r&s&ng !ha! !he !a#( &n <ondon2 e+en a$ong !he Ro (&ng>ha$ @h&gs2 %egan !o %e a%ou! &so#a!&ng and "un&sh&ng Massa huse!!s2 !ha! Gr&ng#ead&ng "ro+&n e1' Howe+er2 !h&s was eas&er !o w&## !han !o do2 and &n !he u"sho! !h&s )rus!ra!ed )ee#&ng grew &n!o an o%sess&on !ha! was !o "ro+e +er* har$)u#' In !he w&n!er o) ,5.74- &! &ssued &n new "ro+o a!&ons 4 or2 as A$er& an onser+a!&+es wou#d ha+e argued2 &n $ere ges!ures wh& h anno*ed w&!hou! d&s &"#&n&ng !he "a!r&o!s' In Augus! ,5.7 New Yor( Eo&ned !he non>&$"or!a!&on $o+e$en!2 and &n Mar h ,5.- Penns*#+an&a a! #as! d&d #&(ew&se2 a## &!s a!!e$"!s !o e8!ra ! on ess&ons or redress )ro$ !he Br&!&sh go+ern$en! ha+&ng )a&#ed' @ha! a$e o+er &ns!ead was a re"or! o) e&gh! Par#&a$en!ar* reso#u!&ons' S"onsored %* H&##s%orough2 !he* were a## sound and )ur*2 denoun &ng a## !he "ro eed&ngs 4 r&o!s2 &r u#ar #e!!er2 on+en!&on 4 o) Massa huse!!s and Bos!on2 and as(&ng !he K&ng !o !a(e wha! s!e"s he ou#d !o "rose u!e an* !reason or $&s"r&s&on o) !reason !ha! had o urred2 &) ne essar* %* arr*&ng !he u#"r&!s !o Eng#and )or !r&a#' No $ore was done or a!!e$"!ed2 %u! !he o#on&es were grea!#* "ro+o(ed2 and %o!h !he B&rg&n&a and Sou!h Caro#&na asse$%#&es "re"ared oun!er>reso#u!&ons s!ou!#* su""or!&ng Massa huse!!s' The "#an!a!&on o#on&es 9!hose #*&ng sou!h o) Penns*#+an&a: had no! "re+&ous#* %een $u h !ou hed %*
!he ag&!a!&on o) !he o$$er &a# o#on&es= Bos!on was !oo $o%%&sh )or !he$F %u! now !he* !oo( a#ar$' For &ns!an e2 George @ash&ng!on o) Moun! Bernon2 B&rg&n&a 9,53/4--:2 a "ros"erous 9)or a wonder: "#an!er2 a re!&red $&#&!&a o#one# who had seen $u h ser+& e &n !he Se+en Years @ar2 was on+&n ed %* !he H&##s%orough Reso#u!&ons !ha! Gour #ord#* $as!ers &n Grea! Br&!a&n w&## %e on!en! w&!h no!h&ng #ess !han !he de"r& a!&on Zs& [ o) A$er& an )reedo$12 and !ha! a resor! !o ar$s $&gh! "ro+e ne essar*2 &) on#* as a #as! de)en e' In !he $ean!&$e he ad+o a!ed B&rg&n&a1s en!r* &n!o !he non>&$"or!a!&on $o+e$en!2 and enough o) h&s oun!r*$en agreed w&!h h&$ )or B&rg&n&a !o do Eus! !ha!2 !hough on#* a)!er a *ear o) "a&n)u# nego!&a!&on' A## !he o!her Sou!hern o#on&es had done !he sa$e %* !he end o) ,5.- 9!he agree$en! was %u! &##> o%ser+ed &n Georg&a: and %* !he s"r&ng o) ,55?2 o) !he #ead&ng Eng#&sh "ro+&n es2 on#* New Ha$"sh&re was ho#d&ng a#oo)' B* !ha! !&$e sense was re!urn&ng !o @h&!eha##' I! was2 &ndeed2 a "er)e !#* "o&n!#ess ;uarre#2 and as ear#* as Ma* ,5.- !he Ca%&ne! de &ded2 &n +&ew o) A$er& an hos!&#&!*2 !o re"ea# !he Townshend du!&es2 e8 e"! )or !he one on !ea' Th&s was !o %e re!a&ned )or !he "r&n &"#e o) !he !h&ng2 as !he De #ara!or* A ! had swee!ened !he "&## o) S!a$" A ! re"ea#' The a%ou!> !urn !oo( !&$e !o arrange2 )or !he @es!$&ns!er w&n!er 9,5.-45?: was "reo u"&ed w&!h !he re!&re$en! o) !he Du(e o) Gra)!on2 !he no!&ona# Pr&$e M&n&s!er' He was re"#a ed %* Freder& (2 <ord Nor!h 9,53/4-/:2 !he son and he&r o) !he Ear# o) Gu&#)ord2 and !he sor! o) h&e) $&n&s!er !ha! George III had %een #oo(&ng )or s&n e !he %eg&nn&ng o) h&s re&gn' No! )or Nor!h !he a%ras&+e "o#& &es o) a Gren+&##e2 !he a%ras&+e "ersona#&!* o) a P&!!2 !he wea(ness o) a Bu!e2 !he )a !&ousness o) a Ro (&ngha$' <&(e h&s (&ng2 who$ he rese$%#ed2 "h*s& a##*2 so #ose#* !ha! !he s!or* go! around !ha! !he* had !he sa$e )a!her. 4 !he* %o!h #oo(ed #&(e %u##)rogs2 on#* &n Nor!h !he )rog was $ore a""aren! !han !he %u## 4 h&s s!reng!hs and wea(nesses were !hose o) !he o#d order a! &!s %es!' Hen e h&s )a&#ure2 )or2 e8 e"! &n $a!!ers o) "u%#& )&nan e2 he was &n a"a%#e o) rea!&+e &nno+a!&on2 howe+er ne essar*' He )u$%#ed )ro$ e8"ed&en! !o e8"ed&en!2 wh& h has &!s "o&n!s &n ;u&e! !&$es2 %u! &s a ;u&!e &nade;ua!e res"onse !o grea! e$ergen &es' Ye! &) !he o#d order ou#d ha+e res"onded !o !he ha##enge2 Nor!h $&gh! we## ha+e %een !he &ns!ru$en!' For one !h&ng he was u!!er#* de+o!ed !o &!2 es"e &a##* !o !he r&gh!s2 "owers and "res!&ge o) !he o#d2 unre)or$ed Par#&a$en!2 &n wh& h he wou#d ne+er )&nd an* )#aw' He was G!he o$"#e!e House o) Co$$ons $an125 %#and2 hu$orous and o as&ona##* e#o;uen! &n de%a!e2 a $as!er#* "o#&!& a# !a !& &an2 a o$"e!en! ad$&n&s!ra!or and "ersona##* $ore !han a e"!a%#e !o George III2 who$ he ser+ed #o*a##*' He was s!ead)as! &n e$ergen *2 and &) he was &rreso#u!e when grea! de &s&ons were !o %e $ade2 !he K&ng was a#wa*s !here !o s!&))en h&s ner+e' He "u! !oge!her a s!a%#e $&n&s!r* and a "er$anen! Par#&a$en!ar* $aEor&!*2 and was su ess)u# )or *ears= on#* gradua##* d&d h&s wea(nesses r&""#e h&$' To %eg&n w&!h2 a## wen! we##' On A Mar h ,55?2 &n !he )&rs! grea! $easure o) h&s ad$&n&s!ra!&on2 he $o+ed !he re"ea# o) !he Townshend du!&es2 argu&ng !ha! !he* were o$$er &a##* nonsens& a#' He sa&d no!h&ng a%ou! !he ru &a# )a ! !ha! !he* had s!&rred u" $ore !rou%#e !han !he* were wor!h' The* were s!&## do&ng so' A ross !he A!#an!& 2 on !he +er* da* o) Nor!h1s s"ee h2 Bos!on eru"!ed aga&n' The Br&!&sh had %een !oo read* !o $o ( !he &!*1s "ea e)u# a ;u&es en e &n !he arr&+a# o) !he !roo"s' S&n e !ha! !&$e re#a!&ons %e!ween !he !owns"eo"#e and !he so#d&ers2 ne+er good2 had go! worse and worse' The hu$aner sor! o) Bos!on&an was horr&)&ed a! !he %ru!a# )#ogg&ngs %* wh& h o))& ers !r&ed !o $a&n!a&n d&s &"#&neF e+er*%od* was &n on+en&en ed %* !he ha##eng&ng sen!&ne#s who were "os!ed on Bos!on Ne ( !o a! h deser!ersF !he "resen e o) !he ar$* was w&de#* resen!ed as a he ( on #&%er!*F and !he so#d&ers and o))& ers !he$se#+es2 wh&#e no! "erha"s e8 e"!&ona##* %ru!a# and #& en!&ous2 were !oo $u h so )or !he s!a&d $anners o) Bos!on' Harass$en! o) !he !roo"s %e a$e a "a!r&o!& du!*2 !o %e
o$%&ned &) "oss&%#e w&!h !hose o!her du!&es2 e+ad&ng !he !rade #aws and &n!&$&da!&ng !he $er han!s so !ha! !he* dared no! %rea( !he non>&$"or!a!&on agree$en! 9e+en Tho$as Hu! h&nson1s sons were )or ed !o o$"#*:' Sa$ Ada$s (e"! u" a ons!an! s!or$ o) &n)#a$$a!or* Eourna#&s$' And !he %o*s o) Bos!on2 rea !&ng as h&#dren a#wa*s do !o "ro#onged "er&ods o) unres!2 "#unged head#ong &n!o !he good wor( w&!h a## !he re (#essness o) !hose who are s!&## !oo *oung !o (now !he d&))eren e %e!ween ga$e and gr&$ earnes!' The* !oo( !o r&o!&ng e+er* Thursda* 4 $ar(e! da*2 when !he s hoo#s were shu!' On Thursda*2 // Fe%ruar* ,55?2 so$e o) !he$ %es&eged a onser+a!&+e &n h&s houseF he2 &n !error2 )&red &n!o !he rowd2 wound&ng one %o* and (&##&ng ano!her2 !he e#e+en>*ear>o#d Chr&s!o"her Sn&der2 who was honoured w&!h an enor$ous "u%#& %ur*&ng' GM* e*es ne+er %ehe#d su h a )unera#21 wro!e 0ohn Ada$s &n h&s d&ar*2 G!he "ro ess&on e8!ended )ur!her !han an we## %e &$ag&ned'1 Th&s was !hr&##&ng enough2 %u! %a&!&ng so#d&ers was e+en %e!!er' There were se+era# ug#* &n &den!s2 and gangs had o$e !o do$&na!e !he s!ree!s o) Bos!on2 %e)ore !he assau#!s o) a $o% #ed %* Cr&s"us A!!u (s2 a ha#)>Negro wor(&ng $an2 )or ed !he guards o) !he Cus!o$s House !o )&re &n se#)>de)en e2 on A Mar h' F&+e Bos!on&ans were (&##ed2 &n #ud&ng A!!u (s' Th&s G$assa re1 was ;u& (#* e#e+a!ed &n!o #egend' I! was used as e+&den e !ha! !he Br&!&sh wou#d s!& ( a! no!h&ng' I! was he#d !o +&nd& a!e a hundred !&$es !he !rad&!&ona# @h&g %e#&e) !ha! a s!and&ng ar$* was ne essar&#* a !hrea! !o &+&# "ea e and #&%er!*2 wh& h !he "eo"#e shou#d a#wa*s %e on guard aga&ns!' The dead %e a$e $ar!*rs2 and2 $ore "rosa& a##*2 Sa$ Ada$s and !he o!her rad& a#s were a%#e !o use !he &n &den! !o )or e !he au!hor&!&es !o w&!hdraw !he !roo"s )ro$ Bos!on !o Cas!#e @&##&a$ down !he har%our' Th&s2 &ndeed2 had "ro%a%#* %een !he "ur"ose o) !he r&o! wh& h had !ou hed o)) !he GMassa re12 )or &! was a#$os! er!a&n#* &ns!&ga!ed %* !he rad& a# #eaders' Ne8!2 New Ha$"sh&re was sho (ed &n!o !e$"orar* a ;u&es en e &n !he non> &$"or!a!&on $o+e$en!2 and !he res! o) A$er& a resounded !o r&es o) horror2 es"e &a##* a)!er Ada$s1s gross#* un!rue a oun!s o) !he a))a&r go! round' As !e$"ers oo#ed aga&n2 howe+er2 &! ou#d %e seen !ha! !he e8!re$&s!s had done !he$se#+es $ore har$ !han good' I! was !o#era%#* "#a&n !ha! !he* had "ro+o(ed !he GMassa re12 and !he s"e !a #e o) see!h&ng Bos!on had #&!!#e a""ea# !o !he res"e !a%#e e#sewhere' Th&s was es"e &a##* !rue o) !he r& her $er han!s2 who2 on #earn&ng !ha! !he Townshend $easures had %een re"ea#ed2 rushed !o d&sso &a!e !he$se#+es )ro$ !he&r dangerous a##&es' New Yor( resu$ed &$"or!a!&on &n 0u#*2 Ph&#ade#"h&a &n Se"!e$%er2 Bos!on &n O !o%er' The o!her "or!s d&d #&(ew&se2 and on e $ore an uneas* "ea e des ended on !he !h&r!een o#on&es' Tho$as Hu! h&nson was sworn &n as Go+ernor o) Massa huse!!s &n Mar h ,55, and was we# o$ed w&!h grea! war$!h !hroughou! !he "ro+&n e' He was2 a)!er a##2 na!&+e>%orn and an orna$en! !o !he #and he had ser+ed #ong and we##' Nor$a#&!* o) a d&))eren! (&nd $an&)es!ed &!se#) a! !he sa$e !&$e &n Nor!h Caro#&na2 where !he )eud %e!ween !he wes!ern and eas!ern areas u#$&na!ed &n !he re%e##&on o) !he so> a##ed Regu#a!ors2 !he $en o) !he @es!2 who a)!er o+er!urn&ng !he go+ern$en! &n !he %a (> oun!r&es &n #a!e ,55? were $e! and de)ea!ed &n %a!!#e a! !he A#a$an e r&+er %* Go+ernor Tr* on and !he !&dewa!er $&#&!&a on ,. Ma* ,55,' I! was no! a +er* &$"ress&+e %a!!#e= !he Regu#a!ors2 #a (&ng e))e !&+e $&#&!ar* organ&Ha!&on2 were eas&#* rou!ed2 $an* ha+&ng %een wounded !hough on#* n&ne were (&##edF a$nes!* was gran!ed !o !he res!2 on ond&!&on !ha! !he* !oo( an oa!h o) a##eg&an e !o !he K&ng' Ye! &! was !he $os! !hr&##&ng e+en! %e!ween !he o##a"se o) non> &$"or!a!&on and !he su$$er o) ,55/ 4 a "er&od o) near#* !wo *ears' Th&s a""earan e o) res!ored a#$ was dee"#* $&s#ead&ng' The "er&od s&n e !he S!a$" A ! had !rans)or$ed A$er& an a!!&!udes !o Grea! Br&!a&n' The s#&gh!es! a !&on o) !he $o!her oun!r* was now regarded w&!h au!o$a!& sus"& &on= an* $aEor &n&!&a!&+e $&gh! we## re>o"en !he +o# ano' Nor was !ha! a##' In e#e+en o) !he !h&r!een o#on&es 4 a##2 !ha! &s2 e8 e"! New Ha$"sh&re and Georg&a 4 !he Sons o) <&%er!* re!a&ned "ower2 and &n Massa huse!!s2 under
!he o$$and o) Sa$ Ada$s2 !he* were organ&Hed !o e8!end and e8er! &! 4 &) ne essar* %* s!&rr&ng u" !rou%#e &ns!ead o) !a$e#* wa&!&ng )or &! !o ar&se' There was )or a $o$en! a han e o) dr&+&ng Ada$s )ro$ !he s!age' In Go+ernor Hu! h&nson he a! #as! had a wor!h* )oe' Hu! h&nson was &n !he end !o %e !he one grea! !rag& )&gure o) !he Re+o#u!&on= a $odera!e2 "a!r&o!& 2 a%#e and de+o!ed $an2 whose +&r!ues as $u h as h&s #&$&!a!&ons 9he had no +& es !o s"ea( o): wou#d #ead h&$ !o d&sas!erF %u! dur&ng !he )&rs! !wo *ears o) h&s Go+ernorsh&" he had so$e a""re &a%#e su esses' A rea !&on se! &n a$ong !he oun!r* "eo"#e aga&ns! !he ag&!a!&ons o) !he&r #ong> d&s!rus!ed a"&!a#' E+en &n Bos!on &!se#) Sa$ Ada$s #os! ground= he ran,, )or Reg&s!rar o) Su))o#( Coun!* 9wh& h &n #udes Bos!on: and #os!' H&s +o!e a! !he e#e !&ons )or !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es san( !o a dangerous#* #ow #e+e#' Hu! h&nson reEo& ed !o re"or! !o <ord H&##s%orough !ha! !here was $ore Ggenera# a""earan e o) on!en!$en!1 &n Massa huse!!s a! !he %eg&nn&ng o) ,55/ !han a! an* !&$e s&n e !he S!a$" A !' A## !he sa$e2 Ada$s1s on!ro# o) !he Genera# Cour! was ne+er ser&ous#* !hrea!ened2 and he (e"! u" h&s s!ra!eg* o) "& (&ng ;uarre#s w&!h au!hor&!* on e+er* o as&on' E+en!s &n Br&!a&n a#so %e#&ed !he a""earan e o) a#$' The grea! @&#(es a))a&r &s !oo #ong a su%Ee ! !o %e de!a&#ed here' Su))& e &! !o sa* !ha! 0ohn @&#(es2 "rose u!ed2 %an&shed2 &$"r&soned and e8"e##ed )ro$ !he House o) Co$$ons2 had %e o$e %* !he #a!e s&8!&es a hero& s*$%o# )or a## !hose )or es wh& h2 &n Br&!a&n as &n A$er& a2 were s!rugg#&ng2 )or a## $anner o) reasons2 aga&ns! !he oss&)& a!&on o) !he o#d order' Po!en!&a##* @&#(es was )or Br&!a&n wha! Pa!r& ( Henr* and Sa$ Ada$s were )or A$er& a' H&s wea(nesses were !wo)o#d= he was a onser+a!&+e2 or a! an* ra!e no! a re+o#u!&onar*2 a! hear! 9e#se he ou#d hard#* ha+e %e o$e <ord Ma*or o) <ondon:F and h&s "ersona# hara !er2 !ha! o) a re (#ess2 &) a!!ra !&+e2 ga$%#er and ra(e2 !ended !o a#&ena!e !he Pur&!an e#e$en!2 !hen as now an essen!&a# "ar! o) an* Br&!&sh re)or$ $o+e$en!' Fran(#&n2 !ha! &n arna!&on o) #a!e Pur&!an&s$ 9e+en !hough he was h&$se#) so$e!h&ng o) a ra(e on !he s#*:2 d&s$&ssed @&#(es as Gan ou!#aw and an e8&#e2 o) %ad "ersona# hara !er2 no! wor!h a )ar!h&ng1' More "er e"!&+e was so$e%od*1s re$ar( !ha! &) @&#(es had had !he un%#e$&shed "ersona# re"u!a!&on o) George III2 he ou#d ha+e de!hroned !he K&ng= &! g&+es an e8a ! &dea o) h&s &$"or!an e' A$er& ans wa! hed !he dra$a2 )ro$ !he&r d&s!an e2 w&!h )as &na!&on' I! see$ed !he&r own %a!!#e2 as &ndeed !o so$e e8!en! &! was' @&#(es1s )&gh! aga&ns! genera# warran!s was !he sa$e as !he&r )&gh! aga&ns! wr&!s o) ass&s!an e' The* s*$"a!h&Hed &ns!&n !&+e#* w&!h h&s s!and )or )reedo$ o) !he "ress2 )ree e#e !&ons2 !he r&gh!s o) $an2 and so$e $easure o) Par#&a$en!ar* re)or$ 9a ause2 &! &s wor!h no!&ng2 !ha! !he&r o!her grea! Eng#&sh hero2 <ord Cha!ha$2 wou#d soon endorse:' The @&#(&!e rowd was1$u h #&(e !he Bos!on&an one &n o$"os&!&on2 a&$s and %eha+&our= &! !oo was #ed %* sa&#ors and "u##ed down houses2 !hough &! was $u h $ore good>hu$oured' I! had !he sa$e ene$&es= !he s!and&ng ar$* sho! down <ondoners &n !he S! George1s F&e#ds Massa re as &! sho! down Bos!on&ans' A ord&ng#* A$er& an "a!r&o!s !oas!ed G@&#(es and <&%er!*1 a! $an* a %an;ue! and su%s r&%ed #&%era##* !o @&#(&!e )unds' The* $ourned !he hero1s de)ea!s2 heered h&s +& !or&es2 read h&s "a$"h#e!s' And !hus a new "o&son en!ered !he A$er& an %#oods!rea$' Eng#&sh rad& a#s s!rong#* s*$"a!h&Hed w&!h !he&r A$er& an oun!er"ar!s2 and an*wa* )ound !he A$er& an ;ues!&on a use)u# s!& ( w&!h wh& h !o %ea! !he go+ern$en!' Bu! %e&ng #oser !o !he s ene o) a !&on !han !he o#on&a#s2 and %e&ng e+en $ore dee"#* &$"regna!ed w&!h @h&gg&sh no!&ons der&+&ng )ro$ !he s!rugg#e %e!ween K&ng and Par#&a$en! &n !he se+en!een!h en!ur*2 !he* were $u h ;u& (er !o %#a$e George III as we## as h&s $&n&s!ers )or !he "#o! aga&ns! #&%er!* !ha! !he* de!e !ed &n e+er* a ! o) !he ad$&n&s!ra!&on' In h&s grea! "h&#&""& aga&ns! !he K&ng o) ,De e$%er ,5.-2 !he "a$"h#e!eer G0un&us1 assu$ed !ha! !he o#on&a#s had seen !he "o&n!= The* were read* enough !o d&s!&ngu&sh %e!ween *ou and *our $&n&s!ers' The* o$"#a&ned o) an
a ! o) !he #eg&s#a!ure2 %u! !ra ed !he or&g&n o) &! no h&gher !han !o !he ser+an!s o) !he rown= The* "#eased !he$se#+es w&!h !he ho"e !ha! !he&r so+ere&gn2 &) no! )a+oura%#e !o !he&r ause2 a! #eas! was &$"ar!&a#' The de &s&+e2 "ersona# "ar! *ou !oo( aga&ns! !he$2 has e))e !ua##* %an&shed !ha! )&rs! d&s!&n !&on )ro$ !he&r $&nds' The* ons&der *ou as un&!ed w&!h *our ser+an!s aga&ns! A$er& a2 and (now how !o d&s!&ngu&sh !he so+ere&gn and a +ena# "ar#&a$en! on one s&de2 )ro$ !he rea# sen!&$en!s o) !he Eng#&sh "eo"#e on !he o!herQ The* #e)! !he&r na!&+e #and &n sear h o) )reedo$2 and )ound &! &n a deser!' D&+&ded as !he* are &n!o a !housand )or$s o) "o#& * and re#&g&on2 !here &s one "o&n! &n wh& h !he* a## agree=4 !he* e;ua##* de!es! !he "agean!r* o) a (&ng2 and !he su"er &#&ous h*"o r&s* o) a %&sho"' I! &s no! !hen )ro$ !he a#&ena!ed a))e !&ons o) Ire#and or A$er& a2 !ha! *ou an #oo( )or ass&s!an eQ Th&s was a se#)>)u#)&##&ng "ro"he *' The A$er& ans read &!2 and o!hers #&(e &!2 and %egan !o wonder &) &! was no! !rue' @ere !he&r a))e !&ons a#&ena!edM @as !he K&ng !he&r rea# o""ressorM The* %egan !o s!ud* h&s %eha+&our2 and soon d&s o+ered !he o%+&ous2 !ha! George2 )ar )ro$ %e&ng !he +& !&$ o) $&s#ead&ng and o""ress&+e $&n&s!ers2 was !he&r energe!& and w&##&ng a##*' He snu%%ed @&#(&!e "e!&!&ons and #ed !he %a!!#e aga&ns! @&#(es h&$se#)' An A$er& an $er han! &n <ondon wro!e ho$e !ha! G!he Bes! o) Pr&n es had !a(en are !o o))end a## h&s Eng#&sh su%Ee !s %* a un&)or$ and s!ud&ed &na!!en!&on wh& h &rr&!a%#e $en #&(e $*se#) ons!rue &n!o $ore !han neg#e ! and downr&gh! &nsu#!Q1' The &$age2 on e dear e+en !o 0ohn Ada$s2 o) a "a!r&o! K&ng2 !he %ene+o#en! s &on o) !he House o) Brunsw& (2 !he guaran!or o) !he Pro!es!an! su ess&on2 %egan !o ru$%#e2 and $e$or&es o) !he #egendar* S!uar! !*ran!s !o re+&+e' One $ore #&n( w&!h Br&!a&n was sna""&ng' Ma!!ers were no! he#"ed &n !he su$$er o) ,55/ when !he $er han!s 9!ha! &s2 !he s$ugg#ers: o) New"or!2 Rhode Is#and2 a"!ured and %urned !he re+enue s hooner HMS Gas"ee2 whose o$$ander2 &! was a##eged2 had no! on#* "ressed $en &n !he o#on*2 %u! s!o#en shee"2 hogs and "ou#!r*2 and u! down )ru&!>!rees )or )&rewood' He had a#so %een &n on+en&en!#* d&#&gen! &n en)or &ng !he Na+&ga!&on A !s' Th&s ou!rage o$"e##ed so$e &$"er&a# rea !&on2 s&n e !he #o a# o))& &a#s $ade no! !he s#&gh!es! a!!e$"! !o %r&ng !he r&$&na#s !o Eus!& e' @hen &! a$e2 !he rea !&on was s&gn&)& an!#* )ee%#e2 show&ng !ha! !he Br&!&sh had #earned a )ew #essons' The* had #earned2 )or e8a$"#e2 !o (ee" ou! o) ;uarre#s %e!ween2 or w&!h&n2 o#on&es2 and !o $o+e au!&ous#*2 one $&gh! sa* !&$&d#*2 when &n+o#+e$en! was &nes a"a%#e' The&r res"onse !o !he Gas"ee &n &den! was !o se! u" an &n+es!&ga!or* o$$&ss&on ons&s!&ng o) !he Go+ernor o) Rhode Is#and2 !he Ch&e) 0us!& es o) Massa huse!!s2 New Yor( and New 0erse*2 and !he Eudge o) !he +& e>ad$&ra#!* our! )or !he New Eng#and d&s!r& !' These $en were a## )ar !oo A$er& an and )ar !oo au!&ous !o !a(e an* r&s(s2 so !he o$$&ss&on was &ne))e !&+e2 as $&gh! ha+e %een )oreseen' A## &n a##2 &! was a "&!&)u# wa* o) dea#&ng w&!h wha! was2 &n one sense2 a dead#&er ha##enge !han !he Bos!on Tea Par!* &!se#) was !o %e2 s&n e &! &n+o#+ed !he des!ru !&on o) one o) !he K&ng1s sh&"s2 no! Eus! o) so$e "r&+a!e "ro"er!*' Su h )ee%#eness was ano!her s&gn o) a%d& a!&on2 e+en !hough !he o$$&ss&on was !oo s!rong )or rad& a# s!o$a hs and was !rea!ed e+er*where %* !he Sons o) <&%er!* as a !*rann& a# &n!er)eren e' For a$ong &!s &ns!ru !&ons was !he )a!a# "ro+&s&on !ha! "ersons arres!ed as a resu#! o) &!s )&nd&ngs were !o %e !rans"or!ed !o Eng#and !o s!and !r&a#' The a#ar$ o as&oned %* !h&s G our! o) &n;u&s&!&on2 $ore horr&d !han !ha! o) S"a&n and Por!uga#1 9T: #ed !he B&rg&n&an House o) Burgesses &n !he s"r&ng o) ,553 !o "ro"ose !he es!a%#&sh$en! o) a ha&n o) &n!er> o#on&a# o$$&!!ees o) orres"onden e2 )or !he on er!&ng o) o$$on $easures aga&ns! a !s o) o""ress&on' Th&s "ro"osa# was eager#* !a(en u" %* !he o!her o#on&es' So )a&#ed !he "o#& * o) )ee%#eness' Bu! &!s a#!erna!&+e2 G+&gour12 )a&#ed e+en worse when &! was a! #eng!h a""#&ed !o !he $os! $u!&nous o) !he o#on&es2 Massa huse!!s Ba*'
There2 $on!hs %e)ore B&rg&n&a a !ed2 Sa$ Ada$s had re a"!ured !he &n&!&a!&+e' Us&ng as h&s "re!e8! !he new "o#& * %* wh& h !he "ro eeds o) !he A$er& an us!o$s were used )or !he sa#ar&es o) go+ern$en! o))& &a#s2 &n #ud&ng Eudges2 he "a&n!ed a )r&gh!)u# "& !ure o) #&%er!* and Eus!& e &n A$er& a %e&ng su%+er!ed %* G"ens&oners2 "#a e$en and o!her Eo%%ers2 )or an a%andon1d and sha$e#ess $&n&s!r*F h&re#&ngs2 "&$"s2 "aras&!es2 "anders2 "ros!&!u!es and whores1 9!h&s use o) e8!ra+agan! se8ua# a%use was o$$on w&!h Ada$s and h&s asso &a!es:' He was a%#e2 %* $u h h*s!er&a and no! a #&!!#e !r& (er*2 !o &ndu e Bos!on !own>$ee!&ng !o s!ar! a ha&n o) o$$&!!ees o) orres"onden e w&!h&n Massa huse!!s2 ea h !ownsh&" !o ha+e one' These o$$&!!ees were e+en!ua##* !o usur" !he go+ern$en! o) !he "ro+&n e' B* ,55623?? !owns had %een drawn &n!o !he ne!wor(' Ea h o$$&!!ee re"or!ed d&re !#* !o Bos!onF and a! Bos!on a onne !&on was es!a%#&shed w&!h !he o$$&!!ees o) !he o!her o#on&es' @or(&ng )or !he &$"er&a# go+ern$en! was $en1s na!ura# des&re )or a ;u&e! #&)e and a re!urn o) "ros"er&!*' In B&rg&n&a2 George @ash&ng!on2 )orge!!&ng h&s !a#( o) ar$ed res&s!an e2 was de+o!&ng h&$se#) en!&re#* !o !he $anage$en! o) h&s "#an!a!&ons and !he "ursu&! o) r& h #and>gran!s &n !he new oun!r* o"en&ng u" a ross !he A##eghen* $oun!a&ns' There were $an* #&(e h&$ &n e+er* o#on*' Bu! on !he who#e ond&!&ons )or Br&!&sh "o#& * were ge!!&ng s#ow#*2 &$"er e"!&%#*2 %u! de)&n&!e#* worse' <ord Nor!h d&d no! no!& e= Par#&a$en! d&d no! d&s uss A$er& a )or !wo *ears' He had o!her "ro%#e$s on h&s $&nd2 !he )ore$os! %e&ng Ind&a' <&(e e+er*!h&ng e#se &! was onne !ed w&!h !he d&))& u#!&es o) go+ern$en! )&nan e' The Eas! Ind&a Co$"an* was ano!her +& !&$ o) !he de a*&ng $er an!&#&s! s*s!e$' Cha!ha$2 &! w&## %e re$e$%ered2 had ho"ed !o "a* )or !he E$"&re no! %* !a8&ng !he @es! %u! %* s;ueeH&ng !he Eas!= !he Co$"an* was sadd#ed w&!h !he re;u&re$en! !o "a* an annua# P6??2??? !o !he go+ern$en!' I! was a#so %urdened w&!h r&s&ng ad$&n&s!ra!&+e os!s &n Ind&a2 w&!h o$"e!&!&on &n !he !ea>!rade )ro$ Eng#&sh and A$er& an s$ugg#ers2 and w&!h !he onse;uen es o) a grea! )a$&ne &n Benga#' I!s "ure#* %us&ness a))a&rs were %e&ng %ad#* $anaged2 !he "r& e o) &!s shares had o##a"sed2 and a )&nan &a# "an& 2 )o##owed %* a !we#+e>$on!h !rade de"ress&on2 wh& h $ade !he o##e !&on o) $one* owed !o !he Co$"an* +er* d&))& u#!2 s!ar!ed ear#* &n ,55/' B* Se"!e$%er &n !ha! *ear2 w&!h de%!s a$oun!&ng !o $ore !han P,23??2???2 &! was near&ng %an(ru"! *2 and !he go+ern$en! had !o &n!er+ene' The resu#!&ng #eg&s#a!&on !oo( !he )&rs! s!e" on !he road !ha! #ed e+en!ua##* !o su"ersess&on o) !he Co$"an* &n Ind&a %* !he Crown' Nor!h a#so ado"!ed an &ngen&ous &dea2 "u! )orward %* Co$"an* o))& &a#s2 )or a&d&ng &! o$$er &a##*' He "re"ared an A ! o) Par#&a$en! 9!he so> a##ed Tea A !: %* wh& h a## $er an!&#&s! %urdens on !he e8"or! o) !he Co$"an*1s !ea !o A$er& a were #&)!ed' Co$"an* !ea wou#d !here%* %e a%#e !o o$"e!e e))e !&+e#* w&!h !he s$ugg#ed sor!2 wh& h a! !he !&$e was se##&ng &n !he o#on&es a! /s' 5d' "er "ound' The a""earan e on !he $ar(e! o) )&ne Eas! Ind&an !eas a! /s' "er "ound wou#d )or e !he s$ugg#ers1 "r& es down &n a rush 9!hough !he* wou#d s!&## enEo* a . "er en! "ro)&!:' Fur!her$ore2 under Nor!h1s arrange$en!s !he Co$"an* wou#d %e a##owed !o a ! as &!s own re!a&#er2 se##&ng d&re ! !o !he o#on&a# onsu$er2 no!2 as "re+&ous#*2 !hrough $&dd#e$en' Th&s was $anna !o !he Eas! Ind&a$en' The* e8"e !ed !o a u$u#a!e2 &n ,553462 a sur"#us o) !h&r!*>one $&##&on "ounds o) !ea2 and %e)ore !he Tea A ! 9wh& h %e a$e #aw on ,? Ma* ,553: !he* had no! e8"e !ed !o se## $ore !han !h&r!een $&##&on "ounds' Now !he* were )ree !o du$" as $u h as !he* ou#d on !he A$er& an $ar(e!2 %e&ng re;u&red on#* !o (ee" %a ( !en $&##&on "ounds &n ase o) so$e na!&ona# e$ergen * 9a +er* Br&!&sh "&e e o) )ores&gh!:' No wonder <ord Nor!h s"o(e o) !he A ! as G"rod&g&ous#* !o !he ad+an!age o) !he Co$"an*1' He had no! onsu#!ed an* o) !he A$er& an $er han!s or o#on&a# agen!s &n <ondon %e)ore
#eg&s#a!&ng' To Eudge %* h&s #a!er s!a!e$en!s2 he had assu$ed !ha! !he A$er& ans wou#d rush !o %u* hea" !ea and g&+en !he $a!!er no )ur!her !hough!' I! er!a&n#* ne+er o urred !o h&$ !ha! !he ord&nar* A$er& an !ea>dr&n(er wou#d $a(e o$$on ause w&!h !he s$ugg#ers and #ega# &$"or!ers !o "ro!es! aga&ns! a $easure wh& h su%s!an!&a##* #owered !he "r& e o) !he s!u))2 Eus! %e ause &! d&d no! a%o#&sh a du!* wh& h had %een a e"!ed &n "ra !& e2 a! an* ra!e &n New Eng#and2 )or !he "re+&ous )&+e *ears' He !oo( no warn&ng )ro$ !he )a ! !ha! !he o#on&es sou!h o) Conne !& u! had ne+er a e"!ed !he du!*' In ,55? !he a$oun! o) du!&ed !ea &$"or!ed !o New Yor( was on#* ,65 "oundsF Ph&#ade#"h&a !oo( on#* s&8!*>)&+e' Bo!h &!&es dran( enor$ous ;uan!&!&es o) on!ra%and !ea &ns!ead' The "#an!a!&on o#on&es showed a s&$&#ar "a!!ern' The du!* was ne+er a e"!ed &n "r&n &"#e an*where2 o) ourse= !he o#on&es had on!&nuous#* "e!&!&oned aga&ns! &!' Nor!h1s %#&ndness !o a## !h&s de$ons!ra!ed2 as had Gren+&##e and Townshend2 how #&!!#e )&!!ed Br&!&sh $&n&s!ers were !o go+ern !he E$"&re' The Tea A ! wou#d2 un#ess nu##&)&ed or re"ea#ed2 gra+e#* &nEure A$er& an s$ugg#ers2 a no! &n ons&dera%#e )or e &n o#on&a# #&)e2 as !he Gas"ee &n &den! had "ro+edF %* e#&$&na!&ng !he $&dd#e$en &! wou#d a#so &nEure $er han!s &n !he #eg&!&$a!e !ea>!radeF and as !he Townshend !ea>du!* o) 3d' a "ound was !o on!&nue2 !he re+enue o) !he Crown &n A$er& a wou#d %e grea!#* enhan ed wh&#e !he grea! "r&n &"#e o) no !a8a!&on w&!hou! re"resen!a!&on wen! %* de)au#!' Nor!h shou#d ha+e (nown2 or shou#d ha+e )ound ou!2 !ha! !he o#on&a#s wou#d %e $os! un#&(e#* !o a e"! !he A != !o %ar!er !he "r&n &"#es o) !he&r #&%er!* )or hea" !ea' He d&d no!2 and !here%* $&ssed a grea! o""or!un&!*' BenEa$&n Fran(#&n had sugges!ed2 +a&n#* as usua#2 !ha! $ere#* %* re"ea#&ng !he du!* Nor!h wou#d ena%#e !he A$er& an $ar(e! !o a%sor% )our $&##&on "ounds1 wor!h o) !he sur"#us !ea &n !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an*1s warehouses' Su h a re"ea#2 o$%&ned w&!h !he Tea A !2 wou#d ha+e %een a $as!ers!ro(e o) "o#& *' Nor!h wou#d ha+e grea!#* a&ded !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an* and re$o+ed an A$er& an gr&e+an e2 !he #a!!er ;u&!e w&!hou! o$"u#s&on or ag&!a!&on' He $&gh! ha+e won !he go+ern$en! so$e $u h>needed "o"u#ar&!*2 as we## as !he "o#&!& a# &n&!&a!&+e' Su h a $o+e wou#d ha+e angered !he $er an!&#e %u! no! !he onsu$&ng &n!eres! &n !he o#on&es' I! wou#d ha+e o"ened !he wa* !o re"#a &ng $er an!&#&s$ %* )ree !rade2 !he $os! "ress&ng o) ne essar* &$"er&a# re)or$s' Bu! !hese grand &deas ne+er rossed Nor!h1s $&nd' Mudd#ed and o$"#a en!2 he reEe !ed !he Ro (&ngha$&!e sugges!&on !ha! !he Townshend du!*2 no! !he Br&!&sh du!* on e8"or!s2 shou#d %e a%o#&shed2 )or he saw no need !o gra!&)* !he A$er& ans2 whose !e$"er2 he sa&d2 was G#&!!#e deser+&ng )a+our )ro$ hen e1' He re)used !o #&s!en !o @&##&a$ Dowdeswe##1s warn&ng2 $ade &n !he de%a!e on !he Tea A !2 !ha! G&) he don1! !a(e o)) !he du!* !he* won1! !a(e !he !ea1' The Eas! Ind&a $er han!s were e;ua##* o%!use and sangu&ne' In +a&n 0ohn Nor!on2 an A$er& an !rader &n <ondon2 warned !he$ Gno! !o !h&n( o) send&ng !he&r !ea !&## Go+ern$en! !oo( o)) !he du!*2 as !he* $&gh! %e we## assured &! wou#d no! %e re e&+ed on an* o!her !er$s1' Br&gh! +&s&ons o) &$$ed&a!e#* e8"or!&ng .??2??? #%' o) !ea !o A$er& a dan ed %e)ore !he&r e*es' More ou#d )o##owQ !he* "ressed ahead' Dr Fran(#&n2 wr&!&ng !o !he S"ea(er o) Massa huse!!s Ba*2 sounded !he a#ar$' I! was2 he !hough!2 a "#o! !o %r&%e !he A$er& ans !o a ;u&es e &n !he !ea>du!* and !hus su%$&! !o !he "r&n &"#e o) Par#&a$en!ar* !a8a!&on' B&!!er#* g&+&ng +en! !o a #ong> $oun!&ng d&sgus! w&!h !he Eng#&sh2 he o$$en!ed The* ha+e no &dea !ha! an* "eo"#e a ! )ro$ an* o!her "r&n &"#e %u! !ha! o) &n!eres!F and !he* %e#&e+e2 !ha! 3d' &n a #%' o) !eaQ &s su))& &en! !o o+er o$e a## !he "a!r&o!&s$ o) an A$er& an' The Br&!&sh go+ern$en! had $ade no su h a# u#a!&on2 %u! shou#d ha+e (nown !ha! !h&s was how &!s a !&ons wou#d a""ear2 e+en !o an e8"er&en ed $an #&(e Fran(#&n' As !he news o) !he A ! and o) !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an*1s "#ans rossed !he A!#an!& 2 a#ar$ s"read and res&s!an e $oun!ed' The "a!r&o! "ar!* se&Hed !he o""or!un&!* !o ra##* o"&n&on on *e! ano!her grea! s*$%o#& &ssue' In O !o%er2 as &n!er> o#on&a# o$$&!!ees o) orres"onden e were se! u" &n Penns*#+an&a2 De#aware
and Mar*#and2 Ph&#ade#"h&a and New Yor( "assed reso#u!&ons denoun &ng !he Tea A !' Bu! as usua# &! was Massa huse!!s wh& h !oo( !he #ead' Tha! su$$er Sa$ Ada$s had a! #as! e))e !ed !he "o#&!& a# des!ru !&on o) Tho$as Hu! h&nson2 )or Dr Fran(#&n had sen! h&$ &##>go!!en o"&es o) so$e #e!!ers !ha! !he Go+ernor had wr&!!en !o Eng#and se+era# *ears %e)ore2 on!a&n&ng o"&n&ons !ha!2 w&!h Eud& &ous !w&s!&ng2 ou#d %e $ade !o "ro+e !ha! Hu! h&nson was an ene$* !o h&s oun!r*' The !w&s!&ng was done2 !he #e!!ers2 aga&ns! Fran(#&n1s w&shes2 "u%#&shed2 and !he Go+ernor was onde$ned %* a## se !&ons o) Massa huse!!s' H&s "o"u#ar&!* +an&shed )or e+er' He was !hus he#"#ess !o he ( !he !&de o) e+en!s now rush&ng !o a #&$a8' On /, O !o%er !he Massa huse!!s orres"onden e o$$&!!ee a##ed )or o$$on a !&on %* a## !he o#on&es aga&ns! !he Co$"an*' Bos!on !own>$ee!&ng 9asse$%#&ng uno))& &a##*: "assed an!&>Tea A ! reso#u!&ons on A No+e$%er' The )&rs! !ea>sh&" arr&+ed on /7 No+e$%er2 and !he ne8! da* !he !own heard !he )&rs! sugges!&on !ha! her argo shou#d %e du$"ed &n !he har%our' There )o##owed near#* !hree wee(s o) %&!!er on!en!&on' Under !he #aws o) !rade !he !ea ou#d no! %e sen! %a ( !o Eng#and2 as Sa$ Ada$s wan!ed2 w&!hou! a #earan e )ro$ !he Go+ernor2 and !ha! #earan e Hu! h&nson re)used !o g&+e2 s&n e !he re>e8"or!a!&on du!* had no! %een "a&d and he wou#d no! #e! h&$se#) %e )or ed &n!o a ;u&es &ng &n Ada$s1s s he$e' Bes&des2 he !hough! he had !he u""er hand= &) !he du!* had no! %een "a&d %* ,5 De e$%er2 !he !ea ou#d #ega##* %e se&Hed %* !he us!o$s2 #anded and so#d' A! #eng!h2 on ,. De e$%er2 a! a $ass>$ee!&ng &n Faneu&# Ha##2 0ohn Rowe2 one o) Sa$ Ada$s1s asso &a!es2 as(ed "o&n!ed#*2 G@ho (nows how !ea w&## $&ng#e w&!h sa#! wa!erM1 In !he )&rs! g#oo$ o) a w&n!er e+en&ng2 a)!er and#es were #&!2 news a$e &n !ha! Hu! h&nson was s!&## ada$an!2 and r&es )or GA $o%T A $o%T1 wen! u"' Ada$s a$e )orward and announ ed !ha! GTh&s $ee!&ng an do no!h&ng $ore !o sa+e !he oun!r*'1 I! was a s&gna#2 !a(en u" w&!h a war> whoo" &n !he ga##er*2 wh& h &n !urn was answered )ro$ !he door %* a %and o) $en rough#* d&sgu&sed as Ind&ans' GBos!on har%our a !ea"o! !on&gh!T1 !he* shou!ed2 and a huge rowd rushed down !o !he wa!er)ron!2 !he GInd&ans1 &n !he #ead' The har%our was now %a!hed &n %r&gh! $oon#&gh!' The !hree !ea>sh&"s were %oarded2 !he 36/ or so !ea> hes!s were hau#ed on de ( and %ro(en o"en2 and !he !ea was "oured &n!o !he dar( wa!ers2 near#* ho(&ng !he$ 9&! was #ow !&de:' No o!her da$age was done2 and !he Tea Par!* ended w&!h a !r&u$"ha# $ar h !hrough Bos!on !o )&)e and dru$' I! was !he a"o!heos&s o) !he Bos!on $o%2 and Sa$ Ada$s1s $as!er"&e e' Man* o) !he GInd&ans1 were h&s )o##owers )ro$ !he Nor!h End o) Bos!on 4 sa&#ors2 sh&"wr&gh!s and o!her ar!&sans' O!hers had o$e )ro$ !he a##&ed Massa huse!!s !owns2 su$$oned2 no dou%!2 !hrough h&s o$$&!!ees o) orres"onden e' He was &n e s!as&es a! h&s su ess' GYou anno! &$ag&ne !he he&gh! o) Eo* !ha! s"ar(#es &n !he e*es and an&$a!es !he oun!enan es as we## as !he hear!s o) a## we $ee! on !h&s o as&on21 he wro!e a )ew da*s #a!er2 Ge8 e"!&ng !he d&sa""o&n!ed2 d&s onso#a!ed Hu! h&nson and h&s !oo#s'1 The d&s onso#a!ed Hu! h&nson2 &n h&s H&s!or* o) Massa huse!!s2 was !o a## &! !he G%o#des! s!ro(e wh& h had *e! %een s!ru ( &n A$er& a1F and !he o!her Ada$s2 who had %een &ne8"#& a%#* a%sen! )ro$ Bos!on dur&ng !he u#$&na!&ng s!age2 e8u#!ed &n h&s d&ar*= )his is the most magnificent moment of all. )here is a dignity, a ma1esty, a su.limity, in this last effort of the patriots, that / greatly admire. )he people should never rise, without doing something to .e remem.ered # something nota.le and striking. The news )#ew !hrough !he o#on&es2 rous&ng and un&!&ng "a!r&o! A$er& ans and es!a%#&sh&ng !he un;ues!&oned #eadersh&" o) Massa huse!!s' Fur!her res&s!an e !o !he Tea A ! was grea!#*
en ouraged' Ten da*s #a!er Ph&#ade#"h&a re!urned &!s !ea>sh&"s !o Eng#andF !ea was #anded a! Char#es Town %u! no! d&s!r&%u!edF on - Mar h ,556 Bos!on des!ro*ed !h&r!* $ore hes!sF on // A"r&# New Yor( &!* a#so had a !ea "ar!*' The a))ron! !o !he ro*a# go+ern$en! was s!agger&ng' The Tea A ! had %een nu##&)&ed and !he #eg&!&$a!e Go+ernor s"urned2 %u! !he $a!!er wen! dee"er !han !ha!' Sa&d 0ohn Ada$s2 The ;ues!&on &s whe!her !he des!ru !&on o) !h&s !ea was ne essar*M I a""rehend &! was a%so#u!e#* and &nd&s"ensa%#* soQ To #e! &! %e #anded2 wou#d %e g&+&ng u" !he "r&n &"#e o) !a8a!&on %* Par#&a$en!ar* au!hor&!*2 aga&ns! wh& h !he Con!&nen! has s!rugg#ed )or ,? *ears' Ano!her ;ues!&on was de+e#o"&ng )ro$ !he o#d one= no! Par#&a$en!ar* au!hor&!* !o !a82 %u! Par#&a$en!ar* au!hor&!* a! a## was &n ;ues!&on' Cha##enged %* Hu! h&nson 9GI (now o) no #&ne !ha! an %e drawn %e!ween !he su"re$e au!hor&!* o) Par#&a$en! and !he !o!a# &nde"enden e o) !he o#on&es1: !he Massa huse!!s House o) Re"resen!a!&+es had a#read* #a&$ed2 #ess !han a *ear %e)ore2 !ha! !he A$er& an o#on&es2 %* +&r!ue o) !he&r har!ers2 were Gd&s!&n ! S!a!es )ro$ !he $o!her oun!r*12 &nde"enden! o) Par#&a$en! !hough ow&ng a##eg&an e !o !he K&ng' E+en !h&s !heor* ou#d hard#* Eus!&)* !he assau#! on !he "ro"er!* o) !he K&ng1s su%Ee !s &n !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an*' The news o) !he Tea Par!* was "u%#&shed &n <ondon on /? 0anuar* ,5562 and !he $aEor&!* &n Par#&a$en! &ns!an!#* !urned !o !he ;ues!&on o) how !o has!&se2 on e and )or a##2 !he &nsurgen! "ro+&n e and Gse ure !he de"enden e o) !he o#on&es on !he $o!her oun!r*1' I! was no! so $u h a a# u#a!ed res"onse as a #oss o) !e$"er' For !he des&re !o "un&sh Massa huse!!s had %een )e#!2 "ro%a%#* w&!h &n reas&ng "ower2 a! #eas! s&n e ,5.72 when <ord Nor!h had o%ser+ed !ha! so$e o) Bos!on1s a !&ons had a""roa hed !reason2 when <ord H&##s%orough had "ro"osed !he a#!era!&on o) !he Massa huse!!s Char!er2 and when <ord Ca$den2 a w&se )r&end o) !he o#on&es2 had he#d !ha! !he Townshend du!&es ough! !o %e re"ea#ed e+er*where2 e8 e"! "erha"s &n Massa huse!!s Ba*2 !o %r&ng !ha! unru#* "ro+&n e !o hee#' No!h&ng had s&n e $&!&ga!ed Br&!&sh hos!&#&!*' The Tea Par!* was !he #as! s!raw' The Br&!&sh now %#a$ed !he$se#+es )or ha+&ng re"ea#ed !he S!a$" A !' In !he&r own un"h&#oso"h& a# wa* !he* had o$e !o see !he )u##2 )a!a# &$"#& a!&on o) !ha! a%d& a!&on' I! had %een2 !he* de &ded2 an a ! o) wea(ness' The* were now reso#+ed on +er* d&))eren! $easures' I! had %e o$e a du!* !o rush Bos!on' <ord Nor!h ran!ed2 I wou#d ra!her a## !he Ha$&# ars and a## !he Hann&%a#s !ha! Bos!on e+er %redF a## !he Han o (s2 and a## !he sad>Co (s2 and sad dogs o) Massa huse!!s Ba*F a## !he heroes o) !ar and )ea!hers2 and !he ha$"&ons2 $a&$ers o) un"a!r&o!& horses2 $ares and $u#es2 were #ed u" !o !he a#!ar2 on !o !he <&%er!* Tree2 !here !o %e e8a#!ed and rewarded a ord&ng !o !he&r $er&! or de$er&! Zhe $ean! hang&ng[ !han !ha! Br&!a&n shou#d d&sgra e herse#) %* re ed&ng )ro$ her Eus! au!hor&!*' So !he Coer &+e A !s 9!o %e (nown &n A$er& a as !he In!o#era%#e A !s: %egan !o $a(e !he&r wa* !hrough Par#&a$en!' The )&rs!2 !he Bos!on Por! A ! 9s&gned %* !he K&ng on 3, Mar h:2 "ro+&ded !ha! !he "or! o) Bos!on shou#d %e #osed !o !rade un!&# !he !owns$en had "a&d o$"ensa!&on )or !he !ea !o !he Eas! Ind&a Co$"an*' The ne8! !wo A !s were "ro essed $ore or #ess s&$u#!aneous#*2 %e o$&ng #aw on /? Ma*' O) !hese2 !he A ! )or regu#a!&ng !he go+ern$en! o) Massa huse!!s $ade !he "ro+&n &a# oun &# a""o&n!&+e2 as &! was &n $os! o) !he o!her o#on&es2,3 ra!her !han e#e !&+eF ga+e !he Go+ernor so#e "ower !o d&s$&ss &n)er&or Eudges2 sher&))s and o!her #esser o))& ers o) !he #awF ga+e h&$ "owers !o on!ro# and res!r& ! !he a !&+&!&es o) !he !own> $ee!&ngsF e+en !he &ns!&!u!&on o) !he Eur* was !a$"ered w&!h' The A ! )or !he &$"ar!&a# ad$&n&s!ra!&on o) Eus!& e !r&ed !o "ro!e ! re+enue o))& ers and o!her ser+an!s o) !he rown &n Massa huse!!s= &! "ro+&ded !ha! &) !he* were a used o) a"&!a#
r&$es &n !he "er)or$an e o) !he&r o))& &a# du!&es2 !he* $&gh! %e !r&ed &n ano!her o#on* or &n Grea! Br&!a&n2 a! !he d&s re!&on o) !he Go+ernor' Ne8! a$e !he Juar!er&ng A !2 s&gned %* !he K&ng on / 0une' Th&s a!!e$"!ed !o se!!#e an an &en! on!ro+ers* %* e$"ower&ng !he Go+ernor !o ;uar!er !roo"s $ore or #ess where+er he saw )&!' F&na##*2 on // 0une2 !he K&ng s&gned !he Jue%e A !' Th&s $easure2 wh& h was #ong o+erdue2 was an hones! a!!e$"! !o se!!#e !he )u!ure s!a!us o) !he Fren h>s"ea(&ng &nha%&!an!s o) Canada= &!s h&e) )ea!ures were !ha! &! se! u" a non>e#e !&+e #eg&s#a!&+e oun &# !o $a(e #awsF e8!ended !he au!hor&!* o) Jue%e &n!o !he Oh&o and I##&no&s reg&ons2 where !here were a#read* so$e Fren h o$$un&!&esF and re ogn&Hed !he !rad&!&ona# r&gh!s o) !he Ca!ho#& Chur h &n Canada' The A ! was no! des&gned !o %e one o) !he In!o#era%#e A !s2 %u! !he a &den! o) &!s !&$&ng and !he un"o"u#ar&!* o) &!s on!en!s &n !he !h&r!een o#on&es,6 $ade !he$ #u$" &! &n w&!h !he res!' To en)or e !he new #aws2 Go+ernor Hu! h&nson was !o %e re"#a ed %* Genera# Gage2 #ong an ad+o a!e o) s!r& !er $easures !owards !he o#on&es' He had %oas!ed !ha! he ou#d res!ore order &n Massa huse!!s w&!h )our reg&$en!s' He was now g&+en !he han e !o !r*2 and #anded a! Bos!on on ,5 Ma*' A )or!n&gh! #a!er Tho$as Hu! h&nson #e)! )or an e8&#e &n Eng#and )ro$ wh& h he was ne+er !o re!urn' The o""os&!&on had !r&ed &n +a&n !o de!er Nor!h )ro$ !hese2 he ho"ed2 de+as!a!&ng oun!er> $o+es' Fo8 ha$$ered2 g#&!!er&ng Bur(e r&d& u#ed a go+ern$en! wh& h had on!r&+ed !ha! Gso "a#!r* a su$ as !hree"en e &n !he e*es o) a )&nan &er2 so &ns&gn&)& an! an ar!& #e as !ea &n !he e*es o) a "h&#oso"her2 ha+e sha(en !he "&##ars o) a o$$er &a# e$"&re !ha! &r #ed !he who#e g#o%e1' G@h* w&## *ou "un&sh Bos!on a#oneM1 as(ed Dowdeswe##' GD&d no! o!her !owns send *our !ea %a ( !o Eng#and2 and re)use !he #and&ngM1 The )or$er Go+ernor o) @es! F#or&da warned !ha! !he Por! A ! wou#d %e G"rodu !&+e o) a genera# on)edera!&on !o res&s! !he "ower o) !h&s oun!r*1' I! was no good' O"&n&on was &$$o+a%#e2 and Fran(#&n des"a&red o) o#on&a# "e!&!&ons= GThe +&o#en! des!ru !&on o) !he !ea see$s !o ha+e un&!ed a## "ar!&es aga&ns! our "ro+&n e'1 I! was !oo !rue' As usua#2 !he news was s#ow !o #ea( o+er !he A!#an!& ' I! was gree!ed w&!h rage and as!on&sh$en! when &! d&d arr&+e2 %u! w&!h no wea(en&ng' On !he on!rar*2 !he ran(s o) !he rad& a#s were $u h &n reased2 )or now &! see$ed #ear !ha! !he* were r&gh!2 and !ha! !here was a)oo!2 as *oung Tho$as 0e))erson o) B&rg&n&a "u! &!2 Ga de#&%era!e and s*s!e$a!& a# "#an o) redu &ng us !o s#a+er*1' Su h was !he un&+ersa# #anguage' I! was used &n onne !&on w&!h !he In!o#era%#e A !s %* 0ohn D& (&nson and George @ash&ng!on as we## as %* a## ho!!er heads' Andrew E#&o! wro!e o) Ga dee">#a&d and des"era!e "#an o) &$"er&a# des"o!&s$1' GThe Par#&a$en! o) Eng#and ha+e de #ared war aga&ns! !he !own o) Bos!on21 one "a!r&o!& *oung B&rg&n&an2 <andon Car!er2 on)&ded !o h&s d&ar*' GQ Th&s &s %u! a "re#ude !o des!ro* !he #&%er!&es o) A$er& a'1 So !hough! !he Bos!on E+en&ng Pos!2 o$$en!&ng !ha! GI! &s no! !he r&gh!s o) Bos!on on#*2 %u! o) A<< AMERICA wh& h are now s!ru ( a!' No! !he $er han!s on#* %u! !he )ar$er2 and e+er* order o) $en who &nha%&! !h&s no%#e on!&nen!'1 A## A$er& a see$ed !o agree' In Mar h !he $en o) Massa huse!!s had %egun $&#&!ar* !ra&n&ng' News o) !he Bos!on Por! A ! arr&+ed on ,? A"r&#' As &! s"read a#ong !he oas!2 Bos!on1s a""ea# was heard2 and )ar$ers !hroughou! !he o#on&es sen! "ro+&s&ons !o !he %e#eaguered !own' In #a!e Ma* !he B&rg&n&a House o) Burgesses a""ea#ed )or "u%#& su""or! o) !he Bos!on&ans and was d&sso#+ed )or &!s "a&nsF %u! on /5 Ma* &! $e! e8!ra>#ega##* a! !he Ra#e&gh Ta+ern &n @&##&a$s%urg and &n+&!ed de#ega!es )ro$ a## !he o!her o#on&es !o $ee! &n a genera# ongress !o d&s uss !he r&s&s' The &dea had a#read* %een a&red and was eager#* !a(en u"' Dur&ng !he $on!hs !ha! )o##owed2 &n one o#on* a)!er ano!her2 asse$%#&es and Go+ernors #ashed2 and de#ega!es were a""o&n!ed !o !he "ro"osed Congress2 wh& h o"ened2 a$&d +as! en!hus&as$2 &n Ph&#ade#"h&a on A Se"!e$%er' Meanwh&#e &n Massa huse!!s Gage )ound !ha! !he In!o#era%#e A !s were unen)or ea%#e ou!s&de Bos!on2 !hough &ns&de !he &!* !he&r o"era!&on was e))e !&+e enough !o "u! hundreds o) $en ou! o) wor(' The o$$&!!ees o) orres"onden e were %* now we## a%#e !o de)* h&$2 and he had no! !roo"s
enough !o rush !he$ or redu e !he "ro+&n e2 as Nor!h and !he K&ng were eager#* e8"e !&ng' He dared no! e+en arres! !he rad& a# #eaders2 who wen! un on erned#* a%ou! !he&r %us&ness under h&s nose' The F&rs! Con!&nen!a# Congress was an &n)&n&!e#* $ore &$"ress&+e %od* !han !he S!a$" A ! Congress wh& h was &!s )orerunner' Th&s !&$e2 o) a## !he o#on&es2 on#* Georg&a hung %a (' The o!hers had ea h sen! !he&r %r&gh!es! !a#en!s and %es! hara !ers !o s"ea( )or !he$2 and a## were we# o$ed a! Ph&#ade#"h&a w&!h )&!!&ng ere$on*2 reEo& &ng2 w&nes and d&nners 4 GTur!#e2 and e+er* o!her !h&ng 4 )#u$$er*2 Ee##&es2 swee!$ea!s o) /? sor!s2 !r&)#es2 wh&""ed s*##a%u%s2 )#oa!&ng &s#ands2 )oo#s2 e! Q @&nes $os! e8 e##en! and ad$&ra%#e'1 No! a## !he de#ega!es were rad& a#s2 %* an* $eans= &n )a ! !he on!&ngen! )ro$ Massa huse!!s was regarded w&!h so$e d&s!rus!2 on a oun! o) &!s ad+an ed +&ewsF %u! rad& a# &deas do$&na!ed2 a%o+e a## !he re"ud&a!&on o) Par#&a$en!ar* su"re$a *' Th&s was an &$"or!an!2 "erha"s a ru &a# s!e"2 )or2 0a$es Mad&son was !o asser! &n ,7??2 GThe )unda$en!a# "r&n &"#e o) !he Re+o#u!&on was !ha! !he o#on&es were o>ord&na!e $e$%ers w&!h ea h o!her and Grea! Br&!a&n o) an e$"&re un&!ed %* a o$$on so+ere&gn2 and !ha! !he #eg&s#a!&+e "ower was $a&n!a&ned !o %e as o$"#e!e &n ea h A$er& an "ar#&a$en! as &n !he Br&!&sh"ar#&a$en!'1,A Th&s see$ed !he $eres! good sense !o su h de#ega!es !o !he Congress as Chr&s!o"her Gadsden o) Sou!h Caro#&na2 who2 a ord&ng !o 0ohn Ada$s2 was G+&o#en! aga&ns! a##ow&ng !o Par#&a$en! an* "ower o) regu#a!&ng !rade2 or a##ow&ng !ha! !he* ha+e an*!h&ng !o do w&!h us' 4 Power o) regu#a!&ng !rade he sa*s2 &s "ower o) ru&n&ng us 4 as %ad as a (now#edg&ng !he$ a su"re$e #eg&s#a!&+e2 &n a## ases wha!soe+er'1 The Congress showed &!s rad& a#&s$ %* a""ro+&ng !he so> a##ed Su))o#( Reso#+es2 reso#u!&ons "assed %* !he Bos!on&ans and !he&r ne&gh%ours on - Se"!e$%er ,5562 re)us&ng o%ed&en e !o !he In!o#era%#e A !s and de!a&#&ng $easures o) de)&an e !o %e !a(en aga&ns! !he$F %* reEe !&ng !he &ngen&ous and s!a!es$an#&(e "#an o) 0ose"h Ga##owa*2 !he S"ea(er o) !he Penns*#+an&a Asse$%#*2 )or re on &#&a!&on w&!h Br&!a&nF and a%o+e a## when2 on ,7 and /? O !o%er2 a )ew da*s %e)ore d&s"ers&ng2 &! agreed !o a "o#& * o) &$$ed&a!e non> &$"or!a!&on and e+en!ua# non> e8"or!a!&on and se! u" a GCon!&nen!a# Asso &a!&on1 !o en)or e &!' I! was &n one sense no! new= !here had %een non>&$"or!a!&on agree$en!s %e)oreF &n e+er* &$"or!an! sense &! was un"re eden!ed' Ne+er %e)ore had a "an>A$er& an %od* #&(e !he Congress a""eared and #a%oured so e))e !&+e#* and so #ongF ne+er %e)ore wou#d &!s %ehes!s ha+e %een so s!r& !#* en)or ed' The o$$&!!ees o) orres"onden e2 %* )a$&#&ar&H&ng !he rad& a# #eaders w&!h !he !e hn&;ues o) &n!er> o#on&a# o>o"era!&on2 had %een !he )&rs! s!e" !owards "o#&!& a# un&on' The Con!&nen!a# Congress was a #ong se ond s!e"' Meanwh&#e &n Br&!a&n <ord Nor!h had "re"ared )or !he o$&ng s!or$ %* ho#d&ng a genera# e#e !&on2 wh& h re!urned a Par#&a$en! $u h #&(e !he o#d oneand no #ess reso#+ed !o redu e A$er& a !o o%ed&en e' The rad& a#s2 #ed %* @&#(es2 $ade so$e e))or! !o rouse !he oun!r* aga&ns! !he $&n&s!r* on !he A$er& an ;ues!&on2 %u! w&!hou! su ess' As Bur(e had %&!!er#* re$ar(ed &n Fe%ruar*2 GAn* re$ar(a%#e ro%%er* on Houns#ow Hea!h wou#d $a(e $ore on+ersa!&on !han a## !he d&s!ur%an es o) A$er& a'1 E+en !he rad& a#s !hough! A$er& a #ess &$"or!an! !han Par#&a$en!ar* re)or$' Bu! !he news2 whe!her )ro$ Massa huse!!s or Penns*#+an&a2 was now so a#ar$&ng !ha! &n !he $&ds! o) )ur!her aggress&+e "re"ara!&ons !he $&n&s!er !r&ed !o #aun h a on &#&a!or* "ro"osa#2 and !he o""os&!&on roused &!se#) )or )ur!her $&gh!* e))or!s aga&ns! !he )a!a# "o#& * wh& h2 &! see$ed $ore and $ore #&(e#*2 was #ead&ng s!ra&gh! !o &+&# war' Cha!ha$ !oo( !he #ead' On , Fe%ruar* ,55A he %rough! )orward "ro"osa#s )or se!!#&ng !he &$"er&a# ;ues!&on' The* were swee"&ng= "oss&%#* e+en swee"&ng enough' A#$os! a## !he re urr&ng o#on&a# gr&e+an es were !o %e a""eased %* su h $easures as re"ea#&ng e+er* a ! a%horren! !o !he A$er& ans2 %eg&nn&ng w&!h !he Sugar A !F and !he Con!&nen!a# Congress2 wh& h was "#ann&ng !o re on+ene &n Ma*2 was !o %e ere !ed &n!o wha! was2 &n e))e !2 an A$er& an Par#&a$en!' The "ro"osa# was +o!ed down &n !he <ords2 .,43/F <ord Nor!h1s ges!ures o) on &#&a!&on were a""ro+ed2 &nade;ua!e !hough !he* were and &ne))e !&+e !hough !he*
were doo$ed !o re$a&nF !hen Par#&a$en! hurr&ed !hrough !he Res!ra&n&ng A !2 wh& h2 &n answer !o !he Asso &a!&on and non>&$"or!a!&on2 )or%ade an* !rade %e!ween !he New Eng#and o#on&es and an* Br&!&sh do$&n&ons 9under !he Na+&ga!&on A !s !he* were a#read* res!ra&ned )ro$ !rad&ng an*where e#se: and )or%ade !he$ a ess !o !he New)ound#and )&sher&es un!&# !he d&s"u!e was se!!#ed' Aga&n a harsh %&## %e a$e #aw 9on 3? Mar h: %u! aga&n no! un!&# &! had %een )&er e#* a!!a (ed' Bur(e $ade one o) h&s grea!es! s"ee hes2 a##&ng )or "ea e w&!h A$er& aF %u! &! was <ord Ca$den who u!!ered "erha"s !he gra+es! and w&ses! warn&ng= To on;uer a grea! on!&nen! o) ,27?? $&#es2 on!a&n&ng !hree $&##&ons o) "eo"#e2 a## &nd&sso#u%#* un&!ed on !he grea! @h&g %o!!o$ o) #&%er!* and Eus!& e2 see$s an under!a(&ng no! !o %e rash#* engaged &nQ @ha! are !he ,?2??? $en *ou ha+e Eus! +o!ed ou! !o Bos!onM Mere#* !o sa+e genera# Gage )ro$ !he d&sgra e and des!ru !&on o) %e&ng sa (ed &n h&s en!ren h$en!s' I! &s o%+&ous2 $* #ords2 !ha! *ou anno! )urn&sh ar$&es2 or !reasure2 o$"e!en! !o !he $&gh!* "ur"ose o) su%du&ng A$er& aQ %u! whe!her Fran e and S"a&n w&## %e !a$e2 &na !&+e s"e !a!ors o) *our e))or!s and d&s!ra !&ons2 &s we## wor!h* !he ons&dera!&ons o) *our #ordsh&"s' Aga&n &n +a&nF !he A ! was "assed2 and on ,3 A"r&# a se ond %e a$e #aw2 wh& h e8!ended !he res!ra&n!s !o !he o!her o#on&es' B* !ha! !&$e !he ga" %e!ween war and "ea e was +an&sh&ng' Gage had #ong %een +&r!ua##* %es&eged &n Bos!on2 wh&#e !he oun!r*s&de hu$$ed w&!h dr&##&ng $&#&!&a$en and $&#&!ar* s!ores were "&#ed u"' The $one* )or !hese a !&+&!&es had %een +o!ed %* a Massa huse!!s "ro+&n &a# ongress2 wh& h had &n e))e ! o$"#e!e#* su"erseded !he o#d Genera# Cour!' Soon s&$&#ar re+o#u!&onar* go+ern$en!s wou#d se&He on!ro# &n !he o!her o#on&es2 as !he ro*a# Go+ernors )#ed !o !he sa)e!* o) H&s MaEes!*1s sh&"s and !he onser+a!&+es "re"ared !o de)end !he$se#+es as %es! !he* $&gh! aga&ns! !he a##> on;uer&ng "a!r&o!s' Bu! )&rs! Genera# Gage2 s"urred on %* a #e!!er )ro$ !he A$er& an Se re!ar*2 <ord Dar!$ou!h2 re#u !an!#* se! ou! !o ha##enge !he &nsurgen! )ar$ers' On !he n&gh! o) ,7 A"r&# ,55A he sen! wha! he ho"ed wou#d %e a se re! e8"ed&!&on !o se&He or des!ro* a $&#&!ar* s!ore a! Con ord2 !wen!* $&#es or so %* road )ro$ Bos!on' The rad& a#s &n Bos!on )ound ou!F n&gh!> r&ders hurr&ed ahead !o warn !he "eo"#e !ha! G!he Br&!&sh are o$&ngT1 A! !he +&##age o) <e8&ng!on2 !here)ore2 !he 5?? Br&!&sh &n)an!r*$en )ound &n !he $orn&ng a #&ne o) se+en!*>)&+e +o#un!eers2 or M&nu!e Men as !he* were a##ed2 drawn u" !o res&s! !he$' A sho! rang ou! 4 )&red %* wh& h s&de &s un(nown 4 and &n a $o$en! !he red oa!s had o"ened )&re and dr&+en !he M&nu!e Men )ro$ !he )&e#d= e&gh! had %een (&##ed2 !en wounded' The Br&!&sh !hen re>)or$ed and wen! on !o Con ord' Bu! !he* a o$"#&shed no!h&ng !here2 )or !he s!ores had %een re$o+ed or h&dden %e)ore !he* arr&+ed and !he* were su ess)u##* a!!a (ed a! !he Nor!h Br&dge %* a )or e o) #o a# $&#&!&a$en 9!he Ge$%a!!#ed )ar$ers1 o) E$erson1s "oe$,. who G)&red a sho! heard round !he wor#d1:' The #ong $ar h %a ( !o Bos!on was a n&gh!$are' Br&!&sh asua#!&es were hea+*Q So %egan !he @ar o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on' I! was hara !er&s!& o) !he wa* &n wh& h !he Br&!&sh E$"&re had s#&d &n!o ru&n !ha! !he #as! s!e" was !a(en %e ause a $&n&s!er &n <ondon !hough! he (new %e!!er !han !he $an on !he s"o!' The war s"read ra"&d#*2 or "erha"s &! wou#d %e $ore a ura!e !o sa* &! )#ared u" s&$u#!aneous#* &n $an* "#a es' In B&rg&n&a !he Br&!&sh $anaged !o se&He !he o#on&a# s!ore o) gun"owder a! @&##&a$s%urg' Th&s was $ore !han o))se! %* !he )a## o) For! T& onderoga !o !he re%e#s on ,? Ma*2 wh& h o"ened !he road !o Canada' On !he sa$e da* !he Se ond Con!&nen!a# Congress $e!' I! had se+era# de &s&ons &$$ed&a!e#* )or ed u"on &!' S&n e war had o$e2 &! had !o %e organ&Hed2 and &! was o) !he h&ghes! &$"or!an e !ha! a## !he o#on&es shou#d ha+e a s!a(e &n !he on)#& !' A#read* !here were +o#un!eers )ro$ %e*ond New Eng#and &n !he )or e !ha!2
)o##ow&ng <e8&ng!on and Con ord2 had s"rung u" ou!s&de Bos!on' The Congress !oo( !h&s )or e under &!s w&ng and +o!ed !o ra&se $ore !roo"s' The o$$and o) !he ar$* was a ;ues!&on !ha! had !o %e se!!#ed' I! shou#d go2 Congress )e#!2 !o a Sou!herner2 )or !he sa(e o) A$er& an un&!* 4 a de &s&on wh& h grea!#* d&sa""o&n!ed 0ohn Han o (' George @ash&ng!on was !he &ne+&!a%#e ho& e' He a$e )ro$ !he r&gh! o#on*2 and wha! was (nown a%ou! h&s $&#&!ar* e8"er&en e sugges!ed !ha! he had a! #eas! as $u h a"a &!* as an*one e#se a! !he Congress 4 no! !ha! !ha! was sa*&ng +er* $u h' He !hough! h&$se#) un)&! )or !he "os! and !oo( &! on#* as a du!*= he !o#d Pa!r& ( Henr*2 w&!h !ears &n h&s e*es2 !ha! GFro$ !he da* I en!er u"on !he o$$and o) !he A$er& an ar$&es2 I da!e $* )a##2 and !he ru&n o) $* re"u!a!&on'1 He was wrong2 o) ourse' No grea!er s!ro(e o) good #u ( e+er %e)e## A$er& a !han !he a+a&#a%&#&!* o) !ha! re$ar(a%#e $an a! !ha! ru &a# Eun !ure2 e8 e"! !he a+a&#a%&#&!*2 e&gh!*>)&+e *ears #a!er2 o) A%raha$ <&n o#n' @ash&ng!on1s en!r* on !he s!age o"ened a new a ! &n !he h&s!or* o) !he Re+o#u!&on' An o#d era ended s*$%o#& a##* so$e $on!hs #a!er' As #a!e as !he de%a!e on !he In!o#era%#e A !s !he oun!r* gen!#e$en o) Eng#and s&!!&ng &n Par#&a$en! were de#ud&ng !he$se#+es !ha!2 &) !he* su""or!ed !he go+ern$en!2 )unds wou#d %e e8!ra !ed )ro$ A$er& a !ha! wou#d a+er! !he need )or a !hrea!ened r&se &n !he #and>!a8' The* were a""a##ed %* !he su eed&ng !urn o) e+en!s' Then2 &n !he au!u$n o) ,55A2 !he A$er& ans &n+aded Canada2 !hus !urn&ng2 &! see$ed2 !he&r de)ens&+e war &n!o an o))ens&+e one' The du!* o) Eng#&sh$en was o%+&ous' <ord Nor!h $o+ed !ha! )or ,55. !he #and>!a8 shou#d s!and a! )our sh&##&ngs2 and !he oun!r* gen!#e$en "a!r&o!& a##* a ;u&es ed' The ghos! o) George Gren+&##e d&d no! (now whe!her !o #augh or r*'
10 The +ar of the Re-ol.tion 177' /3

And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write6 / know thy worksK .ehold, / have set .efore thee an open door, and no man can shut itK for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name. Bevelation iii, F#E /t is the will of heaven that America .e great # she may not deserve it # her eHertions have .een small, her policy wretched, nay, her supineness in the past winter would, according to the common operations of things, mark her for destruction. <eneral 'enry &noH, 1FFF ?nder a full persuasion of the 1ustice of our cause, / cannot entertain an idea that it will finally sink, though it may remain for some time under a cloud. <eneral <eorge 4ashington, 1FF%
Fro$ !he $o$en! !ha! war %ro(e ou!2 Br&!&sh ru#e &n !he !h&r!een o#on&es was a! an end' The )&gh!&ng !ha! )o##owed was2 )ro$ one A$er& an "o&n! o) +&ew2 &rre#e+an!2 )or &! "ro eeded $ere#* )ro$ !he Br&!&sh a!!e$"! !o re a"!ure and ho#d %* )or e wha! had %een rea!ed and $a&n!a&ned2 %e)ore ,5.A2 %* onsen!F and !he a!!e$"! )a&#ed' The gen&e o) A$er& an
&nde"enden e ou#d no! %e "u! %a ( &n !he %o!!#e' Bu! )ro$ ano!her2 e;ua##* A$er& an and $ore hu$ane "o&n! o) +&ew2 !he war was as &$"or!an! &n A$er& an h&s!or* as !he $o+e$en! wh& h "re eded &!' I! was !he se ond saga 9!he )&rs! %e&ng !ha! o) !he se!!#ers a! 0a$es!own and P#*$ou!h2 !he !h&rd !he C&+&# @ar:' In &! a na!&on was %orn and d&s o+ered &!s &den!&!*2 &!s des!&n*' @&!hou! !he d&sas!ers 9!he se+era# o as&ons when a## was near#* #os!: and !he su))er&ng2 as we## as !he !r&u$"hs2 !he A$er& an "eo"#e as su h2 !he en!&!* wh& h &s !he su%Ee ! o) !h&s %oo(2 $&gh! ne+er ha+e2 o$e &n!o %e&ng' Too ear#* su ess $&gh! ha+e #e)! a hand)u# o) s;ua%%#&ng #&!!#e s!a!es2 under !he &n)or$a# and !rea herous !u!e#age o) Fran e and S"a&n2 #&ng&ng !o !he sea%oard wh&#e !he grea! on!&nen! %eh&nd !he$ was de+e#o"ed %* !he "eo"#es o) Canada2 <ou&s&ana and Me8& o' As &! ha""ened2 !he war "rodu ed a $ore re$ar(a%#e ou! o$e !han an* o) !he $&gh!>ha+e>%eens' The "ur"ose o) !h&s ha"!er &s !o show wha! !ha! was2 and how &! a$e a%ou!' The Br&!&sh #os!2 %u! &! !oo( se+en *ears and a wor#d war !o %ea! !he$' The e))e !s o) !he $&#&!ar* s!rugg#e !hus had !&$e !o $a(e !he$se#+es )e#! &n e+er* orner o) !he o#on&es 9or s!a!es2 as !he* soon %egan !o a## !he$se#+es:' So#d&ers2 sa&#ors2 $e$%ers o) Congress2 )ar$ers2 !own>dwe##ers2 $en2 wo$en and h&#dren2 a## e8"er&en ed !he war2 whe!her as a %#ood* s!rugg#e on !he&r doors!e"s2 or as a !err&%#e &n)#a!&on wh& h u"se! a## !he )a$&#&ar "a!!erns o) !rade2 or as a genera# s ar &!* o) goods 9wh& h was )&ne )or !hose who "rodu ed !he$2 and es"e &a##* )or !he )ar$ers who grew !he )ood !he ar$&es needed:2 or2 $os! o) a##2 as a re+o#u!&on= an o+er!urn&ng o) a## !he o#d "o#&!& a# wa*s and $eans' @ar hurr&ed on hange and &n $an* ases de!er$&ned &!s d&re !&on' I! ou#d no! ha+e done !h&s &) +& !or* had o$e !o e&!her s&de as "ro$"!#* as was ho"ed a! Ph&#ade#"h&a and @es!$&ns!er' The )&rs! ;ues!&on !o se!!#e2 !hen2 &s wh* !he war #as!ed so #ong' Br&!&sh &n o$"e!en e he#"ed' I! w&## no! do !o $a(e !oo $u h o) !h&s' In !er$s o) sh&"s2 $en and $one*2 Grea! Br&!a&n "u! )or!h a grea!er e))or! !han she e+er had %e)ore2 e+en &n !he Se+en Years @ar' The war $&n&s!ers 9<ord George Ger$a&n )or !he ar$*2 <ord Sandw& h )or !he na+*: were a%#e and ons &en!&ous2 wha!e+er #egend sa*s2 e+en &) !he* were no! !he e;ua#s o) Cha!ha$ or Chur h&##' The o#d order &n Eng#and $&gh! %e orru"!2 %u! &! had a#wa*s %een a! &!s %es! as a war>$a h&ne2 a! an* ra!e s&n e !he re&gn o) 0a$es II2 and $odern no!&ons o) ra!&ona#&!* were &n )a ! $a(&ng !he$se#+es )e#! )&rs! &n !he )&gh!&ng ser+& es', Ar$* and na+* had a#&(e %een a##owed !o de a* !o danger "o&n! s&n e ,5.3F %u! !he* were res!ored !o a sur"r&s&ng#* +&gorous ond&!&on sur"r&s&ng#* soon' 9B* on!ras!2 !he new order e$erg&ng &n A$er& a )ound a#$os! an*!h&ng eas&er !han !he organ&Ha!&on and su""or! o) an ar$*2 un#ess &! was !he organ&Ha!&on and su""or! o) a )#ee!': I) Br&!&sh genera#s were2 a! %es!2 $ere#* o$"e!en!2 and were a## !oo o)!en #ess !han !ha!2/ !here was one grea! ad$&ra#2 Rodne*2 and one who was #a!er !o "ro+e h&$se#) grea!2 <ord Howe'3 A#!hough2 &n !he end2 !he Br&!&sh had !o g&+e u" a## !he&r ho#d&ngs &n Nor!h A$er& a sou!h o) Canada2 !he* (e"! !he&r e$"&re e+er*where e#se' The* were de)ea!ed2 %u! no! on;uered' S!&##2 de)ea!ed !he* were' Par!#* &! was a $a!!er o) $ora#e' There was no $&dd#e ground )or !he A$er& ans= )or !he$ &! was e&!her +& !or* or !o!a# su%$&ss&on' The* were )&gh!&ng )or !he&r )unda$en!a# &n!eres!s &n a wa* !ha! !he Br&!&sh2 )or a## !he&r hu))&ng and "u))&ng a%ou! !he&r grea!ness and g#or* %e&ng a! s!a(e2 were no!' Conse;uen!#* !here was a #&$&! !o !he &s#anders1 e8er!&ons' As P&ers Ma (es* "u!s &!2 GQ &n Eng#and %e)ore !he Fren h Re+o#u!&on !he #&ne was shar"#* drawn %* on ern )or &nd&+&dua# #&%er!* and #ow !a8a!&on1'6 O) ourse !he A$er& ans a#so drew !h&s #&ne2 and +er* ha$"er&ng !he&r #eaders )ound &!F %u!2 w&!h !he&r %a (s !o !he wa##2 !he* were un#&(e#* !o %e !he )&rs! !o g&+e u" !he s!rugg#e %e ause &! was o""ress&+e and e8"ens&+e' George III and h&s $&n&s!ers !hus had2 &n !he #as! ana#*s&s2 a narrower "o#&!& a# %ase !han George @ash&ng!on and !he Con!&nen!a# Congress' And2 as !he grea! ;uarre# had %een %egun2 so &! was on!&nued= aga&n and aga&n !he Br&!&sh h&gh o$$and2 whe!her a! ho$e or &n !he
o#on&es2 $ade d&sas!rous %#unders and !hrew awa* +& !or*' The war was #ong "ar!#* %e ause !he Br&!&sh d&d no! (now how !o w&n and wou#d no! ad$&! !ha! !he* had #os!' The re%e#s o$$&!!ed s&$&#ar errors 9!he* were Br&!&sh !oo2 a)!er a##:' Ha+&ng a""o&n!ed George @ash&ng!on2 Congress d&d a! #eas! ha+e !he sense !o s!& ( w&!h h&$' Bu! &! $ade h&s !as( d&))& u#! !o an e8!en! !ha! wou#d ha+e dr&+en an* #ess &ron>sou#ed $an !o !hrow &n h&s hand' Aga&n and aga&n h&s ar$* d&sso#+ed a%ou! h&$ %e ause !he &+&#&an au!hor&!&es d&d no! (ee" &! "a&d2 #o!hed2 )ed2 she#!ered2 ar$ed or re&n)or ed' In #arge "ar! !h&s )a&#ure arose )ro$ !he Eea#ous* !ha! )es!ered %e!ween Congress and !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s2 &!se#) an &ne+&!a%#e onse;uen e o) !he "r&$&!&+e organ&Ha!&on o) !h&s2 !he )&rs! a!!e$"! a! an A$er& an Un&on' The s!a!e go+ern$en!s regu#ar#* #e)! Congress w&!hou! )unds or au!hor&!*2 o)!en %e ause !he* !he$se#+es were a%andoned %* !he&r &!&Hens' Bu! e8"#ana!&ons and e8 uses ne+er Eus!&)* &n o$"e!en e' I! &s &$"oss&%#e !o )o##ow !he h&s!or* o) @ash&ng!on1s a$"a&gns w&!hou! &nd&gna!&on a! !he &nhu$an&!* o) !he "o#&!& &ans and as!on&sh$en! a! !he&r shor!>s&gh!edness' The* assu$ed 4 orre !#*2 as &! ha""ens2 !hough !he argu$en!s !he* "u! )orward were a%surd 4 !ha! !he A$er& an s!ra!eg& "os&!&on was2 %as& a##*2 +er* s!rong' Tha! o) !he Br&!&sh2 onde$ned as !he* were !o a!!e$"! !he on;ues! o) !h&r!een energe!& a##* se#)> go+ern&ng s!a!es a! !he end o) a 32???>$&#e su""#*> #&ne 9s&n e !he* ne+er ga&ned enough A$er& an !err&!or* !o se ure an ade;ua!e )orag&ng area: wh&#e ons!an!#* #oo(&ng o+er !he&r shou#ders )or )ear o) !he Fren h2 was +er* wea(' The* were a#wa*s shor! o) $an"ower2 and so ou#d no! endure #osses &n %a!!#e= GOur ar$* &s so s$a## !ha! we anno! e+en a))ord a +& !or*21 sa&d one o) !he&r o$$anders2 !ru#* enough2 !hough he was s"ea(&ng o) !he #arges! )or e Grea! Br&!a&n had e+er sen! !o Nor!h A$er& a' There was ho"e o) +& !or* on#* &) @ash&ng!on1s ar$* ou#d %e u!!er#* des!ro*ed' For !ha! ar$* ou#d no! %e re"#a ed2 and w&!hou! &! !here was no!h&ng !o s!o" !he Br&!&sh )ro$ !a(&ng a## !he "r&n &"a# &!&es2 on!ro##&ng !he sea%oard and e+en!ua##* %rea(&ng u" !he Re+o#u!&onar* go+ern$en!s2 &n #ud&ng !he Con!&nen!a# Congress' There wou#d2 no dou%!2 ha+e %een "ro#onged and %&!!er guerr&##a res&s!an eF Br&!&sh +& !or* $&gh! we## ha+e %een )ru&!#essF %u! !he grea! e8"er&$en! #aun hed &n ,55. wou#d ha+e %een a%or!ed2 and w&!h &! $an* a ho"e' A! !he +er* #eas!2 !he A$er& ans wou#d ha+e su))ered e+en $ore gr&e+ous#* !han !he* d&d' The sur+&+a# o) @ash&ng!on1s ar$* as an e))e !&+e )or e was !here)ore !he )&rs!2 or shou#d ha+e %een !he )&rs!2 o) re%e# war>a&$s' Ins!ead &! was2 or see$ed a! !&$es !o %e2 !he #as!' Aga&n and aga&n no!h&ng %u! #u (2 or !ha! Pro+&den e wh& h &s "ro+er%&a##* su""osed !o "ro!e ! &d&o!s2 drun(ards and !he Un&!ed S!a!es o) A$er& a2 s!ood %e!ween @ash&ng!on and undeser+ed des!ru !&on' The Der%* )a+our&!e had en!ered !he ra e w&!h a %ag o) e$en! u"' For!una!e#* he a#so arr&ed !he ha$"&on Eo (e*' George @ash&ng!on anno! hones!#* %e a##ed a grea! )&gh!&ng genera#2 !hough he was a a"a%#e and aggress&+e one' He $ade so$e %ad $&s!a(es &n h&s a$"a&gns2 es"e &a##* &n !he )&rs! *ear or !wo' Ma! hed as he was aga&ns! su h #&$&!ed o""onen!s as Gage2 @&##&a$ Howe2 C#&n!on and Cornwa##&s2 &! s ar e#* $a!!ered= !he* $ade $ore and worse $&s!a(es !han he' @ha! d&d $a!!er was !ha! he "ossessed +ar&ous o!her ;ua#&!&es !ha! $ade h&$2 &) no! un&;ue a$ong o$$anders2 a! an* ra!e h&gh#* unusua#' He had ne+er %een an es"e &a##* ons"& uous )&gure &n B&rg&n&a2 %u! he had a#wa*s !a(en !he "#a e !o wh& h h&s #arge and we##>run es!a!es en!&!#ed h&$' Dur&ng !he )&rs! )&)!een *ears or so &n wh& h he had )ar$ed a! Moun! Bernon and gone down regu#ar#* !o @&##&a$s%urg )or !he $ee!&ngs o) !he House o) Burgesses2 he had s#ow#* %een re ogn&Hed %* h&s )e##ow>$e$%ers o) !he B&rg&n&an O#&!e 9and #a!er %* !he Con!&nen!a# Congress: as !he sor! o) &n+a#ua%#e $an !ha! e+er* en!er"r&se needs' H&s Eudge$en!2 &) a #&!!#e s#ow>$o+&ng2 was &n+ar&a%#* soundF he had a s!rong w&## and &$$ense a""#& a!&on= no de!a&# was e+er !oo s$a## )or h&s a!!en!&onF *e! he se#do$ #os! h&s sense o) "ro"or!&on' A%o+e a##2 h&s s&He and s!reng!h 9he was a +er* %&g $an: wen! w&!h a !ena &ous2 d&gn&)&ed2 ons &en!&ous $&nd wh& h ne+er a##owed d&))& u#!&es2 howe+er grea! or
d&sagreea%#e2 !o de)#e ! h&$ )ro$ !he "a!h o) du!*' I! was as &) h&s e8!ra &n hes2 #&(e A%raha$ <&n o#n1s2 had endowed h&$ w&!h a s"&r&!ua# sho (>a%sor%er' A! an* ra!e2 no a$oun! o) un)a&r r&!& &s$2 &nade;ua!e su""or!2 "oor su""#&es2 &n o$"e!en! or !rea herous su%ord&na!es2 %ad wea!her2 &ne8"er&en ed so#d&er* or an* o) !he o!her !housand>and>one "#agues !ha! a))#& ! genera#s was e+er a##owed !o o+erwhe#$ h&s s"&r&!F w&!h e;ua# reso#u!&on he (e"! h&s na!ura##* ho! !e$"er under r&g&d o$$and' Man* were !he o as&ons when a #oss o) ner+e %* !he Co$$ander>&n>Ch&e) wou#d ha+e $ean! !he ru&n o) !he A$er& an auseF &ndeed2 on !he one o as&on 9dur&ng !he re!rea! )ro$ Manha!!an Is#and &n ,55.: !ha! @ash&ng!on1s ner+e d&d )a#!er2 a## was +er* near#* #os!' Bu! on !he who#e h&s !e$"era$en! "ro+ed e;ua# !o !he s!ra&n2 and !hroughou! !he war2 whoe+er e#se was de#&n;uen!2 howe+er Eus!#* de"ressed he )e#! 9GF&)!* !housand "ounds shou#d no! &ndu e $e aga&n !o undergo wha! I ha+e done1:2 Genera# @ash&ng!on was a#wa*s a! h&s "os!' The sa$e ou#d no! %e sa&d o) !he $en he o$$anded' Deser!&on was one o) !he "r&n &"a# auses o) !he hron& shor!age o) regu#ar2 GCon!&nen!a#1 so#d&ers wh& h was a#wa*s !he Genera#1s wors! "ro%#e$' M&#&!&a$en2 un!ra&ned2 re#u !an! !o ser+e ou!s&de !he&r na!&+e "ro+&n es2 de!er$&ned !o go ho$e as soon as !he&r !&$e was u"2 wha!e+er !he $&#&!ar* s&!ua!&on2 e8a er%a!ed &!' I! &s hard !o %#a$e !hese re#u !an! heroes' Under"a&d2 when "a&d a! a##2 &n a ons!an!#* &n)#a!&ng urren *2 !he Con!&nen!a# "a"er $one* au!hor&Hed %* Congress !ha! soon %e a$e "ro+er%&a##* wor!h#essF %ad#* o))& ered )or $os! o) !he !&$e 9@ash&ng!on ne+er )ound enough good su%ord&na!es:F un)ed2 unshe#!ered2 un #o!hed2 une;u&""ed2 !hrough !he a##ous neg#e ! o) !he &+&#&ans2 who ou#d #oo( e+en on !he ar$*1s su))er&ngs a! Ba##e* Forge2 Penns*#+an&a2 &n !he w&n!er o) ,55547 w&!h &nd&))eren eF o""ressed %* GCo$$&ssar&es2 Juar!er$as!ers2 Surgeons2 Barra ( Mas!ers and Ca"!a&ns1 whose own #ow "a* !oo o)!en #ed !he$ !o $a(e &##eg&!&$a!e dedu !&ons )ro$ !ha! o) !he $en= wh* shou#d !he* a#one ha+e $ar!*red !he$se#+es )or !he A$er& an auseM I! &s $u h !o !he&r red&!2 as !o @ash&ng!on1s2 !ha! !he ar$* ne+er $e#!ed awa* o$"#e!e#*' And2 gradua##*2 &! #earned !he ar! o) war' B* ,555 an Eng#&sh o))& er was wr&!&ng ho$e !ha! !hough !he* see$ !o %e &gnoran! o) !he "re &s&on2 order and e+en o) !he "r&n &"#es %* wh& h #arge %od&es are $o+ed2 *e! !he* "ossess so$e o) !he re;u&s&!es )or $a(&ng good !roo"s2 su h as e8!re$e unn&ng2 grea! &ndus!r* &n $o+&ng ground and )e##&ng o) wood2 a !&+&!* and a s"&r&! o) en!er"r&se u"on an* ad+an!age' Ha+&ng sa&d !h&s $u h2 I ha+e no o as&on !o add !ha! !hough &! was on e !he !on o) !h&s ar$* !o !rea! !he$ &n !he $os! on!e$"!&%#e #&gh!2 !he* are now %e o$e a )or$&da%#e ene$*Q The Con!&nen!a# Congress an ha+e had #&!!#e &dea2 a! !he !&$e2 o) how we## &! had a !ed &n a""o&n!&ng @ash&ng!on2 %u! &! soon )ound ou!' He wen! nor!h !o Bos!on &n 0u#* ,55A2 and )ro$ h&s arr&+a# !here !he war %egan !o assu$e a !&d&er a""earan eF !he A$er& an )or es were se! &n order )or a #ong hau#' Be)ore !he Genera# #e)! Ph&#ade#"h&a !he Br&!&sh had $ade one o) !he&r %#unders' I) Gage was !o (ee" on!ro# o) Bos!on2 #e! a#one re on;uer New Eng#and )ro$ !ha! %ase2 he needed !o on!ro# !he he&gh!s !o nor!h and sou!h o) !he !own wh& h o$$anded &! and &!s har%our' Ha+&ng neg#e !ed !o se ure !hese +&!a# "o&n!s wh&#e !he* were unde)ended2 he #aun hed an &n)an!r* a!!a ( on !he nor!hern one2 Bun(er H&##2 on ,5 0une ,55A' On e aga&n !he Br&!&sh #earned2 !he hard wa*2 !ha! !he* were u" aga&ns! a )or$&da%#e )oe' The* arr&ed !he "os&!&on2 %u! a! su h )ear)u# os! !ha! e+er s&n e !he %a!!#e has %een re$e$%ered as an A$er& an ra!her !han as a Br&!&sh +& !or*' Po"u#ar $e$or* &s r&gh!= e8haus!ed and &n!&$&da!ed %* !h&s %a!!#e2 Gage ou#d a!!e$"! no $ore' @ash&ng!on se!!#ed down !o %es&ege h&$ wh&#e !r*&ng !o sha"e an ar$* ou! o) h&s +er* $&s e##aneous )or es' In due ourse he saw !ha! !he (e* !o Bos!on was now !he sou!hern "os&!&on2 Dor hes!er He&gh!s' In !he )a e o)
)ear)u# d&))& u#!&es7 he and h&s s!a)) gradua##* $us!ered su))& &en! ar!&##er* 9$os! o) &! a"!ured a! !he )a## o) T& onderoga: and %* ear#* Mar h ,55. &! was "#a&n !ha! !he Br&!&sh wou#d e&!her ha+e !o ad$&! de)ea! and w&!hdraw2 or endure an assau#! wh& h ou#d on#* ha+e one end' @&se#*2 !he* de &ded !o w&!hdraw 4 !o Ha#&)a82 No+a S o!&a 4 !hus s"ar&ng Bos!on a %o$%ard$en!' @&!h !he$ wen! $an* <o*a#&s!s2 !he )&rs! o) an e+er>swe##&ng %od* o) re)ugees wh& h !he war was !o rea!e' @ash&ng!on2 a#$os! %#ood#ess#*2 had won h&s )&rs! +& !or*' The Br&!&sh ar$* ne+er re!urned !o Massa huse!!s' The* $&gh! ha+e !a(en !h&s se!%a ( as a warn&ng !o $a(e !er$s w&!h !he A$er& ans wh&#e !hese were *e! no$&na##* su%Ee !s o) K&ng George' Ins!ead2 !he %u##dog redou%#ed &!s e))or!s' Gage had a#read* %een su"erseded 9he $ade a on+en&en! s a"egoa! )or !he %#underers who had )or ed h&$ !o order !he <e8&ng!on e8"ed&!&on:' H&s su essor was @&##&a$ Howe' The so> a##ed GO#&+e Bran h Pe!&!&on12 Congress1s #as! a!!e$"! a! a re on &#&a!&on2 was re%u))ed on!e$"!uous#*F a na+a# %#o (ade o) A$er& an "or!s was "ro #a&$edF Br&!&sh +o#un!eers %e&ng &n +er* shor! su""#*2 ,72??? $er enar* so#d&ers were h&red )ro$ $&nor Ger$an "r&n e#&ngsFand a grand assau#! on New Yor( was "#anned as !he )&rs! s!e" &n !he re on;ues! o) A$er& a' A## !h&s !oo( !&$e2 and Howe was an*wa* a s#ugg&sh o$$ander' @hen a! #as! he and h&s ad$&ra# %ro!her2 <ord Howe 9 o$$and&ng !he na+a# s;uadron:2 arr&+ed o)) <ong Is#and &n !he su$$er o) ,55.2 !he re%e#s had !a(en !he )&na#2 &rre+o a%#e s!e"' I! had %een #ong &n !he $a(&ng' Bo& es urg&ng !he o$"#e!e &nde"enden e o) A$er& a had grown s!ead&#* #ouder and $ore nu$erous e+er s&n e <e8&ng!on' E+er* %a!!#e s&n e !hen had s!reng!hened !he )ee#&ng !ha! reun&on was &$"oss&%#e' So d&d !he renewed Br&!&sh war>e))or!' E+er* new ou!rage %* !he $o!her oun!r* s!reng!hened !he des&re !o ha+e done w&!h her2 !he %e#&e) &n her )a!a# orru"!&on2 !he as"&ra!&on !o rea!e a new re)uge2 a new e$"&re )or #&%er!* &n A$er& a where her an &en! )#a$e s!&## shone' In 0anuar* ,55.2 a re en! &$$&gran! )ro$ Eng#and2 To$ Pa&ne2 had "u%#&shed a "a$"h#e!2 Co$$on Sense2 !ha! so#d ,/?2??? o"&es' I! an!& &"a!ed $an* o) !he !he$es o) Un&!ed S!a!es h&s!or*2 and "u! !he ase )or &nde"enden e &n sa+age#* %r&##&an! #anguage= Can we %u! #ea+e "os!er&!* w&!h a se!!#ed )or$ o) go+ern$en!2 an &nde"enden! ons!&!u!&on o) &!s own2 !he "ur hase a! an* "r& e w&## %e hea"' Bu! !o e8"end $&##&ons )or !he sa(e o) ge!!&ng a )ew +&#e a !s re"ea#ed2 and rou!&ng !he "resen! $&n&s!r* on#*2 &s unwor!h* !he harge2 and &s us&ng "os!er&!* w&!h !he u!$os! rue#!*F %e ause &! &s #ea+&ng !he$ !he grea! wor( !o do2 and a de%! u"on !he&r %oo(s2 )ro$ wh& h !he* der&+e no ad+an!age' Su h a !hough! &s unwor!h* a $an o) honourQ Go+ern$en!2 sa&d Pa&ne2 was a! %es! a on ess&on !o $an1s )a##en s!a!e2 Ga $ode $ade ne essar* %* !he &na%&#&!* o) $ora# +&r!ue !o go+ern !he wor#d1' @here was !he !rue K&ng o) A$er& aM GI1## !e## *ou2 )r&end2 he re&gns a%o+e2 and do!h no! $a(e ha+o o) $an(&nd #&(e !he Ro*a# Bru!e o) Grea! Br&!a&n'1 Th&s sor! o) !h&ng see$ed e8 e##en! !ea h&ng !o !he Ca#+&n&s! $&n&s!ers o) New Eng#and2 a#read* denoun ed %* !he Tor&es as a G%#a (> oa!ed reg&$en!1 o) re%e#s2 )or !he* had ha""&#* sun( !he&r &nnu$era%#e do !r&na# ;uarre#s !o un&!e &n !he "a!r&o! ause aga&ns! !he Br&!&sh and !he&r %&sho"s' The* read ou! Co$$on Sense )ro$ !he&r "u#"&!s' @ash&ng!on o$$ended Pa&ne1s Gsound do !r&ne and unanswera%#e reason&ng12 and dou%!#ess !he* $ade near#* as $an* on+er!s as !he au!hor #a!er #a&$ed' Perha"s $ore de &s&+e was !he )ear)u# un er!a&n!* o) #&)e wh&#e !he grea! ;ues!&on was unreso#+ed' Un!&# &! was se!!#ed who was !o go+ern A$er& a2 and %* wha! au!hor&!*2 !here was an e+er> grow&ng r&s( !ha! no one wou#d2 or ou#d' A! !he sa$e !&$e2 !he enor$ous ad+an e !ha! !he o#on&es had $ade !owards na!&ona# se#)> ons &ousness &s shown %* !he w&##&ngness o) !he "ro+&n &a# go+ern$en!s !o wa&! )or !he de &s&on o) !he Con!&nen!a# Congress' As ear#* as !he au!u$n o) ,55A !he* had %egun !o see(
and o%!a&n "er$&ss&on )ro$ Congress !o se! u" new ons!&!u!&ons' The r* wen! ou! )or Gre+o#u!&on&H&ng a## !he go+ern$en!s12 and &n Ma* ,55. Congress2 !o s"eed !he #aggards2 "assed a reso#u!&on re o$$end&ng ea h o#on* Gwhere no go+ern$en! su))& &en! !o !he e8&gen &es o) !he&r a))a&rs ha!h %een h&!her!o es!a%#&shed1 !o se! u" a new oneF &n res"onse new go+ern&ng %od&es a""eared &n wha! $us! herea)!er %e a##ed !he s!a!esF and one %* one !he* &ns!ru !ed !he&r Congress&ona# de#ega!&ons !o +o!e )or &nde"enden e' B* !ha! &ns!ru !&on !he* aga&n re ogn&Hed !he au!hor&!* o) Congress2 and2 $ore &$"or!an!2 !ha! A$er& ans were one "eo"#e and $us! %eha+e as su h= &) Congress ou#d no! a ! w&!hou! !he s!a!es2 !he s!a!es ou#d no!2 &n !h&s $a!!er2 a ! w&!hou! CongressF wh& h %od* wres!#ed w&!h !he "ro%#e$ !hroughou! !he ear#* su$$er a! Ph&#ade#"h&a' So$e s!ou! "a!r&o!s2 su h as 0ohn D& (&nson2 he#d ou! aga&ns! &nde"enden e !o !he +er* #as!F,? %u! &n s"&!e o) !he$ !he grea! reso#u!&ons were a! #eng!h ado"!ed' Ear#* &n 0une a o$$&!!ee was se! u" !o arr* ou! one o) To$ Pa&ne1s sugges!&ons2 %* dra)!&ng a de #ara!&on o) &nde"enden e &n su ess&on !o !he De #ara!&on o) !he Causes and Ne ess&!* o) Ta(&ng U" Ar$s2 o$"&#ed %* D& (&nson and "ro$u#ga!ed e8a !#* a *ear ear#&er' The $e$%ers were= BenEa$&n Fran(#&n 9Penns*#+an&a:F 0ohn Ada$s 9Massa huse!!s:F Roger Sher$an 9Conne !& u!:F Ro%er! R' <&+&ngs!on 9New Yor(:F and Tho$as 0e))erson 9B&rg&n&a:' O) !he !hree a o$"#&shed "en$en on !he o$$&!!ee2 Fran(#&n was #a&d u" w&!h gou!2 Ada$s a$e )ro$ New Eng#and2 wh& h was #*&ng #ow &n Congress a! !he $o$en! so as no! !o a#ar$ #ess re+o#u!&onar* reg&ons2 and 0e))erson a$e )ro$ !he $os! "o"u#ous and &$"or!an! s!a!e' To h&$2 !hen2 )e## !he !as( o) o$"os&!&on' I! ou#d no! ha+e )a##en !o %e!!er hands' Su"er)& &a##* 0e))erson #oo(ed #&(e an un!&d* )ar$er' He was !a##2 red>ha&red2 are#ess &n h&s dress and a #o+er o) !he ou!doors 9ne8! !o George @ash&ng!on he was re (oned !o %e !he %es! horse$an &n B&rg&n&a:' Under !h&s o$$on"#a e e8!er&or was !he $os! "ass&ona!e#* &n;u&r&ng $&nd e+er !o %e %orn &n A$er& aF a $&nd o) daHH#&ng#* d&+erse !a#en!s2 a$ong !he$ a g&)! )or wr&!&ng !rans"aren!#* #u &d and a!!ra !&+e "roseF a $&nd on )&re w&!h re"u%#& an en!hus&as$' He was a h&#d o) !he Euro"ean En#&gh!en$en! as we## as o) ar&s!o ra!& B&rg&n&aF he had #earned &n a good #aw o))& e how !o $a(e a aseF %es! o) a##2 he had %een "onder&ng and !es!&ng a## !he argu$en!s )or a! #eas! !wo *ears' B* !he end o) 0une he had a dra)! read* )or h&s o##eagues' On / 0u#* Congress a""ro+ed !he de &s&+e reso#u!&ons2 "re+&ous#* )ra$ed and "resen!ed %* R& hard Henr* <ee on %eha#) o) B&rg&n&a2 Tha! !hese Un&!ed Co#on&es are2 and o) r&gh! ough! !o %e2 )ree and &nde"enden! S!a!es2 !ha! !he* are a%so#+ed )ro$ a## a##eg&an e !o !he Br&!&sh Crown2 and !ha! a## "o#&!& a# onne !&on %e!ween !he$ and !he S!a!e o) Grea! Br&!a&n &s2 and ough! !o %e2 !o!a##* d&sso#+ed' Tha! &! &s e8"ed&en! )or!hw&!h !o !a(e !he $os! e))e !ua# $easures )or )or$&ng )ore&gn a##&an es' Tha! a "#an o) on)edera!&on %e "re"ared and !rans$&!!ed !o !he res"e !&+e Co#on&es )or !he&r ons&dera!&on and a""ro%a!&on' Two da*s #a!er2 !ha! &s on 6 0u#*2 Congress +o!ed &!s a""ro+a# o) Mr 0e))erson1s do u$en!' 0ohn Ada$s was ne+er rea##* re on &#ed !o !he ado"!&on o) 6 0u#* as h&s oun!r*1s grea! ho#&da*' The a !ua# %rea( w&!h Grea! Br&!a&n was undou%!ed#* e))e !ed %* !he reso#u!&ons o) / 0u#*2 and &) !ha! were a## !ha! oun!ed 0u#* !he Se ond shou#d ha+e %e o$e A$er& a1s grea! da*2 as Ada$s a! !he !&$e "red& !ed &! wou#d' Bes&des2 he had "#a*ed a #ead&ng "ar! &n !he ora!&ng and argu&ng wh& h had %rough! Congress !o !he s!& (&ng>"o&n!2 answer&ng D& (&nson2 )or &ns!an e2 &n a no!a%#e s"ee h on , 0u#*F no! !o $en!&on h&s +a#ua%#e ser+& es a! an ear#&er da!e &n !he $ur(* wa!ers o) Massa huse!!s "o#&!& s' I! was hard on h&$ !ha! h&s oun!r*$en de!er$&ned !o
o$$e$ora!e2 no! an a !&on2 %u! a do u$en!2 and one &n wh& h he had had so #&!!#e hand' 0e))erson h&$se#) a! !he !&$e !hough! !he )a ! o) &nde"enden e was $ore &$"or!an! !han !he words he had so are)u##* s!rung !oge!her2 and !hough!2 )ur!her$ore2 !ha! !he )ew hanges $ade &n h&s !e8! %* Congress had ru&ned &!' Bu! %o!h he and Ada$s were wrong' For he had "rodu ed a $as!er"&e e= one o) !he grea! a h&e+e$en!s o) !he hu$an s"&r&!' I!s )or$ $a* see$ !o %e#&e !h&s s!a!e$en!2 )or !he grea!er "ar! o) &! 9&! &s on#* so$e )&)!een hundred words #ong: &s a #&s!2 s"&r&!ed &n e8"ress&on ad$&!!ed#*2 o) !he h&e) gr&e+an es wh& h !he A$er& ans had %een denoun &ng s&n e !he In!o#era%#e A !s' Toda* a (now#edgea%#e reader w&## no!e !ha! a$ong $an* Eus! o$"#a&n!s are so$e 9)or e8a$"#e2 a "ro!es! a%ou! !he Jue%e A !: wh& h are #ess !han on+&n &ngF and &! &s &$"oss&%#e no! !o regre! !he degree !o wh& h 0e))erson1s a e"!an e o) !he A$er& an @h&g $*!h d&s!or!ed h&s a oun! o) h&s!or& a# rea#&!*' E+er*!h&ng was %#a$ed on George III 9Par#&a$en! was no! na$ed on e &n !he do u$en!2 and was a##uded !o &nd&re !#* as s"ar&ng#* as "oss&%#e: and !he #ong !a#e o) Br&!&sh r&$es and %#unders was "resen!ed as e+&den e !ha! G!he "resen! K&ng o) Grea! Br&!a&n1 had G&n d&re ! o%Ee ! !he es!a%#&sh$en! o) an a%so#u!e T*rann* o+er !hese S!a!es12 Ga des&gn !o redu e !he$ under a%so#u!e Des"o!&s$1' There &s no dou%! !ha! %* ,55. !h&s was !he a#$os! unan&$ous %e#&e) o) !he Re+o#u!&onar&esF %u! &! was no! a !rue %e#&e)2 )or a## !ha!' Had !he De #ara!&on %een no $ore !han an o""or!une and e#o;uen! "o#&!& a# $an&)es!o &!s %#e$&shes2 and &!s o as&ona# hara !er2 wou#d ha+e ensured !ha! &! was #ong ago )orgo!!en= &! wou#d ha+e d&$&n&shed %es&de !he enor$ous )a ! wh& h &! asser!ed2 !he &nde"enden e o) A$er& a' Ins!ead2 &! re$a&ns an &ns"&ra!&on !o a## de$o ra!s !oda*2 and es"e &a##* !o A$er& ans' Tha! &s %e ause 0e))erson2 %* a "ro ess #&(e !ha! wh& h engenders "oe!r*2 was a%#e !o d&s!&# &n h&s "rea$%#e2 as e#o;uen e2 en!ur&es o) h&s!or& a# e8"er&en e' @e ho#d !hese !ru!hs !o %e se#)>e+&den!2 !ha! a## $en are rea!ed e;ua#2 !ha! !he* are endowed %* !he&r Crea!or w&!h er!a&n &na#&ena%#e R&gh!s2 !ha! a$ong !hese are <&)e2 <&%er!* and !he "ursu&! o) Ha""&ness' Tha! !o se ure !hese r&gh!s2 Go+ern$en!s are &ns!&!u!ed a$ong Men2 der&+&ng !he&r Eus! "owers )ro$ !he onsen! o) !he go+erned' Tha! whene+er an* For$ o) Go+ern$en! %e o$es des!ru !&+e o) !hese ends2 &! &s !he R&gh! o) !he Peo"#e !o a#!er or a%o#&sh &!2 and !o &ns!&!u!e new Go+ern$en!2 #a*&ng &!s )ounda!&on on su h "r&n &"#es and organ&H&ng &!s "owers &n su h )or$2 as !o !he$ sha## see$ $os! #&(e#* !o e))e ! !he&r Sa)e!* and Ha""&nessQ These s"#end&d asser!&ons were &ndeed se#)> e+&den! !o !he re+o#u!&onar&es 4 !o a## A$er& ans= how ou#d !he* dou%! !he$M The* e8"ressed a!!&!udes wh& h e+er*!h&ng &n !he&r e8"er&en e as se!!#ers had !ended !o s!&$u#a!e and re&n)or e' S&de %* s&de2 !he&r grand)a!hers had se! u" new "o#&!&esF !he&r )a!hers2 and !hen !he* !he$se#+es2 had enEo*ed !he onse;uen! res"ons&%&#&!&es and rewards o) se#)> go+ern$en!' S&de %* s&de2 A$er& ans had !a$ed a w&#derness2 or %egun !o2 "ra !& a##* e8"er&en &ng !he )a ! !ha! on !he )ron!&er a## $en 9and wo$en !oo: had e;ua# needs and 9sa&d !he Pur&!ans: sou#s e;ua##* "re &ous and e;ua##* &n need o) sa#+a!&on2 whe!her re#&g&ous or e ono$& 9de"end&ng on whe!her one agreed w&!h !he $&n&s!er or !he )&sher$en o) Mar%#ehead:' The $ar+e##ous a%undan e o) !he&r new wor#d had "ro+ed &n !he $os! sa!&s)a !or* $anner !ha! e+er*one ou#d %e "ros"erous2 and !here)ore !ha! e+er*one had a r&gh! so !o %e' The&r re"u%#& an 9we wou#d sa* de$o ra!& : ha%&!s were so &ngra&ned !ha! one o) !he reasons )or !he )a&#ure o) !he re%e# &n+as&on o) Canada &n !he w&n!er o) ,55A4. was !ha! whene+er !he New Eng#and +o#un!eers were g&+en orders !o a!!a (2 !he* he#d an ad ho !own> $ee!&ng !o de &de &n !he $anner !he* were used !o2 !ha! &s %* +o!&ng2 whe!her !o o%e* or no!' And e+en re+o#u!&on was !o !he$ a "ra !& a# $a!!er2 a#$os! an &ns!&!u!&on2 s&n e !he* had %een !ra&ned2 no! on#* %* !he on!ro+ers* w&!h Br&!a&n s&n e ,5.62 %u! %* !he end#ess )euds w&!h no%#e "ro"r&e!ors and ro*a# Go+ernors and %e!ween !he d&+erse &n!eres!s w&!h&n !he o#on&es !he$se#+es 4 sa*2 %e!ween
!&dewa!er and "&ed$on! 4 e+er s&n e !he )ounda!&on o) 0a$es!own' The ha##enge !o !he go+ern&ng "r&n &"#es o) !he Br&!&sh E$"&re and !he Br&!&sh rea#$ wh& h A$er& a &n arna!ed ou#d no! ha+e %een ar!& u#a!ed w&!h grea!er shar"nessF %u! !ha! was no! a##' The A$er& ans were !he +anguard o) !he @es!' The* were2 a)!er a##2 !he "rogen* o) !he O#d @or#d= an O#d @or#d whose so &a# order was %ased u#!&$a!e#* on )or e2 h&erar h* and a re#&g&on wh& h onde$ned !he se u#ar "ursu&! o) ha""&ness as de#usor*2 s&n e !he on#* ha""&ness rea##* wor!h ha+&ng was !ha! awa&!&ng !he )a&!h)u# %e*ond dea!h' The !h&r!een o#on&es no #onger a e"!ed !hese "r&n &"#es' Or&g&na# s&n 4 !ha! &s2 so &a# ≠ua#&!* o) +ar&ous (&nds 4 e8&s!ed &n A$er& a2 %u! ond&!&ons were +as!#* $ore ega#&!ar&an and ho"e)u# !han an*!h&ng &n !he O#d @or#d' E+en &)2 w&!h !he grow!h o) wea#!h and nu$%ers2 er!a&n new !enden &es were ar&s&ng 9one o) !he reasons wh* o#&gar hs su h as Tho$as Hu! h&nson had !o %e o""osed %* r&s&ng *oung $en #&(e 0ohn Ada$s was !ha! !he o#&gar hs were !he )orerunners o) a +er* s u% +e rs & +e hange: on !he who#e !he !h&r!een o#on&es were s!&## o$"ara!&+e#* "r&s!&ne2 !he&r ha##enge s!&## un!a&n!ed' Soon !ha! ha##enge wou#d )&nd an e ho &n Euro"e &!se#)' For A$er& a was on#* one o) Euro"e1s o))s"r&ng' The Pro!es!an! Re)or$a!&onF !he r&se o) #&!era *F !he dawn&ng o) $odern s &en e and &ndus!r*F !he +or!e8 o) hange su$$ed u" &n !he words En#&gh!en$en!2 !rade and wh&gger* 4 !hese were !he )or es wh& h had $ade !he su ess)u# e$&gra!&on !o A$er& a "oss&%#e and were now )os!er&ng &!s wor(' The* were a#so "re"ar&ng new u"hea+a#s &n !he&r ho$e#and' 0e))erson1s words s"o(e o) !he Euro"ean e8"er&en e as we## as !he A$er& anF !he* r*s!a##&Hed er!a&n !hough!s !o wh& h $an* $&nds were $o+&ng 9!he "hrase a%ou! G&na#&ena%#e r&gh!s1 $&gh! ha+e o$e s!ra&gh! ou! o) 0ean>0a ;ues Rousseau:F !he De #ara!&on was a "ro!es! and a "rogra$$e2 no! on#* )or 0e))erson1s oun!r*$en2 %u! )or &+&#&Hed $an(&nd' For !he "rea$%#e2 &n !he na$e o) !he "eo"#e2 den&es !ha! !he s!rong $a* #eg&!&$a!e#* o""ress !he wea(F and asser!s !ha! a## $en and wo$en2 wha!e+er !he&r age2 ond&!&on or or&g&ns2 sha## no! %e hea!ed o) !he&r %&r!hr&gh! &n!o $&ser*F !ha! !h&s !he$e2 o) hu$an )reedo$ and d&gn&!*2 &s wha! "o#&!& s &s a%ou!' As !h&s $essage was heard2 &! see$ed !o $an* Euro"eans 4 "erha"s es"e &a##* !o !he Fren h 4 !ha! !here was a new s!ar &n !he @es! !o s!eer %*' I! see$ed as &) 0ohn Ada$s1s )a+our&!e "ro"he!& drea$ wou#d o$e !rue' GI a#wa*s ons&der !he se!!#e$en! o) A$er& a w&!h re+eren e and wonder21 sa&d he2 Gas !he o"en&ng o) a grand s ene and des&gn o) Pro+&den e )or !he &##u$&na!&on o) !he &gnoran!2 and !he e$an &"a!&on o) !he s#a+&sh "ar! o) $an(&nd a## o+er !he ear!h'1 Th&s soon %e a$e !he un&+ersa# )a&!h o) !he Re+o#u!&on' E+er s&n e ,55. A$er& ans ha+e re!urned !o re(&nd#e !he&r "a!r&o!& se#)>ded& a!&on a! !he )#a$e o) !he De #ara!&on' For &! answers a ;ues!&on wh& h was !o !rou%#e !he new na!&on !hroughou! &!s h&s!or*= wha! &s A$er& a a%ou!M H&s!or* and geogra"h* had )ores!a##ed an* su h ;ues!&on )or $os! o) !he o!her "eo"#es o) !he wor#dF %u! !he &$$ens&!* o) !he near#* e$"!* on!&nen!2 and !he %rea( w&!h !he "as! wh& h e+er* se!!#&ng )a$&#* had $ade2 "osed &! a u!e#* )or !he A$er& ans and wou#d ne essar&#* do so a! #eas! un!&# a## !he w&#derness was on;uered' The "ro%#e$ o) "o#&!& a# &ns!&!u!&ons and o) a na!&ona# &den!&!* ou#d hard#* wa&! un!&# !hen' A$er& a needed a %#ue"r&n!2 and %* #u ( !he #ong "ro esses o) her o#on&a# h&s!or*2 wh& h had a#read* $ade so $an* &ne8ora%#e de &s&ons2 )a!hered one on !he gen&us o) Tho$as 0e))erson' GA## $en are rea!ed e;ua#Q #&)e2 #&%er!* and !he "ursu&! o) ha""&ness'1 These words ha+e ne+er eased !o sound &n A$er& aF as one h&s!or&an has sa&d2 GThe h&s!or* o) A$er& an de$o ra * &s a gradua# rea#&Ha!&on2 !oo s#ow )or so$e and !oo ra"&d )or o!hers2 o) !he &$"#& a!&ons o) !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e'1,/ The )u!ure !o wh& h !he* "o&n!ed was no! a## %r&gh!' I! on!a&ned ha&ns2 annon>)&re2 )&er* rosses and !he s&gn o) a #en hed )&s! as we## as !he B&## o) R&gh!s and !he New Dea#F %u! )or wea# or woe2 !he De #ara!&on had shown !he wa*' No wonder !he Four!h o) 0u#* &s s!&## a h&gh )es!&+a#'
<ee1s Reso#u!&ons and 0e))erson1s De #ara!&on 9ne&!her wr&!er1s na$e was announ ed: were en!hus&as!& a##* we# o$ed !hroughou! !he s!a!es2 )ro$ Ph&#ade#"h&a2 where2 a ord&ng !o 0ohn Ada$s2 !he hur h %e##s were rung and !he #o a# $&#&!&a )&red G!he Feu de 0o*2 no!w&!hs!and&ng !he S ar &!* o) Powder12 !o !he %a (woods o) Sou!h Caro#&na2 where a n&ne>*ear>o#d %o* na$ed Andrew 0a (son was de"u!ed !o read !he De #ara!&on !o G!h&r!* or )or!*1 o) h&s #ess #&!era!e )e##ow> &!&Hens' Genera# @ash&ng!on2 who had #ong %een urg&ng !he )&na# s!e"2 "araded h&s reg&$en!s a! s&8 &n !he e+en&ng !o hear !he De #ara!&on read ou!' To !he "a!r&o!s2 &! was #ear wha! !he grea! de"ar!ure $ean!' A! #as! !he &n u%us had %een !hrown o))2 and a %&!!er de%a!e was ended' The ha""* era o) "a!r&o!&s$ and re"u%#& an&s$ had arr&+ed' There wou#d %e no $ore GEars and on!en!&ons1F no $ore Eng#&sh $edd#&ng2 and hen e no $ore d&s"u!a!&on %e!ween !own and oun!r*2 @h&g and Tor*2 Go+ernor and asse$%#*' These ho"es were no! en!&re#* rea#&s!& ' A#!hough a e"!an e o) !he De #ara!&on2 wh& h2 w&!h &!s "#edge o) Gour #&+es2 our )or!unes2 and our sa red honour12 was a$ong o!her !h&ngs a #o*a#!* oa!h2 d&d "u! a )or$&da%#e %arr&er &n !he wa* o) an* %a (s#&d&ng2 so !ha! o$"ro$&se w&!h Br&!a&n was +&r!ua##* ru#ed ou!2 !here were s!&## "#en!* o) Tor&es and !ra&!ors !o $a(e #&)e d&))& u#!2 no! !o $en!&on !he Br&!&sh ar$*F %u! )or !he $o$en! !he De #ara!&on swe"! a## %e)ore &!' Congress2 a$&d $u h wrang#&ng2 drew u" Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on !o a ! as an &ns!ru$en! o) go+ern$en! )or !he new Un&on o) S!a!es',6 The* )or$a#&Hed !he ad ho arrange$en!s wh& h had a#read* e$erged= !he a##&an e o) !he s!a!es &n Congress asse$%#ed was on)&r$ed as a go+ern$en!2 and Congress was e$"owered !o a""o&n! $&n&s!ers !o e8e u!e &!s "o#& &es' E&gh! o) !he s!a!es "ro #a&$ed new ons!&!u!&ons )or !he$se#+esF &n !he en!hus&as$ o) !he $o$en! !hese do u$en!s were $os!#* e8!ra+agan!#* de$o ra!& 2 whe!her &n !he !wen!&e!h> en!ur* or !he e&gh!een!h> en!ur* $ean&ngs o) !ha! word' S!a!e #eg&s#a!ures were !o %e su"re$eF !he "eo"#e !he* re"resen!ed were !o %e onsu#!ed as o)!en as "oss&%#e on as $u h as "oss&%#eF !he e8e u!&+e "ower was (e"! de#&%era!e#* wea(F and !he +er* sou# o) !he o#d order was !hro!!#ed %* "ro+&s&ons &n se+era# o) !he ons!&!u!&ons e8"ress#* ou!#aw&ng #ass "r&+&#eges and hered&!ar* "u%#& o))& es 9!here was !o %e no o""or!un&!* )or a re+&+a# o) !he O#&+er> Hu! h&nson o#&gar h* and &!s oun!er"ar!s:' @he!her an* o) !hese &ns!ru$en!s 9&n #ud&ng !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on: wou#d wor( &n "ra !& e re$a&ned !o %e seen' A"ar! )ro$ !hese &ns!&!u!&ona# arrange$en!s2 a genera# #&%era#&H&ng "rogra$$e was w&de#* under!a(en' Es!a%#&shed hur hes were s!r&""ed o) !he&r "r&+&#eges 9e8 e"! &n New Eng#and:F %&##s o) r&gh!s2 se ur&ng !he #&%er!&es o) !he &nd&+&dua# &!&Hens2 were "assed &n!o #awF #and was red&s!r&%u!ed 9a! !he e8"ense o) re)ugee <o*a#&s!s:F !he ,5.3 Br&!&sh Pro #a$a!&on was )or$a##* o+er!hrown2 !hus o"en&ng !he !rans>A##eghen* @es! !o #ega# se!!#e$en!F and +o& es %egan !o %e heard as(&ng &) s#a+er* ou#d %e re on &#ed w&!h "a!r&o! "r&n &"#es' As ear#* as ,553 Dr BenEa$&n Rush o) Ph&#ade#"h&a2 a "a!r&o!& "h*s& &an2 who #a!er %e a$e one o) !he s&gna!or&es o) !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e and a )r&end o) 0e))erson1s2 had a!!a (ed wha! he a##ed GS#a+e Kee"&ng12 and urged h&s )e##ow Gad+o a!es )or A$er& an #&%er!*1 !o %e ons&s!en!' GThe "#an! o) #&%er!*21 he wro!e2 G&s o) so !ender a na!ure !ha! &! anno! !hr&+e #ong &n !he ne&gh%orhood o) s#a+er*' Re$e$%er2 !he e*es o) Euro"e are )&8ed u"on *ou2 !o "reser+e an as*#u$ )or )reedo$ &n !h&s oun!r* a)!er !he #as! "&##ars o) &! are )a##en &n e+er* o!her ;uar!er o) !he g#o%e'10e))erson h&$se#)2 s#a+e owner !hough he was2 a!!a (ed !he &ns!&!u!&on &n !he )o##ow&ng *earF and !he Re+erend 0ohn A##en o) Massa huse!!s !oo( u" !he r*= B#ush *e "re!ended +o!ar&es )or )reedo$T *e !r&)#&ng "a!r&o!sTQ )or wh&#e *ou are )as!&ng2 "ra*&ng2 non&$"or!&ng2 none8"or!&ng2 re$ons!ra!&ng2 reso#+&ng2 and "#ead&ng )or a res!ora!&on o) *our har!er r&gh!s2 *ou a! !he sa$e !&$e are on!&nu&ng !h&s #aw#ess2 rue#2 &nhu$an2 and a%o$&na%#e "ra !& e o) ens#a+&ng *our )e##ow rea!ures' News o) !he nas en! an!&>s#a+er* $o+e$en! &n Eng#and !ra+e##ed !o !he @es!2 and so2 "erha"s2 d&d
a re"or! o) Dr 0ohnson1s s orn)u# o"&n&on o) s#a+e> ho#ders who re%e##ed &n !he na$e o) #&%er!*' A! an* ra!e2 %* ,55. a "ower)u# "rea her o) Rhode Is#and ou#d argue !ha! !he "a!r&o! ause ou#d ne+er w&n God1s %#ess&ng and "ros"er un!&# !he s&n o) s#a+er* was re$o+ed= !he GSons o) <&%er!*1 were no!h&ng %u! )a!hers o) o""ress&on' These argu$en!s were no! w&!hou! e))e != Pur&!an New Eng#and2 Jua(er Penns*#+an&a and Penns*#+an&a1s #&!!#e "endan!2 De#aware2 a## ou!#awed !he s#a+e>!rade' S!&## $ore &$"or!an! was !he non>&$"or!a!&on agree$en!' In A"r&# ,55.2 Congress d&re !ed !ha!2 as a war> $easure2 no s#a+es were !o %e &$"or!ed &n!o an* o) !he !h&r!een o#on&es',A I! !hus %e a$e "oss&%#e )or en#&gh!ened A$er& ans !o ho"e !ha! &n !he no!>!oo> d&s!an! )u!ure !he&r new oun!r* wou#d #&+e u" !o &!s #&%era# s#ogans' The war2 $eanwh&#e2 wen! on' Genera# Howe $o+ed #a!e and s#ugg&sh#*2 %u! a#so e))e !&+e#*' He )ough! and $anoeu+red @ash&ng!on o)) <ong Is#and2 ou! o) New Yor( &!*2 o)) Manha!!an Is#and2 a ross and ou! o) New 0erse*' B* De e$%er ,55.2 &! see$ed a## !oo #&(e#* !ha! !he Br&!&sh wou#d e#e%ra!e !he New Year &n Ph&#ade#"h&a2 wh&#e !he on!&nen!a# so#d&ers2 !he&r !&$e e8"&red2 #e)! !he&r o$$ander and wen! ho$e' The New 0erse* <o*a#&s!s a$e ou! !o e#e%ra!e and o##a%ora!e w&!h !he +& !or 4 ra!her !oo soon2 )or a! Chr&s!$as @ash&ng!on !urned2 and &n !wo #&gh!n&ng a!!a (s a ross !he De#aware r&+er de)ea!ed !he ro*a# )or es a! Tren!on and Pr&n e!on' In !er$s o) !he nu$%ers engaged !hese %a!!#es were !&n*F %u!2 as a! Bos!on2 !he&r s!ra!eg& e))e ! was &$"or!an!' The* sa+ed Penns*#+an&a )or !he !&$e %e&ng and #eared $os! o) New 0erse*' Pa!r&o! $ora#e2 wh& h had %een +er* #ow2 $ade a ra"&d re o+er*' @ash&ng!on ou#d #&+e !o )&gh! &n !he s"r&ng 9su""os&ng on#* !ha! h&s )reeH&ng2 !a!!erde$a#&on ar$* sur+&+ed !ha! #ong:' He had won "re &ous !&$e and "res!&ge )or A$er& a= !&$e )or an a##&an e !o r&"en2 "res!&ge !o #&n h &!' The Fren h2 #oo(&ng )or re+enge on Eng#and2 had %een o+er!#* send&ng $un&!&ons !o !he re%e#s a#$os! s&n e !he re%e##&on s!ar!ed' The #onger &! #as!ed2 !he #&(e#&er !he&r )u##>s a#e &n!er+en!&on %e a$e' Dr Fran(#&n2 $os! ur%ane o) A$er& ans2 arr&+ed &n Par&s on /? De e$%er ,55. !o use h&s har$ and s &en!&)& "res!&ge !o #ure <ou&s NBI and h&s $&n&s!ers &n!o !he war' He had a s!agger&ng "ersona# su ess' The #ad&es o) Par&s were en han!ed %* h&$2,. !he s &en!&s!s we# o$ed h&$ as a %ro!her2 he was ere$on&a##* e$%ra ed %* Bo#!a&re a! !he A adO$&e des S &en es and &$"ressed e+er*one as ano!her2 n& er Rousseau %e ause o) h&s 9so$ewha! s!ud&ed: s&$"#& &!* o) $anner and dress' Fur ha!s a #a Fran(#&n %e a$e !he )ash&on' He was ha&#ed as G#e %on Jua (er1 9o) ourse he was no!h&ng o) !he (&nd:2 as a h&#d o) Na!ure2 )a!her o) h&s oun!r*2 wor!h* re"resen!a!&+e o) !he +&r!uous )ores!ers who were s!rugg#&ng )or #&%er!* aga&ns! orru"! Eng#and' More &$"or!an!2 he had !he goodw&## o) Bergennes2 !he Fore&gn M&n&s!er and #eader o) !he war>"ar!*2 who en ouraged !he Do !or &n h&s a !&+&!&es as "ro"agand&s!2 d&"#o$a!&s! and s"*' So$e a! Bersa&##es2 no!a%#* !he grea! Turgo!2 re en!#* )a##en )ro$ h&s "os! as Con!ro##er>Genera# o) !he F&nan es2 )oresaw !he danger !o Fran e2 no! *e! re o+ered )ro$ !he Se+en Years @ar2 o) ano!her s!rugg#eF %u! Fran(#&n wor(ed u" !he genera# Fren h en!hus&as$ )or h&s ause2 and a! Cour! !he war>"ar!* was do$&nan!2 on#* wa&!&ng )or an e8 use !o )&gh!' Su h an e8 use !he Br&!&sh ;u& (#* "ro+&ded' Fro$ George I##1s "o&n! o) +&ew !he war had a#read* gone on $u h !oo #ong' A#read* he was ha+&ng !o %o#s!er !he )a&n!&ng $ora#e o) h&s Pr&$e M&n&s!er w&!h h&s own ro%us! ourage' Th&s &$"a!&en e &n <ondon #ed !o !he d&sas!rous ad+en!ure o) Burgo*ne a! Sara!oga' Tha! genera# 4 a nor$a##* o$"#a en!2 d&#a!or* Br&!&sh o))& er2 des"&s&ng !he A$er& ans2 a#wa*s &n!r&gu&ng )or h&s own ad+an e$en!2 rash &n a !&on 4 Ga +a&n2 +er* a$%&!&ous $an2 w&!h a ha#)>unders!and&ng wh& h was worse !han none12 a ord&ng !o Hora e @a#"o#e 4 ho"ed !ha! %* "#ung&ng sou!h )ro$ Canada w&!h 52??? $en un!&# he rea hed !he #&ne o) !he Hudson r&+er he ou#d u! !he re%e##&on &n !wo' Thus !o %rea( @ash&ng!on1s #&ne o)
o$$un& a!&on w&!h New Eng#and wou#d ha+e %een a no!a%#e s!ro(e2 %u! Howe1s un%us&ness#&(e d&s"a! hes !o <ondon on)used !he "#anners2 and !here was none o) !he o> o"era!&on w&!h Burgo*ne !ha! was essen!&a# &) !he #a!!er1s s he$e was !o su eed' Howe wen! o)) !o a"!ure Ph&#ade#"h&a wh&#e Burgo*ne1s ar$*2 #aden down w&!h su"er)#uous e;u&"$en!2 $o+ed !oo s#ow#* sou!hwards2 #os&ng !ou h w&!h &!s %ase as &! d&d so' The word wen! )or!h2 GNow #e! a## New Eng#and !urn ou! and rush Burgo*ne'1 There was a hear!* res"onse %* !he $&#&!&a= !h&s was &dea# oun!r* )or !he shar"shoo!ers o) !he w&#derness' I! was !he re!rea! )ro$ Con ord on a )ar #arger s a#e' Burgo*ne1s )#an(s were $er &#ess#* harr&ed' Too +a&n !o ad$&! )a&#ure2 he s!rugg#ed on when he shou#d ha+e !urned %a (2 and a! #as!2 h&s ra!&ons near#* e8haus!ed2 h&s re!rea! u! o))2 h&s ar$* %ad#* $au#ed a)!er a ou"#e o) "&! hed %a!!#es2 he had !o surrender wha! was #e)! o) h&s )or e 9wh& h he saw )&! !o %#a$e )or h&s $&sha": !o Genera# Hora!&o Ga!es a! Sara!oga on ,5 O !o%er ,555' Ga!es had done we##F h&s se ond>&n> o$$and2 Bened& ! Arno#d2 w&!h who$ he was a#wa*s ;uarre##&ng2 had done %e!!erF %u! !he rea# g#or* %e#onged !o h&s &rregu#ar #e+&es' The* were !he A$er& an "eo"#e &n ar$s2 and %* !he&r rush&ng +& !or* !he* $ade #ear !he rea# na!ure o) Br&!a&n1s &n!ra !a%#e "ro%#e$= w&!h hand)u#s o) $er enar* !roo"s !o rush a so &e!*2 a na!&on' Coun!er> re+o#u!&ons need s!ronger )ounda!&ons' Sara!oga was $os! &nade;ua!e#* oun!er%a#an ed %* !he )a## o) Ph&#ade#"h&a !o Howe2 a#!hough @ash&ng!on and h&s $en were !here%* o$"e##ed !o endure !he&r dar(es! hours a! Ba##e* Forge2 a %#ea( en a$"$en! near !he &!* where !he* had so$ehow !o sur+&+e ano!her %&!!er2 )ood#ess2 sh&r!#ess w&n!er2 w&!hou! %#an(e!s2 &n hu!s wh& h ga"ed !o w&nd and snow )ro$ e+er* ;uar!er' No $a!!er= Sara!oga on+&n ed Fran e !ha! !h&s was a war &n wh& h Grea! Br&!a&n rea##* ou#d %e %ea!en2 and !he )o##ow&ng *ear she en!ered &!2 )o##owed shor!#* %* her a##*2 S"a&n'1 Th&s a#!ered !he who#e na!ure o) !he war' H&!her!o !he %a#an e o) %a!!#e &n A$er& a had swung !h&s wa* and !ha! a ord&ng !o !he #o a# s!reng!h o) !he %e##&geren!s' E+en Sara!oga ou#d no! %e sa&d !o "ro+e !ha!2 #e)! !o !he$se#+es2 !he Br&!&sh #a (ed !he s!reng!h !o w&n so$e sor! o) +& !or* &n !he #ong run2 !hough &! sure#* de$ons!ra!ed !he need )or %e!!er genera#s' @&!h Fran e and S"a&n &n !he )&gh! $a!!ers #oo(ed +er* d&))eren!' In !he )&rs! "#a e Br&!&sh su""#*> #&nes a ross !he A!#an!& wou#d now %e !hrea!ened %* Fren h as we## as A$er& an sh&"s' Mu h worse was !he genera# +u#nera%&#&!* o) !he Br&!&sh E$"&re' Dur&ng !he Se+en Years @ar !he Fren h had %een %ea!en &n Ind&a2 Canada2 !he @es! Ind&es and a! sea wh&#e Freder& ( II (e"! !he$ %us* &n Ger$an*F S"a&n en!ered !he war on#* when Fran e was a#read* de)ea!ed2 so !ha! Eng#and ou#d !urn her und&+&ded s!reng!h on !he #esser Bour%on "ower' Fur!her$ore2 war see$ed !o )&nan e &!se#)= a! an* ra!e !he on;ues! o) +ar&ous sugar &s#ands grea!#* he#"ed !he $&#&!ar* %udge!' In !he @ar o) A$er& an Inde"enden e none o) !hese ons&dera!&ons a""#&ed' Freder& ( s!a*ed a! ho$eF &! was Eng#and1s !urn !o worr* a%ou! !he #oss o) sugar &s#ands 9so $u h was !h&s !he ase !ha! !he Car&%%ean a !ua##* re"#a ed Nor!h A$er& a as !he "r&n &"a# !hea!re o) !he war:F and she was !hrown on !he de)ens&+e &n Euro"e2 )or no! on#* was she !hrea!ened &ne))e !&+e#* w&!h a Fren h &n+as&on %u! her h&gh>handedness a! sea dro+e !he Du! h !o war and "ro+o(ed !he )or$a!&on o) a <eague o) Ar$ed Neu!ra#&!*2 #ed %* Ca!her&ne II o) Russ&a' I! see$ed !ou h>and>go whe!her George III $&gh! )&nd h&$se#) )&gh!&ng !he who#e o) Euro"e' Se ond#*2 !he +er* e8!en! o) !he E$"&re ga+e !he &n&!&a!&+e !o !he Fren h2 who ou#d hoose when and where !o a!!a ( and $oun!ed o))ens&+es &n !he Car&%%ean2 Nor!h A$er& a and !he Ind&an O ean a! !he sa$e !&$e as !he* !hrea!ened Eng#and herse#)' The S"an&sh !oo( M&nor a and %es&eged G&%ra#!arF Yan(ee "r&+a!eers swar$ed &n !he A!#an!& 2 e+en!ua##* do&ng Br&!a&n P,7 $&##&on wor!h o) da$ageF !he Bonho$$e R& hard2 a +esse# o) !ha! "un* &n)an!2 !he US na+*2 o$$anded %* 0ohn Pau# 0ones2 a"!ured HMS Sera"&s2 a $u h s!ronger +esse#2 on /3 Se"!e$%er ,55-' I! was no wonder !ha! <ord Nor!h had !he +a"ours aga&n' The K&ng 9GI) o!hers w&## no! %e a !&+e I $us! dr&+e1:2 <ord George Ger$a&n2 !he Ad$&ra#!* and !he genera#s he#d on' The "ros"e ! o) Fren h &n!er+en!&on had &ndu ed !he$ !o o))er !er$s !o !he re%e#s' E+er*!h&ng wou#d %e on eded2 e8 e"! &nde"enden e' The o))er was
reEe !ed2 !he Bour%on "owers de #ared war and !he Br&!&sh res&gned !he$se#+es !o a on!&nu&ng s!rugg#e' The* a!!a (ed A$er& an o$$er e as e))e !&+e#* as !he Yan(ees ra&ded !he&rs and $oun!ed de+as!a!&ng ra&ds on oas!a# !owns su h as New Ha+en and oas!a# d&s!r& !s su h as !&dewa!er B&rg&n&a 9&n 0anuar* ,57, Tho$as 0e))erson2 now Go+ernor o) B&rg&n&a2 was !e$"orar&#* dr&+en ou! o) R& h$ond2 !he s!a!e1s new a"&!a#2 %* a )or e #ed %* Bened& ! Arno#d2 who had "re+&ous#* hanged s&des &n e+er* &r u$s!an e o) on!e$"!&%#e !rea her*:' Genera# C#&n!on2 &n o$$and a! New Yor(2 &n !he s"r&ng o) ,57? #aun hed a su ess)u# e8"ed&!&on aga&ns! Char#es Town 9or Char#es!on2 as &! was o$&ng !o %e a##ed:2 !he "r&n &"a# "or! o) !he Sou!hern s!a!esF h&s energe!& su%ord&na!e2 Genera# Cornwa##&s2 o+erran Georg&a2 where so$e sor! o) ro*a# go+ern$en! was re>es!a%#&shed2 and &n+aded !he Caro#&nas' Dogged#*2 !he Br&!&sh h&gh o$$and s!u ( !o &!s or&g&na# s!ra!eg& do !r&ne= &) enough )or e was $us!ered and &) @ash&ng!on1s ar$* ou#d %e augh! and $ade !o )&gh! 9a%&g&)2 s&n e &! had %e o$e +er* adro&! a! dodg&ng &!s "ursuers:2 &! $us! sure#* %e rushedF and !hen !he A$er& ans wou#d des"a&r' The K&ng was read* !o go on )&gh!&ng &nde)&n&!e#*' GTh&s war #&(e !he #as! w&## "ro+e one o) red&!21 sa&d he' He was sure !ha! !he Fren h "o#&!& a# and )&nan &a# s*s!e$ ou#d no! s!and !he s!ra&n near#* so we## as !he Br&!&sh and on e Fran e was %ea!en !he re%e#s ou#d %e dea#! w&!h a! #e&sure' I! &s $ore !han dou%!)u# &)2 &n !he se+en!h *ear o) !he war2 !hese a# u#a!&ons were sound an* #onger' True2 &n A"r&# ,57, @ash&ng!on a""ed an end#ess gush o) Eus!&)&ed o$"#a&n!s a%ou! !he s!a!e o) a))a&rs w&!h !he s&$"#e "hrase2 G@e are a! !he end o) our !e!her21 %u! h&s "os&!&on ond&!&oned h&$ !o #oo( on !he g#oo$* s&de' I! see$s #&(e#&es! !ha!2 when !he war %ro(e ou!2 !here was a #arge "a!r&o! "ar!*2 a su%s!an!&a##* s$a##er <o*a#&s! "ar!* and a $aEor&!* o) !he "o"u#a!&on !ha! was neu!ra#' Su%se;uen! e+en!s rad& a##* hanged $a!!ers' The $ere )a ! o) war2 !he "ro$u#ga!&on o) &nde"enden e and !he sur+&+a# o) !he Re+o#u!&onar* go+ern$en!s !ended !o w&n re ru&!s !o !he "a!r&o! "ar!*2 wh& h grew #arger !hroughou! !he war2 &n s"&!e o) a dangerous war> wear&ness' Ber* )oo#&sh#*2 !he Br&!&sh en#&s!ed !he Iro;uo&s &n !he Nor!h> @es!' The* d&d #&!!#e )or !he &$"er&a# ause2 %u! !he&r de"reda!&ons2 arr&ed ou! w&!h !he&r usua# re#en!#ess rue#!*2 horr&)&ed and aroused e+er* se!!#er who had rossed2 or was a%ou! !o ross2 !he A""a#a h&ans &n sear h o) new #and' 9I! was !a#es o) Ind&an a!ro &!&es as $u h as an*!h&ng e#se wh& h %rough! ou! !he New Eng#anders aga&ns! Burgo*ne': @here+er !he Br&!&sh won a !e$"orar* +& !or* !he <o*a#&s!s a$e ou! )or !he$2 on#* !o )&nd2 a! an* ra!e &n !he Nor!h ou!s&de New Yor(2 !ha! a)!er a #&!!#e wh&#e !he Br&!&sh wen! awa* aga&n2 #ea+&ng !he&r o##a%ora!ors w&!h no ho& e %u! !o )#ee' Th&s o) ourse "u! $&#&!ar* and "o#&!& a# "ower e+en $ore )&r$#* &n !he hands o) !he "a!r&o!s2 wh&#e !he <o*a#&s!s %e a$e a $ere )#oa!&ng re)ugee "o"u#a!&on' The $os! e))e !&+e <o*a#&s!2 Banas!re Tar#e!on2 who ra&sed a su%s!an!&a# and e))& &en! )&gh!&ng )or e )or Cornwa##&s2 )ough! w&!h su h sa+ager* 9!he A$er& an wa* o) war &s2 "erha"s2 $ore o#d>%#ooded !han !he Br&!&sh: !ha! he no! on#* added !he )u##es! horrors o) &+&# war !o !he Re+o#u!&on2 %u! &ns"&red a !&+e ha!red and "a!r&o!&s$ &n e;ua# a$oun!s !hroughou! !he Sou!h' The !error o) h&s na$e dro+e !he !&$&d !o see( !he "ro!e !&on o) Genera# @ash&ng!on and h&s su%ord&na!es2 wh&#e !he "a!r&o!s +enge)u##* hun!ed ou! Tor&es )ro$ !he&r Eo%s2 "ro"er!* and oun!r*' The A$er& an genera#2 Na!hanae# Greene2 o$$en!ed sad#* &n Sou!h Caro#&na !ha!= WThe an&$os&!* %e!ween !he @h&gs and Tor&es2 renders !he&r s&!ua!&on !ru#* de"#ora%#e' The @h&gs see$ de!er$&ned !o e8!&r"a!e !he Tor&es2 and !he Tor&es !he @h&gs' So$e !housands ha+e )a##en &n !h&s wa*2 &n !h&s ;uar!er2 and !he e+&# rages w&!h $ore +&o#en e !han e+er' I) a s!o" anno! %e soon "u! !o !hese $assa res2 !he oun!r* w&## %e de"o"u#a!ed &n a )ew $on!hs $oreX A)!er *ears o) !h&s sor! o) !h&ng &! grew #ess and #ess #&(e#* !ha! an* $&#&!ar* +& !or* wou#d ena%#e !he Br&!&sh !o re ons!&!u!e !he&r ru#e' The&r su"re$e war> a&$ had %e o$e una!!a&na%#e #ong %e)ore !he* were )or ed !o s!o" )&gh!&ng )or &!'
A good e8a$"#e o) wha! a## !h&s $ean! !o ord&nar* "eo"#e &s "ro+&ded &n !he on!&nu&ng areer o) *oung Andrew 0a (son' @hen he was !h&r!een 9,57?: !he war a$e !o h&s ne&gh%ourhood' He and a## h&s re#a!&ons were soon $ade )ug&!&+es %* Tar#e!on1s !err&%#e &n urs&ons2 and !hen !urned !o )&gh!' The %o* saw ser+& e as a $oun!ed order#*2 was a"!ured %* !he Br&!&sh and near#* d&ed o) s$a##"o8 &n Ea&#' H&s $o!her and h&s !wo %ro!hers d&d d&e2 h&s $o!her o) Gsh&" )e+er1 wh&#e nurs&ng "r&soners o) !he Br&!&sh a! Char#es!on' None o) !h&s endeared !he &n+aders !o *oung 0a (son' Bu! !he e"&sode !ha! was !o %e o$e #egendar* when he %e a$e )a$ous was !ha! o) !he Eng#&sh su%a#!ern who o$$anded h&s *oung "r&soner !o #ean h&s %oo!s' 0a (son2 s!and&ng on h&s r&gh!s as a "r&soner o) war2 re)used2 and go! a u! on h&s head )ro$ !he o))& er1s sword )or h&s &nso#en e' I! #e)! a s ar wh& h2 as h&s %&ogra"her sa*s2 he was !o arr* !hrough a #&)e G!ha! "ro)&!ed #&!!#e !o Eng#and or an* Eng#&sh$an1F/, $ore !o !he "o&n!2 &! was hara !er&s!& o) !he &nnu$era%#e s$a## s!ro(es !ha! were u!!&ng !he )ew re$a&n&ng %onds %e!ween Br&!a&n and A$er& a' There $us! ha+e %een !housands o) *oung s"ar(s #&(e 0a (son' And George @ash&ng!on was now a hero !o a## h&s oun!r*$enF !he&r ad$&ra!&on )or h&$ was un&!&ng !he$ as #&!!#e e#se ou#d' None o) !hose who had #earned !o +enera!e h&$>#eas! o) a## !hosewhohad )ough! under h&$ 4 wou#d a%andon !he s!rugg#e %e)ore he d&d' Howe+er dar( !he ou!#oo( )ro$ !&$e !o !&$e2 &! was a#wa*s !oo ear#* !o !a#( o) !he A$er& ans des"a&r&ng' Howe+er2 !he assu$"!&ons under#*&ng Br&!&sh s!ra!eg* were ne+er !o %e !horough#* !es!ed2 )or !he rashness o) a genera# $ade !he$ &rre#e+an!' Cornwa##&s "ro+ed !o %e ano!her Burgo*ne' He %egan we##2 %u! &n h&s ;ues! )or !he de &s&+e +& !or* o+er Na!hanae# Greene he a##owed !he A$er& ans !o #ure h&$ )ur!her and )ur!her nor!h2 #os&ng $en and su""#&es a## !he wa*' F&na##* he rea#&Hed !ha! he ou#d ne&!her re!rea! nor go )orward &n )a e o) !he res&s!an e he was $ee!&ng2 so he dug &n where he was2 a! Yor(!own &n B&rg&n&a 9a )ew $&#es )ro$ 0a$es!own and @&##&a$s%urg:2 and wa&!ed !o %e res ued %* !he Ro*a# Na+*' @ash&ng!on saw !ha! !h&s was !he sor! o) o""or!un&!* !ha! on#* o$es on e' H&s ar$* had #ong %een s!a!&onar* &n !he Nor!h2 "&nn&ng down !he Br&!&sh &n New Yor(' Now was !he !&$e )or &! !o $o+e2 &) on#* %e ause o) !he &n reas&ng war>wear&ness o) !he A$er& ans and !he des"era!e )&nan &a# s!ra&!s o) !he Fren h2 who had ne+er!he#ess sen! h&$ an ar$* o) so$e .25?? regu#ars under !he Co$!e de Ro ha$%eau' A Fren h na+a# s;uadron under Ad$&ra# de Grasse was a! sea' @ash&ng!on had %een !r*&ng !o on en!ra!e a## !hese )or es )or an a!!a ( on New Yor(F %u! now he saw a han e2 "ro%a%#* a #as! han e2 )or a de &s&+e +& !or* o+er !he Br&!&sh' Br&!&sh are#essness had g&+en !he a##&es !e$"orar* na+a# su"er&or&!* &n B&rg&n&an wa!ers= De Grasse was a%#e !o sea# o)) Chesa"ea(e Ba*2 !hus "u!!&ng h&$se#) %e!ween Cornwa##&s and h&s re#&e)' @ash&ng!on and Ro ha$%eau $ar hed %r&s(#* sou!h' Be)ore Cornwa##&s ;u&!e (new wha! was ha""en&ng !o h&$ he was !ra""ed' The &ne8ora%#e wor( o) an e&gh!een!h> en!ur* s&ege wen! )orwardF and a! #as! Cornwa##&s ga+e &n' On ,5 O !o%er ,57, 4 )our *ears e8a !#* s&n e Burgo*ne1 s $&sad+en!ure 4 he as(ed )or !er$s' Two da*s #a!er he surrendered un ond&!&ona##*' <egend has &! !ha! as he and h&s so#d&ers $ar hed ou!2 "r&soners2 !he&r reg&$en!a# %ands "#a*ed GThe @or#d Turned U"s&de Down1' R&gh!#*2 &) so2 )or Yor(!own was a de &s&+e +& !or*2 !hough @ash&ng!on ou#d no! a! )&rs! %e#&e+e &!' I! d&d !he Fren h #&!!#e good 9a )ew $on!hs #a!er Ad$&ra# Rodne* dru%%ed De Grasse &n !he Ba!!#e o) !he Sa&n!s:F %u! &! se!!#ed !he ;ues!&on o) A$er& an &nde"enden e' The news "ro+o(ed !he House o) Co$$ons !o $u!&n* a! #as!' GOh GodT I! &s a## o+er21 sa&d "oor <ord Nor!h' H&s go+ern$en! )e##2 and a @h&g $&n&s!r* #ed %* Ro (&ngha$2 and a)!er h&s dea!h %* She#%urne2 #as!ed Eus! #ong enough !o nego!&a!e a new Trea!* o) Par&s 93 Se"!e$%er ,573:' Th&s !rea!* ga+e !he Un&!ed S!a!es e8 e##en! !er$s 9)ar %e!!er !han Fran e and S"a&n were !o
ge!:2 )or wh& h !he A$er& an nego!&a!ors 9Fran(#&n2 0ohn Ada$s2 0ohn 0a*: deser+ed $os! o) !he red&!' No! on#* d&d !he Br&!&sh re ogn&He A$er& an &nde"enden e and $a(e "ea e2 and gran! +a#ua%#e on ess&ons !o A$er& an )&sher$en &n Canad&an wa!ersF !he* on eded $os! generous %oundar&es !o !he new re"u%#& ' U" !o a "o&n!2 !h&s on#* on)&r$ed wha! was a#read* #ear on !he ground' In a ser&es o) des"era!e a$"a&gns aga&ns! !he Br&!&sh and !he Ind&ans2 !he A$er& ans had a#read* $ade good !he&r #a&$ !o !he !rans>A""a#a h&an @es!' S!&##2 !he Br&!&sh on!ro##ed #arge areas !here2 &n !he Grea! <a(es reg&on2 and !he&r Ind&an a##&es were s!&## un%ro(enF %u! !he* had no s!o$a h )or on!&nu&ng !he s!rugg#e and )or$a##* re ogn&Hed nor!hern and wes!ern )ron!&ers )or !he Un&!ed S!a!es on !he <a(es and !he M&ss&ss&""&' A$er& a !hus %e a$e !he #ega##* und&s"u!ed $&s!ress o) an &$$ense !err&!or*' Ne8! !o &nde"enden e &!se#) &! was !he $os! no!a%#e ga&n )ro$ !he @ar o) !he Re+o#u!&on' A! #as! Genera# @ash&ng!on was a%#e !o un%u (#e h&s sword' He had had !o re"ud&a!e a "ro"osa# !ha! he $a(e a %&d )or (&ngsh&"2 and !o su""ress a !hrea!ened $u!&n* o+er "a*2 wh& h he d&d w&!h a "ersona# a""ea# !o h&s o))& ers' 9GGen!#e$en2 *ou $us! "ardon $e21 he sa&d2 "u!!&ng on h&s s"e !a #es !o read h&s $anus r&"!' GI ha+e grown gre* &n *our ser+& e and now )&nd $*se#) go&ng %#&nd'1 Tha! d&d !he !r& (': Sad#*2 he saw h&s her&shed +e!erans go&ng o)) !o !he&r ho$es #&(e a Gse! o) %eggars12 s!&## un"a&d2 !hough a %od* o) $u!&nous so#d&ers had a !ua##* %es&eged !he ungra!e)u# Congress &n S!a!e House a! Ph&#ade#"h&a' 0o*ous#*2 &n No+e$%er ,5732 he en!ered New Yor( as !he Br&!&sh e+a ua!ed &!F and &n !ha! &!*2 on 6 De e$%er2 he %ade )or$a# )arewe## !o h&s o))& ers2 sha(&ng ea h one %* !he hand2 %e)ore he se! o)) !o !he #onged>)or re"ose o) Moun! Bernon' Poor $an= he was no! !o enEo* &! )or +er* #ong'
11 The Pea%e an" the Constit.tion 17/3 )

)he Americans are the first people whom 'eaven has favoured with an opportunity of deli.erating upon, and choosing, the forms of government under which they shall live. All other constitutions have derived their eHistence from violence or accidental circumstances, and are therefore pro.a.ly more distant from their perfection, which, though .eyond our reach, may nevertheless .e approached under the guidance of reason and eHperience. 8ohn 8ay, 1FFF *et us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can repair. )he event is in the hand of <od. <eorge 4ashington, 1FEF Ha+&ng go! r&d o) !he Br&!&sh2 !he A$er& ans had !o o"e w&!h !he d&))& u#!&es !ha! had %a))#ed George III and h&s $&n&s!ers' The +& !or&ous re%e#s had one ad+an!age= !he A$er& an E$"&re 9a )a+our&!e "hrase o) !he !&$e: was s$a##er2 $ore o$"a ! and $ore ho$ogeneous !han !he Br&!&sh2 so !here was $u h #ess &ndu e$en! !o %rea( &! u"' In )a ! $os! A$er& ans wan!ed !o $a(e a su ess o) !he&r new Re"u%#& 2 and $a&n!a&n !he&r Un&on' Bu! !he o%s!a #es were2 &n "ra !& e2 daun!&ng' The se ond Pea e o) Par&s #e)! $an* "ro%#e$s unso#+ed' I! de)&ned A$er& a1s "#a e &n !he
&n!erna!&ona# s*s!e$2 %u! !ha! "#a e was an unsa!&s)a !or* one2 a! an* ra!e !o !he A$er& ans2 and re)#e !ed !he oun!r*1s wea(ness and un&$"or!an e &n !he s he$e o) !h&ngs' Inde"enden e was ;ua#&)&ed %* !he ne ess&!* o) a Fren h guaran!ee2 o) Fren h "ro!e !&on' Un!&# !he Un&!ed S!a!es ou#d do w&!hou! Fran e2 she wou#d %e no $ore !han a sa!e##&!e2 una%#e !o a h&e+e or a!!e$"! $u h w&!hou! "er$&ss&on' Th&s $&gh! "ro+e a d&sas!rous "os&!&on &)2 )or e8a$"#e2 she shou#d #ash w&!h S"a&n' The S"an&sh a##&an e was a $aEor o$"onen! o) Fren h )ore&gn "o#& *F &! wou#d er!a&n#* no! %e sa r&)& ed !o !he &n!eres!s o) an u"s!ar! #&!!#e "ro!OgO' Ye! S"a&n was now a "r&n &"a# o%s!a #e !o !he grow!h and2 "erha"s2 !o !he on!&nued e8&s!en e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' The )&rs! Pea e o) Par&s2 &n ,5.32 had g&+en her <ou&s&ana2 wh& h &n #uded New Or#eans and a## !he oun!r* %e!ween !he M&ss&ss&""& and !he Ro (* Moun!a&ns' B* !he se ond2 &n ,5732 she had rega&ned F#or&da2 wh& h !hen s!re! hed r&gh! a#ong !he Gu#) Coas! a ross wha! &s now sou!hern A#a%a$a' She d&s#&(ed !he re"u%#& ans2 and had !wo e))e !&+e wea"ons aga&ns! !he$' B* her on!ro# o) !he M&ss&ss&""& na+&ga!&on and !he $ar(e! o) New Or#eans she ou#d d& !a!e !er$s !o !he wes!ern A$er& ans2 who had %egun !o se!!#e !he +a##e*s o) !he Oh&o and Tennessee r&+ers2 )or !he on#* "ra !& a%#e ou!#e! )or !he&r "rodu e #a* down !he grea! r&+ers2 s&n e #and arr&age %a ( a ross !he A""a#a h&ans was so e8"ens&+eF and she ou#d s!&r u" !he "ower)u# Ind&an !r&%es o) !he Sou!h>@es!>!he Cree(s and !he Chero(ees 4 aga&ns! !he wea( new se!!#e$en!s o) !he Tennessee' B* !he w&n!er o) ,57.45 a )u##>s a#e )ron!&er war was rag&ng2 and S"an&sh agen!s were a! wor( "#aus&%#* sugges!&ng !o !he @es!erners !ha! )or "ro!e !&on &n )u!ure !he* ough! "erha"s !o #oo( !o !he K&ng o) S"a&n ra!her !han !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es' Congress was as he#"#ess as !he &nd&+&dua# s!a!e go+ern$en!s !o do an*!h&ng a%ou! !hese h&gh#* undes&ra%#e de+e#o"$en!s2 wh& h $&gh! end %* ro%%&ng !he Un&!ed S!a!es o) ha#) her s"#end&d @es!ern her&!age' Re#a!&ons w&!h Grea! Br&!a&n were e+en $ore &$"or!an!2 and e;ua##* unsa!&s)a !or*' George III re e&+ed 0ohn Ada$s &n <ondon as !he )&rs! A$er& an $&n&s!er !o !he Cour! o) S! 0a$es2 &n a ere$on* !ha! %o!h $en )ound dee"#* $o+&ngF %u! su h o as&ons had #&!!#e or no!h&ng !o do w&!h !he $a(&ng o) h&gh "o#& *' The Eng#&sh Ca%&ne! had &!s own &deas' F&rs!2 &! d&s o+ered !ha! $ore had %een g&+en awa* a! !he "ea e !han had %een &n!ended or !han was2 "erha"s2 ;u&!e ne essar*' I) !he Grea! <a(es oun!r* was handed o+er !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es !he )ur>!rade wou#d go w&!h &!2 !o !he grea! &$"o+er&sh$en! o) Canada' Eng#and de &ded no! !o +a a!e For! De!ro&! Eus! *e!2 nor !he o!her s&8 )ron!&er "os!s wh& h she was "#edged2 %* her s&gna!ure o) !he !rea!*2 !o g&+e u" 9!he e8 use was !ha! A$er& a had no! )u#)&##ed so$e o) !he o!her !er$s o) !he "ea e:' So )or !he !&$e %e&ng $u h o) !he Nor!h> @es! wou#d re$a&n &n Br&!&sh hands2 wh&#e P/??2??? wor!h o) )urs "er annu$ )ound !he&r wa* !o <ondon !hrough Mon!rea#2 no! !hrough New Yor(' As &) !ha! were no! enough2 Eng#and se! ou! s*s!e$a!& a##* !o rush A$er& a1s $ar&!&$e r&+a#r*' The Na+&ga!&on A !s were re+&sed %* Orders &n Coun &#' @&!h see$&ng generos&!*2 a## du!&es were #&)!ed )ro$ Nor!h A$er& an goods o$&ng !o Br&!a&n &n Br&!&sh or A$er& an %o!!o$s' Th&s was a grea! en ourage$en! !o A$er& an "rodu ers !o #oo( !o !he Br&!&sh $ar(e!' The a! h was !ha! a! !he sa$e !&$e !he A$er& ans were s!r& !#* )or%&dden !o !rade w&!h !he Br&!&sh @es! Ind&esF *e! &! was !here !ha! !he o#on&s!s2 %e)ore ,55A2 had a#wa*s )ound !he&r %es! us!o$ers' Now Br&!&sh sh&"s a#one wou#d arr* !he "rodu e o) New Eng#and and Penns*#+an&a !o !he Car&%%ean and !he "rodu e o) !he sugar &s#ands !o Br&!a&n' @&!h !h&s &$$ense ad+an!age2 Br&!&sh $er han!s soon %egan !o dr&+e ou! !he&r A$er& an o$"e!&!ors )ro$ a## !he A!#an!& rou!es2 )or !he* ou#d a))ord !o harge #ower ra!es' I! #oo(ed as &) !he Br&!&sh $er han! $ar&ne wou#d soon ha+e a $ono"o#* o) A!#an!& !rade2 and !hus Grea! Br&!a&n wou#d %e a%#e !o d& !a!e !he e ono$& )u!ure o) !he "or!s o) her )or$er o#on&es' Her s!a!es$en #oo(ed w&!h o$"#a en * on !he %& (er&ng and )ee%#eness o) !he US go+ern$en!F so$e %egan !o s"e u#a!e !ha! %e)ore #ong e ono$& "ressure wou#d )or e !he New Eng#anders2 a! #eas!2 !o see sense and o$e %a ( !o !he&r !rue a##eg&an e' Ins!ead2 !he &nd&+&dua# A$er& an s!a!es &$"osed d&s r&$&na!or* !ar&))s on Br&!&sh goods and "assed na+&ga!&on A !s !o shu! ou! Br&!&sh sh&""&ngF %u! a#!hough !hese $easures were he#")u#2 !he* ou#d no! o) !he$se#+es de)ea! Br&!&sh
"o#& *' Bes&des2 !he* se! A$er& an $er han!s 9who we# o$ed !he na+&ga!&on #aws %u! d&s#&(ed !he "ro!e !&+e !ar&))s: aga&ns! A$er& an ar!&sans 9who were $os! &n!eres!ed &n !he !ar&))s:' And2 as &n !he $a!!er o) S"an&sh re#a!&ons2 !here see$ed !o %e no!h&ng !ha! Congress ou#d do' The *oung Re"u%#& 2 !hen2 endured so$e!h&ng #&(e an e ono$& o#d war &n !he )&rs! *ears o) "ea e' Bad as !h&s was2 !he &n!erna# s&!ua!&on was &) an*!h&ng worse' A! !&$es &! see$ed !ha! !he "ea e2 %* re$o+&ng !he Br&!&sh2 had re$o+ed !he one )or e a"a%#e o) &ns"&r&ng an e))e !&+e Un&on' Ea h s!a!e %egan !o go her own wa*' E+en $ore de"ress&ng2 !he end o) !he war was )o##owed 9as has usua##* %een !he ase w&!h A$er& a1s wars: %* an e ono$& r&s&s' I! w&## no! do !o e8aggera!e !h&s' BenEa$&n Fran(#&n2 o$&ng ho$e )or good &n !he au!u$n o) ,57A2 was de#&gh!ed w&!h !he e+&den! "ros"er&!* o) Penns*#+an&a2 and wro!e !o a## h&s )r&ends &n Euro"e !e##&ng !he$ no! !o %e#&e+e Eng#&sh asser!&ons !ha! !he Un&!ed S!a!es was on !he %r&n( o) ru&n' George @ash&ng!on d&d !he sa$e' GI! &s wonder)u# !o see how soon !he ra+ages o) war are re"a&red21 he wro!e= Houses are re%u&#!2 )&e#ds en #osed2 s!o (s o) a!!#e wh& h were des!ro*ed are re"#a ed2 and $an* a deso#a!ed !err&!or* assu$es aga&n !he heer)u# a""earan e o) u#!&+a!&on' In $an* "#a es !he +es!&ges o) on)#agra!&on and ru&n are hard#* !o %e !ra ed' The ar!s o) "ea e2 su h as #ear&ng r&+ers2 %u&#d&ng %r&dges2 and es!a%#&sh&ng on+en&en es )or !ra+e##&ng I ' are ass&duous#* "ro$o!ed' In shor!2 !he )ounda!&on o) a grea! e$"&re &s #a&d' A## !h&s was no dou%! !rue= A$er& a was and &s an &n!r&ns& a##* r& h oun!r*2 and !he &nha%&!an!s ha+e ne+er %een %a (ward &n e8"#o&!&ng her resour es' Bu! &n !he wa(e o) !he Re+o#u!&onar* @ar e+en !h&s na!ura# a%undan e ou#d %e an e$%arrass$en!2 or a! an* ra!e o) #&!!#e use !o !he "rodu ers' The A$er& ans were o""ressed %* a## $anner o) de%!s2 and !he $eans o) "a*&ng !he$ see$ed !o %e #a (&ng' The )ore&gn de%! a#one2 &n #ud&ng %o!h a"&!a# and &n!eres!2 wen! u" )ro$ Y5277A2?7A &n ,573 !o Y,,27A72-73 &n ,57-', Mos! o) !h&s was owed !o Fran e2 wh& h d&d no! "ress )or her $one*F %u! do$es!& red&!ors were #ess )or%ear&ng' The* wan!ed !o %e "a&d2 and !o %e "a&d &n good urren *2 !ha! &s2 &n go#d or s&#+er= !he* s"urned !he gross#* de+a#ued "a"er $one* &ssued %* !he s!a!es and Congress' A! !he sa$e !&$e $an* de%!ors )ound &! &$"oss&%#e !o earn !he ne essar* s"e &e2 )or &! ou#d on#* o$e )ro$ a%road2 and Grea! Br&!a&n2 as we ha+e seen2 had u! o)) A$er& an )ar$ers )ro$ !he&r )ore&gn $ar(e!s' The&r unse##a%#e "rodu e "&#ed u" &n !he&r %arns2 and !he&r red&!ors !oo( !he$ !o our!' Ma!!ers were $ade worse a## round %* !he "ressure o) !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s' Pu%#& red&! was e8haus!ed2 and ou#d %e renewed2 so !ha! go+ern$en! $&gh! on!&nue2 on#* %* a de!er$&ned2 su ess)u# e))or! !o redee$ !he "a"er urren *F and !he on#* wa* %* wh& h su h rede$"!&on $&gh! %e a h&e+ed was %* h&gher !a8es' A! !he %a ( o) !he ;ueue a$e Congress2 des"era!e#* "#ead&ng )or enough $one* !o "a* !he runn&ng e8"enses o) !he na!&ona# go+ern$en!2 &) no! !o "a* o)) !he na!&ona# de%!' In !he &r u$s!an es &! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! !here was a re+&+a# o) !he %&!!er %a!!#es %e!ween de%!ors and red&!ors !ha! had $ar(ed !he #a!e o#on&a# era' De)*&ng !he "ea e !rea!*2 !he B&rg&n&a #eg&s#a!ure "assed #aws !o s!o" Br&!&sh red&!ors su&ng !o o##e ! !he&r "re> war de%!s2 )or2 as George Mason wro!e !o Pa!r& ( Henr*2 GI) we are now !o "a* !he de%!s due !o !he Br&!&sh $er han!s2 wha! ha+e we %een )&gh!&ng )or a## !h&s wh&#eM1 In Rhode Is#and2 !he de%!or "ar!* won on!ro# o) !he s!a!e go+ern$en!2 and !r&ed %* #aw !o o$"e# red&!ors !o a e"! !he de"re &a!ed "a"er urren * &n se!!#e$en! o) de%!s= !h&s #ed !o o$"#e!e e ono$& d&s#o a!&on' Th&ngs were e+en worse &n Massa huse!!s' There !he de%!or> red&!or s!rugg#e $erged w&!h !he #ong> s!and&ng )eud %e!ween !he eas!ern "ar! o) !he s!a!e2 do$&na!ed %* Bos!on2 !he #esser "or!s and $er an!&#e &n!eres!s genera##*2 and !he )ar$&ng wes!' To "a* !he "u%#& de%! !he Bos!on>&n)#uen ed #eg&s#a!ure de reed !a8es wh& h !he @es! )ound &n!o#era%#e' For !he
)ar$ers o) !he u"> oun!r* were no! &n !he #eas! #&(e !hose o) Penns*#+an&a2 or !he "#an!ers o) !he Sou!h' The&r #and was "oorF !he* ou#d no! "rodu e )or !he $ar(e!2 %u! on#* )or !he&r own su%s&s!en e2 as &s shown %* !he )a ! !ha! !he* were no! +er* eager us!o$ers )or e8"ens&+e !h&ngs #&(e &$"or!ed #o!h' The&r on!r&%u!&on !o !rade #a* on#* &n !he s$a## a$oun!s o) !ea and sugar )or wh& h !he* %ar!ered wha! !he* ou#d s"are o) !he&r har+es!' So$e had done we## )ro$ !he sa#e o) "ro+&s&ons dur&ng !he war2 %u! o!hers were %ad#* h&! %* !he d&s#o a!&on o) !he !&$es= here and !here #and wen! ou! o) u#!&+a!&on and %egan !o re+er! !o w&#derness' Har+es!s were good &n ,5762 %u! hardsh&" grew worse as !he "ressure )ro$ !he s!a!e go+ern$en! &n reased' As one s*$"a!h&Her "o&n!ed ou!2 Q when a )ar$er %r&ngs h&s "rodu e !o $ar(e!2 he &s o%#&ged !o !a(e u" w&!h !he %u*er1s o))er2 and &s )or ed2 no! &n)re;uen!#*2 !o !a(e $er hand&se &n e8 hange2 wh& h &s !o!a##* &nsu))& &en! !o d&s harge h&s !a8es' There &s no )a$&#* !ha! does no! wan! so$e $one* )or so$e "ur"oses2 and !he #&!!#e wh& h !he )ar$er arr&es ho$e )ro$ $ar(e!2 $us! %e a""#&ed !o o!her uses2 %es&des "a*&ng o)) !he Z!a8[ o##e !or1s %&##s' The onse;uen e &s2 d&s!ra&n! &s $ade u"on h&s s!o ( or rea# es!a!e' The wes!erners had no s*$"a!h&Hers &n !he Eas!= Sa$ Ada$s had #ong s&n e #&+ed down !he &nd&s re!&ons o) h&s *ou!h and was as ho! aga&ns! de)au#!&ng ag&!a!ors as &) he were Tho$as Hu! h&nson h&$se#)' Bus&ness ond&!&ons were +er* %ad )or !he !&$e %e&ng= !he "ea e had %rough! a rush o) goods !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 wh& h had ;u& (#* g#u!!ed !he $ar(e!' As a resu#! $an* &$"or!&ng $er han!s had %een ru&nedF !rade was now a! a s!ands!&##2 e+en )or !he ru$ d&s!&##er&es 9a ord&ng !o an Eng#&sh !ra+e##er:' I! was !&$e !o "u! !he "u%#& )&nan es on a sound )oo!&ng2 so as !o d&$&n&sh &n)#a!&on2 res!ore on)&den e and !hus2 "erha"s2 &n&!&a!e an e ono$& re+&+a#' So !he #eg&s#a!ors re#en!#ess#* hounded !he )ar$ers !o "a* !he&r !a8es' A! #eng!h &! was $ore !han !he wes!erners ou#d %ear' In !he au!u$n o) ,57.2 #ed %* a )or$er Con!&nen!a# o))& er2 Dan&e# Sha*s 9,5654,7/A:2 a +e!eran o) <e8&ng!on2 Bun(er H&## and Sara!oga2 !he* rose &n re%e##&on2 #os&ng down !he oun!* our!s wh& h were send&ng so $an* o) !he$ !o de%!ors1 "r&son2 and !hrea!en&ng !o $ar h on Bos!on' Bu! !he* were unar$ed2 e8 e"! )or "&! h)or(s2 !he )edera# arsena# a! S"r&ng)&e#d was su ess)u##* de)ended aga&ns! !he$2 and so !he* were eas&#* d&s"ersed %* !he s!a!e $&#&!&a' There was no! go&ng !o %e a se ond re+o#u!&on &n Massa huse!!sF and an*wa* !he s!a!e go+ern$en! showed &!se#) !o %e $ore w&se and #en&en! !han George III' The re%e#s were "un&shed #&gh!#*2 and so$e o) !he&r de$ands were gran!ed= !here were no In!o#era%#e A !s' In ,575 "ros"er&!* %egan !o re!urn2 and d&s on!en! d&ed down' None !he #ess2 Sha*s1s Re%e##&on was a !err&%#e sho ( !o res"e !a%#e A$er& ans' The na!ure o) !he u"r&s&ng was #arge#* un(nown !o "eo"#e ou!s&de Massa huse!!sF a## !he* ou#d see was !ha! an ar$ed re+o#! aga&ns! a du#* ons!&!u!ed re"u%#& an go+ern$en! had o$e dangerous#* #ose !o su eed&ngF !ha! "ro"er!* was &n dangerF and !ha! nowhere &n A$er& a was !here su))& &en! )or e !o de)ea! ano!her su h ha##enge2 e&!her &n!erna# or e8!erna# 9Ch&e) M G&##&+ra* was Eus! now %eg&nn&ng h&s su ess)u# de"reda!&ons on !he Georg&an )ron!&er:'6 George @ash&ng!on1s rea !&on2 as so o)!en2 was en!&re#* re"resen!a!&+e= @ha! a !r&u$"h )or !he ad+o a!es o) des"o!&s$2 !o )&nd !ha! we are &n a"a%#e o) go+ern&ng ourse#+es2 and !ha! s*s!e$s )ounded on !he %as&s o) e;ua# #&%er!*2 are $ere#* &dea# and )a##a &ous' @ou#d !o God !ha! w&se $easures $a* %e !a(en &n !&$e !o a+er! !he onse;uen es we ha+e %u! !oo $u h reason !o a""rehend' The &$"or!an! !h&ng !o unders!and here &s wha! @ash&ng!on $ean! %* Gw&se $easures1' He saw !he "ro%#e$ as essen!&a##* "o#&!& a#2 no! e ono$& F and !here)ore !he ure he #oo(ed )or was a#so "o#&!& a#' He de &ded2 #&(e $an* ano!her so#&d &!&Hen2 !ha! !he !&$e had o$e !o a$end !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on'
The re$ed* $a* see$ so$ewha! re$o!e )ro$ !he d&sease' Perha"s &! was2 )or Massa huse!!s was no! !he on#* "#a e where e ono$& ond&!&ons %egan !o &$"ro+e #ong %e)ore an* e))e !&+e "o#&!& a# a !&on a! !he na!&ona# #e+e# had %een !a(en' Bu! a nu$%er o) we##>"#a ed gen!#e$en had %een ag&!a!&ng )or a re)or$ o) !he Ar!& #es )or so$e *earsF and &n a r&s&s $en !end !o ado"! wha!e+er "rogra$$e &s on o))er2 w&!hou! s ru!&n&H&ng &!s )&!ness !oo n& e#*' The grea! "o&n! &s !o %e do&ng so$e!h&ng' The e ono$& argu$en! )or a re)or$ was no! who##* &$"#aus&%#e= !he under#*&ng auses o) A$er& an de%&#&!* were Br&!&sh $er an!&#&s$2 wh& h on#* a s!rong na!&ona# go+ern$en! ou#d ha##enge su ess)u##*2 and !he o##a"se o) !he na!&ona# red&!2 wh& h on#* su h a go+ern$en! ou#d res!ore' @ash&ng!on1s %r&##&an! *oung "ro!OgO2 A#e8ander Ha$&#!on o) New Yor( 9,5AA4,7?6:2 %e#&e+ed &n !hese "ro"os&!&ons "ass&ona!e#*' To h&s $&nd G!he !hree grea! o%Ee !s o) go+ern$en!2 agr& u#!ure2 o$$er e and re+enue2 an on#* %e se ured %* a genera# go+ern$en!12 and he was "re"ared !o sa* so2 &n season and ou! o) season2 and re o$$end a "re!!* s!rong genera# go+ern$en! &n!o !he %arga&n 4 er!a&n#* a $u h s!ronger one !han !ha! se! u" %* !he Ar!& #es' O!hers were #ess s&ng#e>$&nded on !he "o&n! !han Ha$&#!onF or !he* had en!&re#* d&))eren! reasons )or wan!&ng a re)or$' To !he$2 Sha*s1s Re%e##&on was $ore an o""or!un&!* !han an argu$en!' A$er& an go+ern$en! under !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on has no dou%! %een un)a&r#* a!!a (ed2 %o!h &n &!s own !&$e and s&n e' The Con)edera!&on Congress had so$e rea# !r&u$"hs !o &!s na$e' I! had ondu !ed !he re+o#u!&onar* war )ee%#* %u! su ess)u##* and se ured a generous "ea e !rea!* !hrough &!s hosen e$&ssar&es' In !he *ears s&n e ,573 &! had a h&e+ed a se!!#e$en! o) !he @es!ern #and ;ues!&on !ha! was !o %e o) &n a# u#a%#e &$"or!an e !o !he A$er& an )u!ure' To ge! !he Ar!& #es ra!&)&ed &! had %een ne essar* !o &ndu e B&rg&n&a and o!her s!a!es w&!h har!er #a&$s !o re#&n;u&sh !he$ and on ede !ha! !he +as! s!re! h o) !err&!or* %e!ween !he A""a#a h&ans and !he M&ss&ss&""&2 %e!ween !he Grea! <a(es and !he %orders o) F#or&da2 shou#d %e he#d %* Congress on %eha#) o) a## A$er& an &!&Hens' The e8&s!en e o) !h&s her&!age d&d $u h !o e$en! na!&ona# #o*a#!&es and !o d&$&n&sh !he &$"or!an e o) s!a!e &den!&!&es' Ne8!2 &n ,57A2 Congress had "assed !he <and Ord&nan e )&rs! dra)!ed %* Tho$as 0e))erson2 wh& h #a&d down2 w&!h a## !he %r&##&an! ra!&ona#&!* o) &!s au!hor2 how and on wha! !er$s !he na!&ona# #ands shou#d %e d&s"osed o)' 0e))erson was &ndeed !he Fa!her o) !he @es!= as Pres&den! he wou#d "ur hase <ou&s&ana and send ou! !he <ew&s and C#ar( e8"ed&!&onF %u! !he <and Ord&nan e was h&s $as!er"&e e' I) $os! o) A$er& a &s !oda* a hess%oard &! &s %e ause o) h&s "#an2 %* wh& h !he "u%#& #ands were sur+e*ed and d&+&ded &n!o !ownsh&"s 9as &n New Eng#and: s&8 $&#es s;uare' Ea h !ownsh&" was su%d&+&ded &n!o !h&r!*>s&8 )ur!her re !ang#es2 (nown as se !&onsF and !hese se !&ons were !o %e so#d who#e2 a! no! #ess !han a do##ar an a re2 !o de+e#o"ers' No! $an* A$er& an )ar$ers ou#d "a* Y.6? )or a who#e se !&on2 so !he Ord&nan e was a %oon )or !he s"e u#a!&+e #and o$"an&esF %u! e+en !he* had !o su%d&+&de !he&r se !&ons and se## a! )a&r#* #ow "r& es e+en!ua##*2 &) !he* were !o )&nd us!o$ers and $a(e a "ro)&!F $ean!&$e !he Ord&nan e se ured an order#* grow!h o) !he @es!' F&na##*2 &n ,5752 when se!!#e$en! o) !he Oh&o r&+er +a##e* was a%ou! !o %eg&n2 Congress "assed !he Nor!h>@es! Ord&nan e2 wh& h "ro+&ded )or !he "o#&!& a# organ&Ha!&on o) !he new #ands' Under !h&s #aw !hree s!ages were en+&saged )or !he Nor!h>@es!' F&rs!2 &! wou#d %e ru#ed %* a go+ernor and Eudges a""o&n!ed %* Congress' Then2 when &! had a ;u&red A2??? )ree $a#e adu#! &nha%&!an!s2 &! wou#d %e o$e a se#)>go+ern&ng G!err&!or*12 a o#on*2 as &! were2 w&!h &!s own #eg&s#a!ure and a non>+o!&ng de#ega!e &n Congress2 %u! s!&## w&!h an a""o&n!ed go+ernor' F&na##*2 when an* "ar! o) !he !err&!or* had a ;u&red .?2??? )ree &nha%&!an!s &! ou#d 9Congress onsen!&ng: %e o$e a s!a!e o) !he Un&on2 on an e;ua# )oo!&ng w&!h !he o#d !h&r!een' To "re+en! !he o#d s!a!es %e&ng !o!a##* swa$"ed %* !he new2 &! was #a&d down !ha! no $ore !han )&+e 9and no #ess !han !hree: s!a!es $&gh! %e ar+ed ou! o) !he !err&!or*' Bar&ous o!her "ro+&s&ons o) !he Ord&nan e guaran!eed !o !he @es!erners wha! wou#d one da* %e (nown as !he A$er& an wa* o) #&)e= &+&# r&gh!s and #&%er!&es2 re#&g&ous )reedo$2
edu a!&on 4 e+en2 or es"e &a##*2 "ersona# )reedo$= )or &! was #a&d down !ha! G!here sha## %e ne&!her s#a+er* nor &n+o#un!ar* ser+&!ude &n !he sa&d !err&!or*1' The Nor!h>@es! Ord&nan e %e a$e !he "a!!ern %* wh& h a## )u!ure !err&!or&a# a ;u&s&!&ons were regu#a!ed2 and &! shows on #us&+e#* !ha! !he Con)edera!&on Congress ou#d a ! w&se#* and e))e !&+e#* on so$e $a!!ers' Bu! &!s d&"#o$a!& and $&#&!ar* s!reng!h was n&#F &!s )&nan &a# a))a&rs were ho"e#ess' Under !he Ar!& #es2 Congress had as #&!!#e "ower !o !a8 A$er& an &!&Hens as George III had a)!er !he re"ea# o) !he S!a$" A ! 4 #ess2 &n )a !2 s&n e &! ou#d no! e+en &$"ose a du!* on !ea' I! had !o re#* on !he s*s!e$ o) re;u&s&!&ons e$"#o*ed %* !he Eng#&sh go+ern$en! dur&ng !he Se+en Years @ar= !ha! &s2 &! as(ed !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s )or $one* and2 &) &! was #u (*2 go! so$e 9&! ne+er go! a## &! needed:' Bar&ous unsu ess)u# a!!e$"!s were $ade !o so#+e !he "ro%#e$= one "ro$&s&ng no!&on was !he &$"os&!&on o) a A "er en! &$"or! du!*F un)or!una!e#* !he Ar!& #es re;u&red !he unan&$ous onsen! o) !he s!a!e asse$%#&es !o $a(e su h "ro"osa#s e))e !&+e2 and !he &$"os!2 as &! was a##ed2 was a#wa*s one s!a!e shor! o) ra!&)& a!&on' The s!r& !es! e ono$* ou#d no! $a(e u" )or !he resu#!an! shor!age o) )unds2 and %rough! o!her d&sad+an!ages' For &ns!an e2 a! one "o&n! !he s!and&ng ar$* was redu ed !o e&gh!* $en' E+en !hose A$er& ans who $os! "ass&ona!e#* d&s!rus!ed !h&s "o!en!&a# &ns!ru$en! o) !*rann* ou#d see !ha! !h&s was an unsa!&s)a !or&#* s$a## )or e' I!s nu$%ers were a##owed !o growF !ha! o) ourse $ean! !ha! &!s os! rose !ooF e+en so &! ne+er %e a$e e))e !&+e= dur&ng Sha*s1s Re%e##&on &! was !he Massa huse!!s $&#&!&a wh& h sa+ed !he S"r&ng)&e#d arsena#2 $u h !o !he $or!&)& a!&on o) Genera# Kno82 !he Se re!ar* o) @ar' B* ,57.2 !hen2 &! was #ear !o a## we##>&n)or$ed $en 9es"e &a##* !o !hose who had ser+ed &n Congress: !ha! !he na!&ona# go+ern$en! needed a !horough o+erhau# &) &! was e+er !o %e wor!h* o) !he na$e' No! e+er*%od* wan!ed &! !o %e wor!h* o) !he na$e= !he s$a##er s!a!es were ner+ous a%ou! !he&r )u!ure &n a s!reng!hened )edera!&on2 and &n a## !he s!a!es !here was a re#u !an e !o sa r&)& e !he Eo*s o) ;uas&>&nde"enden! "ower' In one sense A$er& an un&!* had wea(ened &n !he *ears s&n e <e8&ng!on= Congress had o$e !o e8&s! a#$os! on su))eran e2 as !he $ere &ns!ru$en! o) !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s2 wh& h ran !he$se#+es w&!hou! &n!er)eren e 4 e8 e"! )ro$ ea h o!her2 and &n so$e ases !he&r %& (er&ng was ge!!&ng ou! o) hand' The* ere !ed us!o$s %arr&ers and !a8ed ea h o!her1s !rade where "oss&%#e= )or e8a$"#e2 New Yor( &$"osed a !a8 on a## +esse#s !rad&ng !hrough her wa!ers !o New 0erse* or Conne !& u!' Th&s sor! o) !h&ng genera!ed a grea! dea# o) &##>)ee#&ng2 #ead&ng so$e o%ser+ers !o e8"e ! an &n!er>s!a!e war &n !he near )u!ure' The $en who had )ough! !he Br&!&sh regarded a## !h&s w&!h e+er>&n reas&ng d&s$a*2 %u! a#so w&!h a de!er$&na!&on no! !o #e! !he&r a h&e+e$en!s %e undone' Far awa* &n <ondon 0ohn Ada$s wro!e a #ong2 a%#e2 &##>organ&Hed wor( on !he "r&n &"#es o) re"u%#& an go+ern$en!2 wh& h a! #eas! )or ed &!s readers !o !h&n(' Nearer a! hand2 A#e8ander Ha$&#!on2 so ear#* as ,57?2 sugges!ed !ha! Ga Con+en!&on o) a## !he S!a!es2 w&!h )u## au!hor&!* !o on #ude )&na##* u"on a Genera# Con)edera!&on1 ough! !o %e su$$oned' Th&s was !he "#an e+en!ua##* ado"!ed2 %u! "o#&!& a# !a#en!s o) a d&))eren! order )ro$ Ha$&#!on1s were re;u&red !o %r&ng &! a%ou!' Ha$&#!on ser+ed &n Congress &n ,57/43' @h&#e !here he go! !o (now a "ro$&s&ng B&rg&n&an2 a )ew *ears h&s sen&or2 a s$a##2 ;u&e! $an a##ed 0a$es Mad&son 9,5A,4,73.:' The* s!ru ( u" an a##&an e2 )or !he&r s!rong#* na!&ona#&s! +&ews were2 a! !h&s "er&od2 #arge#* &den!& a#2 a#!hough Ha$&#!on a#read* )a+oured a $u h $ore "ower)u#2 ar&s!o ra!& go+ern$en! !han d&d Mad&son' For !he res!2 !he&r !a#en!s were o$"#e$en!ar*' Ha$&#!on was !he $ore daHH#&ng and e#o;uen!2 de"end&ng #ess on &n)or$a!&on !han on &n!e##e !ua# "ower' Mad&son was dee"#* #earned &n "u%#& #aw and ons!&!u!&ona# !heor*F a $an o) "e##u &d &n!e##e !ua# #ar&!*F a $os! hard>wor(&ng2 ons &en!&ous "u%#& o))& &a#2 whe!her as a $e$%er o) Congress or o) !he B&rg&n&an asse$%#*F a%o+e a##2 a $an whose hu$an war$!h and re#&a%&#&!* won h&$ )r&ends and a##&es
where+er he wen!' He was a onsu$$a!e "o#&!& &an2 and2 as 0e))erson1s r&gh!>hand $an 9!he* )&rs! Eo&ned )or es &n !he s!renuous and su ess)u# %a!!#e !o d&ses!a%#&sh !he Ang#& an hur h &n B&rg&n&a:2 was a#wa*s sure o) good ad+& e when h&s own su%!#e!* )a&#ed h&$' I! was he2 $ore !han an*one e#se2 who $ade sure !ha! when !he o""or!un&!* )or re)or$ o urred &! was se&Hed' He %egan %* %r&ng&ng a%ou! a on)eren e %e!ween Mar*#and and B&rg&n&a !o se!!#e "ro%#e$s ar&s&ng ou! o) !he Eo&n! na+&ga!&on o) !he r&+er Po!o$a ' The on)eren e d&d #&!!#e )or !he Po!o$a na+&ga!&on2 %u! &! "o"u#ar&Hed !he &dea !ha! a #arger on)eren e2 %e!ween a## !he s!a!es2 $&gh! %e use)u# &n sor!&ng ou! !he Un&on1s o$$er &a# en!ang#e$en!s' B&rg&n&a sen! ou! an &n+&!a!&on !o !he o!her s!a!es !o $ee! a! Anna"o#&s2 Mar*#and2 &n Se"!e$%er ,57. !o on)er on G!he !rade o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es1' On#* )&+e s!a!es &n !he end sen! de#ega!&ons2 %u! !ha! was a## !o !he good' Ha$&#!on and Mad&son were a$ong !hose "resen!F so was Ed$und Rando#"h2 a ous&n o) 0e))erson2 go+ernor o) B&rg&n&a2 and $u h &n)#uen ed %* Mad&son' Than(s !o Mad&son1s d&"#o$a!& s(&## Ha$&#!on was &ndu ed !o wr&!e a $odera!e2 and !here)ore a e"!a%#e2 #e!!er !o !he s!a!es argu&ng !ha! !he "ro%#e$s o) !rade ou#d ne+er %e so#+ed un!&# !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on were re>dra)!edF and Rando#"h a""ro+ed &!' Ha$&#!on1s do u$en! a##ed )or a on+en!&on2 !o $ee! a! Ph&#ade#"h&a on !he se ond Monda* &n Ma* ,575' I!s "ur"ose was !o !a(e &n!o ons&dera!&on !he s&!ua!&on o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 !o de+&se su h )ur!her "ro+&s&ons as sha## a""earQ ne essar* !o render !he ons!&!u!&on o) !he Federa# Go+ern$en! ade;ua!e !o !he e8&gen &es o) !he Un&onF and !o re"or! an a ! )or !ha! "ur"ose !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es &n Congress asse$%#ed as2 when agreed !o %* !he$ and a)!erwards on)&r$ed %* !he <eg&s#a!ures o) e+er* S!a!e2 w&## e))e !ua##* "ro+&de )or !he sa$e' The !hree #e+er *oung $en !hen "ersuaded !he&r n&ne o##eagues a! Anna"o#&s !o ado"! !h&s re"or!F and wen! ho$e !o "ersuade !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s !oo' A! !h&s "o&n! Sha*s1s Re%e##&on o urred' For a $o$en! a##2 or a#$os! a##2 were on+&n ed= Mr Mad&son1s s he$e $us! %e g&+en a !r&a#' Twe#+e s!a!es 9Rhode Is#and was !he e8 e"!&on: agreed !o send de#ega!es !o Ph&#ade#"h&aF Congress a""ro+ed !he "#anF and on ,6 Ma* ,575 !he on+en!&on o))& &a##* o"ened' I! was a un&;ue o as&on &n A$er& an h&s!or* 9&ndeed2 &! &s no! eas* !o !h&n( o) a "ara##e# an*where= "erha"s !he #oses! &s !he Coun &# o) N& aea:' I! was !he rown&ng a ! o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&onF ne8! !o !he de &s&on )or &nde"enden e2 &! was !he $os! &$"or!an!F and &! was a huge2 !hough no! un;ua#&)&ed2 su ess' Add !o !h&s !he "ersonne# o) !he on+en!&on2 and &! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! A$er& ans ha+e !rad&!&ona##* regarded &! w&!h re#&g&ous awe' Tho$as 0e))erson2 !he A$er& an $&n&s!er &n Par&s2 se! !he !one when he wro!e )ro$ a)ar !ha! G&! &s rea##* an asse$%#* o) de$&gods1 9a re$ar( wh& h he #a!er regre!!ed:' A! !&$es !he a&r o) re+eren e has grown so !h& ( as !o %e s!&)#&ng2 no!a%#* a! !he end o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*F !h&s &n !urn has "ro+o(ed a hea#!h&#* s e"!& a# rea !&on' S!&##2 !he !ru!h $us! no! %e o+er#oo(ed= !he ons!&!u!&ona# on+en!&on o) ,575 was &ndeed an as!on&sh&ng and &$"ress&+e a))a&rF h&s!or*1s %us&ness &s !o hara !er&He and e8"#a&n &!s su ess2 no! !o ;ues!&on &!' The "ro%#e$ !ha! !he de#ega!es had !o so#+e was daun!&ng %u! )&n&!e= how !o de+&se a "er$anen! )ra$ewor( )or !he go+ern$en! o) !he A$er& an na!&on' So "u!2 &! &s o%+&ous !ha! one o) !he reasons )or !he&r su ess was !ha! !h&s "ro%#e$ had %een &n !he o))&ng e+er s&n e !he )ounda!&on o) 0a$es!own' Bar&ous e8"ed&en!s had %een !r&ed2 &n #ud&ng su%s!an!&a##* o$"#e!e &nde"enden e )or ea h new se!!#e$en! 9dur&ng !he se+en!een!h en!ur*: and go+ern$en! )ro$ @es!$&ns!er 9dur&ng !he e&gh!een!h:F !he&r )a&#ure had on+&n ed a#$os! a## A$er& ans !ha! !he&r )u!ure $us! #&e !oge!her2 as one on)edera!ed %od* "o#&!& ' E+en dur&ng !he on+en!&on2 +ar&ous o!her sugges!&ons wou#d %e $ade2 %u! usua##* on#* as de%a!&ng "o&n!s' The grea! de &s&on was &$"#& &! &n !he h&s!or* o) !he "re+&ous ,7? *ears and had %een a$"#* on)&r$ed %* !he e+en!s o) !he Re+o#u!&on= !he Un&!ed S!a!es wou#d %e a na!&on' The )ra$ers o) a new
ons!&!u!&on wou#d on#* ha+e !o se!!#e !he de!a&#s' The&r su ess &n !h&s !as( was undou%!ed#* due !o !he&r own e8 e"!&ona# ;ua#&)& a!&ons )or !he wor(' The "o#&!& a# and so &a# ond&!&ons wh& h had %red su h a genera!&on o) w&se2 a"a%#e and "u%#& > s"&r&!ed $en ha+e a#read* %een su))& &en!#* des r&%ed= !he #ong e8"er&$en! &n se#)>go+ern$en!2 whe!her as a!!e$"!ed &n Massa huse!!s2 Penns*#+an&a or B&rg&n&a2 now rea hed &!s #og& a# u#$&na!&on' E;ua##* &$"or!an! was !he "ersona# e8"er&en e o) !he de#ega!es' The* were no! a rando$ grou"2 %u! !he rea$ o) !he Re+o#u!&onar* #eadersh&"' There were so$e no!a%#e a%sen!ees= 0e))ersonF Ada$sF Pa!r& ( Henr*2 who was e#e !ed2 %u! re)used !o ser+e2 e8"#a&n&ng #a!er !ha! he s$e#! a ra!F Sa$ Ada$s2 who was no! e#e !ed' Bu! )or !he res!2 !he grea! $a(ers o) !he Re+o#u!&on were a## "resen!2 )ro$ 0ohn D& (&nson2 who had a!!ended !he S!a$" A ! Congress2 !o Ru)us K&ng o) Massa huse!!s2 one o) !he h&e) ar h&!e !s o) !he Nor!h>@es! Ord&nan e' A#e8ander Ha$&#!on was a New Yor( de#ega!e' Conne !& u! had sen! a s!rong !ea$2 do$&na!ed %* Roger Sher$an2 who a ord&ng !o 0e))erson ne+er sa&d a )oo#&sh !h&ng &n h&s #&)e= he had s&gned !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e' Bu! )or s!ar ;ua#&!*2 no s!a!e ou#d r&+a# !he Penns*#+an&an and B&rg&n&an de#ega!&ons' Penns*#+an&a sen! &!s Pres&den!2 Dr Fran(#&n2 now a $ar!*r !o gou! and s!one2 %u! s!&## a#er! and a u!eF 0a$es @&#son2 S o!!&sh>%orn2 one o) !he a%#es! $en &n !he on+en!&onF Gou+erneur Morr&s2 one o) !he $os! )or e)u#F and Ro%er! Morr&s 9no re#a!&on:2 who had su))ered near#* as $u h &n h&s a!!e$"!s !o hand#e !he )&nan es o) !he Re+o#u!&onar* @ar as had @ash&ng!on &n !he )&e#d2 and )or !he sa$e reasons' B&rg&n&a sen! @ash&ng!on h&$se#) 9&! had !a(en !he $os! earnes! e))or!s o) Rando#"h and Mad&son !o "ersuade !he Genera# !o a e"! h&s e#e !&on:F George Mason2 !he "a!r&ar h o) !he s!a!e1s "o#&!& s2 !he &nd&s"ensa%#e ad+&ser o) h&s $ore +&s&%#e oun!r*$en2 @ash&ng!on2 0e))erson2 and Mad&sonF Ed$und Rando#"hF and 0a$es Mad&son' The on+en!&on was a sur"r&s&ng#* *oung %od*= near#* ha#) &!s $e$%ers were under )or!*2 and one2 Char#es P&n (ne* o) Sou!h Caro#&na2 was under !h&r!*' Bu! a#$os! a## o) !he$ had %een seasoned &n !he grea! dra$a o) !he Re+o#u!&on' In !he ear#* da*s o) !he&r de#&%era!&ons !he #earned Mad&son showed a !enden * !o dwe## on !he #essons !o %e der&+ed )ro$ !he A$"h& !*on& <eague o) an &en! Gree eF %u! su h $us!* reason&ng was ne+er usua# and was soon a#$os! en!&re#* a%andoned' Ins!ead !he re ords o) !he on+en!&on are )u## o) a##us&ons !o A$er& an e8"er&en e2 whe!her %e)ore or a)!er &nde"enden eF a! war or a! "ea eF a! s!a!e or a! na!&ona# #e+e#' These +e!erans o) !he ar$*2 o) !he Con!&nen!a# Congress2 o) !he Re+o#u!&onar* s!a!e asse$%#&es and o) h&gh d&"#o$a * had %een !oo "ro)ound#* sha"ed %* !he&r ser+& e e+er !o )orge! !ha! wha! !he* "rodu ed $us! )&! A$er& ans2 and %e Eus!&)&a%#e &n !er$s o) !he A$er& an e8"er&en e and A$er& an as"&ra!&ons' On#* A#e8ander Ha$&#!on2 !he h&gh )#*er2 was!ed !he on+en!&on1s !&$e %* ora!&ng a! #eng!h on !he %eau!* o) "r&n &"#es !ha! had no han e o) "o"u#ar a e"!an e' The res! were &n!ense#* "ra !& a#2 !hough so$e o) !he$ was!ed !&$e &n o!her wa*s= <u!her Mar!&n2 o) Mar*#and2 %r&##&an!2 drun(en2 was a no!a%#e %ore' Man* o) !he$ had wor(ed !oge!her %e)oreF &) !he* had no!2 !he* ;u& (#* #earned how2 )or !he* (new !he +a#ue o) !&$e2 !he ne essar* ar!s o) o$"ro$&se and !he &$"or!an e o) no! e8"e !&ng o!her "eo"#e !o %e ange#s' In $an* ases !he* were agreea%#* sur"r&sed !o )&nd !ha! o##eagues )ro$ s!range "ar!s o) !he oun!r* were as sens&%#e as !he$se#+es' The on+en!&on1s de#&%era!&ons were se re!2 and were no! "u%#&shed &n an* )or$ )or !wen!* *ears a)!erwardsF !h&s $ean! !ha! !here was no !e$"!a!&on !o "#a* !o !he ga##er*' There was o$"ara!&+e#* #&!!#e #oss o) !e$"er2 and no d&s our!es*' @ha! a%o+e a## he#"ed !he %us&ness a#ong was !he )a ! !ha! !hese were re+o#u!&onar&es who wan!ed !he&r re+o#u!&on !o su eed )or e+er' The&r %as& agree$en! on !he $ean&ng and "ur"ose o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on was o$"#e!eF !he* were a## na!&ona#&s!s and re"u%#& ans2 and $os! o) !he$ were on !he wa* !o %e o$&ng de$o ra!s' The* ou#d de%a!e "ra !& a#&!&es so
&n essan!#* %e ause !he* shared !he sa$e "r&n &"#es' There was no &deo#og& a# r&)!2 no #e)!2 r&gh! and en!re' In )a ! &! &s e8!re$e#* d&))& u#! !o se!!#e who was onser+a!&+e and who "rogress&+e a! !he on+en!&on= e+er*one see$ed !o %e %o!h' The* a## dreaded Ganar h* and on)us&on1 9ano!her re urren! "hrase:2 wh& h wou#d resu#! &) !he Ar!& #es were no! re)or$edF !he* a## %e#&e+ed2 w&!h George @ash&ng!on2 &n a GGo+ern$en! o) res"e !a%&#&!* under wh& h #&)e2 #&%er!*2 and "ro"er!* w&## %e se ured !o us1' In !he&r own o"&n&on !he* were rad& a#2 )or were !he* no! as"&r&ng !o onso#&da!e !he o#d @h&g "rogra$$e2 der&+&ng )ro$ !he Pur&!an Co$$onwea#!h2 and d&s"ense w&!h (&ngs2 no%#es2 $&#&!ar&s$ and "r&+&#egeM To us !he* see$ onser+a!&+e2 )or !he* d&d no! "ro"ose !o re$ode# !he )ounda!&ons o) so &e!*' @h& he+er des r&"!&on &s a"!er2 !here &s no dou%! !ha! &! o+ers !he$ a##' Bu! !he&r agree$en! was no! "er)e !2 wh& h was a#so a## !o !he good' The* re"resen!ed !he +ar&ousness o) A$er& a2 as we## as her un&!*F "ro%a%#* ea h o) !he$ had !o sa r&)& e so$e her&shed %e#&e) or "ro"osa# %e)ore agree$en! was "oss&%#e' For !he on+en!&on was w&ser !han an* one o) &!s $e$%ers2 s&n e no one $e$%er ou#d (now !he A$er& an "eo"#e and !he A$er& an on!&nen! as we## as !he who#e d&d' On#* %* #ong d&s uss&on ou#d &! %e o$e #ear whe!her a "ar!& u#ar &dea wou#d %e a e"!a%#e !hroughou! !he re"u%#& ' I! had !o %e hewed o+er %* $en )ro$ !he Nor!h as we## as )ro$ !he Sou!h2 %* $en )ro$ s$a## s!a!es as we## as $en )ro$ #arge2 %* $en )ro$ !he oun!r* as we## as $en )ro$ !owns' @ha! )&na##* e$erged2 a)!er near#* )our $on!hs1 de%a!e2 s!ood a +er* good han e o) %e&ng a e"!a%#e !o !he "eo"#e2 )or &! had %een !horough#* !es!ed &n argu$en! %* $en who were !ru#* !he&r re"resen!a!&+es' I) one s&ng#e e8"#ana!&on o) !he dura%&#&!* o) !he Cons!&!u!&on &s needed2 !h&s &s &!' A## !hrough Ma* !he de#ega!es dr&)!ed &n!o Ph&#ade#"h&a= a ;uoru$ was )&na##* )or$ed on !he !wen!*>)&)!h' George @ash&ng!on was "ro$"!#* and unan&$ous#* e#e !ed Pres&den! o) !he on+en!&on2 a "os! wh& h he a e"!ed &n h&s usua# an8&ous s!*#e2 sure !ha! he was un)&! )or &!' As usua# he was a grea! su ess2 and !he "res!&ge o) !he on+en!&on and &!s "rodu ! owed no! a #&!!#e !o !he )a ! !ha! @ash&ng!on2 o) a## A$er& ans !he $os! un&+ersa##* !rus!ed2 had &n !h&s )ash&on #en! &! h&s "res!&ge' Fran(#&n1s "resen e was an asse! !oo2 !hough !he Do !or was now !oo o#d !o $a(e an* grea! $ar( on !he "ro eed&ngs= h&s h&e) on!r&%u!&on was !o (ee" "eo"#e &n a good hu$our w&!h h&s sa*&ngs2 Eo(es and s!or&es' Th&s was B&rg&n&a1s hour' No s!a!e had done $ore !o arr* !he Re+o#u!&on !o +& !or*F no s!a!es$en had done $ore !han her de#ega!es !o su$$on and "re"are )or !he on+en!&on' Mad&son reso#+ed2 no! on#* !o !a(e an a !&+e "ar! &n !he de#&%era!&ons2 %u! !o %e !he&r hron& #er' He sa! &n !he )ron! row2 under !he Pres&den!1s nose2 and re orded wha! e+er*one sa&d2 )a&r#* and )u##*= w&!hou! h&$ "os!er&!* wou#d (now +er* #&!!#e o) wha! wen! on' Be)ore !he o!her de#ega!es arr&+ed2 !he B&rg&n&ans au used2 and on o !ed !he so> a##ed B&rg&n&a "#an= sugges!&ons )or a new ons!&!u!&on wh& h Rando#"h go! !o h&s )ee! !o "ro"ose as reso#u!&ons on /- Ma*F and !he rea# wor( o) !he on+en!&on s!ar!ed' To %eg&n w&!h2 !he de#ega!es $ade re$ar(a%#* ra"&d "rogress' A## agreed !ha!2 as a $a!!er o) )a !2 !he h&e) de)e ! o) !he Ar!& #es was !ha! !he on)edera!ed Congress re"resen!ed s!a!es2 and %e ause o) !he unan&$&!* ru#e one s!a!e2 e+en a +er* s$a## one2 ou#d )rus!ra!e !he w&## o) a## !he o!hers' The* agreed &n "r&n &"#e !ha! !he re$ed* )or !h&s &n)&r$&!* was !o se! u" Ga na!&ona# go+ern$en!Q ons&s!&ng o) a su"re$e <eg&s#a!ure2 0ud& &ar*2 and E8e u!&+e1 wh& h wou#d o"era!e d&re !#* on &nd&+&dua#s2 no! Eus! on s!a!es' I! was agreed !ha! !he #eg&s#a!ure ough! !o ons&s! o) !wo ha$%ersF so$e "rogress was $ade !owards se!!#&ng !he de!a&#s o) !he Eud& &ar* and !he e8e u!&+e' Bu! &! soon %e a$e #ear !ha! a )unda$en!a# "ro%#e$ ga"ed %e)ore !he on+en!&on' The de#ega!es )ro$ !he #arge s!a!es he#d !ha!2 as a $a!!er o) re"u%#& an "r&n &"#e2 d&re ! e#e !&ons shou#d %e he#d )or %o!h #eg&s#a!&+e houses2 and !ha! re"resen!a!&on &n %o!h shou#d %e "ro"or!&oned !o "o"u#a!&on2 &gnor&ng !he s!a!esF wh&#e !he s$a## s!a!es2 !hough
read* !o g&+e u" !he e;ua# r&gh!s !he* enEo*ed under !he Ar!& #es2 &ns&s!ed on so$e "ro!e !&ng "r&+&#ege under !he new s*s!e$' Throughou! 0une and ear#* 0u#* !he "o&n! was de%a!edF an8&e!* $oun!ed !ha! &! $&gh! wre ( !he who#e on+en!&onF Ha$&#!on #e)! &n des"a&r2 and h&s o##eagues )ro$ New Yor( &n d&sgus! 9!he* were o$$&!!ed s$a## s!a!e $en:F %* ear#* 0u#* @ash&ng!on was #oo(&ng as gr&$ as he had a! Ba##e* ForgeFA %u! e+en!ua##* !he #arge s!a!es on eded2 as !he* had !o &) !he* wan!ed !o $a(e "rogress' I! was agreed !ha! !he #ower house wou#d %e e#e !ed on a "o"u#a!&on %as&s2 !hough e+er* s!a!e was !o ha+e a! #eas! one re"resen!a!&+eF wh&#e !he u""er house2 or Sena!e2 wou#d %e e#e !ed %* !he s!a!e asse$%#&es2 and ea h s!a!e wou#d ha+e an e;ua# +o!e !here' Th&s was !he Grea! Co$"ro$&seF w&!hou! &! !he Cons!&!u!&on wou#d no! ha+e %een agreed2 and &! was a "r& e wor!h "a*&ng' Ye! essen!&a##* &! was a "r& e "a&d %* !he )u!ure !o !he "as!' MaEor "o#&!& a# on)#& ! has ne+er2 s&n e ,5752 raged %e!ween #arge s!a!es as su h and s$a## s!a!esF so !he Cons!&!u!&ona# "ro!e !&on has %een ne&!her a he#" nor a h&ndran e' Mad&son )oresaw !h&s a! !he !&$eF he &ns&s!ed !ha! !he rea# d&s"u!es wou#d &n )u!ure ar&se %e!ween !he reg&ons2 or se !&ons 4 %e!ween Nor!h and Sou!h2 sa*F %u! he !oo a ;u&es ed &n !he arrange$en!' The essen!&a# "o&n!s o) !he o$"ro$&se were ado"!ed on ,. 0u#*' Th&s $a!!er ha+&ng %een se!!#ed2 !he on+en!&on was )ree !o ge! down !o !he hard wor( o) se!!#&ng !he de!a&#s o) !he&r grand des&gn' I! was agreed2 )or e8a$"#e2 !ha! ea h s!a!e wou#d ha+e !wo re"resen!a!&+es &n !he Sena!e2 who wou#d +o!e as &nd&+&dua#s2 no! as a un&!ar* s!a!e de#ega!&onF !ha! !he new Cons!&!u!&on wou#d %e !he su"re$e #aw o) !he #andF and !ha! e8e u!&+e o))& ers $&gh! %e &$"ea hed )or h&gh r&$es and $&sde$eanours' The de%a!es were #ong and earnes!2 and no! a#wa*s +er* en#&gh!en&ng= dur&ng !he d&s uss&on o) !ha! dangerous &ns!&!u!&on2 !he s!and&ng ar$*2 Gerr* o) Massa huse!!s a !ua##* "ro"osed !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on #&$&! !he s&He o) !he ar$* !o !wo or !hree !housand $en' For!una!e#*2 @ash&ng!on (&##ed !he &dea %* $u!!er&ng aud&%#* )ro$ !he ha&r !ha! !he* shou#d ne8! $a(e &! un ons!&!u!&ona# )or an* ene$* !o a!!a ( w&!h a #arger )or e' The ne8! &$"or!an! r&s&s arose !owards !he end o) Augus!' I! was o$"#& a!ed and $ess*2 )or &! &n+o#+ed !wo +er* d&))eren! ;ues!&ons2 !rade and s#a+er*' As !o !rade2 one o) !he New Eng#and de#ega!es re$ar(ed %&!!er#* !ha! G!he Eas!ern s!a!es had no $o!&+e !o Un&on %u! a o$$er &a# one' The* were a%#e !o "ro!e ! !he$se#+es' The* were no! a)ra&d o) e8!erna# danger2 and d&d no! need !he a&d o) !he Sou!hern S!a!es' For !ha! reason !he* de$anded !ha! Congress %e g&+en !he "ower !o "ass a na+&ga!&on #aw %* a s&$"#e $aEor&!*' Su h a #aw wou#d a! #as! ena%#e A$er& an $er han!s !o )&gh! %a ( e))e !&+e#* aga&ns! Br&!&sh d&s r&$&na!&on' Un)or!una!e#*2 &! $&gh! a#so $a(e !he$ $as!ers o) !he Sou!h2 ena%#&ng !he$ !o harge wha! !he* #&(ed )or arr*&ng "rodu !s su h as r& e and !o%a o 9soon2 o!!on: !o $ar(e!' So Sou!h Caro#&na2 &n "ar!& u#ar2 res&s!ed !he "ro"osa#2 %u! !hen )ound herse#) a!!a (ed on her o!her )#an(2 )or !he de#ega!es )ro$ B&rg&n&a and Penns*#+an&a wan!ed !o renew !he war!&$e %an on !he s#a+e>!rade2 argu&ng !ha! !he on!&nued &$"or!a!&on o) A)r& ans was on#* s!or&ng u" !rou%#e2 &n !he sha"e o) a s#a+e re%e##&on2 )or !he )u!ure' Georg&a and Sou!h Caro#&na rea !ed !o !h&s w&!h o#d +&o#en e' B&rg&n&a !he* !hough! h*"o r&!& a#= she wan!ed !o %an !he &$"or! o) A)r& ans on#* so !ha! she ou#d se## her own su"er)#uous s#a+es a! a good "r& e' I! was dru$$ed &n!o Penns*#+an&a2 +er* )&r$#*2 !ha! ne&!her s!a!e wou#d e+er agree !o an* sha (#e on s#a+er*' <e)! !o !he$se#+es2 !he* sa&d2 !he )ar Sou!hern s!a!es $&gh! "oss&%#* a%o#&sh !he &ns!&!u!&on one da*F %u! !he* wou#d ne+er do so &) %u##&ed' I! was a na(ed ha##enge2 o) a (&nd !ha! was !o %e o$e )a!a##* )a$&#&ar &n !he ne8! se+en!* *ears' I! wou#d ha+e %een %e!!er )or !he Un&!ed S!a!es &) &! had %een !a(en u" and d&s"osed o) &n ,5752 on e and )or a##F %u! &! was no! "oss&%#e' An*wa*2 !he res&s!an e o) !he $&dd#e s!a!es was o+er o$e %* New Eng#and2 wh& h agreed !o su""or! !he s#a+e> !rade &) !he Caro#&nas and
Georg&a wou#d a%andon !he&r "ro"osa# !ha! a na+&ga!&on A ! ou#d on#* %e "assed %* a !wo> !h&rds +o!e o) %o!h houses o) Congress' Th&s %arga&n sa!&s)&ed ea h s&deF and !he s#a+e s!a!es won so$e o!her guaran!ees2 o) wh& h !he $os! &$"or!an! was !he "ro+&s&on !ha! Gre"resen!a!&+es and d&re ! Ta8es sha## %e a""or!&oned a$ong !he se+era# S!a!esQ a ord&ng !o !he&r res"e !&+e Nu$%ers2 wh& h sha## %e de!er$&ned %* add&ng !o !he who#e Nu$%er o) )ree Persons2 &n #ud&ng !hose %ound !o Ser+& e )or a Ter$ o) Years Z!ha! &s2 &nden!ured ser+an!s[2 and e8 #ud&ng Ind&ans no! !a8ed2 !hree )&)!hs o) a## o!her "ersons1 4 &n one word2 a word are)u##* e8 #uded )ro$ !h&s )ree Cons!&!u!&on2 s#a+es'7 I! &s rea##* no wonder !ha! a n&ne!een!h> en!ur* a%o#&!&on&s! a##ed !he Cons!&!u!&on a o+enan! w&!h he##= !he ne! e))e ! o) !hese +ar&ous "ro+&s&ons was !o dee"#* en!ren h s#a+er* &n !he A$er& an "o#&!& a# s*s!e$' In re!urn a## !ha! !he #&%era#s go! was !he "ro+&s&on !ha! Congress $&gh! )or%&d !he A!#an!& s#a+e>!rade a)!er ,7?7 4 no! %e)ore' A## !h&s was !oo $u h )or o#d George Mason2 who wan!ed !o end s#a+er* %* edu a!&ng !he s#a+es2 !hen )ree&ng !he$2 and g&+&ng )&nan &a# o$"ensa!&on !o !he owners' There were o!her !h&ngs he o%Ee !ed !o a%ou! !he Cons!&!u!&on as &! e$erged= &! d&d no! &n #ude a %&## o) r&gh!s !o "ro!e ! &!&Hens and s!a!es aga&ns! en roa h$en!s %* !he na!&ona# go+ern$en! 9he had drawn u" su h a do u$en! )or !he s!a!e o) B&rg&n&a2 and &! had %een w&de#* ad$&red and o"&ed: and he had dou%!s a%ou! so$e o) &!s #esser "ro+&s&ons' Bu! %* !he %eg&nn&ng o) Se"!e$%er !he on+en!&on was !oo wear* !o #&s!en !o h&$' I!s wor( was a#$os! o$"#e!e2 an o+erwhe#$&ng $aEor&!* o) $e$%ers su""or!&ng &!s "#anF !he* wan!ed !o go ho$e2 #e! Mason snor! as $u h as he hose a%ou! !he&r "re &"&!a!e2 &n!e$"era!e2 no! !o sa* &nde en! has!e' The o$$&!!ee o) s!*#e2 #ed %* Gou+erneur Morr&s2 as! !he agreed "o&n!s &n!o "#a&n *e! e#egan! #anguageF on ,A Se"!e$%er !he e#e+en re$a&n&ng s!a!e de#ega!&ons unan&$ous#* agreed on !he Cons!&!u!&on as a$endedF and on !he ,5!h !he* s&gned !he o))& &a# "ar h$en! +ers&on' I! was a grea! o as&on' BenEa$&n Fran(#&n o"ened &! w&!h h&s #as! "u%#& s"ee h2 an e8 eed&ng#* w&se one2 read )or h&$ %* 0a$es @&#son2 &n wh& h he "#eaded )or h&s o##eagues !o swa##ow !he&r ran our and !he&r +an&!* and a e"! !he Cons!&!u!&on as !he %es! !ha! ou#d %e de+&sed2 &n wh& h s"&r&! he a e"!ed &! h&$se#)' H&s "#ea )e## on dea) ears2 so )ar as Mason2 Rando#"h and Gerr* were on erned= !he* re)used !o s&gnF %u! e+er*%od* e#se d&d so2 and as !he #as! $e$%ers were s&gn&ng2 Do !or Fran(#&n #oo(&ng !owards !he Pres&den!1s ha&r2 a! !he %a ( o) wh& h a r&s&ng sun ha""ened !o %e "a&n!ed2 o%ser+ed !o a )ew $e$%ers near h&$2 !ha! "a&n!ers had )ound &! d&))& u#! !o d&s!&ngu&sh &n !he&r ar! a r&s&ng )ro$ a se!!&ng sun' I ha+e2 sa&d he2 o)!en and o)!en &n !he ourse o) !he sess&on2 and !he +& &ss&!udes o) $* ho"es and )ears as !o &!s &ssue2 #oo(ed a! !ha! %eh&nd !he Pres&den! w&!hou! %e&ng a%#e !o !e## whe!her &! was r&s&ng or se!!&ng= %u! now a! #eng!h I ha+e !he ha""&ness !o (now !ha! &! &s a r&s&ng and no! a se!!&ng sun' Mad&son2 who !e##s !h&s s!or*2 $us! ha+e hear!&#* agreed w&!h h&$2 )or !he Cons!&!u!&on !ha! e$erged2 wh& h grea!#* s!reng!hened !he na!&ona# go+ern$en! wh&#e "ro!e !&ng !he r&gh!s o) !he s!a!es and !he &nd&+&dua# &!&Hens2 was "re!!* $u h wha! he had wor(ed )or )or )&+e *earsF %u! he a#so (new !ha! !he %a!!#e !o $a(e !he sun r&se was s!&## no! o+er' To o$e &n!o o"era!&on !he Cons!&!u!&on wou#d ha+e !o %e a""ro+ed %* a! #eas! n&ne s!a!esF e+er*%od* (new !ha! Rhode Is#and wou#d on!&nue !o ho#d a#oo)F &! wou#d %e a s!&)) %a!!#e !o $a(e sure !ha! no $ore !han !hree o!her s!a!es Eo&ned her' S"e &a# on+en!&ons were !o $ee!F a)!er a )arewe## d&nner a! !he C&!* Ta+ern &n Ph&#ade#"h&a !he de#ega!es )anned ou! a ross A$er& a !o "ersuade !he&r ons!&!uen!s !ha! wha! !he* had done was ne essar* and r&gh!' A#read* !he ene$* was a! wor(= <u!her Mar!&n had gone o)) &n a hu)) ear#* &n Se"!e$%er2 #&(e Ya!es and <ans&ng o) New Yor( ear#&erF,, and now !he an!&> Federa#&s!s2 !hose who had ne+er
#&(ed
!he on+en!&on2 wou#d wor( u" a huge #a$our o) o""os&!&on'
The "en was a wea"on' @ash&ng!on see$s !o ha+e !hough! !ha! h&s na$e on !he Cons!&!u!&on was "u%#& a!&on enough 9a! an* ra!e he was $u h d&s!ressed when an &n)or$a# %u! s&n ere "aragra"h o) endorse$en! )ro$ one o) h&s "r&+a!e #e!!ers was "r&n!ed:F %u! he )&##ed h&s enor$ous orres"onden e w&!h "ra&se o) !he Cons!&!u!&on and re$ar(s on !he "rogress o) ra!&)& a!&on' Fran(#&n $ade sure !ha! h&s #as! s"ee h was w&de#* a+a&#a%#e' D& (&nson wro!e a ser&es o) "a$"h#e!s as GFa%&us1' Bu! !he *ounger $en %ore !he hea! o) !he %a!!#e' Federa#&s!s and an!&> Federa#&s!s 9!ha! &s2 "ro>Cons!&!u!&ona#&s!s and o""onen!s: rushed &n!o "r&n!2 as &) !he grea! da*s o) ,55A and ,55. were %a (' So$e used !he&r own na$es2 so$e2 "seudon*$s= GCa!o12 GCen!&ne#12 G<andho#der12 GRoder& ( RaHor12 GCons!an! Reader12 GRough Hewer1' Fro$ !he hea" o) e"he$era one "u%#& a!&on sh&nes ou!= The Federa#&s! Pa"ers2 %* GPu%#&us12 "u%#&shed &n New Yor( s!a!e %e!ween O !o%er ,575 and Augus! !he )o##ow&ng *ear' GPu%#&us1 was rea##* Ha$&#!on2 Mad&son and 9)or )&+e o) !he "a"ers: 0ohn 0a*2 !he Con)edera!&on1s Fore&gn Se re!ar*' I!s &$"or!an e !o "os!er&!*2 as an au!hor&!a!&+e &n!er"re!a!&on o) !he &n!en!&ons and $ean&ng o) !he )ra$ers o) !he Cons!&!u!&on and as !he one #ass& o) "o#&!& a# !hough! so )ar "rodu ed &n Nor!h A$er& a2 o+ershadows &!s use)u#ness &n !he %a!!#e )or ra!&)& a!&on2 wh& h $a* no! ha+e %een +er* grea!' A! #eas! !he "a"ers were ;u& (#* re"u%#&shed &n %oo( )or$ and used as sour es o) Federa#&s! a$$un&!&on &n !he ra!&)*&ng on+en!&ons o) B&rg&n&a and New Yor(F wh&#e &) !he* d&d no $ore !han #ar&)* !he au!hors1 !hough!s !he* were a wor!hwh&#e en!er"r&se2 )or &! was %* +&r!ue o) sheer &n!e##e !ua# su"er&or&!* !ha! Ha$&#!on and Mad&son were !o s!eer !he&r ho$e s!a!es !o ra!&)& a!&on' Howe+er2 &! see$s #&(e#* !ha! !he &rres&s!&%#e #og& and good $anners o) GPu%#&us1 &n)#uen ed $ore "eo"#e !han an %e "ro+edF er!a&n#* he was a #ass& %* !he au!u$n o) ,5772 and "ra&sed as su h %* @ash&ng!on and 0e))erson 9who were %o!h #e! &n!o !he se re! o) !he au!horsh&":' A## !he sa$e2 &! wou#d %e words s"o(en ra!her !han wr&!!en !ha! $os! a))e !ed !he ou! o$e' In !h&s res"e ! 0a$es @&#son was )&rs! !o !he )ra*' Sure o) !he&r as endan *2 !he Federa#&s!s o) Penns*#+an&a hurr&ed !he&r s!a!e &n!o ra!&)& a!&on2 &n a $anner wh& h aused a #o! o) &##>)ee#&ng= @&#son was %ea!en u" %* an angr* @es!ern $o% Eus! a)!er Chr&s!$as2 ,575' Bu! %e)ore !hen he had argued %e)ore %o!h !he #eg&s#a!ure and !he s!a!e on+en!&on w&!h su h su ess !ha! Penns*#+an&a was !he se ond s!a!e !o ra!&)* 9%* )or!*>s&8 +o!es !o !wen!*>!hree &n !he s!a!e on+en!&on: 4 on ,/ De e$%er' De#aware was !he )&rs!2 do&ng &! unan&$ous#* on 5 De e$%er' Ne8! a$e New 0erse*2 Georg&a 9GI) a wea( s!a!e2 w&!h !he Ind&ans on &!s %a ( and !he S"an&ards on &!s )#an(2 does no! see !he ne ess&!* o) a genera# go+ern$en!2 !here $us! I !h&n( %e w& (edness or &nsan&!* &n !he wa*21 Genera# @ash&ng!on had re$ar(ed: and Conne !& u!' The s$a## s!a!es were $a(&ng no d&))& u#!&es= !he* we## unders!ood !he +a#ue !o !he$ o) !he Grea! Co$"ro$&se' For !ha! +er* reason &! was un er!a&n wha! !he %&g s!a!es wou#d doF *e! w&!hou! !he$ !he who#e e8"er&$en! wou#d )a&#' Massa huse!!s de#&%era!ed !hroughou! $os! o) 0anuar* and !he )&rs! wee( o) Fe%ruar* ,577' Her de#ega!es %egan as $os!#* an!&>Federa#&s!sF %u! !he $en o) !he Ba* S!a!e had had a sounder "o#&!& a# !ra&n&ng !han !hose o) an* o!her= !he* (new good argu$en!s when !he* $e! !he$F and %es&des2 Sa$ Ada$s hanged h&s !une' He had d&s#&(ed !he on+en!&on and2 a! )&rs! g#an e2 &!s hand&wor(' GI s!u$%#e a! !he !hresho#d21 sa&d he' GI $ee! w&!h a Na!&ona# Go+ern$en! &ns!ead o) a Federa# Un&on o) so+ere&gn S!a!es'1 Bu! !he swee! reasona%#eness !ha!2 e8 e"! &n Penns*#+an&a2 $ar(ed !he Federa#&s!s1 !a !& s e+er*where won h&$ o+erF and he !hen $ade &! h&s %us&ness !o w&n o+er !he Go+ernor2 0ohn Han o (2 who $ean! !o re$a&n &## &n %ed w&!h gou! un!&# &! was #ear wh& h wa* !he w&nd was %#ow&ng' A #&!!#e )#a!!er*2 a #&!!#e reason2 !he a##ur&ng &dea !ha!2 &) B&rg&n&a )a&#ed !o ra!&)*2 he $&gh! %e !he )&rs! Pres&den! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 and !he !r& ( was done= s!&## )#aun!&ng h&s %andages2 Han o ( wen! down !o !he s!a!e on+en!&on2 !hrew h&s we&gh! %eh&nd !he Federa#&s!s2 and Massa huse!!s ra!&)&edF ho#d&ng2 &n !he words o) one o)
her G"#ough Eogg&ng1 de#ega!es2 !ha! G!here &s a !&$e !o sow and a !&$e !o rea"' @e sowed our seed when we sen! $en !o !he Federa# Con+en!&on' Now &s !he har+es!'1 Three !o go' Mar*#and ra!&)&ed on /. A"r&#2 s&8!*> !hree !o e#e+en= !he an!&>Federa#&s!s2 #ed %* <u!her Mar!&n2 were re"ud&a!ed #arge#* %e ause !he* were "a"er $one* $en and !he +o!ers were !&red o) &n)#a!&on' Two !o go' On ,/ Ma* !he Sou!h Caro#&na on+en!&on $e!2 and on e &! was sa!&s)&ed !ha! !he "ro"osed Cons!&!u!&on was no !hrea! !o s#a+er*2 ra!&)&ed %* a rush&ng $aEor&!*2 one hundred and )or!*>n&ne !o se+en!*>!hree' The $&nor&!*2 here as &n se+era# o!her s!a!es2 was h&e)#* $ade u" o) $en )ro$ !he wes!ern areas' One !o go= wou#d &! %e New Ha$"sh&re or B&rg&n&aM In !he e+en!2 &! was near#* a !&e= New Ha$"sh&re ra!&)&ed on /, 0une2 B&rg&n&a on /A 0une' Tha! $ean! !ha! !en s!a!es had agreed 4 one $ore !han ne essar* !o %r&ng !he Cons!&!u!&on &n!o )or e' New Yor( ou#d no #onger res&s!= she ra!&)&ed on /. 0u#*' On#* Nor!h Caro#&na and Rhode Is#and he#d ou! 4 )or !he !&$e %e&ng' Th&s s$oo!h !a#e on ea#s !he )a ! !ha! &! was o as&ona##* a +er* near !h&ng' In "ra !& e2 !he Cons!&!u!&on wou#d no! %e a%#e !o wor(2 or on#* w&!h da$ag&ng d&))& u#!*2 &) e&!her New Yor( or B&rg&n&a s!a*ed ou!2 )or w&!hou! !he$ !he Un&on wou#d %e u! &n!o seg$en!s' Ye! &! was !ou h>and>go &n %o!h "#a es' Go+ernor C#&n!on o) New Yor( was s!rong#* an!&>Federa#&s!F )or!una!e#* he d&d no! dare assu$e !he res"ons&%&#&!* o) reEe !&ng !he Cons!&!u!&on and so2 "erha"s2 %rea(&ng u" !he Un&on2 o) wh& h he was a su""or!er' So he "ro ras!&na!ed2 ho"&ng !ha! so$e o!her s!a!e 4 B&rg&n&a or Massa huse!!s 4 wou#d do !he wor( )or h&$F and when !ha! dodge )a&#ed2 !hough he had a #arge $aEor&!* &n !he s!a!e on+en!&on2 he ou#d no! (ee" &!' G@&##&ng !o wound2 and *e! a)ra&d !o s!r&(e21 he #e! #eadersh&" )a## &n!o Ha$&#!on1s hands' Ne+er was !ha! gen!#e$an $ore har$&ng2 $ore e#o;uen!2 %e!!er>&n)or$ed2 $ore &rres&s!&%#* #og& a#' S&ng#e> handed2 he (e"! !he Federa#&s! $&nor&!* !oge!her2 wore ou! so$e o) !he an!&>Federa#&s!s and on+er!ed o!hers' The news !ha! B&rg&n&a had ra!&)&ed was a## he needed !o se ure )&na# +& !or*' H&s grea! ser+& es were a (now#edged %* !he New Yor(ers= when !he* hau#ed a $ode# sh&" o) s!a!e !hrough !he &!*2 &n e#e%ra!&on o) !he grea! e+en!2 !he* na$ed her !he Ha$&#!on' She was ;u&!e !he $os! s"e !a u#ar !h&ng &n a grea! "arade2 wh& h a#so &n #uded a %anner show&ng Ada$ and E+e na(ed2 e8 e"! )or )&g #ea) a"rons2 and %ear&ng !he $o!!o2 GAnd !he* sewed )&g #ea+es !oge!her'1 The dra$a &n B&rg&n&a was e+en $ore !ense 4 #arge#* %e ause !he de%a!e was a! a #o)!&er #e+e#' E8 e"! )or !he an!&>Federa#&s! &n New Yor( who o%Ee !ed !o !he "ro"osed Pres&den * %e ause Genera# @ash&ng!on wou#d no dou%! %e su eeded %* Genera# S#ush&ng!on2 !he an!&> Federa#&s! argu$en!s &n New Yor( were ne&!her +er* )unn* nor +er* good' Bu! &n B&rg&n&a !he an!&>Federa#&s!s on !he who#e had grea!er "res!&ge !han !he Federa#&s!s= !he* e+en #a&$ed Tho$as 0e))erson )or !he&r own2 !hough Mad&son2 orre !#*2 den&ed &!' Pa!r& ( Henr*2 who !oo( !he #ead &n o""os&ng !he Cons!&!u!&on2 was no! a%o+e $enda &ous asser!&ons2 )or !he %ene)&! o) B&rg&n&ans wes! o) !he A""a#a h&ans2 &n wha! was soon !o %e Ken!u (*2 !ha! !he new go+ern$en! wou#d g&+e awa* !he M&ss&ss&""& na+&ga!&on !o !he S"an&sh 9as &) !he o#d go+ern$en! had no! a !ua##* done so:' H&s s"ee hes were &n essan! s!or$s o) e#o;uen e !ha! do no! read +er* we## now and were no! a""aren!#* "er)e !#* on+&n &ng e+en !hen' S!&## !he* had !o %e answered2 and Mad&son2 w&!h h&s )ee%#e +o& e2 h&s &##>hea#!h2 h&s o#our#ess $anner2 s ar e#* see$ed !he r&gh! "erson !o do &!' Bu! h&s #u &d&!*2 (now#edge and "a!en! s&n er&!* "re+a&#ed &n !he end2 a&ded %* !he "o"u#ar&!* o) Ed$und Rando#"h 9who2 ra!her #&(e Han o (2 had de &ded !o %a ( !he w&nn&ng horse: and !he &n!e##e !ua# )or e o) 0ohn Marsha##2 !he )u!ure Ch&e) 0us!& e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 and as su h !he $an who2 ne8! on#* !o Mad&son h&$se#)2 wou#d ha+e $os! &n)#uen e on !he Cons!&!u!&on1s de+e#o"$en!' E+en !he h&gh hara !er and good argu$en!s o) George Mason ou#d no! "re+a&#' A! #as! Mad&son #e! &! %e unders!ood !ha! when !he new go+ern$en! $e! he wou#d go !o wor( !o ha+e a %&## o) r&gh!s "assed as a Cons!&!u!&ona# a$end$en!' Su h an a$end$en! was &n e+er* s!a!e !he hones! an!&>Federa#&s!s1 h&e) de$and'
The "ro$&se was enough= %* a s$a## $arg&n B&rg&n&a +o!ed !o ra!&)* 9e&gh!*>n&ne !o se+en!*>n&ne: and A$er& a ga+e herse#) u" !o reEo& &ng' For &! had s#ow#* sun( &n !ha! !he new Cons!&!u!&on rea##* wou#d a h&e+e &!s "ur"ose and sa)eguard !he ga&ns o) !he Re+o#u!&on' Na!&ona# &nde"enden e )&rs!= w&!h a we##>organ&Hed e8e u!&+e and !he "ower o) d&re ! !a8a!&on2 !he Un&!ed S!a!es ou#d ra&se an e))e !&+e ar$* and e+en2 &) &! hose2 a na+*' I! wou#d soon %e unne essar* !o "#a* !he sa!e##&!e !o e&!her Fran e or Br&!a&nF soon S"a&n ou#d %e ha##enged )or on!ro# o) !he @es!' Po#&!& a# s!a%&#&!*= on#* George Mason ou#d go on %e#&e+&ng !ha! !he "o"u#ar re"resen!a!&on a##owed )or &n !he Cons!&!u!&on was a sha$F !he new "u%#& au!hor&!&es wou#d s!&## %e su%Ee ! !o !he on!ro# o) re"ea!ed e#e !&ons2 wh& h wou#d g&+e !he$ #eg&!&$a *F se ure &n !ha! #eg&!&$a *2 !he* wou#d ha+e $ore "ower w&!h wh& h !o "ro!e ! !he$se#+es and !he "eo"#e )ro$ !he&r ene$&es !han had e+er %een a##owed !o !he o#d Congress' Pros"er&!*= !he red&! o) !he new go+ern$en! wou#d under"&n e+er* agr& u#!ura#2 o$$er &a# or &ndus!r&a# en!er"r&se' The "ursu&! o) ha""&ness= as Dr BenEa$&n Rush re$ar(ed2 &! wou#d now %e "oss&%#e )or !hose who2 #&(e h&$se#)2 w&shed !o %e "assengers on !he sh&" o) s!a!e !o #ea+e o)) !he wor( o) !he sa&#ors and ge! %a ( !o su h e;ua##* +a#ua%#e "ursu&!s as s &en e 9or $a(&ng $one*:' So e+er*one was "#eased2 and !he an!&> Federa#&s!s "#edged !he$se#+es !o do wha! !he* ou#d !o $a(e !he new )ra$e o) go+ern$en! a su ess' The d*&ng Congress )&8ed !he da!es o) !he )&rs! e#e !&onsF !he e#e !ora# o##ege2 +o!&ng )or !he )&rs! !&$e &n Fe%ruar* ,57-2 unan&$ous#* hose George @ash&ng!on !o %e !he )&rs! Pres&den!F and on 3? A"r&# he !oo( !he oa!h o) o))& e &n New Yor(2 a)!er a Eourne* )ro$ Moun! Bernon wh& h was !urned %* !he en!hus&as!& &!&Hens &n!o one #ong arn&+a#' No%od* su""osed !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on was a "er)e ! do u$en!F and no%od* !oda*2 one C&+&# @ar and !wen!*>s&8 a$end$en!s #a!er2 w&## argue !ha! &! was' Bu! &! has &n "ra !& e wor(ed e8 eed&ng#* we##' So$e o) !he reasons ha+e a#read* %een g&+en2 %u! !he #&s! $us! %e o$"#e!edF and !he &n)#uen e o) !he Cons!&!u!&on &n sha"&ng A$er& an h&s!or* has %een so "ro)ound !ha! a "#a&n s!a!e$en! o) &!s s!ru !ure and sha"&ng "r&n &"#es &s !he +er* #eas! !ha! &! deser+es2 e+en &) &! $a(es a #ong ha"!er #onger' The degree o) one1s unders!and&ng o) !he Cons!&!u!&on &s !o a #arge e8!en! !he degree o) one1s unders!and&ng o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' I! &s a na!&ona#&s!& do u$en!' As su h &! was )ar &n ad+an e o) &!s !&$e2 wh& h e8"#a&ns wh* Pa!r& ( Henr* and $an* o!hers were so a#ar$ed' The &dea o) a na!&ona# go+ern$en! $ean! !o !he$ s&$"#* a#&en2 se#)&sh and o""ress&+e "ower' A)!er a##2 !he #as! au!hor&!* !o &ns&s! on !he A$er& ans1 na!&ona#&!* had %een George III2 whose $&n&s!ers had !r&ed !o $a(e !he$ #&+e u" !o !he&r res"ons&%&#&!&es as &!&Hens o) !he Br&!&sh E$"&re' The an!&>Federa#&s!s need no! ha+e worr&ed= A$er& an na!&ona#&!* was no &$"er&a# )& !&onF %u! &! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! !he* shou#d ha+e done so' For2 un!&# !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on2 !he na!&on>s!a!e was a +er* un o$$on !h&ng2 on#* )u##* a h&e+ed2 "erha"s2 &n Eng#and' O!herw&se !he A!#an!& wor#d was $ade u" o) d*nas!& s!a!es and ra$sha (#e re"u%#& s #&(e Ho##and or Po#and= a## were "o#&!&es he#d !oge!her "ar!#* %* !he "ressures o) !he &n!erna!&ona# "ower o$"e!&!&on2 "ar!#* %* us!o$2 "ar!#* %* an &n!r& a!e and )rag&#e ne! o) re#&g&on2 "r&+&#ege2 d&a#e ! and so on' Ye! na!&ona#&!&es e8&s!ed= Fran e2 S"a&n2 I!a#* and Ger$an* were $ore !han $ere geogra"h& a# e8"ress&ons' A$er& a was newer !han !he*2 !ha! was a##' She !oo was de)&ned %* her %orders2 her #anguage2 her re#&g&on2 her us!o$s and her ene$&es' The eas* wa* &n wh& h2 )or &ns!an e2 !he %o* Fran(#&n #e)! Bos!on !o #&+e &n Ph&#ade#"h&a2 or Mad&son #e)! B&rg&n&a !o go !o o##ege a! Pr&n e!on2 New 0erse*2 shows how s"on!aneous#* A$er& ans regarded !he$se#+es as "ar! o) ea h o!her' The&r grea! a h&e+e$en! was !he rea#&Ha!&on !ha! !he* had a han e !o a+o&d !he )a!e o) Fran e2 Ger$an* or S"a&n= !o a+o&d !he haos o) a wea( on)edera!&on on !he one hand or !he !*rann* o) a !rad&!&ona# $onar h* on !he
o!her' The w&## !o )&nd a $&dd#e wa* dro+e )orward !he Found&ng Fa!hers 9as !he* a$e !o %e (nown: !o de+&se a na!&ona# go+ern$en! )or a new na!&onF and &n so do&ng !he* o"ened !he door o) $odern&!*' The ons!&!u!&ona# "ro+&s&on2 !hen2 %* wh& h !he new go+ern$en! was !o a ! d&re !#* on !he &nd&+&dua# &ns!ead o) $ed&a!e#*2 !hrough !he s!a!es2 was a%so#u!e#* ru &a# !o &!s su ess' E8"er&en e had shown !ha! !here was no wa* !o oer e a s!a!e shor! o) &+&# warF,3 %u! &nd&+&dua#s $&gh! %e on!ro##ed !hrough !he nor$a# $e han&s$ o) !he our!s' The s!a!es !here)ore had !o sa r&)& e !he&r #a&$ !o !he und&+&ded a##eg&an e o) !he&r &!&Hens' The* $&gh! ha+e a+o&ded !h&s #oss o) "ower &) !he* had shown !he$se#+es w&##&ng !o !rea! !he re;u&s&!&ons o) !he Con)edera!ed Congress as %&nd&ng #awsF %u! !he* ne+er d&d2 and !he* wou#d ne+er ha+e done so' And !he* had !o $a(e o!her sa r&)& es' The* had had !o g&+e u" !he&r #a&$s !o !he @es! !o ge! !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&onF !he Cons!&!u!&on e8a !ed e+en $ore )unda$en!a# sa r&)& es2 and d&re !#* &$"a&red s!a!e so+ere&gn!*' Fro$ now on !he s!a!es2 and s!a!e &den!&!*2 wou#d %e se ondar* !o !he na!&on2 !o na!&ona# &den!&!*' The &dea2 !hen2 !ha! a s!a!e $&gh! se ede )ro$ !he Un&on2 as &) &! was a $ere e8"ed&en! a##&an e2 was a%surd2 and was no! on!e$"#a!ed &n !he !er$s o) !he Cons!&!u!&onF &ndeed !he +er* ;uan!&!* o) s!a!es1 r&gh!s %u&#! &n!o !he Cons!&!u!&on $ade #&!!#e sense 4 s"e##&ng !he$ ou! was unne essar* 4 &) !he s!a!es re!a&ned !he so+ere&gn re$ed* and ou#d %rea( u" !he $a h&ne a! w&## %* se ess&on' I! was on#* as !he se !&ona# ;uarre# de+e#o"ed o+er s#a+er* !ha! !he Sou!h o$$&!!ed &!se#) !o a d&))eren! +&ew' To %e sure2 e+en &) !ha! had no! o urred2 !here wou#d s!&## ha+e %een so$e rea !&on aga&ns! !he na!&ona#&s$ o) !he Found&ng Fa!hers= s!a!e &den!&!&es were )or #ong )ar !oo s!rong !o %e &gnored2 and !oo $an* "o#&!& &ans wou#d )&nd &! on+en&en! )ro$ !&$e !o !&$e !o e8"#o&! !he$ 9Mad&son h&$se#) was !o do so &n !he ,5-?s:' Bu! !he )a ! re$a&ns !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on was and &s a na!&ona#&s!& do u$en! and a na!&ona#&s! "rogra$$e2 and a!!e$"!s !o $a(e &! an*!h&ng e#se ha+e ne+er %een su ess)u# and ha+e usua##* %een d&shones!2 )or !he* )#* &n !he )a e o) so &a# rea#&!*' The en!ra# go+ern$en! ou#d no! %e on eded !he r&gh! !o $a(e #aws and "o#& * w&!hou! %e&ng g&+en !he $eans !o en)or e !he$' Th&s &$"#&ed our!s2 so#d&ers2 sa&#ors2 d&"#o$a!& o))& ers2 $&n&s!ers !o su"er+&se !he$ and a de"enda%#e sour e o) re+enue !o "a* )or su h an es!a%#&sh$en!' Tha! &n !urn &$"#&ed !a8a!&on and !a8> o##e !ors 4 !he +er* !h&ngs wh& h !he !h&r!een o#on&es had res&s!ed &n ,5.A 4 and2 $one* %e&ng su h a sens&!&+e su%Ee ! and !he Ang#o>Sa8on !rad&!&on %e&ng wha! &! was2 &! a#so &$"#&ed a na!&ona# asse$%#* !o $a(e !he #aws2 +o!e !he !a8es and o+ersee !he e8e u!&+e' The $a&n "o&n!s o) !he Cons!&!u!&on an a#read* %e seen e$erg&ng )ro$ !h&s #&s! o) re;u&re$en!s' Howe+er2 !he* are a#so !he $a&n "o&n!s o) !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on2 a! #eas! as !ha! &ns!ru$en! had e+o#+ed &n "ra !& e %* ,575' I! ou#d %e argued !ha! a## !ha! was ne essar* !o $a(e !he Con)edera!&on an e))e !&+e $odern go+ern$en! was !o g&+e &! an e))e !&+e !a8a!&on "ower' The Se re!ar* o) Congress saw !o !he orres"onden e w&!h !he s!a!es and !o !he oord&na!&on and on!&nu&!* o) ad$&n&s!ra!&on' There was a#so !he nu #eus o) a a%&ne!= !he Board o) Treasur*2 !he Se re!ar* )or Fore&gn A))a&rs2 !he Se re!ar* o) @ar2 !he Pos!$as!er>Genera#' Congress&ona# de &s&ons ou#d %e en)or ed %* !he s!a!e our!s' Re"#a e !he s*s!e$ o) re;u&s&!&ons2 wh& h was "a!en!#* no! wor(&ng2 and a## !ha! was ne essar* had %een a h&e+ed' 9Pa!r& ( Henr* was e+en "re"ared !o rha"sod&He on !he re;u&s&!&on s*s!e$ 4 GI w&## ne+er g&+e u" !ha! dar#&ng word2 re;u&s&!&ons1 4 %u! Pa!r& ( Henr*2 swee"&ng awa* on !he w&ngs o) h&s ora!or*2 ou#d sa* an*!h&ng': The na!&ona#&s!s2 or Federa#&s!s2 re"#&ed !ha! %e ause o) !he unan&$&!* ru#e2 !he Ar!& #es ou#d no! %e a$ended on !he "o&n! o) !a8a!&on= e))or!s had %een $ade !o &n or"ora!e a ra!&ona# )&nan e s*s!e$2 and )a&#ed' Th&s answer wou#d %e $ore on+&n &ng &) !he ourse !he Federa#&s!s a !ua##*
!oo( had no! %een so re+o#u!&onar*= swee"&ng !he o#d s*s!e$ as&de a#!oge!her and su%s!&!u!&ng a o$"#e!e#* new one' I! &s hard 9I )&nd &! &$"oss&%#e: !o %e#&e+e !ha! &) as $u h energ*2 de+o!&on and a%&#&!* had %een "u! &n!o a $ere a$end$en! o) !he Ar!& #es2 &! wou#d no! ha+e "assed &n!o #aw' The unan&$&!* ru#e need ha+e %een no o%s!a #e' A)!er a##2 su""or! )or !he new Cons!&!u!&on was %* no $eans unan&$ousF and *e! Nor!h Caro#&na and Rhode Is#and soon a$e !o !er$s' The sa$e ou#d ha+e ha""ened &n !he o!her ase' So &! see$s !ha! !he rea# &ssues #a* ra!her dee"erF nor an !here %e $u h dou%! wha! !he* were' The an!&>Federa#&s!s essen!&a##* wan!ed a Bur(ean2 one $&gh! a#$os! sa* an Eng#&sh2 )u!ure= #e! A$er& an &ns!&!u!&ons e+o#+e as ne ess&!* d& !a!edF $ean!&$e2 #e! !here %e as #&!!#e go+ern$en! as "oss&%#e2 and #e! wha! !here was %e as #ose !o !he "eo"#e as "oss&%#e' Th&s2 !o !he&r $&nd2 was wha! A$er& an )reedo$ was a## a%ou!F and &! anno! %e den&ed !ha! !he&r sus"& &on o) go+ern$en!2 !he d&s!rus! so$e o) !he$ e8"ressed )or !he we##>o)) and we##> edu a!ed2 or !he dread !ha! o!hers a$ong !he$ )e#! !ha!2 w&!hou! a re#&g&ous !es!2 "a"&s!s $&gh! o$e !o ru#e A$er& a 4 hea+ens2 !he Po"e $&gh! %e e#e !ed Pres&den! 4 were a#so &n !he au!hen!& A$er& an s!ra&n' Bu! so were !he Federa#&s!s' Ha$&#!on saw2 w&!h %r&##&an! #ar&!*2 %e!!er !han an*one e#se2 how enor$ous were !he o""or!un&!&es o"en&ng %e)ore !he A$er& an "eo"#e2 w&!h an un!ou hed on!&nen! wa&!&ng !o !he&r wes!F he s"o(e )or !he "&oneer &$"u#se2 and was de!er$&ned !o g&+e !he oun!r* a go+ern$en! wh& h ou#d $a(e sure !ha! !he o""or!un&!* wou#d no! %e was!ed' @ash&ng!on and Mad&son er!a&n#* shared !h&s +&s&on !o a degree 9%o!h were s"e u#a!ors &n @es!ern #ands:F %u! !he dee"es! !hough! #*&ng %eh&nd !he new Cons!&!u!&on was e8"ressed %* 0a$es @&#son' No one ou#d "re!end !ha! !h&s ann* S o!!&sh #aw*er2 whose unsu ess)u# #and s"e u#a!&ons were e+en!ua##* !o %an(ru"! h&$2 wre ( h&s Eud& &a# areer and ause h&$ !o d&e &n "o+er!*>s!r& (en e8&#e )ro$ h&s ho$e s!a!e2 was a rad& a#' He was "a#"a%#* !he s"o(es$an o) !he o$$er &a# #asses o) Ph&#ade#"h&a and eas!ern Penns*#+an&a' H&s su""or! o) $aEor&!* ru#e was no! e+en who##* s&n ere2 )or he a$e )ro$ one o) !he #arges! s!a!es2 where !he su))rage was unEus!#* we&gh!ed &n )a+our o) !he reg&on he re"resen!ed 4 !he Eas!' Ye! when a## &s a##owed )or2 no one a! !he )edera# on+en!&on2 or &n !he s!a!e on+en!&ons a)!erwards2 "u! !he ase )or A$er& an de$o ra * %e!!er' The %us&ness o) !he on+en!&on2 he sa&d2 was !o )ra$e a go+ern$en! no! on#* !o !h&r!een &nde"enden! and so+ere&gn s!a!esQ %u! #&(ew&se !o &nnu$era%#e s!a!es *e! un)or$ed2 and !o $*r&ads o) &!&Hens who &n )u!ure ages sha## &nha%&! !he +as! un u#!&+a!ed reg&ons o) !he on!&nen!' The du!&es o) !ha! %od* !here)ore2 were no! #&$&!ed !o #o a# or "ar!&a# ons&dera!&on2 %u! !o !he )or$a!&on o) a "#an o$$ensura!e w&!h a grea! and +a#ua%#e "or!&on o) !he g#o%e' Su h a "#an ou#d on#* wor( &) &! were grounded on !he "eo"#e' For I &ns&s!2 &) !here are errors &n go+ern$en!2 !he "eo"#e ha+e !he r&gh! no! on#* !o orre ! and a$end !he$2 %u! #&(ew&se !o!a##* !o hange and reEe ! &!s )or$F and under !he o"era!&on o) !ha! r&gh!2 !he "eo"#e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es an ne+er %e wre! hed %e*ond re!r&e+e2 un#ess !he* are wan!&ng !o !he$se#+es' The "r&n &"#es o) !he new Cons!&!u!&on were and had !o %e G"ure#* de$o ra!& a#1F and @&#son $ean! wha! he sa&d so $u h !ha! he was one o) !hose who he#d ou! #onges! )or "o"u#ar2 no! s!a!e2 e#e !&on o) !he Sena!e2 and res&s!ed a## a!!e$"!s !o res!r& ! !he su))rage' Mad&son !oo( !he sa$e #&ne' To %o!h $en &! see$ed !ha! !he Ar!& #es on eded !oo $u h !o !he s!a!esF %o!h a! )&rs! had )ears !ha! !he sa$e was !rue o) !he Cons!&!u!&on2 a)!er !he Grea! Co$"ro$&seF and %o!h ha+e %een +&nd& a!ed %* !&$e' The de$o ra!& !hrus! o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on has o$"e##ed $an* a$end$en!s !o !he Cons!&!u!&on2 %u! none2 &! &s #&(e#*2 !ha! wou#d ha+e g&+en grea!er sa!&s)a !&on !o @&#son and Mad&son2 ou#d !he* ha+e )oreseen &!2 !han !he Se+en!een!h2 wh& h !oo( !he
e#e !&on o) !he Sena!ors awa* )ro$ !he s!a!e asse$%#&es and ga+e &! !o !he "eo"#e' The %e#&e) !ha! !he go+ern$en! o) !he A$er& an E$"&re2 !o %e "er$anen!2 had !o %e de$o ra!& 2 and !ha! !he Ar!& #es were no!2 or no! su))& &en!#* so2 $us! see$ !horough#* res"e !a%#e !o !he $odern $&ndF no! so !he e;ua##* "ro$&nen! %e#&e) o) !he Found&ng Fa!hers !ha! !he "eo"#e ou#d no! %e who##* !rus!ed2 and !ha! ano!her o) !he $a&n !as(s o) !he Cons!&!u!&on $us! %e !o ho#d !he&r dangerous &$"u#ses &n he (' The $en o) ,575 were &n so$e res"e ! a#ar$&s!s' The* were $o (ed )or &! &n !he B&rg&n&an s!a!e on+en!&on= Penns*#+an&a and Mar*#and are !o )a## u"on us )ro$ !he nor!h #&(e !he Go!hs and Banda#s o) o#dQ !he Ind&ans are !o &n+ade us )ro$ our rearQ And !he Caro#&n&ans )ro$ !he sou!h2 $oun!ed on a##&ga!ors2 I "resu$e2 are !o o$e and des!ro* our orn)&e#ds and ea! u" our #&!!#e h&#drenT These2 S&r2 are !he $&gh!* dangers wh& h awa&! us &) we reEe ! !he Cons!&!u!&on' More hara !er&s!& o) !he Federa#&s!s was !he&r )ear o) &n)#a!&on2 e8"ressed as a #oa!h&ng o) "a"er $one* and s!a* #aws' Pa"er $one* was a d&re ! $eans o) ro%%&ng "ersons o) "ro"er!*F s!a* #aws2 %* wh& h !he "a*$en! o) de%!s $&gh! %e $ore or #ess &nde)&n&!e#* "os!"oned2 were &nd&re ! ro%%er*' @orse $&gh! #ur( %eh&nd' The* had a## read !he&r an &en! h&s!or* and (new !ha! !he "oor had &n !he "as! r&sen !o o$"e# !he "assage o) agrar&an #aws2 !o d&+&de u" !he #and o) !he r& h %e!ween !he$se#+es= and !ha! !h&s had %een !he )&rs! a ! o) !he dra$a #ead&ng !o d& !a!orsh&"' @hen !he "oor %e a$e su))& &en!#* nu$erous &n A$er& a2 !he sa$e dra$a $&gh! !hrea!en2 so &! was ne essar* !o !a(e "re au!&ons' In !h&s $a!!er !he h&e) &ns!ru$en! o) de$agoguer* was !he s!a!e= #oo( a! Rhode Is#and2 #oo( a! wha! wou#d ha+e ha""ened &n Massa huse!!s &) Sha*s had won' So !he s!a!es were s!r&""ed o) !he "ower !o &ssue "a"er $one*2 and !he en!ra# go+ern$en! was g&+en !he "ower !o &n!er+ene !o su""ress re%e##&on &) as(ed !o do so %* !he #eg&!&$a!e au!hor&!&es' Ye! !he Found&ng Fa!hers re$a&ned A$er& an #&%era#s' The* were Eus! as on erned !o "ro!e ! !he s!a!es aga&ns! &##eg&!&$a!e &n!er)eren e )ro$ !he en!ra# go+ern$en! as !he o!her wa* round' Aga&n and aga&n !he* &ns&s!ed !o !he$se#+es and !o r&!& s !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on #e)! a## "owers !o !he s!a!es !ha! were no! s"e &)& a##* re$o+ed or redu edF e+en!ua##* !he "o&n! was $ade s"e &)& &n !he Ten!h A$end$en!' An*wa*2 &! see$ed o%+&ous !ha! !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s $us! %e s!rong and +&gorous &) !he &$$ense e8"anse o) A$er& a was !o %e go+erned as a un&!*' A %&g oun!r*2 whe!her $easured %* area or "o"u#a!&on 4 and !he Un&!ed S!a!es was go&ng !o %e %&g on %o!h oun!s 4 needs a en!ra# go+ern$en!2 %u! &) &! &s !o %e e&!her )ree or e))& &en!2 #e! a#one %o!h2 !ha! en!ra# go+ern$en! anno! $a(e a##2 or e+en $os! "o#&!& a# and ad$&n&s!ra!&+e de &s&ons' Power2 a grea! dea# o) "ower2 $us! %e #e)! w&!h reg&ona# and #o a# go+ern$en!s' Th&s "r&n &"#e o) de en!ra#&Ha!&on an go !oo )ar2 as !he h&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es has de$ons!ra!ed a## !oo o)!en2 %u! !hen so an !he "r&n &"#e o) en!ra#&Ha!&on' To "reser+e )reedo$2 e;ua#&!*2 "ea e and "ros"er&!*2 !he %es! wa* &s !he $&dd#e wa*2 and !ha! &s wha! A$er& an )edera#&s$ $eans= a d*na$& o$%&na!&on o) na!&ona#&s$ w&!h #o a#&s$' A )edera# re"u%#& 2 0a$es @&#son e8"#a&ned2 was one &n wh& h !he )reedo$s o) a re"u%#& were o$%&ned w&!h !he e8!erna# d&gn&!* and )or e o) a $onar h*' The essen e o) !he ase 9as so o)!en w&!h !he Cons!&!u!&on: was o$$on sense' The e8"er&en e o) !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on showed !he dangers o) !oo wea( an asso &a!&onF A$er& a d&d no! wan! !o dw&nd#e &n!o so$e!h&ng as )u!&#e as !he Ho#* Ro$an E$"&re' A who##* en!ra#&Hed re"u%#& wou#d on en!ra!e !oo $u h "ower &n one "#a e2 and was "o#&!& a##* &$"oss&%#eF ne&!her !he s!a!es nor !he "eo"#e wou#d agree !o su h a !h&ng 9!he sa$e ho#ds !rue !oda*:' The Cons!&!u!&on su ess)u##* ho#ds !hese ons&dera!&ons &n %a#an e' So !he )&rs! and se ond hara !er&s!& s o) !he Cons!&!u!&on are &!s essen!&a# de$o ra * and !he
hor&Hon!a# se"ara!&on o) "owers %e!ween !he )edera# and s!a!e go+ern$en!s' The !h&rd2 and "erha"s !he $os! ons"& uous hara !er&s!& 2 &s !he +er!& a# se"ara!&on o) "owers= E8e u!&+e2 <eg&s#a!&+e2 0ud& &ar* 4 or2 Pres&den *2 Congress2 Cour!s' Th&s "r&n &"#e was2 as we ha+e seen2 one o) !he )&rs! $a!!ers agreed %* !he on+en!&on' I! had %e o$e a #& he &n !he wr&!&ngs o) Mon!es;u&eu and a doHen o!her !h&n(ers der&+&ng )ro$ <o (e' I! orres"onded +er* #ose#* !o !he )or$a# s!ru !ure o) o#on&a# "o#&!& s2 !hough o#on&a# "ra !& e2 as &n !he ase o) Massa huse!!s2 was ra!her d&))eren!' The a#!erna!&+e do !r&ne2 o) !he r&gh!s o) a so+ere&gn #eg&s#a!ure2 had %een g&+en a )a&r !r&a# &n !he Con!&nen!a# Congress2 !o genera# d&ssa!&s)a !&on2 and !o !he "ar!& u#ar d&ssa!&s)a !&on o) !hose2 #&(e Mad&son and Ha$&#!on2 who had !r&ed !o $a(e Congress wor(' As we ha+e seen2 under !he Ar!& #es !here had a#read* %egun so$e e+o#u!&on !owards !he se"ara!&on o) e8e u!&+e )ro$ #eg&s#a!ure2 !hough !he new $&n&s!ers were )&r$#* su%ord&na!ed !o !he Congress' A## &n a##2 !h&s )unda$en!a# de &s&on was ;u& (#* !a(en %e ause &! was so o%+&ous' Ye! w&!h h&nds&gh! &! &s eas* !o see !ha! o) a## !he arrange$en!s o) !he Found&ng Fa!hers &! was !he $os! re+o#u!&onar*' Br&!&sh readers $a* %es! unders!and wha! &s &n+o#+ed %* g&+&ng a $o$en!1s !hough! !o !he ons!&!u!&on o) !he&r own oun!r*' I! &s %u&#! round a dog$a o) !he a%so#u!e so+ere&gn!* o) !he K&ng &n Par#&a$en!2 a dog$a !ha! e$erged as a resu#! o) !he &+&# wars o) !he se+en!een!h en!ur* and ga+e !he san !&on o) &$$e$or&a# !rad&!&on !o !he o$"ro$&ses !ha! ended !hose wars' The $*!h o) !he K&ng &n Par#&a$en! has #as!ed )or en!ur&es2 and &s no! ;u&!e done )or *e!' I! anno! %e de)ended on an* grounds e8 e"! !ha! &! ha""ens !o %e !he wa* !ha! !he Br&!&sh do !h&ngs2 *e! a## "o#&!& a# !rans)or$a!&ons2 a## rad& a# "rogra$$es2 ha+e had !o adEus! !o &! 9a! #eas! un!&# Br&!a&n en!ered !he Euro"ean Un&on:' The A$er& an Cons!&!u!&on has had an e+en $ore o+erwhe#$&ng e))e ! on A$er& an h&s!or*' The Pres&den *2 )or e8a$"#e2 !he e$%od&$en! o) !he e8e u!&+e &n one $an2 was &n+en!ed "ar!#* )or !he reasons g&+en2 and "ar!#* %e ause2 &n George @ash&ng!on2 !he &dea# Pres&den! ha""ened !o e8&s!' Had @ash&ng!on d&ed sudden#* &n !he $&dd#e o) !he on+en!&on @&#son $&gh! ha+e go! h&s wa* and !he Un&!ed S!a!es ha+e a ;u&red a !hree> or )our>$an e8e u!&+e2 #&(e !he )&+e> $e$%er D&re !or* &n Re+o#u!&onar* Fran e' The on+en!&on had enor$ous d&))& u#!* &n se!!#&ng how !o e#e ! !he Pres&den!2 and )&8ed on a $e!hod o) &nd&re ! e#e !&on2 !hrough an e#e !ora# o##ege hosen %* !he +o!ers2 on#* a)!er e+er* o!her e8"ed&en! had %een ons&dered a! #eng!h' In !he e+en! !he e#e !ora# o##ege %e a$e a $ere ru%%er>s!a$" )or !he "eo"#e1s ho& eF and so !h&s "ure#* "ra !& a# e8"ed&en! ou#d %e o$e !he !ower&ng s*$%o# w&!hou! wh& h no A$er& an an &$ag&ne h&s oun!r*' Than(s !o !he )&rs!2 +er* d&s!&ngu&shed $en who o u"&ed !he Pres&den * 9@ash&ng!on2 0ohn Ada$s2 0e))erson2 Mad&son:F !han(s !o Pres&den! Andrew 0a (son1s &ns&s!en e on !he o+err&d&ng au!hor&!* o) h&s $anda!e )ro$ !he +o!ersF !han(s !o !he C&+&# @ar and !he $ar!*rdo$ o) A%raha$ <&n o#nF !han(s !o !he ra%%#e>rous&ng o) Theodore Roose+e#!2 !he rusad&ng Hea# o) @oodrow @&#son and2 a%o+e a##2 !he d*na$& #eadersh&" o) Fran(#&n Roose+e#!2 !he Pres&den! &s now a "o"u#ar#* e#e !ed $onar hF e+en !he s anda#s o) a Gran!2 a N&8on or a C#&n!on anno! s!r&" !he o))& e o) !he $*s!&;ue !ha! has s#ow#* a rued !o &! s&n e ,57-' There are on#* !wo rea##* sa red !h&ngs &n A$er& a= one &s !he )#ag2 !he o!her &s !he @h&!e House' No!h&ng a%ou! !h&s s!a!e o) a))a&rs wou#d ha+e gra!&)&ed !he Found&ng Fa!hers2 who had no &n!en!&on o) se!!&ng u" a $onar h o) an* (&nd' Ye! !he &ns!&!u!&on !he* a !ua##* rea!ed has "ro+ed !oo s!rong )or !he&r "h&#oso"h* 9wh& h he#d !ha! !he e8e u!&+e ough! !o o$e a de &ded se ond !o !he #eg&s#a!ure2 and e8"ressed &!se#) %* "u!!&ng !he Pres&den! &n !he se ond Ar!& #e o) !he Cons!&!u!&on2 !he Congress &n !he )&rs!:F and &!s g#a$orous e8a$"#e has o) #a!e )&##ed !he wor#d w&!h &$&!a!&ons' I) !he Found&ng Fa!hers d&d no! an!& &"a!e !he s"e !a u#ar de+e#o"$en! o) !he Pres&den * and "ooh>"oohed !he warn&ngs o) !hose who )eared !he wors!2 !he* d&d "ro+&de &ns!&!u!&ons !o (ee" &! &n he (' GChe (s and %a#an es1 was a no!&on "ar!& u#ar#* asso &a!ed w&!h 0ohn Ada$s and h&s %oo(F %u! &! +er* we## e8"ressed !he un&+ersa# assu$"!&on' Power was !oo !e$"!&ng !o )a##en $anF !he e8er &se o) "ower $us! ne+er %e )ree )ro$ ;ues!&on2 de%a!e2 e8"osure2 "oss&%#e de)ea!' Indeed2 &! was !oo #&(e#* !ha! an* e8er &se o) "ower wou#d #ead !o
e+&#= ;u&!e as $u h as <ord A !on d&d !he Fa!hers %e#&e+e !ha! G"ower !ends !o orru"!1' So !he* "&#ed he ( on %a#an e2 %a#an e on he (2 un!&# !he* arr&+ed a! wha! R& hard Ho)s!ad!er so )e#& &!ous#* !er$ed Ga har$on&ous s*s!e$ o) $u!ua# )rus!ra!&on1',6 @hen 0e))erson2 %a ( )ro$ Fran e !o %e !he )&rs! Se re!ar* o) S!a!e 9)ore&gn $&n&s!er:2 as(ed @ash&ng!on wh* !he on+en!&on had !hough! a Sena!e ne essar*2 !he Pres&den! &n !urn as(ed h&$ wh* he !&""ed h&s o))ee )ro$ h&s u" &n!o h&s sau er' GTo oo# &!'1 GE+en so we "our #eg&s#a!&on &n!o !he sena!or&a# sau er !o oo# &!'1 In "ra !& e !he Sena!e has oo#ed !he Pres&den!= s&n e e+er* "ro"osa# he wan!s !o ge! !hrough !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es has a#so !o "ass !he Sena!e' Two ha$%ers $a(e Pres&den!&a# usur"a!&on $ore !han !w& e as d&))& u#!' The Cons!&!u!&ona# on+en!&on e8"ress#* on)erred !he "ower !o de #are war on !he Congress2 and a#!hough !he e+o#u!&on o) war &n !he &ndus!r&a# age has $ade !h&s "ower &n reas&ng#* no$&na#2 !he "ower o) !he "urse2 %* wh& h Congress a#one an +o!e !he $one* !o "a* )or wars and ar$&es2 has $ean! !ha! !he Pres&den! has a#wa*s had !o !r* !o !a(e Congress &n!o "ar!nersh&" on )ore&gn and $&#&!ar* "o#& *2 or )a e a#a$&!ous onse;uen es' And no !rea!* an o$e &n!o e))e ! un!&# &! has %een ra!&)&ed %* !wo> !h&rds o) !he Sena!ors "resen!' Do$es!& #eg&s#a!&on &s "e u#&ar#* !he "ro+&n e o) CongressF and !he "ower o) Congress&ona# &n+es!&ga!&on and re+&ew $eans !ha! !he e8e u!&+e a#wa*s has !o %ear !he +&ews o) Ca"&!o# H&## &n $&nd' S&n e &! &s !hrough !he&r Re"resen!a!&+es and Sena!ors &n Congress asse$%#ed !ha! !he +&ews2 a$%&!&ons2 "reEud& es2 "ass&ons and &dea#s o) !he ord&nar* A$er& an "eo"#e $os! regu#ar#* $a(e !he$se#+es )e#! &n $o d e rn @ash&ng!on2 !h&s &s a## !o !he good2 as o!herw&se !he Pres&den! wou#d !end !o %e o+er> &$"ressed %* !he )a ! !ha! he was e#e !ed !o o))& e %* a #arge nu$%er o) h&s )e##ow> &!&Hens 9no! a#wa*s2 or e+en2 o) #a!e *ears2 o)!en2 a $aEor&!* o) !hose &!&Hens who a !ua##* +o!e2 and +er* se#do$ a $aEor&!* o) !hose &!&Hens w&!h !he r&gh! !o +o!e2 s&n e A$er& an +o!er !urnou! nowada*s &s #ow o$"ared w&!h !ha! &n o!her de$o ra &es:' The $os! &$"ress&+e and or&g&na# o) !he he (s and %a#an es &s !o %e )ound e#sewhere2 &n !he our!s2 &n !he &ns!&!u!&ona# do !r&ne (nown as GEud& &a# su"re$a *12 or2 &n o!her words2 !he $a8&$ !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on &s wha! !he Su"re$e Cour! sa*s &! &s' Th&s was so$e!h&ng en!&re#* new' Ye! !he #ega# !rad&!&on wh& h !he Cons!&!u!&on enshr&nes was !he $os! Eng#&sh !h&ng a%ou! !he who#e do u$en!F and &n!&$a!&ons o) Eud& &a# re+&ew 4 !ha! &s !o sa*2 o) !he ro#e o) !he our!s &n de &d&ng whe!her a g&+en #aw or a !&on &s #ega# or ons!&!u!&ona# 4 a%ounded &n !he ear#&er e&gh!een!h en!ur*F !he $os! )a$ous Eng#&sh ase %e&ng Ca$den1s )&nd&ng &n )a+our o) @&#(es &n !he genera# warran!s Eudge$en!2 and !he $os! )a$ous A$er& an ase2 "erha"s2 %e&ng Tho$as Hu! h&nson1s )&nd&ng &n !he o""os&!e sense &n !he $a!!er o) wr&!s o) ass&s!an e &n ,5.,' The Eng#&sh>s"ea(&ng wor#d &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* rang w&!h a""ea#s !o !he r&gh!s o) $en and Eng#&sh$en2 and !o !he Ang#o>Sa8on Cons!&!u!&onF who %u! Eudges #earned &n !he #aw ou#d dea# w&!h su h a""ea#s &n !he #as! resor!M The "re> e$&nen e o) s!a!u!e #aw2 !hough a !h&ng a o$"#&shed2 was no! *e! a !h&ng genera##* a (now#edgedF &ndeed2 !he h&e) e&gh!een!h> en!ur* #ega# $onu$en! &s B#a (s!one1s Co$$en!ar&es2 a "aneg*r& on !he o$$on #aw !ha! was &n!ense#* "o"u#ar &n A$er& aF and !he o$$on #aw &s essen!&a##* Eudge>de!er$&ned #aw' Th&s was !he %a (groundF %u! as usua# !he $e$%ers o) !he on+en!&on had $ore "ra !& a# on erns a! !he )ore)ron! o) !he&r $&nds' The* were an8&ous !o en!ren h !he Eud& &ar* &n !he "o#&!& a# "ro ess2 see&ng !he Eudges2 r&gh!#*2 as "&##ars o) !he se!!#ed order o) !h&ngsF %u! &n !he end au!&on2 o$$on sense and !he&r own d&sagree$en!s #ed !he$ !o a%andon !he &dea o) se!!&ng u" a Cons!&!u!&ona# Coun &# o) Re+&s&on2 &n wh& h !he Pres&den! and !he Su"re$e Cour! !oge!her wou#d ha+e "assed on !he ons!&!u!&ona#&!* o) !he #aws "ro"osed %* Congress' Indeed2 so au!&ous were !he* !ha! a#!hough !he* #ear#* unders!ood !he &dea o) Eud& &a# re+&ew2 !he* re)ra&ned )ro$ $en!&on&ng &! &n !he Cons!&!u!&onF &!s &ne+&!a%&#&!* and des&ra%&#&!* were )&rs! %rough! ou! %* Ha$&#!on &n The Federa#&s!' The u!$os! !he Found&ng Fa!hers d&d was !o de #are
9Ar!' BI2 se ' /: !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on and !rea!&es $ade under &!s au!hor&!* were G!he su"re$e #aw o) !he #and1' The w&se $&gh! we## &n)er !ha! a #aw $us! %e &n!er"re!ed %* Eudges2 !o %e e))e !ed2 and &$"osed %* !he&r de &s&onsF !he $a!!er re$a&ned !o %e s"e##ed ou!2 !he !heor* !o %e !es!ed' Th&s was )&rs! done !we#+e *ears a)!er !he Cons!&!u!&on a$e &n!o o"era!&on2 &n !he ase o) Mar%ur* +' Mad&son' One o) 0ohn Ada$s1s #as! a !&ons as Pres&den! was !o a""o&n! 0ohn Marsha## Ch&e) 0us!& e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!esF he a#so a""o&n!ed $e$%ers o) h&s "ar!* !o a doHen o!her Eudgesh&"s !ha! had Eus! %een rea!ed' The &n o$&ng Se re!ar* o) S!a!e2 none o!her !han 0a$es Mad&son2 )ound !hese #esser Eudges1 a""o&n!$en! warran!s wa&!&ng on h&s des(F he re)used !o de#&+er !he$ 9s&n e !he Eudges were a## h&s "o#&!& a# o""onen!s: and so !he Eudges ou#d no! !a(e u" !he&r a""o&n!$en!s' One o) !he$2 @&##&a$ Mar%ur*2 sued )or h&s Eo%F and !he ase e+en!ua##* a$e u" %e)ore !he Su"re$e Cour!' The Cour! )ound &n )a+our o) Mad&sonF and Ch&e) 0us!& e Marsha## wro!e !he o"&n&on e8"#a&n&ng wh*' The #aw under wh& h Mar%ur* sued2 he de #ared2 was un ons!&!u!&ona#' The "o#&!& s o) !he "ro%#e$ need no! on ern usF wha! re$a&ns &$"or!an! a%ou! Marsha##1s o"&n&on &n Mar%ur* +' Mad&son &s !ha! he !oo( !he o""or!un&!* o) #a*&ng down !he "r&n &"#es o) Eud& &a# re+&ew and Eud& &a# su"re$a *' I! &s e$"ha!& a##* !he "ro+&n e and du!* o) !he Eud& &a# de"ar!$en! !o sa* wha! !he #aw &s' Those who a""#* !he ru#e !o "ar!& u#ar ases $us! o) ne ess&!* e8"ound and &n!er"re! !ha! ru#e' I) !wo #aws on)#& ! w&!h ea h o!her2 !he our!s $us! de &de on !he o"era!&on o) ea h' So &) a #aw %e &n o""os&!&on !o !he ons!&!u!&onF &) %o!h !he #aw and !he ons!&!u!&on a""#* !o a "ar!& u#ar aseQ !he our! $us! de!er$&ne wh& h o) !hese on)#& !&ng ru#es go+erns !he ase' Th&s &s o) !he +er* essen e o) Eud& &a# du!*' He !hus $ade !he Su"re$e Cour! !he u$"&re o) !he Cons!&!u!&on' Pres&den! 0e))erson and Se re!ar* Mad&son2 who were ra!her $ore rad& a# &n ,7?, !han !he* had %een &n ,5752 grea!#* d&s#&(ed !h&s do !r&neF %u! !he* ou#d no! +er* we## )&gh! &!2 s&n e &! was e$%od&ed &n a de &s&on &n !he&r own )a+our' So !he Su"re$e Cour! go! awa* w&!h &!s #a&$2 a #a&$ !ha! was re&n)or ed %* !he #&ne o) )ur!her &$"or!an! de &s&ons !ha! Marsha## wro!e &n !he res! o) h&s #ong !enure o) !he Ch&e) 0us!& esh&" 9,7?,433:' The onse;uen es o) a## !h&s an hard#* %e o+ers!a!ed' Aga&n and aga&n !he Su"re$e Cour! has used &!s "ower !o hange !he ourse o) A$er& an h&s!or*' The resu#!s ha+e no! a#wa*s %een a e"!a%#e' For &ns!an e2 ne8! !o Mar%ur*2 !he $os! )a$ous Su"re$e Cour! de &s&on was !ha! &n !he ase o) Dred S o!! +' San)ord 9,7A5: when !he Eus!& es rash#* de #ared2 no! on#* !ha! !he s#a+e Dred S o!! had no! %een )reed %* %e&ng !a(en !hrough a )ree s!a!e2 %u! !ha! !he M&ssour& Co$"ro$&se o) ,7/? was un ons!&!u!&ona#',A Th&s enraged !he Nor!h2 and was one o) !he h&e) &n &den!s wh& h %rough! on !he C&+&# @ar' <a!er &n !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* !he Cour!2 %* &!s de &s&ons2 ha$"ered !he s!rugg#e o) #a%our aga&ns! a"&!a#2 #eg&!&$&Hed ra &a# segrega!&on and d&sa##owed a )edera# &n o$e !a8' I! $ade a u#! o) "ro"er!*2 and showed a "er+erse &ngenu&!* &n !w&s!&ng !he $ean&ng o) !he #aw !o he#" !he r& h' I! #earned !he error o) &!s wa*s dur&ng !he Pres&den * o) Fran(#&n Roose+e#!2 %u! dur&ng !he *ears &$$ed&a!e#* )o##ow&ng !he Se ond @or#d @ar &! d&sgra ed &!se#) aga&n %* &!s a ;u&es en e &n !he unEus!2 rue# and a%surd an!&> o$$un&s! w&! h>hun!' Howe+er2 under !he #eadersh&" o) Ear# @arren 9Ch&e) 0us!& e ,-A34 .-: &! re+ersed &!se#) and %e a$e !he $os! e))e !&+e o""onen! o) !he w&! h>hun!'
On !he who#e !he re ord s&n e ,7?, has %een enor$ous#* &$"ress&+e' GChe (s and %a#an es1 ha+e %een $a&n!a&ned and e8!ended' C*n& s ha+e a#wa*s %een )ound !o re$ar( !ha! G!he Su"re$e Cour! )o##ows !he e#e !&on re!urns1 9no! ne essar&#* a %ad !h&ng &n a de$o ra *: %u! !he* ha+e usua##* e8aggera!ed' The Su"re$e Cour!1s h&e) !as(2 "erha"s2 #&(e !ha! o) an* su h %od*2 has %een2 a !&ng as !he "#a e o) #as! resor!2 !o u"ho#d and #ar&)* !he #aw and $a&n!a&n !he h&gh s!andards o) !he #ega# "ro)ess&onF %u! &n &!s hero& "er&ods &! has a#so a !ed as !he h&e) guaran!ee !ha! !he &dea#s o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on shou#d ne+er %e a%andoned' Those &dea#s2 as George Mason !r&ed !o "o&n! ou! !o !he &$"a!&en! Fa!hers2 were no! o$"#e!e#* e8"ressed &n !he or&g&na# do u$en!' Howe+er2 !he an!&>Federa#&s!s2 as we ha+e seen2 $ade !he&r ase )or a B&## o) R&gh!sF and one was du#* added !o !he Cons!&!u!&on2 &n !he )or$ o) !en a$end$en!s2 dur&ng !he )&rs! *ears o) !he new go+ern$en!' The a$end$en!s #oo(ed a)!er !he r&gh!s and &n!eres!s o) !he &nd&+&dua#2 as !he ear#&er "ar!s o) !he Cons!&!u!&on "ro!e !ed !hose o) !he na!&ona# go+ern$en! and !he s!a!es' The &nd&+&dua# had no! %een who##* neg#e !ed &n !he or&g&na# Cons!&!u!&onF nor were !he r&gh!s o) !he s!a!es neg#e !ed &n !he a$end$en!s 9!he* were s!rong#* reasser!ed &n !he n&n!h and !en!h o) !he #&s!:F %u! on !he who#e !he e$"has&s )e## on su h !h&ngs as )reedo$ o) s"ee h2 )reedo$ o) worsh&"2 )reedo$ )ro$ rue# and unusua# "un&sh$en!2 )reedo$ )ro$ unreasona%#e sear hes and se&Hures2,. )reedo$ no! !o &n r&$&na!e onese#)' <&(e !he $a&n "ar! o) !he Cons!&!u!&on !hese ar!& #es e8"ressed a )unda$en!a# "ar! o) wha! !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&onar&es had )ough! )or' The* were no! on#* de$o ra!s2 &n !he sense !ha! !he* %e#&e+ed &n !he r&gh!s o) !he "eo"#e2 as o""osed !o (&ngs and no%#esF !he* were #&%era#s2 &n !he sense !ha! !he* %e#&e+ed &n !he &na#&ena%#e r&gh!s "ro #a&$ed &n !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e 4 and now !hese r&gh!s were s"e##ed ou!' The r&gh! o) re+o#u!&on was !a &!#* dro""ed= !he "ro ess o) Cons!&!u!&ona# a$end$en! was su""osed !o re$o+e !he need )or an* su h do !r&ne',5 No Pres&den! s&n e 0e))erson has %e#&e+ed !ha! a re+o#u!&on e+er* !wen!* *ears &s a good !h&ngF and &! &s no! #ear !ha! e+en 0e))erson was d&ssa!&s)&ed w&!h re+o#u!&on !hrough !he +o!&ng>%oo!h' The r&gh! !o &nd&+&dua# "ro"er!* was so &n!r&ns& a##* "ar! o) e&gh!een!h> en!ur* !hough! !ha! &! was no! $ade e8"#& &! &n !he Cons!&!u!&on2 or e+en &n !he B&## o) R&gh!sF %u! &! &s hard !o see how &! an %e $u h endangered wh&#e !he !en grea! a$end$en!s are en)or ed' For !he* are "red& a!ed on !he assu$"!&on !ha! !he "ursu&! o) ha""&ness &s e))e !&+e on#* &) !he &nd&+&dua# has !he $eans !o de)end h&s &n!eres!s !hrough !he "ress2 !he hur hes and !he our!s2 as we## as !hrough !he "o#&!& a# "ro essF and &! &s &$"oss&%#e !o see how2 &n a so &e!* so organ&Hed2 a &!&Hen an #ose !he r&gh! !o h&s e ono$& &nde"enden e 9!he "ower !o $a&n!a&n &! &s ano!her $a!!er: 4 wh& h &s wha! !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* rea##* unders!ood %* "ro"er!*' In shor!2 !he B&## o) R&gh!s "u!s a shar" #&$&! !o !he #eg&!&$a!e #a&$s on !he &!&Hen o) go+ern$en!2 $aEor&!*2 $&nor&!* and o##e !&+&!* o) an* sor!F g&+en !he &$$ense on)or$&s! "ressures !ha! ha+e )ro$ !&$e !o !&$e %u&#! u" &n A$er& a2 !h&s has %een Eus! as we##' True2 !he our!s ha+e no! a#wa*s &n!er"re!ed and en)or ed !he B&## o) R&gh!s as2 !oda*2 we $a* !h&n( !he* shou#d ha+e done 9a g#ar&ng ase was !he "erse u!&on o) 0a"anese>A$er& an &!&Hens dur&ng !he Se ond @or#d @ar:F %u! !here wou#d ha+e %een )ar )ewer +& !or&es )or !he ord&nar* $an or wo$an w&!hou! !he B&##F and2 a! #eas! s&n e ,-A32 &! has %een !he )ounda!&on )or $os! o) !he so#&d ad+an es !owards grea!er #&%er!* wh& h A$er& an so &e!* has $ade' G&+en !he gr&$ re ord o) so $an* o!her !wen!&e!h> en!ur* go+ern$en!s2 o) a wor#d &n wh& h2 )or e8a$"#e2 rue# "un&sh$en!s are so +er* usua#2 !h&s &s no s$a## "ra&se' The "r&n &"#e o) he (s and %a#an es !hus on!&nues !o )#owerF &! on!&nues !o g&+e us good reason !o honour !he $en o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&onF &n a wa*2 &! de)&nes wha! &s "o#&!& a##* %es! and $os! "ro$&s&ng &n !he Un&!ed S!a!esF wha! &! $eans !o %e A$er& an' The Cons!&!u!&on as &! e$erged %e!ween ,575 and ,5-, rowned !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on and "ro+&ded a sa)e o$"ass )or !he )u!ure' In !heor*2 &! se!!#ed a## !hose "ro%#e$s 4 whe!her o) !a8a!&onF o) )ore&gn re#a!&onsF o) o##e !&+e du!&es and &nd&+&dua# r&gh!sF o) "o#&!& a# and #ega#
organ&Ha!&on 4 wh& h had "ro+ed so &n!ra !a%#e !ha! !he* had %rough! a%ou! !he down)a## o) !he o#d Br&!&sh E$"&re' I! s!rong#* rese$%#ed !he o#d order !o wh& h A$er& ans2 as &nher&!ors o) Eng#&sh !rad&!&ons and se!!#ers &n a w&#derness2 were a us!o$edF %u! &! had e#&$&na!ed )ro$ !ha! order a## !hose )ea!ures wh& h see$ed o%so#e!e or unEus! &n !he New @or#d' The "o#&!& a# !hough! on wh& h &! was %ased was rea#&s!& 2 a e"!&ng !ha! $en were no! ange#s2 %u! !ha! !he&r as"&ra!&ons were $os!#* #eg&!&$a!e2 and &! was !he %us&ness o) !he "o#&!& a# )ra$ewor( !o g&+e !he$ s o"e' <&%er!* and #aw were &!s !wo &nes a"a%#e gu&d&ng #&gh!sF as unders!ood %* !he Found&ng Fa!hers !he* ha+e ser+ed A$er& a "re!!* we##' One !h&ng !he Cons!&!u!&on ou#d no! "ro+&de o) &!se#)= "er$anen e' The wor#d 4 no! Eus! A$er& a 4 was on !he %r&n( o) an age o) !u$u#!uous hangeF o) a e#era!ed e+o#u!&on' Mad&son was "ro"er#* on)&den! !ha! !he &ns!ru$en! wh& h he and h&s o##eagues had de+&sed ou#d r&de an* s!or$F %u! !he w&## !o wor( &! had !o %e !here2 and !he &n!e##&gen e !o su""#e$en! and a$end &! when ne essar*' Dur&ng !he ne8! e&gh!* *ears %o!h w&## and &n!e##&gen e were a! !&$es !o )a#!erF !he +esse# near#* )oundered' Su h &s !he "ro ess e8a$&ned &n !he ne8! %oo( o) !h&s h&s!or*' Ye! e+en w&!h !ha! !hough! &n $&nd &! see$s %es! !o end !h&s se !&on %* "o&n!&ng on e $ore !o !he as!on&sh&ng )a ! !ha! so w&se and e))e !&+e a se!!#e$en! e$erged )ro$ !h&r!* *ears o) re+o#u!&onF and !o !he e;ua# $ar+e# o) &!s ada"!a%&#&!*' The new order has no! gone !he wa* o) !he o#dF !he sun wh& h Fran(#&n ha&#ed has no! se!' No o!her re+o#u!&on2 wor!h* o) !he na$e2 has ended so ha""&#*'
BOOK T2REE The ,ge of E3.alit4

/ know of no country where the conditions for effecting great changes in the settled order of things, for the development of right ideas of li.erty and humanity, are more favoura.le than here in these ?nited States. Frederick $ouglass, 1EJF )he Planting of the 4est
5h don0t you remem.er sweet Betsy from Pike /ke, 4ho crossed the .ig mountains with her lover 4ith two yoke of cattle, a large yellow dog, A tall Shanghai rooster, and one spotted hog> Saying, good.ye, Pike "ounty, farewell for a while, 4e0ll come .ack again when we0ve panned out our pile. Folk song
B* !he Pea e o) Par&s &n ,573 !he Un&!ed S!a!es ga&ned a +as! do$a&n &n !he @es!2 wh& h &n !he ourse o) !he ne8! se+en!* *ears was !o %e e8!ended as a grea! e$"&re !o !he Pa &)& 2 d&s#odg&ng !he Fren h and S"an&sh )ro$ Nor!h A$er& a and )ores!a##&ng Br&!&sh des&gns on Oregon' The <and Ord&nan e and !he Nor!h>@es! Ord&nan e had g&+en &! )#e8&%#e and e))& &en! $a h&ner* )or go+ern&ng and de+e#o"&ng !h&s e$"&re2 and &n !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e and !he Un&!ed S!a!es Cons!&!u!&on &! had !wo e8 e##en! $anua#s )or go+ern&ng &!se#)' Un)or!una!e#*2 as e+er*%od* (nows2 !e hn& a# $anua#s w&## on#* !a(e *ou so )ar' The A$er& ans %e#&e+ed !ha! !he&r &deo#og* and !he&r &ns!&!u!&ons were %e!!er !han ade;ua!e )or an* "ro%#e$s !ha! $&gh! ar&se2 %u! e+en &) !he* were r&gh! !he* s!&## had !o #earn how !o a""#* !he$' In a sense2 !he res! o) !h&s h&s!or* shows !he$ #earn&ngF !h&s ha"!er and !he !wo wh& h &$$ed&a!e#* )o##ow &! des r&%e !he "ro ess &n &!s ear#&es! da*s2 when "erha"s &! was $os! &$"or!an!' The A$er& ans were an &$"er&a#2wes!er&ng "eo"#eF de$o ra!sF #&%era#s2 $an* o) who$ were s#a+e>ho#dersF a na!&on o) &$$&gran!sF "ar! o) a %urgeon&ng &ndus!r&a# &+&#&Ha!&on' An* one o) !hese !ra&!s wou#d ha+e e8"osed !he$ and !he&r %e#&e)s !o a se+ere !es!&ng' Toge!her2 !he* "rodu ed a )er$en! so re$ar(a%#e2 and so near#* ru&nous2 as !o $a(e !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* e+en $ore dra$a!& and re+o#u!&onar* !han !he e&gh!een!h' The s!or* &s %es! !o#d one !he$e a! a !&$e2 %eg&nn&ng w&!h !he ear#&es!2 !he $o+e$en! wes!F )or &n wa*s wh& h w&## %e shown &! #arge#* ond&!&oned e+er*!h&ng !ha! )o##owed' A grea! hange o+er!oo( !he A$er& ans &n !he *ears a)!er ,57-F a hange as "ro)ound &n &!s onse;uen es as !he Re+o#u!&on &!se#)' Pre+&ous#* !he&r so &e!* had #oo(ed seawards' E+er* se!!#e$en! &n !he New @or#d had de"ended )or su ess on )&nd&ng )un !&ons &n !he grea! A!#an!& e ono$* o) sea%orne !rade' Mar&!&$e #&n(s were !o re$a&n s!rong dur&ng !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 %u! !he&r on!ro##&ng &$"or!an e soon ended' Un!&# ,7,A !he #eaders o) !he re"u%#& were s!&## de)ens&+e#* "reo u"&ed w&!h Euro"eF %u! $ore and $ore !he&r )e##ow> &!&Hens #oo(ed wes!wards' The* )e#! !he "u## o) !he #and' O) ourse &! had a#wa*s %een !here2 !ha! +as!2 !e$"!&ng2 une8"#ored w&#dernessF %u! un!&# !he #a!e e&gh!een!h en!ur* !he ad+an e u"on &! had ne essar&#* %een s#ow' De$ogra"h*2 "o#&!& s2 d&"#o$a *2 e ono$& s2 !e hno#og* and !he Ind&ans had seen !o !ha!' B* !he se ond ;uar!er o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* !he %a#an e had !&""ed dra$a!& a##* !o !he o!her s&de2 and !he ra e )or !he Ro (&es and !he Pa &)& was )a&r#* %egun' @&!h &! a#so %egan !he grea! age o) !he @&#d @es!' Here a d&))& u#!* ar&ses' The #egend o) !he @es!2 !he Ma!!er o) A$er& a2 &s !ha! oun!r*1s grea!es! g&)! !o !he &$ag&na!&on o) !he wor#d2 and a h&s!or&an neg#e !s &$ag&na!&on on#* a! e8 ess&+e os!' So &! $us! %e a (now#edged !ha! so$ewhere &n e+er*one1s drea$s Su#(* Sa$ Sna(e2 !he )as!es! gun &n Ra!!#esna(e Coun!*2 wear&ng a %#a ( ha!2 &s hea!&ng a! "o(er &n !he Croo(ed Do##ar Sa#oon' D&a$ond <&# #oo(s o+er h&s shou#der' Meanwh&#e 0a$es S!ewar!2 &n a wh&!e ha!2 r&des &n!o !own2 a !&n s!ar !w&n(#&ng on h&s hes!' E#sewhere s$o(e r&ses o)) !he $esa= !he A"a he ha+e %ad hear!s2 and are "re"ar&ng !o a!!a ( For! <ara$&e2 res&den e o) a go#den>ha&red hero&ne &n a gre* "r&n! dress' A !h&n %#ue #&ne o) US a+a#r* r&des !o !he res ue' E#sewhere aga&n2 !he wagon !ra&n rosses !he D&+&de %* Sou!h Pass= #oo(&ng %a ( eas! *ou an Eus! see Na!!* Bu$""o d&sa""ear&ng &n!o !he )ores!' Cow%o*s2 !he grea! dr&+e o+er2 whoo" &! u"2 $ore !han read* )or <&# and !he Croo(ed Do##ar' So$eone2 so$ewhere2 &s "& (&ng ou! GI r&de an o#d "a&n!1 on a $ou!h>organ' Fran(&e and 0ohnn* are #o+ers' Ye! un he (ed #egend &s !he grea!es! ene$* o) h&s!or& a# !ru!h' The "re &ous &ns&gh!s &! on+e*s are a## !oo eas&#* #os! &n )an!as*2 &rre#e+an e and downr&gh! )a#s&)& a!&on' E"& !a(es s"a e !ha! ough! !o %e de+o!ed !o s!a!&s!& s' I!s g#a$our +er* )re;uen!#* o%s ures !he #ess show* %u!
e+en $ore $o+&ng re ord o) wha! rea##* ha""ened' A$er& an h&s!or&ans o) !he @es! ha+e "erha"s enEo*ed !he&r su%Ee ! !oo $u h' The* ha+e no! a#wa*s %een are)u# !o $a(e !he ne essar* d&s!&n !&on %e!ween !he @es! as a "o&n! o) !he o$"ass2 as a er!a&n reg&on o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 and !he $o+&ng @es! o) !he "as! 4 !he @es! o) e8"#ora!&on and se!!#e$en!2 !ha! %egan a! 0a$es!own and re"! a ross !he on!&nen! &n !he )o##ow&ng en!ur&es= !he so> a##ed )ron!&er' The&r wor(s ha+e %een r& h &n sugges!&ons and r& her s!&## &n &n)or$a!&onF %u! !he* ha+e no! a#wa*s a+o&ded !he !ra" o) &$"#*&ng !ha! !he )ron!&er was a#wa*s $u h !he sa$e2 )ro$ en!ur* !o en!ur*F or !he o""os&!e error2 !ha! &! was en!&re#* d&))eren! )ro$ genera!&on !o genera!&on2 reg&on !o reg&on' There was un&)or$&!*F !here was d&+ers&!*F on!&nu&!* and new de"ar!ures' Bo!h $us! %e %rough! ho$e !o !he unders!and&ng2 )or o!herw&se #egend "re+a&#s' The o$"#e8&!* o) !he rea# )ron!&er e8"er&en e an "erha"s %e $os! eas&#* on+e*ed !hrough s(e! hes o) !he !rue #&)e s!or&es o) ha#) a doHen #egendar* @es!ern #eaders' The&r %&ogra"h&es do no! %* an* $eans &n #ude a## as"e !s o) !he de+e#o"$en! o) !he A$er& an E$"&reF %u! &n #&$&!ed s"a e &! &s &$"oss&%#e !o dea# o$"#e!e#* w&!h so huge a !o"& ' @e $us! %e on!en! w&!h su h dra$a and su h !ru!hs as !hese #&+es an on+e*' <e! us %eg&n w&!h Dan&e# Boone2 !he <ong Hun!erF )or as he h&$se#) re$ar(ed2 G!he h&s!or* o) !he wes!ern oun!r* has %een $* h&s!or*1' He was %orn o) Jua(er "aren!s &n ,5362 and a#!hough2 on e he had rea hed $anhood2 he s!o""ed go&ng !o $ee!&ngs2 or &ndeed !o an* hur h2 !ha! "ar!& u#ar re#&g&ous %a (ground "erha"s &n "ar! e8"#a&ns !he no!a%#e "a!&en e and seren&!* o) h&s hara !er' More er!a&n#*2 h&s #&)e1s ourse was sha"ed %* a er!a&n res!#essness !ha! see$s !o ha+e %een na!&+e !o a## !he enor$ous !r&%e o) Boones2 and %* an u"%r&ng&ng on !he Penns*#+an&a )ron!&er' He #earned )ar$&ng as a %o*2 %u! h&s na!ura# &ns!ru$en! was !he A$er& an #ong r&)#e2 de+e#o"ed )or !he needs o) )ron!&ers$en %* Ger$an guns$&!hs &n sou!h> eas!ern Penns*#+an&a' Boone was )ro$ !he )&rs! a $ar+e##ous sho!' He was )as &na!ed %* !he #o a# Ind&ans 4 !he* were Shawnees2 a !r&%e he was !o s"end $an* *ears )&gh!&ng 4 and #earned h&s "heno$ena# wood ra)! )ro$ !he$F !he* a##ed h&$ @&de Mou!h' He %e a$e a hun!er' @hen he was &n h&s !eens h&s )a!her2 ha+&ng ;uarre##ed w&!h !he Jua(ers2 so#d h&s )ar$ and se! o)) down !he Grea! Ba##e* o) !he A""a#a h&ans2 a ourse !a(en %* !ens o) !housands &n !he $&d>e&gh!een!h en!ur*' The #and d& !a!ed wh& h wa* he shou#d go2 as &! had d& !a!ed !o !he %eas!s and !he Ind&ans %e)ore' The $oun!a&ns #&e on a s#an!&ng a8&s= !he Boones soon d&s o+ered !ha! !he eas&es! road and !he %es! #and #a* a#wa*s !o !he sou!hwes!' Presen!#* !he* rea hed !he Yad(&n r&+er &n Nor!h Caro#&na and se!!#ed' There2 a! !he age o) !wen!*>!wo2 Dan&e# $arr&ed' Bu! )&rs! he had an ad+en!ure' In ,5AA2 !he *ear %e)ore h&s wedd&ng2 he wen!2 as d&d !he *oung George @ash&ng!on2 w&!h Genera# Braddo (1s ar$* !o a!!a ( !he Fren h For! Du;uesne a! !he )or(s o) !he r&+er Oh&o' The e8"ed&!&on was a )r&gh!)u# )a&#ure= Braddo (2 &gnor&ng a## warn&ngs2 wa#(ed &n!o an a$%ush and2 w&!h $os! o) h&s $en2 was (&##ed' Boone2 ser+&ng as a waggoner 9G!ea$s!er12 &n A$er& an Eng#&sh: had a narrow es a"e' Bu! !he d&re !&on o) h&s #&)e was se!!#ed= he had gone &n!o !he oun!r* %e*ond !he $oun!a&ns )or !he )&rs! !&$e' In ,5A7 he wen! !here aga&n w&!h !he e8"ed&!&on !ha! a+enged Braddo ( and )ounded For! P&!! 9soon !o %e P&!!s%urgh: on !he s&!e o) Du;uesne' He d&d no! )orge!' He !r&ed hard !o se!!#e down as a )ar$er on !he Yad(&n' <&)e was an*!h&ng %u! du##' Ind&an ra&ds had !o %e )ough! o)) dur&ng !he Chero(ee @ar2 and a)!erwards he and h&s )e##ow> &!&Hens had a sore s!rugg#e !o res!ore order !o a oun!r*s&de s!&)) w&!h horse>!h&e+es and o!her ro%%ers2 o""ressed a#so %* orru"! go+ern$en! and roo(ed #aw*ers' Th&s was !he seed%ed o) !he Regu#a!or $o+e$en!2 %u! Boone %egan !o ho#d h&$se#) a#oo)' For h&$2 !he #ure o) !he dar( woods was "ara$oun!= he was )ore+er "row#&ng o)) a#ong !he !ra&#s a)!er %ear and %u (s(&n2 !o !he neg#e ! o) h&s )a$&#* and h&s %us&ness' S$a## de%!s a u$u#a!ed' He
&n+o#+ed h&$se#) w&!h an a$%&!&ous #and s"e u#a!or2 one R& hard Henderson2 who had drea$s o) )ound&ng a "ro"r&e!or&a# o#on* &n GTrans*#+an&a1 a ross !he A""a#a h&ans' He $ade an e8 urs&on down !o F#or&da2 new#* anne8ed !o !he Br&!&sh E$"&re2 %u! de &ded !ha! he "re)erred !he @es!' B* ,5.5 h&s res!#essness was !oo $u h )or h&$= he se! ou! !o ross !he $oun!a&ns &n!o !he #onged>)or Ken!u (*' The e56ansion !est!ar" He was un#u (* &n !he ourse he !oo(' The u"#ands o) eas!ern Ken!u (* and Tennessee are "oor )ar$&ng oun!r*= !he&r on#* wea#!h &s oa#2 wh& h Boone d&d no! (now a%ou! and ou#d no! ha+e used &) he had' He saw2 (&##ed and a!e h&s )&rs! %u))a#o 9!he #&+er2 raw2 and !he hu$"2 roas!ed2 were re (oned !o %e "ar!& u#ar de#& a &es on !he )ron!&er: %u! !he h&##s were o+ered w&!h a !ang#ed )ores! o) #aure#' In !he s"r&ng o) ,5.7 he ga+e u" !he s!rugg#e and wen! ho$e' In ,5.-2 w&!h Henderson1s )&nan &a# %a (&ng2 he !r&ed aga&n2 and !h&s !&$e2 gu&ded %* an o#d )ron!&er "ed#ar2 h&s "ar!* )ound !he Cu$%er#and Ga"2 !he a##> &$"or!an!2 re#a!&+e#* eas* rou!e !hrough !he #as! eas!ward %arr&er o) !he A""a#a h&ans' A %road sou!h>nor!h +a##e* 9Boone a""roa hed &! )ro$ wha! &s now Tennessee: s#o"&ng gen!#* u" and down2 !en $&#es #ong 9,2..A )ee! or so a%o+e sea>#e+e#:2 &! u! !hrough !he Cu$%er#and $oun!a&ns !o !he ross&ng o) !he Cu$%er#and r&+er' O!hers had seen &! %e)ore Boone 9!he Ind&ans a##ed &! Ouas&o!o: %u! none had $ade $u h use o) !he&r d&s o+er*' Now a$e !he "a!h)&nder= no! !he )&rs!2 %u! !he %es! e8"#orer' Boone2 !hough he d&d no! (now &!2 was "&oneer&ng a !ra&# 9no! )or !he #as! !&$e: a#ong wh& h2 e+en!ua##*2 enor$ous nu$%ers o) se!!#ers wou#d "our' The* wou#d a## &! Boone1s Tra e2 or !he @&#derness Road' For !wen!* *ears &! wou#d re$a&n !he sa$e %ogg*2 ro (*2 narrow2 !or!uous "a!h !ha! he ha (ed ou! o) !he )ores! &n ,55A= "assa%#e on#* %* "a (>horses and !ra+e##ers on )oo!' In ,5.-2 on e "as! !he Ga"2 Boone )o##owed an Ind&an !ra&# wh& h s(&r!ed !he #aure# Eung#e and #ed !o !he grea! Ken!u (* %o!!o$#ands o) wh& h he had heard' <*&ng on e&!her s&de o) !he r&+er Ken!u (*2 wh& h )#ows nor!h &n!o !he Oh&o2 !hese #ands had a#read* %een o#on&Hed %* ano!her arr&+a# )ro$ Euro"e 4 !he )a$ous %#uegrass2 "h#eu$ "ra!ense2 a na!&+e Br&!&sh "#an!' I) !he Narra!&+e o) Boone1s ad+en!ures &s !o %e !rus!ed 4 and !hough no! wr&!!en %* h&$2 as &! "re!ends2 &! &s %ased on &n)or$a!&on !ha! he su""#&ed 4 &! was !hen !ha! he )e## &n #o+e w&!h !he oun!r*' He "assed !hrough !he )ores! no!&ng on#* !he %eau!* o) &!s )ru&!s2 #ea+es and )#owers2 and !he a%undan e o) &!s ga$e2 es"e &a##* !he w&#d !ur(e*sF o$&ng !o !he %#uegrass2 he was a$aHed %* !he +as! dro+es o) %u))a#o )eed&ng &n !he $eadowsF h&s !ra&ned )ron!&ers$an1s e*e !o#d h&$ how good !he so&# was' He &gnored !he &nnu$era%#e %&!&ng &nse !s' He was &n!ense#* ha""*' He s"en! !he ne8! )ew *ears e8"#or&ng !he en!&re reg&on2 un!&# he (new &! &n!&$a!e#*' He had $an* es a"es and ad+en!ures2 o) wh& h !he %es! !o !e## &s "erha"s !ha! &n wh& h so$e Ind&ans s!a#( and !ra" h&$ on !he edge o) a h&gh #&))' He Eu$"s ou! o) !he&r #u! hes &n!o !he a&r2 #and&ng s&8!* )ee! #ower down &n !he !o"$os! %ran hes o) a $a"#e !ree' H&s (now#edge o) !he %a (> oun!r* %e a$e )a$ous2 and $an* se!!#ers were w&##&ng !o )o##ow h&$F %u! !he Ind&an $ena e was daun!&ng' In ,5532 when he !r&ed !o #ead a "ar!* &n!o Ken!u (*2 &! was a$%ushed2 h&s e#des! son 0a$es was rue##* (&##ed2 and !he "ar!* hurr&ed %a ( &n d&s$a* !o !he Yad(&n' On#* &n ,55A2 a)!er Henderson had %ough! o)) !he Chero(ees w&!h !rade goods and wh&s(*2 was !he wa* o"enF %u! h&e) O onos!o!a !oo( Boone %* !he hand and warned h&$= GBro!her2 we ha+e g&+en *ou a )&ne #and2 %u! I %e#&e+e *ou w&## ha+e $u h !rou%#e &n se!!#&ng &!'1 Boone sa&d #a!er !ha! !hese words o)!en a$e %a ( !o h&$ &n !he ne8! !wen!* *ears2 )or !he war )or !he on;ues! o) Ken!u (* and Oh&o was !he #onges! and %#ood&es! o) a## !he s!rugg#es %e!ween !he A$er& ans and !he Ind&ans' Bu! &n ,55A Boone2 h&s )a$&#* and o!her "&oneers "ressed u" !he @&#derness Road un!&# &n A"r&# !he* rea hed !he %an(s o) !he Ken!u (*2 where !he* )ounded !he )or! and
+&##age o) Boones%orough' E+en &n !h&s Boone was no! ;u&!e !he )&rs!= a #&!!#e "#a e a##ed Harrods!own 9!oda*2 Harrods%urg: had a#read* %een )ounded no! )ar awa* %* se!!#ers o$&ng down !he Oh&o' I! was &n !he *ears !o o$e !ha! he earned h&s un&;ue )a$e' The* were *ears o) %a!!#e2 when !he Shawnee Ind&ans )ough! !o re!a&n !he&r hun!&ng>grounds and go! "#en!&)u# ass&s!an e )ro$ !he Br&!&sh2 )&gh!&ng !o re!a&n !he&r E$"&re' A! !&$es !he "&!&)u# #&ne o) w&#derness se!!#e$en!s was a## !ha! s!ood %e!ween !he ene$* and !he )a! %a (> oun!r* o) B&rg&n&a and !he Caro#&nas2 and %u! )or Boone1s oo# ourage2 daun!#ess #eadersh&" and un$a! hed wood ra)! !he se!!#e$en!s wou#d ha+e %een w&"ed ou!' The* a$e near !o &! when Boone was a"!ured %* !he ShawneesF %u! &ns!ead o) (&##&ng h&$ !he o#d Shawnee h&e)2 B#a ( F&sh2 ado"!ed h&$2 under !he na$e o) B&g Tur!#e2 as h&s son' Boone had !o go na(ed 9sa+e )or a #o&n> #o!h:2 sha+e h&s head 9sa+e )or a s a#">#o (:2 "a&n! h&s )a e and wa&! )or $on!hsF %u! &n !he end he was a%#e !o es a"e )ro$ h&s a"!ors and arr* warn&ng !o Boones%orough !ha! an a!!a ( was &$$&nen!' He o$"e##ed !he de$ora#&Hed and d&sorgan&Hed se!!#ers !o "re"are !he&r de)en es2 so !ha! when !he s&ege a$e !he Ind&ans were )&na##* %ea!en %a (2 !hough &! was a #ose !h&ng' Then2 &n red&%#*2 Boone was our!>$ar!&a##ed on harges o) !rea her*' He was sa&d !o ha+e se re!#* a&ded !he Ind&ans2 and !o %e a Br&!&sh agen!' I! was !he )&rs! o) a #ong ser&es o) &nsu#!s !ha! he was !o re e&+e a! !he hands o) !he Ken!u (&ans who owed h&$ so $u h' He was a ;u&!!ed2 %u! !he &n &den! dra$a!&Hes !he )a ! !ha! Boone was a d&+&ded sou#2 #&(e so $an* o) !hose who )&rs! o"ened u" !he w&#derness' He wan!ed !o %e r& h &n #and2 h&e)#* )or h&s w&)e and h&#dren1s sa(eF he sough! ou! good a reage on !he )ron!&er as eager#* as an*one2 and (new !ha! &! ou#d on#* %e se ured )ro$ !he Ind&ans %* a $ass $o+e$en! o) "o"u#a!&onF so he #ed h&s oun!r*$en !hrough !he Cu$%er#and Ga"' Bu! a! !he sa$e !&$e he was &n #o+e w&!h !he un!ou hed w&#dF ha""&es! when2 #ad &n deers(&n sh&r! and $o as&ns2 he was s!a#(&ng deer2 %ear or %u))a#o2 h&s r&)#e read* !o h&s hand2 h&s senses a#er! )or an* s&gn o) Ind&an danger' He was2 %* &ns!&n !2 $ore !han ha#) an Ind&an h&$se#)= !he se!!#ers sensed !h&s and d&s#&(ed h&$ )or &!' The )&##&ng u" o) !he new oun!r*2 wh& h he d&d so $u h !o )ur!her 9no! #eas! %* (&##&ng o)) !he ga$e: was a#wa*s a sad "ro ess )or Boone2 and he ne+er $ade an* $one* %* &!2 %e&ng an e8!re$e#* "oor %us&ness$an' Ken!u (* a""o&n!ed h&$ a o#one# &n her $&#&!&a2 na$ed a oun!* a)!er h&$2 $ade h&$ a !err&!or&a# #eg&s#a!or2 gran!ed h&$ w&de #ands 4 and !hen s!r&""ed h&$ o) !he$' Ne&!her de en * nor gra!&!ude de!erred !he #and shar(s who "oured &n!o !he reg&on %e)ore and a)!er &! %e a$e a s!a!e o) !he Un&on &n ,5-/F %* s*s!e$a!& a##* e8"#o&!&ng !he&r &n)#uen e2 !he un er!a&n!&es o) #and> sur+e*&ng2 and !he &ne8a !&!ude o) #ega# re ords2 !he* were a%#e !o ro% Boone o) e+er* a re and !hen #a&$2 !ha! he was s!&## !he&r de%!or' B* ,5-- !he o#d hero had had enough= he #e)! Ken!u (* &n a dugou! anoe2 +ow&ng ne+er !o re!urn2 and se!!#ed a ross !he M&ss&ss&""& under S"an&sh suHera&n!*2 %r&ng&ng w&!h h&$ a #arge "ar!*2 wh& h ga&ned h&$ an award o) -2??? a res )ro$ !he S"an&sh go+ern$en!2 &n a )or$ o) head>r&gh!' He was !hus one o) !he )ounders o) M&ssour&2 as )or$er#* o) Ken!u (*F and as &n Ken!u (* he soon #os! e+er*!h&ng a)!er !he area %e a$e "ar! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es &n ,7?6' Bu! he "ro+ed a$aH&ng#* res&#&en!' H&s h&#dren were a%#e !o su""or! h&$2 and o#d !hough he was2 he ou#d s!&##2 )or so$e *ears2 e8"#ore' He !ra+e##ed and !ra""ed )ar u" !he r&+er M&ssour&2 and d&ed ha""*2 a! !he age o) e&gh!*>)&+e2 &n ,7/?' Boone had #ong s&n e %e o$e a #egend2 one wh& h rea hed Euro"e2 where B*ron "u! h&$ &n!o so$e s!&rr&ng s!anHas o) Don 0uan' Fen&$ore Coo"er2 !he )&rs! grea! A$er& an no+e#&s!2 ass&$&#a!ed h&s )& !&ona# hero2 Na!!* Bu$""o2 !o wha! he (new o) Boone' As se#)> su))& &en! $as!er o) !he )ores! !ra&#s2 he s!&## haun!s !he A$er& an &$ag&na!&on2 and h&s "&!h* sa*&ngs s!&## ha+e "ower= GI wou#dn1! g&+e a hoo! &n he## )or a $an who &sn1! so$e!&$es a)ra&d' Fear1s
!he s"& e !ha! $a(es &! &n!eres!&ng !o go ahead'1 And2 when !ea h&ng h&s son deer>s!a#(&ng= G@&sdo$ o$es %* )a &ng !he w&nd' Foo#s #e! &! arr* !he$'1 Andrew 0a (son d&))ered )ro$ Boone &n e+er*!h&ng sa+e ourage' A)!er a w&#d *ear or !wo &n Nor!h and Sou!h Caro#&na2 "assed &n s ra"&ng a #ega# edu a!&on and #os&ng h&s s$a## %u! use)u# &nher&!an e a! !he ra e>!ra (2 he go! h&$se#) a""o&n!ed2 &n ,5772 a! !he age o) !wen!*>one2 "u%#& "rose u!or &n !he !rans>A""a#a h&an "ro+&n e o) Nor!h Caro#&na' Th&s was an &$$ense#* s&gn&)& an! s!e"' I! &##us!ra!es !he ra"&d e$ergen e o) a new ru#&ng grou" &n !he @es!' 0a (son was !he son o) one o) !he $an* U#s!er$en who2 dr&+en ou! o) Ire#and %* o""ress&+e Eng#&sh "o#& &es2 #anded a! Ph&#ade#"h&a and )ound !he&r wa* down !he Grea! Ba##e* o) !he A""a#a h&ans as !he Boones had done' Bu! !he Ir&sh had none o) !he ra+&ng )or !he woods !ha! $ar(ed Dan&e# Boone 9Andrew 0a (son1s on#* re orded aes!he!& e$o!&on was h&s ad$&ra!&on o) Br&!&sh ar$* dr&## as d&s"#a*ed %e)ore !he Ba!!#e o) New Or#eans:= !he* se!!#ed !oge!her &n !he %a (> oun!r*2 and as one rose !o )a$e and )or!une he "u##ed u" a## h&s ous&ns w&!h h&$' Tha! was how 0a (son go! h&s Eo%= !han(s !o h&s $ore "ros"erous re#a!&ons he $o+ed &n &n)#uen!&a# &r #es2 where he $ade a )r&end o) !he Eudge who was !o %e h&s su"er&or o))& er &n !he @es!2 a *oung )e##ow no! $u h o#der !han h&$se#)' Toge!her !he* rode !hrough !he Cu$%er#and Ga"' A#read* Ken!u (*2 !o !he nor!h2 was !oo )u## and o$"e!&!&+e a "#a e )or a %eg&nnerF %es&des2 &! %e#onged !o B&rg&n&a= Caro#&na onne !&ons wou#d ha+e %een no good !here' So 0a (son was ha""* !o head wes! a#ong !he new#* o"ened Cu$%er#and Road !o Nash+&##e2 Tennessee' A"ar! )ro$ a ho! !e$"er2 a s!ee#* w&## and a sor! o) shrewdness !ha! was ha#) &n!u&!&on2 ha#) o$$on sense2 h&s on#* asse!s were a g&r# s#a+e he had %ough! )or Y/??2 a sadd#e>%ag )u## o) e#e$en!ar* #aw %oo(s2 and h&s )r&ends' The o$%&na!&on d&d no! )a&# h&$2 !he #ess so as he "ro$"!#* $arr&ed &n!o !he do$&nan! #an a! Nash+&##e' I! was a $arr&age o) #o+e2 no! un o$"#& a!ed %* dra$a2 )or 0a (son1s Ra he# had !o %e res ued %* d&+or e )ro$ an unha""* $arr&age %e)ore she ou#d %e o$e Mrs 0a (son2 and &n !he "ro ess she un&n!en!&ona##* o$$&!!ed %&ga$*2 a $&s)or!une !ha! was !o %e !he ause o) $u h su))er&ng !o %o!h $an and w&)e &n !he *ears !o o$e' The )a ! re$a&ns !ha! %* h&s $arr&age 0a (son "a&n#ess#* $ade !he !rans&!&on )ro$ one %urgeon&ng ar&s!o ra * !o ano!her' He #&+ed hard )or $os! o) h&s #&)e2 %u! he ne+er #&+ed s$a##' He was a se ond>wa+e )ron!&ers$an' He go! h&s s!ar! &n !he @es! %* e8"#o&!&ng h&s onne !&ons' He was "a&d )or h&s #a%ours as "u%#& "rose u!or w&!h deeds !o "u%#& #ands 4 &n e))e !2 &n "a"er $one*2 )or he ou#d no! "oss&%#* de+e#o" a## !he !housands o) a res &n+o#+ed %* h&$se#)F he wou#d ha+e !o se## $os! o) h&s ho#d&ngs and #&+e o)) !he "ro eeds' He "ro+ed an adro&! %us&ness$an )or so$e *ears2 %u*&ng and se##&ng #and and s#a+esF !hen he de &ded !o se! u" as a $er han!' Tha! was a "o!en!&a##* #u ra!&+e #&ne' Manu)a !ured goods a$e wes! o+er !he $oun!a&ns )ro$ New Yor(2 Ph&#ade#"h&a2 Ba#!&$ore or Char#es!on !o !he Oh&o and Tennessee +a##e*sF !here !he* were e8 hanged )or @es!ern )ar$ "rodu e 9)#our2 wh&s(*2 !o%a o: wh& h &n !urn was !rans$&!!ed2 &n )#a!%oa!s or (ee#%oa!s2 down !he M&ss&ss&""& !o New Or#eans2 !o Eo&n <ou&s&ana sugar &n sh&"$en!s )ro$ !ha! r&s&ng "or!' The )&na# s!re! h o) !h&s C&r u#ar Trade !oo( @es!ern "rodu e !o !he Eas! Coas! &!&es' Un#u (&#* )or 0a (son he e8 hanged h&s !&!#e deeds no! )or ash %u! )or !he no!es o) a Ph&#ade#"h&a $er han! who )a&#ed2 #ea+&ng 0a (son w&!h hea+* de%!s wh& h he ou#d "a* on#* %* sa r&)& &ng h&s s!ore' A)!er !ha!2 )or $an* *ears2 he on!r&+ed !o (ee" a)#oa! )&nan &a##* on#* %* %reed&ng ra ehorses' In o!her res"e !s he was )or!una!e' @hen !he Cu$%er#and reg&on was ad$&!!ed !o !he Un&on &n ,5-. as !he s!a!e o) Tennessee2 0a (son ser+ed as &!s )&rs! Re"resen!a!&+e &n Congress and !hen as a Sena!or' Young2 we## onne !ed and Eus!#* res"e !ed )or h&s energ* and a%&#&!*2 h&s on#* wea(ness see$ed !o %e a "ro"ens&!* )or )&gh!&ng due#s &n de)en e o) h&s w&)e1s honour 9GGrea! GodT Do *ou $en!&on her sa red na$eM1: wh& h Ra he# wou#d $u h ra!her he had a+o&ded' He ser+ed as a
Eudge )or so$e *ears2 w&!h grea! su ess 9GDo wha! &s r&gh! %e!ween !hese "ar!&es21 he used !o !e## Eur&es2 &dea#&s!& a##*2 G!ha! &s wha! !he #aw a#wa*s $eans1:F on h&s Nash+&##e "#an!a!&on2 !he Her$&!age2 he grew o!!on2 as e+er*one was %eg&nn&ng !o doF a%o+e a##2 he !urned h&$se#) &n!o a so#d&er %* *ears o) ser+& e as a $&#&!&a genera#' The $&#&!&a was a good rou!e !o &n)#uen e and "o"u#ar&!*= &!s $us!ers "ro+&ded $u h>needed so &a# en!er!a&n$en!2 and !here were "er"e!ua# s u))#es w&!h !he Ind&ans !hroughou! !h&s "er&od &n Tennessee2 &n wh& h $an* %o#d $en earned re"u!a!&ons )or ourage' @ha! &s s!r&(&ng a%ou! 0a (son &s !ha! he was no! on!en! w&!h !hese eas* !r&u$"hs or w&!h !he e#e$en!ar* (now#edge o) $&#&!ar* s &en e and d&s &"#&ne !ha! was a## $os! $&#&!&a$en %o!hered !o a ;u&re' He s!ud&ed %oo(s on !he ar! o) war $ore are)u##* !han2 &n h&s *ou!h2 he had s!ud&ed h&s #aw %oo(s' He a$e o) !he sa$e s!o ( as !he Du(e o) @e##&ng!on2 and h&s %#ood was %eg&nn&ng !o ha+e &!s wa* w&!h h&$' H&s han e arr&+ed &n ,7,/2 when !he Cree( Ind&ans2 under !he "rodd&ng o) Te u$seh2 wen! !o war2 Eus! as war aga&n %ro(e ou! %e!ween !he Un&!ed S!a!es and Grea! Br&!a&n' 0a (son ;u& (#* "ro+ed h&$se#) !o %e !he a%#es! o) !he A$er& an genera#s2 and !he $os! su ess)u#' He $ar hed aga&ns! !he Cree(s' An a!!a ( o) agon&H&ng d*sen!er* was no! a##owed !o s!o" h&$2 and he e8a !ed s&$&#ar reso#u!&on )ro$ h&s so#d&ers2 who onse;uen!#* n& (na$ed h&$ a)!er !he !oughes! wood !he* (new 4 GO#d H& (or*1 4 wh& h s!u ( !o h&$ )or !he res! o) h&s #&)e' He rushed !he Ind&ans &n %a!!#e2 des"&!e !he %es! e))or!s o) s#o!h)u#2 &n o$"e!en! "o#&!& &ans and su""#&ers !o "re+en! h&$F and &n !he su%se;uen! "ea e !rea!*2 !he harshes! e+er $ade w&!h !he Ind&ans2 he no! on#* s!r&""ed !he Cree(s o) ha#) !he&r #ands2 %u! wren hed grea! !ra !s awa* )ro$ !r&%es who had a !ua##* )ough! on h&s s&de' The Ind&ans a##ed h&$ Shar" Kn&)e a)!er !ha!2 %u! !he @es!ern se!!#ers2 !o who$ he had o"ened ha#) A#a%a$a and #arge s!re! hes o) M&ss&ss&""& and Georg&a2 a""#auded h&$' @hen #a!er he %&d a! "u%#& au !&on )or so$e o) !he #ands &n !he area no one wou#d %&d aga&ns! h&$2 and he go! !he$ a! !he #owes! "oss&%#e ra!e 9!he on!ras! w&!h Dan&e# Boone1s )a!e &s rue#:' Ne8!2 Pres&den! 0a$es Mad&son $ade h&$ a $aEor>genera# &n !he regu#ar ar$*F as su h &! )e## !o h&$ !o de)end !he Sou!h>@es! aga&ns! Br&!&sh a!!a (' Aga&n he "er)or$ed %r&##&an!#*' The Br&!&sh were "re"ar&ng !o a"!ure New Or#eans' 0a (son $oun!ed an e))e !&+e de)en eF he was grea!#* he#"ed %* !he Br&!&sh o$$ander2 one Pa(enha$2 !he Du(e o) @e##&ng!on1s %ro!her>&n>#aw2 who wou#d ha+e %een "er)e !#* a! ho$e &n F#anders dur&ng !he F&rs! @or#d @ar' He de+&sed a $agn&)& en! "#an o) a!!a ( !ha! had !he s&ng#e d&sad+an!age o) %e&ng unwor(a%#eF !hen he hur#ed h&s de+o!ed !roo"s aga&ns! 0a (son1s we##>"re"ared !ren hes' A## !he A$er& ans had !o do was !o shoo! down !he assa&#an!s as !he* a$e' The !wo ar$&es were rough#* e;ua# &n s&He 9ea h had a""ro8&$a!e#* A2??? $en:' To!a# asua#!&es were #ess s*$$e!r& a##* "ro"or!&oned' Pa(enha$ 9who was h&$se#) (&##ed: #os! /-, (&##ed2 ,2/./ wounded and 676 $&ss&ng' 0a (son #os! !h&r!een (&##ed2 !h&r!*> n&ne wounded and n&ne!een $&ss&ng' The Br&!&sh raw#ed o)) !o !he sa)e!* o) !he&r sh&"s2 and A$er& a reEo& ed' @ha! d&d &! $a!!er !ha! !he Ba!!#e o) New Or#eans 9- 0anuar* ,7,A: was )ough! a)!er !he s&gn&ng o) !he Pea e o) Ghen!2 wh& h ended !he war on /6 De e$%er ,7,6M The #a!es! Br&!&sh assau#! on !he &n!egr&!* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es had ended as #ud& rous#* as !he ear#&er ones= O#d H& (or* had g&+en @e##&ng!on1s +e!erans %#ood* noses' Fro$ now on 0a (son ou#d do no wrong &n !he e*es o) $os! o) h&s oun!r*$en' The $*!h !ha! grew u" round h&$ was a $os! re+ea#&ng d&s!or!&on o) !he rea#&!*' He was seen as a h&#d o) na!ure2 a w&#d $an o) !he woods2 a s"on!aneous un!u!ored A$er& an de$o ra!2 s"#end&d#* +& !or&ous o+er an e))e!e Euro"ean ar&s!o ra!' <a!er on2 when "o"u#ar en!hus&as$ and unn&ng organ&Ha!&on swe"! h&$ &n!o !he @h&!e House2 he was seen as !he #eader o) a grea! de$o ra!& u"r&s&ng aga&ns! !he o#&gar hs o) !he Eas!' In )a ! 0a (son was an o#&gar h h&$se#)F he was %* !e$"era$en! an au!o ra!F and as I ha+e sa&d2 had $ade a ser&ous s!ud* o) !he "ro)ess&on o) ar$s' H&s res!#ess a$%&!&on )or )a$e and )or!une were oun!er%a#an ed %* a (&nd hear! and a er!a&n s&$"#& &!* o) hara !er where wo$en were
on erned= he had a Ju&8o!& %e#&e) &n !he&r has!e "er)e !&ons' Bu! none o) !h&s Eus!&)&es h&s #egend' True2 he had an Ir&sh on!e$"! )or orre ! s"e##&ng2 %u! &! &s a%surd !o des r&%e !h&s #aw*er2 %us&ness$an2 "o#&!& &an2 $&#&!ar* ad$&n&s!ra!or and "#an!er as &##&!era!e 9&! &s s!&## so$e!&$es done:= he "ro%a%#* s"en! $ore !&$e a! h&s des( !han on horse%a (' H&s "o#&!& a# +&ews were )ar !oo &n ons&s!en! !o $a(e h&$ a on+&n &ng &deo#og& a# #eader as 0e))erson and Ha$&#!on had %een2 and as <&n o#n was !o %e' He was a s!ou! na!&ona#&s! %e ause he had )ough! !he Br&!&sh and !he Ind&ans' He a""ro+ed o) !he #oose "o#&!& a# s!ru !ure o) !he @es! %e ause &! su&!ed h&$= &! had eased h&s r&se !o a))#uen e and "ower2 and he ho"ed &! wou#d do !he sa$e )or o!her "oor $en &n !he&r !urn' He d&s!rus!ed Eas!ern $er han!s and "o#&!& &ans %e ause he sus"e !ed 9w&!h so$e reason: !ha! !he* were unw&##&ng !o share !he&r wea#!h and au!hor&!* w&!h new $en )ro$ !he )ron!&er' H&s e8"er&en e as a !rader had #e)! h&$ w&!h a dee" sus"& &on o) "a"er $one* and !he %an(s wh& h "r&n!ed &!= a "reEud& e !ha! was ne&!her un&+ersa# nor un o$$on on !he )ron!&er2 and one wh& h wou#d e+en!ua##* hange !he e ono$& h&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' He had no o%Ee !&on !o ro%%&ng red $en o) !he&r #ands or %#a ( $en o) !he&r #&%er!*2 %u! regarded h&$se#) as a )r&end o) %o!h ra es' In s"&!e o) h&s %eg&nn&ngs2 he was no %a (woods$an' Ra!her2 he was one o) !he #and s"e u#a!ors who d&s#odged !he %a (woods$en and !r&ed !o re"rodu e !he "o#&!& a# and so &a# s!ru !ure o) o#d B&rg&n&a &n !he new oun!r*' Fa!a##*2 he was a #arge s#a+e>ho#der' I! was $en #&(e h&$2 do$&na!&ng )ron!&er "o#&!& s2 e8"#o&!&ng !he&r "u%#& "os&!&on !o se&He !he %es! #ands )or u#!&+a!&on %* s#a+e #a%our2 who d&s#odged !housands o) s$a## wh&!e )ar$ers and sen! !he$ dr&)!&ng o)) nor!h and nor!h>wes! &n sear h o) a %e!!er )ron!&er' I! see$ed !ha! )#ush !&$es had o$e )or good !o !he Sou!h>@es!' As an &nsa!&a%#e de$and )or o!!on $ade &!se#) )e#! &n !he wor#d $ar(e! 9<an ash&re was #aun h&ng !he Indus!r&a# Re+o#u!&on %* $a(&ng o!!on goods %* s!ea$2 &n )a !or&es: !he C&r u#ar Trade was $&gh!&#* s!&$u#a!ed' The #ong>)&%re o!!on o) !he Caro#&na Sea Is#ands was &n grea! de$andF and &n ,5-3 E#& @h&!ne*2 a New Eng#ander +&s&!&ng Georg&a2 &n+en!ed an &$"ro+ed o!!on g&n wh& h $ade &! $u h eas&er !o se"ara!e !he seed )ro$ !he )#u)) o) !he shor!>)&%re o!!on wh& h was a## !ha! ou#d %e grown &n !he +as! Sou!hern &n!er&or' For grea! "#an!ers #&(e 0a (son a go#den age was a! hand' @ha! d&d &! $a!!er &) s$a## $en )ound &! d&))& u#! !o s!a* a)#oa!M In ,7,6 o!!on so#d a! ,A en!s a "ound2 and on#* ,6.2??? %a#es were "rodu ed 9a %a#e we&ghed A?? #%':' Two *ears #a!er o!!on so#d a! Eus! under 3? en!s a "ound2 and /A-2??? %a#es were "rodu ed= !ha! *ear2 !he ro" was wor!h Y37 $&##&on2 or near#* )our !&$es wha! &! had %een &n ,7,6' Ne+er aga&n un!&# !he C&+&# @ar was !he "r& e o) raw o!!on !o %e so h&gh2 and &n one a!as!ro"h& *ear2 ,76A2 &! was !o go as #ow as A ,]/ en!sF %u! !hough su h )#u !ua!&ons ou#d %e e8 ess&+e#* "a&n)u#2 !he* s ar e#* $a!!ered2 &n !he no! +er* #ong run2 o$"ared !o !he &$$ense &n rease &n !he o!!on har+es! and !he ease w&!h wh& h &! was $ar(e!ed' In ,7/?2 33A2??? %a#es were "rodu ed2 wor!h Y/7 $&##&onF &n ,73?253/2??? %a#es2 wor!h 73. $&##&onF &n ,76?2,23672??? %a#es2 wor!h S.? $&##&onF &n ,7A?2 /2,3.2??? %a#es2 wor!h S,3, $&##&on' Su h a r&s&ng ur+e o) &n o$e and "rodu !&on see$ed )u##* !o Eus!&)* !he Sou!h1s se#)> on)&den e2 and &! $&gh!&#* s!&$u#a!ed !he !rans)or$a!&on o) !he w&#derness' In ,7,,2 )or &ns!an e2 !he )&rs! s!ea$%oa! on @es!ern wa!ers was #aun hedF and soon $*r&ads o) !he$ hurr&ed u" and down !he M&ss&ss&""& as %es! !he* ou#d 9!he&r ourse o)!en %e&ng &$"eded %* sand%an(s2 )#oa!&ng !&$%er2 and e8"#od&ng %o&#ers:2 arr*&ng o!!on and !he &$"or!s !ha! &! earned' No wonder !ha! !he o!!on #ords were on)&den! 9!hough %e)ore !he end o) h&s #&)e 0a (son %egan !o wonder &) de"enden e on one ro" $ade an* %e!!er sense &n Tennessee !han &! had &n B&rg&n&a:' Ye! !he Sou!h>@es! e+en!ua##* #os! $ore !han &! ou#d "oss&%#* ga&n %* !he wes!ward $o+e$en! o) !he "#an!a!&on s*s!e$' I! was no! on#* !ha! !he "#an!ers s!a(ed !he )u!ure on a s&ng#e ard' I! was no! on#* !ha! !he* s;ueeHed so $an* ord&nar* "eo"#e ou! o) !he&r na!&+e se !&on . and &n!o an!&>s#a+er*2 !hough !ha! was !o "ro+e %ad enough2 )ro$ !he&r "o&n! o) +&ew2 )or one o) !he&r +& !&$s was Tho$as <&n o#n o) Ken!u (*2 who $&gra!ed )&rs! !o Ind&ana
and !hen !o I##&no&s' H&s )a!her2 A%raha$2 had %een a )r&end o) Dan&e# Boone' H&s son2 a#so A%raha$ 9,7?-4.A:2 was !o %e !he ne$es&s o) a#$os! e+er*!h&ng !ha! 0a (son s!ood )or2 e8 e"! h&s na!&ona#&s$2 !hus a+eng&ng !he <ong Hun!er' The hear! o) !he !raged* was !ha! !he o!!on "#an!a!&on !&ed !he Sou!h>@es! !o !he Sou!h>Eas!2 so !ha! !he "o&son o) ra e>ha!red and #ass e8"#o&!a!&on2 w&!h !he&r )a!a# !ra&n o) +&o#en e2 %a (wardness and orru"!&on2 s"read wes!ward and onde$ned an o!herw&se %uo*an! and "ro$&s&ng reg&on !o "ro#onged de)ea!' Those sou!hern *eo$en who were no! on!en! !o %e shou#dered on!o !he "oores! #ands o) Trans> A""a#a h&a e&!her rossed !he M&ss&ss&""&2 as Boone had done2 or headed )or !he O#d Nor!h>@es!2 as &! a$e !o %e a##ed= Oh&o2 Ind&ana2 I##&no&s2 M& h&gan2 @&s ons&n 4 !he area o+ered %* !he Nor!h>@es! Ord&nan e o) ,575' There !he* $e! ano!her s!rea$ o) !he d&s"#a ed2 o$&ng wes! )ro$ New Eng#and' T&$es were hard &n !ha! "ro+&n e !hroughou! !he *ears o) !he Fren h wars2 and a)!erwards' The !owns on !he sea%oard d&d we## enoughF &ndeed2 &n !he ear#* *ears o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 e+en %e)ore !he Pea e o) Ghen! and a## !he $ore a)!er &!2 A$er& an sh&""&ng ra"&d#* o+er!oo( Euro"ean and Br&!&sh2 %e o$&ng !he do$&nan! $er an!&#e )#ee! on !he A!#an!& un!&# !he C&+&# @ar and !he r&se o) s!ea$ and &ron' E+en &n !he !owns2 !he a## o) !he )ron!&er $&gh! sudden#* %e heard' GOne wou#d !h&n( !ha! Paw!u (e! o))ered as s!rong &ndu e$en!s2 and as grea! )a &#&!&es )or &ndus!r* as an* "#a e on !he on!&nen!21 sa&d !he Fa## R&+er Mon&!or &n ,73?2 sha(&ng &!s head &n wonder o+er !he de &s&on o) so$e o) !he !ownsh&"1s &!&Hens !o $o+e !o I##&no&s' N&ne!een *ears #a!er !he #ure o) !he go#d>)&e#ds arr&ed $an* Yan(ees !o Ca#&)orn&a' As !he en!ur* wore on2 $an* o) !he &$$&gran!s who #anded a! Bos!on or New Yor( wen! s!ra&gh! on !o !he new oun!r*' Bu! !h&s dra&nage d&d no! ha$"er ur%an grow!h' In Rhode Is#and2 )or &ns!an e2 !he ur%an "o"u#a!&on ;uadru"#ed %e!ween ,5-? and ,76?F &n Massa huse!!s &! $ore !han ;u&n!u"#ed &n !he sa$e "er&od' In %o!h s!a!es !he grow!h o) rura# "o"u#a!&on #agged= &n Rhode Is#and &! wen! u" %* on#* ,, "er en!' <&)e )or !he )ar$ers o) !he %a (woods &n New Eng#and2 "ar!& u#ar#* &n wes!ern Massa huse!!s2 u"s!a!e Conne !& u! and Ber$on!2 was now %e o$&ng a des"era!e s!rugg#e !o "& ( s!ones o)) !he h&##s&des &n an a!!e$"! !o grow )oods!u))s a! "r& es wh& h ou#d o$"e!e w&!h !he "rodu e o) !he #ands o$&ng &n!o use &n !he @es!' Ine+&!a%#* !he a!!e$"! )a&#ed' Soon !he )ores!s and !he deer were w&nn&ng %a ( !he ho$es!eads wh& h had %een wres!ed )ro$ !he w&#derness w&!h su h "a&ns2 wh&#e !he New Eng#anders2 w&!h !ha! ho"e)u#ness wh& h hara !er&Hed !he A$er& an )ar$er un!&# #a!e &n !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 sough! %e!!er #ands and #&)e e#sewhere' GOur New Eng#and "ros"er&!* and &$"or!an e are d*&ng awa*21 s&ghed Dan&e# @e%s!er o) Massa huse!!s 9,57/4,7A/:2 !he se !&on1s r&s&ng s!a!es$an2 &n ,7/?' Bu! he was wrong !o #a$en!2 a#!hough shee" runs were re"#a &ng "#oughed )&e#ds' The r&se o) !he woo##en &ndus!r* $ean! !ha! de)ea!ed Yan(ee )ar$ers ou#d se## !he&r #ands )or a good "r& e2 and w&!h !he $one* %u&#d a Grea!er New Eng#and on !he sou!h shores o) !he Grea! <a(es' Th&s had enor$ous onse;uen es' No #onger %o!!#ed u" %e!ween !he sea and !he h&##s2 !he New Eng#and ons &en e2 !he New Eng#and wa* 4 Pur&!an re#&g&on and Yan(ee &ngenu&!* 4 ou#d now sha"e !he who#e )u!ure o) A$er& a %* !he&r &$"#a a%&#&!*2 ass&du&!* and &n!e##&gen e' New Eng#and hur hes2 wh&!e "a&n!2 wooden s!ee"#es and a##F red>"a&n!ed New Eng#and s hoo#housesF se$&nar&es and o##eges on !he New Eng#and $ode#F )a$&#* )ar$s and %us&nesses run on New Eng#and &deas o) !hr&)! 4 !hese 9re&n)or ed %* s&$&#ar !rad&!&ons e$ana!&ng )ro$ !he Jua(er s!a!e o) Penns*#+an&a: soon $ar(ed !he Nor!h>@es! e+en $ore dee"#* !han !he s#a+e "#an!a!&on was $ar(&ng !he Sou!h>@es!' The se#)> on)&den e o) !he se !&on $a! hed !ha! o) !he grea! "#an!ers' These )ree )ar$ers ou#d &$ag&ne no %e!!er wa* o) #&)e' I! a## see$s so ra"&d and )a!ed &n re!ros"e !2 !a(&ng s ar e#* a genera!&on' Ye! &! d&d no! see$ so a! !he !&$e' For $an*2 &! was d&))& u#! !o sha(e o)) a sense o) )a&#ure2 wh& h )&rs! %e a$e
"ronoun ed2 "erha"s2 when Sha*s1s Re%e##&on o##a"sed' Man* o) !hese )ron!&er Yan(ees 4 )or e8a$"#e2 !hose who had $o+ed &n!o !he Green H&##s %e!ween Massa huse!!s2 New Yor(2 and New Ha$"sh&re2 and !here rea!ed !he )&rs! "os!>Re+o#u!&onar* s!a!e2 Ber$on! 4 were as &##> edu a!ed as Dan&e# Boone h&$se#)2 and )ar #ess we##>ada"!ed !o !he&r en+&ron$en!' The&r &gnoran e $ade !he$ eas* "re* )or har#a!ans o) a## (&nds2 and !he&r Pur&!an &nher&!an e $ade &! er!a&n !ha! !he %&gges! )&e#d )or har#a!anr* wou#d %e !he re#&g&ous one' The B&%#e re!a&ned a## &!s o#d au!hor&!* and )as &na!&on )or !hese "oor and an8&ous "eo"#e2 %u! !he* saw no har$ &n #oo(&ng )or add&!&ona# re+e#a!&ons' Perha"s !he* needed re#&g&ous reassuran e a## !he $ore %e ause !he* were u"roo!&ng !he$se#+es' A! an* ra!e2 !he *ears o) !he grea! e8odus )ro$ New Eng#and were a#so !he *ears o) a new wa+e o) re#&g&ous en!hus&as$' The )#a$es o) "en&!en e and on+ers&on2 #&! %* urgen! and dra$a!& "rea h&ng2 )#ared o+er u"s!a!e New Yor( 5 so o)!en &n !hese *ears !ha! &! %e a$e (nown as !he Burned> O+er D&s!r& !F no! !ha! !he re#&g&ous re+&+a# s!a*ed w&!h&n !hose %ounds' I! %urned o+er &n!o wes!ern Penns*#+an&a and &n!o Oh&o' I! e8"#oded &n !he Sou!h> @es!2 !ou hed o)) &n "ar! %* a Pres%*!er&an $&n&s!er )ro$ Penns*#+an&a2 0a$es M Gread*= &! was h&s e8a$"#e wh& h #ed &n ,7?, !o !he )&rs! o) !he grea! a$">$ee!&ngs2 a! Cane R&dge2 Ken!u (*2 where !en !o !wen!* !housand "eo"#e ga!hered )or da*s a! a !&$e2 !o %e s!&$u#a!ed %* a !ea$ o) "rea hers &n!o re#&g&ous de#&r&u$ 4 e+er*!h&ng )ro$ +&s&ons o) hea+en !o %ar(&ng #&(e a dog' In Tennessee a $&n&s!er was %ra+e enough !o a## Genera# 0a (son !o re"en! and %e sa+ed 9!he &n+&!a!&on was de #&ned:' The wa+e "assed o+er !he sea%oard2 nor!h and sou!h' In shor!2 !he "heno$enon wh& h had d&s$a*ed !he res"e !a%#e s&8!* or se+en!* *ears ear#&er was now renewed' To d&s!&ngu&sh &! )ro$ !he Grea! Awa(en&ng &! &s (nown as !he Grea! Re+&+a#' In !he Burned>O+er D&s!r& ! &! "rodu ed a w&##&ngness !o !a(e u" no+e# reeds !ha! )ar ou!s!r&""ed !he &n!eres! &n Me!hod&s$ and Pres%*!er&an>&s$ o) !he ear#&er "er&od' 0ose"h D*#(s o) Oh&o "ro #a&$ed h&$se#) !he Mess&ah and "ro$&sed !o )ound a ho#* &!* a! Ph&#ade#"h&a' One o) h&s )o##owers d&s o+ered !ha! 0esus Chr&s! was a wo$an' Ano!her "ro"he! "ro"osed !o sa+e !he wor#d %* wa#(&ng !he s!ree!s o) New Yor( w&!h a sword and a se+en>)oo! ru#er' 0ohn Cha"$an o) Massa huse!!s 9 ' ,55A4,765: !oo( u" !he )a&!h a ord&ng !o E$anue# S weden%org2 !he e&gh!een!h> en!ur* Swed&sh +&s&onar*' He h&! on a h&gh#* or&g&na# $anner o) d&))us&ng &!' He wen! o)) !o !he O#d Nor!h>@es! and %ough! u" odd orners o) #and2 ne+er $ore !han an a re or !wo2 here and !here2 wh& h he "#an!ed w&!h a""#eseeds and a""#e>s#&"s' @hen h&s #&!!#e or hards $a!ured2 he so#d !he$F %ough! $ore #and and $ore seedsF and2 w&!h wha! was #e)! o) !he "ro)&!s )ro$ !hese !ransa !&ons2 o%!a&ned and d&s!r&%u!ed Sweden%org&an !ra !s' He d&d no! ha+e $u h su ess &n on+er!&ng h&s oun!r*$enF %u! h&s gen!#e se#)#essness 9s"end&ng no!h&ng on h&$se#)2 he wen! a%ou! &n rags2 w&!h a !&n d&sh )or a ha!: and2 a%o+e a##2 h&s or hards won e+er* hear! on !he )ron!&er' I! was so "#easan!2 a)!er ha (&ng *our wa* !hrough !he w&#derness2 !o arr&+e a! *our ho#d&ng2 where *ou e8"e !ed no!h&ng %u! %a (>%rea(&ng !o&#2 !o )&nd we##> grown a""#e>!rees wa&!&ng )or *ou' As a resu#!2 Cha"$an &s &$$or!a#= h&s or&g&na# na$e )orgo!!en2 he &s (nown !o e+er* A$er& an h&#d as !he )ores! de$&>god2 0ohnn* A""#eseed' O) a## !hese en!hus&as!s2 0ose"h S$&!h 9,7?A4 66: and h&s )o##ower Br&gha$ Young 9,7?,455: #e)! !he dee"es! $ar( on h&s!or*' The S$&!hs and !he Youngs were "oor )a$&#&es )ro$ Ber$on!2 who dr&)!ed #&(e so $an* o!hers &n!o !he Burned>O+er D&s!r& !' There *oung 0ose"h S$&!h was +&s&!ed %* !he ange# Moron& 7 and g&+en an a oun! o) !he "re> Co#u$%&an h&s!or* o) Nor!h A$er& a wh& h has no! so )ar %een on)&r$ed %* ar haeo#og*' More &$"or!an!2 Moron& &nd& a!ed !ha! S$&!h was !he Pro"he! o) !he <ord2 des!&ned !o redee$ !he wor#d' He #ed !he Pro"he! !o er!a&n shee!s o) so#&d go#d %ur&ed &n a h&## near Pa#$*ra2 NY2 on wh& h were &ns r&%ed !he !e8! o) !he Boo( o) Mor$on' Mor$on2 Moron&1s )a!her2 had wr&!!en &n an &en! Eg*"!&an2 %u! )or!una!e#* S$&!h 9who had re e&+ed on#* a $&n&$a# edu a!&on: was g&+en so$e ange#& $a h&ner* wh& h ena%#ed h&$ !o !rans#a!e h&s au!hor &n!o a ;uas&> B&%#& a# Eng#&sh d&s)&gured %* ana hron&s$s' E#e+en ad$&rers 9&n #ud&ng !he Pro"he!1s )a!her and %ro!hers:
s&gned a))&da+&!s !o !he e))e ! !ha! !he* had seen !he go#den "ages2 and one o) !he$ a !ua##* $or!gaged h&s )ar$ !o "a* )or !he "u%#& a!&on o) !he %oo(2 &n 0u#* ,73?2 wh& h S$&!h !hen %egan !o "edd#e round !he oun!r*s&de' Pre+&ous#* &! had o$e !o h&$ !ha! !he e#e ! o) God $us! ga!her !he$se#+es &n!o a new hur h2 &n a new "#a e2 under one #eadersh&"2 !urn&ng !he&r %a (s on !he Gen!&#es2 !o arr* ou! Moron&1s "rogra$$e' On . A"r&# ,73? he )ounded !he Chur h o) 0esus Chr&s! o) !he <a!!er> Da* Sa&n!s2 who are (nown !o !he res! o) !he wor#d as Mor$ons' He soon $ade on+er!s2 a$ong !he ear#&es! %e&ng Br&gha$ Young and h&s )a$&#*' The hur h de+e#o"ed ra"&d#* )ro$ !hese s$a##2 e en!r& %eg&nn&ngs' Par!#* !h&s was %e ause 0ose"h S$&!h2 &n s"&!e o) $an* )a&#&ngs2 was a re#&g&ous gen&us2 a $an o) huge rea!&+&!*2 who ne+er #e! !h&ngs ge! du##' <&(e a## su h #eaders he assured h&s )o##owers !ha! !he* were !he hosen "eo"#e o) God2 wh& h was e8 e##en! )or !he&r se#)>res"e !F he re e&+ed a ons!an! )#ow o) d&+&ne re+e#a!&ons2 and was )ore+er rea!&ng new %od&es o) go+ern$en!2 &ns"&ra!&on and "r&+&#ege 4 !he Twe#+e A"os!#es2 #ed %* Br&gha$ Young2 G!he <&on o) !he <ord12 !he Sons o) Dan2 !he Coun &# o) F&)!*' E+en !he do !r&ne o) "o#*ga$* see$s !o ha+e %een &n!rodu ed2 &n "ar!2 !o (ee" !he "o! %o&#&ng' Bu! $ore &$"or!an! !han S$&!h1s d*na$&s$ 9and good #oo(s: was !he su&!a%&#&!* o) h&s new reed !o !he )ron!&er so &e!* wh& h ga+e &! %&r!h' Mor$on had !he answers !o a## !he ;ues!&ons wh& h !or$en!ed !he "&oneers' Mos! o) !he or&g&na# on+er!s2 &n #ud&ng Br&gha$ Young2 were %are#* #&!era!e2 %u! !he* a$e )ro$ New Eng#and and had a dee" res"e ! )or an*!h&ng !ha! ou#d "ass )or #earn&ng or !a(e on !he au!hor&!* o) S r&"!ure' I! was !here)ore +er* ne essar* !o )ound a new hur h on a new Tes!a$en!' And !h&s "ar!& u#ar Tes!a$en! $&n&s!ered !o !he )a ! !ha! a#!hough A$er& ans o) !he !&$e were enor$ous#* "roud o) !he&r oun!r*2 !he* a#so )e#! &n)er&or when !he* heard a%ou! !he h&s!or* and a h&e+e$en!s o) !he O#d @or#d' I! was +er* soo!h&ng !o %e assured %* 0ose"h S$&!h !ha! !he Garden o) Eden had %een &n A$er& a 4 !o %e "re &se2 &n M&ssour&' Then2 Mor$on answered ;ues!&ons !ha! $an* were as(&ng' For &ns!an e2 one o) !he Ind&an u#!ures o) !he "re>Co#u$%&an age had #e)! huge sa red $ounds as ons"& uous $onu$en!s &n !he Oh&o oun!r*' Se!!#ers !here were na!ura##* ur&ous2 and as !he* had no $eans wha!e+er o) #earn&ng an*!h&ng !rue a%ou! !he h&s!or* o) !he $ounds2 !he* &n+en!ed +ar&ous unsound !heor&es' One2 !ha! !he $ounds were !he wor( o) a non>Ind&an ra e wh& h had s&n e +an&shed2 )ound &!s wa* no! on#* &n!o !he Boo( o) Mor$on2 %u! &n!o A#e8&s de To ;ue+&##e1s grea! o$$en!ar* on A$er& an so &e!*2 De$o ra * &n A$er& a2 wh& h was "u%#&shed )&+e *ears a)!er Mor$on2 a wor( w&!h wh& h &! o!herw&se has no!h&ng &n o$$on' I! was a#so unders!anda%#e !ha! !he Mor$ons wen! &n )or )a&!h>hea#&ng' Med& a# s &en e2 e+en a! !he en!re o) &+&#&Ha!&on2 was s!&## &n &!s &n)an *F &n !he A$er& an @es! &! was a#$os! non>e8&s!en!' Ye! "eo"#e ou#d no! su%$&! !o "a&n and &##ness w&!hou! a s!rugg#eF and &! was na!ura# )or !he$ !o see( "h*s& a# as we## as s"&r&!ua# sa#+a!&on )ro$ !he&r re#&g&on' Th&s was !he roo! o) !he Chur h o) Chr&s!2 S &en!&s!2 )ounded &n ,75- %* Mar* Ba(er Edd* 9,7/,4,-,?: as we## as $an* o!her n&ne!een!h> en!ur* e8"er&$en!s &n a#!erna!&+e $ed& &ne' So &! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! !h&s $o+e$en! )ound e8"ress&on a$ong !he Mor$ons' He%er Chase K&$%a##2 Young1s %ro!her>&n>#aw2 ou#d ure !he s& ( %* send&ng !he$ a hand(er h&e) wh& h he had %#essed or %* !hrow&ng h&s o#d #oa( on!o !he&r %eds' I! was a! #eas! as $u h &n order )or h&$ !o do !h&s as )or $ore on+en!&ona# "ra !&!&oners !o o))er use#ess %#eed&ngs2 "urg&ngs and "&##s' Indeed2 a re#&g&on wh& h d&d no! o))er $ed& &nes )or !he %od* as we## as )or !he sou# was no! go&ng !o ge! +er* )ar' E+en "o#*ga$*2 !he $os! on!en!&ous o) Mor$on "ra !& es2 shou#d %e #oo(ed a! &n !he sa$e #&gh!' The "ra !& e &s ;u&!e una e"!a%#e &n an ad+an ed so &e!*2 su h as !he Un&!ed S!a!es was %e o$&ngF %u! !he o#d Pur&!an se8ua# $ora#&!* had %e o$e an &n!o#era%#e %urden !o $an*2 and so$e!h&ng had !o %e "u! &n &!s "#a e' The #&!era!ure o) n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A$er& a &s su))used w&!h se8ua# gu&#! and #ong&ngF s&gn&)& an!#*2 one o)
&!s $os! "ower)u# and on+&n &ng e8"ress&ons2 Na!han&e# Haw!horne1s The S ar#e! <e!!er 9"u%#&shed &n ,7A?:2 &s se! &n se+en!een!h> en!ur* Massa huse!!s' The $&ser* aused !o $an* %* !he &ron ode o) Pur&!an&s$ was an e+&# !o %e )ough!F and 0ose"h S$&!h2 a de &ded wo$an&Her2 %* heed&ng h&s own &$"u#ses and !hen un&+ersa#&H&ng !he$2 o"ened !he wa* !o re)or$ o) a (&nd' I! was no! an eas* +& !or*' Br&gha$ Young2 )or &ns!an e2 #onged )or dea!h when o$$anded %* !he Pro"he! !o !a(e e8!ra w&+es !o h&$se#)F %u! he go! o+er !he d&))& u#!*2 and &n !he end was Ghus%and1 !o se+en!* wo$en' Few o!her Sa&n!s a""roa hed su h a !o!a#F !he "ra !& e was genera##* onde$ned %* !he Gen!&#es 9as non>Mor$ons were a##ed:F %u! g&+en !he )re;uen! asso &a!&on a! !h&s !&$e o) re#&g&ous and se8ua# rad& a#&s$2 &! anno! %e dou%!ed !ha! !h&s !oo2 or so$e!h&ng #&(e &!2 was wha! $an* $a#e A$er& ans wan!ed' And +&r!uous New Eng#and w&+es and s"&ns!ers were a$aH&ng#* read* !o )a## &n w&!h "o#*ga$*' Perha"s !he* !oo were !&red o) Bos!on&an se8ua# "r&$ness' Po#*ga$* re$a&ned a s anda# near#* !o !he end o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*F &n !he &n)an * o) !he hur h o!her a usa!&ons were heard' Ye! !he* !oo show how $u h Mor$on&s$ was a !h&ng o) !he )ron!&er' S$&!h was sa&d !o %e a sw&nd#er %e ause &n ,735 he es!a%#&shed a Mor$on %an( wh& h &ssued #arge ;uan!&!&es o) +&r!ua##* wor!h#ess %an( no!es' In 0anuar* ,737 he had !o )#ee )ro$ Oh&o &n !he dead o) n&gh! !o es a"e h&s red&!orsF %u! &) he was d&shones! &! was on#* &n !he )ash&on o) !he @es!2 where e+er*one oun!ed on ge!!&ng r& h so ;u& (#* !ha! a## "ro$&ses wou#d %e redee$ed w&!hou! e))or!' S$&!h was one o) hundreds who #aun hed %an(s w&!h &nsu))& &en! a"&!a#' <&(e $an* o!hers he )e## a +& !&$ !o !he "an& o) ,7352 wh& h #osed %an(s and sha!!ered )or!unes !hroughou! !he oun!r*' He had done h&s %es! )or h&s )o##owers' In !he sa$e wa* h&s dee" &n+o#+e$en! &n !he $ore s;ua#&d "ro esses o) A$er& an "ar!* "o#&!& s2 wh& h ended as d&sas!rous#* as h&s )&nan &a# s"e u#a!&ons2 $a* %e e8 used= orru"!&on2 &n a wa*2 was on#* an e8!ens&on o) #and s"e u#a!&on2 and a! )&rs! &! rewarded !he Mor$ons handso$e#*' <and2 &ndeed2 was !he (e* !o Mor$on su ess= #and and organ&Ha!&on' I! was an ega#&!ar&an2 de$o ra!& age2 and a! )&rs! s&gh! !he e8!re$e#* au!o ra!& ru#e o) !he Pro"he! was &n ons&s!en! w&!h &!F %u! &n )a ! S$&!h1s au!o ra * ensured !ha! !he Mor$ons wou#d enEo* e;ua#&!* &n !he one res"e ! !ha! rea##* $a!!ered' Th&s was s!&## !he Peo"#e Greed&#* Gras"&ng )or <and' Mor$on !owns and +&##ages were #a&d ou! %* au!hor&!*F Mor$on %us&ness +en!ures were a## o>o"era!&+eF Mor$ons ou#d ha+e dea#&ngs w&!h Gen!&#es on#* !hrough !he hur h' A Mor$on se!!#e$en!2 &n o!her words2 was so$ewha! #&(e a o$"an* !own2 !he o$"an* %e&ng !he h&erar h* o) a"os!#es and %&sho"s' Mor$on d&s &"#&ne and un&!* rea!ed a $ono"o#*' In !he )ree>and>eas* ond&!&ons o) !he )ron!&er2 where &! was usua##* ea h $an )or h&$se#)2 !he o"era!&ons o) !h&s "ha#an8 o) o> o"era!&+e )ar$ers were &rres&s!&%#e' The resu#!an! "ros"er&!* na!ura##* en ouraged $e$%ers o) !he hur h !o on+er! o!hers' M&ss&onar* wor( !hus "ro+ed ano!her s!reng!h2 )or "ro$&ses were $ade wh& h ou#d %e (e"!' As Br&gha$ Young was !o %oas! &n ,7AA2 a)!er !he se!!#e$en! &n U!ah2 4e have taken the poor and the ignorant from the dens and caves of the earth and .rought them here, and we have la.oured day and night, week after week, and year after year, to make ourselves comforta.le, and to o.tain all the knowledge there is in the world, and the knowledge that comes from <od, and we shall continue to do so. 4e shall take the weak and the fee.le and .ring them up to the standard that <od requires. In ,737 Young arr&ed !h&s g#ad $essage !o Eng#and2 wh& h #&(e A$er& a was su))er&ng )ro$ an e ono$& r&s&sF he $ade $an* on+er!s2 and )ro$ !hen on a s!rea$ o) re ru&!s rossed !he A!#an!& ' @hen !he* ou#d no! o$e &$$ed&a!e#*2 !he* sen! $one*' E&!her wa*2 &! was a
we# o$e add&!&on' In re!urn2 !he on+er!s go! e ono$& se ur&!* )or !he )&rs! !&$e &n !he&r #&+es' Here2 on e aga&n2 !he &n)#uen e o) !he !&$e and "#a e an %e seen' S$&!h had "& (ed u" !he o$$un&s! &deas !ha! were so "o"u#ar a$ong re)or$ en!hus&as!s &n !he ear#* n&ne!een!h en!ur*' No! $u h good &n !ha!= !he P&#gr&$ Fa!hers had !r&ed !o ho#d "ro"er!* &n o$$on and %een %ea!en %* !he des&re )or &nd&+&dua# "ro"er!*' So were $os! o) !he hu$an&!ar&ans and ear#* so &a#&s!s 9a$ong !he$ !he @e#sh$an Ro%er! Owen: who !r&ed ou! !he&r &deas &n !he A$er& an %a (> oun!r*' Mor$on arrange$en!s were $ore su ess)u#2 %* #u ( or %* s(&##' Or "erha"s %* "erse u!&on' The Mor$ons were e8!re$e#* un"o"u#ar' <&)e on !he )ron!&er was do$&na!ed %* !he s!rugg#e )or !he %es! #and= where+er !he <a!!er>Da* Sa&n!s a""eared2 !he %es! #and ra"&d#* %e a$e !he&rs 9ra!her as s#a+e "#an!a!&ons o$"e!ed su ess)u##* aga&ns! )ree )ar$ers &n !he Sou!h:' Fur!her$ore2 Mor$on "ra !& es re+o#!ed !hose who$ !he* d&d no! en!ran e' Ps* ho#og& a##*2 !he !o!a# surrender o) !he &nd&+&dua# w&## !o !he hur h see$ed dee"#* un>A$er& an' Po#*ga$* was &$$ora#' S$&!h and Young see$ed !o %e $en whose a"a &!* )or de e&+&ng !he$se#+es was on#* sur"assed %* !he&r !as!e )or de e&+&ng o!hers' As &) a## !ha! were no! enough2 Mor$ons )ur!her a))ron!ed !he&r ne&gh%ours %* !he&r !o!a# *n& &s$ a%ou! de$o ra *' Th&s was !he "er&od when !he A$er& an "o#&!& a# s*s!e$ was $a!ur&ngF $en !oo( !he&r du!&es and "r&+&#eges as &!&Hens +er* ser&ous#*' I! was no #&gh! $a!!er !ha! !he Mor$ons a%andoned !he&r "o#&!& a# r&gh!s and )reedo$s !o !he Pro"he!2 who so#d !he&r +o!es uns ru"u#ous#* !o "o#&!& a# #eaders2 as &) he were !he %oss o) a #a!e n&ne!een!h> en!ur* &!* $a h&ne' @hen2 )or &ns!an e2 !he Mor$ons es!a%#&shed !he$se#+es &n I##&no&s2 a! !he "#a e on !he M&ss&ss&""& !he* na$ed Nau+oo2 @h&gs and De$o ra!s &n !he s!a!e #eg&s#a!ure )e## o+er !he$se#+es !o gran! a &!* har!er and +ar&ous unusua# "r&+&#eges2 %o!h "ar!&es ho"&ng !o ge! !he so#&d %#o ( o) Mor$on +o!es &n re!urn' Tha! was &n ,76,' Be)ore !hen !he Sa&n!s2 grow&ng &n nu$%ers %u! no! &n a e"!a%&#&!*2 had wandered )ro$ !he Burned>O+er D&s!r& ! !o K&r!#and2 Oh&o2 and 0a (son Coun!*2 M&ssour&',/ @here+er !he* wen! !he* $e! )ero &ous hos!&#&!*F &n M&ssour&2 &ndeed2 a s!a!e ren! %* +&o#en! "ass&on on $an* &ssues 9&n #ud&ng s#a+er*:2 !here had %een so$e!h&ng #&(e a $&n&a!ure &+&# war= %#ood had %een shed on %o!h s&des' 0ose"h S$&!h e+en!ua##* ursed 0a (son Coun!*2 "ro"hes*&ng &!s des!ru !&on 9a "ro"he * !ha! a$e !rue dur&ng !he grea! C&+&# @ar:' Ma!!ers were soon as %ad &n I##&no&s' Nau+oo and &!s ne&gh%ourhood a ;u&red a "o"u#a!&on o) /A2??? Mor$ons who "ros"ered e8 eed&ng#*' The* %egan !o !hrow !he&r we&gh! around2 "o#&!& a##*2 e ono$& a##* and $ora##*= !he se re! o) "o#*ga$* %egan !o #ea( ou!' The* )or$ed !he&r own $&#&!&a2 !he Nau+oo <eg&on2 answera%#e on#* !o S$&!h2 and a se re! so &e!*2 !he Sons o) Dan2 no! un#&(e a se re! "o#& e or !he Ku K#u8 K#an' The Gen!&#es resor!ed &n reas&ng#* !o +&o#en e2 wh& h rea hed a #&$a8 &n !he su$$er o) ,766' S$&!h and h&s %ro!her H*ru$ were arres!ed )or des!ro*&ng !he "r&n!&ng "ress o) an a"os!a!e Mor$on news"a"er' The* were !hrown &n!o Ea&# and #*n hed !here' A)!er !ha! !he )ee#&ng was !ha! &! was o"en season on !he Mor$ons2 and on#* !he&r w&##&ngness !o res&s! %* )or e o) ar$s !augh! !he&r ene$&es a #&!!#e "ruden e' Than(s !o Br&gha$ Young2 who &ns!an!#* asser!ed h&s au!hor&!* as S$&!h1s de )a !o su essor2 !he hur h s!a*ed !oge!her2 !hough !here were so$e a#ar$&ng de)e !&ons' Ye! &) &! re$a&ned a! Nau+oo !here wou#d %e war on !he )ron!&er' C#os&ng ran(s2 !he Sa&n!s ran d&ss&den!s ou! o) !own and 9#&!era##*: wh&""ed o!hers &n!o #&neF a #ead&ng Son o) Dan a$%ushed and sho! one o) S$&!h1s assass&ns' Bu! !he Gen!&#es were $ore nu$erous and re (#ess' Man* o) !he$ had o$e u" !he M&ss&ss&""& )ro$ !he s#a+e Sou!h2 where +&o#en e was a## !oo o$$on a !e hn&;ue' The* !oo( !o %urn&ng down Mor$on houses' The s!a!e au!hor&!&es &nd& a!ed !ha! !he* ou#d no! and wou#d no! "ro!e ! !he Mor$ons &nde)&n&!e#* 9no! !ha! !he* had e+er done so +er* e))e !&+e#*:' The Sa&n!s were Eus! o$"#e!&ng !he Nau+oo !e$"#eF %u! &n !he
&r u$s!an es &! &s no! sur"r&s&ng e&!her !ha! S$&!h2 %e)ore h&s dea!h2 had %egun !o !a#( o) $o+&ng on aga&nF or !ha! Young now !oo( !he grea! de &s&on' H&s !as( was )or$&da%#e2 and "ro%a%#* he a#one o) a## Mor$ons ou#d e+er ha+e a o$"#&shed &!' For a## h&s g&)!s2 S$&!h had a#so so$e!h&ng o) !he (now&ng rogue a%ou! h&$= he ou#d s$&#e e+en a! "o#*ga$*' The ear!h&er Young had no sense o) hu$our2 grea! e8e u!&+e a%&#&!* and an &ndo$&!a%#e w&##' Now he had !o organ&He !he Eourne* o) ,.2??? or so Sa&n!s !o so$e re)uge &n !he Far @es! where !he* wou#d %e sa)e )ro$ !he &!&Hens o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es )or #ong enough !o %u&#d u" an unassa&#a%#e "os&!&on' The os! &n $one* wou#d %e enor$ous= ou#d he ra&se !he )undsM The re#&g&ous os!s $&gh! %e h&gher= ou#d he $a&n!a&n !he )a&!h and d&s &"#&ne o) !he "eo"#e on !he #ong Eourne*M Th&s %us&ness o) )&nd&ng G!he @h&!e Horse o) sa)e!*1 o) wh& h S$&!h had s"o(en &n "ro"he * $&gh! no! ha+e %een "oss&%#e %u! )or a grea! w&den&ng o) "ros"e !s wh& h had o$e a%ou! &n !he "re+&ous ha#)> en!ur*' A$er& an se!!#ers had %egun !o ross !he M&ss&ss&""& &n!o S"an&sh <ou&s&ana 9!he !err&!or* %e!ween !he grea! r&+er and !he res! o) !he Ro (&es: e+en %e)ore !he end o) !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*2 as we saw &n !he s!or* o) Dan&e# BooneF !he "ro ess had %een huge#* a e#era!ed when2 &n ,7?32 Na"o#eon Bona"ar!e )&rs! oHened !he S"an&sh ou! o) <ou&s&ana and !hen so#d &! !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es )or Y,,'A $&##&on 4 a use)u# su$ )or h&s war> hes! 4 and )or Y3'5A $&##&on w&!h wh& h !o se!!#e !he #a&$s o) "r&+a!e U S &!&Hens aga&ns! Fran e' The <ou&s&ana Pur hase was one o) !he $os! &$"or!an! e"&sodes &n A$er& an h&s!or*' I! no! on#* e#&$&na!ed !he Fren h )ro$ !he &$"er&a# o$"e!&!&on2 &! rough#* dou%#ed !he s&He o) !he !rans> A""a#a h&an A$er& an e$"&re and orres"ond&ng#* enhan ed &!s "ros"e !s' I! %egan !o see$ er!a&n !ha! !he Un&!ed S!a!es wou#d one da* s!re! h )ro$ !he A!#an!& !o !he Pa &)& 2 and Pres&den! 0e))erson &$$ed&a!e#* sen! ou! an e8"ed&!&on #ed %* Mer&we!her <ew&s and @&##&a$ C#ar( !o e8"#ore !he new do$a&n and )&nd2 &) !he* ou#d2 a good rou!e !o !he Pa &)& ' <ew&s and C#ar( had su eeded $agn&)& en!#*2 end&ng !he&r !rans on!&nen!a# Eourne* %* sa&#&ng down !he Co#u$%&a r&+er !o !he seaF and !he* soon had $an* )o##owers' B* ,76A !he @es! had %een "re!!* !horough#* e8"#ored' I! had %een r&ss> rossed %* hundreds o) $oun!a&n $en 4 !he #as! genera!&on o) o#d>s!*#e )ur>!ra""ers and !raders 4 and $&#&!ar* $&ss&ons' I! was (nown !ha! !he +a##e* o) !he Co#u$%&a &n Oregon !err&!or* was a good "#a e )or )ar$ se!!#e$en!s2 and !here were a#read* !he $a(&ngs o) !he Oregon Tra&# !o #ead "&oneers !here' E8"#ora!&ons were go&ng ahead !o o"en a "ra !& a%#e rou!e !o Ca#&)orn&a2 wh& h was a#so +er* "ro$&s&ng oun!r*' Bu! )or !ha! +er* reason !he Mor$ons ou#d no! go !o e&!her reg&on= !oo $an* o!her $&gran!s wou#d "ress &n %e)ore !he$ and %es&de !he$F and2 a#!hough Ca#&)orn&a was s!&## #ega##* Me8& an !err&!or*2 and !he Br&!&sh #a&$ed Oregon2 &! wou#d "ro%a%#* no! %e #ong %e)ore !he Un&!ed S!a!es !oo( %o!h' Ye! !here was a "#a e2 and2 !han(s !o ear#&er e8"#ora!&ons2 Br&gha$ Young had heard o) &!' @ha! he wan!ed wou#d "ro%a%#* %e )ound &n !he Grea! Bas&n2 Eus! a ross !he on!&nen!a# D&+&de2 where2 !ra+e##ers re"or!ed2 !here were h&gh %arren $oun!a&ns and a grea! sa#! #a(eF a#so good )ar$&ng #and and )er!&#e +a##e*s )u## o) !&$%er 4 none o) wh& h was *e! #a&$ed' A o#d go&ng !he* had o) &!= Eus! !he wrong !&$e o) !he *ear )or "ra&r&e !ra+e#' On !he eas!ern r&+ers !he #a!e w&n!er was !he $os! usua# season )or "&oneers1 de"ar!ure' I! $ean! !ha! !he* go! !o !he new se!!#e$en! &n !&$e !o ge! !he ground #eared and seeded a! !he ear#&es! "oss&%#e $o$en!' On !he %an(s o) !he Oh&o and &!s !r&%u!ar&es &! was o$$on &n Mar h !o see a %&g ra)! )#oa!&ng down !he wa!ers2 a ow or !wo )orward2 a ha*s!a ( a$&dsh&"s2 and2 a)!2 a )a$&#* !r*&ng !o #ead a nor$a# #&)e' The Mor$ons were !o ha+e a d&))eren! e8"er&en e' The* had no ho& e= as soon as !he news go! a%ou! !ha! !he* were rea##* #ea+&ng2 !he Gen!&#es hurr&ed !o $a(e sure !ha! !he* d&d no! hange !he&r $&nds2 us&ng $e!hods !ha! had a#read* %een "er)e !ed )or d&s#odg&ng !he Chero(ees )ro$ !he&r an es!ra# #ands
9&ndeed !he Mor$ons !oo were dr&+en !o !a(e a Tra&# o) Tears2 !hough &! #ed !o a ha""&er des!&na!&on:' A )a+our&!e de+& e was !o )or e a )a$&#* !o #ea+e &!s house2 arr*&ng wha! &! ou#d &n !he wa* o) )urn&!ure and %e#ong&ngs2 and !hen se! )&re !o !he %u&#d&ng wh&#e !he owners wa! hed2 s!and&ng $&sera%#e &n !he snow' I! was #ear !ha! &! wou#d %e unsa)e !o #&ngerF so on 6 Fe%ruar* ,76. !he )&rs! e$&gran!s %egan !o ross !he M&ss&ss&""&' I! was +er* o#d2 %u! !he huge r&+er2 %e!ween !hree>;uar!ers o) a $&#e and a $&#e> and>a>ha#) w&de a! !he Nau+oo %end2 ,3 !hough )u## o) )#oa!&ng & e2 was no! *e! )roHen o+er2 and se+era# o) !he Mor$ons1 ra)! a"s&Hed &n !he wa!er2 a## "assengers drown&ng' A da* or !wo #a!er !he M&ss&ss&""& )roHe o$"#e!e#*2 so !he ross&ng was sa)erF %u! )ros! and %#&HHard $ade ond&!&ons )or !ra+e# ;u&!e a""a##&ng' Ne+er!he#ess !he Sa&n!s $o+ed on wes!ward !hrough Iowa2 a! a sna&#1s "a e' In Mar h !he snow eased2 %u! !he* were no! $u h %e!!er o))2 )or !he ra&ns a$e2 )ear)u# s"r&ng !orren!s2 !urn&ng !he ground &n!o Gshoe>$ou!h dee"1 $ud2 s#ow&ng "rogress !o a $&n&$u$2 so$e!&$es !o no $ore !han a $&#e a da*' In !he s!ead* down"our &! was o)!en &$"oss&%#e !o ge! )ood oo(ed or (ee" #o!hes and %edd&ng dr*' @hen a! #as! su$$er a$e !he "eo"#e and !he o8en draw&ng !he&r o+ered wagons were "#agued %* %#a ( #ouds o) $os;u&!oes2 and so$e were (&##ed %* !he %&!es o) ra!!#esna(es' Pre"ara!&ons )or !he Eourne* had gone on )or $ore !han a *earF %u! )ew o) !he Sa&n!s had rea##* unders!ood wha! su h a Eourne* re;u&red o) !he$' A! !&$es Br&gha$ Young was a#$os! a! h&s w&!s1 end )or $one* !o su""or! !he$ e+en as )ar as !he r&+er M&ssour&F a!!#e and %a%&es2 h&#dren and !he e#der#* %egan !o d&e' The s!ar+&ng !&$e o) U!ah o urred when &!s se!!#ers were s!&## n&ne!een $on!hs and a !housand $&#es awa*' The sur+&+a# o) !hese new P&#gr&$s $us! )&na##* %e e8"#a&ned %* !he )a ! !ha! !he&r hero& +&r!ues ou!we&ghed !he&r +& es' Man* were &d#e2 %a (s#&d&ng2 ;uarre#so$e or Eus! "#a&n s&##*2 %u! $os! )ound &n !he$se#+es !he ;ua#&!&es ne essar* )or sur+&+a#' A! %o!!o$ !he* were hones! "#a&n A$er& ansF %ra+e2 "a!&en! and "ra !& a#F s!&))ened and d&s &"#&ned %* !he&r a"o a#*"!& )a&!h' <&!!#e !h&ngs he#"ed !he$= !here was an Eng#&sh %rass %and a$ong !he on+er!s2 !o whose $us& !he* dan ed &n !he e+en&ngs2 a)!er "ra*er2 a! e+er* s!o""&ng>"#a e 9wea!her "er$&!!&ng:' And as Bernard De Bo!o shrewd#* re$ar(s2 e+er* "&oneer !ra&n was a +&##age on whee#sF !he +&##agers had !he usua# onso#a!&ons o) !he )ron!&er !o (ee" !he$ sane' @hen !he wo$en had done w&!h !he&r sew&ng2 "a! h&ng and oo(&ng2 and w&!h !r*&ng !o !ea h !he&r h&#dren !he a#"ha%e!2 !he* ou#d ga!her )or goss&"F when !he $en res!ed )ro$ dr&+&ng !he herds and !he wagons and )ro$ !he end#ess round o) $a&n!enan e !ha! "ra&r&e s hooners re;u&red2 !he* ou#d enEo* a ga$e o) ards or do$&noes2 or a "ra !& a# Eo(e 9on e2 !owards !he end o) !he #ong !re(2 Br&gha$ Young ga+e !he$ a )ear)u# dress&ng>down )or enEo*&ng !he$ !oo $u h:' Bo!h se8es #&(ed !he dan &ng2 !he "ra*ers and !he "r&es!s1 harangues' These !h&ngs see$ "a#!r* enough2 %u! !he* s!reng!hened !he s"&r&! !o endure' A## !he sa$e2 !he* wou#d ne+er ha+e o$e !hrough %u! )or !he grea! g&)!s o) !he&r Pro"he!' ,A For one !h&ng2 !he* were des"era!e#* "oor' The* had $anaged !o es a"e )ro$ Nau+oo w&!h a sur"r&s&ng#* #arge nu$%er o) horses2 $u#es2 shee" and 3?2??? head o) a!!#e2 %u! !he I##&no&s $o% had )or ed !he$ !o se## $os! o) !he&r "ro"er!* a! $&n&$a# "r& esF so$e!&$es !here had %een no %u*ers a! a##2 e+en )or a good house or a )#o ( o) shee"' Ye! &! was usua##* re (oned !ha! a "&oneer ou!)&!2 one ade;ua!e !o arr* a )a$&#* )ro$ Inde"enden e !o Oregon or Ca#&)orn&a2 os! a! #eas! A?? do##ars' Un!&# !he "assage o) !he Ho$es!ead A ! &n ,7./2 wh& h &n e))e ! $ade !he "u%#& #ands )ree )or !he !a(&ng2 $one* wou#d a#so %e needed !o %u* a )ar$ on arr&+a#2 and e+en a)!er !ha! &! $&gh! %e so$e !&$e %e)ore !he* ou#d su""or! !he$se#+es &n !he new oun!r*' Fur!her su""#&es $us! %e %rough! a#ong aga&ns! !ha! on!&ngen *2 or a! #eas! so$e good s"e &e do##ars' The Mor$ons2 e+en !he %es!>o)) a$ong !he$2 and a)!er a *ear1s "re"ara!&on2 and a##ow&ng )or !he )a ! !ha! !he* wou#d no! ha+e !o "a* )or !he #and !he* "ro"osed !o se!!#e2 were ;u&!e w&!hou! resour es on !he ne essar* s a#e' So Young se! a%ou! )und>ra&s&ng' He en ouraged !he $en !o h&re !he$se#+es ou! a! an* odd Eo%s as !he wagon> !ra&n "assed !hrough !he s an!&#*
se!!#ed Iowa "ra&r&e 9& 76. was !he *ear Iowa won &!s s!a!ehood:' He "u! Mor$on o$$un&!&es e+er*where 4 Oh&o2 M&ss&ss&""&2 Eng#and 4 under on!r&%u!&on' He e8"#o&!ed !he needs o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es go+ern$en!= wh&#e !he Mor$ons were on !he $ar h ano!her war %ro(e ou!2 !h&s !&$e w&!h Me8& o 9%* !h&s $eans !he A$er& ans $ean! !o $a(e sure o) Te8as2 re en!#* anne8ed )ro$ Me8& o2 and !he who#e o) !he Pa &)& @es!:2 and Young was ha""* !o su""#* A?? &nd&))eren! so#d&ers !o ser+e !he oun!r*1s need' The Mor$on %a!!a#&on won no $&#&!ar* g#or*2 %u! !he $one* "a&d &! )or wages and e8"enses was &$"ounded %* !he Pro"he! and (e"! !he e$&gra!&on a#&+e' Forward "#ann&ng was essen!&a#' Young soon a e"!ed !he )a ! !ha! !he Sa&n!s wou#d no! ge! !o !he Grea! Bas&n &n ,76.' I! wou#d %e as $u h as he ou#d do !o ge! !he$ )ro$ !he M&ss&ss&""& !o !he M&ssour&' So h&s ad+an e "ar!* was se! !o es!a%#&sh&ng a !rans&! a$"2 @&n!er Juar!ers2 near !he s&!e o) !he "resen! &!* o) O$aha2 Ne%ras(a2 on !he wes!ern %an( o) !he M&ssour&' I! was rea##* a !own2 are)u##* #a&d ou! a ord&ng !o !he Mor$on "ass&on )or !own>"#ann&ng2 w&!h s!ree!s2 $&##s2 we##s' The houses were no! $u h 4 $os!#* $ere hu!sF %u! !he* were %e!!er !han no!h&ng2 !hough !he $or!a#&!* ra!e dur&ng !he w&n!er o) ,76. 4 5 on!&nued !o %e a""a##&ng' Mos! &$"or!an! o) a##2 )&e#ds were dug2 !&##ed and sown= !he Mor$ons )ro$ now on wou#d ha+e an &nde"enden! and sure )ood>su""#*' Young saw !o &! !ha! !&##age was a#so under!a(en2 on a s$a##er s a#e2 a! !he s!r&ng o) #esser a$"s !ha! he "#an!ed a ross Iowa2 !hough !he&r "r&$e "ur"ose was !o "ro+&de res! and re"a&r )a &#&!&es )or !he rearguard' 9The #as! o) !he Sa&n!s d&d no! ge! awa* )ro$ Nau+oo un!&# Se"!e$%er ,76.2 and !he* were !he $os! des!&!u!e "ar!* o) !he #o!2 )or !he Gen!&#es grew e+er %o#der and $ore +&o#en! as !he nu$%er o) Mor$ons &n I##&no&s dw&nd#ed': Be*ond a## !h&s &! was ne essar* !o #earn a## one ou#d a%ou! !he road !o !he Sa#! <a(e and a%ou! ond&!&ons on &!s shores' Tha! Young d&d no! )a&# or )a#!er &n do&ng a## !h&s2 as we## as go+ern&ng !he who#e Chur h o) !he <a!!er> Da* Sa&n!s !hroughou! !he wor#d and organ&H&ng !he ne essar* #o%%*&ng a! @ash&ng!on2 &s "roo) enough o) h&s a%&#&!&es' The ,765 Eourne* was $u h eas&er !han !ha! o) !he *ear %e)ore' A)!er !he* #e)! @&n!er Juar!ers !he* soon rea hed !he r&+er P#a!!e2 where !he* Eo&ned !he Oregon Tra&# "&oneered %* $ore ord&nar* e$&gran!s' The Tra&# wen! a#ong !he sou!h %an(F !he Sa&n!s (e"! !o !he nor!h2 !o a+o&d on!a$&na!&on )ro$ !he&r )e##ow> ad+en!urers' The* had %een a%#e !o wa&! un!&# A"r&# and Ma* %e)ore %eg&nn&ng !he&r Eourne*= !ha! was !he r&gh! !&$e )or ross&ng !he Grea! P#a&ns2 when !he grass was grow&ng aga&n )or !he a!!#e !o ea!' Indeed2 Mor$on d&s &"#&ne and !ra&n&ng $ean! !ha! !he* ou#d now show !he Gen!&#es a !h&ng or !wo' Those unen#&gh!ened sou#s were )&er e#* & nd& +& dua#& s!& 2 ;ues!&on&ng a## orders2 or ra!her sugges!&ons2 o) !he wagon>!ra&n a"!a&n and ons!an!#* de#a*&ng !he$se#+es !o &ndu#ge &n ano!her )a+our&!e o u"a!&on o) !he +&##age on whee#s2 "o#&!& s' 9The* had #e)! s!a!e and )edera# e#e !&ons %eh&nd !he$2 %u! !he* were s!&## @h&gs and De$o ra!s= so !he* organ&Hed e#e !&ons o) !he&r own': There was no su h nonsense &n Br&gha$ Young1s )#o (' He had &! we## &n hand2 so &! $ade e8 e##en! !&$eF !hough #&(e a## "&oneer "ar!&es &! had !o s!rugg#e aga&ns! $an* d&))& u#!&es2 o) wh& h "erha"s !he wh&!e a#(a#&ne dus! o) !he @*o$&ng deser! was !he wors!' I! da$aged e*es2 so$e!&$es !o %#&ndness2 orroded !he s(&n2 s$o!hered !he #ungs and was a sure s&gn o) %ad wa!er !o "o&son $en and %eas!s' Ye! !he ad+an e "ar!* won !hrough2 rossed !he D&+&de %* Sou!h Pass 9!he Ro (&es e;u&+a#en! o) !he Cu$%er#and Ga"= %e*ond &! *ou dr&n( )ro$ s!rea$s wh& h )#ow !o !he Pa &)& : and rea hed !he Sa#! <a(e &n 0u#* ,765' The $a&n "ar!* o)!ha!*ear1s $&gra!&on go! !here &n Augus!' B* w&n!er2 ,7672 Br&gha$ Young was se!!#ed &n Sa#! <a(e C&!*2 wh& h was ra"&d#* !a(&ng sha"e2 w&!h A2??? Sa&n!s around h&$' And $ore were o$&ng' For !he ne8! !h&r!* *ears Desere! 9as !he* na$ed wha! !he Un&!ed S!a!es a##ed U!ah 4 !he word &s su""osed !o $ean G#and o) !he hone*%ee1: )&##ed u" s!ead&#* w&!h Mor$ons2 su$$oned %* !he&r Pro"he! )ro$ a## ;uar!ers2 es"e &a##* Eng#and and @a#es'
The oun!r* ou#d ne+er ha+e "ros"ered %u! )or Young1s #as! grea! &nno+a!&on' I! was o%+&ous !o a## !ha! !he Grea! Bas&n ou#d on#* *&e#d ro"s &) &! was e8!ens&+e#* &rr&ga!ed',. Young1s &ns"&ra!&on was !o see how !h&s $&gh! %e arranged &n Mor$on )ash&on' C#ear#* !he o#d #aw o) r&"ar&an r&gh!s2 %* wh& h !he wa!er o) a s!rea$ or r&+er %e#onged !o !he owners o) !he %an(s2 wou#d no! do= su h was !he re (#ess2 se#)> ser+&ng &nd&+&dua#&s$ o) !he A$er& an n&ne!een!h> en!ur* !e$"era$en! !ha! &! was ;u&!e er!a&n !ha! su h r&gh!s2 &) on eded2 e+en !o Sa&n!s2 wou#d %e a%used' So Young #a&d &! down )&r$#* !ha! G!here sha## %e no "r&+a!e ownersh&" o) !he s!rea$s !ha! o$e ou! o) !he an*ons2 nor !he !&$%er !ha! grows on !he h&##s' These %e#ong !o !he "eo"#e= a## !he "eo"#e'1 The s*s!e$ he ado"!ed was no! un#&(e !ha! o) !he S"an&sh2 )&rs! ru#ers o) an e$"&re &n !he @es!2 or !he an &en! Eg*"!&ans' @a!er2 &! was #a&d down2 wou#d %e a##o!!ed )or !he&r use2 #&(e #and2 %* !he o$$un&!*1s o))& &a#s2 who had !o swear oa!hs !o do so )a&r#*' To ons!ru ! and $a&n!a&n &rr&ga!&on d&! hes2 !he Mor$on )a$&#&es were organ&Hed %* !he&r %&sho"s &n!o grou"s2 !he $en o) wh& h were re;u&red !o on!r&%u!e !he&r #a%our2 &n "ro"or!&on !o !he a$oun! o) #and !he* wan!ed !o wa!erF when !he s*s!e$ was read*2 wa!er was a##o!!ed &n "ro"or!&on !o !he a$oun! o) #a%our on!r&%u!ed' The use o) !&$%er was regu#a!ed on !he sa$e "r&n &"#es2 and s!r& ! d&s &"#&ne en)or ed &!s onser+a!&on' Th&s arrange$en! wor(ed e8 e##en!#*2 and &n $od&)&ed )or$ on!&nues &n !he Mor$on @es! !o !h&s da*' I! se! an e8a$"#e wh& h o!her A$er& ans wou#d ha+e done we## !o heed= &ns!ead o) wh& h !he* "ers&s!ed &n !he ru&nous &nd&+&dua#&s!& s ra$%#e un!&# !he o$&ng o) !he New Dea#' Th&s was2 &n )a !2 !he $os! su ess)u# o>o"era!&+e e8"er&$en! e+er under!a(en &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es' I! &s &$"ress&+e )or $an* reasons2 no! #eas! !ha! &! was $anaged w&!h ne8! !o no!h&ng &n !he wa* o) ou!s&de a"&!a#' G@e sha## need no o$$er e w&!h !he na!&ons21 sa&d Br&gha$ Young' GI a$ de!er$&ned !o u! e+er* !hread o) !h&s (&nd and #&+e )ree and &nde"enden!2 un!ra$$e##ed %* an* o) !he&r de!es!a%#e us!o$s and "ra !& es'1 And when Br&gha$ Young was de!er$&ned on a !h&ng2 &! ha""ened' He was &n $an* wa*s an una!!ra !&+e hara !er' He had an &ns!&n ! )or "ower2 )or !he sures! $eans o) ge!!&ng &!2 w&e#d&ng &! and u!!&ng down r&+a#s w&!h &!' S$&!h o$$uned w&!h God and H&s ange#s2 %u! Young was $ore on erned w&!h e ono$& ad+an!age2 es"e &a##* &n h&s #a!er *ears' He was a#so %#ood!h&rs!* &n a "e u#&ar2 +& ar&ous wa*' He o)!en "rea hed ser$ons !ha! were na(ed &n &!e$en!s !o +&o#en eF he was a"a%#e o) dro""&ng h&n!s2 $u h su%!#er !han Henr* IIs2 when he wan!ed so$eone "u! ou! o) !he wa*' The resu#! was a #ong ser&es o) $urders2 wh& h he so$e!&$es de"#ored2 %u! ou#d no! !a#( a%ou! w&!hou! a sor! o) g#oa!&ng' Un"#easan!F *e! &! $us! %e a##owed !ha! e+en &n Desere! !he Mor$ons on!&nued !o su))er )ro$ !he )ero &ous aggress&on o) !he&r )e##ow>A$er& ans2 and &) Young de)ended h&s so &e!* &n "ar! %* +&o#en e2 so d&d $an* o!her n&ne!een!h> en!ur* )ron!&er o$$un&!&es2 whe!her &n $&n&ng a$"s or a!!#e !owns #&(e Dodge C&!*' And !he o$$un&!* wh& h !he hero& #a%ours o) Young and h&s )o##owers %u&#! was un&;ue' I! was an a h&e+e$en! !o o$"e# res"e !' The ru#es #a&d down %* S$&!h and re+&sed %* Young s!ood !he !es! o) !&$e and use' There was a#wa*s Young1s a%so#u!e au!hor&!* !o )a## %a ( on &) Sa&n!s grew res!#essF )or !he res! o) !he !&$e !here were !he o$$on "r&n &"#es o) so &a# organ&Ha!&on &n !he hur h !o re#* on' 0ose"h S$&!h had de reed an &n>ga!her&ng o) Sa&n!s2 so !he "o"u#a!&on o) Desere! grew s!ead&#*= )ro$ ,,2??? &n ,7A? !o 752??? &n ,75?' The Mor$on +&##age was as o$"a ! as !he )&rs! Pur&!an +&##ages &n New Eng#and2 wh& h no! on#* ensured !ha! !he hur h o))& &a#s wou#d %e a%#e !o en)or e !he&r regu#a!&ons2 %u! a#so $ade "oss&%#e !he $os! e))& &en! and ega#&!ar&an use o) !he o$$on #ands' The "r&n &"#e o) s!ewardsh&" on %eha#) o) !he K&ngdo$ o) God2 a )unda$en!a# Mor$on !ene!2 $ade !he "ra !& e o) o>o"era!&on eas*F and !he "ursu&! o) "ros"er&!* was san !&oned %* !he du!* o) !he Sa&n!s !o redee$ !he ear!h )ro$ !he "r&$ord&a# urse %rough! on &! %* Ada$1s )a##2 and so !o use &! as !o $a(e &! )ru&!)u#2 #&(e Eden2 )or $an1s use' The e$"has&s
on "#a&n #&+&ng 9no! on#* a# oho# %u! a#so !ea and sure !ha! e+er* s"are "enn* was re&n+es!ed'
o))ee are )or%&dden &ndu#gen es: $ade
I! was a un&;ue s*s!e$2 %order&ng on so &a#&s$2 %u! s!&## &! was #ess un>A$er& an !han2 su"er)& &a##*2 &! see$ed' The "&oneers who were "ress&ng wes!ward !o Oregon and Ca#&)orn&a d&))ered )ro$ !he Sa&n!s &n !he&r &nd&+&dua#&s$2 %u! shared !he %e#&e) !ha! a %e!!er #&)e ou#d %e )ound !oward !he se!!&ng sun= !he* !oo were #oo(&ng )or a wh&!e horse and se#)>su))& &en *' A%o+e a##2 !he )unda$en!a# o$$&!$en! !o e;ua#&!* wh& h was so essen!&a# a $ar( o) n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A$er& a was $an&)es! a$ong !he Mor$ons' I! was su%ord&na!e e;ua#&!*2 en)or ed %* au!hor&!*F &! was er!a&n#* no! o$"#e!e e ono$& e;ua#&!* 9Br&gha$ Young %e#&e+ed &n !he "ara%#e o) !he !a#en!s: %u! !he sa$e $&gh! %e sa&d o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es &!se#)' As !he &rr&ga!&on regu#a!&ons show2 e+er* Mor$on was e8"e !ed !o on!r&%u!e h&s #a%our !o so &e!*2 and e+er* Mor$on ou#d #a&$ a s!a(e &n re!urn= #and2 se ur&!*2 "ros"er&!*' Nor were e+en !he !wo $os! o%Ee !&ona%#e )ea!ures o) #&)e a! Sa#! <a(e C&!* w&!hou! "ara##e#s' Br&gha$ Young1s "ower as Pro"he!2 Seer2 Re+e#a!or2 Trus!ee>&n>Trus! and2 )or )our *ears2 Go+ernor o) U!ah Terr&!or* 9a""o&n!ed %* Pres&den! F&##$ore: and !he &n)or$a# "ower he w&e#ded o+er e8e u!&+e2 #eg&s#a!ure and Eud& &ar* rese$%#ed !ha! o) a %&g &!* %oss2 or o) Hue* <ong &n <ou&s&ana &n !he ,-3?s' E+en h&s use o) +&o#en e2 o) wh& h !he $os! d&sgra e)u# e"&sode was !he Moun!a&n Meadows $assa re o) ,7A52 when a "ar!* o) Mor$ons o$$anded %* one o) Young1s #oses! hen h$en s#augh!ered ,/? Gen!&#e $en2 wo$en and h&#dren2 an %e #&(ened !o $assa res o) !he Ind&ans 9!he Sand Cree( $assa re o urred on#* se+en *ears #a!er:' And !o A$er& ans &n !he ,7A?s "o#*ga$* was &$"or!an!2 on e !he se8ua# !&!&##a!&on o) &! had %een a##owed )or2 %e ause &! ra&sed e8a !#* !he sa$e ;ues!&ons a%ou! s!a!es1 r&gh!s2 &nd&+&dua# r&gh!s and !ha! &ns!ru$en! wh& h so de#& a!e#* o$%&ned !he !wo2 !he US Cons!&!u!&on2 as d&d s#a+er*' D&d no! !he "h&#oso"h* o) e;ua# &nd&+&dua# r&gh!s en!&!#e !he )edera# go+ern$en! !o &n!er+ene !o "ro!e ! wo$en and s#a+es a#&(eM The new Re"u%#& an "ar!* !hough! !ha! &! d&d2 and &n &!s ,7A. "#a!)or$ denoun ed s#a+er* and "o#*ga$* !oge!her as G!w&n re#& s o) %ar%ar&s$1' Or d&d !he "h&#oso"h* o) s!a!es1 r&gh!s %ar !he go+ern$en! )ro$ $edd#&ng &n s!a!e $a!!ersM Tha! was !he +&ew o) !he Sou!h2 wh& h ho"ed !o w&n !he su""or! o) !he Mor$ons )or &!s own G"e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on1 &) &! showed &!se#) read* !o a e"! !he&rs' Br&gha$ Young saw wh& h s&de h&s %read was %u!!ered' He we# o$ed S!e"hen Doug#as1s do !r&ne o) "o"u#ar so+ere&gn!*,5 and $ade no se re! o) h&s o"&n&on !ha! s#a+er* was Eus! wha! !he Negro deser+ed',7 Desere! was neu!ra# &n !he C&+&# @ar2 s&n e a#!hough &! was "ar! o) !he Nor!h a Sou!hern +& !or* wou#d "ro%a%#* ha+e #eared !he wa* !o a su ess)u# se ess&on %* !he Mor$ons' The an!&> "o#*ga$* ase s!r&(&ng#* rese$%#ed !he an!&>s#a+er* one= "o#*ga$*2 &! was sa&d2 was an!&>Chr&s!&an2 &! des!ro*ed )a$&#* #&)e2 &! $ade &!s +& !&$s degraded and unha""*2 &! en ouraged !he wors! "ro"ens&!&es &n $a#es2 &! was e ono$& a##* an!&;ua!ed and &! !hrea!ened !o &$"ede !he g#or&ous "rogress o) !he grea! A$er& an na!&on %* d&sso#+&ng !he Un&on' A%raha$ <&n o#n $&gh! as we## ha+e sa&d o) "o#*ga$* wha! he d&d o) s#a+er*2 !ha! &) &! was no! wrong2 no!h&ng was wrong' There was e+en an &$"end&ng r&s&s wh& h #ed &n ,7A5 !o a $&n&a!ure &+&# war2 when an ar$* e8"ed&!&onar* )or e was sen! aga&ns! Sa#! <a(e C&!*' Young2 a $u h w&ser $an !han 0e))erson Da+&s 9and &n a $u h wea(er $&#&!ar* "os&!&on:2 "ruden!#* de)used !he r&s&s %* "ea e)u# su%$&ss&on2 wh& h #e)! h&$ $as!er o) !he s&!ua!&onF %u! !he d&))eren e &n ou! o$e s ar e#* wea(ens !he )or e o) !he o+era## s&$&#ar&!&es' O"&n&ons d&))er as !o Eus! how $an* "o#*ga$&s!s !here were a$ong !he Mor$ons' I! &s a! #eas! #ear !ha!2 #&(e !he Sou!hern s#a+e>ho#ders2 !he* were &n a $&nor&!*2 and no! a #arge oneF %u! !he* do$&na!ed !he&r "eo"#e' And Br&gha$ Young (new +er* we## !ha! "o#*ga$* e))e !&+e#* u! o)) !he Mor$ons )ro$ !he&r oun!r*$en2 !here%* render&ng !he$ a## !he $ore de"enden! on ea h o!her and on h&$' @ha! does no! see$ !o ha+e on erned h&$ was !he orru"!&ng e))e ! &! had on !he "os&!&on o) Mor$on wo$en2 e+en !hose who were no! "#ura##* $arr&ed' The* were )u##* as de+ou! and %ra+e as !he $en2 and d&d as $u h !o %u&#d u" Desere!F &n re!urn !he* were
redu ed2 &n !he e*es o) !he&r $en)o#( and e+en !he&r own2 !o !he s!a!us o) ha!!e#s' The* were dee$ed !o %e na!ura##* &n)er&or2 as %#a (s were %* !he&r $as!ers' The&r )un !&on &n #&)e was !o %e househo#d drudges' Poor )ar$ers )ound &! hea"er !o $arr* se+era# w&+es2 who wou#d ge! no wages2 !han !o h&re $a#e #a%ourers' Young2 who d&d no! %e#&e+e &n &n!e##e !ua# as"&ra!&ons )or an*one 9!here were no %oo(s &n h&s houses and he was a#wa*s a! )eud w&!h !he %es! edu a!ed o) !he Mor$on #eaders2 Orson Pra!!:2 saw no!h&ng wrong w&!h su h a s!a!e o) a))a&rs' He "re)erred2 howe+er2 !o s!ress !he s"&r&!ua# ad+an!ages !ha! "#ura# $arr&age %rough!' A $an w&!h $ore !han !hree w&+es was er!a&n !o en!er !he h&ghes! hea+en 9he h&$se#)2 as a "ro"he! w&!h se+en!* w&+es2 was go&ng !o ru#e !ha! hea+en2 or "ar! o) &!:F a w&)e o) su h a $an wou#d a#so %e sure o) hea+en2 and &) she had h&#dren2 !o $u#!&"#* !he Sa&n!s on ear!h2 wou#d %e g&+en an honoura%#e "#a e !here' In e8 hange )or !h&s "ro$&se2 Mor$on wo$en ga+e awa* !he&r se#)> res"e ! and !he&r ho"e o) #o+e' In a wa* &! was a worse %arga&n !han s#a+er* &!se#)' I! see$s !ha! e+en wo$en who a e"!ed or de)ended "o#*ga$* d&d no! on !he who#e !hr&+e &n !hese ond&!&ons' The onso#a!&on &s !ha! !he s*s!e$ d&d no! #as! #ong' B& !or* &n !he C&+&# @ar &$$easura%#* s!reng!hened !he )edera# go+ern$en!2 #ega##* as we## as $a!er&a##*2 and !he o$&ng o) !he !rans on!&nen!a# ra&#road &n !he *ears &$$ed&a!e#* a)!er !he war no! on#* %rough! Gen!&#es &n #arge nu$%ers !o U!ah %u! $ade &! "oss&%#e !o "our &n !roo"s &n #arge nu$%ers a! !he s#&gh!es! s&gn o) !rou%#e' And !he )edera# go+ern$en! was &$"#a a%#* an!&> "o#*ga$&s!' So !he ho& e %e)ore !he Sa&n!s was aga&n !o %e su%$&ss&on or )#&gh!' Young su eeded &n "os!"on&ng !he $o$en! o) ho& e2 %u! a)!er h&s dea!h &! was #a&d down= a%andon "o#*ga$* or su))er !he onse;uen es' In ,7-? !he hur h re"ud&a!ed !he "ra !& eF s&8 *ears #a!er U!ah a! #as! %e a$e a s!a!e o) !he Un&on' The s!rugg#e !o "reser+e "#ura# $arr&age had +er* near#* wre (ed !he hur h2 and had o$e near !o des!ro*&ng &!s wea#!hF %u! a! #eas! Mor$on wo$en ou#d now enEo* !he r&gh!s wh& h !he&r s&s!ers e#sewhere had a#read* %egun !o w&n )or !he$se#+esF !hough s!&##2 &n re$o!e oun!r* "#a es2 "o#*ga$* "ers&s!s' The +erd& ! on Br&gha$ Young $us! &n !he end %e a$%&guous' He d&d grea! good2 and grea! e+&#' He was a ;u&n!essen!&a# )&gure o) !he )ron!&er @es!' H&s areer &##u$&na!es &!s $os! hero& "hase' I!s )&na# a ! $a* %e s!ud&ed !hrough !he areer o) a s&$"#er2 %e!!er $an' @&##&a$ Freder& ( Cod* was %orn on !he Iowa %an( o) !he M&ss&ss&""& on /. Fe%ruar* ,76.2 a hundred $&#es or so nor!h o) !he "#a e where !he Mor$ons were ross&ng )ro$ Nau+oo' H&s )a!her was a "&oneer )ro$ Oh&o who &n ,7A/ $o+ed w&!h h&s )a$&#* !o M&ssour&' Fron!&er +&o#en e !here had !a(en a new !urn2 ge!!&ng augh! u" &n !he ra"&d#* de+e#o"&ng on)#& ! %e!ween !he )ree and s#a+e s!a!es' Isaa Cod* was a Free So&#er2 o""osed !o an* new wes!ward e8!ens&on o) s#a+er*' As su h he was s!a%%ed2 and e+en!ua##* harr&ed !o dea!h &n ,7A52 #ea+&ng h&s e#e+en>*ear>o#d son !o %e !he )a$&#*1s %readw&nner' Young @&## was "re o &ous#* read* )or !he Eo%' He ou#d a#read* r&de and shoo! o$"e!en!#*F &n !he *ears !o o$e2 as he grew2 so d&d h&s s(&##s' He was a h&#d o) !he @es!2 haun!ed %* !he #egend o) !he grea! $oun!a&n $en2 K&! Carson and 0&$ Br&dgerF %* !a#es o) Ind&ans and wagon> !ra&ns' He was ne+er !o #ose !h&s %o*&sh en!hus&as$= &! was !o %e !he se re! o) h&s &$$ense su ess' Ine+&!a%#*2 he was drawn a#ong !he P#a&ns !ra&#s' H&s areer was ne+er so hero& as a $oun!a&n $an1s2 %u! &! had ad+en!ure enough )or an* #esser $or!a# and we## re"resen!s +ar&ous "hases o) @es!ern h&s!or*',- He was a !ra""er' He wen! "ros"e !&ng )or go#d &n Co#orado when he was !h&r!een' He was a r&der )or !he "on* e8"ress wh& h re#a*ed $essages r&gh! a ross !he on!&nen! 9un!&# &! was (&##ed %* !he e#e !r& !e#egra"h: when he was )our!een' He s"en! !he C&+&# @ar &n Kansas2 )&gh!&ng a! )&rs! as a 0a*haw(er2 !ha! &s2 as one o) !he Un&on ra&ders who ga+e !&!>)or>!a! !o !he Bu##wha (ers2 Con)edera!e ra&ders )ro$ M&ssour&' Ne&!her )or e had a good re"u!a!&on and &! was as we##
)or *oung Cod* !ha! &n ,7.62 a)!er h&s $o!her1s dea!h2 he en#&s!ed as a s ou! w&!h !he N&n!h Kansas Ca+a#r*2 see&ng a !&on &n Tennessee2 M&ss&ss&""& and M&ssour&' A)!er !he war he $arr&ed 9&! was a !e$"es!uous and &n !he end an unha""* un&on:' He !r&ed !o $a&n!a&n h&s )a$&#* %* wor(&ng as a s!age> oa h dr&+er and 9unsu ess)u##*: as a ho!e#>(ee"erF !hen he !oo( ser+& e as a s ou! )or !he US ar$*2 wh& h was %eg&nn&ng &!s #ong s!rugg#e !o !a$e !he P#a&ns Ind&ans' The ra&#roads a$e !o !he @es!2 and Cod* )ound new e$"#o*$en! as a %u))a#o hun!er2 s#augh!er&ng !he huge %eas!s )or !he ra&# wor(ers !o ea!' He had a horse a##ed Br&gha$ 9a)!er !he Pro"he!: wh& h he %ough! )ro$ a U!e Ind&anF !oge!her !he* "er)or$ed "rod&g&es' Cod* wou#d herd a nu$%er o) %u))a#o !o a "o&n! on+en&en!#* near !he wor(ers1 a$"2 !hen2 ga##o"&ng a#ongs&de on B r& gha$2 wou#d %r&ng !he$ down as ;u& (#* and e ono$& a##* as "oss&%#e= he &s re"or!ed !o ha+e regu#ar#* (&##ed e#e+en %u))a#o w&!h !we#+e %u##e!s as !he* s!a$"eded' I! was %e!!er !han a &r us !o wa! h' In !he se+en!een $on!hs !ha! he wor(ed )or !he ra&#roads he (&##ed 62/7? %u))a#o2 and !hus earned !he so%r&;ue! GBu))a#o B&##1 under wh& h he %e a$e &$$or!a#' He wor(ed as !he h&e) ar$* s ou! )or a )ew *ears $ore' He ser+ed dur&ng !he S&!!&ng Bu## a$"a&gn &n ,75.2 and &$$ed&a!e#* a)!er !he Ba!!#e o) !he <&!!#e B&g Horn won a due# w&!h an Ind&an a##ed Ye##ow Hand' GF&rs! s a#" )or Cus!erT1 he r&ed2 %rand&sh&ng !he dead h&e)1s war> %onne! %e)ore )&!!&ng a !&on !o words' In s"&!e o) !h&s %#ood!h&rs!* e"&sode Bu))a#o B&##1s a!!&!ude !o !he Ind&ans was a#wa*s &n!e##&gen! and 9&n "ea e!&$e: )r&end#*' The Ind&ans #&(ed h&$2 and he de)ended !he$ aga&ns! a#u$n*= GThe de)ea! o) Cus!er was no! a $assa re' The Ind&ans were %e&ng "ursued %* s(&##ed )&gh!ers w&!h orders !o (&##' For en!ur&es !he* had %een hounded )ro$ !he A!#an!& !o !he Pa &)& and %a ( aga&n' The* had !he&r w&+es and #&!!#e ones !o "ro!e ! and !he* were )&gh!&ng )or !he&r e8&s!en e'1 Perha"s he was !he $ore s*$"a!he!& %e ause2 as !he )a$ous rh*$e &nd& a!es2 he was #os&ng h&s wor#d as sure#* as !he S&ou8 were #os&ng !he&rs= Across the plains where once there roamed )he /ndian and the Scout )he Swede with alcoholic .reath Sets rows of ca..age out. The ar$* wou#d no! need h&$ $u h #onger' The )ar$&ng )ron!&er was s"read&ng s!ead&#* a ross !he "#a&ns2 wh&#e !he $&n&ng )ron!&er anne8ed !he h&##s 9&! was a go#d rush &n !he B#a ( H&##s o) Sou!h Da(o!a wh& h had !ou hed o)) !he S&!!&ng Bu## war:' The ra&#road and !he !e#egra"h were s!re! h&ng a ross !he #and2 u!!&ng u" !he grea! %u))a#o rangeF and !he %u))a#o !he$se#+es were %e&ng s#augh!ered w&!h s!agger&ng !horoughness2 no! )or )ood or e+en )or s"or!2 %u! !o des!ro* !he %as&s o) !he Ind&an wa* o) #&)e' Soon !he Ind&ans wou#d %e )or ed on!o reser+a!&ons2 and !he #as! )ew %u))a#o wou#d %e "reser+ed &n Hoos2 wh&#e ows and shee" usur"ed !he&r "as!ure and ow%o*s dro+e !he #onghorns on !he !ra&#s )ro$ Te8as !o !he ra&#heads a! A%&#ene or Kansas C&!*2 when e !he* ou#d %e sh&""ed !o !he s!o (*ards a! Ch& ago )or s#augh!er' The #&)e had &!s own h&gh ro$an e2 and &!s own hard>wor(&ng2 under"a&d rea#&!*F %u! &! was no! !he #&)e )or Bu))a#o B&##' News o) h&s "rowess as a hun!er and warr&or had rea hed !he Eas! so$e *ears %e)ore' There2 ur%an A$er& ans were en!ran ed %* !he sa$e $ag& o) !he @es! as had a##ured *oung @&## Cod*' The* de+oured hea" no+e#s a%ou! ow%o*s and Ind&ans2 $an* o) wh& h )ea!ured Bu))a#o B&## as !he hero' R& h $en )ound !he&r wa* %* !he !rans on!&nen!a# ra&#road !o !he @es!2 where !he&r hero &n "erson !augh! !he$ how !o hun! %u))a#o so #ong as an* were #e)!' Crude $e#odra$as a%ou! B&## %egan !o %e s!aged' On a +&s&! !o !he Eas!2 Cod* saw one o) !hese shows and saw a#so !ha! he ou#d $a(e a #o! o) $one* %* a""ear&ng &n !he$ h&$se#)2 as
h&$se#)' So w&!h a )ew @es!ern ron&es he !oured !he &!&es )or se+era# *ears &n a "re"os!erous )arrago a##ed S ou!s o) !he P#a&ns2 &n wh& h he s#augh!ered hundreds o) Ind&ans w&!h e+er* %u##e!2 wh&#e s&$u#!aneous#* our!&ng2 as a !ender swa&n2 a !ender> hear!ed #ass&e' He was +as!#* su ess)u# e+er*where2 %u! when h&s s&s!er saw !he "#a* he re%u))ed her ongra!u#a!&ons= GOh Ne##&e2 don1! sa* an*!h&ng a%ou! &!' I) hea+en w&## )org&+e $e !h&s )oo#&shness2 I "ro$&se !o ;u&! &! )or e+er when !h&s season &s o+er'1 He enEo*ed a""ear&ng on !he s!age2 he )ound2 and $a(&ng and s"end&ng #arge su$s o) $one*F %u! he *earned )or so$e!h&ng %e!!er !han !awdr* e8"#o&!a!&on' A! #eng!h he saw h&s wa*' He wou#d "resen! an o"en>a&r show )ro$ !he rea# @es!= !he drea$s o) !own>%o*s2 )ed %* d&$e no+e#s2 wou#d now %e sa!&s)&ed %* so$e!h&ng %e!!er' And !he wor#d wh& h he had #&+ed &n and #o+ed wou#d ha+e a #as! $o$en! o) g#or*' Bu))a#o B&##1s @&#d @es! was a runawa* su ess )or )&)!een *ears or $ore' I! $ade $&##&ons2 and &! "#a*ed no! on#* &n A$er& a %u! &n Euro"e= Jueen B& !or&a #o+ed &!2 and e+er*where rowds )#o (ed !o see &!' I! was rea##* a &r us2 %u! #&(e none !ha! had e+er e8&s!ed %e)ore' I! was ra$$ed w&!h #egendar* good&es= %u))a#o2 %u (&ng %ron os2 Ind&an s ou!s2 and Ind&ans= a$ong o!hers2 %o!h Red C#oud and S&!!&ng Bu## $ade a""earan es &n !he show' There were= Ann&e Oa(#e*2 !he %es! sho! &n A$er& aF #&+&ng re"resen!a!&ons o) Cus!er1s #as! s!and and a a!!#e round>u"F an a!!a ( %* ou!#aws on !he Deadwood S!age Coa hF a !ra&n o) "ra&r&e s hoonersF Ind&an dan esF and a%o+e a##2 Bu))a#o B&## h&$se#)' As !he show o"ened2 a !orren! o) horse$en wou#d "our &n!o !he r&ng= Ind&an %ra+es 4 S&ou82 Ara"hos2 Che*ennesF Te8as rangers2 ow%o*s2 Me8& ans2 gau hosF de!a h$en!s )ro$ !he US a+a#r* and ar!&##er*F a#so2 when !he* ou#d %e go!2 ossa (s2 Ara%s2 Br&!&sh <an ers2 Ger$an !roo"ers2 Fren h hasseursF !he* wou#d en!er !hunderous#*2 %u! w&!h "er)e ! d&s &"#&ne2 )o##ow&ng !he&r %anners2 and !hen2 when a## was read*2 !he $us& wou#d ;u& (en2 and Cod* h&$se#) wou#d r&de &n2 !a##2 s!rong and gra e)u#2 h&s #ong ur#s )#ow&ng2 and2 do))&ng h&s so$%rero !o !he aud&en e2 wou#d announ e Ga ongress o) !he rough r&ders o) !he wor#d1' <a!er &n !he show he wou#d ga##o" &n!o !he r&ng a ura!e#* shoo!&ng g#ass %a##s !ossed &n!o !he a&r %* ano!her horse$an2 and he !oo( an a !&+e share &n $an* o!her "ar!s o) !he "er)or$an eF %u! h&s rea# on!r&%u!&on was h&s own a""earan e' <oo(&ng a! Bu))a#o B&## &n h&s %u (s(&n oa! w&!h h&s read* gun and ad$&r&ng h&s $a! h#ess horse$ansh&"2 us!o$ers ou#d )ee# !ha! !he* had seen !he @es! &n a !&on' He s!ood no! on#* )or h&s own areer %u! )or !he who#e ro$an e o) w&nn&ng a on!&nen!' He had seen and done wha! Eas!erners ou#d on#* drea$ o)2 and when !he* heered h&$ !he* were a (now#edg&ng no! on#* h&s "ersona#&!* and "er)or$an e2 %u! so$e!h&ng #arger and $ore &$"a#"a%#e= so$e!h&ng !ha! wou#d %e a "ar! o) !he $ean&ng o) A$er& a )or e+er' The hun!ers o) Ken!u (* were &n h&s !ra&nF !he ourage2 )a&!h and enduran e o) !he "&oneers2 $en and wo$en2 were $an&)es! &n !he +&s&on he d&s"#a*ed !o !he s!a*>a!> ho$esF !he* $&gh! e+en g#&$"se so$e o) !he !ru!h o) !he s!&## re$o!er wor#d o) !he Ind&ans' H&s end was sad' The show ou!s!a*ed &!s we# o$e2 )or Bu))a#o B&## ou#d no! a))ord !o re!&re' He had no head )or %us&ness2 and was an eas*2 generous s"enderF and !hen2 he was a %oos!er o) !he @es!' <&(e so $an* o!her $en o) !he !&$e he was on+&n ed !ha! e+er* "ros"e ! &n !he Ro (&es was "#eas&ngF he arr&ed !he $essage )ar and w&deF %u! h&s own &n+es!$en!s2 e+en when !he* were sound &n "r&n &"#e2 ne+er "a&d o)) )or h&$' Ra (ed w&!h "a&n )ro$ an un!rea!ed "ros!a!e g#andF hea+&#* &n de%! !o !he $an who had !a(en on!ro# o) !he @&#d @es! )ro$ h&$F o#d2 )a! and &n #&ned !o dr&n( !oo $u h2 he *e! dragged h&$se#) !hrough h&s #as! "er)or$an es2 w&!h undaun!ed ourage and o"!&$&s$' To$orrow was a#wa*s go&ng !o %r&ng !he "o! o) go#d2 *e! he d&d no! e+en ha+e !he sa!&s)a !&on o) Dan&e# Boone= he was s!&## a de%!or when he d&ed2 &n 0anuar* ,-,52 a! Den+er2 Co#orado' H&s #egend sur+&+ed !hese #a!er d&sa""o&n!$en!s' He was %ur&ed on <oo(ou! $oun!a&n ou!s&de Den+er2 and !he "#a e %e a$e a shr&neF *e! h&s !rue $e$or&a# was !o %e $ade o)
e##u#o&d' He had "#a*ed w&!h )&#$ &n h&s #as! *ears2 and so$e )oo!age s!&## sur+&+es show&ng Bu))a#o B&## as a s ou! r&d&ng !hrough !he under%rush on !he a#er! )or Ind&ansF %u! !he grea!es! da*s o) !he $o+&e @es!ern s!&## #a* ahead' Ne+er!he#ess &! was Cod* who had )&rs! &nd& a!ed !o wha! dra$a!& he&gh!s and "ower !he $*!h o) !he @es! $&gh! %e ra&sed2 and how &! $&gh! %es! %e d&s"#a*edF and he d&d &! &n !he s&$"#& &!* o) a %o*&sh hear!2 wh& h had a#wa*s #onged )or wonders2 )or en!aurs' @hen he d&ed2 he2 and ow%o*s2 Ind&ans2 )ur>!raders2 "&oneers2 <ong Hun!ers2 were one w&!h !hose #egendar* rea!ures'
13 The 7e-elo6ment of a 7emo%ra%4 17/) 1/#1

*et me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the .aneful effects of the spirit of party generally President <eorge 4ashington, Farewell Address, 1FD% ,very difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. 4e have called .y different names .rethren of the same principle. 4e are all Bepu.licans, we are all Federalists. President )homas 8efferson, First /naugural Address, 1E!1 By the ,ternal= /0ll smash them. President Andrew 8ackson, 1E C
A)!er a *ear or !wo o) !he&r new go+ern$en!2 A$er& ans )e#! a%#e !o ongra!u#a!e !he$se#+es on &!s o$"#e!e su ess' The* were %eg&nn&ng !o enEo* Eus! !ha! so#&d e ono$& "rogress )or wh& h !he* had ho"ed &n +a&n under !he Ar!& #es o) Con)edera!&on' Tho$as 0e))erson2 Se re!ar* o) S!a!e, &n Pres&den! @ash&ng!on1s Ca%&ne!2 su$$ed &! u" %es!= /n general, our affairs are proceeding in a train of unparalleled prosperity. )his arises from the un.ounded confidence reposed in it .y the people, their Geal to support it, and their conviction that a solid ?nion is the .est rock of their safety, from the favoura.le seasons which for some years past have co-operated with a fertile soil and a genial climate to increase the production of agriculture, and from the growth of industry, economy and domestic manufactures> so that / .elieve / may say with truth, that there is not a nation under the sun en1oying more present prosperity, nor with more in prospect. Th&s "assage shows !ha! 0e))erson ou#d reason #&(e an e ono$&s! when he hose !o do soF wh* he d&d no! hoose !o do so $ore o)!en2 and wh*2 &n enu$era!&ng !he auses and na!ure o) A$er& a1s "ros"er&!*2 he d&d no! $en!&on o$$er e2 or !he w&se $easures o) !he @ash&ng!on ad$&n&s!ra!&on2 w&## "resen!#* %e $ade #ear' For !he $o$en!2 &! &s enough !o no!e !ha! he was r&gh!' The Un&!ed S!a!es was en!er&ng on a #ong>#as!&ng e ono$& %oo$' A )ew s!a!&s!& s shou#d $a(e &!s d&$ens&ons "#a&n' The "o"u#a!&on wen! )ro$ Eus! under )our $&##&on &n ,5-? !o Eus! o+er e&gh! $&##&on &n ,7,6' E8"or!s2 wor!h Y/? $&##&on &n ,5-?2 were wor!h Y., $&##&on &n ,7,,2 !he
#as! )u## *ear o) "ea e w&!h Br&!a&n' In !he sa$e "er&od &$"or!s rose )ro$ Y/3 $&##&on !o YA3 $&##&on' I! &s d&))& u#! !o %e %o!h "re &se and a ura!e as !o "r& es2 %u! &! see$s #ear2 )ro$ !he da!a a+a&#a%#e2/ !ha! &n s"&!e o) )#u !ua!&ons !he "r& e o) )ar$ "rodu !s wen! u" %* %e!ween A? and ,?? "er en! %e!ween ,5-? and ,7,6 4 +er* sa!&s)a !or* )or a na!&on s!&## o+erwhe#$&ng#* o$$&!!ed !o agr& u#!ure' And &n !hese *ears wor( %egan on !he e8!re$e#* d&))& u#! %u! e8!re$e#* &$"or!an! "ro%#e$ o) !rans"or!2 wh& h had !o %e so#+ed &) A$er& a was !o rea#&He her e ono$& "o!en!&a#' Beg&nn&ng w&!h !he <an as!er Road2 &n Penns*#+an&a &n ,5-/2 !urn"&(es3 were %u&#! e+er*where !o su""#e$en! !he r&+ersF and &n ,7?52 "or!en!ous#*2 Ro%er! Fu#!on #aun hed !he )&rs! s!ea$%oa!' A## "ro$&sed +er* we##' I! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! !he New Yor( S!o ( E8 hange was )ounded as ear#* as ,5-/' E+en !he news o) re+o#u!&on &n Euro"e d&d no!2 a! )&rs!2 a#ar$' GThe #ose o) !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*Q sha## !ea h $an(&nd !o %e !ru#* )ree21 sa&d a New Ha$"sh&re #erg*$an o$"#a en!#*' GThe )reedo$ o) A$er& a and Fran e sha## $a(e !h&s age re$ar(a%#e'1 True2 &n a wa*F %u! !he under#*&ng o"!&$&s$ o) su h re$ar(s wou#d ne+er!he#ess %e se+ere#* !es!ed2 and an* assu$"!&on !ha! !he new Cons!&!u!&ona# s*s!e$2 wh& h $ade A$er& an "ros"er&!* "oss&%#e2 wou#d enEo* an eas*2 ;u&e! &n)an * was ;u& (#* des!ro*ed' Fran e s#&d )ro$ re+o#u!&on &n!o !he gu#) o) war2 where a## !he o!her Euro"ean na!&ons soon Eo&ned her' Fren h ar$&es dro+e nor!h and eas!F !he re+o#u!&onar* on+en!&on de reed !he %ehead&ng o) <ou&s NBIF a $on!h #a!er Br&!a&n wen! !o war' She and her a##&es soon showed !he$se#+es una%#e !o res&s! Fran e e))e !&+e#* on #and2 %u! a! sea &! was !he o#d s!or*' On e $ore !he Ro*a# Na+* #osed !he "or!s o) Euro"e %* %#o (adeF on e $ore &! arr&ed Br&!&sh so#d&ers !o !he on;ues! o) @es! Ind&an &s#ands and !o dea!h )ro$ *e##ow )e+erF on e $ore &!s "r&n &"a# )#ee!s $e! !hose o) Fran e2 Ho##and and S"a&n and2 #u (&er !h&s !&$e !han &n !he @ar o) A$er& an Inde"enden e2 de)ea!ed !he$ de &s&+e#*2 one %* one2 &n a ser&es o) grea! sea> %a!!#es' The &$"#& a!&ons o) a## !h&s )or !he Un&!ed S!a!es were un"#easan! and &nes a"a%#e' To %e sure2 !here were !hose who argued !ha! Euro"e1s d&s!ress was A$er& a1s ad+an!age2 "o&n!&ng !o !he enor$ous &n rease &n !he +a#ue and e8!en! o) A$er& a1s arr*&ng !rade on !he A!#an!& 2 as !he o$$er e o) !he %e##&geren!s and !he&r o#on&es sough! !he se ur&!* o) a neu!ra# )#agF "o&n!&ng a#so !o !he "ur hase o) !he &$$ense !err&!or* o) <ou&s&ana &n ,7?32 wh& h Na"o#eon2 who had )or ed !he K&ng o) S"a&n !o g&+e &! u" !o h&$2 re#&n;u&shed h&e)#* %e ause he had no ho"e o) re!a&n&ng &! &n !he war w&!h Br&!a&n !ha! was a%ou! !o resu$e' These are we&gh!* argu$en!s2 %u! &! w&## no! do !o )orge! !ha! Euro"e1s d&s!ress was a#so A$er& a1s d&sad+an!age' The grea! wars were !o #oo$ as a !hrea! !o !he "ros"er&!*2 !he so#+en *2 !he "o#&!& a# &nde"enden e and !ran;u&##&!* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es as #ong as !he* #as!ed' Nor2 &n !he end2 ou#d A$er& a e+en s!a* a! "ea e' Th&s s!rugg#e %e!ween )ore&gn "owers ou#d so $u h a))e ! so re$o!e a neu!ra# as !he Un&!ed S!a!es on#* %e ause &n $an* res"e !s !he wor( o) !he war o) &nde"enden e was &n o$"#e!e' B&!a# A$er& an &n!eres!s were s!&## &n+o#+ed &n re#a!&ons w&!h Br&!a&n2 and Br&!&sh "o#& * )ro$ ,5-3 onwards was ne essar&#* de!er$&ned2 &n !h&s $a!!er as &n a## o!hers2 %* !he "r&or&!&es o) na!&ona# sur+&+a# and !he ;ues! )or )&na# +& !or*' Good re#a!&ons w&!h !he Un&!ed S!a!es were s ar e#* e+en a se ondar* o%Ee !&+e' Br&!a&n s!&## d&d no! !a(e !he new re"u%#& ser&ous#*F )orge!!&ng a## !he #essons o) !he Re+o#u!&on she assu$ed !ha! &n !he #as! resor! !he Yan(ees had !oo $u h a! s!a(e !o r&s( a on)#& ! w&!h herF %es&des2 w&!h no na+* and ne8! !o no ar$*2 A$er& a d&d no! see$ a +er* )or$&da%#e )oe' Th&s was !o o+er#oo( !he )a ! !ha! !he A$er& ans were $os!#* de+o!ed "a!r&o!s2 who wou#d %e "re"ared !o "u! u" w&!h a good dea# &n !he &n!eres!s o) "ea e and &n !he ho"e o) se ur&ng a de en! se!!#e$en! o) !he&r d&))eren es w&!h Euro"eF %u! who had a$%&!&ons o) !he&r own and who wou#d er!a&n#* no! )ore+er swa##ow &nsu#!s and &nEur&es' Na!&ona# honour was no! a $ere "hrase !o !he$F &! $ean! !he&r de!er$&na!&on !o %e res"e !ed and #e)! a#one &n !he enEo*$en! o) !he&r hard>won r&gh!s' I! wou#d ha+e %een
we## )or 0ohn Bu## &) he had gras"ed !h&s' Ins!ead2 )ro$ !he $o$en! war %egan2 he harr&ed A$er& an sh&""&ng' As a neu!ra#2 !he Un&!ed S!a!es had !he !heore!& a# r&gh! !o !rade w&!h a## o!her na!&onsF &n "ra !& e Br&!a&n2 do$&nan! on !he A!#an!& 2 a##owed on#* su h !ra))& as su&!ed her' Nor d&d !he Fren h was!e $u h so#& &!ude on !he &n!eres!s o) a )ee%#e %*s!ander' So !he Br&!&sh !r&ed !o s!rang#e A$er& an !rade w&!h Fran eF Fran e sen! ou! "r&+a!eers !o &n!erru"! A$er& an !rade w&!h Br&!a&n' The $an"ower needs o) !he na+* dro+e des"era!e Br&!&sh o))& ers !o dangerous e8 esses' The* %oarded A$er& an sh&"s &n ;ues! o) Br&!&sh su%Ee !s2 e&!her deser!ers or $ere#* sea$en e$"#o*ed %* !he A$er& ansF !oo )re;uen!#* !he* arr&ed o)) US &!&Hens2 &gnor&ng !he&r "ro!es!s2 !o ser+& e &n Br&!&sh warsh&"s 9 ond&!&ons &n wh& h were so %ad as !o genera!e w&des"read $u!&n* &n ,5-5:' The* had !he #ess s ru"#e &n dar&ng !he hos!&#&!* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es %e ause o) !he&r resen!)u# $e$or&es o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on and %e ause !he* %e#&e+ed !ha! !he* were de)end&ng !he #&%er!* o) !he wor#d aga&ns! Fren h !*rann*' A$er& an sh&"s !rad&ng !o ene$* "or!s were se&Hed as "r&Hes o) warF A$er& an goods were on)&s a!ed' A$er& a1s #eaders2 )ro$ George @ash&ng!on downwards2 were an8&ous !o a+o&d war2 &) "oss&%#e2 and on!r&+ed !o do so )or n&ne!een *ears' Bu! !he&r res"onse !o !he #ong r&s&s was a! )&rs! o$"#& a!ed %* an &deo#og& a# d&+&s&on w&!h&n !he Un&!ed S!a!es &!se#)' So$e $en !oo( !he Br&!&sh +&ew= !he Fren h Re+o#u!&onar&es were %#ood!h&rs!* )ana!& s whose #una *2 un#ess he (ed2 wou#d des!ro* !he )ounda!&ons o) &+&#&Hed so &e!*' So$e !oo( !he Fren h +&ew= orru"! $onar h&es were +a&n#* res&s!&ng !he hero& e))or!s o) !hose engaged &n %r&ng&ng !o %&r!h a new order o) #&%er!*2 e;ua#&!* and )ra!ern&!*' As has %een so o$$on &n A$er& an h&s!or*2 )ew on e&!her s&de (new $u h a%ou! !he oun!r&es whose $er&!s !he* were de%a!&ng' Ne&!her s&de o+er%ore &!s o""onen!s )or +er* #ong' In ,5-3 a !a !#ess en+o*2 s!&## re$e$%ered as GC&!&Hen Gene!12 ho"&ng !o %r&ng !he Un&!ed S!a!es &n!o !he war on !he Fren h s&de2 s!&rred u" w&#d en!hus&as$ )or h&s ause2 un!&# h&s $an* &nd&s re!&ons "ro+o(ed a sw&ng o) o"&n&on &n !he o""os&!e d&re !&on' B* ,5-7 4 -2 su h was Fren h %eha+&our 9&n #ud&ng2 &n !he NYC A))a&r2A an a!!e$"! !o e8!or! %r&%es )ro$ A$er& an en+o*s: !ha! &! #oo(ed as &) !he Un&!ed S!a!es was go&ng !o )&gh! Fran e' A! !he #as! $o$en! a (&nd o) se!!#e$en! was a h&e+ed w&!h !he Fren h re"u%#& 1s new ru#er2 Genera# Bona"ar!eF and !hen )or a shor! !&$e 9,7?, 4 3: war eased &n Euro"e' These e8"er&en es a$"#* +&nd& a!ed George @ash&ng!on1s warn&ngs2 &n h&s Farewe## Address2 aga&ns! ge!!&ng e$%ro&#ed &n )ore&gn ;uarre#sF warn&ngs endorsed %* 0e))erson2 when &n ,7?, he %e a$e Pres&den!2 &n a )a$ous "hrase= GPea e2 o$$er e2 and hones! )r&endsh&" w&!h a## na!&onsF en!ang#&ng a##&an es w&!h none'1 Unha""&#* !h&s "r&n &"#e was eas&er !o s!a!e !han !o se ure2 as had a#read* %een shown2 and was now !o %e shown aga&n' Br&!a&n and Fran e2 !o !he&r own de!r&$en!2 were no! &n!eres!ed &n "ea e and o$$er e w&!h !he Un&!ed S!a!esF !he* s!ar!ed !o )&gh! ea h o!her aga&n &n ,7?32 and su%ord&na!ed e+er* ons&dera!&on !o !he $os! shor!> s&gh!ed no!&ons o) do&ng ea h o!her &nEur*' Th&s was "ar!& u#ar#* )oo#&sh &n !he Br&!&sh ase' To %e sure2 A$er& a1s neu!ra# )#ag was a re)uge )or Fren h $ar&!&$e o$$er e2 and &n +ar&ous wa*s Br&!&sh !rade su))ered gr&e+ous#* )ro$ A$er& an o$"e!&!&on2 wh& h &nEured !he war e))or!' On !he o!her hand2 !he Un&!ed S!a!es was now Br&!a&n1s %es! us!o$erF A$er& ans were on !he who#e drawn !o !he Br&!&sh s&de o) !he grea! ;uarre# 9Mr 0e))erson2 &n "ar!& u#ar2 had no !&$e )or Cors& an d& !a!ors:F &$"or!s )ro$ A$er& a were o) !he grea!es! &$"or!an e !o r&s&ng Br&!&sh &ndus!r&a#&s$2 and added !o Br&!a&n1s war>$a(&ng a"a &!*' Pu! a! &!s rudes!2 "ea e w&!h A$er& a on an* !er$s was hea"er and #ess !rou%#eso$e !han war' Ye! &n !he end2 %* Br&!&sh )au#!2 war &! was !o %e' The A$er& ans d&d e+er*!h&ng !he* de en!#* ou#d !o a+o&d &!2 a#!hough !he "ro+o a!&on was as end#ess as &! was unreasona%#e' In ,7?5 a Br&!&sh )r&ga!e2 !he <eo"ard2 o"ened )&re on an A$er& an )r&ga!e2 !he Chesa"ea(e2 wh& h was sus"e !ed o) har%our&ng Br&!&sh na+a# deser!ers' Chesa"ea(e )&red on#* one sho! %e)ore surrender&ng2
ha+&ng endured !wen!*>one asua#!&es and ha+&ng sus!a&ned !wen!*>!wo sho!s &n her hu##' The Br&!&sh !oo( o)) )our deser!ers' Th&s &n &den! "ro+o(ed &n!ense &nd&gna!&on &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es and #ed Pres&den! 0e))erson !o !r* wha! o$$er &a# war)are wou#d do2 s&n e he was no! read* !o !r* !he rea# !h&ng' In De e$%er ,7?52 Congress "assed &n!o #aw an e$%argo2 wh& h a$oun!ed !o a se#)>%#o (ade= A$er& a was !o ha+e no o$$er &a# dea#&ngs w&!h an* )ore&gn oun!r* un!&# her r&gh!s were re ogn&Hed and res"e !ed' I! was a %o#d ear#* e8"er&$en! &n wha! wou#d nowada*s %e a##ed san !&onsF un)or!una!e#* &! was a#so a ase o) u!!&ng o)) *our nose !o s"&!e *our )a e' The Un&!ed S!a!es su))ered )ar worse !han her us!o$ers2 and &! was )ound !ha! en)or e$en! re;u&red e+er $ore r&gorous2 au!hor&!ar&an2 un>A$er& an $e!hods' So ear#* &n ,7?- Congress "assed an A ! re"ea#&ng !he e$%argo2 wh& h 0e))erson re#u !an!#* s&gned !wo da*s %e)ore #ea+&ng o))& e' A !oo!h#ess Non> In!er ourse A ! was su%s!&!u!ed' The d&"#o$a!& "ro eed&ngs o) !he ne8! !hree *ears are !oo !ed&ous and s!er&#e a su%Ee ! !o %e wor!h $ore !han su$$ar* !rea!$en!' Na"o#eon d&d e+er*!h&ng he ou#d !o %r&ng on a ;uarre# %e!ween !he Un&!ed S!a!es and Br&!a&n' I! s#ow#* dawned on Br&!&sh s!a!es$en2 d&"#o$a!s and $anu)a !urers !ha! su h a ;uarre# was no! &n !he&r oun!r*1s %es! &n!eres!s' The A$er& ans2 ha+&ng "a!&en!#* nego!&a!ed and end#ess#* wa&!ed )or !he +& !or* o) o$$on sense2 )&na##* ga+e u" and de #ared war &n 0une ,7,/2 Eus! as Br&!a&n a#!ered her "o#& * %* sus"end&ng !he no!or&ous Orders &n Coun &# wh& h had su%s!an!&a##* shu! o)) A$er& an !rade w&!h Euro"e and !he @es! Ind&es' The @ar o) ,7,/ was one o) !he $os! unne essar* &n h&s!or*2 and re)#e !s as #&!!#e red&! on Br&!a&n as an* she has e+er )ough!' I! was &n (ee"&ng w&!h &!s hara !er !ha! &! shou#d %rea( ou! Eus! as one o) &!s h&e) auses was re$o+ed2 and !ha! &!s grea!es! %a!!#e 9New Or#eans: shou#d %e )ough! Eus! a)!er "ea e was s&gned'. Bu! !hough !he war was unne essar* &n !he sense !ha! !he Br&!&sh ou#d and shou#d ha+e "re+en!ed &! %* on ess&ons2 &! was a#so2 )ro$ !he A$er& an "o&n! o) +&ew2 &nes a"a%#e' The Ro*a# Na+* (&dna""ed 327?? A$er& an sa&#ors and "ressed !he$ &n!o !ha! ser+& e' The Orders &n Coun &# ru!h#ess#* su%ord&na!ed A$er& an e ono$& &n!eres!s !o !he "o#&!& a# &n!eres!s o) !he Br&!&sh E$"&re= A$er& an )ar$ers %#a$ed !he Orders2 "erha"s un)a&r#*2 )or a )a## &n agr& u#!ura# "r& es !ha! "rodu ed a de"ress&on &n !he @es! &n !he *ears &$$ed&a!e#* %e)ore !he war' On !he )ron!&er2 &! was un&+ersa##* %e#&e+ed !ha! Ind&an res!#essness 4 !h&s was !he e"o h o) Te u$seh1s grea! "roEe ! 5 4 was s!&rred u" %* Br&!&sh agen!s2 !hough A$er& an o""ress&on was !he rea# ause' The ho& e %e)ore A$er& a2 0e))erson sad#* agreed w&!h h&s su essor as Pres&den!2 0a$es Mad&son2 was war or su%$&ss&on 4 !o )&gh!2 or !o undo one o) !he $a&n a h&e+e$en!s o) !he Re+o#u!&on %* a e"!&ng !o!a# su%ord&na!&on &n &n!erna!&ona# a))a&rs !o Br&!a&n' <oo(&ng %a ( o+er !he "er&od s&n e ,5732 A$er& an #eaders ou#d no! )a#!er' Br&!a&n rea##* had !o %e !augh! a #esson' As 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s "u! &!2 7 &! was no! Eus! a $a!!er o) do##ars and en!sF no a#!erna!&+e was #e)! %u! war Gor !he a%andon$en! o) our r&gh! as an &nde"enden! na!&on1' So !hough! Pres&den! Mad&son when he sen! h&s war $essage !o CongressF and so !hough! !he r&s&ng genera!&on o) "o#&!& &ans &n Congress2 !he so> a##ed @ar Haw(s2 #ed %* Henr* C#a* o) Ken!u (* 9,555 4 ,7A/: and 0ohn Ca#dwe## Ca#houn o) Sou!h Caro#&na 9,57/ 4 ,7A?:' Ne+er &n A$er& an h&s!or* was a war en!ered on &n a $ore so%er )ra$e o) $&nd2 e+en !hough C#a* heer)u##* "ro$&sed !he ear#* on;ues! and anne8a!&on o) Canada' The war #as!ed )or !wo *ears and a ha#) and was no! +er* sa!&s)a !or* )or e&!her s&de' Canada was no! !a(en2 %u! nor was !he Un&!ed S!a!es su ess)u##* &n+aded= Br&!&sh e8"ed&!&ons were he (ed on !he Grea! <a(es2 a! Ba#!&$ore and2 %* Andrew 0a (son2 a! New Or#eans' The Br&!&sh had $u h !he %es! o) !h&ngs a! sea2 %u! !he A$er& ans2 w&!h ne8! !o no na+*2 won se+era# red&!a%#e +& !or&es 9as &n !he e#e%ra!ed due# %e!ween !he )r&ga!es USS Cons!&!u!&on and HMS Guerr&Ure2 &n ,7,/: and ra&ded !he Br&!&sh $er han! $ar&ne +er* "ro)&!a%#*' Bo!h s&des o as&ona##* d&sgra ed !he$se#+es' The Br&!&sh $oun!ed a ser&es o) des!ru !&+e ra&ds on oas!a# !owns and +&##ages2 wh& h on#* &n)#a$ed !he "a!r&o!& anger o) !he&r &+&#&an +& !&$s' The A$er& ans
#*n hed one genera# o) !he Re+o#u!&onar* @ar and r&""#ed ano!her 9<&gh! Horse Harr* <ee2 !he )a!her o) Ro%er! E' <ee: %e ause !he* were o""osed !o !he "resen! s!rugg#e' The Br&!&sh a"!ured @ash&ng!on and %urned &!s "u%#& %u&#d&ngs down 9no! &!s "r&+a!e ones:= when !he Pres&den!&a# Mans&on was res!ored2 &! was "a&n!ed wh&!e2 and has %een (nown as !he @h&!e House e+er s&n e' Genera# @&##&a$ Henr* Harr&son %ro(e !he "ower o) Te u$seh and !he Ind&ans o) !he Nor!h>@es! a! !he %a!!#es o) T&""e anoe 9,7,,: and Tha$es r&+er 9,7,3:2 wh&#e Genera# 0a (son d&d !he sa$e )or !he Ind&ans o) !he Sou!h' New Eng#and2 or !he do$&nan! )a !&on &n !ha! reg&on2 su#(ed near>!reasona%#* !hroughou! !he war2 %e ause $ar&!&$e !rade was d&sru"!ed' In !he au!u$n o) ,7,6 re"resen!a!&+es o) !he New Eng#and s!a!es $e! &n a on+en!&on a! Har!)ord2 Conne !& u!' A! !he %a ( o) !he&r $&nds was !he "roEe ! o) se ed&ng2 or !hrea!en&ng !o se ede2 )ro$ !he )edera# Un&on2 %u! !he de$ands !he* a !ua##* sen! !o @ash&ng!on were on#* )or so$e a$end$en!s !o !he Cons!&!u!&on' Un#u (&#* )or !he$2 %u! #u (&#* )or A$er& a2 !he&r $essengers arr&+ed &n !he )edera# a"&!a# a! !he sa$e !&$e as !he news o) !he Ba!!#e o) New Or#eans and !he s&gna!ure o) !he Pea e o) Ghen! 9De e$%er ,7,6:F !he Yan(ees had !o go ho$e #oo(&ng +er* s&##*' The "ea e !rea!* 9nego!&a!ed %* A#%er! Ga##a!&n2 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s and Henr* C#a*: was #&!!#e $ore !han an agree$en! !o s!o" )&gh!&ng= ne&!her s&de $ade an* e8"#& &! on ess&ons' I!s &n on #us&+e #anguage on ea#ed an &$"or!an! !ru!h' Eng#and had a! #as! #earned !ha! war w&!h !he Un&!ed S!a!es was a#$os! &n+ar&a%#* no! wor!hwh&#e' B* her %eha+&our s&n e ,5.6 she had a#&ena!ed !he res"e ! and a))e !&on o) her ;uonda$ o#on&es so !horough#* !ha! &! wou#d !a(e her $ore !han a en!ur* !o ge! %a ( on!o so#&d#* )r&end#* !er$s w&!h !he$F she had a#so !augh! !he A$er& ans2 $u h !oo !horough#*2 !ha! !he on#* $eans !o ge! on &n !he harsh wor#d o) d&"#o$a * was %* %u##*&ng and &n)#e8&%&#&!*F %u! s!&##2 !he !wo oun!r&es had $u h $ore &n o$$on w&!h ea h o!her !han !he* had d&sagree$en!s2 and e+er a)!er ,7,6 %o!h2 &n !he #as! resor!2 were a%#e !o a e"! !he )a !' In s"&!e o) re"ea!ed war>s ares dur&ng !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 !here has ne+er %een ano!her Ang#o> A$er& an on)#& !F and !he red&! )or !ha! $a* &n #arge $easure %e g&+en !o !he #essons !augh! !he Br&!&sh %* Pres&den! Mad&son and h&s o))& ers' So !horough#* were !he #essons #earned !ha! &n ,7/32 dur&ng !he ne8! ad$&n&s!ra!&on2 !ha! o) Pres&den! 0a$es Monroe 9,5A7 4 ,73,:2 George Cann&ng2 !he Br&!&sh Fore&gn Se re!ar*2 a !ua##* "ro"osed a )or$a# a##&an e %e!ween Eng#and and !he Un&!ed S!a!es )or !he "ur"ose o) res&s!&ng an* a!!e$"! %* !he "owers o) !he Ho#* A##&an e 9Fran e2 Pruss&a2 Aus!r&a and es"e &a##* Russ&a: !o re> on;uer !he o#on&es o) !he S"an&sh E$"&re2 !hen &n re+o#! aga&ns! !he&r $e!ro"o#&s' The &dea was !e$"!&ng2 and !he now an &en! 0e))erson ad+&sed agree$en!F %u! 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s2 Monroe1s Se re!ar* o) S!a!e2 !hough! o!herw&se2 and "ersuaded !he Pres&den!' A $essage was dra)!ed and sen! !o Congress !ha! showed w&!h a%so#u!e #ar&!* wha! A$er& an s!a!es$en had #earned )ro$ !he #ong era o) "er&#ous neu!ra#&!* and wha! !he* !hough! was !o %e !he&r oun!r*1s "#a e &n !he wor#d= !he o as&on has %een Eudged "ro"er )or asser!&ng2 as a "r&n &"#e &n wh& h !he r&gh!s and &n!eres!s o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es are &n+o#+ed2 !ha! !he A$er& an on!&nen!s2 %* !he )ree and &nde"enden! ond&!&on wh& h !he* ha+e assu$ed and $a&n!a&n2 are hen e)or!h no! !o %e ons&dered as su%Ee !s )or )u!ure o#on&Ha!&on %* an* Euro"ean "owers' Th&s &s !he )a$ous Monroe Do !r&ne' Cann&ng !hough! &! a "&e e o) &$"er!&nen e2 )or !he Un&!ed S!a!es was )ar !oo wea( !o en)or e &! aga&ns! an* de!er$&ned ha##enge )ro$ a grea! "owerF &! was !he Ro*a# Na+* wh& h2 )or good Br&!&sh reasons 9!he "reser+a!&on o) g#o%a# "r&$a *2 and o) as endan * &n !he $ar(e!s o) !he New @or#d:2 wou#d )or !he res! o) !he en!ur* s!and %e!ween Nor!h and Sou!h A$er& a and an* aggressorsF %u! &! was ne+er!he#ess an e))e !&+e warn&ng !o Grea! Br&!a&n !ha! ano!her war $&gh! )o##ow &) an* ser&ous a!!e$"! was
$ade !o e8!end !he Br&!&sh E$"&re o+er2 )or e8a$"#e2 !he Is!h$us o) Pana$aF a warn&ng !ha! a !ed as an e))e !&+e de!erren!' The Do !r&ne a#so on!a&ned2 &n ger$2 !he as"&ra!&on o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es !o w&e#d &!s own hege$on* o+er !he New @or#d 4 an as"&ra!&on !ha! wou#d &n due ourse r&"en &n!o a !&on' There was ano!her &$"or!an! "assage &n Monroe1s $essage2 a ;u&d "ro ;uo )or !he Do !r&ne= Our "o#& * &n regard !o Euro"e2 wh& h was ado"!ed a! an ear#* s!age o) !he wars wh& h ha+e so #ong ag&!a!ed !ha! ;uar!er o) !he g#o%e2 ne+er!he#ess re$a&ns !he sa$e2 wh& h &s2 no! !o &n!er)ere &n !he &n!erna# on erns o) an* o) &!s "owers' I! was !he do !r&ne o) @ash&ng!on1s Farewe## Address2 o) 0e))erson2 o) wha! a$e !o %e a##ed &so#a!&on&s$' I! e8"ressed a dee" w&sh !o %e #e)! a#one and a ra!her "a!he!& %e#&e) !ha! !he Un&!ed S!a!es wou#d a !ua##* %e so #e)! &) &! $ade &!s w&shes and &n!en!&ons "#a&n' Had no! !he Farewe## Address "o&n!ed ou! !ha! GEuro"e has a se! o) "r&$ar* &n!eres!s wh& h !o us ha+e none or a +er* re$o!e re#a!&on1M And !ha! Euro"e was a #ong wa* awa*M Su h u!!eran es shou#d %e "ro!e !&on enough2 and A$er& ans #ung !o !he$ #ong a)!er !he* had #os! wha!e+er +a#ue !he* had e+er had 9and2 as we ha+e seen2 &! was ne+er $u h:' To re"ea!2 !he rea# guaran!or o) A$er& an "ea e and &so#a!&on was !he Ro*a# Na+*F &) !ha! sh&e#d shou#d e+er ra (2 !he A$er& an "eo"#e wou#d %e )a ed w&!h so$e +er* un"#easan! "ro%#e$s2 )or wh& h !he&r )a+our&!e d&"#o$a!& do !r&nes d&d #&!!#e or no!h&ng !o "re"are !he$' Mean!&$e !he sh&e#d was &n!a !2 and !he A$er& ans were )ree !o !urn !he&r %a (s on !he A!#an!& and arr* ou! !he on;ues! o) !he&r on!&nen!' The &n!erna!&ona# d&#e$$as o) !he ,5-?s #e)! a "er$anen! $ar( on A$er& an do$es!& h&s!or*2 )or reasons !ha! had as $u h !o do w&!h "ersona#&!&es as w&!h "o#&!& s' The #eadersh&" o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on had %een s&ngu#ar#* ho$ogeneous2 s&ngu#ar#* un&!ed and s&ngu#ar#* dura%#e' Juarre#s and de%a!es $ade #&!!#e d&))eren e= no gu&##o!&ne wa&!ed )or !hose who were on !he #os&ng s&de &n e&!her ase' 0ohn D& (&nson2 who had +o!ed aga&ns! !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e2 "#a*ed a +a#ua%#e "ar! &n !he ,575 on+en!&on' Pa!r& ( Henr*2 who +o!ed aga&ns! !he Cons!&!u!&on2 re$a&ned &n)#uen!&a# enough !o se ure !he ado"!&on o) !he B&## o) R&gh!s' Sa$ue# Ada$s and 0ohn Han o ( were gen!ee# r&+a#s )or "o#&!& a# "ower &n Massa huse!!s un!&# Han o (1s dea!h &n ,5-32 wh& h #eared !he wa* )or Ada$s !o enEo* !he Go+ernorsh&" a! #as!' George @ash&ng!on was ;u&!e reasona%#e &n h&s ho"e !ha! h&s ad$&n&s!ra!&on wou#d re)#e ! !h&s under#*&ng har$on*' No dou%! !here wou#d %e d&s"u!es a%ou! "o#& *2 #ashes o) "ersona# a$%&!&ons2 o##&s&ons o) &n!eres!s' @ha! George III had a##ed G!ha! h*dra2 )a !&on12 and wh& h @ash&ng!on d&s#&(ed as $u h as h&s )or$er so+ere&gn2 wou#d "erha"s ra&se &!s $an* "o&soned heads' There $&gh! e+en %e a !enden * )or so &e!* !o %rea( u" &n!o r&+a# "ar!&es 4 ano!her dread)u# word 4 o) r& h and "oor' Bu! sure#* a## su h !enden &es ou#d %e o+er o$e w&!h !he a&d o) s!ou! 0ohn Ada$s2 h&s B& e>Pres&den!F o) 0a$es Mad&son2 e8"e !ed !o d&s"#a* !he sa$e #eadersh&" &n !he new House o) Re"resen!a!&+es !ha! he had &n !he Cons!&!u!&ona# on+en!&onF o) @ash&ng!on1s o#d o$rade>&n>ar$s2 Genera# Kno82 who was !o on!&nue as Se re!ar* o) @arF o) Tho$as 0e))erson2 re#u !an!#* g&+&ng u" h&s $&n&s!ersh&" !o !he Cour! o) Fran e 9#&(e a## good A$er& ans2 he had )a##en &n #o+e w&!h Par&s: !o %e !he )&rs! Se re!ar* o) S!a!eF o) A#e8ander Ha$&#!on2 Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur*' The #eadersh&" wh& h had he#d !oge!her &n war wou#d do so &n "ea e2 e;ua##* !o !he oun!r*1s %ene)&!' @&!h&n a *ear o) @ash&ng!on1s assu$"!&on o) o))& e !hese ho"es were )a#s&)&ed' I! was no! !he
Pres&den!1s )au#!' Ha$&#!on was !he ro ( o) o))en e' The "o#& &es wh& h he "ushed !hrough were "ro)ound#* d&+&s&+e2 howe+er %ene)& &a# !he* "ro+ed &n !he #ong runF how d&+&s&+e was de$ons!ra!ed %* !he )a ! !ha! !he s"#&!s !he* "ro+o(ed showed !he$se#+es )&rs! &n @ash&ng!on1s o))& &a# )a$&#*' Perha"s a )a$&#* ;uarre# was &ne+&!a%#e' The !wo B&rg&n&ans2 0e))erson and Mad&son2 d&))ered )unda$en!a##* )ro$ Ha$&#!on as !o !he "resen! and )u!ure des!&n* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' Co$&ng )ro$ a "o"u#ous )ar$ers1 re"u%#& 2 where e;ua# as"&ra!&ons )or a## wh&!e $en was !he genera# reed2 !he* wan!ed no rad& a# hanges' 0e))erson su""or!ed !he e8!ens&on o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es a ross !he on!&nen!2 %u! he !hough! &! wou#d !a(e a !housand *ears or so' <e! !he A$er& ans grow $ore "ros"erous and &+&#&Hed2 %* a## $eansF %u! #e! !he$ do so #&(e B&rg&n&ansF #e! !he$ sha"e !he&r own #&+es &n $an#* &nde"enden e and ha+e as #&!!#e go+ern$en!2 s!a!e or na!&ona#2 as "oss&%#e' A%o+e a##2 #e! !he$ es hew !he sor! o) e ono$& a !&+&!* wh& h #ed !he "o"u#a!&on !o hudd#e &n grea! &!&es' 0e))erson had %een ha""* &n Par&s and "ro)essed a s!rong2 o"!&$&s!& %e#&e) &n !he +&r!ue o) !he o$$on $an2 %u! he +&ewed grea! &!&es2 he sa&d2 Gas "es!&#en!&a# !o !he $ora#s2 !he hea#!h and !he #&%er!&es o) $an1' The* $us! ne+er ar&se &n A$er& a !o orru"! !he "eo"#e' Nor $us! grow&ng na!&ona# wea#!h #ead !o a grow&ng #ass o) !he wea#!h*' He had no $ore use )or $er han! "r&n es or )&nan &a# !&!ans !han he had )or Na"o#eon 9gen!#e$en )ar$ers were ano!her !h&ng:' A on en!ra!&on o) wea#!h wou#d %r&ng a%ou! a on en!ra!&on o) "o#&!& a# "owerF and !hen #e! !he re"u%#& ans o) A$er& a %eware' Th&s +&s&on was "erha"s e;ua##* $ar(ed %* "res &en e and w&sh)u# !h&n(&ng' Ha$&#!on regarded &! as so $u h $oonsh&ne2 and was sho (ed as he gradua##* d&s o+ered !ha! h&s o#d )r&end Mad&son shared &!' He h&$se#)2 ha+&ng %een %orn &n !he @es! Ind&es 9he arr&+ed &n New Yor( as a *oung $an on !he $a(e a! !he age o) se+en!een:2 was &$$une !o !he #a&$s o) !he s!a!es on !he )&rs! #o*a#!&es o) !he&r &!&Hens2 #a&$s wh& h were so "ower)u# w&!h $os! o!her A$er& ans' H&s own #o*a#!* was g&+en e8 #us&+e#* !o !he na!&on as a who#e' He was &$$ense#* e8h&#ara!ed %* !he "oss&%&#&!&es !ha! he saw ar&s&ng )ro$ !he rea!&on o) a new na!&ona# s!a!e on a +as! and +&rg&n on!&nen!' The )edera# go+ern$en!1s )&rs! %us&ness2 he !hough!2 was %* e+er* a""ro"r&a!e $eans !o &n rease &!s s!reng!h and !hus sa)eguard !he g#or&ous )u!ure' H&s unders!and&ng o) !he e ono$& )or es a! wor( &n !he wor#d was "ro)ound2 and he re#&ed on !he$ !o %u&#d u" !he Un&!ed S!a!es' In a sense2 he was !he he&r o) !he $er an!&#&s!s' A! an* ra!e he %e#&e+ed !ha! a s!rong un&!ar* A$er& an o$$onwea#!h ou#d en ourage !rade and &ndus!r* )ar $ore e))e !&+e#* !han !he o#d #oose )edera!&on o) s$a## s!a!es2 and wou#d &n !urn %e s!reng!hened %* !he new wea#!h &! )os!ered' A #ass o) r& h $en 4 $er han!s2 )&nan &ers2 $anu)a !urers 4 #&n(ed w&!h !he go+ern$en!a# s*s!e$ %* su h &ns!&!u!&ona# de+& es as a )unded Na!&ona# De%! and a na!&ona# %an( #&(e !he Ban( o) Eng#and2 ou#d &$$ense#* %ene)&! a## !he&r )e##ow> &!&Hens %* !he&r energ*2 )ores&gh! and r& hes' True2 su h a s*s!e$ wou#d %e &nega#&!ar&an and unde$o ra!& 9s&n e "ower wou#d re$a&n &n !he hands o) !hose w&!h "ro"er!*:' Ha$&#!on d&d no! are' He ne+er "re!ended !o %e a de$o ra!= he !hough! de$o ra *2 wh& h "u! "ower &n !he hands o) !he unen#&gh!ened $u#!&!ude2 was a d&sease' Hu$an na!ure2 &n h&s o"&n&on2 was %as& a##* se#)&sh2 and !a#( o) re"u%#& an +&r!ue was so $u h an!' GA$%&!&on and a+ar& e1 were !he $os! re#&a%#e "&##ars o) !he s!a!e' None o) !he "ro"he!s o) d&s&n!eres!edness wou#d %e sa!&s)&ed w&!h a $ess o) "orr&dge2 e+en a dou%#e he#"&ng2 when !he* $&gh! ge! a de en! sa#ar* )or !he&r ser+& es' No2 !he ar! o) go+ern$en! was !o ur% and gu&de $en1s greed* a""e!&!es &n!o use)u# ourses2 so !ha!2 as !he S o!!&sh e ono$&s! Ada$ S$&!h "ro"osed2 "r&+a!e +& e ou#d %e "u%#& ga&n' Ha$&#!on was a "ro"he! o) a"&!a#&s$ and "ass&ona!e#* %e#&e+ed !ha! a "o#&!& a# and e ono$& s*s!e$ do$&na!ed %* a"&!a#&s!s wou#d &n !he end "rodu e !he grea!es! ha""&ness )or a##' In !heor*2 !he 0e))erson&an and Ha$&#!on&an +&ews o) #&)e were and are &n o$"a!&%#eF &n "ra !& e !he* an %e re on &#ed2 a! #eas! &n "ar!' Mu h o) A$er& an so &a# and e ono$&
h&s!or* has %een !a(en u" w&!h !he a!!e$"! !o %#end !he$' For !he wea(ness o) !he one was !he s!reng!h o) !he o!her' 0e))erson&s$ was !oo s!a!& 2 !oo %a (ward>#oo(&ngF Ha$&#!on&s$ was !oo narrow#* *n& a# a%ou! hu$an na!ure' And !he !wo reeds ha+e !h&s &n o$$on2 !ha! !he* %o!h en ouraged !he e ono$& &nd&+&dua#&s$ and !he na!&ona# a$%&!&ons o) !he new re"u%#& ' 0e))erson h&$se#)2 &n !he ourse o) h&s #ong "o#&!& a# areer 9wh& h e8!ended e+en a)!er h&s re!&re$en! )ro$ !he Pres&den * &n ,7?-:2 ass&$&#a!ed $an* Ha$&#!on&an "o#& &es and &deas' Ha$&#!on ne+er re!urned !he o$"#&$en!F %u! !hen2 &n s"&!e o) h&s &n!e##e !ua# %r&##&an e2 he was grea!#* 0e))erson1s &n)er&or as a "ra !& a# "o#&!& &an' He was no! who##* un#&(e George Gren+&##e' He arr&ed on "u%#& a))a&rs w&!h a h&gh hand and !ra$"#ed on !oo $an* "eo"#e1s !oes= 0e))erson was a#wa*s %#and and )r&end#*2 a! #eas! !o $en1s )a es' Fur!her$ore2 Ha$&#!on1s +&ews o) hu$an na!ure were an*!h&ng %u! )#a!!er&ng !o A$er& an +o!ers2 and +o!ers #o+e !o %e )#a!!ered' In !he end !he* were %ound !o "re)er 0e))erson1s s&n ere2 &) &$"er e"!&+e2 o$"#&$en!s on !he&r hones!* !o Ha$&#!on1s shar" !ru!hs' In ,5-? George @ash&ng!on2 a "ra !& a# "o#&!& &an h&$se#)2 was "ro%a%#* $ore on erned w&!h !he "ersona# !han w&!h !he &deo#og& a# an!&"a!h* %e!ween h&s !wo $&n&s!ers2 %u! he was "er)e !#* o$"e!en! !o on!a&n &!' The resu#! was !ha! wh&#e 0e))erson se! u" !he A$er& an d&"#o$a!& ser+& e2 Ha$&#!on #e)! h&s $ar( on !he )&rs! @ash&ng!on ad$&n&s!ra!&on w&!h a ser&es o) daHH#&ng a h&e+e$en!s' I) !he Un&!ed S!a!es was !o sur+&+e &n a dangerous wor#d2 he sa&d2 &!s go+ern$en! $us! %e s!rong and a%o+e a## Generge!& 1 9a )a+our&!e word:' To %e so2 &! $us! ha+e so#&d )&nan es and a good na$e &n !he wor#d1s $one* $ar(e!s' So !he Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur* our!ed !he s"e u#a!ors' These were no! "o"u#ar $enF !he* were w&de#* sus"e ! as uns ru"u#ous o"era!ors who (new how !o ge! r& h when e+er*one e#se was ge!!&ng "oor' Bu! Ha$&#!on !hough! !he$ essen!&a# o##a%ora!orsF and2 ha+&ng s!ud&ed !he $e!hods o) !he *ounger P&!! 9!hen a! !he "ea( o) h&s )a$e as Eng#and1s *ounges! Pr&$e M&n&s!er and w&Hard )&nan &er:2 he (new how !o a!!ra ! !he$' He ho&s!ed a s&gna# !ha! !he Un&!ed S!a!es go+ern$en! was an8&ous !o )a+our !he$ %* "ro"os&ng2 &n h&s Re"or! on !he Pu%#& Cred&! 9- 0anuar* ,5-?:2 no! on#* !o "a* !he na!&ona# de%! 9!here had %een !a#( o) re"ud&a!&ng &!: %u! !o )und &!2 !ha! &s2 !o $a(e arrange$en!s %* wh& h !he "a*$en! o) !he "r&n &"a# and &n!eres! o) !he de%! shou#d a#wa*s2 au!o$a!& a##*2 ha+e )&rs! harge on !he "u%#& re+enues 9wh& h wou#d o$e )ro$ a !ar&)) and an e8 &se:' Th&s was reassur&ngF he )ur!her "ro"osed !ha! !he )edera# go+ern$en! shou#d add !he ou!s!and&ng de%!s o) !he s!a!es )ro$ !he Re+o#u!&onar* @ar !o &!s own de%!2 and "a* !he$ o)) &n !he sa$e wa*' In shor!2 P7? $&##&on o) wor!h#ess2 or near#* wor!h#ess2 "a"er de%!s sudden#* %e a$e +er* a!!ra !&+e &n+es!$en!s &ndeed2 and s"e u#a!ors who had no! a#read* %ough! a #arge ho#d&ng has!ened !o do so %e)ore !he &nno en! rea#&Hed wha! was &n+o#+ed' Ha$&#!on1s )&na# a h&e+e$en! was !he es!a%#&sh$en! o) !he Ban( o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es 9,5-,: !o )a &#&!a!e %o!h go+ern$en! %orrow&ng and "r&+a!e )&nan e' He was rewarded w&!h a sudden %urgeon&ng o) na!&ona# "ros"er&!*' He a#so aroused +o#u%#e o""os&!&on' The assu$"!&on o) s!a!e de%!s $ean! !ha! !hose s!a!es 9su h as B&rg&n&a: wh& h had "a&d wha! !he* owed now had !o %ear "ar! o) !he %urden o) !he de%!s o) !hose s!a!es 9su h as Massa huse!!s: wh& h had %een d&#a!or* or &ne))& &en!' The de &s&on !o $a(e "a*$en!s )ro$ !he na!&ona# )unds on#* !o a !ua# ho#ders o) na!&ona# "a"er2 su h as s"e u#a!ors2 no! !o !he or&g&na# "ur hasers2 who had o)!en %een )or ed !o "ar! w&!h !he&r ho#d&ngs a! a huge #oss2 see$ed un)a&r2 es"e &a##* &n !he ase o) !he Re+o#u!&onar* @ar +e!erans2 who had %een "a&d w&!h er!&)& a!es &ns!ead o) ash and2 !o a+o&d s!ar+a!&on2 had had !o "ar! w&!h !he er!&)& a!es )or wha!e+er !he* wou#d )e! h2 wh& h was ne+er !he&r )a e +a#ue' Ha$&#!on was &n)#e8&%#e= !o se ure !he na!&ona# red&! &! was ne essar* !o $a(e no e8 e"!&ons2 no on ess&ons2 e+en &) !he G&$"ro+&den! $an*1 su))ered' @hen &n
,5-6 !he e8 &se "ro+o(ed a re%e##&on a$ong !he s$a## wh&s(* "rodu ers o) wes!ern Penns*#+an&a2 Ha$&#!on #ed an ar$* a ross !he A""a#a h&ans aga&ns! !he$' No wonder he %e a$e un"o"u#ar2 so $u h so !ha!2 as he ad$&!!ed h&$se#)2 on#* @ash&ng!on1s grea! na$e "ro!e !ed h&$' He was a#so a res!#ess and ru!h#ess "o#&!& a# &n!r&guer2 wh& h a#&ena!ed $an* "o#&!& a# #eaders' 0e))erson had endorsed !he assu$"!&on o) !he s!a!e de%!s and se ured !he a ;u&es en e o) Sou!hern Congress$en &n &! %* w&nn&ng a "ro$&se !ha! !he )edera# a"&!a# &!* shou#d %e se! u" on !he %an(s o) !he r&+er Po!o$a 2 on !he %order %e!ween Mar*#and and B&rg&n&aF %u! when2 a *ear #a!er2 a Ban( o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es was "ro"osed2 he o""osed &! as un ons!&!u!&ona#' He !hough! !ha! &!s rea# "ur"ose was !o es!a%#&sh Gan eng&ne o) &n)#uen e1 %* wh& h Ha$&#!on ou#d re ru&! $e$%ers o) Congress !o h&s a"&!a#&s! "ha#an8F or2 &n "#a&n #anguage2 orru"! !he$F nor was 0e))erson who##* wrong' He %egan !o res&s! Ha$&#!on s!ead&#* w&!h&n !he ad$&n&s!ra!&onF Mad&son was a#read* do&ng so &n Congress' Two new )a !&ons %egan !o )or$= !he )o##owers o) Ha$&#!on !oo( !o !he$se#+es !he honoured na$e o) Federa#&s!F h&s o""onen!s %egan !o a## !he$se#+es Re"u%#& ans' Than(s !o &!s "ro#&)era!&on o) e#e !&ons2 !he $u#!&"#& a!&on o) &!s &n!eres! grou"s2 !he grea! e8!en! o) &!s !err&!or*2 !he asser!&+eness o) &!s &!&Hens and2 no! #eas!2 !he a$%&!&ons o) &!s "o#&!& &ans2 !he Un&!ed S!a!es has a#wa*s %een )er!&#e ground )or "ar!* "o#&!& sF %u! &! &s dou%!)u# &) e+en A#e8ander Ha$&#!on ou#d ha+e "ro+o(ed !he e$ergen e o) a )u##>s a#e na!&ona# "ar!* s*s!e$ had !here %een no o!her de+e#o"$en!s' The Ang#o>Fren h war hanged e+er*!h&ng' E+er*one2 as has %een re$ar(ed2 )a+oured neu!ra#&!*F %u! neu!ra#&!*2 as has a#so %een shown2 was horr&%#* d&))& u#! !o $a&n!a&n' The ;ues!&on %e)ore !he A$er& an "eo"#e !here)ore !ended !o %e o$e2 no! how $&gh! neu!ra#&!* %e "reser+ed2 %u! wh& h s&de shou#d !he Un&!ed S!a!es )a+ourM Th&s ;ues!&on do+e!a&#ed a## !oo eas&#* &n!o !he on!ro+ers* %e!ween !he Federa#&s!s and !he Re"u%#& ans' E+en !he re!&re$en! o) 0e))erson )ro$ !he Ca%&ne! &n ,5-32 and !ha! o) Ha$&#!on &n ,5-A2 d&d no! assuage !he on)#& !' For here was a $aEor &ssue o) "r&n &"#e and "o#& *' On !he one hand 9argued Ha$&#!on: was !he han e !o use !he grea! r&s&s !o se!!#e !he ou!s!and&ng &ssues w&!h Grea! Br&!a&n' The need )or A$er& an o>o"era!&on wou#d &ndu e !he o#d oun!r* !o re$o+e her !roo"s a! #as! )ro$ A$er& an so&# %* +a a!&ng For! De!ro&! and !he o!her "os!s she s!&## he#d &n !he Nor!h>@es!F an agree$en! wou#d "re"are !he wa* )or A$er& an !raders !o ga&n a ess !o !he $ar(e!s o) !he Br&!&sh E$"&re2 o))& &a##* #osed !o !he$ s&n e ,573' A## !h&s2 )or !he "r& e on#* o) ;uarre##&ng w&!h !he dangerous Fren h 0a o%&ns' On !he o!her hand 9sa&d !he 0e))erson&ans: was !he Re"u%#& 1s !rues! a##*2 Fran e2 now a grea! s&s!er> re"u%#& 2 who had !hrown o"en her @es! Ind&an "ossess&ons !o A$er& an !raders' The wa* !o ge! s&$&#ar on ess&ons )ro$ orru"!2 $onar h& a# Br&!a&n was no! %* a##&an e %u! %* s!ern $easures' Mad&son "ro"osed d&s r&$&na!or* du!&es aga&ns! Br&!&sh o$$er eF o!hers ad+o a!ed an e$%argo2 or !he se;ues!ra!&on o) Br&!&sh de%!s' Andrew 0a (son2 who en!ered !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es as a )&er* Re"u%#& an &n ,5-.2 #oo(ed )orward !o !he da* when a Fren h &n+as&on wou#d !rans)or$ Br&!a&n herse#) &n!o a re"u%#& ' The )&rs! grea! !r&a# o) s!reng!h %e!ween !hese +&ews a$e when 0a*1s Trea!* was #a&d %e)ore !he Sena!e )or ra!&)& a!&on &n ,5-A' Th&s &ns!ru$en! had %een nego!&a!ed &n <ondon %* !he Ch&e) 0us!& e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 0ohn 0a*= &! was an a!!e$"!2 &ns"&red %* Ha$&#!on2 !o arr&+e a! an unders!and&ng wh& h wou#d "reser+e "ea e)u# re#a!&ons %e!ween Br&!a&n and A$er& a' The Br&!&sh $ade $&n&$a# on ess&ons2 %u! !he* d&d agree !o +a a!e !he Nor!h> @es!ern )or!s' The* $&gh! ha+e on eded $ore had no! Ha$&#!on se re!#* &n)or$ed !he$ o) !he $&n&$u$ !er$s !ha! 0a* was e$"owered !o a e"! 4 an a !&on wh& h was !an!a$oun! !o !reason' Na!ura##*2 !he Br&!&sh he#d ou! )or !he %es! !er$s !he* ou#d ge!F and !he resu#! was a !rea!* wh& h Pres&den! @ash&ng!on h&$se#) a e"!ed on#* w&!h !he grea!es! re#u !an e' I! was )our $on!hs %e)ore he ou#d %r&ng h&$se#) !o su%$&! &! !o !he Sena!e2 wh& h +er* near#* reEe !ed &!F and !hen &! was !wo $on!hs $ore %e)ore he ou#d %r&ng h&$se#) !o s&gn &! 9Augus! ,5-A:' The oun!r* was %&!!er#*
d&+&ded= as one Federa#&s! had r&gh!#* "red& !ed2 G!he su ess o) Mr 0a* w&## se ure "ea e a%road2 and (&nd#e war a! ho$e1' For &n e))e ! !he !rea!* re;u&red !he A$er& ans !o a ;u&es e &n Br&!a&n1s arrogan! $ar&!&$e "o#& es )or !he dura!&on o) !he war= &! see$ed !o $an* an &n!o#era%#e na!&ona# hu$&#&a!&on' The )&gh! aga&ns! !he !rea!* drew 0e))erson %a ( &n!o "u%#& #&)e )ro$ h&s unsu ess)u# s!rugg#e !o %r&ng so$e order &n!o h&s "ersona# )&nan es2 and $ar(s !he rea# %eg&nn&ng o) !he A$er& an "ar!* s*s!e$' Ye! $an* o) !he &ssues wh& h were so ho!#* de%a!ed do no! #oo( +er* rea# !oda*' The Federa#&s!s d&d &ndeed &n #ude2 as !he&r ene$&es a##eged2 so$e )ana!& a# an!&>de$o ra!sF $en who $a&n!a&ned2 &n a#$os! ar& a!ure )or$2 !he !rad&!&ona# e&gh!een!h> en!ur* d&s!rus! o) G!he sw&n&sh $u#!&!ude1' The $aEor&!* were sens&%#e $en' So were !he $aEor&!* o) Re"u%#& ans2 !hough a )ew were "os!ur&ng "seudo> 0a o%&ns and a grea! $an* were no&s&#* ega#&!ar&an @es!erners' The !wo grou"s had )ar $ore &n o$$on !han !he* wou#d ad$&!2 and a#&(e had !he good o) !he&r oun!r* a! hear!' Th&s &s we## s*$%o#&Hed %* !he re#a!&ons %e!ween Tho$as 0e))erson and 0ohn Ada$s' These !wo o#d )r&ends and o##a%ora!ors were r&+a#s )or !he Pres&den * &n ,5-.2 a)!er @ash&ng!on had &ns&s!ed on es a"&ng a! #as! !o Moun! Bernon' 0e))erson was !he &ne+&!a%#e Re"u%#& an and&da!e2 Ada$s !he on#* Federa#&s! who ou#d %ea! h&$' Ada$s1s #ong and ou!s!and&ng re ord as a "a!r&o!2 es"e &a##* h&s ser+& e &n !he Con!&nen!a# Congress and as re+o#u!&onar* e$&ssar* !o Ho##and and Fran eF h&s ourage and &n!egr&!*F !he re#&an e wh& h @ash&ng!on had &n reas&ng#* o$e !o "#a e on h&$F h&s "r& (#* &n!e##&gen e and war$ hear!F a%o+e a##2 !he )a ! !ha! he was sure !o arr* !he s!a!es o) New Eng#and2 h&s na!&+e reg&on2 o$"e##ed h&s ado"!&on as !he Federa#&s! and&da!e2 !o Ha$&#!on1s grea! anno*an eF )or !he +er* ;ua#&!&es wh& h wou#d $a(e h&$ a wor!h* su essor !o @ash&ng!on2 &n #ud&ng !he )a ! !ha! he was no "ar!* $an2 $ean! !ha! he wou#d %e no%od*1s !oo#2 and er!a&n#* no! Ha$&#!on1s' So !he )or$er Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur* e$%ar(ed on a des"era!e &n!r&gue !o (ee" %o!h 0e))erson and Ada$s ou! o) !he Pres&den *' He ho"ed !o )o&s! !he &ns&gn&)& an! Federa#&s! B& e>Pres&den!&a# and&da!e on !he oun!r*' As &! !urned ou!2 he near#* ga+e awa* !he e#e !&on !o 0e))erson2 who a$e w&!h&n !hree e#e !ora# +o!es o) Ada$s 9s&8!*>e&gh! !o se+en!*>one:F and when news o) h&s !rea her* #ea(ed ou! Ada$s was %&!!er#* angr*' He ne+er )orga+e Ha$&#!onF !he Re"u%#& ans rowed !ha! Gwhen a #&!!#e A#e8ander ZHa$&#!on was on#* )&+e )ee! se+en &n he&gh![ drea$s h&$se#) !o %e A<ENANDER THE GREATQ he &s +er* a"! !o )a## &n!o $&sera%#e &n!r&gues1' The wa* see$ed o"en )or o##a%ora!&on %e!ween Ada$s and 0e))erson2 who was now B& e> Pres&den!',? For one !h&ng2 Ada$s d&s#&(ed !he Ha$&#!on&an )&nan &a# "rogra$$e as $u h as 0e))erson d&d2 )or !he sa$e reasons' He was "ar!& u#ar#* d&s!rus!)u# o) !he Ban( o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' Howe+er2 !he %eha+&our o) !he Fren h $ade a re on &#&a!&on %e!ween Ada$s and 0e))erson &$"oss&%#e and "os!"oned !he da* o) an o"en %rea h %e!ween Ada$s and Ha$&#!on' In ,5-5 re+o#u!&onar* Fran e !hough! herse#) on !he %r&n( o) )&na# +& !or* o+er a## her ene$&es' On#* Br&!a&n and her sa!e##&!e 9wh& h &s wha! !he Un&!ed S!a!es see$ed2 s&n e 0a*1s Trea!*2 !o %e: s!&## he#d ou!F !he !&$e had o$e !o )&n&sh w&!h %o!h' P#ans $a!ured )or an &n+as&on o) !he Br&!&sh Is#es and "r&+a!eers were d&s"a! hed !o wre ( A$er& an $ar&!&$e !rade= o+er 3?? $er han!$en )#*&ng !he S!ars and S!r&"es were sun( or a"!uredF and Fren h d&"#o$a!& &nso#en e %rough! !he !wo oun!r&es !o !he +er* edge o) war' So wh&#e 0e))erson a! Mon!& e##o dran( su ess !o Genera# Bona"ar!e2 Ada$s and h&s Ca%&ne! 9wh& h he had &nher&!ed )ro$ @ash&ng!on= &! was "a (ed w&!h Ha$&#!on&ans: %egan !o $a(e "#ans &n a +er* d&))eren! s"&r&!' The na+* $us! %e s!reng!hened and an ar$* re ru&!ed2 wh& h Genera# @ash&ng!on was su$$oned )ro$ re!&re$en! !o #ead 9!o Ada$s1s &n!ense +e8a!&on he &ns&s!ed on Ha$&#!on as h&s se ond &n o$$and:' 0e))erson ga+e u" Ada$s as an GAng#o$ane1 and a G$ono ra!1' B* ,7?? !he Pres&den! and !he B& e>Pres&den! were no #onger on s"ea(&ng !er$s'
Meanwh&#e !he has!en&ng $ar h o) !he oun!r* !o !he %r&n( o) war "rodu ed e+er>dee"er "o#&!& a# d&+&s&ons' In ,5-7 an A#&en A ! and a Sed&!&on A ! were "assed %* !he Federa#&s!>do$&na!ed Congress2 !he os!ens&%#e "ur"ose o) wh& h was !o "ro!e ! !he oun!r* aga&ns! Fren h &n!r&gue2 %u! wh& h were rea##* $ean! !o assa&# Re"u%#& an Eourna#&s!s and "o#&!& &ans' B* wa* o) oun!er>s!ro(e2 &n ,5-0e))erson and Mad&son se re!#* dra)!ed !he Ken!u (* and B&rg&n&a Reso#u!&ons 9ado"!ed %* !he #eg&s#a!ures o) !hose s!a!es: wh& h denoun ed !he A#&en and Sed&!&on A !s &n !he na$e o) !he B&## o) R&gh!s2 and "ro #a&$ed !ha! !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s had !he r&gh! !o se!!#e2 &n !he #as! resor!2 !he ;ues!&on o) whe!her a !&ons %* !he )edera# go+ern$en! were ons!&!u!&ona# or no!' 9Th&s "ro+o(ed oun!er> reso#u!&ons %* a## !he s!a!es nor!h o) B&rg&n&a2 asser!&ng !ha! !he r&gh! o) &n!er"re!a!&on res!ed w&!h !he our!s': Then !he s"e !re o) war w&!h Fran e %egan !o re ede= !o !he &n!ense &nd&gna!&on o) !he H&gh Federa#&s! war>"ar!*2 Ada$s d&s$&ssed Ha$&#!on1s a##&es )ro$ h&s Ca%&ne! and sen! a new en+o* !o Fran e2 who was a%#e !o nego!&a!e a se!!#e$en!' I! was a no!a%#e s!ro(e o) "o#& *2 %u! &! de!er$&ned Ha$&#!on !o ge! r&d o) 0ohn Ada$s' The e#e !&on o) ,7?? was a #&+e#* one' Par!* )ee#&ng was &ndeed %&!!er2 and "ar!* organ&Ha!&on rea hed a "ea( no! seen aga&n )or a genera!&on' A)!er h&s +& !or*2 wh& h !he Federa#&s! s"#&! $ade $ore or #ess &ne+&!a%#e2 0e))erson #&(ed !o !a#( o) !he GRe+o#u!&on o) ,7??1F %u! !he u"sho! was $u h #ess dra$a!& !han su h a "hrase &$"#&es' A#%er! Ga##a!&n %e a$e Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur* and arr&ed ou! h&s du!&es w&!h e8!re$e Re"u%#& an )ruga#&!*2 %u! !he Ha$&#!on&an s*s!e$ was no! d&s$an!#ed' Th&s was Eus! as we##= Pres&den! 0e))erson1s grea!es! a h&e+e$en!2 !he "ur hase o) <ou&s&ana2 was $ade "oss&%#e on#* %* )ore&gn #oans2 wh& h wou#d no! ha+e %een )or!h o$&ng &) Ha$&#!on had no! es!a%#&shed !he red&! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es so so#&d#*' Mad&son2 as Se re!ar* o) S!a!e2 )ound !ha! )ore&gn "o#& * was no eas&er )or a Re"u%#& an !han &! had %een )or Federa#&s!sF and 0e))erson ;uarre##ed ;u&!e as %&!!er#* w&!h B& e>Pres&den! Aaron Burr2 !he #eader o) !he New Yor( Re"u%#& ans2 as 0ohn Ada$s had ;uarre##ed w&!h A#e8ander Ha$&#!on2 #eader o) !he New Yor( Federa#&s!s' Then a due# %e!ween Ha$&#!on and Burr &n ,7?6 resu#!ed &n !he dea!h o) !he one and !he d&sgra e o) !he o!her' In ,7?-2 when 0e))erson re!&red2 Mad&son su eeded h&$F !he Re"u%#& ans were so#&d#* en!ren hed &n "owerF *e! s!&## e+er*!h&ng wen! on $u h as &! had under !he Federa#&s!s' An o#d )r&end "resen!#* re on &#ed Ada$s and 0e))erson' The under#*&ng agree$en!s o) !he A$er& an "o#&!& a# O#&!e had a! #as! reasser!ed !he$se#+es' On e !he d&s!ur%&ng &n)#uen e o) Ha$&#!on was re$o+ed and !he &n!rans&gen e o) Br&!a&n had )&na##* se!!#ed !he ;ues!&on o) wha! A$er& a1s )ore&gn "o#& * shou#d %e2 !here was +er* #&!!#e !o ;uarre# a%ou!' So !he )&rs! %#osso$&ng o) na!&ona# "ar!* "o#&!& s was o$&ng !o an end %*2 a! #a!es!2 !he ,7,. Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on2 !he #as! wh& h !he Federa#&s!s e+er on!es!ed2 )or !he* were o+erwhe#$ed' S!&##2 !he A$er& an "eo"#e had !a(en !o "ar!* war)are w&!h s&gn&)& an! eagerness' The Eourna#&s!s o) !he !wo )a !&ons had "ro+ed !he$se#+es ha$"&ons a! s urr&#&!* and a%use 9)or e8a$"#e2 &! was a##eged !ha! 0e))erson had )a!hered a #arge &##eg&!&$a!e )a$&#* on one o) h&s s#a+es:',, The $&nor "o#&!& &ans o) !he +ar&ous s!a!es had shown %ound#ess energ* and &ngenu&!* &n wor(&ng )or ea h o!her1s down)a##2 and so$e o) !he$ were o) !he o"&n&on !ha! "o#&!& s was as good a wa* o) ge!!&ng r& h as an* o!her' Ord&nar* A$er& ans enEo*ed !he arn&+a# as"e ! o) "o#&!& s= !he s"ee hes2 !he "ro ess&ons2 !he %an;ue!s2 !he ra e ourse e8 &!e$en!F !he* had a#so shown !ha! !he* ou#d %e dee"#* s!&rred when !he* !hough! !ha! grea! &ssues were a! s!a(e' The !r&u$"h o) !he Re"u%#& ans had %een due as $u h !o !he&r a%&#&!* !o rouse !he&r )e##ow> &!&Hens2 and !o !he Federa#&s!s1 d&sda&n)u# re#u !an e !o o$"e!e2 as !o an* &n!r&ns& +&r!ue &n !he&r ause' So !he #u## !ha! )o##owed !he o##a"se o) !he Federa#&s!s d&d no! #as! )or +er* #ong' The o#d Re+o#u!&onar* e#&!e was d&sa""ear&ng' The Fa!her o) h&s Coun!r* had d&ed &n ,5--F Ada$s and
0e))erson #&+ed on and on 9e+en!ua##* d*&ng on !he sa$e da*2 wh& h %* a wonder)u# o&n &den e was 6 0u#* ,7/. 4 !he )&)!&e!h ann&+ersar* o) !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e: %u! !he* he#d no o))& e' Pres&den!s Mad&son and Monroe )o##owed 0e))erson &n!o o$"#e!e re!&re$en! as !he* had )o##owed h&$ &n !he Pres&den *' Ine+&!a%#*2 new $en a$e !o !he )ore= $en w&!hou! shared $e$or&es o) !he grea! s!rugg#e' The oun!r* &!se#) was hang&ng !oo ra"&d#* !o %e $anaged an* #onger %* !he ar!s o) gen!#e$an#* "o#&!& s' B* ,7/? !here were !wen!*>!wo s!a!es &n !he Un&on2 and !he "o"u#a!&on was -2.3726A3' <o*a#!* !o &nd&+&dua# s!a!es2 as aga&ns! !he Un&on2 had "erha"s waned so$ewha!F %u! A$er& ans were %e o$&ng &n reas&ng#* ons &ous o) !he&r &den!&!* as &nha%&!an!s o) !he +ar&ous se !&ons 9"r&n &"a##*2 Nor!h2 Sou!h and @es!:' New e ono$& &n!eres!s were ar&s&ng2 o#d s*s!e$s were de a*&ngF new a!!&!udes !o #&)e were )or$&ng2 and !he &deo#og* !ha! $a* #oose#* %e des r&%ed as A$er& an&s$ 4 de$o ra!& 2 na!&ona#&s!2 a"&!a#&s!2 &nd&+&dua#&s! 4 was o$&ng !o $a!ur&!*' Ine+&!a%#* a new sor! o) "o#&!& s e$erged' The ons!&!u!&ona# s*s!e$ %o!h re;u&red and &ndu ed su h a de+e#o"$en!' The s*s!e$ o) he (s and %a#an es "er"e!ua##* !hrea!ened !o %e !oo su ess)u#= Pres&den!2 our!s2 Congress and s!a!e go+ern$en!s $&gh! %e so e))& &en! a! !hwar!&ng ea h o!her !ha! no!h&ng2 howe+er ne essar*2 ou#d ge! done' Means o) &ndu &ng !he$ !o o>o"era!e had !o %e sough!2 and "ar!* d&s &"#&ne2 &! !urned ou!2 was Eus! wha! was wan!ed' Ano!her )a !or was !he %as& "r&n &"#e o) e#e !&on' A$er& an #&)e had %een "er$ea!ed w&!h !he e#e !&+e s"&r&! )ro$ &!s %eg&nn&ngs' Pur&!ans had (nown no o!her wa* o) se ur&ng !he&r ongrega!&ons aga&ns! !he horrors o) "re#a *2 and "ra !& a# se!!#ers had (nown no o!her wa* o) ensur&ng !ha! new #aws and &n)an! au!hor&!&es wou#d %e res"e !ed' The ha%&! o) e#e !&ons was su%s!an!&a##* re&n)or ed %* !he %a!!#es o) !he ,5-?s' The sa$e ond&!&ons wh& h had ne ess&!a!ed e#e !&ons &n ear#* New Eng#and now ne ess&!a!ed !he$ as se!!#e$en!s s"rang u" &n !he @es!F wh&#e &n !he o#der "ar!s o) !he oun!r* !he* he#d &! !o %e an essen!&a# "ar! o) !he A$er& an #&%er!* wh& h had %een +&nd& a!ed aga&ns! K&ng George2 !ha! a## o))& e> ho#ders2 whe!her s!a!e2 na!&ona# or $ere#* #o a#2 shou#d %e answera%#e !o !he "eo"#e a! e#e !&on !&$e' True2 !here were $an* "os!s under !he Cons!&!u!&on 9$os! no!a%#* )edera# Eudgesh&"s: wh& h were a""o&n!&+e2 no! e#e !ora#F %u! &! was e#e !ed o))& &a#s 4 !he Pres&den! and !he Sena!ors 4 who $ade !he a""o&n!$en!s' Su h "a!ronage &n reased !he &$"or!an e o) Pres&den!&a# and Sena!or&a# e#e !&ons2 %u! !ha! &$"or!an e was a#read* #arge' @h&#e go+ern$en!s e8&s! !he* w&## %e su""osed !o do so )or !he good o) !he go+erned2 and ear#* n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A$er& ans were #a$orous &n de$and&ng !ha! !he&r go+ern$en! de#&+er !he goods' Manu)a !urers &n !he Eas! de$anded h&gher !ar&))s )or "ro!e !&on aga&ns! Br&!&sh o$"e!&!&onF se!!#ers &n !he @es! de$anded !he "ro!e !&on o) !he US ar$* aga&ns! Ind&ans and &!s he#" &n dr&+&ng !he !r&%es )ro$ !he&r #andsF o!hers wan!ed )edera# ass&s!an e &n !he %u&#d&ng o) roads and ana#s !o arr* "rodu e !o $ar(e!' A## !hese &n!eres!s had o""onen!s2 o) ourse= +o!ers who wan!ed !he )edera# go+ern$en! !o do #&!!#e o) an*!h&ng2 and no!h&ng !ha! &n+o#+ed d&re ! or &nd&re ! !a8a!&on 9&n !h&s !he* showed !he$se#+es !he !rue des endan!s o) !he Sons o) <&%er!*:' A## a#&(e !urned !o !he "ro)ess&ona# "o#&!& &ans )or ass&s!an e &n w&nn&ng !he&r endsF and !he "o#&!& &ans were +er* w&##&ng !o o>o"era!e' For !he* had no!& ed !ha! e#e !ed o))& es arr&ed sa#ar&es w&!h !he$F so d&d a""o&n!&+e onesF Eud& &ous e8er!&ons ou#d2 %* !hese $eans2 (ee" an hones! $an so#+en! )or !he #eng!h o) h&s na!ura# #&)e 9)or d&shones! $en2 &! was soon !o e$erge2 !he o""or!un&!&es were e+en $ore g#or&ous:' A## !ha! was re;u&red was !o $a(e "ro$&ses !o !he +o!ers and !hen )&nd $eans e&!her o) (ee"&ng !hose "ro$&ses2 or o) see$&ng !o do soF or !o !ea h !he +o!ers !ha! !he ar! o) o$"ro$&se 9w&!h rea#&!* and one1s o""onen!s: &s !he essen e o) adu#! "o#&!& sF or2 &) a## e#se )a&#ed2 o) "ersuad&ng !he$ !ha! !he "ro$&ses were %ro(en %e ause o) !he orru"! and !reasona%#e a !&+&!* o) !he o""os&!&on' In re!urn2 #o*a# "ar!&sans wou#d sus!a&n a $an &n o))& e2 where he ou#d earn a good wage and where he ou#d o%!a&n add&!&ona# rewards %* hand&ng ou! su h Eo%s as "os!$as!er or go+ern$en! #er( !o !he deser+&ng' Under#&ngs "ro+ed !he* were
deser+&ng %* on!r&%u!&ng "ar! o) !he&r sa#ar&es !o !he war hes!s o) !he "o#&!& &ans' Th&s was !he "o#&!& s o) "a!ronage2 o) !he so> a##ed s"o&#s s*s!e$2 o) !he #o%%*,/ and !he s"e &a# &n!eres!' I! &s )a$&#&ar2 &n one )or$ or ano!her2 !o e+er*one who has grown u" &n a @es!ern de$o ra *2 and so need hard#* %e e8"#a&ned )ur!her' The "r&n &"#e o) )a+ours g&+en )or )a+ours re e&+ed "ro+&des !he s!a"#e o) A!#an!& "o#&!& s' I! does no! $a(e u" !he who#e o) !he s*s!e$' A$er& an +o!ers2 a! #eas! as $u h as Euro"ean ones2 an %e de &s&+e#* a))e !ed &n !he&r %eha+&our %* grea! e+en!sF and !he* $a* ha+e #o*a#!&es or &n!eres!s wh& h !rans end !he "e!!* on erns o) da*>!o>da* #&+&ng' Po#&!& &ans are no! $ere greed* au!o$a!a' The %es! and a%#es! a$ong !he$ her&sh !he&r se#)> res"e !F !he* )ee# !he need !o #eg&!&$&He !he&r "ersona# a$%&!&ons %* #&n(&ng !he$ !o grea! auses' So A$er& an "o#&!& s ha+e a#wa*s "resen!ed a o$"#e8 and )as &na!&ng we% o) &$$ed&a!e "ersona# and e ono$& &n!eres!s2 na!&ona#2 se !&ona#2 #ass or ra &a# r&+a#r&es2 and &nd&+&dua# areers 4 o$& a#2 !rag& a#2 hero& a# or +&##a&nous 4 on !he #arges! s a#e' These genera#&Ha!&ons w&## !a(e on $ore $ean&ng &) we #oo( a! !he !rans)or$a!&on o) A$er& an "o#&!& s !ha! o urred &n !he ,7/?s and ,73?s' For !hose de ades saw !he e$ergen e o) !he #ass& a# "a!!ern o) !he A$er& an "ar!* s*s!e$2 as a resu#! o) !he o$%&ned a !&+&!&es o) grea! s!a!es$en2 ord&nar* "o#&!& &ans and !he $ass o) !he A$er& an "eo"#e' The grea! s!a!es$en had !he&r e*es )&8ed on !he h&ghes! o))& es o) a##= on go+ernorsh&"s2 sena!orsh&"s2 o+erseas $&n&s!r&es2 Ca%&ne! "os!s and a%o+e a## on !he Pres&den *' Su h #eaders were )ew2 and !he* do$&na!ed !he na!&ona# s ene )or !h&r!* *ears2 )or$&ng a new e#&!e !o su eed !he Re+o#u!&onar* one' The&r "ersona# agree$en!s and d&sagree$en!s were no! un#&(e !hose o) !he ear#&er da*= a! so$e !&$e e+er* one o) !he$ o##a%ora!ed w&!h e+er* o!her one2 and e+er* one o) !he$ ;uarre##ed w&!h e+er* o!her one' 9The e8 e"!&on !o !h&s ru#e was !he "er$anen! en$&!* %e!ween Andrew 0a (son and Henr* C#a*': @hen !he* were ne&!her ;uarre##&ng nor e#e !&oneer&ng !he* wen! !o ea h o!her1s d&nner>"ar!&es' Bu! whereas !he Re+o#u!&onar* genera!&on had %een2 &n "r&n &"#e2 un&!ed2 !he new $en were2 &n "r&n &"#e2 d&+&ded &n!o !wo grou"s= on !he one hand2 )o##owers o) Andrew 0a (son 9Mar!&n Ban Buren2 Tho$as Har! Ben!on2 0a$es Kno8 Po#(:F on !he o!her2 h&s r&+a#s 90ohn C' Ca#houn2 Henr* C#a*2 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s2 Dan&e#@e%s!er:' Had !he s*s!e$ %een essen!&a##* a $a!!er o) "ersona#&!&es2 #&(e !he 0e))erson>Ha$&#!on r&+a#r*2 &! wou#d no! ha+e sur+&+ed !he dea!h or re!&re$en! o) &!s #eaders' Ins!ead2 &! "ro+ed !o %e !he $os! s!a%#e )ea!ure o) A$er& a1s "o#&!& a# h&s!or*2 ne8! !o !he Cons!&!u!&on2 and !oda*1s $aEor "ar!&es2 !he De$o ra!s and !he Re"u%#& ans2 e+o#+ed )ro$ !he 0a (son&ans and an!&>0a (son&ans o) ,73?' To unders!and !h&s e+o#u!&on2 &! &s ne essar* !o #oo( a! !he A$er& an so &a# s!ru !ure and !he grea! &ssues o) !he "er&od2 as we## as !he a$%&!&ons o) &nd&+&dua#s' The r&se o) !he "ar!* s*s!e$ was an &n!r& a!e2 s#ow "ro ess !ha! %egan e+en %e)ore !he @ar o) ,7,/2 "erha"s when 0e))erson se!!#ed !ha! h&s su essor shou#d %e no$&na!ed %* !he Congress&ona# G au us1 o) !he Re"u%#& an "ar!*' Then !here arose !he @ar Haw(s2 C#a* and Ca#houn' Bo!h were su ess)u# *oung #aw*ers 9$os! A$er& an "o#&!& &ans ha+e had #ega# !ra&n&ng: who #&n(ed !he&r a$%&!&ons !o !he "ar!& u#ar &n!eres!s o) !he&r s!a!es' The* were no! $u h a#&(e o!herw&se2 )or C#a* was an a%ound&ng2 s$&#&ng e8!ro+er!2 wh&#e Ca#houn was a s!ern &n!e##e !ua# 4 so$e%od* sa&d !ha! he #oo(ed as &) he had ne+er %een %orn' The* were %ound !o %e r&+a#s2 s&n e %o!h wan!ed !he Pres&den *F &n !he ourse o) !he&r #ong areers !he* wou#d a#so2 no! &n)re;uen!#*2 %e "ar!nersF &n ,7,/ !he&r o$$on "a!r&o!& s!an e %rough! !he$ grea! "res!&ge' E+en $ore "res!&ge was won %* Genera# 0a (son' Towns and oun!&es were na$ed a)!er e+er* "ro$&nen! A$er& an as se!!#e$en! s"read wes!ward %u! songs were $ade a%ou! 0a (son=
/ s0pose you0ve read it in the prints 'ow Pakenham attempted )o make 5ld 'ickory 8A"&S53 wince, But soon his scheme repented> For we with rifles ready cocked, )hought such occasion lucky, And soon around the general flock0d )he 'unters of &entucky= He had %e o$e !he su"re$e #&+&ng na!&ona# hero2 !a(&ng !he "#a e #e)! +a an! %* @ash&ng!on' A *oung oun!r*2 whose &n essan! %ragg&ng &##> on ea#ed &!s a u!e &n)er&or&!* o$"#e82 %ad#* needed su h a $an' H&s e$ergen e d&d no! %ode we## )or o!her "eo"#e1s a$%&!&ons' More s&gn&)& an! s!&## was !he &$"a ! o) !he war on !he "o#&!& s o) New Yor(' Tha! s!a!e had %een hang&ng ra"&d#* s&n e &nde"enden e' The an &en! do$&nan e o) &!s grea! #anded )a$&#&es was ha##enged2 and !he ha##engers $ar hed under !he %anner o) Tho$as 0e))erson' Ado"!&ng !he Re"u%#& an na$e and reed2 !he* s!ou!#* a!!a (ed !he o#&gar h& a# go+ern$en!a# $a h&ner* wh& h was !he (e* !o !he as endan * o) !he o#d )a$&#&es= !he <&+&ngs!ons2 C#&n!ons and Ban Rensse#aers' Ano!her r&s&ng *oung #aw*er2 Mar!&n Ban Buren 9,57/ 4 ,7./:2 whose )a$&#* had %een #&en!s o) !he Ban Rensse#aers2 now su eeded &n "&nn&ng !he harge o) !reason2 or a! an* ra!e o) #a ( o) "a!r&o!&s$2 on !he ar&s!o ra!s2 %e ause !he* o""osed !he war' Ban Buren was an un#&(e#* de$agogue2 %e&ng a#wa*s ;u&e!#* ur%ane and a$&a%#e and )au#!#ess#* dressedF %u! he was an &n!e##&gen! and !&re#ess "o#&!& a# organ&Her 9he was n& (na$ed !he <&!!#e Mag& &an: and w&!h su h a r* !here was no res&s!&ng h&$' B* ,7/? he and h&s )r&ends do$&na!ed New Yor( s!a!e "o#&!& s2 and were !o on!&nue !o do so )or !he ne8! e&gh!een *ears' The* were a new "heno$enon2 and re ogn&Hed as su h' The&r ohes&on2 and !he&r su ess &n on!ro##&ng !he go+ern$en! o) New Yor( &n A#%an*2 !he s!a!e a"&!a#2 earned !he$ !he n& (na$e o) !he A#%an* Regen *' The&r )o##owers2 !he* sa&d2 were ;u&!e sa)e &) !he* )a ed !he ene$*2 %u! G!he )&rs! $an we see s!e" !o !he rear2 we u! down'1 The "ur"ose o) e#e !&ons was !o w&n "u%#& o))& eF "ar!* un&!* was !he $eans !o +& !or*F an* who +o!ed wrong wou#d %e den&ed a## share &n !he rewards' For2 as @&##&a$ E' Mar *2 a #ead&ng Regen!2 "ro #a&$ed2 GTo !he +& !or %e#ong !he s"o&#s1,3 4 !hus g&+&ng &!s na$e !o !he s"o&#s s*s!e$ wh& h was !o do$&na!e A$er& an "o#&!& s un!&# !he !wen!&e!h en!ur*' Under !h&s s*s!e$ e+er* e#e !&on &n wh& h "ower hanged hands2 whe!her #o a#2 s!a!e or na!&ona#2 was )o##owed %* !he d&s$&ssa# o) a## o))& e>ho#ders o) !he wrong s!r&"e and !he&r re"#a e$en! %* adheren!s o) !he new ad$&n&s!ra!&on' So$e se ur&!* )or &+&# ser+an!s was "ro+&ded %* !he "oss&%&#&!* !ha! !he "ar!* wh& h had a""o&n!ed !he$ wou#d w&n re>e#e !&on2 and !he* !o&#ed earnes!#* !o %r&ng a%ou! su h a ha""* ou! o$eF %u! %as& a##* !he&r s&!ua!&on was unen+&a%#e' @&##&a$ Craw)ord2 an a$%&!&ous Georg&an who was Pres&den! Monroe1s Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur*2 &n ,7/? "u! !hrough Congress !he )&rs! Tenure o) O))& e A !2 wh& h ga+e !he Pres&den! and !he Sena!e !he "ower !o re>a""o&n! !o e+er* o))& e &n !he g&)! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es go+ern$en! 9e8 e"! Eudgesh&"s: e+er* )our *ears 4 !ha! &s !o sa*2 a)!er ea h Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on' Th&s #aw was Eus!&)&ed %* a "r&n &"#e $u h %e#o+ed o) !he 0e))erson&ans 4 !he Gro!a!&on o) o))& e12 a ord&ng !o wh& h go+ern$en! Eo%s ough! !o %e "assed around as o)!en as "oss&%#e so !ha! !here ou#d no! e$erge an o))& &a# ar&s!o ra *2 ho#d&ng go+ern$en! Eo%s )or #&)e and "oss&%#* "ass&ng !he$ on !o &!s h&#dren' In "ra !& e !he A ! under$&ned !he &+&# ser+& e and shar"ened !he a""e!&!es o) o))& e>see(ers2 o) who$ !here was soon !o %e a "er$anen! hordeF &! enhan ed !he "ower o) !he Sena!e and d&$&n&shed !ha! o) !he Pres&den!' As a resu#! &! soon a$e a%ou! !ha! a)!er e+er* Pres&den!&a# &naugura!&on !he new
e8e u!&+e was %es&eged %* o))& e>see(ers and had !o s"end wee(s o) +a#ua%#e !&$e "onder&ng !he "o#&!& a# ad+an!ages and d&sad+an!ages o) a""o&n!&ng Ro%&nsons or S$&!hs !o !he hundreds o) "os!s !ha! 0oneses and Browns wan!ed' E+en when he had $ade h&s no$&na!&ons2 !he* had !o go %e)ore !he Sena!e2 where horse>!rad&ng a$ong !he Sena!ors 9GYou +o!e )or $* $an and I1## +o!e )or *ours1: ensured !ha! !he )&na# de &s&on wou#d %e !he&rs2 no! h&s' B* !he #a!e n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 &ndeed2 !he "ower o) a""o&n!$en! had #arge#* "assed ou! o) !he Pres&den!1s hands= BenEa$&n Harr&son 9Pres&den!,77- 4 -3: o$"#a&ned 9no! ;u&!e !ru!h)u##*: !ha! he had no! h&$se#) hosen a s&ng#e one o) h&s Ca%&ne! o))& ers' BenEa$&n1s grand)a!her2 @&##&a$ Henr* Harr&son 9Pres&den! ,76,:2 &s un&;ue &n ha+&ng %een hounded !o dea!h %* o))& e>see(ers 9he augh! "#eur&s* wh&#e de#&+er&ng a #ong &naugura# address &n )reeH&ng wea!her2 and ou#d no! )&nd a s&ng#e roo$ &n !he @h&!e House where he ou#d re u"era!e un$o#es!ed:2 Eus! as Pres&den! Gar)&e#d 9,77,: &s un&;ue &n ha+&ng %een sho! %* a d&sa""o&n!ed as"&ran!F e+en &) un&;ue2 ne&!her e"&sode an %e a##ed a sa!&s)a !or* ad+er!&se$en! )or !he s*s!e$' @ors! o) a##2 !he ;uadrenn&a# s ra$%#e ou#d d&s!ra ! a!!en!&on )ro$ rea##* urgen! a))a&rs o) s!a!e= !hus &n !he +&!a# wee(s %e!ween h&s &naugura!&on and !he a!!a ( on For! Su$!er &n ,7., A%raha$ <&n o#n had !o s"end a! #eas! as $u h !&$e worr*&ng a%ou! a""o&n!$en!s as a%ou! !he &$"end&ng C&+&# @ar' The s"o&#s s*s!e$ d&d2 howe+er2 ha+e one huge ad+an!age wh& h !wen!&e!h> en!ur* re)or$ed arrange$en!s do no! "ossess= &! "a&d )or de$o ra * w&!hou! "u!!&ng "ower &n !he hands o) !he +er* r& h' De$o ra *2 a! an* ra!e as "ra !&sed &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 &s an &nheren!#* e8"ens&+e "ro ess' Bo!ers ha+e !o %e &ndu ed !o as! !he&r +o!es2 and !o as! !he$ )or !he r&gh! and&da!es' Th&s ne ess&!a!es2 no! $ere#* a #arge ou!#a* on "os!ers2 #ea)#e!s2 a$"a&gn %u!!ons and so on 9and2 nowada*s2 on a&r"#anes2 rad&o2 !e#e+&s&on2 o"&n&on "o##s:2 %u! an a !&+e2 #a%our> &n!ens&+e "o#&!& a# #eadersh&" wh& h w&## she"herd &!&Hens &n!o !he +o!&ng %oo!hs' The "ro%#e$ &s enhan ed %* !he )a ! !ha! &n A$er& a e+er* *ear &s e#e !&on *ear= so$e%od* &s a#wa*s runn&ng )or so$e!h&ng so$ewhere' The s"o&#s s*s!e$ "a&d )or e#e !&on a$"a&gns %* !a8&ng e+er*one who $ade a #&+&ng ou! o) "o#&!& s' O))& eho#ders were ru!h#ess#* re;u&red !o $a(e regu#ar dona!&ons !o !he "ar!* )unds )ro$ !he&r sa#ar&es' I! was2 &n &!s wa*2 a )a&r %arga&n2 and &) so &e!* ne+er needed hones!2 e))& &en! and hard>wor(&ng ad$&n&s!ra!ors !here $&gh! %e $ore !o %e sa&d )or &! !han aga&ns! &!' I! ou#d e+en %e argued reasona%#* !ha! dur&ng $os! o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* !he Un&!ed S!a!es needed #&!!#e $ore o$"e!en!2 un orru"! go+ern$en! !han &! go!' Bo!h !he oun!r* and !he "o#&!& a# s*s!e$ sur+&+ed !he C&+&# @ar2 wh& h shows how s!rong !he* were' On#* &! &s no use "re!end&ng !ha! A$er& an "o#&!& s &n !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* was #ean' I! was as !horough#*2 re (#ess#*2 uns ru"u#ous#* and Eo*ous#* orru"! as !he "o#&!& s o) w& (ed o#d e&gh!een!h> en!ur* Br&!a&n 9)ro$ wh& h $an* o) &!s "ra !& es were &nher&!ed:' A## !h&s was &n !he )u!ure when Ban Buren and h&s a##&es se! u" !he&r Regen *' The* s!ood )or re)or$' The&r )&rs! %us&ness was !o su$$on a on+en!&on wh& h !horough#* de$o ra!&Hed !he New Yor( s!a!e ons!&!u!&on2 )or e8a$"#e %* a%o#&sh&ng !he o#d2 +ena# Coun &# o) A""o&n!$en!s and ena !&ng !ha! &n )u!ure o))& &a#s wou#d e&!her %e e#e !ed %* !he "eo"#e or 9&n 62??? ases: a""o&n!ed 4 &n $os! ases %* !he s!a!e #eg&s#a!ure' E&!her wa* was Ea$ )or a we##> d&s &"#&ned2 "o"u#ar "ar!* !ha! usua##* won a## e#e !&ons' The&r ne8! en!er"r&se was !o s"read !he new do !r&nes and "ra !& es !o !he na!&ona# #e+e#' Ban Buren had h&$se#) hosen Sena!or %* !he #eg&s#a!ure2 and wen! down !o @ash&ng!on' He d&d no! ad$&! !ha! he was an &nno+a!orF &ns!ead he sa&d2 and "ro%a%#* %e#&e+ed2 !ha! he was s&$"#* !r*&ng !o re+&+e !he )#agg&ng 0e))erson&an a##&an e %e!ween !he "#an!ers o) !he Sou!h and !he "#a&ns )ar$ers o) !he Nor!h on !he %as&s o) !he o#d 0e))erson&an &deo#og* o) hea"2 wea( go+ern$en! and s!r& ! adheren e !o !he #e!!er o) !he Cons!&!u!&on' Th&s s!an e ser+ed h&$ we##' E+er*one s!&## e))e !&+e &n "o#&!& s des r&%ed h&$se#) as a Re"u%#& an 4 !he o#d s#ogans s!&## o$$anded $u h #&">ser+& e 4 and Ban Buren !oo( are !o %e seen $a(&ng a "&#gr&$age !o Mon!& e##o2 where he wen! ou! w&!h Mr 0e))erson &n a arr&age' Ne+er!he#ess he was #aun h&ng a new era'
Ma!er&a# ond&!&ons re;u&red &!' The Indus!r&a# Re+o#u!&on was eru"!&ng &n Br&!a&n2 !he wor#d1s grea!es! $anu)a !ur&ng na!&on' Ye! her %us&ness$en were a#ar$ed %* su h "rogress !owards &ndus!r&a#&Ha!&on as !he A$er& ans had $ade dur&ng !he @ar o) ,7,/2 when &$"or!s had %een u! o))' A +as! ;uan!&!* o) goods had "&#ed u" &n Br&!&sh warehouses' Now !he* were du$"ed on !he A$er& an $ar(e!2 a ord&ng !o !he "o#& * re o$$ended &n !he House o) Co$$ons %* Henr* Brougha$= GS!&)#e &n !he rad#e !hose r&s&ng $anu)a !ures &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 wh& h !he war has )or ed &n!o e8&s!en e on!rar* !o !he na!ura# ourse o) !h&ngs'1 Th&s de+e#o"$en! was %r&e)#* da$ag&ng2 %u! &!s &##>e))e !s were $u h $&!&ga!ed %* a ser&es o) a""a##&ng har+es!s &n Br&!a&n and Euro"e2 wh& h genera!ed a de$and )or A$er& an whea! and $a&He2 "a&d )or &n hard ash' A %oo$ de+e#o"ed2 eager#* he#"ed a#ong %* a surge o) )&nan &a# s"e u#a!&on= new %an(s2 a## an8&ous !o #end $one*2 $u#!&"#&ed #&(e s"r&ng )#owers' A$er& an and Br&!&sh goods so#d e8!re$e#* we##' Then !he wea!her &$"ro+ed &n Euro"e= ash %egan !o )#ow )ro$ !he @es! !o !he Eas!' There had %een $u h !horough#* unsound dea#&ng= )or &ns!an e2 !he %an(s had "r&n!ed )ar $ore "a"er $one*2 as !he* were #ega##* )ree !o do2 !han !he&r reser+es o) go#d warran!ed' The resu#!2 &n ,7,-2 was !he )&rs! o) !he #ong ser&es o) n&ne!een!h> en!ur* rashes2 &n wh& h a## %ran hes o) !he A$er& an e ono$* su))ered gr&e+ous#*' The "o#&!& a# onse;uen es were !wo)o#d' F&rs!2 &! see$ed !o $an* +o!ers !ha! 0e))erson1s warn&ngs had %een )u#)&##ed' Congress had no! renewed !he har!er o) !he F&rs! Ban( o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 Ha$&#!on1s rea!&on2 when &! e8"&red &n ,7,,2 %u! !he e8!re$e )&nan &a# d&))& u#!&es &n!o wh& h !he @ar o) ,7,/ "#unged !he go+ern$en! had "ersuaded Pres&den! Mad&son2 w&!h $an* $&sg&+&ngs2 !o "er$&! !he )ounda!&on o) a Se ond Ban(2 wh& h s!ar!ed !o )un !&on &n ,7,.' I! d&d no! "er)or$ we##' I! "#unged re (#ess#* &n!o !he s"e u#a!&+e en!hus&as$ o) !he "os!>war "er&od2 and !hen2 &n &!s %a!!#e !o sa+e &!se#) )ro$ !he e))e !s o) !he ,7,- rash2 a##ed &n &!s #oans so ru!h#ess#* !ha! $an* s$a##er on erns2 no! !o $en!&on &nd&+&dua#s2 were ru&ned' Add !o !h&s !he sus"ens&on o) "a*$en!s &n go#d and s&#+er 9!hen un&+ersa##* regarded as !he on#* Ghard12 or rea#2 )or$ o) $one*: %* !he #esser %an(s2 and !he&r w&des"read %an(ru"! &es 9wh& h hur! !he&r us!o$ers: and &! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! ,7,- on+&n ed $an* A$er& ans !ha! a## %an(s were un!rus!wor!h*2 and !he %&g na!&ona# %an( $os! o) a##' Tho$as Har! Ben!on 9,57/ 4 ,7A7:2 a%ou! !o %e o$e one o) !he )&rs! Sena!ors )ro$ !he new s!a!e o) M&ssour&2 d&s o+ered h&s #&)e1s ause2 wh& h was !o earn h&$ !he n& (na$e o) GO#d Bu##&on1= hard $one* and down w&!h !he BUS' GA## !he )#our&sh&ng &!&es o) !he @es! are $or!gaged !o !h&s $one* "ower21 he r&ed' GThe* $a* %e de+oured %* &! a! an* $o$en!' The* are &n !he Eaws o) !he $ons!erT1 Se ond2 !he e ono$& on!ra !&on genera!ed huge !ens&ons %e!ween de%!ors and red&!ors' The* were es"e &a##* a u!e &n !he @es!2 where hard $one* was d&))& u#! !o o$e %* a! !he %es! o) !&$es2 !he e ono$* o) !ha! reg&on %e&ng so new !ha! &! was s!&## #arge#* %ased on %ar!er' Ye! ash was needed !o "a* de%!s and !a8es' In Ken!u (* !he on!en!&on grew so a u!e !ha! a de%!or "ar!* )ough! and won !he s!a!e e#e !&ons on a "rogra$$e wh& h a##owed &! !o sus"end !he "a*$en! o) de%!s and !o a%o#&sh !he o#d our!s o) #aw whose Eudges had den&ed !he #ega#&!* o) su h Gs!a*1 $easures' Henr* C#a*2 !he hero o) !he s!a!e2 who had a e"!ed a "ar!>!&$e Eo% w&!h !he Se ond Ban( o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 #os! $u h "o"u#ar&!*' In Tennessee !he de%!or swee" was ne&!her so e8!re$e nor so o$"#e!e2 %u! !he rad& a#s d&d su eed &n o+er!hrow&ng !he GEun!o1 o) r& h $en who had do$&na!ed !he s!a!e s&n e &!s )ounda!&on' The Eun!o )ough! %a (' I!s $os! no!a%#e $e$%er was Andrew 0a (son= he was &ndu ed !o de #are h&$se#) a and&da!e )or !he Pres&den * &n ,7/6' Ins!an!#* !h&s %e a$e !he ;ues!&on o) !he hour &n Tennessee' 0a (son was !he un&+ersa# &do#2 and no one ou#d a))ord !o o""ose h&$ on an*!h&ng2 #es! o""os&!&on ha$"er h&s dr&+e !o !he @h&!e House' The new rad& a# Go+ernor ;u& (#* a$e !o hee#2 $a(&ng a o$"ro$&se agree$en! w&!h 0a (son1s )r&endsF as a resu#! he and !he* !oge!her go+erned !he s!a!e )or !he ne8! !en *ears' I! was no! Eus! New Yor( wh& h was genera!&ng o$"#& a!ed "ar!* "o#&!& s'
The ,7/6 e#e !&on "ro$&sed !o %e e8 &!&ng' There were )our wor!h* and&da!es %es&des 0a (son' 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s2 Se re!ar* o) S!a!e 9a "os! wh& h !hree Pres&den!s 4 0e))erson2 Mad&son and Monroe 4 had he#d %e)ore h&$:2 was A$er& a1s $os! su ess)u# and e8"er&en ed d&"#o$a!&s!' Henr* C#a*2 GHarr* o) !he @es!12 was !he "ro"onen! o) !he GA$er& an S*s!e$1' Under !h&s s he$e h&gh !ar&))s wou#d ha+e "ro!e !ed A$er& an &n)an! &ndus!r&es aga&ns! Br&!&sh o$"e!&!&on2 wh&#e %r&ng&ng &n re+enue !o "a* )or new roads2 ana#s and o!her "u%#& wor(s o) a (&nd !o %&nd !he oun!r* !oge!her2 es"e &a##* !he @es! !o !he Eas!' The wonder o) !he age was !he Er&e Cana#' I! was 3.3 $&#es #ong and os! Y52???2??? !o %u&#d' I! was o"ened &n ,7/A and2 %* #&n(&ng !he Grea! <a(es !o !he Hudson r&+er2 #&n(ed !he @es!ern &n!er&or w&!h !he A!#an!& 2 !o !he grea! %ene)&! o) !rade' C#a* ho"ed !o "ro$o!e $an* $ore su h en!er"r&ses' 0ohn C' Ca#houn2 Se re!ar* o) @ar2 was a s!rong na!&ona#&s! as we## as !he "a#ad&n o) !he Sou!h' @&##&a$ Craw)ord o) Georg&a2 Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur*2 was Ban Buren1s ho& e' Howe+er2 Craw)ord was soon "u! ou! o) !he ;ues!&on %* an &n a"a &!a!&ng &##ness2 and Ca#houn re ogn&Hed !ha! he ou#d no! w&n' He se ured !he B& e>Pres&den * 9wh& h no one e#se wan!ed: and announ ed !ha! he su""or!ed 0a (son' The e#e !&on !urned ou! !o %e so$e!h&ng o) a )&as o' There were no e8 &!&ng na!&ona# &ssues2 and none o) !he and&da!es had de+o!ed enough !&$e !o s!&$u#a!&ng !he e#e !ora!e2 so !urnou! was #ow' The e#e !&on had !o go !o !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es2 %e ause a#!hough 0a (son had !he #arges! share o) !he "o"u#ar +o!e ne&!her he nor an*one e#se had a $aEor&!* o) !he +o!es &n !he e#e !ora# o##ege' The House had !o hoose a$ong !he !hree !o" and&da!es' C#a* was no! one o) !he$= Craw)ord had re!a&ned enough )o##owers !o edge ou! !he Ken!u (&an' Bu! an &n+a#&d ou#d no! he Pres&den!F !he rea# ho& e #a* %e!ween 0a (son and Ada$s' C#a*2 !he h&gh#* "o"u#ar S"ea(er o) !he House2 was &n a o$$and&ng "os&!&on' He used h&s grea! &n)#uen e !o he#" Ada$s2 who go! !he ne essar* $aEor&!* on !he )&rs! %a##o!' A## $&gh! ha+e %een we## had C#a* no! !hen a e"!ed a""o&n!$en! as Se re!ar* o) S!a!e' I! was na!ura# enough )or h&$ !o do so2 %u! Ban Buren was r&gh! &n a##&ng &! h&s dea!h warran!' There was a +as! u"roar2 es"e &a##* &n !he @es!' 0a (son Eu$"ed !o !he on #us&on !ha! !here had %een a GCorru"! Barga&n1 %e!ween Ada$s and C#a*' He rode ho$e )ro$ @ash&ng!on !o Tennessee &n a rage and %egan !o "#o! h&s re+enge' He soon )ound )e##ow> ons"&ra!ors' Mar!&n Ban Buren )or one' Perha"s he d&d no! *e! !h&n( he ou#d %e Pres&den! h&$se#)2 %u! he d&d dee"#* des&re "o#&!& a# "ower' Bes&des2 Ada$s and C#a* s!ood )or "o#& &es !ha! he ou#d no! a e"!' New Yor( was a #arge2 r& h s!a!e w&!h an &n!eres! &n )ree !rade' I! ou#d no! a e"! a h&gh "ro!e !&+e !ar&)) as "ro"osed %* !he A$er& an S*s!e$2 and d&d no! see wh* na!&ona# re+enue shou#d %e used !o "a* )or #o a# "u%#& wor(s' New Yor( had "a&d )or !he Er&e Cana# %* &!se#)= #e! o!hers do #&(ew&se' So Ban Buren soon $ade o+er!ures !o Genera# 0a (son' The* d&s o+ered &n ea h o!her !he !wo $os! adro&! "o#&!& &ans &n A$er& a' 0ohn C' Ca#houn er!a&n#* !hough! o) !he Pres&den *2 and h&s "ar! o) !he wor#d2 !he s!rong#* 0e))erson&an A!#an!& Sou!h2 was as $u h o""osed !o !he dangerous#* Ha$&#!on&an A$er& an S*s!e$ as was New Yor(' Ca#houn a# u#a!ed !ha! &) 0a (son won !he e#e !&on o) ,7/7 he h&$se#)2 as B& e> Pres&den!2 wou#d %e we## "#a ed )or !he su ess&on when !he o#d gen!#e$an s!e""ed down' So !he Sou!h Caro#&n&an %e a$e a r&+a# !o !he New Yor(er )or 0a (son1s )a+our' Meanwh&#e Henr* C#a*2 de!er$&ned !o re>e#e ! Ada$s and !hen !o su eed h&$2 !r&ed !o organ&He a res&s!an e !o !h&s !a(eo+er %&d' He d&d no! ha+e $u h su ess2 %e ause Pres&den! Ada$s !oo( a !horough#* e&gh!een!h> en!ur* +&ew o) G)a !&on1 and re)used !o adge +o!es )ro$ !he $o%' The e#e !&on o) ,7/7 was !he )&rs! $a!ure Pres&den!&a# %a!!#e &n A$er& an h&s!or*2 )oreshadow&ng a## !ha! ha+e )o##owed &!' For !he r&+a# !ea$s o) "o#&!& &ans !he s!a(es were h&gh2
and a## 9w&!h !he e8 e"!&on o) 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s: )#ung !he$se#+es hear!&#* &n!o !he )ra*' The de &s&on wou#d %e $ade %* !he $ass o) adu#! wh&!e $a#es2 )or !he ho& e o) Pres&den!&a# e#e !ors was now &n !he hands o) !he ord&nar* &!&Hen &n e+er* s!a!e e8 e"! Sou!h Caro#&na2 and a## "ro"er!* res!r& !&ons on !he r&gh! !o +o!e had %een swe"! awa*' There were no un"#edged e#e !ora# and&da!es= a## were o$$&!!ed e&!her !o 0a (son or Ada$s' No $eans !o +& !or* was neg#e !ed' Sho (&ng s urr&#&!&es2 #&(e !hose on e &r u#a!ed a%ou! 0e))erson and !he e#der Ada$s2 were )ree#* "u%#&shed= 0a (son was a used o) %&ga$*2 Ada$s o) ha+&ng "&$"ed )or !he Tsar o) Russ&a' Bu! !he se re! o) e$"&re2 now re+ea#ed2 was organ&Ha!&on' The $e!hods o) !he A#%an* Regen * were a""#&ed on a na!&onw&de s a#e' 0a (son o> ord&na!ed !he e))or!s o) h&s )o##owers %* #e!!er= orres"onden e o$$&!!ees2 #&(e !hose o) !he Re+o#u!&on2 were )or$ed !hroughou! !he Un&on' <&(e so $u h e#se &n !h&s a$"a&gn2 !hese o$$&!!ees were !o "ro+e "er$anen! add&!&ons !o A$er& an #&)e' The* were !he s(e#e!on o) !he )u!ure De$o ra!& "ar!*' News"a"ers 4 da&#*2 wee(#*2 $on!h#* 4 "ro"aga!ed 0a (son&an o"&n&onsF !he "ar!* %a!!#e was waged w&!h $ode# d&s &"#&ne and )ur* &n Congress 9Sena!or Ban Buren o$$and&ng:' E+er*!h&ng wh& h $&gh! se ure !he #o*a#!* o) o))& e> ho#ders or daHH#e !he s&$"#e was !r&ed' In &$&!a!&on o) !he <&%er!* Trees o) !he Re+o#u!&on2 )or &ns!an e2 h& (or* !rees were "#an!ed2 w&!h due ere$on*2 &n honour o) O#d H& (or*' C#a* s!rugg#ed &n +a&n aga&ns! a## !he hu##a%a#oo and !he grand a##&an e o) !he @es!2 !he Sou!h and New Yor(' The Ada$s ad$&n&s!ra!&on was su ess)u##* #a%e##ed orru"!2 &ne))& &en!2 ar&s!o ra!& and Federa#&s!2 e+en !hough &n a! #eas! one s!a!e2 New 0erse*2 !he o#d Federa#&s!s were 0a (son&ans 9wh& h "erha"s e8"#a&ns wh* !he s!a!e wen! )or Ada$s:' The !ru!h or )a#sehood o) !he #a%e# s ar e#* $a!!ered= "eo"#e $ade u" !he&r $&nds on !he oddes! grounds' The Ir&sh &$$&gran!s o) New Yor(2 )or e8a$"#e2 re$e$%er&ng !ha! !he* had %een &##>ser+ed &n !he !&$e o) !he Pres&den!1s )a!her %* !he A#&ens A !2 +o!ed )or 0a (son 4 !hus %eg&nn&ng one o) !he $ore "er$anen! a))&#&a!&ons &n A$er& an "o#&!& s' The &$"or!an! !h&ng was !o $a(e sure !ha! 0a (son su""or!ers +o!ed2 wh& h !he a$"a&gn su eeded a! %r&##&an!#*' O#d H& (or*1s na!&onw&de "o"u#ar&!*F h&s unassa&#a%#e ho#d on !he Sou!h2 where he was %orn2 and !he @es!2 where he $ade h&s areerF Gsong2 s#ogan2 and nonsense1,6 4 !hese e8"#a&n !he +& !or*' 0a (son won ,57 e#e !ora# o##ege +o!es !o Ada$s1s e&gh!*>!hree2 and &n Mar h ,7/- he en!ered @ash&ng!on #&(e a on;ueror2 !o !he a#ar$ o) !he gen!ee# and !he h*s!er& a# Eo* o) e+er*one e#se' On &naugura!&on da* !he @h&!e House was &n+aded %* a !r&u$"han! $o%2 wh& h sna! hed a## !he re)resh$en!s $ean! )or &!s %e!!ers and was on#* e+er go! ou!s&de aga&n %e ause !u%s o) "un h were "#a ed a##ur&ng#* on !he #awns' GI ne+er saw su h a rowd here %e)ore21 sa&d Dan&e# @e%s!er &n gra+e a$aHe$en!' GPersons ha+e o$e )&+e hundred $&#es !o see Genera# 0a (son2 and !he* rea##* see$ !o !h&n( !ha! !he oun!r* &s res ued )ro$ so$e dread)u# dangerT1 @e%s!er had "u! h&s )&nger on $ore !han !he se re! o) one e#e !&on +& !or*' Fro$ ,7/7 un!&# !he C&+&# @ar !he $os! su ess)u# "o#&!& a# "ar!&es wou#d a#wa*s %e !hose wh& h d&s o+ered so$e )ear)u# !hrea! !o A$er& an #&%er!&es and "ersuaded !he &!&Hens !ha! !o +o!e )or !he$ was !he r&gh! wa* !o $ee! !he danger' Undernea!h !he se#)>&$"or!an e and &n essan! %oas!&ng a%ou! !he g#or&es o) re"u%#& an&s$ wh& h so $an* hos!&#e )ore&gn +&s&!ors no!& ed2 !he A$er& ans were dee"#* &nse ure' The* (new !ha! !he* were ondu !&ng an e8!raord&nar* e8"er&$en!2 !ha! o) de$o ra *2 &n a wor#d !ha! was &n $an* wa*s &n&$& a# !o &!F and !hough !he* "ro #a&$ed2 and %e#&e+ed2 !ha! &!s un&+ersa# +& !or* o+er $onar h* and ar&s!o ra * was &ne+&!a%#e and near a! hand2 !he* were a#so "er"e!ua##* ner+ous !ha! &! $&gh! a! an* $o$en! %e su%+er!ed' The "o#&!& &ans )ound &! $os! "ro)&!a%#e !o "#a* on !hese )ears' Bu! )or !he $o$en! Genera# 0a (son and de$o ra * were +& !or&ous2 and !he "eo"#e reEo& ed' 0a (son1s e#e !&on d&d no! $ean !ha! A$er& a had %e o$e a de$o ra * o+ern&gh!2 !hough $an* o) h&s su""or!ers !a#(ed as &) she had2 !o !he on)us&on o) h&s!or&ans' Tha! "ar!& u#ar &nno+a!&on had %een o$&ng on e+er s&n e !he Re+o#u!&on' The ,7/7 e#e !&on $ere#* "ro+ed !ha! !he "ro ess was o$"#e!e' Men who2 &n !he e&gh!een!h en!ur*2 ou#d ha+e e8"ressed
!he$se#+es on#* !hrough a r&o! 9as !he* so o)!en d&d: ou#d now do so !hrough !he e#e !ora# "ro ess' A#!hough r&o!&ng on!&nued2 and on!&nues2 !o %e "ar! o) A$er& an #&)e2 !he $o%2 &n !he o#d sense 4 !he $o% wh& h had a "#a e &n !he ons!&!u!&on2 so !o s"ea(2 %o!h o) o#on&a# Massa huse!!s and &$"er&a# Br&!a&n 4 !he $o% wh& h Sa$ Ada$s had $an&"u#a!ed 4 has d&sa""eared' A *n& $&gh! argue !ha! !he sh&)! was o) )or$2 no! su%s!an eF !ha! wh&#e !he r&gh!s and "ower o) !he "eo"#e were a #a&$ed2 rea# on!ro# re$a&ned w&!h !he r& h2 who ared on#* )or !he "ro!e !&on o) !he&r "ro"er!*F %u! &! $a(es $ore sense !o see !he !rans)er o) "ower as rea#' For &! was no! on#* !he ur%an r&o!ers who %e a$e +o!ersF %* ,7/7 a## !he )ar$ers2 &n e+er* se !&on2 had !he +o!e and used &! e))e !&+e#*' I! %e a$e e+er $ore ne essar* )or ora!ors !o )#a!!er !he so+ere&gn "eo"#e= "roo) enough2 "erha"s2 !ha! so$e!h&ng rea##* had hanged2 a )&rs! s!e" on !he road !o e))e !&+e hu$an e;ua#&!*' A! !he #eas! &! $us! %e ad$&!!ed2 e+en %* *n& s2 !ha! e#e !&ons re$a&n !he road !o o))& e &n A$er& aF and &! &s !he $an* who de &de !he$2 no! !he )ew' The e#e !&on o) ,7/7 a#so se!!#ed ano!her &$"or!an! $a!!er' On !he sur)a e &! was a se !&ona# a))a&r= New Eng#and was as so#&d )or Ada$s as !he Sou!h and @es! were )or 0a (son' Bu! &n !he M&dd#e A!#an!& s!a!es $a!!ers were %* no $eans so u! and dr&ed' 0a (son had won2 o+era##2 %u! &! was a near !h&ng' Ban Buren had had !o s!ra&n e+er* ner+e !o %e sure !ha! !he !& (e! wou#d arr* New Yor(2 e+en !o !he e8!en! o) runn&ng h&$se#) 9su ess)u##*: )or Go+ernor o) !he s!a!e' In Penns*#+an&a &! was !he sa$e s!or*' The 0a (son&an ag&!a!&on had s!&$u#a!ed !he ad$&rers o) Ada$s and C#a* as we## as !hose o) !he Genera#' The &$"#& a!&ons o) !h&s were a%ou! e;ua##* en ourag&ng and d&s ourag&ng )or !he !wo s&des' In )u!ure2 where+er !here was no! a s!rong #o a# and&da!e2 !here was a good han e o) +& !or* )or e&!her "ar!*F !o se ure &! !he* wou#d %o!h ha+e !o )#&ng &n a## !he resour es !he* had $o%&#&Hed &n ,7/7' There was no han e !ha! !he su%#&$e #&gh!ness o) one "ar!*1s ause wou#d %e un&+ersa##* and "er$anen!#* a""aren! !o $os! A$er& an +o!ers' The s*s!e$ )oreshadowed %* !he r&+a#r* o) !he Federa#&s!s and 0e))erson&an Re"u%#& ans had a! #as! e$ergedF !wo "ar!* "o#&!& s had o$e !o s!a*' The s!or* o) !he !we#+e *ears )o##ow&ng 0a (son1s )a$ous +& !or* &s !hus #arge#* !he s!or* o) !he onso#&da!&on o) !he De$o ra!& "ar!* 9as &! soon a$e !o %e a##ed: and !he e$ergen e o) !he na!&onw&de o""os&!&on "ar!* wh& h !he +er* "ro ess o) onso#&da!&on "ro+o(ed' For e8a$"#e2 one %od* ou#d no! #ong on!a&n %o!h Ban Buren and Ca#houn2 r&+a#s !o su eed 0a (son' The <&!!#e Mag& &an1s s(&## was !he grea!er2 and h&s "o#&!& a# "os&!&on s!ronger2 s&n e2 !o "reser+e h&s "o#&!& a# %ase2 Ca#houn had !o asso &a!e h&$se#) w&!h !he an!&>na!&ona#&s! !enden &es o) h&s s!a!e2 wh& h 0a (son2 an ar h>na!&ona#&s!2 ou#d no! a%&de' So &n ,73/ Ca#houn res&gned !he B& e>Pres&den * and wen! ho$e !o Sou!h Caro#&na !o $as!er$&nd !he Nu##&)& a!&on $o+e$en!2,A wh&#e Ban Buren was hosen !o %e O#d H& (or*1s runn&ng> $a!e when he ran )or re>e#e !&on &n ,73/' In !he sa$e *ear 0a (son )ound &! ne essar* !o#aun h an a##>ou! a!!a ( on !he Ban( o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' He had ne+er #&(ed %an(s2 and he "ar!& u#ar#* d&s#&(ed !h&s one2 whose ause Henr* C#a* had $ade h&s own' So had !he e8>Federa#&s!2 Sena!or Dan&e# @e%s!er o) Massa huse!!s2 &n re!urn )or a )a! )ee2 )re;uen!#* re)reshed2 wh& h he as! awa* a! !he ga$&ng> !a%#e' @hen C#a*2 as and&da!e )or !he new Na!&ona# Re"u%#& an "ar!*2 !hrus! !he ;ues!&on o) re> har!er&ng !he Ban( &n!o !he Pres&den!&a# a$"a&gn %* &ndu &ng Congress !o +o!e &n )a+our o) &!2 a#!hough !he o#d har!er had )our *ears s!&## !o run2 0a (son res"onded w&!h a +e!o $essage !ha! rang #&(e a su$$ons !hrough e+er* "oor or 0e))erson&an ho$e &n !he #and= 6 most of the difficulties our <overnment now encounters and most of the dangers which impend over our ?nion have sprung from an a.andonment of the legitimate o.1ects of <overnment .y our national legislation, and the adoption of such principles as are em.odied in
this act. 2any of our rich men have not .een content with equal protection and equal .enefits, .ut have .esought us to make them richer .y act of "ongress. By attempting to gratify their desires we have in the results of our legislation arrayed section against section, interest against interest, and man against man, in a fearful commotion which threatens to shake the foundations of our ?nion. /t is time to pause in our career to review our principles. @ha! d&d &! $a!!er !ha! !he r& h2 e+en &n h&s own Tennessee2 now %egan !o a%andon 0a (sonM The $an* 9)ur!her s!&$u#a!ed %* !he )o##* o) !he Pres&den! o) !he Ban(2 N& ho#as B&dd#e2 who %eha+ed #&(e !he %u##*&ng ar&s!o ra! !ha! 0a (son sa&d he was: ra##&ed !o !he Pres&den!' 0a (son won re>e#e !&on !r&u$"han!#*2 and on!&nued !he Ban( @ar %* re)us&ng !o de"os&! an* $ore o) !he )edera# re+enues w&!h !he BUS' He had !o d&s$&ss h&s Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur* !o do &!2 %u! !ha! $ere#* s!reng!hened !he au!hor&!* o) !he Pres&den *2 !he "owers and "res!&ge o) wh& h 0a (son no!a%#* e8!ended dur&ng h&s !enure' The Ban( @ar a#so re&n)or ed h&s au!hor&!* as a "ar!* #eader2 and !he %uo*an! "ros"er&!* o) !he $&d>,73?s was una))e !ed %* h&s e ono$& e8"er&$en!s 9a#!hough !he&r #ong>!er$ resu#!s were d&sas!rous:' 0a (son see$ed !o %e $ore !han e+er !he na!&on1s #eader and !he "eo"#e1s Pres&den!F !he Na!&ona# Re"u%#& an "ar!* e+a"ora!edF and Mar!&n Ban Buren2 0a (son1s hosen su essor2 was e#e !ed w&!hou! !he s#&gh!es! d&))& u#!* &n ,73.' O#d H& (or* heer)u##* wen! o)) !o re!&re$en! &n !he Her$&!age2 re$ar(&ng !ha! h&s on#* regre! was !ha! he had no! sho! Henr* C#a* and hanged 0ohn C' Ca#houn' 0a (son1s ene$&es were !oo $u h &n earnes! !o g&+e u"' B* ,73. !he* had )or$ed a new "ar!*2 wh& h !he* a##ed !he @h&g2 a)!er !he Sons o) <&%er!* o) !he Re+o#u!&on who had de)ended A$er& an )reedo$ aga&ns! K&ng George III as !he&r se#)>a""o&n!ed he&rs were de)end&ng &! aga&ns! GK&ng Andrew !he F&rs!1' S!&## &n &!s &n)an *2 !he "ar!* ou#d no! agree on a s&ng#e and&da!e !o run aga&ns! Ban BurenF %u! !he o$ens o) !ha! e#e !&on were good' @&!h 0a (son o)) !he !& (e! !he De$o ra!s )a&#ed !o arr* Tennessee2 Oh&o2 Georg&a and Ind&ana2 !hough !he* won %* a #ands#&de &n Ban Buren1s New Yor(' The* $&gh! %e on;uered *e!' The <&!!#e Mag& &an "ro+ed an un#u (* Pres&den!' The *ear ,735 was ano!her one o) %an(ru"! &es and )&nan &a# "an& ' Th&ngs &$"ro+ed so$ewha! &n ,7372 %u! &n ,73- !rou%#e was renewed' A #ong de"ress&on se! &n' As a#wa*s &n su h ases2 !he Pres&den! go! !he %#a$e 4 no! +er* Eus!#*2 )or !he n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A!#an!& o$$er &a# e ono$* $o+ed &n a * #e o) a""ro8&$a!e#* !wen!* *ears2 a))e !ed %* su h !h&ngs as !he s!a!e o) !he Euro"ean and A$er& an har+es!s2 !he a u$u#a!&on or e8haus!&on o) )&nan &a# red&!2 and !he s!a!e 9a#!erna!&ng g#u! and s ar &!*: o) !he wor#d $ar(e! )or raw $a!er&a#s and &ndus!r&a# goods' In !he #a!e ,73?s $a!!ers see$ a#so !o ha+e %een o$"#& a!ed %* !he $o+e$en! o) s&#+er2 wh& h2 $&ned &n Me8& o2 des&red &n Ch&na 9where &! was used !o "a* )or &$"or!s o) o"&u$ )ro$ !he Br&!&sh E$"&re: and $anaged &n <ondon2 was a#$os! en!&re#* ou!s&de !he on!ro# o) an* US ad$&n&s!ra!&on= New Yor( 9no! !o $en!&on @ash&ng!on: was a #ong wa* )ro$ a!!a&n&ng !he "redo$&nan! &n)#uen e on wor#d !rade !ha! &! was !o a ;u&re &n !he !wen!&e!h en!ur*' In !he r&s&s2 Ban Buren1s h&e) on ern was !o sa+e !he na!&ona# red&!= he wan!ed no re"e!&!&on o) !he e$ergen &es o) !he ,57?s and !he @ar o) ,7,/' I! was !he $os! he ou#d do= !he )edera# go+ern$en! was ;u&!e w&!hou! !he $eans !o $&!&ga!e hard !&$es )or ord&nar* A$er& ans' Bu! !he De$o ra!s had ha""&#* a e"!ed !he red&! )or good !&$es' Ine+&!a%#*2 !he* were now %#a$ed' The @h&gs a"!ured New Yor( &n !he s!a!e e#e !&ons o) ,737' One o) !he&r *oung #eaders2 @' H' Seward 9,7?, 45/:2 won !he Go+ernorsh&"2 &n !he !ee!h o) !he A#%an* Regen *2 wh& h was ne+er !he sa$e aga&n' Ban Buren %&d )a&r !o %e !he De$o ra!s1 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$sF so !he @h&gs de &ded !o %a ( !he&r own Andrew 0a (son= Genera# @&##&a$ Henr* Harr&son 9,553 4 ,76,:2 !he +& !or o) T&""e anoe' He #&+ed &n Oh&o2 %u! was des ended )ro$ one o) B&rg&n&a1s #ead&ng )a$&#&es= h&s )a!her had %een a s&gna!or* o) !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e' He was a shrewd o#d !h&ng2 and had done %e!!er !han an* o!her @h&g &n
,73.2 when he go! se+en!*>!hree e#e !ora# +o!es' He wou#d do' The on#* "erson who o%Ee !ed !o h&s and&da * was Henr* C#a*' He wa&!ed &n @ash&ng!on )or news )ro$ !he @h&g Pres&den!&a# on+en!&on2 gu#"&ng down g#asses o) w&ne !o re#&e+e !he sus"ense and urs&ng h&s ene$&es !he wh&#e 9GTha! $an an ne+er %e $* "o#&!& a# &do# aga&n21 sa&d an on#oo(er sad#*:' @hen he heard o) Harr&son1s no$&na!&on h&s )ur* and des"a&r %o&#ed o+er' GI a$ !he $os! un)or!una!e $an &n !he h&s!or* o) "ar!&es21 he r&ed' GA#wa*s run %* $* )r&ends when sure !o %e de)ea!ed2 and now %e!ra*ed )or a no$&na!&on when I2 or an* one2 wou#d %e sure o) an e#e !&on'1 Ne+er!he#ess2 !he e#e !&on o) ,76? was no! one o) !hose wh& h are on eded &n ad+an e' The De$o ra!s $ade !he&r !horough#* e8"er&en ed $a h&ne )un !&on as ne+er %e)ore2 and were rewarded %* w&nn&ng $ore +o!es )or Ban Buren !han !he* had e+er go! )or 0a (son' Bu! !he @h&gs d&d e+en %e!!er= Harr&son won %* /36 e#e !ora# +o!es !o .? )or !he Pres&den!2 a#!hough !he $arg&n &n !he "o"u#ar +o!e was )a&r#* narrow 9,2/562./6 !o ,2,/5257,:' A! %o!!o$2 !he ou! o$e was se!!#ed %* !he de"ress&on' O!her )a !ors e8"#a&n !he s a#e o) !he +& !or*' Hard wor( %* !he @h&gs= !he* d&d no! $&ss a !r& (2 )or e8a$"#e no$&na!&ng )or B& e>Pres&den! a renegade 0a (son&an2 0ohn T*#er o) B&rg&n&a 9,5-? 4 ,7./:2 !o s!reng!hen !he !& (e!1s a""ea# &n !he U""er Sou!h' The +ague %u! "ower)u# )ee#&ng !ha! !he De$o ra!s had %een &n "ower #ong enough' Ban Buren1s "ersona# +u#nera%&#&!*= he was d&s!rus!ed as a Nor!herner &n !he Sou!h2 where he was #&!!#e (nown2 and regarded as a#!oge!her !oo "o#&shed a gen!#e$an %* $an* rough +o!ers' A de+as!a!&ng $&s!a(e %* !he De$o ra!s= one o) !he&r aggress&+e Eourna#&s!s2 &gnor&ng Harr&son1s gen!ee# an!e eden!s2 wro!e !ha! he was un)&! !o %e Pres&den!2 he shou#d s!a* &n h&s #og> a%&n w&!h h&s !o%a o "&"e2 h&s Eug o) hard &der2 and h&s #a! h>s!r&ng hang&ng ou! !o #e! s!rangers &n a! !he door' Th&s sno%%&sh re$ar( was !oo $u h )or !he A$er& ans' I) !he @h&gs were !he "ar!* o) #og> a%&ns and &der2 !he* $us! %e !he r&gh! "ar!* !o +o!e )or' Soon e+er* @h&g "arade2 %ar%e ue and #a$%a(e 9o) wh& h !here were hundreds: d&s"#a*ed #og> a%&ns %orne a#o)! on s!urd* shou#ders' Hard &der,7 was d&s"ensed &n #arge ;uan!&!&es' @h&g #eaders ra"&d#* d&s o+ered !ha! !he* had a##2 or a#$os! a##2 %een %orn &n #og> a%&nsF Dan&e# @e%s!er e8"#a&ned !ha! he had %een %orn &n a house on#* %e ause2 %e&ng !he *ounges!2 he had o$e &n!o !he wor#d when h&s )a$&#* had earned a #&!!#e "ros"er&!*' H&s e#der %ro!hers had done !he r&gh! !h&ng' So$e surrea#&s!& gen&us ons!ru !ed a g&gan!& %a## $ade o) !&n and %egan !o ro## &! a#ong !he roads o) Oh&o' I!s "o&n! was e8"ressed %* a han!= As rolls the .all @an0s reign does fall And he may look )o &inderhook. (&inderhook was @an Buren0s home town.+ 4hig papers reported that the Siamese twins were going to vote for the "incinnatus of "incinnati. In +a&n !he De$o ra!s )ough! %a (2 e8"#a&n&ng 9erroneous#*: !ha! OK s!ood )or GO#d K&nderhoo(1 4 !ha! grea! and good $an2 Mar!&n Ban Buren'/? The s#ogan GT&""e anoe and T*#er Too1 ha$$ered !he$ &n!o !he ground' The e#e !&on o) ,76? was !he #&$a8 o) a #ong e+o#u!&on' E+en $ore !han !ha! o) ,7/7 &! e8"ressed !he new na!ure o) A$er& an "o#&!& s' Tha! 0e))erson had %ea!en Ha$&#!on2 and !he re"u%#& was now a de$o ra *2 was "a!en! !o a## !he wor#d' Bu! &! was a de$o ra * o) a "ar!& u#ar (&nd' E+er* wh&!e $a#e adu#! &!&Hen was2 or ou#d %e2 &n+o#+ed 9!he "er en!age o) !he e#e !ora!e +o!&ng &n ,76? was 7?' 4 a "ro"or!&on !o %e sur"assed on#* &n ,7.? and ,75.:= a #ega# re+o#u!&on ou#d o ur e+er* )our *ears' A "er$anen! on!es! had s"rung u" s"on!aneous#* %e!ween !he Ins and !he Ou!s= wha!e+er !he good #u ( or good $anage$en! o) !he re&gn&ng "ar!*2 !here wou#d a#wa*s %e an o""os&!&on read* !o )&gh!' The s"o&#s s*s!e$ ga+e &! so$e!h&ng !o )&gh! )orF !he "ros"e ! o) ano!her e#e !&on ga+e &! so$e!h&ng !o ho"e
)orF and !hough a "ar!* $&gh! %e de)ea!ed na!&ona##*2 &! wou#d ha+e grea! reser+es o) s!reng!h &n !he s!a!es2 &!&es and oun!&es wh& h &! s!&## on!ro##ed 4 )or no "ar!* +& !or* has e+er %een a%so#u!e#* o$"#e!e 4 and2 !hroughou! !he h&s!or* o) !he A$er& an "ar!* s*s!e$2 #o a# +& !or* has a#wa*s see$ed2 !o so$e "o#&!& &ans2 $ore &$"or!an! !han a na!&ona# one' The on!es! was %* no $eans who##* *n& a#' @h&gs and De$o ra!s s!ood )or s&gn&)& an!#* d&))eren! e ono$& "rogra$$es2 and a#!hough %o!h "ar!&es !r&ed !o a""ea# !o a## "ar!s o) !he oun!r* e;ua##*2 !he* d&d no! s&n( a## !he&r %e#&e)s &n order !o do so' The De$o ra!s s!u ( %* !he do !r&nes !he* had &nher&!ed )ro$ Tho$as 0e))erson and Andrew 0a (son' The )edera# go+ern$en!2 !he* %e#&e+ed2 shou#d %e wea(2 !he s!a!es s!rong' There shou#d %e no na!&ona# %an(2 nor "a"er $one*2 %u! &ns!ead a urren * o) go#d and s&#+er2 and an &nde"enden! Treasur* where )edera# re+enues2 der&+ed )ro$ !he sa#es o) "u%#& #ands ra!her !han !he !ar&)) 9!he De$o ra!s were a "ar!* o) )ree>!raders:2 ou#d %e (e"! sa)e )ro$ ar&s!o ra!& s"e u#a!ors and orru"!ers' The @h&gs were e;ua##* #o*a# !o !he $e$or* o) Ha$&#!on1s re"or!s on $anu)a !ures and %an(&ng2 and !o Henr* C#a*1s A$er& an S*s!e$2 wh& h on!rad& !ed !he no!&ons o) !he De$o ra * a! e+er* "o&n!' The @h&gs wan!ed !o %u&#d u" A$er& an na!&ona# s!reng!h %* %u&#d&ng u" !he e ono$*F &) !ha! $ean! rea!&ng a #ass o) r& h $en2 so $u h !he %e!!er' Bu! !he* were no! unde$o ra!& 2 &n !he "o#&!& a# sense= !he* enEo*ed !he ga$e !oo $u h )or !ha!F nor were !he* &##&%era# or rea !&onar* as !o so &a# "o#& *' Th&s was a grea! era o) e8"er&$en!a# re)or$2 and o) no&s* ega#&!ar&an&s$' The @h&gs2 or so$e o) !he$ a! an* ra!e2 es"oused %o!h' Seward2 )or e8a$"#e2 %egan h&s areer as a #eader o) !he so> a##ed An!&>Mason& "ar!* &n New Yor( s!a!e2 wh& h &n !he ear#* !h&r!&es sus"e !ed !he Free$asons o) dread)u# ons"&ra &es aga&ns! de$o ra *F and as go+ernor o) New Yor( he showed h&$se#) !o %e a hu$ane su""or!er o) "r&son re)or$' These d&))eren es ga+e !he A$er& ans an o%Ee !&+e $eans %* wh& h !o Eudge %e!ween !he "ar!&es' Bu! !here &s $u h sense &n To ;ue+&##e1s re$ar( !ha! Ga#$os! a## !he A$er& ans1 do$es!& ;uarre#s see$ a! )&rs! g#an e e&!her &n o$"rehens&%#e or h&#d&sh1'/, The !wo "ar!&es "er)or$ed a grea! ser+& e !o !he re"u%#& 2 %* $a(&ng &! see$ !o !he &!&Hens !ha! gr&e+an es ou#d %e $e! w&!h&n !he ons!&!u!&ona# s*s!e$F *ou s&$"#* hose *our s&de2 wor(ed )or &!s +& !or* and go! Eus!& e &n re!urn' The "ar!* #eadersh&"s !ended !o #ose s&gh! o) a## su h &$"or!an! ons&dera!&ons &n !he hea! o) !he %a!!#e' B& !or* was a##= &! !oo( e+en a $an so a%#e and u"r&gh! as Mar!&n Ban Buren a #&)e!&$e !o #earn !ha! !here $&gh! %e a h&gher good !han "ar!* ad+an!age' @h&gs and De$o ra!s a#&(e wen! ou! !o w&n !he su""or! o) !he o$$on $an %* an* $eans= whe!her %* a""ea#&ng !o h&s "reEud& es or h&s s*$"a!h&es2 %* #&%e##&ng !he o""os&!&on &n !he hea" news"a"ers !ha! !he ad+an e o) !e hno#og* was $a(&ng un&+ersa#2 or %* harangu&ng rowds )ro$ !he s!u$"s o) new#* )e##ed !rees &n wes!ern )ores! #ear&ngs 9wh& h ga+e !he #anguage !he !er$ Gs!u$"> s"ea(&ng1:' The De$o ra!s2 on e !he so#e ha$"&ons o) !he "eo"#e2 were )or ed !o a e"! !he #eg&!&$a * o) !he @h&gs' G@e ha+e !augh! !he$ how !o %ea! us21 !he* s&ghed a)!er !he ,76? re!urns were &n= !he* ou#d no! "#aus&%#* a##ege an* #onger !ha! !he* had %een de)ea!ed %* !he orru"! w&#es o) ar&s!o ra!& Federa#&s!s' Bo!h "ar!&es e$%od&ed !he "r&n &"#e o) o$"ro$&se2 )or o!herw&se !he d&))eren! grou"s o) wh& h ea h was o$"osed ou#d ne+er ha+e s!a*ed !oge!herF and %* a e"!&ng !he #&$&!a!&ons o) !he Cons!&!u!&ona# s*s!e$ and ea h o!her1s e8&s!en e !he* $ade o$"ro$&se2 wh& h &s one good wa* o) a e"!&ng rea#&!*2 a %as& &ngred&en! o) A$er& an "o#&!& s ou!s&de2 as we## as w&!h&n2 !he "ar!&es' Bo!h were e8!ra+agan!#* na!&ona#&s!& 2 as!&ng o+e!ous e*es on Te8as 9wh& h %ro(e awa* )ro$ Me8& o &n,73.:2 on !he Pa &)& oas!2 on Canada' Bo!h were a! %o!!o$ a##&an es o) s$a##er grou"s )ro$ a## "ar!s o) !he Un&on' And &) !he r& h as a #ass !ended !o +o!e @h&g2 ha+&ng %een )r&gh!ened %* 0a (son&an rhe!or& 2 !here were ne+er!he#ess "#en!* o) wea#!h* $en who !hough! %e!!er o) !he De$o ra!s' A$er& a was an*wa* no! *e! a so &e!* &n wh& h !he $one*ed #ass w&e#ded d&s"ro"or!&ona!e "ower' Nu$%ers were e+er*!h&ng2 as e+er* )ore&gn +&s&!or was !o#d aga&n and aga&nF !he Hes! )or de$o ra * was su h !ha! $an* o) !he
&!&Hens %egan !o !h&n( !ha! &! $&gh! %e e8!ended *e! )ur!her= sa*2 !o wo$en' The )&rs! &$"or!an! $ee!&ng !o de$and un&+ersa# su))rage was he#d a! Sene a Fa##s2 NY2 &n ,767' Bu! one o) !he s&$&#ar&!&es %e!ween !he "ar!&es %oded no good )or wha! was o!herw&se a +er* "ro$&s&ng "o#&!& a# s*s!e$' There was one urgen! ;ues!&on wh& h ne&!her @h&gs nor De$o ra!s wou#d w&##&ng#* ra&seF %o!h (new !ha! !he* wou#d s"#&! &) &! was as(ed !oo &ns&s!en!#*2 and !ha! e+en !he Un&on was no! sa)eF *e!2 aga&n and aga&n2 &! o%!ruded2 &n s"&!e o) a## !he "o#&!& &ans ou#d do' The ;ues!&on was !ha! o) s#a+er*' The !raged* o) n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A$er& a was !o %e !ha! &n s"&!e o) !he hero& e8u%eran e wh& h !a$ed a on!&nen!2 #aun hed an &ndus!r&a# re+o#u!&on and se! u" !he )&rs! !rue $odern de$o ra *2 !he "ro%#e$ o) !he Sou!h and &!s G"e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on1 was !o "ro+e so &n!ra !a%#e as !o "u! a## A$er& a1s a h&e+e$en!s &n $or!a# danger'
1# Sla-er4 an" its Conse3.en%es 1/00 1/61

/ trem.le for my country when / reflect that <od is 1ust. )homas 8efferson, 3otes on @irginia, 1FEI 'arper0s "reek and roaring river )here, my dear, we0ll live for ever )hen we0ll go to the /ndian 3ation. All / want in this creation /s a pretty little wife and .ig plantation. Plantation song ,very.ody, in the South, wants the privilege of whipping some.ody else Frederick $ouglass S#a+er* &n n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A$er& a &s %es! unders!ood as a sur+&+a#' I! had %egun as a de+& e )or se ur&ng hea" #a%our !o wor( raw #and on !he edge o) &+&#&Ha!&on' I! ou!#&+ed &!s !&$e %e ause soon a)!er $en d&s o+ered !ha! &! was an e+&# !he* a#so d&s o+ered !ha! !he* ou#d no! %ear !o "ar! w&!h &!' The* ou#d no! &$ag&ne a !o#era%#e )u!ure w&!hou! &! 4 ou#d no! endure !o a (now#edge !he "a e and d&re !&on o) !he hanges wh& h !he wor#d was hurr*&ng u"on !he$' @h&!e Sou!hern $en2 !ha! &s' Mos! o) !he %#a (s o) ourse ha!ed &!F wh&!e Nor!herners ga+e &! u" w&!h o$"ara!&+e ease &n !he !wen!* or so *ears !ha! )o##owed !he Re+o#u!&on= !he #as! Nor!hern s!a!e !o "u! an end !o !he &ns!&!u!&on where &! had "re+&ous#* e8&s!ed was New 0erse* &n ,7?6' @h&!e Sou!hern wo$en were d&+&ded a%ou! s#a+er*' No $a!!er' An!&>s#a+er* wh&!es were !oo wea(2 %#a (s !oo )ew2 !o o+er!hrow !he s*s!e$' E+en &n ,7??2 when one &nha%&!an! &n )&+e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es was an A)r& an>A$er& an2 !he s#a+es 4 d&s"ersed2 so &a##* %a (ward2 $&#&!ar&#* )ee%#e 4 ou#d no! ha+e organ&Hed a su ess)u# u"r&s&ngF and %* ,7.?2 !hough !here were near#* )our $&##&on s#a+es2 !here were near#* !wen!*>se+en $&##&on )ree wh&!es2 and on#* 6772??? )ree %#a (s' The ;ues!&on o) !he "ers&s!en e o) s#a+er* &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es an %e answered on#* %* e8a$&n&ng !he a!!&!udes o) !he as endan! ra e and &!s as endan! se8F !he sa$e &s !rue o) !he ;ues!&on2 wh* d&d !he s*s!e$ end so a#a$&!ous#*M
There was so$e!h&ng &ne8ora%#e a%ou! !he !rend o) e+en!s !o re%e##&on2 war and e$an &"a!&onF %u! !h&s ou#d no! ha+e %een !he ase &) !he "ro>s#a+er* wh&!es had no! %een so ho"e#ess#* "ro+&n &a#F !ha! &s2 so augh! u" &n s#a+e so &e!* !ha! !he* %e a$e2 w&##*>n&##*2 &!s +& !&$s and &!s !oo#s' The a%o#&!&on o) s#a+er* was no! an e8"er&$en! !ha! $os! o) !he$ wou#d e+er ha+e )e#! )ree !o !r*' The&r ourage2 o$"ass&on and &n!e##&gen e )a&#ed' S#a+er* )rus!ra!ed !he des&res and a%&#&!&es o) !he %#a (sF &! "er+er!ed !he wh&!es' @hen s#a+er* +an&shed2 no one $ourned &! )or #ong' For !he %#a (s2 s#a+er* was a reg&$e o) sorrow2 o) degrada!&on2 o) unre$&!!&ng !o&#2 dread)u# "ersona# &nse ur&!* and "er"e!ua# )rus!ra!&on' Ye! !he ens#a+ed A)r& ans $&gh! ha+e %een worse o))' The* re!a&ned !he&r se#)>res"e !2 )rag$en!s o) !he&r an es!ra# u#!ure2 $e$or&es o) !he&r or&g&ns2 and a h&e+ed so$e $easure o) )u#)&#$en! e+en &n !he&r %onds' The&r essen!&a# +& !or* &s de$ons!ra!ed %* !he&r re#&g&on and %* !he grea! $us& e+o#+ed )ro$ !he&r "#an!a!&on wor( songsF )ro$ !he e#e%ra!&on songs2 %orn &n !hose re+e#s wh& h wh&!e gen!#e$en su h as Mr 0e))erson regarded w&!h oo# d&sda&nF and a%o+e a## )ro$ !he s"&r&!ua#s2 w&!h !he&r $essage o) hu$an sorrow2 d&+&ne onso#a!&on and u#!&$a!e Eo*' So$e o) !he $os! "o&gnan! !he$es o) !he s"&r&!ua#s arose d&re !#* )ro$ !he s#a+e e8"er&en e= a%o+e a##2 "erha"s2 !he )ee#&ng !ha! #&)e &s a %urden2 and dea!h !he o""or!un&!* !o #a* &! down' GNe+er !o %e %orn &s %es!21 sa&d So"ho #es= e+er*%od* (nows !ha! $ood2 o as&ona##*' I! "redo$&na!ed &n !he s#a+e s"&r&!ua#s 4 so $ar(ed#* !ha! &! e+en sha"ed !he "as!& he "#an!a!&on songs o) S!e"hen Fos!er 9,7/.4.6:2 su h as GO#d B#a ( 0oe1= 3o more rain fall for wet you, hallelu1ah. 3o more sun shine for .urn you, )here0s no hard trials )here0s no whips a-cracking 3o evil-doers in the &ingdom, All is gladness in the &ingdom, hallelu1ah= S#a+er* as a reg&$e o) &n essan! #a%our was no!h&ng a%nor$a#' There had %een &n essan! #a%our &n A)r& aF &ndeed2 Nor!h A$er& an s#a+es were $os!#* des ended )ro$ !r&%es a$ong who$ harsh agr& u#!ura# !o&# was !rad&!&ona#= !he hun!&ng !r&%es su ess)u##* res&s!ed ens#a+e$en!' The n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A!#an!& wor#d "a&d )or &!s nu$erous #e&sured #asses %* $er &#ess e8a !&ons on e+er*%od* e#se' The s!or* o) &ndus!r&a# wor(ers &n Br&!a&n 9or2 a #&!!#e #a!er2 &n Penns*#+an&a: was as %ad as an*!h&ng wh& h ou#d %e !o#d o) !he "#an!a!&ons2 as de)enders o) s#a+er* #&(ed !o "o&n! ou!' The end&ng o) !he &$"or!a!&on o) s#a+es )ro$ A)r& a2 wh& h %e a$e )edera# #aw &n ,7?72 )or ed $as!ers !o #oo( a)!er !he&r "ro"er!* %e!!er' GThe !&$e has %een !ha! !he )ar$er ou#d (&## u" and wear ou! one Negro !o %u* ano!herF %u! &! &s no! so now21 one "#an!er re$ar(ed &n ,76-' GNegroes are !oo h&gh &n "ro"or!&on !o !he "r& e o) o!!on2 and &! %ehoo+es !hose who own !he$ !o $a(e !he$ #as! as #ong as "oss&%#e'1 S#a+es were o)!en wh&""ed !o wor(F and2 a ru &a# "o&n!2 !he&r wor(&ng da* was o) a""a##&ng #eng!h 9G)ro$ da* #ear !o n&gh!)a##1 was !he "hrase:F %u! o!herw&se !he&r ond&!&ons o) #a%our were #&!!#e worse !han !hose o) $an* wh&!es' The a%undan! e+&den e o) !he gr&nd&ng na!ure o) wor( )or s#a+es &s %es! unders!ood as show&ng wha! s#a+es had &n o$$on w&!h )ree $en 4 or )ree wo$en and h&#dren2 )or !ha! $a!!er' Crue# !o&# was as $u h !he #aw &n !he )a !or&es o) New Eng#and2 !he s#u$s o) New Yor( and on !he )ar$&ng )ron!&er as &! was &n A#a%a$a' S!&##2 !he )a ! re$a&ns !ha! wor(ers &n New Eng#and were no! wh&""ed2 !he* d&d ha+e a shor!er wor(&ng da*2 !he* were #ega##* )ree !o hange $as!ers and !he* were )ree !o s"end !he&r wages as !he* saw )&!' S#a+es w&!hou! wages had !o a e"! su h #o!h&ng2 hous&ng and )ood as !he&r owners do#ed ou! !o !he$= none were o) !he %es!' GNegro #o!h1 and GNegro %rogans1 9shoes: were o) !he hea"es!2 "oores! $anu)a !ure2 and were se#do$ "ro+&ded &n enough ;uan!&!*2 so $os! s#a+es wen! d&r!*2 %are)oo! and &n rags' Mos! s#a+e a%&ns
were %ad#* %u&#!2 #ea(* and ung#aHed and unhea#!h*' The s#a+e d&e! was h&e)#* $a&He and %a on2 or "or(2 e(ed ou! %* wha! ou#d %e hun!ed or s!o#enF &! was de)& &en! &n +&!a$&ns and +ar&e!*' Th&ngs were %e!!er !han !h&s on so$e "#an!a!&onsF %u! a "#an!a!&on $&gh! a#so %e $ore #&(e a "r&son run %* sad&s!s !han an* Nor!hern )a !or* e+er was' Su h #aws as e8&s!ed )or "ro!e !&ng !he s#a+es were )re;uen!#* unen)or ed2 &n !he ause o) wh&!e so#&dar&!*' E+en &) a $as!er wh&""ed a s#a+e !o dea!h he $&gh! es a"e "un&sh$en!2 )or &! wou#d ne+er do &) !he %#a (s %egan !o !h&n( !ha! !here were an* #&$&!s !o !he&r owners1 "ower o+er !he$' A#so2 $as!ers o)!en de#ega!ed res"ons&%&#&!* !o h&red o+erseers2 who2 as one "#an!er &n M&ss&ss&""& o%ser+ed2 were2 Gas a #ass2 a wor!h#ess se! o) +aga%onds1' The o+erseers $&gh! ha+e re!or!ed !ha! $os! $as!ers ared )or no!h&ng e8 e"! "rodu !&on and "ro)&!2 and !hough! !ha! !he %es! o+erseer was !he one who "rodu ed !he #arges! nu$%er o) o!!on %a#es or sugar hogsheads "er s#a+e' So no wonder !he s#a+es were o+erwor(ed' GI1d ra!her %e dead21 sa&d one o+erseer2 G!han a n&gger on one o) !hose %&g "#an!a!&ons'1 The )a ! was so &nes a"a%#e !ha! e+en "ro>s#a+er* wr&!ers so$e!&$es a (now#edged &!' GI! &s !h&s unre#en!&ng2 %ru!a#&H&ng2 dr&+e2 dr&+e2 wa! h and wh&"2 !ha! )urn&shes )a !s !o a%o#&!&on wr&!ers !ha! anno! %e d&s"u!ed2 and !ha! are &n)a$ous1 4 so sa&d one Sou!hern Eourna# on !he e+e o) se ess&on' Ano!her d&))eren e %e!ween s#a+es and )a !or* wor(ers was &n !he $a!!er o) "ersona# &nse ur&!*' In B& !or&an Eng#and2 )or e8a$"#e2 !he r&se o) !he !rade un&ons was a na!ura# res"onse !o %ad )ood2 a!ro &ous hous&ng and dread o) hard !&$es 4 o) une$"#o*$en!2 and !he wor(house where )a$&#&es ou#d %e %ro(en u"2 where hus%ands and w&+es2 a)!er a #&)e!&$e !oge!her2 ou#d %e se"ara!ed' No su h res"onse was "oss&%#e under s#a+er*' A! !he +er* !&$e when !he res!r& !&ons on un&on a !&+&!* were s#a (en&ng &n Eng#and2 !he s#a+e odes were !&gh!en&ng &n A$er& a' Hus%ands $&gh! s!&## %e so#d awa* )ro$ !he&r w&+es2 h&#dren )ro$ !he&r $o!hersF a asua# de &s&on $&gh! u"roo! a $an )or e+er )ro$ !he "#a e and "eo"#e !ha! he #o+ed' @ors! o) a## was !he )a!e dreaded %* s#a+es &n !he U""er Sou!h 9Mar*#and2 B&rg&n&a and Ken!u (*:2 where ond&!&ons were eas&es!= !he* $&gh!2 )or a doHen reasons2 sudden#* %e so#d Gdown !he r&+er1 4 down !he M&ss&ss&""& !o !he B#a ( Be#! o) en!ra# A#a%a$a or M&ss&ss&""& s!a!eF or !o !he oas!a# swa$"s2 !he reg&ons o) $a#ar&a and *e##ow )e+erF !o !he end#ess e8haus!&on o) !he o!!on )&e#ds and sugar "#an!a!&ons' E+en so$e o) !he s#a+e>owners de"#ored !h&s &n!erna# s#a+e>!radeF *e! w&!hou! &! !he Co!!on K&ngdo$ ou#d no! ha+e "ros"ered2 )or !he !rade was !he h&e) $eans %* wh& h !he #a%our su""#* was adEus!ed !o !he de$and2 and wor(ers were sh&)!ed )ro$ !he e8haus!ed #ands o) !he A!#an!& oas! !o !he )resh )&e#ds o) !he &n!er&or' Man* a grea! gen!#e$an o) Sou!h Caro#&na owed h&s s!and&ng !o h&s "#an!a!&ons and s#a+es &n !he @es!' There was a#wa*s an a u!e #a%our shor!age on !he Sou!hern )ron!&erF onse;uen!#* +o& es were o)!en ra&sed !o de$and !he re>o"en&ng o) !he s#a+e>!rade w&!h A)r& a' There)ore !he "#an!ers1 d&s#&(e o) !he &n!erna# s#a+e> !rade need no! %e !a(en an* $ore ser&ous#* !han !he&r on!e$"! )or !he o+erseers' The* so#d s#a+es awa* )ro$ !he&r ho$es and )a$&#&es w&!hou! o$"un !&on when !he* !hough! &! ne essar*' @ha! !he s#a+es !hough! an %e guessed )ro$ !he #arge nu$%er o) runawa*s2 $os! o) who$2 &) no! s&$"#* !rea!&ng !he$se#+es !o a )ew da*s1 ho#&da* &n !he woods2 "a&d )or on re!urn w&!h a wh&""&ng2 were !r*&ng !o reEo&n !he&r w&+es and h&#dren' No! !ha! !he w&+es were #ega##* re ogn&Hed as su h' E+en when a $as!er agreed !o sa* !he $arr&age ser+& e )or !wo s#a+es2 he a#wa*s #e)! ou! !he essen!&a# words2 GT&## dea!h us do "ar!1 4 he $&gh! wan! !o "ar! !he$ $u h sooner' The a%o#&!&on&s!s er!a&n#* e8aggera!ed &n !he a""ea#s !he* $ade !o !he "rur&en e o) !he r&gh!eous2 %u! !he s!ar( )a ! re$a&ns !ha! s#a+e wo$en %e#onged !o !he&r $as!ers2 and !he resu#! was a grea! dea# o) se8ua# e8"#o&!a!&on' The %es! !ha! ou#d %e sa&d was !ha! "ruden! $as!ers a (now#edged !he +a#&d&!* o) s#a+e $arr&ages &n "ra !& e2 %e ause &! was good )or $ora#e and #a%our d&s &"#&ne'
Frus!ra!&on o) !he "ersona#&!* &s so$e!h&ng $ore d&))& u#! !o $easure or e+en !o de$ons!ra!e !han !he $ore $a!er&a# )or$s o) o""ress&onF &! &s no! ne essar&#* #ess har$)u#' S#a+er* was!ed genera!&ons o) !a#en! and energ*' S#a+es $&gh! no! %e !augh! !o read or wr&!e2 #es! !he* read G&n end&ar* "u%#& a!&ons1F !he* ou#d no! own "ro"er!*F &! was o$$on#* !hough! unw&se !o !ea h !he$ &ndus!r&a# !rades2 %e ause2 as De Bow1s Re+&ew re$ar(ed2 Gwhene+er a s#a+e &s $ade a $e han& 2 he &s $ore !han ha#) )reed1' The* were g&+en on#* !he $os! #&$&!ed res"ons&%&#&!&es' A $an so !a#en!ed as Freder& ( Doug#ass 9,7,54-A: $&gh! %e onde$ned !o "ass h&s #&)e as #&!!#e $ore !han a %eas! o) %urden un#ess2 #&(e Doug#ass2 he su eeded &n es a"&ng !o !he Nor!h' To !h&s "ar!& u#ar )or$ o) hu$&#&a!&on was added a s*s!e$a!& a!!e$"! !o ow !he s#a+es %* )or e and &nsu#!' S#a+e !es!&$on* wou#d no! %e a e"!ed &n our! aga&ns! wh&!eF a## %#a (s2 s#a+e or )ree2 $us! a e"! #ose res!r& !&ons on !he&r $o+e$en!s2 %e&ng2 !*"& a##*2 on)&ned !o ;uar!ers a)!er dar( and )or%&dden !o go an* d&s!an e e8 e"! under ordersF !he* were answera%#e !o !he s#a+e "a!ro#s2 a wh&!e gendar$er&e wh& h rode a%ou! a! n&gh! $a&n!a&n&ng orderF $us! "u! u" w&!h wha!e+er !rea!$en! !he* go!F and $us! endure !he (now#edge !ha! !he&r o""ressors2 when no! )r&gh!ened o) !he$ or sen!&$en!a# a%ou! !he$2 regarded !he$ w&!h on!e$"! as an &n)er&or order o) rea!&on' The* e+en )ound &! on+en&en! !o "ander !o !he ra &a#&s! +&ew %* "os&ng as so $an* Sa$%os 4 %ew&#dered dar(&es w&!h h&#d&sh Eo*s and )ears2 #aH*2 a))e !&ona!e and s!u"&d' I! was sa)er !o %e seen as a Sa$%o !han as a $araud&ng a"e2 #us!&ng )or )&re2 s#augh!er and wh&!e wo$en' F&na##*2 $en and wo$en anno! %e un)ree &n a )ree so &e!* w&!hou! (now&ng !ha! !he* are wronged 4 e+en &) !he&r $as!ers !r* !o (ee" !he )a ! )ro$ !he&r a!!en!&on' So !he A)r& an>A$er& ans ha!ed s#a+er*' De en! !rea!$en! ou#d no! %u* a ;u&es en e 4 ra!her !he on!rar*2 as Freder& ( Doug#ass "o&n!ed ou!' GBea! and u)) *our s#a+e21 he sa&d2 G(ee" h&$ hungr* and s"&r&!#ess2 and he w&## )o##ow !he ha&n o) h&s $as!er #&(e a dogF %u! )eed and #o!he h&$ we##2 4 wor( h&$ $odera!e#* 4 surround h&$ w&!h "h*s& a# o$)or!2 4 and drea$s o) )reedo$ &n!rude' G&+e h&$ a %ad $as!er2 and he as"&res !o a good $as!erF g&+e h&$ a good $as!er2 and he w&shes !o %e o$e h&s own $as!er'1 Ye! !he s#a+es on !he who#e d&d no! !r* !o a#!er !he&r ha!ed ond&!&on' The* (new !he&r &nEur&es2 %u! !he* a#so (new !he&r wea(ness' I! &s a s!r&(&ng )a ! !ha! &n !he ha#)> en!ur* %e)ore !he C&+&# @ar !here were no s#a+e r&s&ngs o) an* grea! a oun!2 and !hose !ha! d&d o ur 4 !he a%or!&+e Den$ar( Bese* ons"&ra * a! Char#es!on &n ,7//2 !he Na! Turner re%e##&on &n B&rg&n&a &n ,73,2 &n wh& h so$e s&8!* wh&!es were $urdered 4 owed !he&r no!or&e!* h&e)#* !o !he !error wh& h !he* &ns"&red &n !he $as!er ra e' Fro$ !&$e !o !&$e !here wou#d %e ou!%rea(s on so#&!ar* "#an!a!&onsF or a wh&!e )a$&#* $&gh! %e s#a&n2 sudden#*2 %* &!s s#a+es2 w&!h "o&son or (n&+es', These were &so#a!ed e+en!s2 #ead&ng !o no!h&ng2 $ean&ng no!h&ng2 e8 e"! !ha! &n one "#a e2 a! one "ar!& u#ar !&$e2 $a!!ers had rea hed a r&s&s "o&n!' Ne+er!he#ess2 !he s#a+e>owners ou#d no! a))ord !o !a(e su h a))a&rs oo##*' The* !oo (new &nse ur&!*= !he* dared no! !rus! !he "eo"#e !he* #&+ed a$ong' Per&od& a##* so$e!h&ng wou#d !err&)* !he$ &n!o renewed e8 esses o) rue#!*' A)!er !he Turner re%e##&on !he* hanged no! on#* !he $urderers %u! a#so s ores o) !he &nno en!' Indeed2 !he draw%a (s o) s#a+er* )ro$ !he "o&n! o) +&ew o) !he wh&!es were so g#ar&ng !ha! &! so$e!&$es see$s as!on&sh&ng !ha! &! #as!ed so #ong' The wo$en 4 so$e o) !he$ 4 saw #eares!' One o) !he$2 Mar* Chesnu! 9,7/347.: o) Sou!h Caro#&na2 "u! !he ase $os! !ren han!#*2 and w&!h su h )ran(ness !ha! her #&$&!a!&ons2 o) #ass and "ersona#&!*2 are as "a#"a%#e as her &ns&gh!s' So her !es!&$on* &s dou%#* +a#ua%#e !o h&s!or&ans' She d&s#&(ed #&+&ng a$ong s#a+es2 and so$e o) !he reasons she g&+es 9%#a ( )a es2 woo##* heads: show !ha! she was ra &a##* "reEud& ed' Bu! she was a#so %&!!er %e ause $an* Sou!hern wo$en had !o "re!end no! !o no!& e !he rese$%#an e %e!ween !he&r own o))s"r&ng and er!a&n #&!!#e %#a (
h&#dren on !he "#an!a!&ons= "roo) !ha! !he&r hus%ands and %ro!hers had %een da##*&ng &n !he s#a+e ;uar!ers' She grea!#* resen!ed !he s!r& !ures $ade %* su h Nor!hern #ad&es as Harr&e! Bee her S!owe 9,7,,4-.:2 au!hor o) !he &$$ense#* e#e%ra!ed an!&>s#a+er* no+e# Un #e To$1s Ca%&n 9"u%#&shed &n ,7A/:= On one s&de Mrs S!owe2 Gree#e*2 Thoreau2 E$erson2 Su$ner' The* #&+e &n n& e New Eng#and ho$es2 #ean2 swee!>s$e##&ng2 shu! u" &n #&%rar&es2 wr&!&ng %oo(s wh& h ease !he&r hear!s o) !he&r %&!!erness aga&ns! us' @ha! se#)>den&a# !he* do "ra !& e &s !o !e## 0ohn Brown !o o$e down here and u! our !hroa!s &n Chr&s!1s na$e' Now ons&der wha! I ha+e seen o) $* $o!her1s #&)e2 $* grand$o!her1s2 $* $o!her>&n>#aw1sQ The* #&+e &n Negro +&##ages' The* do no! "rea h and !ea h ha!e as a gos"e#2 and !he sa red du!* o) $urder and &nsurre !&onF/ %u! !he* s!r&+e !o a$e#&ora!e !he ond&!&on o) !hese A)r& ans &n e+er* "ar!& u#ar' The* se! !he$ an e8a$"#e o) a "er)e ! #&)e2 a #&)e o) u!!er se#)>a%nega!&on' Th&n( o) !hese ho#* New Eng#anders )or ed !o ha+e a Negro +&##age wa#( !hrough !he&r houses whene+er !he* see )&!Q These wo$en I #o+e ha+e #ess han e !o #&+e !he&r own #&+es &n "ea e !han &) !he* were A)r& an $&ss&onar&es' The resen!$en! &n !h&s d&a!r&%e &s genu&ne2 %u! $&sd&re !ed' The s#&gh! no!e o) "erse u!&on $an&a &s s&gn&)& an!2 )or &! &##us!ra!es one o) !he !ra&!s2 genera# a$ong wh&!e Sou!herners2 wh& h %rough! a%ou! se ess&on )ro$ !he Un&on and2 hen e2 !he u#!&$a!e des!ru !&on o) !he s#a+e so &e!*' Bu! Mrs Chesnu! was no! "re+en!ed )ro$ #&+&ng !he #&)e she wan!ed e&!her %* !he s#a+es or %* !he a%o#&!&on&s!s' She was !he +& !&$ o) !he "#an!ers2 who2 &n a sense2 owned !he wh&!es as we## as !he %#a (s' Cer!a&n#* !he* owned !he&r own w&+es and daugh!ers' Mrs Chesnu! #o+ed her hus%and2 or !o#d herse#) she d&dF %u! he !rea!ed her a%o$&na%#*' On e he #o (ed her u" &n her roo$ ra!her !han a##ow her !o (ee" an a""o&n!$en! !o $ee! a gen!#e$an o) who$ he d&sa""ro+ed so#e#*2 &! see$s2 %e ause h&s w&)e #&(ed h&$' On ano!her o as&on Mrs Chesnu! ongra!u#a!ed herse#)= she had a ;u&red a se re! su""#* o) $one*2 wh& h $ean! !ha! )or a !&$e she wou#dn1! ha+e !o run !o her hus%and )or e+er* "enn* she needed' She had no h&#dren2 and )ound !he wor( o) su"er+&s&ng her house>s#a+es &nsu))& &en!#* ha##eng&ng= she had no ho"e o) a areer'The $*!h o) s#a+er* e8a !ed !h&s unna!ura# #&)e' @h&!e #ad&es had !o %e &d#e2 e#se !he* wou#d no! ha+e needed s#a+es !o wor( )or !he$' The* had !o %e se8ua##* o#d and r&g&d#* has!e2 or !here ou#d %e no Eus!&)& a!&on )or !he&r hus%ands !o hase a)!er %#a ( wo$en' The* had !o a%andon !he&r )un !&on as $o!hers !o %#a ( G$a$$&es12 so !ha! !he* ou#d "arade %e)ore !he wor#d "er"e!ua##* &n )&ne dresses2 Eewe#s and arr&ages 4 !he )ru&!s o) s#a+er*2 ad+er!&se$en!s o) !he&r $en)o#(1s su ess' @h&!e wo$en had !o %e den&ed edu a!&on and "o#&!& a# r&gh!s2 so !ha! no ha##enge ou#d %e $ade !o !he su"re$a * o) !he wh&!e $a#e= one ha##enge $&gh! %reed ano!her2 and &) $en on e on eded !ha! !he* had no r&gh! !o !*rann&He o+er wo$en2 wha! r&gh! ou#d !he* #a&$ !o !*rann&He o+er s#a+esM I! was a +&o#en! wor#d' In "ar! !h&s was !he #ega * o) !he )ron!&er2 wh& h "ers&s!ed #onger &n !he Sou!h !han &n !he Nor!h 9no! un!&# !he ,73?s were !he #as! Ind&an !r&%es #eared ou! o) A#a%a$a and M&ss&ss&""&:' And whereas &n !he Nor!h>@es! !he )a$&#* )ar$ was !he $os! e))& &en! un&! )or de+e#o"&ng !he oun!r*2 and en!a&#ed a su""or!&ng ne!wor( o) roads and $ar(e! !owns %* $eans o) wh& h )ar$> "rodu e ou#d %e go! !o !he us!o$ers 9!here was %es&des !he +&##age !rad&!&on o) New Eng#and !o )or!&)* &+&#&H&ng !enden &es:2 &n !he Sou!h2 where +as! o!!on "#an!a!&ons wou#d %e ha (ed ou! o) !he +&rg&n )ores!2 !he&r "rodu e %e&ng sen! !o $ar(e! down un!a$ed r&+ers2 !he dens&!* o) !he "o"u#a!&on 4 es"e &a##* !he wh&!e "o"u#a!&on 4 on!&nued $u h #ower2 !hough !he )&nan &a# *&e#d o) agr& u#!ure $&gh! %e as grea!2 or grea!er' Grow!h2 !ha! &s2 was !oo ra"&d !o %e s$oo!h' Bu! !he !&$e s"an &n ;ues!&on 9so$e se+en!* *ears2 )ro$ !he &n+en!&on o) E#& @h&!ne*1s o!!on g&n !o !he a!!a ( u"on For! Su$!er: &s !oo #ong )or !h&s e8"#ana!&on !o %e su))& &en!' The Nor!h !oo was raw oun!r* )or $os! o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*'
No2 Sou!hern +&o#en e owed $os! !o !he "ers&s!en e o) s#a+er*' Young $en had !o %e !ra&ned !o r&de and shoo! so !ha! !he* ou#d e))e !&+e#* "#a* !he&r "ar! &n !he s#a+e "a!ro#s' As a resu#! a s!range2 %ar%arous u#!ure grew u" wh& h ;u& (#* ann&h&#a!ed 9)or e8a$"#e: 0e))erson1s drea$ !ha! !he Un&+ers&!* o) B&rg&n&a2 wh& h he )ounded &n ,7,-2 wou#d %e a grea! #&gh! o) re"u%#& an &+&#&Ha!&on' The o##eges o) !he Sou!h re$a&ned Eo(es un!&# !he !wen!&e!h en!ur*' Ins!ead o) s &en e and Gree(2 !he *oung gen!#e$en #earned !o ho#d !he&r #&;uor2 or a! #eas! no! !o $&nd ge!!&ng %#&nd drun(F how !o use a (n&)e &n a %raw#F how !o hand#e due##&ng "&s!o#s and !o "#a* ardsF how !o ra e and %e! on horses' The* were "ro+&n &a#2 &gnoran! and o+er%ear&ng= e8 e##en! annon>)odder2 as &! !urned ou!2 %u! #a (&ng !he des&ra%#e "ea e!&$e ;ua#&!&es o) a sense o) rea#&!* and res"ons&%&#&!*' An e*e )or "ro)&! d&d so$e!h&ng !o su%s!&!u!e )or a ade$& edu a!&on' The gra es w&!h wh& h !he "#an!ers #&(ed !o adorn !he&r wa* o) #&)e and !he&r grea! wh&!e $ans&ons de e&+ed $an* a! !he !&$e2 and $ore s&n e2 &n!o a e"!&ng !he$ as a #ass o) we##>%red gen!#e$en2 s!r& !#* o$"ara%#e !o !he no%&#&!* o) Euro"e' The&r a oun! %oo(s !e## a d&))eren! s!or*' E8"er&en e so%ers !he w&#des! %#ade2 &) he #&+es #ong enoughF &n !he O#d Sou!h !he de$ands o) "#an!a!&on $anage$en! !urned &nnu$era%#e roar&ng %o*s &n!o d&s &"#&ned a"&!a#&s!s' The* had #&!!#e &n o$$on w&!h !he g&#ded #ords o) Eng#and2 whose !a#en! #a* &n s"end&ng ra!her !han ge!!&ng' The&r !rue a))&n&!* was w&!h !he res!#ess $er han!s and $anu)a !urers o) Penns*#+an&a2 New Yor( and Massa huse!!s' For !he grea! "#an!ers2 a! !he&r he&gh!2 &! was a good #&)e2 so #ong as new #ands ou#d %e )ound )or !&##age 9&n essan! o!!on>grow&ng e8haus!ed !he so&# as %ad#* as !o%a o: and $ore s#a+es ou#d %e %ough! )ro$ B&rg&n&a2 and !he $edd#eso$e a%o#&!&on&s!s o) !he Nor!h ou#d %e (e"! a! %a*2 and !he hands &n !he houses and !he )&e#ds d&d as !he* were !o#d2 and !he wea!her was good2 and !he wor#d $ar(e! )or o!!on was %uo*an!' Bu! )or !he o!her wh&!e $en o) !he Sou!h 4 !he grea! $aEor&!* 4 $a!!ers were ne+er so s&$"#e'The&r $ora# "os&!&on was wea(2 )or !he* had !a(en "ar! &n !he e8"u#s&on o) !he Ind&ans and were &nd&))eren! !o !he su))er&ngs o) !he A)r& ansF %u! !he* were &nEured %* s#a+er* a## !he sa$e' The "ro)&!s o) !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on were so enor$ous !ha! !he s#a+e>ho#ders were a#wa*s a%#e !o ou!%&d !he wh&!e *eo$anr* )or !he ho& es! #ands' As a resu#! a shar" #ass d&+&s&on grew u" &n !he Sou!h2 wh& h was !o so$e e8!en! a#so a geogra"h& a# d&+&s&on2 !he "oorer wh&!es %e&ng !h& (es! on !he ground &n !he u"#and and $oun!a&n areas2 !he "#an!ers and !he&r s#a+es &n su h r& h #ow#ands as !he B#a ( Be#!' In an age as s!r&den!#* de$o ra!& as !he ear#* n&ne!een!h en!ur* !h&s grow&ng gu#) w&!h&n !he wh&!e "o"u#a!&on na!ura##* had !o )&nd e8"ress&on &n "o#&!& s 9!he *eo$en were $os!#* en!hus&as!& )o##owers o) Genera# 0a (son: and $&gh! ha+e %een e8"e !ed !o #ead !o an a!!a ( on s#a+er* as g&+&ng so$e wh&!es an un)a&r ad+an!age &n !he ra e )or r& hesF %u! no su h !h&ng o urred' P#an!ers e8a !ed !he u!$os! #a%our )ro$ !he&r %onds$enF re+e##ed &n !he wea#!h wh& h resu#!ed2 and %oas!ed o) !he s(&## o) !he&r s#a+esF a""eased !he&r ons &en es %* &n ons&s!en!#* asser!&ng !he &gnoran e2 sh&)!#essness and he#"#essness o) %#a (s 4 a ra e so &n)er&or !ha! &! needed ens#a+e$en!F and $ade !he$se#+es a))a%#e !o !he *eo$anr* a! e#e !&on !&$e' Poor wh&!es shared !o !he )u## !he on!e$"! )or and )ear o) A)r& an> A$er& ans wh& h were )e#! %* !he&r %e!!ersF !he* ou#d no! on!e$"#a!e #&%era!&ng s#a+es who2 as )ree $en2 wou#d o$"e!e on !he&r own %eha#) )or #and and "ro)&!F !he* dee"#* resen!ed an* s he$e wh& h $&gh! "#a e %#a (s on !he sa$e )oo!&ng as !he$se#+es2 howe+er no$&na##* 9&! was $u h $ore agreea%#e !o )ee# !ha!2 howe+er un)or!una!e and &gnoran! *ou were2 !here were a#wa*s a #arge nu$%er o) o!hers e+en worse o)):F $an* a$ong !he$ her&shed a ho"e2 howe+er unrea#&s!& 2 !ha! !he* !oo wou#d r&se &n!o !he "#an!er #assF and !he* dreaded !he re+enge wh& h2 !he* !hough!2 )ree %#a (s wou#d !a(e on !he&r )or$er o""ressors' These +&ews )orged a s!rong %ond %e!ween !he *eo$an )ar$ers2 !he G"oor wh&!e !rash1 and !he r& h "#an!ers= !he* )or$ed an a##&an e !ha! was !o sur+&+e a## +& &ss&!udes un!&# !he #a!e !wen!&e!h en!ur*2 and do &n a# u#a%#e da$age !o A$er& a and A$er& ans' Th&s a##&an e re$o+ed wha! $&gh! ha+e %een !he s!ronges! )or e $a(&ng )or a%o#&!&on'
So )ar as Sou!hern wh&!es were on erned2 !hen2 s#a+er* was an e+&# %e ause2 whe!her !he* rea#&Hed &! or no!2 &! !hwar!ed "rogress= &n s"&!e o) &!s wea#!h !he s#a+e Sou!h #agged )ur!her %eh&nd !he res! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 no! !o $en!&on Euro"e2 e+er* *ear' So$e Sou!herners "er e&+ed so$e o) &!s e+&# onse;uen esF "erha"s a## &!s e+&#s were no!& ed %* so$eone or o!her &n !he Sou!h a! so$e !&$e &n !he *ears %e)ore !he C&+&# @ar' Man* +o& es were heard #a$en!&ng !he %a (ward s!a!e o) Sou!hern agr& u#!ure and !he )a&#ure o) !he Sou!h !o &ndus!r&a#&He2 or e+en !o %u&#d enough ra&#roads' The grea! $en o) !he e&gh!een!h en!ur* 4 @ash&ng!on and 0e))erson a%o+e a## 4 had )ree#* re ogn&Hed s#a+er* )or an e+&#F !he* had %een ;u&!e "re"ared !o ad$&! !ha! &! was &n ons&s!en! w&!h !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e2 and #oo(ed )orward w&!h on)&den e !o &!s e+en!ua# d&sa""earan e' The !raged* o) !he Sou!h was !ha! &! eased !o #&s!en !o !hese "ro"he!& +o& es' As !&$e wen! on !he asser!&on was $ade e+er $ore )re;uen!#* !ha! s#a+er*2 )ar )ro$ %e&ng an e+&#2 was Ga "os&!&+e good12 %r&ng&ng a## sor!s o) %ene)&!s w&!h &!' I! ou#d no! ha+e %een o!herw&se' The "#an!ers were &n a hered&!ar* !ra"2 Eus! as $u h as !he %#a (s' The* had &nher&!ed a #a%our s*s!e$ wh& h2 !hough e8!re$e#* "ro)&!a%#e2 was a#so degrad&ng2 dangerous and uns!a%#e' Towards !he end o) h&s #&)e 0e))erson2 !he e!erna# o"!&$&s!2 des"a&red and2 s"ea(&ng as a Sou!herner and a s#a+e>ho#der2 re$ar(ed= I an sa*2 w&!h ons &ous !ru!h2 !ha! !here &s no! a $an on ear!h who wou#d sa r&)& e $ore !han I wou#d !o re#&e+e us )ro$ !h&s hea+* re"roa h2 &n an* "ra !& a%#e wa*' The ess&on o) !ha! (&nd o) "ro"er!*2 )or so &! &s $&sna$ed2 &s a %aga!e##e wh& h wou#d no! os! $e a se ond !hough!2 &)2 &n !ha! wa*2 a genera# e$an &"a!&on and e8"a!r&a!&on ou#d %e e))e !edF and2 gradua##*2 and w&!h due sa r&)& es2 I !h&n( &! $&gh! %e' Bu! as &! &s2 we ha+e !he wo#) %* !he ears2 and we an ne&!her ho#d h&$2 nor sa)e#* #e! h&$ go' 0us!& e &s &n one s a#e2 and se#)>"reser+a!&on &n !he o!herQ He had on e ho"ed !ha! a new genera!&on2 %rough! u" &n re"u%#& an #&%er!*2 wou#d o$"#e!e !he wor( o) !he Re+o#u!&on %* a%o#&sh&ng s#a+er*F &n h&s o#d age he sad#* re ogn&Hed !ha! he had %een wrong' And !oda* &! &s #ear !ha! he h&$se#) was ho"e#ess#* en!ang#ed &n !he on!rad& !&ons o) s#a+er*' He !oo was a +& !&$ o) )ear and gu&#!' Be ause he ou#d no! !rus! A)r& an>A$er& ans2 he "ersuaded h&$se#) !ha! !he* were ra &a##* &n)er&or !o wh&!esF !ha! God d&d no! &n!end !he$ !o ha+e an* share &n !he %oun!&es o) !he New @or#d2 reser+ed )or en#&gh!ened Euro"eansF !ha! !here)ore an* s he$e o) e$an &"a!&on $us! &n #ude "ro+&s&on )or send&ng !he Negroes %a ( !o A)r& a2 or !o Ha&!&F and !ha! un!&# su h a s he$e was &n o"era!&on2 s#a+er* $us! re$a&n2 &ndeed e8"and' He was no! ons &ous#* &n)#uen ed %* !he ons&dera!&on !ha! 0a$es Henr* Ha$$ond o) Sou!h Caro#&na 9,7?54.6: "u! so %#un!#* when he as(ed &) an* "eo"#e &n h&s!or* had e+er +o#un!ar&#* surrendered !wo %&##&on do##ars wor!h o) "ro"er!*F %u! !he ra &s$ wh& h d&d &n)#uen e h&$ was a! #eas! as res"ons&%#e )or $a&n!a&n&ng n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A$er& an s#a+er* as greed' Gu&#!* s#a+e>ho#ders ou#d no! %e#&e+e !ha! !he&r +& !&$s wou#d no! !a(e a horr&%#e re+enge a! !he )&rs! o""or!un&!*' S#a+es were s#* enough )or an*!h&ng= He d&ed 4 !he Eur* wondered wh*M The +erd& ! was2 !he %#ue>!a&# )#*' So &! was e$o!&ona##* +er* d&))& u#! !o on!e$"#a!e e$an &"a!&ng !he %#a (sF and as !he nu$%er o) s#a+es &n reased2 so d&d !he d&))& u#!*' No! !ha! !he e ono$& argu$en! was neg#e !ed' S#a+er* $ean! "ower and "ros"er&!* )or !he "#an!er #assF a huge a$oun! o) a"&!a# had %een &n+es!ed &n &!F and no wh&!e %e#&e+ed !ha! !he ro"s o) !he Sou!h ou#d %e grown and har+es!ed e8 e"! %* s#a+e #a%our' Free %#a (s2 &! was
assu$ed2 wou#d a%andon !he o!!on>)&e#ds2 or &ns&s! on wor(&ng on#* )or !he$se#+es2 as ha""ened &n !he Br&!&sh sugar &s#ands a)!er e$an &"a!&on &n ,733' And !hen wha! wou#d ha""en !o !he "#an!er and h&s )a$&#*M In !hese &r u$s!an es !here was no han e !ha! !he $aEor&!* o) +o!ers &n an* Sou!hern s!a!e wou#d su""or! a%o#&!&on' E+en en#&gh!ened B&rg&n&a2 a)!er #ong and angu&shed de%a!e2 reEe !ed !he &dea &n ,73/' Pr&+a!e a !s o) $anu$&ss&on 9ne+er +er* nu$erous: a$e !o %e )rowned on as &rres"ons&%#e' @ha! r&gh! had a $an !o under$&ne h&s ne&gh%our1s sa)e!* and "ros"er&!* $ere#* !o gra!&)* h&s "r&+a!e ons &en eM Bes&des2 a )ree Negro "o"u#a!&on was no! on#* ano$a#ous &n !he s#a+e Sou!h2 &! was unse!!#&ng !o d&s &"#&ne' Conse;uen!#*2 &n s!a!e a)!er s!a!e2 $anu$&ss&on was ou!#awed2 and !he s!a!us o) !he )ree %#a ( was redu ed' In !h&s wa* !he Sou!h %ound &!se#) anew !o s#a+er* and !o !he "ro"os&!&on !ha! s#a+er* was !o %e e!erna#' There%*2 Sou!herners e8 #uded !he "oss&%&#&!* !ha! %#a ( ser+&!ude ou#d %e ended "ea ea%#*2 an e8 #us&on !ha! !he* were we## a%#e !o en)or e' The* a#so den&ed !ha! &! wou#d %e ended +&o#en!#*' Th&s !he* were no! so we## "#a ed !o o$$and' As we ha+e seen2 !he s#a+es !he$se#+es were &n no "os&!&on !o re%e# su ess)u##*2 and on !he who#e de #&ned !o do so unsu ess)u##* 9!hough whe!her su h res!ra&n! wou#d ha+e on!&nued )or e+er $a* %e dou%!ed:' I! &s a#so !rue !ha! !he Un&!ed S!a!es Cons!&!u!&on "er$&!!ed s#a+er* and !ha! !here was ne+er $aEor&!* su""or! &n !he Nor!h )or ar$ed e$an &"a!&on un!&# ha#)wa* !hrough !he C&+&# @ar a! ear#&es!' The Sou!h was a &!ade#2 wa##ed w&!h #aw2 )or e and o"&n&on' To $an* &! see$ed &$"regna%#e' Ye! &!s )a## was ra"&d2 and !he "ro ess wh& h des!ro*ed &! was a )a&r#* s&$"#e2 a#$os! a "red& !a%#e one' The as!#e1s )ounda!&ons were ro!!en' I!s de)enders "ro+ed &n o$"e!en!2 and !he&r &n o$"e!en e was as $u h a resu#! o) s#a+er* as was an* o!her as"e ! o) Sou!hern #&)e' Th&s was "ro+ed %* !he )a ! !ha! !he ene$&es who )&rs! !ou hed !he )a!a# wea(ness had no &dea o) wha! !he* were do&ng' The* d&d no! unders!and !he Sou!h a! a##' The a%o#&!&on&s!s were as $u h !he h&#dren o) !he Nor!h as !he "#an!ers were h&#dren o) !he Sou!h2 and &n !he&r wa* Eus! as "ur%#&nd' Bu! !he* were $u h #u (&er' Perha"s !he* deser+ed !o %e' O%sessed w&!h !he&r own e8"er&en e2 !he s#a+e>ho#ders ons!an!#* $&sEudged o!her A$er& ans' For &ns!an e2 one o) !he wors! $&s!a(es $ade %* su h a"o#og&s!s )or s#a+er* as Ca#houn and Ha$$ond 4 a $&s!a(e "ro$"!ed2 no dou%!2 %* !he e+er>&n reas&ng a$oun! o) o!!on wh& h New Eng#and $&##s were %u*&ng )ro$ !he Sou!h 4 was !o assu$e !ha! !he Indus!r&a# Re+o#u!&on a#read* do$&na!ed Nor!hern so &e!*' The* drew "ara##e#s %e!ween !he ha!!e# s#a+er* o) !he Sou!h and !he wage s#a+er* o) !he Nor!h2 and a""ea#ed )or an a##&an e w&!h !he )&nan &ers and $anu)a !urers who were %eg&nn&ng !o )or$ a new2 $one*ed ar&s!o ra *' Bu! !he* were $&sgu&ded2 )or ra"&d#* !hough &ndus!r&a#&s$ was r&s&ng2 !here were )ar !oo )ew )a !or&es &n !he Nor!h as *e! !o de!er$&ne !he d&s!r&%u!&on o) "o#&!& a# "ower' The Nor!h2 #&(e !he Sou!h2 was "redo$&nan!#* agrar&an' I!s !owns were grow&ng $ore ra"&d#* !han a! an* o!her "er&od o) !he&r h&s!or*2 %u! !he* were as *e! h&e)#* o$$er &a#2 ra!her !han $anu)a !ur&ng= !he* "ro+&ded goods and ser+& es )or !he surround&ng )ar$s and )orwarded agr& u#!ura# "rodu e !o !he wor#d $ar(e!' Ne+er2 "erha"s2 has !he &!* do$&na!ed A$er& an so &e!* #ess !han &n !h&s "er&od' Fa$&#* )ar$s s"read wes!ward as )ar as !he "ra&r&es o) Iowa2 @&s ons&n and M&nneso!a' T&$es were $os!#* good2 and when !he* were no! !he )ar$er was %e!!er "#a ed !han !he !owns$an !o s&! !he$ ou!' He ou#d )eed and #o!he h&$se#)2 and e;u&" h&$se#) )or !he s!&## o$"ara!&+e#* s&$"#e needs o) agr& u#!ura# "rodu !&on 9e8"ens&+e $a h&ner* su h as !he $e han& a# rea"er was no! !o %e o$e &nd&s"ensa%#e un!&# a)!er $&d> en!ur*:2 and &) h&s de%!s %e a$e hea+* he "ossessed enough "o#&!& a# "ower !o s!a+e o)) h&s red&!ors %* one $eans or
ano!her' The !rad&!&on o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on ga+e h&$ &$$ense "r&de &n %e&ng a )ree &!&Hen and a (een sense o) h&s r&gh!s' The ra"&d s"read o) $odern $eans o) o$$un& a!&on 9 ana#s2 news"a"ers2 !he "os! o))& e: (e"! h&$ &n !ou h w&!h h&s oun!r*$en and !he new &deas o) !he age' A %r&s( a""e!&!e )or do##ars 9e+er* )ore&gn +&s&!or no!& ed !ha! A$er& ans had an &nord&na!e res"e ! )or r& hes: )os!ered h&s energ*2 h&s o$$er &a# as!u!eness and h&s re#&sh )or &nno+a!&on o) a## (&nds' There was no!h&ng o) !he au!&ous2 s#ow "easan! a%ou! !he su ess)u# Nor!hern )ar$er2 an* $ore !han !here was a%ou! !he Sou!hern "#an!er' He %e#&e+ed !ha! !he )u!ure was h&s2 and %oas!ed a%ou! !he g#or&ous des!&n* o) wha!e+er "#a e he &nha%&!ed 4 e+er* s$a## se!!#e$en! was go&ng !o ou!do <ondon and Par&s 4 as &) $ere asser!&on 9&! was a##ed %oos!&ng: wou#d $a(e a## drea$s o$e !rue' And h&s &ns!&!u!&ons were dee"#* $ar(ed %* !he her&!age o) New Eng#and' Edu a!&on was h&gh#* +a#ued2 so !ha! &! wou#d %e hard !o sa* wh& h was $os! !*"& a# o) !he Nor!h>@es!2 !he "ro+er%&a# #&!!#e red s hoo#house where a %as& #&!era * and "a!r&o!&s$ was wha (ed &n!o !he sou#s o) *oung A$er& ansF or !he s$a## oun!r* o##ege2 where s#&gh!#* h&gher a!!a&n$en!s ou#d %e a ;u&redF or !he <* eu$2 a ha## $a&n!a&ned %* su%s r&"!&on where adu#!s ou#d s"end !he&r e+en&ngs #&s!en&ng !o !ra+e##&ng #e !urers2 who o+ered an a$aH&ng $&s e##an* o) su%Ee !s' The en!ra# &ns!&!u!&on re$a&ned !he hur h or !he $ee!&ng>house' To !hose New Eng#anders who $o+ed wes!2 Pur&!an&s$ re$a&ned a #&+&ng )or e2 se!!&ng &!s s!a$" as dee"#* on !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* and !he M&ss&ss&""& +a##e* as &! had on !he se+en!een!h en!ur* and Conne !& u!' I! $ade M&d> @es!erners %o!h ser&ous and "ass&ona!e2 !hough no #ess g&+en !o se#)>&$"or!an e2 se#)> de e"!&on and !he se+en dead#* s&ns !han o!her $en' The sa$e was !rue o) $an* Sou!herners= !here was ne+er a $ore Eo*#ess#* du!&)u# Ca#+&n&s! !han 0ohn C' Ca#houn' Bu! as !&$e wen! on2 Nor!hern u#!ure2 no! )or ed &n!o s!er&#e on)or$&!* %* !he need !o de)end !he &nde)ens&%#e2 s#a+er*2 %egan !o de+&a!e $ar(ed#* )ro$ !he an &en! nor$s' In !he o#d en!re o) !he )a&!h2 Bos!on2 he!erodo8* had #ong ago reared &!s su ess)u# head' The #ead&ng $&nds o) Massa huse!!s2 wh&#e re$a&n&ng dee"#* Pur&!an &n !he %es! sense 4 $en and wo$en o) aus!ere2 as"&r&ng #&+es2 o) #&+e#* ons &en es and h&gh#* !ra&ned &n!e##e !s 4 were *e! a%andon&ng !he !heo#og* wh& h had on e %rough! Pur&!an&s$ !o %&r!h' The* d&s arded !rad&!&ona# Chr&s!&an&!* and %e a$e Un&!ar&ansF or2 w&!h !he&r re"resen!a!&+e sage2 Ra#"h @a#do E$erson 9,7?347/:2 and &ns"&red a! a d&s!an e %* @ordswor!h2 !urned !o !he u#! o) Na!ure' Bu! !he&r &n)#uen e was res!r& !ed' E$erson was %arred )ro$ Har+ard Co##ege )or !h&r!* *ears %e ause o) h&s un on+en!&ona# re#&g&ous +&ews2 !hough Har+ard &!se#) was Un&!ar&anF Un&!ar&an&s$2 &n !urn2 was o) #&!!#e or no a!!ra !&on !o !he $asses o) Nor!hern Pro!es!an!s' No! !ha! !he* were ne essar&#* )r&gh!ened o) no+e#!*= !h&s was !he "er&od o) !he %&r!h o) Mor$on&s$ and o) nu$erous o!her e;ua##* e8"er&$en!a#2 &) #ess dura%#e reeds' Bu! !he %u#( o) A$er& ans were $ore sus e"!&%#e !o !he a## !o on+ers&on !han !o &n!e##e !ua# de#&%era!&ons' As !he eru"!&on o) !he Grea! Re+&+a# de$ons!ra!ed2 )or !he$ !he (e*>e8"er&en e o) #&)e was s!&## !ha! des&red %* !he&r an es!ors under E#&Ha%e!h I= !he on)ron!a!&on o) !he &nd&+&dua# sou# w&!h !he ha##enge o) God' Con+ers&on aga&n %e a$e a o$$on e"&sode &n !he #&+es o) earnes! A$er& ans2 e+en su h un#&(e#* ones as @' H' Seward2 whose areer as a d&s!&ngu&shed "o#&!& &an does no! g&+e $u h e+&den e o) a re#&g&ous sense' Mos! o) !he on+ers&ons e&!her wore o)) a)!er a !&$e 9as was !he ase w&!h Seward: or #ed !he on+er!s on#* !o grea!er &n!ros"e !&+e on ern w&!h !he s!a!e o) !he&r sou#s and !he ondu ! o) !he&r da&#* #&+es' Bu! !he &ns!&n ! !o $a(e o+er !he wor#d2 an &ns!&n ! #ear#* ow&ng e+er*!h&ng !o !he sense o) %ound#ess o""or!un&!&es wh& h !he o"en&ng o) !he on!&nen! en!a&#ed2 and wh& h was a#read* a dee"#* es!a%#&shed !ra&! o) !he A$er& an hara !er2 #ed a grea! $an* o) !he on+er!s !o )ee# God1s ha##enge as a s"ur !o under!a(e so &a# and "o#&!& a# re)or$' @&!h $&ss&onar* Hea# !he* !hrew !he$se#+es &n!o !he !as(' So$e !r&ed !o sa+e A$er& ans )ro$ !he s#a+er* o) a# oho# 9G!he de$on Ru$1 &n !he&r Eargon:F o!hers under!oo(2 w&!h e+en #ess su ess2 !o !urn A$er& an "r&sons &n!o hu$ane &ns!&!u!&ons )or re #a&$&ng r&$&na#sF *e! o!hers %e a$e a$"a&gners )or wo$en1s r&gh!s2 or )or wor#d "ea e' O!hers se! !o wor( !o a%o#&sh Negro s#a+er*' The* saw &! as o))ens&+e !o God and des!ru !&+e !o A$er& an #a&$s !o !he wor#d1s res"e !' The* %rough! a !err&)*&ng de!er$&na!&on and
s&ng#e>$&ndedness !o !he !as( o) end&ng &!' A%o#&!&on&s$2 as d&s!&n ! )ro$ an!&>s#a+er*2 e$erged as a #ear $o+e$en! &n ,73,2 !he *ear &n wh& h @&##&a$ <#o*d Garr&son 9,7?A45-: )ounded h&s Eourna#2 !he <&%era!or2 &n Bos!on' He has no!2 on !he who#e2 had a good "ress2 Nor!h or Sou!h 9Georg&a on e o))ered a reward o) YA2??? )or h&s arres! and on+& !&on as a sed&!&ous ag&!a!or:' In so$e wa*s h&s "ersona#&!* re a##s !ha! o) !he ar h>ene$*2 Ca#houn' Bo!h $en were ru!h#ess#* #og& a# &n )o##ow&ng ou! !he&r %e#&e)s2 and %o!h2 #&(e so $an* )ana!& a# #eaders2 s"en! as $u h !&$e ;uarre##&ng w&!h !he&r asso &a!es as &n a!!a (&ng !he o""os&!&on' As a "o#&!& a# !a !& &an Garr&son su))ered )ro$ !wo )a!a# wea(nesses= he saw2 a## !oo #ear#*2 how a## !he re)or$ auses were &n!er!w&ned2 so !ha! he ou#d no! su""or! one w&!hou! su""or!&ng a##F and he re)used !he s#&gh!es! o$"ro$&se w&!h wha! he saw as e+&#' H&s %us&ness was !o #eanse !he A$er& an sou#2 !o "urge &! o) !he s&n o) s#a+er*= no!h&ng #ess wou#d %e a e"!a%#e !o God' Bu! Garr&son1s )un !&on was no! rea##* !ha! o) a "o#&!& &an' He was a %orn Eourna#&s!2 and he (e"! !he s#a+er* &ssue a#&+e %* !he e#o;uen e and ourage o) h&s wr&!&ngs' I! was &n on+en&en! !o !he $ore on+en!&ona#2 no dou%!2 !ha! he su""or!ed wo$en1s r&gh!s and asso &a!ed w&!h A)r& an>A$er& ans 9whose su%s r&"!&ons were !he <&%era!or Gs $a&n su""or!:F %u! !oda* we $us! sure#* )&nd !hese e en!r& &!&es ra!her no%#e2 and Garr&son1s &ns!&n ! )or !he en!ra# &ssue "os&!&+e#* $agn&)& en!= Q !here are2 a! !he "resen! !&$e2 !he h&ghes! o%#&ga!&ons res!&ng u"on !he "eo"#e o) !he )ree S!a!es !o re$o+e s#a+er* %* $ora# and "o#&!& a# a !&on2 as "res r&%ed &n !he Cons!&!u!&on o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' The* are now #&+&ng under a "#edge o) !he&r !re$endous "h*s& a# )or e2 !o )as!en !he ga##&ng )e!!ers o) !*rann* u"on !he #&$%s o) $&##&ons &n !he Sou!hern S!a!esF !he* are #&a%#e !o %e a##ed a! an* $o$en! !o su""ress a genera# &nsurre !&on o) !he s#a+esF !he* au!hor&He !he s#a+e owner !o +o!e )or !hree>)&)!hs o) h&s s#a+es as "ro"er!*2 and !hus ena%#e h&$ !o "er"e!ua!e h&s o""ress&onF !he* su""or! a s!and&ng ar$* a! !he Sou!h )or &!s "ro!e !&onF and !he* se&He !he s#a+e2 who has es a"ed &n!o !he&r !err&!or&es2 and send h&$ %a ( !o %e !or!uredQ Th&s re#a!&on !o s#a+er* &s r&$&na# and )u## o) danger= IT MUST BE BROKEN UP' Massa huse!!s was on e $ore send&ng ou! a s&gna# !o A$er& a' The ne8! !h&r!* *ears were $ar(ed %* ease#ess s!rugg#eF ons!an! denun &a!&on o) !he a%o#&!&on&s!sF s!r&(&ng su esses )or !he&r o""onen!sF and de)ea!s2 $os!#* )or !he good s&de' Ho"e a#wa*s "ro+ed de#us&+e' Theodore @e#d 9,7?34-A: $ade !r&u$"han! s"ea(&ng !ours !hrough !he M&dd#e @es! and won hundreds o) su""or!ers !o !he ause2 es"e &a##* &n Oh&oF %u! &n do&ng so he wre (ed h&s hea#!h2 and no one was a%#e !o w&den !he )ounda!&ons he had #a&d %* %r&ng&ng &n o$$un&!&es where he had no! s"o(en' H&s w&)e2 Ange#&na Gr&$(O 9,7?A45-:2 who w&!h her s&s!er Sarah )#ed )ro$ !he&r house &n Char#es!on ou! o) horror o) s#a+er* 9ha+&ng )&rs! )reed !he s#a+es !he* had &nher&!ed:2 "ro+ed !o %e an e))e !&+e a%o#&!&on&s! wr&!er and s"ea(er and a sure "#a!)or$ drawF %u! she d&d $ore )or !he )e$&n&s! ause !han )or a%o#&!&on&s$2 s&n e $an* an!&>s#a+er* $a#es ou#d no! s!o$a h )e$&n&ne #eadersh&"2 and !he $o+e$en! s"#&! o+er !he ;ues!&on o) wo$en1s "ar!& &"a!&on' A%raha$ <&n o#n !o#d Harr&e! Bee her S!owe !ha! Un #e To$1s Ca%&n had aused !he C&+&# @ar' Bu! )or *ears a)!er &!s "u%#& a!&on !here was no s&gn !ha! &! had %rough! !he dea!h o) !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on an* #oser2 !hough &! undou%!ed#* $ade &! e+en $ore ha!e)u# !o A$er& ans &n !he )ree s!a!es' In ,7352 &n sou!hern I##&no&s2 a Negro>ha!&ng $o% $urdered E#&Eah <o+eEo*2 a wh&!e a%o#&!&on&s! who was "ers&s!&ng &n "u%#&sh&ng an an!&>s#a+er* news"a"er2 a#!hough h&s "ress had %een wre (ed )our !&$es' In ,73A a $o% &n Bos!on se! u"on Garr&son and dragged h&$ !hrough !he s!ree!s a! !he end o) a ro"eF an &n &den! wh& h2 ou"#ed w&!h !he $urder o) <o+eEo* and h&s own w&)e1s &n)#uen e2 %rough! @ende## Ph&##&"s 9,7,,476:2 !he $os! %r&##&an! s"ea(er
o) !he age2 &n!o !he $o+e$en!' Freder& ( Doug#ass ran awa* )ro$ Mar*#and and %e a$e a%o#&!&on1s $os! no!a%#e %#a ( ora!or' Bu! a## h&s s"ee hes2 and !hose o) Ph&##&"s2 see$ed !o #ea+e s#a+er* &n!a !' The a%o#&!&on&s!s ou#d no!2 !he* )ound2 "rea h or "a$"h#e!eer !he Sou!h &n!o re"en!&ng &!s s&nF and &n !he Nor!h2 when !he* were no! %e&ng a!!a (ed as Gn&gger>#o+ers12 !he* were a+o&ded as %ores2 and denoun ed as ag&!a!ors whose a !&+&!&es !hrea!ened !he e8&s!en e o) !he A$er& an Un&on= )or Garr&son and Ph&##&"s a!!a (ed !he s#a+er*> san !&on&ng Cons!&!u!&on as a o+enan! w&!h He##2 wh&#e Ca#houn and h&s )o##owers sa&d !ha! un#ess !he a%o#&!&on&s!s were s&#en ed2 &! $&gh! %e ne essar*2 &n se#)>de)en e2 )or !he Sou!h !o se ede' E+en when @es!ern and New Yor( a%o#&!&on&s!s %ro(e w&!h Garr&son 9)or2 %e&ng an anar h&s!2 he %e#&e+ed !ha! a## go+ern$en! was wrong2 a## "o#&!& s orru"!&ng: and ran a and&da!e &n !he ,76? Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on 90a$es B&$e*2 a re"en!an! s#a+e>ho#der: he on#* go! A2??? +o!es' I! was no!2 a## &n a##2 an &$"ress&+e re ord' Ne+er!he#ess !he a%o#&!&on&s!s hanged !he ourse o) A$er& an h&s!or*' For w&!hou! ons &ous ana#*s&s !he* had )ound !he wea(ness &n !he &!ade#' The s#a+e> ho#ders reEo& ed &n !he "ro)&!s o) s#a+er* and e8h&%&!ed !he u!$os! arrogan e &n "ersona# %eha+&ourF %u! undernea!h !he* were "ro)ound#* &nse ure' The* were on !he de)ens&+e2 as had %een shown #ong %e)ore !he a%o#&!&on&s!s a""eared on !he s ene2 &n ,7,-4/?2 dur&ng !he M&ssour& Cr&s&s2 wh& h !urned on !he ;ues!&on o) s#a+er* e8!ens&on' Than(s !o !he Nor!h>@es! Ord&nan e and !he "a!!ern o) $&gra!&on2 !he new s!a!es 4 Oh&o2 Ind&ana2 I##&no&s 4 ar+ed ou! o) !he Nor!h>@es! !err&!or* had a## %een se! u" as )reeF !he Sou!h had %een a%#e !o %a#an e !he$ w&!h <ou&s&ana2 M&ss&ss&""& and A#a%a$a' In ,7,- &! was "ro"osed !o ad$&! !he !err&!or* o) M&ssour& as a s#a+e s!a!e' The Nor!herners &n Congress o%Ee !ed !o !h&s2 e+en !hough Ma&ne2 an ou!#*&ng area o) Massa huse!!s2 was read* )or ad$&ss&on a! !he sa$e !&$e as a )ree s!a!e2 so !ha! !he %a#an e %e!ween !he Nor!h and Sou!h &n !he Sena!e ou#d %e $a&n!a&ned' Congress$an 0a$es Ta##$adge o) New Yor( "ro"osed !ha! M&ssour& shou#d %e a e"!ed on#* &) &! under!oo( !o )or%&d )ur!her s#a+e &$$&gra!&on and !o e$an &"a!e &!s s#a+es gradua##*2 as !he Nor!hern s!a!es had done &n !he *ears a)!er !he Re+o#u!&on' Ta##$adge and h&s asso &a!es had !wo o%Ee !s &n +&ew= !o reser+e as $u h o) !he <ou&s&ana Pur hase as "oss&%#e )or )ree2 wh&!e #a%our2 and !o wea(en !he "o#&!& a# as endan * &n !he Un&on wh& h !he Sou!h had enEo*ed s&n e &nde"enden e' Na!ura##* !he Sou!hern #eaders &n Congress o""osed Ta##$adgeF $ore s&gn&)& an! was !he "ass&on w&!h wh& h !he* d&d so' Fear and ha!red o) !he %#a ( "eo"#e who$ !he* were o""ress&ng #ed !he$ 9and2 a#as )or en#&gh!en$en!2 o#d Tho$as 0e))erson !oo: !o "red& ! !he $os! a""a##&ng onse;uen es )or A$er& a &) !he s"read o) s#a+er* were he (ed2 and !o &$"u!e !he "ro"osa# !o an unho#* a##&an e %e!ween Nor!hern greed and Nor!hern )ana!& &s$' The* sa&d !ha! a "#o! was a)oo! a$ong !he !*ran! $aEor&!* o) )ree s!a!es !o des!ro* !he Sou!h= &! $us! %e res&s!ed a! a## os!s' Th&s a##ega!&on was w&de o) !he $ar(= !here was no Nor!hern "#o!2 and !he Nor!h>@es! Ord&nan e was a$"#e "re eden! )or Ta##$adge1s "ro"osa#' Sou!hern h*s!er&a $ere#* anno*ed !he Nor!h' In !he end Henr* C#a*1s s(&#)u# #eadersh&" "ushed a ser&es o) %&##s !hrough Congress wh& h !oge!her a$oun!ed !o !he so> a##ed M&ssour& Co$"ro$&se= &n )u!ure s#a+er* wou#d %e e8 #uded )ro$ a## "ar!s o) !he <ou&s&ana Pur hase nor!h o) !he #&ne o) #a!&!ude 3.^ 3?12 %u! &! wou#d %e a##owed &n M&ssour& a)!er a##F Ma&ne wou#d %e ad$&!!ed s&$u#!aneous#*' Then M&ssour& near#* o+erse! !he %arga&n %* ado"!&ng a ons!&!u!&on wh& h )or%ade )ree A)r& an>A$er& ans !o en!er !he s!a!e2 !hus den*&ng !he$ !he r&gh!2 undou%!ed#* enEo*ed %* a## wh&!e A$er& ans2 o) $o+&ng )ree#* a%ou! !he&r oun!r*2 a#!hough a## su h r&gh!s were guaran!eed %* !he US Cons!&!u!&onF M&ssour& was &n )a ! &$"#& &!#* den*&ng !ha! %#a (s were &!&Hens 9a den&a# wh& h wou#d %e $ade e8"#& &! &n !he Dred S o!! de &s&on &n ,7A5:' Congress2 aga&n under C#a*1s #eadersh&"2 dea#! w&!h !h&s de)&an e %* )or &ng M&ssour& !o de #are !ha! no!h&ng &n her ons!&!u!&on shou#d %e &n!er"re!ed as a%r&dg&ng !he "r&+&#eges and &$$un&!&es o) U S &!&Hens2 %u! e+er*one (new !ha! !h&s ;ues!&on>%egg&ng2 )a e> sa+&ng $easure wou#d ne+er %e en)or ed' Fro$ !he #&%er!ar&an "o&n! o) +&ew &! was an a%Ee ! a))a&r and &!s se!!#e$en! was s;ua#&dF %u! &! he#"ed !o (ee" !he "ea e &n A$er& a )or !he ne8! de ade' The ou!#oo( )or an!&>s#a+er* was ne+er %#ea(er' A%o#&!&on
so &e!&es d&ed ou! &n !he Sou!h2 e+en &n B&rg&n&a2 whose e ono$* now de"ended on e8"or!&ng s#a+es as on e &! had de"ended on e8"or!&ng !o%a o= 3??2??? wou#d %e so#d ou! o) !he S!a!e %e!ween ,73? and &7.?' Man* "eo"#e o) goodw&## &n+o#+ed !he$se#+es &n !he $are1s nes! o) !he A$er& an Co#on&sa!&on So &e!*2 wh& h ho"ed !o sh&" !he Negroes %a ( !o A)r& a 4 a )u!&#e ho"e2 &) on#* %e ause o) !he nu$%ers &n+o#+ed' I! was aga&ns! !h&s %a (ground !ha! Garr&son )&rs! #&)!ed h&s +o& e 9GI @I<< BE HEARD1:' Unsur"r&s&ng#*2 !o an*one who had s!ud&ed !he M&ssour& a))a&r2 !he Sou!h rea !ed !o h&s ha##enge w&!h a## !he a#$ and o$$on sense o) a s a#ded a!' I! a#so e8h&%&!ed &!s neuros&s &n !he Nu##&)& a!&on A))a&r' Th&s o"ened &n ,7/72 when Congress&ona# "o#&!& &ans2 %eg&nn&ng a ga$e wh& h was !o (ee" !he$ a$used )or !he ne8! en!ur* and $ore2 de reed a new !ar&))> "ro$"!#* du%%ed !he Tar&)) o) A%o$&na!&ons2 )or &! was $ore on erned !o ass&s! !he Pres&den!&a# and&da * o) Andrew 0a (son !han !o "ro!e ! %urgeon&ng A$er& an &ndus!r* or $a(e an* o!her e ono$& sense' Hea+* du!&es on Br&!&sh &$"or!s "u! !he Sou!h &n an u"roar2 )or !he* $&gh! "ro+o(e Br&!&sh re!a#&a!&on2 and !he o!!on reg&ons were de"enden! on !he&r a%&#&!* !o !rade )ree#* w&!h <an ash&re' Bu! !ha! was no! a##= as Ca#houn $ade #ear2 o!!on was +a#ued no! on#* %e ause &! was a "ro)&!a%#e e8"or!2 %u! %e ause &! "ro+&ded a "a*&ng o u"a!&on )or !he s#a+es' I! under"&nned !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on2 wh& h $os! Sou!herners now agreed was !he on#* "oss&%#e s*s!e$ %* wh& h !he !wo ra es ou#d #&+e !oge!her' So !he !ar&)) was denoun ed as a !hrea! !o s#a+er* as we## as !o "ros"er&!*' The rea !&on wen! !o e8!raord&nar* #eng!hs= )o##ow&ng Ca#houn2 and us&ng !he Eargon he &n+en!ed2 Sou!h Caro#&na G&n!er"osed her s!a!e so+ere&gn!*1 and &n &!s na$e Gnu##&)&ed1 !he !ar&))>re)used2 !ha! &s2 !o a##ow Un&!ed S!a!es us!o$s o))& &a#s !o en)or e &! w&!h&n !he s!a!e %oundar&es' Pres&den! 0a (son "ro #a&$ed !h&s !o %e !reason and re%e##&onF s&n e no o!her s!a!e Eo&ned Sou!h Caro#&na he was a%#e !o !hrea!en a $ar h on Char#es!on w&!h "er)e ! on)&den e2 and a !ua##* %egan !o $a(e $&#&!ar* "re"ara!&onsF %u! $eanwh&#e Congress2 aga&n #ed %* Henr* C#a*2 "ushed !hrough a $u h>redu ed !ar&)) wh& h Ca#houn dee$ed a e"!a%#e' 0a (son1s +&ew o) nu##&)& a!&on was genera##* ado"!ed2 and )or !he !&$e %e&ng !he "o#& * o) a "ro!e !&+e !ar&)) was a%andoned' So )ar so good= %u! !he )rag&#&!* o) !he A$er& an Un&on had aga&n %een on+&n &ng#* de$ons!ra!ed' Ca#houn2 who drea$ed o) !he Pres&den *2 had de+&sed nu##&)& a!&on as a su%s!&!u!e )or se ess&on' Now nu##&)& a!&on was dead' There was !oo $u h reason !o su""ose !ha! &) !he Sou!h e+er aga&n )e#! &!se#) &n danger2 &! wou#d %rea( u" !he Un&on' Ne8!2 !he a%o#&!&on&s!s %egan !he&r wor( o) &ndu &ng a s&ege $en!a#&!* &n !he s#a+e>ho#ders' Pa$"h#e!s denoun &ng s#a+er* were $a&#ed &n #arge ;uan!&!&es !o !he Sou!h' Sou!herners2 enraged and !err&)&ed a! !he &dea !ha! !hese wor(s $&gh! )a## &n!o !he hands o) !he s#a+es and !ou h o)) a re%e##&on2 &n!er e"!ed and des!ro*ed !he$ w&!h !he o##us&on o) A$os Kenda##2 0a (son1s Pos!$as!er>Genera#' There was ou!rage &n !he Nor!h a! su h !a$"er&ng w&!h !he $a&#= "e!&!&ons o) "ro!es! "oured &n!o Congress )ro$ !he a%o#&!&on&s!s' The Sou!h &ndu ed Congress !o re)use !o re e&+e !he "e!&!&ons' Th&s see$ed !o )rus!ra!e !he F&rs! A$end$en! r&gh! o) !he "eo"#e !o "e!&!&on )or redress o) gr&e+an es2 and %rough! !he aged 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s &n!o a !&on' Re!&re$en! had had )ew har$s )or !he e8>Pres&den!F he had re!urned !o Congress &n ,73, as Re"resen!a!&+e )ro$ Bos!onF and now e$%ar(ed on a re#en!#ess a$"a&gn )or #&)!&ng !he so> a##ed Ggag ru#e1 and !hus res!or&ng !he r&gh! o) "e!&!&on' I! was a## "r& e#ess "ro"aganda )or !he a%o#&!&on&s! ause2 and &! re&n)or ed !he sus"& &on o) !he Sou!h !ha! !here was a ser&ous ons"&ra * aga&ns! &!' The e8"ans&on o) s#a+er* &n!o )resh !err&!or*2 &) &! ou#d %e o%!a&ned2 wou#d s!reng!hen !he de)en e o) !he &ns!&!u!&on %* &n reas&ng !he "#an!ers1 re"resen!a!&on &n Congress' Fur!her$ore2 Sou!herners were s!&## "a!r&o!& 2 &ndeed na!&ona#&s!2 A$er& ans= #&(e $os! o) !he&r )e##ow> &!&Hens !he* !hough! !ha! !he grea! re"u%#& wou#d and shou#d e+en!ua##* e8"and !o o+er !he
who#e o) Nor!h A$er& a' So o+e!ous e*es were as! on !he nor!hern$os! "ro+&n es o) Me8& o 9wh& h had !hrown ou! &!s S"an&sh ru#ers &n ,7//:' A$er& an se!!#ers2 w&!h !he&r s#a+es2 had %een dr&)!&ng &n!o !he #arges! "ro+&n e2 Te8as2 )or *ears' In ,7332 a#&ena!ed %* !he Me8& an go+ern$en!2 !he* #aun hed a re+o#u!&on2 and &n ,73. !he&r #eader2 Genera# Sa$ Hous!on 9,5-34 ,7.3:2 a #ose asso &a!e o) Andrew 0a (son2 de)ea!ed !he Me8& an Pres&den!2 Genera# San!a Anna2 a! !he Ba!!#e o) San 0a &n!o' He de #ared Te8as !o %e an &nde"enden! re"u%#& 2 o) wh& h he %e a$e !he )&rs! Pres&den!' Th&s !ou hed o)) a s!or$ &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es' Ins!ru !ed %* !he a%o#&!&on&s!s and !he ran! o) !he Sou!h2 $an* Nor!herners regarded !he who#e a))a&r as a ons"&ra * o) s#a+e>ho#ders &n!en! on gra%%&ng &$$ense s!re! hes o) !err&!or* !ha! $&gh! ha+e %een de+e#o"ed %* )ree #a%our' Th&s +&ew ga&ned o#our )ro$ !he )a ! !ha! s#a+er* was a !ua##* &##ega# under Me8& an #aw2 wh& h Hous!on1s $o+e$en! o+er!hrew' 0a (son h&$se#) d&d no! dare !o re ogn&He Te8an &nde"enden e un!&# !he +er* #as! hours o) h&s Pres&den *2 )or )ear o) see$&ng a "ar!* !o ons"&ra *F he on#* a !ed a! a## !o s"are h&s su essor2 Ban Buren2 a grea! d&))& u#!*' A grea!er &$$ed&a!e#* s"rang u" &n &!s "#a e' For !he ne8! se+en *ears !here was a s!ead* ag&!a!&on )or !he anne8a!&on o) Te8as !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es= a "roEe ! $u h )a+oured %* !he Te8ans !he$se#+es2 %* !he Sou!h2 and %* eager A$er& an na!&ona#&s!s e+er*whereF %u! one regarded w&!h dee" sus"& &on %* Nor!hern #&%era#s and w&!h dee" on ern %* $an* A$er& an s!a!es$en2 who orre !#* )eared !ha! anne8a!&on wou#d %r&ng $u h !rou%#e w&!h &!' Bu! !he h&gh !&de o) wes!ward e8"ans&on was )#ow&ng 9GMan&)es! Des!&n*1 &! was a##ed := &n !he e#e !&on o) ,766 Ban Buren #os! !he reno$&na!&on o) h&s "ar!*2 and Henr* C#a* #os! !he e#e !&on 9he was !he @h&g and&da!e: %e ause !he* wou#d no! su""or! anne8a!&on une;u&+o a##*' The "o#&!& a# s&!ua!&on was on)used' Pres&den! Harr&son had d&ed a)!er a $on!h &n o))& e2 and %een su eeded %* B& e>Pres&den! 0ohn T*#er2 a no>"ar!* $an' T*#er was as unsu ess)u# as Ban Buren and C#a*= 0a$es K' Po#( o) Tennessee2 a +e!eran De$o ra!2 so$e!&$es (nown as Young H& (or*2 won !he e#e !&onF %u! %e)ore he !oo( o))& e T*#er and h&s Se re!ar* o) S!a!e2 none o!her !han 0ohn C' Ca#houn2 had !a(en !he de &s&+e s!e" o) ad$&!!&ng Te8as !o !he Un&on' Soon an A$er& an ar$* under Genera# Ca har* Ta*#or had ad+an ed ,A? $&#es sou!h o) !he Te8an )ron!&er !o !he R&o Grande' In shor!2 Me8& o was &n+aded2 and war )o##owed' I! was a d&sgra e)u# a))a&rF !he on!ras! w&!h e+en!s &n !he Pa &)& Nor!h>@es! a! !he sa$e !&$e2 where Pres&den! Po#(2 on)ron!ed w&!h !he $u h $ore )or$&da%#e r&+a#r* o) !he Br&!&sh2 o$"ro$&sed A$er& an #a&$s and se!!#ed !he )ron!&er w&!h Canada where &! runs !oda*2 $ere#* $a(es &! $ore "a&n)u#' The Me8& ans were $&#&!ar&#* )ar !oo wea( !o s!and u" !o !he en!hus&as!& +o#un!eer ar$&es o) !he gr&ngosF Genera# Ta*#or %ea! !he$ a! !he Ba!!#es o) Pa#o A#!o2 Resa a de #a Pa#$a and Buena B&s!aF Genera# @&n)&e#d S o!! a"!ured Me8& o C&!* and )or ed !he$ !o $a(e "ea eF o!her A$er& an &n!ruders !ore awa* Ca#&)orn&a and wha! are now !he s!a!es o) Ar&Hona2 U!ah2 Co#orado2 Ne+ada and New Me8& o' Me8& o )or$a##* re#&n;u&shed !hese #ands &n !he Trea!* o) Guada#u"e H&da#go 9,767:F and !hen !he h& (ens a$e ho$e !o roos!' To !he "oe! @a#! @h&!$an2 ed&!or o) !he Broo(#*n Eag#e2 &! was )or !he &n!eres! o) $an(&nd !ha! !he "ower and &n)#uen e o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es shou#d %e e8!ended4 G!he )ar!her !he %e!!er1' To w&ser A$er& ans2 su h as E$erson1s )r&end Henr* Da+&d Thoreau 9,7,54.A:2 !he war o) na(ed gra% wh& h @h&!$an su""or!ed was o%s ene' Thoreau re)used !o "a* !he !a8es !ha! were !o )&nan e &!' New Eng#and $ora#&s!s2 a#read* $u h &n)#uen ed %* a%o#&!&on&s$2 )ound &! &$"oss&%#e !o )org&+e !he Sou!h )or !he %us&ness' S!&## $ore o$&nous )or !he Sou!h was !he res"onse o) Nor!h>@es!erners2 su h as A%raha$ <&n o#n2 one o) !he $an* @h&gs who were swe"! &n!o !he House o) Re"resen!a!&+es &n ,76. &n rea !&on aga&ns! !he De$o ra!s1 war' <&n o#n regarded s#a+er* as a grea! wrong2 %u! he was no a%o#&!&on&s!2 and2 !hough "ersona##* !he gen!#es! o) $en2 he a$e )ro$ I##&no&s2 !he s!a!e where $o%s had $urdered 0ose"h S$&!h and E#&Eah <o+eEo*' <&n o#n2 an &ns!&n !&+e and "ro)ound#* s(&##ed "o#&!& &an2 was no! !he $an !o ge! !oo )ar ahead o) h&s ons!&!uen!s &) he ou#d he#" &!= !he (e* !o h&s en!&re areer &s !o %e )ound &n !he
re$ar( he $ade2 as Pres&den!2 &n ,7.6= GI #a&$ no! !o ha+e on!ro##ed e+en!s %u! on)ess "#a&n#* !ha! e+en!s ha+e on!ro##ed $e'1 The e+en!s he usua##* had &n $&nd were "o#&!& a#' I##&no&s )ar$ers2 he (new2 were "rone !o +&o#en e and uns*$"a!he!& !o %#a (s= $an* o) !he$2 #&(e <&n o#n h&$se#)2 were &$$&gran!s )ro$ !he Sou!h2 and !he s!a!e #aws were no!or&ous#* hos!&#e !o )ree A)r& an>A$er& ans' Bu! !he "#an!a!&on Sou!h was an e ono$& o$"e!&!or2 a#read* )ar !oo "ower)u# &n !he na!&ona# go+ern$en!= &n ,76. &! had "ushed !hrough Congress ano!her !ar&)) re+&s&on2 wh& h &n e))e ! o$$&!!ed !he Un&!ed S!a!es !o )ree !radeF Po#(1s Oregon o$"ro$&se had den&ed )ree Nor!hern )ar$ers a ess !o !he r& h oun!r* o) wha! &s now Br&!&sh Co#u$%&aF wh&#e !he Me8& an @ar #oo(ed #&(e o"en&ng u" a huge new area !o s#a+er* e8"ans&on' George III had done no!h&ng as %ad2 and onse;uen!#* !he o#d Re+o#u!&onar* rhe!or& %egan !o %e heard aga&n= !he wh&!es o) !he Nor!h were2 &! was sa&d2 !hrea!ened w&!h s#a+er* !he$se#+es 4 no! ha!!e# s#a+er*2 %u! s#a+er* &n !he sense !ha! a## !he &$"or!an! e ono$& and "o#&!& a# de &s&ons &n A$er& a $&gh! soon #&e w&!h G!he S#a+e Power12 wh& h see$ed a%#e !o swa* Congress and Pres&den * as &! "#eased' No wonder !ha! !he Nor!hern De$o ra!2 Congress$an Da+&d @&#$o! o) Penns*#+an&a2 &n order !o sa+e h&s sea! &n !he ,76. e#e !&ons2 &n!rodu ed2 &n Augus! o) !ha! *ear2 !he so> a##ed @&#$o! Pro+&so2 %* wh& h s#a+er* wou#d %e )or%&dden &n an* !err&!or* anne8ed !o !he Un&!ed S!a!es as a resu#! o) !he Me8& an @arF no wonder !ha! Congress$an <&n o#n no! on#* su""or!ed !he Pro+&so2 %u! s"o(e and +o!ed ons"& uous#* &n )a+our o) !he @h&g s#ogan2 GNo Terr&!or*T1 I! was %e o$&ng ne essar* !o de$ons!ra!e !ha! wh&!e A$er& ans s!&## rea##* enEo*ed se#)>go+ern$en!2 %* he (&ng !he Sou!h' The @&#$o! Pro+&so2 as su h2 ne+er "assed Congress= !he Sou!h saw !o !ha!2 and see$ed !o %e !he on#* ga&ner %* !he Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on o) ,7672 )or !he De$o ra!& "ar!* &n !he Nor!h s"#&! on !he s#a+er* &ssue2 Ban Buren and h&s )o##owers !e$"orar&#* )us&ng w&!h !he a%o#&!&on&s!s !o )or$ !he Free So&# "ar!*2 so !ha! Ca har* Ta*#or2 !he @h&g and&da!e2 won narrow#* 4 and Ta*#or was a s#a+e> ho#der' A%raha$ <&n o#n d&d no! re!urn !o Congress' Bu! !h&s was on#* !he )&rs! o) $an* ho##ow +& !or&es !ha! !he Sou!h was !o w&n &n !he ne8! !we#+e *ears' Under#*&ng !he r&+a#r* %e!ween s#a+er* and )ree )ar$&ng was !he s!u%%orn geogra"h& a# )a ! !ha! !he new !err&!or&es were $os!#* ;u&!e unsu&!a%#e )or "#an!a!&on )ar$&ng2 and !here)ore )or e&!her o!!on or s#a+er*2 wh&#e e ono$& "ros"e !s w&!h&n !he Sou!h "ro"er were ne+er $ore a##ur&ngF o!!on "rodu !&on and o!!on "ro)&!s were !o r&se !o un"re eden!ed he&gh!s dur&ng !he )&)!&es' There was2 &n )a !2 no rea# e ono$& or so &a# &$"e!us %eh&nd !he "#ans )or s#a+er* e8"ans&on= no "#an!er was go&ng !o !rans"or! h&s s#a+es hundreds o) $&#es !o a #ess er!a&n e ono$& )u!ure !han he was enEo*&ng &n Georg&a or M&ss&ss&""&' The "#an!ers $&gh! ha+e gone !o Ca#&)orn&a2 %u! !he* were den&ed !he han e= &n ,767 go#d was d&s o+ered on !he %an(s o) !he Sa ra$en!o r&+er2 and dur&ng !he su%se;uen! Go#d Rush !he )ree wh&!e "o"u#a!&on rose 9%* ,7A?: !o -/2???2 and was $ore !han )our !&$es as #arge %* &7.?' S#a+er* wou#d ne+er %e a##owed !o ge! a )oo!ho#d !here' And $ean!&$e2 )ro$ !he Sou!h1s "o&n! o) +&ew2 Ta*#or !urned ou! !o %e a gra+e d&sa""o&n!$en!' He saw no "o&n! &n ;uarre##&ng o+er !err&!or&es !ha! ou#d no! "oss&%#* %e won )or s#a+er*2 and %es&des he had h&s re>e#e !&on !o !h&n( o)' He had on#* arr&ed New Yor(2 and so ga&ned !he Pres&den *2 %e ause o) !he De$o ra!& s"#&!= he $&gh! no! %e so #u (* ne8! !&$e' To !he horror o) Sou!herners genera##*2 and Sou!hern @h&gs &n "ar!& u#ar2 he %egan !o wor( #ose#* w&!h Sena!or Seward o) New Yor(2 who was !he #eader o) !he Nor!hern an!&>s#a+er* @h&gs' I! rea##* see$ed as &)2 a! Seward1s "ro$"!&ng2 !he Pres&den! was go&ng !o ado"! !he @&#$o! Pro+&so' In Sou!hern e*es !h&s was &n!o#era%#e= e+en &) !he s#a+e Sou!h ou#d no!2 &n a !ua#&!*2 e8"and2 &! $us! %e on eded !he r&gh! !o do so2 or #ose &!s e;ua# s!and&ng &n !he Un&on= were Sou!herners !o %e den&ed !he&r share o) !err&!or* !ha! !he* had %een !he h&e) &ns!ru$en!s &n w&nn&ngM I) so2 !he* were no %e!!er !han s#a+es !he$se#+es 9!he* !oo ou#d use !he Re+o#u!&onar*
+o a%u#ar*:' G@&## *ou su%$&! !o %e %r&d#ed and sadd#ed and rode under wh&" and s"urM1 as(ed !he Mon!go$er* Ad+er!&ser' On !he o!her s&de2 !here was e;ua# de!er$&na!&on no! !o %e down!rodden %* a se! o) ar&s!o ra!s' GI a$ Eea#ous o) ! he "ower o) !he Sou!h21 wro!e Da+&d @&#$o! !o a )r&end2 GQ !he Sou!h ho#ds no "reroga!&+e under !he Cons!&!u!&on2 wh& h en!&!#es her !o w&e#d )ore+er !he s e"!re o) "ower &n !h&s Re"u%#& 2 !o )&8 %* her own ar%&!rar* ed& !2 !he "r&n &"#es and "o#& * o) !h&s go+ern$en!2 and !o %u&#d u" and !ear down a! "#easure'1 @&!h !h&s !e$"er "re+a&#&ng on %o!h s&des2 &! %egan !o #oo( as &) an*!h&ng $&gh! ha""en' Ca#houn2 )ro$ h&s dea!h%ed2 was urg&ng !he Sou!h !o un&!e and s!and )&r$ &n de)en e o) GSou!hern R&gh!s1= and wha! $&gh! no! !ha! en!a&#M Se ess&onM @arM @&!h #u ( and good $anage$en!2 %o!h were a+o&ded' Henr* C#a* wor(ed h&s $ag& )or !he #as! !&$e' He e+o#+ed a "rogra$$e wh& h &n !he end ons&s!ed o) )&+e $easures= Ca#&)orn&a !o %e ad$&!!ed !o !he Un&on as a )ree s!a!eF New Me8& o and U!ah !o %e organ&Hed as !err&!or&es2 %u! w&!hou! sa*&ng whe!her !he* were !o %e )ree or s#a+e 9#e! !he &nha%&!an!s se!!#e !ha!2 a ord&ng !o !he De$o ra!& "ar!*1s do !r&ne o)1"o"u#ar so+ere&gn!*1:F !he %oundar* d&s"u!e %e!ween Te8as and !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 #e)! o+er )ro$ anne8a!&on2 !o %e se!!#ed2 and !he Te8an re"u%#& 1s de%! !o %e "a&d %* CongressF !he s#a+e>!rade &n !he D&s!r& ! o) Co#u$%&a !o %e a%o#&shedF and a new2 s!r& !er Fug&!&+e S#a+e <aw !o re"#a e !ha! o) ,5-3' A! )&rs!2 as was sa&d2 C#a*1s "ro"osa#s un&!ed !he o""onen!s &ns!ead o) se ur&ng !he )r&ends o) h&s $easures' Bu! Ca#houn d&ed2 and so d&d Pres&den! Ta*#or2 !o %e su eeded %* h&s B& e> Pres&den!2 M&##ard F&##$ore 9,7??4,756:2 one o) Seward1s h&e) r&+a#s &n !he New Yor( @h&g "ar!*' Dan&e# @e%s!er !hrew h&s +as! au!hor&!* %eh&nd !he "ro"osa#sF S!e"hen A' Doug#as 9,7,34.,:2 a De$o ra!& Sena!or )ro$ I##&no&s2 !oo( u" !he hard wor(2 when C#a* )a#!ered2 o) ge!!&ng !he +o!es needed !o "ass !he #eg&s#a!&on !hrough Congress2 and su eeded !r&u$"han!#* w&!h an e+er>sh&)!&ng oa#&!&on o) Nor!hern @h&gs2 Sou!hern De$o ra!s2 Nor!hern De$o ra!s2 Sou!hern @h&gs' The Un&on $en !r&u$"hed &n !he Sou!h2 !he onser+a!&+es &n !he Nor!h2 G!he Co$"ro$&se o) ,7A?1 e+er*where' B* ,7A/2 !he ne8! Pres&den!&a# *ear2 &! see$ed !ha! nor$a#&!* had %een res!ored2 !he !err&!or&a# ;ues!&on se!!#ed2 and w&!h &! !he grea!er ;ues!&on o) !he )u!ure o) s#a+er*= )or &! had #ong %een assu$ed !ha! un#ess s#a+er* ou#d e8"and2 &! wou#d d&e' The "r& e o) !h&s a h&e+e$en!2 e+en &) &! was wha! &! see$ed2 was )ear)u##* h&gh' The Sou!h was %&!!er#* o""osed !o !he e8"#& &! e8 #us&on o) s#a+er* )ro$ Ca#&)orn&a and &!s &$"#& &! e8 #us&on )ro$ !he !err&!or&es under !he "o"u#ar so+ere&gn!* )or$u#a= was !h&s e;ua#&!* w&!h&n !he Un&onM And !he a%o#&!&on o) !he D&s!r& ! o) Co#u$%&a s#a+e>!rade see$ed !o %e an o$&nous e8er &se o) na!&ona# "ower2 d&re !#* a!!a (&ng s#a+er*= worse $&gh! )o##ow' On !he o!her s&de2 !he new Fug&!&+e S#a+e <aw was denoun ed2 a%o+e a## &n New Eng#and2 as an &n!o#era%#e a))ron! !o !he r&gh!s o) Nor!hern s!a!es and !he ons &en es o) Nor!hern $en and wo$en' For !he s$a##> $eshed ne!wor( o) &!s "ro+&s&ons no! on#* %ound a## "u%#& o))& ers !o ass&s! s#a+e>ho#ders !o re a"!ure runawa* s#a+es2 %u! en!&!#ed !he$ !o a## on !he ass&s!an e o) %*s!anders2 &$"osed !err&)& )&nes and u" !o s&8 $on!hs1 &$"r&son$en! on a## who were on+& !ed e&!her o) he#"&ng !he runawa*s or !r*&ng !o res ue !he$ )ro$ us!od*F and2 wors! o) a##2 %* )or%&dd&ng "ersons #a&$ed %* s#a+e>ho#ders )ro$ !es!&)*&ng &n !he&r own de)en e and a e"!&ng a#$os! an* e+&den e !ha! s#a+e>ho#ders hose !o "resen! as +a#&d2 $ade "oss&%#e !he (&dna""&ng o) Nor!hern )ree Negroes' E$erson wro!e %&!!er#* &n h&s Eourna#2 G!he word #&%er!* &n !he $ou!h o) Mr @e%s!er sounds #&(e !he word #o+e &n !he $ou!h o) a our!esan1' In C&n &nna!& A&rs S!owe was $o+ed !o wr&!e Un #e To$1s Ca%&n2 o) wh& h !he $os! )a$ous e"&sode &s !he es a"e o) !he s#a+e E#&Ha a ross !he & e o) !he )roHen Oh&o r&+er2 "ursued 9&n !he s!age +ers&on2 wh& h was e+en $ore "o"u#ar !han !he no+e#: %* %#oodhounds' Nor!h and Sou!h2 !he @h&g "ar!* %egan !o %rea( u"'
There was &ron* &n !h&s= "reser+a!&on o) !he "ar!* had %een one o) Henr* C#a*1s h&e) a&$s &n %r&ng&ng )orward h&s "ro"osa#s' @e%s!er had a e"!ed a""o&n!$en! as F&##$ore1s Se re!ar* o) S!a!e es"e &a##* &n order !o ra##* !he @h&gs %eh&nd !he Co$"ro$&se2 and used )edera# "a!ronage ru!h#ess#* !o !ha! end' Bu! !he Sou!hern @h&gs2 who had )ough! so +a#&an!#* aga&ns! !he d&sun&on )or es &n !he&r se !&on2 were no! )org&+en= &n !he ,7A/ Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on !he +o!ers a%andoned !he$ )or !he De$o ra!s' In Massa huse!!s !he "ar!* s"#&! %e!ween !he GCons &en e @h&gs1 9who #eaned !owards !he a%o#&!&on&s!s: and !he GCo!!on @h&gs1 9who #eaned !owards !he Sou!h:' Tha! !oo was e#e !ora##* d&sas!rous' So2 )or d&))eren! reasons2 was !he no$&na!&on o) Genera# @&n)&e#d S o!! )or !he Pres&den * &n ,7A/' The Sou!h saw h&$ as !oo $u h !he "u""e! o) Seward2 and !here)ore o) an!&>s#a+er*F Nor!hern Pro!es!an!s2 )u## o) resen!$en! o) !he Ir&sh re)ugees who were "our&ng &n!o A$er& a !o es a"e )a$&ne2 and !he Ger$ans who were es a"&ng "o#&!& a# "erse u!&on2 no!& ed !ha! S o!! had edu a!ed h&s daugh!ers &n a on+en! and re)used !o +o!e )or h&$' @e%s!er and C#a* d&ed &n ,7A/= !he* had no su essors as onser+a!&+e s!a!es$en whose "ersona# au!hor&!* was enough !o un&!e !he&r "ar!* &n a na!&ona# ause' The @h&g dO%_ #e was o$"#e!e' A new genera!&on o) se !&ona# "o#&!& &ans was ar&s&ng= o) $en2 !ha! &s2 who #a (ed a na!&ona# )o##ow&ng' Seward was oneF 0e))erson Da+&s 9,7?74 7-: ^) M&ss&ss&""&2 !he s"o(es$an o) !he Sou!h2 was ano!her' @e%s!er1s "#a e &n !he Sena!e was )&##ed %* Char#es Su$ner 9,7,, 4 56:2 a Massa huse!!s ora!or e+en $ore )#ower* and !urg&d !han h&s "rede essor2 %u! o) a +er* d&))eren! "o#&!& a# s!r&"e' Su$ner won !he Sena!e sea! on#* %e ause o) a s"#&! &n !he s!a!e De$o ra!& "ar!*2 wh& h #e! &n an a##&an e o) Cons &en e @h&gs and an!&>s#a+er* rad& a#s' No one e8"e !ed h&$ !o %e re>e#e !ed2 %u! $ean!&$e he %e a$e !he +o& e o) a%o#&!&on &n !he Sena!e2 as h&s )r&end Char#es Fran &s Ada$s2 #a!es! o) !he )a$&#*2 was &n !he House= and a ran orous2 &nsu#!&ng +o& e &! was' Pos!er&!* na!ura##* sees &n a## !h&s "or!en!s o) &+&# warF %u! !o on!e$"orar&es 4 !o S!e"hen A' Doug#as2 )or &ns!an e 4 !he )u!ure d&d no! see$ so un"ro$&s&ng' Fran(#&n P&er e2 !he new Pres&den!2 was a nonen!&!*2 %u! he was a#so a De$o ra!F and !he De$o ra!s> on!ro##ed Congress' There was a oarseness &n Doug#as1s na!ure2 and an o"!&$&s$ %red %* h&s &n!ense a$%&!&on2 wh& h $ade h&$ &nsens&!&+e !o !he $ean&ng o) e+en!s2 &n s"&!e o) h&s grea! a%&#&!&es 9Seward on e had !o !e## h&$ !ha! no $an who used !he word Gn&gger1 &n "u%#& wou#d e+er %e e#e !ed Pres&den!:' Ye! &! was &n good )a&!h !ha! he now "er"e!ra!ed a !re$endous %#under' The Co$"ro$&se o) ,7A? had wre (ed !he @h&g "ar!* and g&+en !he De$o ra!s an un$anagea%#e $aEor&!*2 #arge#* o$"osed o) new o$ers2 &n %o!h houses o) Congress 4 a $aEor&!* wh& h P&er e1s wea( #eadersh&" was una%#e !o onso#&da!e' I!s Nor!hern and Sou!hern2 )ree so&# and s#a+er* w&ngs2 were soon ;uarre##&ng %&!!er#* o+er !he s"o&#s2 and Doug#as !hough! &! h&s du!* !o !r* !o un&!e !he$ o+er so$e grea! $easure' He )an &ed he (new !he +er* !h&ng' For *ears he had %een "ush&ng h&s G@es!ern Progra$$e12 a "roEe ! !o %&nd !he Eas! and @es! !oge!her %* )ur!her&ng se!!#e$en! a#ong !he rou!es o) e$&gra!&on !o Oregon and Ca#&)orn&a2 "oss&%#* %* a ho$es!ead %&## wh& h wou#d $ore or #ess $a(e a "resen! o) !he "u%#& do$a&n !o "&oneer )a$&#&esF %* es!a%#&sh&ng a !rans on!&nen!a# !e#egra"hF and %* one or $ore !rans on!&nen!a# ra&#roads' Su h a "rogra$$e re;u&red !he "o#&!& a# organ&Ha!&on o) !he #ands %e!ween !he Ro (&es and !he r&+er M&ssour&2 a ross wh& h "&oneers were now "our&ng &n e+er>&n reas&ng nu$%ers2 $an* o) !he$ !o se!!#e &n !he +a##e* o) !he r&+er P#a!!e' In )a ! !hese P#a!!e se!!#ers were %eg&nn&ng !o harass Congress w&!h de$ands )or a !err&!or&a# go+ern$en!2 and were %a (ed %* !he "eo"#e o) M&ssour&2 Iowa and I##&no&s' Doug#as had !r&ed re"ea!ed#* !o ge! Congress !o a !2 %u! had a#wa*s %een de)ea!ed= !he hear! o) !he o""os&!&on o$&ng )ro$ !he De$o ra!& Sena!ors and Congress$en o) !he Sou!hern s!a!es' <&(e an* good "o#&!& &an2 Doug#as a e"!ed !ha! he wou#d ha+e !o %u* !he$ o))2 and &n;u&red as !o !he "r& e' I! d&d no! see$ !oo e8!or!&ona!e= !he Sou!h was aga&n han(er&ng )or a s*$%o#& asser!&on o) &!s e;ua# r&gh!s w&!h&n !he
Un&on' To ge! a %&## !hrough Congress a## Doug#as needed !o do was !o &n #ude a "ro+&s&on a""#*&ng !he "r&n &"#es o) !he ,7A? Co$"ro$&se !o !he Ne%ras(a Terr&!or* 9as &! was !o %e a##ed:' Th&s wou#d !heore!& a##* "er$&! s#a+er* &n !he areaF %u! "o"u#ar so+ere&gn!* and !he )a !s o) "h*s& a# geogra"h* and "o"u#a!&on $o+e$en! wou#d ensure !ha! &n "ra !& e &! re$a&ned )ree so&#' There wou#d %e a $&gh!* %a!!#e &n Congress2 o) ourse2 %u! !ha! wou#d ha+e !he e8 e##en! e))e ! o) reun&!&ng !he De$o ra!sF !he @es! wou#d we# o$e !he %&##2 es"e &a##* a)!er Doug#as de &ded !o "ro"ose !he es!a%#&sh$en! o) !wo new !err&!or&es2 Kansas and Ne%ras(a2 ra!her !han Eus! oneF &n !he end !he Sou!h wou#d ha+e &!s s*$%o#2 !he Nor!h wou#d ha+e !he #and2 !he ;ues!&on o) s#a+er* e8!ens&on wou#d %e se!!#ed )or good 9s&n e !here wou#d %e no )ur!her !err&!or* &n!o wh& h !he &ns!&!u!&on ou#d2 e+en &n !heor*2 e8"and: and Doug#as wou#d %e a%#e !o ge! on w&!h !he grea! wor( o) de+e#o"&ng !he @es!' A ord&ng#*2 &n !he w&n!er o) ,7A346 he "resen!ed h&s %&## !o Congress' He was %o#d and &ngen&ous2 and !he Ne%ras(a ;ues!&on had !o %e dea#! w&!h so$ehow= &! was %e o$&ng urgen!' A## !he sa$e2 !he %&## had !oo $an* &ne+&!a%#e ene$&es )or rea# su ess !o %e "oss&%#eF !he dangers were enor$ous2 and a## a$e !o "assF &n re!ros"e ! &! &s #ear !ha! Doug#as shou#d ha+e #e! !he $a!!er res! un!&# a %e!!er season' The an!&>s#a+er* $en denoun ed !he %&## %e ause &! &$"#& &!#* re"ea#ed !he M&ssour& Co$"ro$&seF !he Sou!h denoun ed &! %e ause &! d&d no! do so e8"#& &!#*F and !he @h&gs2 see&ng a han e !o re+&+e !he&r own )or!unes %* s"#&!!&ng !he De$o ra!s2 $ade a## !he $&s h&e) !he* ou#d' S&n e !he (e* !o "assage s!&## #a* w&!h !he Sou!h2 Doug#as on eded !he e8"#& &! re"ea# o) !he M&ssour& Co$"ro$&se2 and !hen was su ess)u# &n "ush&ng !he %&## !hrough %o!h houses o) Congress' Ins!ead o) !he De$o ra!s !he @h&gs s"#&!2 &rredee$a%#*2 on Nor!h>Sou!h #&nes' P&er e s&gned !he %&## &n!o #aw on 3? Ma* ,7A6' So )ar so good' Bu! !he Sou!h was no! !he on#* "ar! o) !he oun!r* !ha! was &n!eres!ed &n s*$%o#& "o#&!& s' The M&ssour& Co$"ro$&se $&gh! ha+e %een su"erseded2 $&gh! %e2 as !he A!!orne*>Genera# !hough!2 un ons!&!u!&ona#F ne+er!he#ess2 !o !he an!&>s#a+er* $o+e$en! &! had #ong s!ood as !he one guaran!ee !ha! G!he S#a+e Power1 $&gh! %e he (ed2 and !he Un&!ed S!a!es %e he#d !o &!s "ro)ess&ons o) )reedo$ and e;ua#&!*' The ongress&ona# a%o#&!&on&s!s s&gned a $an&)es!o dra)!ed %* Sena!or Sa#$on P' Chase o) Oh&o wh& h asser!ed !ha! !he Ne%ras(a %&## was "ar! and "ar e# o) an a!ro &ous "#o! !o e8 #ude )ro$ a +as! uno u"&ed reg&on &$$&gran!s )ro$ !he O#d @or#d and )ree #a%ourers )ro$ our own S!a!es2 and on+er! &! &n!o a drear* reg&on o) des"o!&s$2 &nha%&!ed %* $as!ers and s#a+es' The* )ough! !he %&## re#en!#ess un!&# &! %e a$e #aw2 and !hen arr&ed !he %a!!#e !o !he oun!r*' Doug#as ou#d o+erwhe#$ h&s o""onen!s &n Congress= ou! o) doors &! was ano!her $a!!er' A hurr& ane o) rage swe"! !he Nor!h &n wha! was "ro%a%#* !he $os! s"on!aneous ou!%urs! o) "o"u#ar &nd&gna!&on s&n e !he S!a$" A ! d&s!ur%an es' Doug#as had %een !oo &ngen&ous2 #&(e Gren+&##e and TownshendF #&(e <ord Nor!h w&!h h&s Tea A !2 he had "assed a s!a!u!e wh& h had $u h !o re o$$end &! !o "ra !& a# $en2 %u! had o+er#oo(ed !he #&$a!e &n wh& h &! wou#d ha+e !o o"era!e' A## !oo $an* Nor!herners2 e+en $e$%ers o) h&s own "ar!*2 #a (ed h&s ro%us! on)&den e !ha! s#a+er* ou#d no! s"read2 and !ha! !here)ore !he Kansas>Ne%ras(a A ! was a )ree so&# $easure' The ou!#oo( )or !he ,7A6 e#e !&ons sudden#* %e a$e a#ar$&ng' E+en I##&no&s was no! sa)e' Doug#as hurr&ed %a ( !o h&s s!a!e !o (ee" &! &n #&ne2 no!&ng hos!&#e de$ons!ra!&ons a## a#ong !he wa*' GI ou#d !ra+e# )ro$ Bos!on !o Ch& ago %* !he #&gh! o) $* own e))&g*21 he sa&d' GA## a#ong !he @es!ern Reser+e o) Oh&o I ou#d )&nd $* e))&g* u"on e+er* !ree we "assed'1 In s"&!e o) h&s e))or!s2 !he e#e !&ons wen! aga&ns! h&s )o##owersF and a dangerous o""onen! e$erged' A%raha$ <&n o#n2 who had s!u ( !o !he !rade o) #aw*er )or )&+e *ears2 was "ro+o(ed %* !he r&s&s !o re>en!er "o#&!& s' Soon he was ha##eng&ng Doug#as )or on!ro# o) I##&no&s'
And !he de+e#o"$en! "red& !ed and )eared s&n e ,76. was o$&ng a%ou!= a new2 e8 #us&+e#* Nor!hern "o#&!& a# "ar!* was a""ear&ng' I! wou#d !a(e a *ear or !wo !o onso#&da!e2 %u! $ean!&$e2 a! 0a (son2 M& h&gan2 &n a gro+e o) oa(>!rees2 !en !housand an!&>Ne%ras(a &!&Hens had $e! on . 0u#* ,7A6 and )or$ed !he$se#+es &n!o a Re"u%#& an "ar!* 4 an e8a$"#e &ns!an!#* )o##owed &n Massa huse!!s2 Oh&o2 @&s ons&n2 I##&no&s and e#sewhere' The "ar!* "ro+ed !o %e a "ower)u# $agne!= %* ,7A. &! had a%sor%ed $os! o) !he o#d @h&gs2 !he o#d Free So&#ers and !he an!&>Ne%ras(a De$o ra!s' I! had2 o) ourse2 no su""or! &n !he Sou!hF )or &!s gu&d&ng "r&n &"#e was o) &$"#a a%#e o""os&!&on !o an* )ur!her e8"ans&on o) s#a+er* or on ess&on !o !he Gs#a+o ra *1' The Kansas> Ne%ras(a A !2 &! sa&d2 was "ar! o) a "#o! !o ena%#e !he s#a+e>ho#ders !o on!ro# !he go+ern$en!2 !o &n!rodu e Sou!hern ar&s!o ra * !o !he de$o ra!& Nor!h2 !o %urden !he e ono$* o) !he !err&!or&es w&!h !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&onF a! a## os!s !he "#o! $us! %e res&s!ed' Th&s )renH* %egan !o a#ar$ !he Sou!h2 wh& h Ca#houn had a#wa*s %een !r*&ng !o un&!e &n &!s own se !&ona# "ar!*' The ou!#oo( )or Doug#as and !hose o!hers who were !r*&ng !o (ee" !he De$o ra!& "ar!* !oge!her was "oorF and &) !he De$o ra!& "ar!* )a&#ed2 no o!her #eaders2 no o!her grou" had a han e o) re on &#&ng !he se !&ons2 now !ha! !he @h&gs had +an&shed' E+en !he hur hes had s"#&!= as ear#* as ,76A !he Me!hod&s!s had %ro(en &n!o Nor!hern and Sou!hern w&ngs2 ne8! *ear !he Ba"!&s!s d&d !he sa$e' The r&se o) !he Re"u%#& ans was a! )&rs! !hrea!ened %* !he une8"e !ed e$ergen e o) a r&+a#2 !he A$er& an "ar!*2 n& (na$ed !he Know>No!h&ngs %e ause o) &!s or&g&n as a se re! so &e!* !he $e$%ers o) wh& h were su""osed2 !o sa*2 when ha##enged2 GI (now no!h&ng1' The Know>No!h&ngs e8"#o&!ed !he s!&##>r&s&ng resen!$en! o) na!&+e A$er& ans aga&ns! !he Ir&sh and Ger$an &n)#u8' The )ore&gn>%orn "o"u#a!&on wen! )ro$ /2/6?2A3A &n ,7A? !o 32?-.25A3 &n &7.?F and &!s &n rease was $os!#* on en!ra!ed &n !he eas!ern "or!s o) Bos!on2 New Yor( and Ph&#ade#"h&a' Inha%&!an!s o) !hose &!&es were a#ar$ed2 es"e &a##* %* !he Ir&sh2 no!or&ous#* "rone !o %e drun(en and r&o!ousF $an* onser+a!&+e @h&gs2 #ed %* )or$er Pres&den! F&##$ore 9who was !he A$er& an and&da!e &n ,7A.:2 who ou#d no! s!o$a h Re"u%#& an rad& a#&s$2 Eo&ned !he Know> No!h&ngsF and so d&d $an* +o!ers who !hough! !he o#d "ar!&es orru"! and wan!ed a new re&gn o) "o#&!& a# +&r!ue' The Know> No!h&ngs d&d s!r&(&ng#* we## &n s!a!e and &!* e#e !&ons &n ,7A6F %u! !he* %egan !o )ade %e)ore ,7A.' The* ree(ed !oo $u h o) "reEud& e )or $an* o) !he res"e !a%#e' GI a$ no! a Know> No!h&ng21 sa&d <&n o#n' GHow ou#d I %eM How an an*one who a%hors !he o""ress&on o) Negroes %e &n )a+our o) degrad&ng #asses o) wh&!e $enM1 Mu h %e!!er !o su""or! !he Re"u%#& ans2 who a""ro"r&a!ed and d&s ree!#* re"hrased Know> No!h&ng "r&n &"#es and "u! !he$ &n !he "ar!* "#a!)or$= !he Re"u%#& an "ar!* was !o %e !he "ar!* o) !he Pro!es!an!s and na!&+e>%orn un!&# )ar &n!o !he ne8! en!ur*' Fur!her$ore2 !he &ne8"er&en e o) !he Know> No!h&ng #eaders !o#d aga&ns! !he$F !he* d&d no! (now wha! !o do w&!h e#e !ora# +& !or*2 wh&#e !he Re"u%#& ans2 who &nher&!ed $en and "o#&!& a# $a h&ner* )ro$ !he Nor!hern @h&gs2 !he Free So&#ers and $an* Nor!hern De$o ra!s2 showed !he$se#+es !o %e su"er%#* s(&#)u# "ra !&!&oners o) !he !rad&!&ona# ar!s o) "o#&!& s' The* a""ro"r&a!ed auses where+er &! wou#d do good= %* &7.? !he* were no! on#* !he "ar!* o) an!&>s#a+er*2 )ree so&# and Pro!es!an!&s$2 %u! !he "ar!* o) !e$"eran e !oo 9dur&ng one o) !he&r )re;uen! "u%#& #ashes2 <&n o#n ga&ned (udos %* os!en!a!&ous#* re)us&ng !o dr&n( wh&s(* w&!h Doug#as2 a )a$ous !o"er:' The* showed !he$se#+es s*$"a!he!& !o &ndus!r* and %us&ness2 and "os&!&+e#* eager !o s!ea# Doug#as1s "e! "ro"osa#s o) a !rans on!&nen!a# ra&#road and a ho$es!ead a ! )or "ar e##&ng ou! !he "u%#& do$a&n &n !he @es!' Kansas>Ne%ras(a2 &n shor!2 had ra&sed u" a )or$&da%#e ene$* )or Doug#as2 !he De$o ra!s and !he Sou!h' Nor were $a!!ers he#"ed %* a !urn !o +&o#en e' A! !&$es &! see$ed as &) Bos!on was on !he +erge o) ano!her !ea>"ar!*= !he #o a# +&ew was !ha! !he a%o#&!&on&s!s had %een "ro+ed r&gh! %* !he Sou!h1s G!rea her*1 o+er !he M&ssour& Co$"ro$&se2 and onse;uen!#* !here was %&!!er resen!$en!
a! !he on!&nu&ng en)or e$en! o) !he Fug&!&+e S#a+e <aw= $an* Bos!on&ans showed !he$se#+es read* !o &$"ede &!s o"era!&ons2 %* an* $eans2 as !he&r an es!ors had %een read* !o &$"ede !he Tea A !' Massa huse!!s 9no! a#one: "assed a Persona# <&%er!* <aw wh& h &n e))e ! 9and ;u&!e un ons!&!u!&ona##*: nu##&)&ed !he Fug&!&+e S#a+e A !2 as Sou!h Caro#&na had on e nu##&)&ed !he !ar&))' @ende## Ph&##&"s was a#wa*s a! hand !o re$&nd Bos!on&ans o) !he ause' The A ! had aused !ur%u#en e e#sewhereF !here were an!&>s#a+er* r&o!s and a )ew s#a+es were res ued )ro$ re a"!ure' Bu! !hese de$ons!ra!&ons d&d no! a$oun! !o $u h' Man* )ound !he* ou#d #e! o)) enough s!ea$ %* wr&!&ng #e!!ers !o Pres&den! P&er e address&ng h&$ as G!he h&e) s#a+e> a! her o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es1' F&gh!&ng %egan e#sewhere' No%od* had e+er su""osed !ha! s#a+er* ou#d or wou#d en!er !he Ne%ras(a Terr&!or*2 wh& h under !he ,7A6 A ! s!re! hed !o !he Canad&an %order' Kansas was a d&))eren! $a!!er' The an!&>s#a+er* Nor!h was ;u&!e sure !ha! !he "o&n! o) !he S#a+e Power1s $a h&na!&ons was !o se&He !ha! !err&!or*= A"ome on, then, gentlemen of the slave states,0 said Senator Seward, Asince there is no escaping your challenge, / accept it in .ehalf of the cause of freedom. 4e will engage in competition for the virgin soil of &ansas )his was not a challenge that the hotheads of the South were likely to ignore. )hus in a way the 3orth created what it feared. )he outcome was not what either side desired. Than(s !o !he Kansas>Ne%ras(a A !2 !he Sou!h was #ega##* )ree !o de)* !he #&(e#&hood !ha! Kansas wou#d re$a&n )ree so&#' I) !he s#a+er* "ar!* ou#d se&He "ower &n !he !err&!or*2 &! $&gh! e+en!ua##* %e es!a%#&shed as a new s#a+e s!a!e2 and as su h send !wo $ore Sena!ors and a! #eas! one Re"resen!a!&+e !o Congress' The s#a+e>ho#d&ng oun!&es o) !he s!a!e o) M&ssour&2 wh& h %ordered on Kansas2 we# o$ed !he han e2 and &n ,7A6 and ,7AA sen! se!!#ers &n!o !he !err&!or* !o e8"#o&! &!' Bu! !he* were o+erwhe#$ed %* !he s"on!aneous $o+e$en! o) )ree )ar$ers )ro$ !he O#d Nor!h>@es!2 )ro$ Ken!u (* and Tennessee= %* &7.? !he "o"u#a!&on o) !he !err&!or* was ,?52???2 $u h !he grea!er "ar! %e&ng )ree so&#' Kansas had #&!!#e a!!ra !&on !o s#a+e>ho#ders= !he* "re)erred Te8asF and !he #&$a!e and so&# )a+oured su h ro"s as $a&He and whea! 9&n !he wes!2 a!!#e: ra!her !han an*!h&ng s#a+e>grown' Geogra"h* !hus $ade Seward1s ha##enge good= !he an!&>s#a+er* $o+e$en! on!r&%u!ed #&!!#e &n e&!her )unds or "o"u#a!&on2 &n s"&!e o) !he )ounda!&on o) so$e!h&ng a##ed !he New Eng#and E$&gran! A&d So &e!*2 and !he )u#$&na!&ons o) !he M&ssour&ans2 who !hough! !he* were %e&ng o+erwhe#$ed %* a !&de o) Garr&son&an a%o#&!&on&s!s' Be&ng "ar!2 s!&##2 o) !he !ur%u#en! @es!2 !he* were d&s&n #&ned !o !a(e de)ea! "ea ea%#*' So !here )o##owed *ears o) &n!r& a!e and +&o#en! on)#& !2 &n wh& h !he an!&> s#a+er* )or es usua##* arr&ed !he da*2 %u! &n wh& h !he "ro>s#a+er* "ar!* was su""or!ed %* !he go+ern$en! &n @ash&ng!on= )or a#!hough P&er e had re!&red a)!er one !er$2 he had %een su eeded %* ano!her De$o ra!2 a !&red o#dEa (son&an warhorse2 0a$es Bu hanan 9,5-,4 ,7.7:2 so$e!&$e Sena!or and Se re!ar* o) S!a!e2 who on#* go! h&s "ar!*1s no$&na!&on %e ause he a$e )ro$ Penns*#+an&a and &! was essen!&a# !o arr* !ha! s!a!e aga&ns! !he s!rong Re"u%#& an ha##enge' He was o$"#e!e#* do$&na!ed %* !he Sou!hern De$o ra!s &n h&s Ca%&ne! and &n Congress' The end#ess>see$&ng s!rugg#e 9no! un!&# Mar h ,7., was Kansas ad$&!!ed !o !he Un&on as a )ree s!a!e: )ur!her e$%&!!ered !he %roader on)#& !' In ,7A. Char#es Su$ner $ade an a%us&+e s"ee h &n !he Sena!e on G!he Cr&$e aga&ns! Kansas1 wh& h enraged Re"resen!a!&+e Pres!on Broo(s o) Sou!h Caro#&na' He a!!a (ed Su$ner w&!h a s!& ( on !he Sena!e )#oor2 so %ru!a##* as !o endanger !he Sena!or1s #&)e' News o) !he ou!rage aga&ns! GB#eed&ng Su$ner1 was )o##owed %* )ur!her %ad news )ro$ GB#eed&ng Kansas1' A "ro>s#a+er* rowd had &n+aded !he !own o) <awren e and des!ro*ed $u h "ro"er!*' The r&$e was a+enged %* a )ana!& a# a%o#&!&on&s!2 0ohn Brown 9,7??4,7A-:2 who $urdered
)&+e "ro> s#a+er* $en &n Ma*F !wo $on!hs #a!er he had !o )&gh! )or rowd see(&ng ano!her &ns!a#$en! o) re+enge'
h&s
#&)e aga&ns! a
C&+&# war2 &! see$ed2 had %ro(en ou! on !he @es!ern $ar hes= !he new Pres&den! was s ar e#* s!rong enough !o wr&ng h&s hands' <a (&ng e))e !&+e #eadersh&"2 $odera!e $en were a! a #ossF e8!re$&s!s on %o!h s&des ga&ned ground a ord&ng#*2 s&n e &! see$ed !he* had %es! d&s erned !he rea#&!&es o) !he s&!ua!&on a## a#ong' The %a#an e o) "ower &n !he De$o ra!& "ar!* !&""ed $ore and $ore !o !he Sou!h2 as Nor!hern De$o ra!s deser!ed !o !he Re"u%#& ans2 a )ran(#* Nor!hern "ar!*= "ar!* #o*a#!&es were no #onger an e))e !&+e he ( on se !&ona#&s$' As e+en!s see>sawed2 wha! de"ressed one s&de e#e+a!ed !he o!herF ne&!her was e+er #e)! &n !ran;u&##&!* )or #ong' The a%o#&!&on&s! on!en!&on2 !ha! so #ong as !he s&n o) s#a+er* on!&nued2 A$er& a ou#d no! ho"e )or "ea e or #&%er!*2 %egan !o see$ )ear)u##* "#aus&%#e !o so$eF so2 !o o!hers2 d&d !he %e#&e) o) !he Sou!hern G)&re>ea!ers1 !ha! so #ong as !he Sou!h on!&nued &n !he Un&on2 s#a+er* ou#d no! %e sa)e' Bo!h s&des2 w&!hou! e+er a%a!&ng an &ns!an! !he&r own se#)> r&gh!eousness2 %egan !o %e#&e+e !he !hrea!s and )ear !he anger o) !he o!her= dou%#e "arano&a was has!en&ng !he "a!&en!1s dea!h' I! was red&!a%#e !o !he Eudge$en! o) Doug#as and h&s dw&nd#&ng )o##ow&ng !ha! !he* ou#d see !he unrea#&!* o) a## !hese a#aru$s= %u! Doug#as %* h&s own re (#essness had #os! a## "ower !o on!ro# e+en!s' The *ear ,7A5 %rough! ano!her e8a$"#e o) egreg&ous $edd#&ng %* o!herw&se sens&%#e $en' The Su"re$e Cour!2 under !he &n)#uen e o) !he Ch&e) 0us!& e2 Roger Tane* o) Mar*#and 9,5554 ,7.6:2 de #ared !ha! Congress had ne+er "ossessed !he ons!&!u!&ona# r&gh! !o "ass or !o en)or e !he M&ssour& Co$"ro$&se' Th&s "ro+o a!&on was es"e &a##* "o&n!#ess2 %e ause !he Co$"ro$&se was dead an*wa*2 and !he ase &n wh& h !he de #ara!&on was $ade 9!ha! o) Dred S o!!2 a s#a+e )ro$ M&ssour& who was #a&$&ng )reedo$ !hrough !he our!s 4 "erha"s !he on#* e8a$"#e o) a s#a+e !a(&ng a de &s&+e "ar! &n !he e+en!s !ha! were #ead&ng !o re+o#u!&on: d&d no! need !h&s "ronoun e$en! !o %e se!!#ed' Tane* see$s !o ha+e su""osed !ha! !he word o) !he Cour! wou#d so &$"ress !he on!end&ng "ar!&es !ha! !he* wou#d2 as &! were2 #a* down !he&r ar$s' He was de#uded' He d&d no! a##ow )or !he )a ! !ha! he and )our o!her Eus!& es o) !he se+en> $an Cour! were Sou!herners2 wh& h $ade &! &$"oss&%#e )or !he Nor!h !o %e#&e+e &n !he&r d&s&n!eres!ednessF and h&s a!!e$"! !o show !ha! A)r& an>A$er& ans ou#d ne+er %e &!&Hens2 and !ha! !he Found&ng Fa!hers2 whe!her &n !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e 9an!&>s#a+er*1s )a+our&!e do u$en!: or !he Cons!&!u!&on2 $ean! !o )ound a wh&!e $an1s re"u%#& 2 was o))ens&+e and un!rue &n &!se#)2 and ou hed &n o))ens&+e #anguage' The de &s&on "#eased !he Sou!h2 %u! !he Nor!h s&$"#* regarded &! as e+&den e !ha! !he s#a+e ons"&ra * had su%+er!ed !he Su"re$e Cour!' Te$"ers grew worse' The *ear ,7A5 was a#so !he *ear o) a se+ere e ono$& r&s&s' As so o)!en %e)ore and s&n e2 !he wor#d $ar(e! o##a"sed under !he %urden o) &!s )au#!* organ&Ha!&on' The Nor!h su))ered %ad#*' The Sou!h was una))e !ed2 and $ade so$e "ro+o a!&+e &n)eren es' The ,7A?s were !he grea! %oo$ *ears o) !he an!e>%e##u$ "er&od' Ne+er had o!!on>grow&ng %een so "ro)&!a%#e' <arge wh&!e $ans&ons were %u&#! and "a&d )or !hroughou! !he o!!on (&ngdo$F a## !he #u8ur&es o) !he wor#d see$ed a! !he o$$and o) !he grea! "#an!ers' Now !he Nor!h was "ros!ra!ed %* a s!or$ wh& h "assed !he$ %*' I! $ade !he$ $ore er!a&n !han e+er !ha! !he &ndus!r&a# wor#d ou#d no! do w&!hou! !he Sou!h1s hea" and e8 e##en! "rodu !2 on wh& h2 !he* !hough!2 !he "ros"er&!* %o!h o) Eng#and and !he Nor!h de"ended' GCo!!on &s K&ng21 de #ared 0a$es Ha$$ond2 and wou#d guaran!ee !he wea#!h and &nde"enden e o) !he Sou!h &) &! se eded= no one wou#d dare $a(e war on o!!on' Sou!hern %e#&e) &n o!!on1s su"re$a * was $&s!a(en= "#an!ers ou#d $&s a# u#a!e #&(e e+er*%od* e#se2 and !here was !o %e a o!!on g#u! &n ,7., wh& h wou#d he#" !o de)ea! $an* a# u#a!&ons' Bu! un!&# !hen !he Sou!h )#our&shed and grew o+er%o#d2 and &n &!s "erse u!&on $an&a %egan !o
o+errea h &!se#)' Doug#as was !he a""o&n!ed +& !&$' @ha! w&!h !he e ono$& r&s&s and a u!e hos!&#&!* !o !he Sou!h2 w&!h wh& h he was &den!&)&ed2 &! see$ed #&(e#* !ha! he wou#d )a&# !o %e re>e#e !ed Sena!or )ro$ I##&no&s &n ,7A7' H&s o""onen!2 A%raha$ <&n o#n2 s!a(ed e+er*!h&ng on h&s )ree>so&# "#a!)or$2 and !he !wo $en de%a!ed !he &ssue u" and down !he s!a!e2 &n a #egendar* ser&es o) on)ron!a!&ons wh& h ga+e <&n o#n a na!&ona# re"u!a!&on' Doug#as won !he e#e !&on )or a## !ha!2 a )or$&da%#e a h&e+e$en! ons&der&ng !he odds2 )or wh& h he se#do$ ge!s an* red&!' Cer!a&n#* &! d&d h&$ no good w&!h !he Sou!hern $e$%ers o) h&s "ar!*' Doug#as +&gorous#* o""osed !he a!!e$"! !o )o&s! a "ro>s#a+er* ons!&!u!&on on Kansas2 and re&!era!ed2 &n !he de%a!es2 h&s on+& !&on !ha! s#a+er* ou#d no! de)* geogra"h*2 so &! was r&d& u#ous !o !a#( a%ou! s"read&ng &!' Sou!hern e8!re$&s!s2 who were now %eg&nn&ng !o de$and a Congress&ona# #aw "ro!e !&ng !he&r r&gh! 9der&+ed )ro$ !he Dred S o!! Eudge$en!: !o arr* s#a+es &n!o e+er* orner o) !he na!&ona# !err&!or&es 4 e+en &n!o Oregon and Ne%ras(a 4 reso#+ed !ha!2 o$e wha! $a*2 Doug#as $us! no! re e&+e !he De$o ra!& no$&na!&on &n &7.?' Mean!&$e !he Re"u%#& ans "er)or$ed e8 e##en!#* &n !he s!a!e and Congress&ona# e#e !&ons o) ,7A7F !he Know>No!h&ngs #os! ground e+er*where' C#ear#*2 &! wou#d no! !a(e $u h )or !he GB#a ( Re"u%#& ans12 as !he Sou!h a##ed !he$2 !o w&n !he Pres&den *F and &) !ha! ha""ened2 er!a&n des"era!e sou#s swore 4 $en su h as Yan e* o) A#a%a$aF 0e))erson Da+&s o) M&ss&ss&""& 4 !he Sou!h $us! se ede )ro$ a Un&on do$&na!ed %* an!&>s#a+er*' The&r argu$en! was su%s!an!&a##* )a##a &ous' A%o#&!&on&s! Re"u%#& ans $&gh! !hrea!en2 %u! !o a%o#&sh s#a+er* "ea e)u##* wou#d ha+e re;u&red an a$end$en! !o !he Cons!&!u!&on a##ow&ng !he )edera# go+ern$en! !o &n!er)ere &n a $a!!er wh& h was o!herw&se reser+ed !o !he de &s&on o) !he &nd&+&dua# s!a!es' Su h an a$end$en!2 re;u&r&ng !wo>!h&rds $aEor&!&es &n %o!h houses o) Congress and a $aEor&!* o) !hree>;uar!ers o) !he s!a!es1 #eg&s#a!ures2 ou#d no! "oss&%#* %e "assed o+er !he res&s!an e o) !he )&)!een s#a+e s!a!es2 e+en &) &! was unan&$ous#* su""or!ed e+er*where e#se2 wh& h was e8!re$e#* un#&(e#*' The Re"u%#& ans re"ea!ed#* den&ed !ha! !he* wan!ed !o assa&# s#a+er* d&re !#*2 (now&ng !he d&))& u#!* and un"o"u#ar&!* o) !he en!er"r&se' The* %e#&e+ed !ha! &) s#a+er* were (e"! ou! o) !he !err&!or&es &! wou#d %eg&n !o d&eF a"ar! )ro$ )ree so&#2 !he* wan!ed a Ho$es!ead A !2 a !rans on!&nen!a# ra&#road and a "ro!e !&+e !ar&))' The Sou!h was s!&## o""osed !o a## !hese s he$es2 no! see&ng an* %ene)&! !o &!se#) &n !he$2 and &!s en!ren hed "os&!&on &n Congress and !he De$o ra!& "ar!* $ade &! un#&(e#* !ha! &!s o""os&!&on ou#d %e o+er o$e' E+en a $an #&(e Seward2 who !ended !o run &n!o e8aggera!&on2 was under no &##us&on !ha! $ere#* a"!ur&ng !he Pres&den * wou#d g&+e !he Re"u%#& ans a## !he* wan!ed' I! had ne+er done $u h )or !he @h&gs' The s#a+e>ho#ders $&gh! ha+e %een reassured %* !hese ons&dera!&ons2 %u! "erha"s !he&r &ns!&n !&+e )ears were w&se' A)!er a##2 !he&r se !&on had #ear#* #os! ground !o !he Nor!h' There was now no ho"e o) "u!!&ng ano!her Sou!herner &n !he @h&!e House= !he ho& e wou#d #&e %e!ween a Re"u%#& an and !he renegade Doug#as' Be)ore #ong an!&>s#a+er* a""o&n!$en!s !o !he Su"re$e Cour! wou#d %e $adeF !he an!&>s#a+er* )a !&on &n Congress wou#d s!ead&#* &n rease' @orse s!&##2 !he non>s#a+eho#d&ng Sou!hern wh&!es 4 )our>)&)!hs o) !he !o!a# 4 $&gh! %eg&n !o #&s!en !o !he&r Nor!hern %re!hren2 !urn Re"u%#& an2 and ha##enge no! on#* s#a+er*2 %u! !he "#an!er o#&gar h* wh& h do$&na!ed !he&r #&+es' In !he s!a!es o) !he Dee" Sou!h2 !he o!!on Sou!h2 where !wo>"ar!* "o#&!& s d&d no! e8&s! and !he s#a+e>ho#ders ran !he De$o ra *2 !here were so$e d&s!ur%&ng s&gns o) resen!$en! and "o#&!& a# a !&+&s$' Perha"s !here was so$e!h&ng !o %e sa&d )or ge!!&ng ou! o) !he Un&on "ea ea%#*2 &) &! ou#d %e done2 and se!!&ng u" a new on)edera!&on e8"#& &!#* o$$&!!ed !o s#a+er* )or e+er' Bu! "erha"s2 &n A$er& an ond&!&ons2 !he Cons!&!u!&on o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es s!&## o))ered !he %es! guaran!ee o) !he s#a+e>ho#ders1 &n!eres!s2 as !he&r )ore)a!hers had done !he&r %es! !o $a(e sure !ha! &! wou#d' To renoun e &! was a ga$%#e2 %u! !o #&ng !o &! $&gh! %e !o a e"! !ha! &n !he no! +er* d&s!an! )u!ure e$an &"a!&on wou#d %e un&+ersa#F or &! $&gh! %e !o do no $ore !han w&n a #&!!#e !&$e' The who#e A!#an!& wor#d was
!urn&ng aga&ns! s#a+er*' Proud and "ro+&n &a#2 !he s#a+e>ho#ders2 or $os! o) !he$2 ou#d no! ad$&! !hese "oss&%&#&!&es e8 e"! as a dread)u# danger' An* s!e"s !o a+o&d !he$ were Eus!&)&ed2 and %* ,7A- !he on#* s!e" wh& h sugges!ed &!se#) was se ess&on )ro$ !he Un&on' Bu! !he "#an!ers s!&## hes&!a!ed2 and $&gh! ha+e done so )or *ears $ore2 %u! )or 0ohn Brown' S&n e !he Kansas a))a&r2 wh& h had undeser+ed#* won h&$ a grea! re"u!a!&on &n a%o#&!&on&s! &r #es2 !he +&s&onar* had h&! on a dead#* "#an' The s#a+es2 he !hough!2 $&gh! %e &ndu ed !o re%e# aga&ns! !he&r $as!ers &) Nor!hern s*$"a!h&Hers were a! hand w&!h wea"ons and sugges!&ons' Brown !here)ore "ro"osed !o des end on so$e su&!a%#e s"o! &n !he Sou!h2 #aun h a re+o#! and2 as !he s#a+es )#o (ed !o Eo&n h&$2 organ&He !he$ &n!o an ar$*' Th&s ar$* wou#d re!rea! &n!o !he +as!ness o) !he sou!hern A""a#a h&ans and %e o$e a "er$anen! !horn &n !he s&de o) !he S#a+e Power' E+en!ua##* a## !he s#a+es wou#d Eo&n2 and !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on wou#d %e des!ro*edQ I! was a "re"os!erous )an!as*2 we## &##us!ra!&ng Brown1s e en!r& &!*2 !he a%o#&!&on&s!s1 &gnoran e o) !he Sou!h and !he&r grow&ng !o#eran e o) %#oodshed and !reason &) !hese $&gh! he#" !he ause' Brown eas&#* ra&sed $one* and su""#&es )ro$ s*$"a!h&Hers &n New Eng#and' On ,. O !o%er ,7A- he and e&gh!een )o##owers des ended on !he )edera# arsena# a! Har"er1s Ferr* on !he u""er Po!o$a 2 se&Hed &!2 and &ssued a "ro #a$a!&on !o !he s#a+es' B&rg&n&a snu))ed ou! !he !hrea! w&!hou! d&))& u#!*= Co#one# Ro%er! Edward <ee 9,7?545?: o) !he US ar$* was a! hand' Brown1s hand)u# was soon )or ed !o surrender2 and Brown h&$se#) was !a(en down !o Char#es!own2 B&rg&n&a2 !r&ed and hanged' H&s #as! address )ro$ !he do ( $ade a grea! &$"ress&on on Nor!hern o"&n&on2 &!s on#* wea(ness %e&ng &!s un!ru!h)u#ness= I ne+er had an* des&gn aga&ns! !he #&%er!* o) an* "ersonF nor an* d&s"os&!&on !o o$$&! !reason or &n &!e s#a+es !o re%e# or $a(e an* genera# &nsurre !&on' H&s #as! wr&!!en $essage was $ore au!hen!& = / 8ohn Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty landK will never .e purged awayK .ut with Blood. / had as / now thinkK vainly flattered myself that without very much .loodshed> it might .e done. Brown1s e#o;uen e a"!&+a!ed New Eng#and' A ord&ng !o @ende## Ph&##&"s2 Brown was G!he &$"ersona!&on o) God1s order and God1s #aw1' A%o#&!&on&s! #erg* we# o$ed !he s#a+e re%e##&on wh& h2 !he* !hough!2 Brown1s a !&on wou#d s!&$u#a!e' Thoreau reEo& ed !ha! he was !he sa&n!#* $ar!*r1s on!e$"orar*' The ra+&ngs o) !hese #e!!ered gen!#e$en drowned !he nu$erous Nor!hern +o& es wh& h onde$ned Brown as a r&$&na#' <&n o#n !hough! he was Eus!#* hanged' The Re"u%#& an "ar!* denoun ed h&s ra&d &n &!s &7.? "#a!)or$' A grea! an!&> Brown $ee!&ng was he#d &n Bos!onF !o no a+a&#' The &$"ress&on $ade on !he Sou!h was !oo dee"' Here &! was a! #as!2 !he n&gh!$are o$e !rue= !he a%o#&!&on&s! a""ea# !o !he s#a+es !o re%e#2 now na(ed and a""aren!2 &n s"&!e o) !he end#ess d&s #a&$ers o) Nor!hern "o#&!& &ans2 !he dou%!s o) Sou!hern $odera!es' The )&re>ea!ers &ns!an!#* !oo( o$$and' The&r "rogra$$e was s&$"#e' On#* a and&da!e "#edged !o !he de)en e o) s#a+er* wou#d %e a e"!a%#e as !he De$o ra!s1 no$&nee &n &7.?' Tha! ru#ed ou! Doug#as' I) !he Re"u%#& an and&da!e won2 !he Sou!hern s!a!es wou#d #ea+e !he Un&on= !he* ou#d no! "oss&%#* %e sa)e w&!h a Brown s*$"a!h&Her as Pres&den!2 and o) ourse a## %#a ( Re"u%#& ans were Brown&!es a! hear!' The&r !ongues %e!ra*ed !he$' Had no! <&n o#n %egun !o "ro #a&$ !ha! a house d&+&ded aga&ns! &!se#) ou#d no! s!andM Had no! Seward sa&d !here was an G&rre"ress&%#e on)#& !1 %e!ween !he se !&onsM Now2 &n !he #&gh! o) Har"er1s Ferr*2 &! was "#a&n wha! !he* $ean!' The* $ean! !o w&n !he on)#& ! and un&!e !he house %* $eans o) a s#a+e u"r&s&ng'
0ohn Brown1s ra&d !hus $ar(s !he "o&n! o) no re!urn= &! %egan !he un o&#&ng o) a !err&%#e ha&n o) e+en!s #ead&ng !o re%e##&on and war' I! see$s a s$a##2 a#$os! a r&d& u#ous seed )or su h a har+es!' And &n )a ! Har"er1s Ferr*2 )or a## &!s s&gn&)& an e2 was !he o as&on2 no! !he ause2 o) &+&# war' In !he end2 a## !he ana#*ses o$e %a ( !o s#a+er*' The o$$&!$en! o) !he Sou!h !o &!s "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on no! on#* en!a&#ed a "erse u!&on o$"#e8F &! !urned !he se !&on &n!o a "seudo>na!&on' For $ore !han a genera!&on !he Sou!h had %een %r&ng&ng &!s re#&g&on2 u#!ure2 "o#&!& s and !rade &n!o #&ne' The sa$e !es! was a""#&ed !o e+er*!h&ng2 e+en !o !hough!= was &! ons&s!en! w&!h s#a+er*2 d&d &! %u&#d u" !he de)en es o) a s#a+e so &e!*M Ma!!ers a$e !o su h a "ass !ha! one "#an!er2 who was read* !o !rea! h&s s#a+es (&nd#*2 e+en &) &! $ean! grow&ng #ess o!!on2 asha$ed#* )eared !ha! he was Gnear an a%o#&!&on&s!12 so gu&#!* d&d he )ee# a%ou! h&s heres* and so #arge a r&$e d&d !he s#&gh!es! +ar&a!&on )ro$ !he #&ne now see$ &n !he Sou!h' I! was !h&s o%sess&on wh& h had des!ro*ed !he !wo>"ar!* s*s!e$ &n !he Dee" Sou!h and g&+en !he )&re>ea!ers a #ear )&e#d &n wh& h !o "ro$o!e se ess&on2 and !he &dea o) a new Sou!hern na!&on' B* ,7A-4.? !h&s new Sou!hern na!&ona#&s$ was $ere#* #oo(&ng )or an e8 use !o %rea( !he Un&on= 0ohn Brown2 and !hen A%raha$ <&n o#n2 d&d no $ore !han "ro+&de &!' E+en a)!er Har"er1s Ferr*2 !he )ew w&se heads &n !he Sou!h urged res!ra&n!' Men #&(e Sa$ Hous!on2 !he +enera%#e )ounder o) Te8as2 now &!s Go+ernor )or !he #as! !&$e2 (new wha! !he Un&on $ean! !o !he Nor!h and @es!F (new !ha! !here was an A$er& an "a!r&o!&s$ ;u&!e as "ower)u# as !he Sou!hern2 and $u h #onger es!a%#&shedF and !ha! &! was %a (ed %* )ar grea!er resour es' So$e $a* e+en ha+e g#&$"sed !he s&gn&)& an e o) !he u#! o) 0ohn Brown &n !he Nor!h' Tho$as B&ngha$ B&sho" was !he o$"oser o) a su ess)u# a$">$ee!&ng horus2 GGone !o %e a So#d&er &n !he Ar$* o) !he <ord1' On hear&ng o) Brown1s dea!h2 he ;u& (#* )&!!ed so$e new words !o !he !une= G0ohn Brown1s %od* #&es a> $ou#der&ng &n !he gra+eQ1' The* "ro+ed o$&nous#* "o"u#ar' The Sou!h "a&d #&!!#e a!!en!&on' I! had &!s own song2 GD&8&e1 9wr&!!en &n ,7A-2 "arado8& a##* enough %* a Nor!herner:' The De$o ra!& on+en!&on $e! &n A"r&# &7.? and was a d&sas!er' B* a horr&%#e )a!a#&!* &! was he# &n Char#es!on2 !he +er* a"&!a# o) se ess&on&s! )ee#&ng2 where !he* s!&## re$e$%ered !he Nu##&)& a!&on Cr&s&s' I! was no! a &!* where Nor!hern and @es!ern De$o ra!s ou#d )ee# ha""*= nor d&d !he*' <ed %* Yan e*2 !he Sou!herners re)used !o hear o) !he no$&na!&on o) Doug#as= !he Nor!herners wou#d no! a%andon h&$' The* had no!h&ng !o ga&n %* do&ng so= a "ro>s#a+er* and&da!e ou#d no! arr* an* s!a!e ou!s&de !he Sou!h' The De$o ra!& ause had %een wea(enened %* !he Bu hanan ad$&n&s!ra!&on1s re ord o) &n o$"e!en e and orru"!&on= on#* Doug#as $&gh! sa+e &!' The &ndu e$en! !o earn genera# on!e$"! %* sa r&)& &ng !he&r "r&n &"#es was !here)ore s$a##' E;ua##*2 !he )&re>ea!ers saw no reason !o %udge' E+en!ua##* !he on+en!&on %ro(e u"' One )rag$en! reasse$%#ed a! Ba#!&$ore and no$&na!ed Doug#as as !he o))& &a# De$o ra!& and&da!e' The )&re>ea!ers no$&na!ed 0ohn Bre (&nr&dge o) Ken!u (*2 B& e> Pres&den! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 who ou#d a#$os! "ass )or a $odera!e' The rea# Sou!hern $odera!es2 $os!#* re$nan!s o) !he @h&g "ar!*2 reEe !ed %o!h na$es and no$&na!ed Be## o) Tennessee2 on a Cons!&!u!&ona# Un&on !& (e!' The Sou!hern and De$o ra!& +o!e %e&ng ho"e#ess#* s"#&!2 !he Re"u%#& ans2 w&!hou! e))or! on !he&r "ar!2 had !he ga$e &n !he&r hands' The&r on+en!&on $e! &n !he r&s&ng $e!ro"o#&s o) !he Nor!h> @es!2 Ch& ago' Th&s "ro+ed )or!una!e )or !he #o a# and&da!e' The no$&na!&on had %een e8"e !ed !o go !o Seward2 %u! he was regarded as dangerous#* e8!re$e on !he s#a+er* ;ues!&on and !oo s*$"a!he!& !o Ca!ho#& s and &$$&gran!s' The "ar!* $anagers were de!er$&ned !o do no!h&ng !o a#&ena!e an* ner+ous "erson who had a +o!e' A ord&ng#* !he* !urned !o !he !a## $an w&!h !he h&gh +o& e2 &n !he sh&n*2 ru$"#ed %#a ( su&!= A%raha$ <&n o#n' He had $ade )ewer ene$&es !han Seward' He a$e )ro$ a (e* se !&on2 !he Nor!h>@es!2 and a (e* s!a!e2 I##&no&s' In h&s de%a!es w&!h Doug#as2 and &n +ar&ous ora!&ons s&n e2 he had shown h&$se#) !o %e
&n!e##&gen! and e#o;uen!F he was (nown !o %e hones! 9a n& e on!ras! !o !he Bu hanan&!es:F he ou#d %e %u&#! u" as a "o"u#ar and&da!e %e ause he had %een %orn &n a #og> a%&n and had ho""ed wood )or a #&+&ng when *oung' No one sus"e !ed !ha! he was a grea! $an' To a "ro)ess&ona#2 !he on#* &$"ress&+e !h&ng a%ou! h&$ was !ha! so$ehow2 &n s"&!e o) #os&ng !wo Sena!or&a# e#e !&ons2 he had (e"! h&s do$&nan! "os&!&on &n !he @h&g and Re"u%#& an "ar!&es o) I##&no&s' @&!h Eud& &ous nego!&a!&ons %eh&nd !he s enes %* h&s agen!s and u"roar&ous #a$our )ro$ !he "u%#& ga##er&es2 wh& h had %een are)u##* "a (ed w&!h !he #o a# %o*1s su""or!ers2 !he !r& ( was done' GThe Ra&#s"#&!!er1 was !o %e !he ne8! Pres&den! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' Doug#as )ough! a #as!2 hero& 2 use#ess a$"a&gn' <&n o#n won on#* 3- "er en! o) !he "o"u#ar +o!e2 %u! he arr&ed !he $aEor&!* o) Nor!hern and @es!ern s!a!es w&!h a "#ura#&!*' He d&d no! arr* a s&ng#e s!a!e &n !he Sou!h' @hen !he news o) h&s e#e !&on rea hed Char#es!on2 !he "ro ess o) se ess&on was &$$ed&a!e#* se! go&ng' In s!a!e a)!er sou!hern s!a!e on+en!&ons were su$$oned2 %*"ass&ng !he s!a!e asse$%#&es and !hus re+o#u!&on&H&ng !he s!a!e go+ern$en!s as !he Co$$&!!ees o) Corres"onden e had re+o#u!&on&Hed !he o#on&a# go+ern$en!s e&gh!*>)&+e *ears "re+&ous#*' The #o*a#&s!s s!rugg#ed2 %u! e8 e"! &n !he U""er Sou!h !he* d&d so &n +a&n' In De e$%er2 Sou!h Caro#&na )or$a##* se eded )ro$ !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 !o %e )o##owed a! on e %* M&ss&ss&""&2 F#or&da2 A#a%a$a2 Georg&a2 <ou&s&ana and Te8as' These s!a!es ne8! sen! de#ega!es !o Mon!go$er*2 A#a%a$a2 !o )ound a new &n!er>s!a!e go+ern$en!' Theore!& a##* ea h se ed&ng s!a!e ou#d ha+e %e o$e an &nde"enden! oun!r*F %u! &! see$ed w&ser !o )edera!e2 as &! has see$ed w&se !o !hose ear#&er Found&ng Fa!hers o) ,55.= &n ado"!&ng !h&s ourse !he Sou!herners showed how2 &n s"&!e o) e+er*!h&ng2 !he* were s!&## &n!ense#* A$er& an' The Con)edera!e S!a!es o) A$er& a 4 usua##* (nown as !he Con)edera * 4 was announ ed !o !he wor#d2 &n a do u$en! !ha! was no! ;u&!e as $e$ora%#e as !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e2 on 6 Fe%ruar* ,7.,' 0e))erson Da+&s o) M&ss&ss&""& was !o %e Pres&den!' The C S Cons!&!u!&on was &ssued on ,, Mar h= &! s!r&(&ng#* rese$%#ed !ha! o) !he US' These e+en!s s!ru ( !he Nor!h )#a! w&!h a$aHe$en!' The Un&on o) !he A$er& an S!a!es was su h a "ro)ound o$$&!$en!F !he "r&de &n !he a h&e+e$en!s o) !he A$er& an Re+o#u!&on was so enor$ousF !he %e#&e) &n !he "ro$&ses o) #&%er!*2 e;ua#&!* and "ro"er!* &) A$er& a he#d !oge!her was so dee"2 !ha! &! see$ed &$"oss&%#e !ha! A$er& an &!&Hens ou#d rea##* $ean !o des!ro* wha! !he Pres&den!>e#e ! a##ed G!he #as!2 %es! ho"e o) Ear!h1' The Re"u%#& ans had ne+er %e#&e+ed !ha! !he !hrea! !o se ede was ser&ous= !he* had d&s$&ssed &! as an e#e !&oneer&ng !r& (' E+en a)!er !he e+en! !he* ou#d no! ;u&!e !a(e &! &n2 and ho"ed aga&ns! ho"e2 &ndeed aga&ns! reason2 !ha! !he Un&on&s! $aEor&!* &n !he Sou!h wou#d reasser! &!se#) as &! had &n !he "as!' Bu! now !here was no Un&on $aEor&!* &n !he Sou!h' The w&n!er $on!hs "assed &n a des"era!e )renH* o) s he$es !o res!ore nor$a#&!*' Seward had one2 so d&d Char#es Fran &s Ada$s2 so d&d Sena!or Cr&!!enden 9he a$e )ro$ Henr* C#a*1s Ken!u (* and ho"ed !o re"ea! C#a*1s !r&u$"hs:' Bu! !he Sena!ors and Re"resen!a!&+es o) !he se ed&ng s!a!es had w&!hdrawn when !he&r s!a!es wen! ou!2 and !he Nor!herners2 )&nd&ng !he )oe a%sen!2 se&Hed !he o""or!un&!* !o "ass a new2 "ro!e !&on&s! !ar&))2 wh& h wou#d ha+e ou!raged !he o!!on Sou!h had &! s!&## regarded &!se#) as "ar! o) !he Un&on' The Morr&## Tar&)) 9na$ed a)!er &!s h&e) "#anner: "erha"s shows !ha! su% ons &ous#* $e$%ers o) Congress (new !ha! !he se ess&on was rea#2 and as"&red !o %e "er$anen!' The #a"se &n !&$e %e!ween !he e#e !&on &n ear#* No+e$%er and <&n o#n1s en!r* &n!o o))& e &n Mar h was un)or!una!e' Un!&# !hen Bu hanan re$a&ned Pres&den! and had !he du!* o) gra""#&ng w&!h a r&s&s !ha! !hrea!ened !o shade )ro$ %e&ng a de$ons!ra!&on !o %e&ng a re%e##&on !o %e&ng a
war' He "ro+ed as &n a"a%#e as e+er' He#"#ess#* he a##owed !he se ess&on&s!s !o e#&$&na!e a## Un&on "resen e )ro$ !he Con)edera *' The A$er& an go+ern$en! had a#wa*s %een su h a #oose2 de+o#+ed2 )ee%#e a))a&r !ha! !h&s was +er* eas*= a"ar! )ro$ !he "os! and us!o$s o))& es2 !here was #&!!#e !o re$o+e sa+e er!a&n $ore or #ess un)&n&shed or o%so#e!e $&#&!ar* and na+a# "os!s' The &n#and and $os! o) !he oas!a# ones )e## &$$ed&a!e#* &n!o Con)edera!e handsF %u! a! !wo "o&n!s !he Un&on&s!s ou#d ho#d ou! 4 a! For! P& (ens2 o)) !he F#or&da oas!2 and a! For! Su$!er &n Char#es!on har%our' Th&s #as! ;u& (#* %e a$e !he e$o!&ona# )o us o) !he r&s&s )or %o!h s&des' The #&!!#e )or! #a* r&gh! &n !he Eaws o) !he Con)edera *' I! was !e$"!&ng#* wea(2 )or &! had %een %u&#! )or de)en e aga&ns! a sea a!!a (2 no! a #and one2 and &! was %o!h under$anned and &##>su""#&ed' I!s Eaun!* )#ag2 )#u!!er&ng !he )or$er#* sa red o#ours o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es r&gh! under !he&r noses2 was a dee" a))ron! !o !he se eders2 o!herw&se g&dd* w&!h Eo* and on)&den eF wh&#e &!s "resen e a! su h a "o&n! was a $a!!er o) ho"e and reassuran e !o !he Nor!h' For! P& (ens2 wh& h was $u h $ore de)ens&%#e 9&! was !o on!&nue &n US hands !hroughou! !he *ears )o##ow&ng:2 was soon o+er#oo(ed= a!!en!&on was o%sess&+e#* d&re !ed a! Char#es!on' Bu hanan d&!hered2 and wou#d no dou%! ha+e gone on do&ng so 4 wou#d e+en ha+e a##owed For! Su$!er !o )a## unres&s!&ng 4 %u! )or !he de!er$&na!&on o) h&s A!!orne*>Genera#2 Edw&n S!an!on 9,7,64.-: o) Oh&o2 a""o&n!ed !o re"#a e a se ed&ng Sou!herner' Arrogan!2 energe!& 2 er!a&n he was r&gh!2 S!an!on &ns&s!ed !ha! Su$!er $us! %e re!a&ned and &) ne essar* %e resu""#&ed and re&n)or ed' @hen <&n o#n !oo( !he oa!h o) o))& e on 6 Mar h !he )or! was s!&## &n Un&!ed S!a!es handsF B&rg&n&a and !he o!her s!a!es o) !he U""er Sou!h had s!&## no! #e)! !he Un&onF no! a sho! had %een )&red' Perha"s "ea e $&gh! s!&## %e "reser+ed2 %u! !ens&on was ra"&d#* $oun!&ng' The Pres&den!&a# oa!h o$$&!s h&$ who !a(es &! !o "reser+e2 "ro!e ! and de)end !he Cons!&!u!&on2 and w&!h a#$os! no e8 e"!&on a## !he Pres&den!s2 e+en !he )ee%#es!2 ha+e regarded &! +er* ser&ous#*' A%raha$ <&n o#n was !he o""os&!e o) )ee%#e2 and on !a(&ng !he oa!h he e8"#a&ned2 &n h&s )&rs! &naugura# address2 wha! he unders!ood %* &!' GThe "ower on)&ded !o $e21 he sa&d2 Gw&## %e used !o ho#d2 o u"*2 and "ossess !he "ro"er!* and "#a es %e#ong&ng !o !he go+ern$en!2 and !o o##e ! !he du!&es and &$"os!s1F )or h&s "#edge !o "ro!e ! !he go+ern$en! was reg&s!ered &n hea+en' In !h&s wa* a #&ne was drawn2 a warn&ng was &ssued' Bu! !he res! o) h&s s"ee h was an a!!e$"! !o show !he Sou!h2 &n &!s own !er$s2 !ha! &! was sa)e under a Re"u%#& an ad$&n&s!ra!&on and !ha! !here)ore se ess&on was unne essar*' Read !oda*2 wha! &s $os! s!r&(&ng2 ne8! !o <&n o#n1s des"era!e earnes!ness2 &s !he wa* &n wh& h h&s +er* e))or! !o %e heard %* !he Sou!h re+ea#s !he ga" %e!ween !he !wo s&des' <&n o#n $&n&$&Hed !ha! ga" as %es! he ou#d2 sa*&ng &! was no $ore !han a d&s"u!e as !o whe!her or no! s#a+er* shou#d %e e8!endedF he "o&n!ed ou! !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on was &n+&o#a!eF he &nd& a!ed !ha! he wou#d a e"! Cr&!!enden1s "ro"osa# !o wr&!e a guaran!ee o) s#a+er* &n!o !he Cons!&!u!&onF he "#edged !he Re"u%#& ans !o #ea+e s#a+er* a#oneF he re$ar(ed2 w&!hou! a s$&#e2 !ha! !here was +er* #&!!#e da$age !ha! an* ad$&n&s!ra!&on ou#d do &n )our *ears2 and he he#d u" as a %ea on !o !he Sou!h one o) h&s dee"es! %e#&e)s= A $aEor&!* he#d &n res!ra&n! %* ons!&!u!&ona# he (s and #&$&!a!&ons2 and a#wa*s hang&ng eas&#* w&!h de#&%era!e hanges o) "o"u#ar o"&n&ons and sen!&$en!s2 &s !he on#* !rue so+ere&gn o) a )ree "eo"#e' @hoe+er reEe !s &! does2 o) ne ess&!*2 )#* !o anar h* or des"o!&s$' Sure#* !he Sou!h wou#d see !h&s2 and ease &!s reEe !&on o) h&$ and o) !he $aEor&!* wh& h had $ade h&$ Pres&den!' A! !he +er* #eas!2 #e! &! do no!h&ng &n a hurr*' GNo!h&ng +a#ua%#e an %e #os! %* !a(&ng !&$e'1 The s"ee h d&d !he ora!or red&!2 %u! &! ou#d no! )&nd &!s $ar(' For one !h&ng <&n o#n ou#d no!
;u&!e h&de h&s )ee#&ng !ha! se ess&on was no! on#* wrong %u! )r&+o#ous' For ano!her2 he o))ered !he Sou!h no!h&ng %u! !he s!a!us ;uo2 o) wh& h e+en !he Cr&!!enden A$end$en! was on#* a re&n)or e$en!' He s!u ( !o h&s re)usa# !o oun!enan e s#a+er* e8"ans&onF and he d&d no! re ogn&He e&!her !he r&gh! !o se ede or !he &nde"enden e o) !he Con)edera *' He d&d no! sa* he wou#d no! )&gh!2 e&!her= on#* !ha! he wou#d no! assa&# !he se eders' He d&d no! #a* %are a## h&s !hough!= %u! %eh&nd h&s "ra&se o) !he A$er& an s*s!e$ ou#d %e )e#! h&s o$$&!$en! !o hu$an e;ua#&!*2 h&s #o+e o) h&s oun!r*2 h&s ha!red o) s#a+er*' In essen e2 he d&d no! o))er !he Sou!h !he s#&gh!es! reassuran e' E+en &) he had2 &! &s dou%!)u# &) !he se ed&ng s!a!es2 %uo*an! &n !he e8 &!e$en! o) !he&r new Con)edera *2 wou#d ha+e "a&d an* a!!en!&on' The* had )&n&shed w&!h Un #e Sa$' For !he ne8! )ew wee(s <&n o#n was %es&eged %* !he $o% o) o))& e>see(ers !ha! assa&#ed e+er* new Pres&den!2 and as a sens&%#e "ar!* #eader he de+o!ed $u h !&$e !o !he$F %u! !hough !he* wear&ed h&$ !he* d&d no! d&s!ra ! h&$ )ro$ !he ;ues!&on o) Su$!er' He ado"!ed S!an!on1s "o#& *2 %u! &n h&s own )ash&on= he "#a*ed )or !&$e' He ho"ed !ha!2 &) &! a$e !o a showdown2 he ou#d (ee" !he %order s!a!es on h&s s&de' For !h&s and o!her reasons he was de!er$&ned no! !o )&re !he )&rs! sho!F and he ho"ed aga&ns! ho"e !ha! no sho!s wou#d %e ne essar*' Bu! he d&d no! order !he e+a ua!&on o) For! Su$!er' The $a!!er was ou! o) h&s hands' Man* announ e$en!s were $ade %* Sou!hern #eadersF $an* )ur!&+e nego!&a!&ons were under!a(en2 so$e w&!h !he onn&+an e o) Seward2 now Se re!ar* o) S!a!e' Bu! s&n e !he Con)edera!es had no &n!en!&on o) w&!hdraw&ng !he se ess&on ord&nan es !he* had #&!!#e ho& e2 on e &! %e a$e #ear !ha! <&n o#n had no &n!en!&on o) dro""&ng !he #a&$s o) !he Un&on' A new%orn na!&on2 see!h&ng w&!h %o$%as!& "r&de2 ou#d no! !o#era!e !he &$"er!&nen e o) Su$!er' Genera# Beauregard re e&+ed h&s ordersF he $oun!ed %a!!er&es aga&ns! !he )or!2 and on ,/ A"r&# he o"ened h&s %o$%ard$en!' Mrs Chesnu! and !he o!her #ad&es o) Char#es!on were a""a##ed %* !he $an>$ade !hunder !ha! rashed and re+er%era!ed &n essan!#* !hrough !he&r !own= !he* had ne+er heard an*!h&ng #&(e &! &n !he&r #&+es2 and )or a $o$en! !he* g#&$"sed !he na!ure o) !he a%*ss !o wh& h !he s#a+e s!a!es had %een $o+&ng so re (#ess#* )or so #ong' In s"&!e o) !he no&se2 no one was (&##ed= MaEor Anderson2 &n o$$and a! !he )or!2 was !oo s(&#)u# a so#d&er !o #e! h&s $en e8"ose !he$se#+es' The )or!&)& a!&ons were !oo good !o %e sha!!ered &$$ed&a!e#*2 %u! a)!er a da* and a n&gh! !he* ou#d no #onger %e de)ended' Anderson as(ed )or !er$s2 wh& h were gran!edF !he s!ars and s!r&"es were #owered2 and !he garr&son $ar hed ou! w&!h !he honours o) war' @ar &! was &ndeedF !hough how !err&%#e was no! *e! #ear'
1' The +ar ,8o.t Sla-er4 1/61 '

A)hus saith the *ord,0 .old 2oses said, A*et my people go= 5r else /0ll strike your first-.orn dead= *et my people go=0 <o down 2oses= A4ay down in ,gypt0s landK )ell old Pharaoh, *et 2y People <o= "ontra.and 'ymn, 1E%1 I) !he a!!a ( on For! Su$!er se!!#ed !ha! !here wou#d %e a war2 &! a#so #arge#* de!er$&ned wha! sor! o) a war &! wou#d %e' <&n o#n and !he Nor!h ne+er hes&!a!ed &n !he&r res"onse !o !he e+en!= !h&s was re%e##&on2 and wou#d ha+e !o %e su""ressed' On ,A A"r&# !he Pres&den! &ssued a
"ro #a$a!&on announ &ng a %#o (ade o) a## Sou!hern "or!s and a##&ng )or a )or e o) 5A2??? +o#un!eers !o res!ore )edera# au!hor&!* &n !he Sou!h' As a $an who %e#&e+ed &n !he "er$anen e o) !he Un&on he ou#d do no #ess' Bu! !o !he U""er Sou!h he see$ed !o %e do&ng a grea! dea# !oo $u h' The ho& e %e)ore !hese s!a!es was &ndeed agon&H&ng' B&rg&n&a2 )or e8a$"#e2 had re)used !o )o##ow !he e8a$"#e o) !he Co!!on K&ngdo$ %e ause she d&d no! see <&n o#n1s e#e !&on as an* "ar!& u#ar danger= she was we## used !o !he u"s and downs o) !wo>"ar!* "o#&!& s and was2 %es&des2 dee"#* #o*a# !o !he Un&on wh& h she had done so $u h !o rea!e' Bu! ne&!her she nor an* o!her o) !he Sou!hern s!a!es unders!ood !ha! !er$ &n Mr <&n o#n1s sense' For !he$ !he s!a!es a$e )&rs!F !he Un&on was a #&$&!ed o$"a !2 as !he o#d an!&> Federa#&s!s had !augh!2 and !he s!a!es re!a&ned !he&r so+ere&gn!*2 &n #ud&ng !he r&gh! !o se ede &) !he* saw )&!' A%o+e a##2 !he Un&on was one o) onsen!= !he essen e o) !he Cons!&!u!&on and &!s he (s and %a#an es was !ha! !he $aEor&!* shou#d no! %e a%#e2 #eg&!&$a!e#*2 !o oer e a $&nor&!*' As !he Nor!h Caro#&na S!andard had "u! &! !he "re+&ous au!u$n2 Ga Cons!&!u!&ona# Un&on &s !he on#* one wor!h "reser+&ngQ A Un&on o) )or e2 e$en!ed and (e"! !oge!her %* )or e2 and "erha"s %* %#ood2 &s no! !he Un&on o) !he Cons!&!u!&on'1 So <&n o#n1s "ro #a$a!&on was "ro$"!#* )o##owed %* !he se ess&on o) B&rg&n&a2 Ar(ansas2 Tennessee and Nor!h Caro#&na' Ken!u (*2 Mar*#and and M&ssour& $&gh! ha+e gone !oo2 %u! !he Un&on&s! )or es and !he "ower o) !he )edera# go+ern$en! were Eus! su))& &en! !o (ee" !he$ #o*a#' GI ho"e !o ha+e God on $* s&de2 I $us! ha+e Ken!u (*21 sa&d <&n o#n2 )or w&!hou! !ha! s!a!e !he Nor!h r&s(ed %e&ng s"#&! &n !wo2 and @ash&ng!on $&gh! %e un!ena%#e' As &! was2 !he se ond se ess&on2 +as!#* &n reas&ng !he area and "o"u#a!&on o) !he Con)edera *2 $ade <&n o#n1s !as( near#* &$"oss&%#e' Few grea! na!&ons ha+e %een #ess read* &n an* wa* )or war !han were !he A$er& ans2 Nor!h and Sou!h2 &n ,7.,' The $&#&!ar* "o!en!&a# o) %o!h s&des was enor$ous2 or !he s!rugg#e ou#d ne+er ha+e dragged on )or )our *earsF %u! a! !he ou!se! !he $eans )or rea#&H&ng !ha! "o!en!&a# were a#$os! non> e8&s!en!' True2 !he Un&!ed S!a!es had )ounded an o))& &a# $&#&!ar* a ade$* a! @es! Po&n! on !he Hudson r&+er &n ,7?/' Th&s &ns!&!u!&on had done so we## !ha! &!s gradua!es "ro+&ded a#$os! a## !he e))e !&+e $&#&!ar* #eadersh&" on e&!her s&de dur&ng !he C&+&# @ar2 and d&d so )ro$ !he s!ar!= Beauregard and Anderson were %o!h @es! Po&n!ers' Nor was &! on#* !he&r )or$a# edu a!&on wh& h !ra&ned !he$= !he $en o) !he A ade$* had run !he ar$* dur&ng !he de ades o) "ea e2 had )ough! Ind&ans and Me8& ans &n !he o as&ona# s$a## war2 and &n so$e ases2 su h as !ha! o) George M C#e##an2 who had %een a ra&#road o))& &a#2 had ga&ned )ur!her +a#ua%#e e8"er&en e &n &+&#&an #&)e' As was ;u& (#* !o %e shown2 &n shor!2 !he "ro)ess&ona# A$er& an O))& er Cor"s o$"ared )a+oura%#* &n ;ua#&!* w&!h an* o!her &n !he wor#d2 e8 e"! "erha"s !he Pruss&an' Bu! !here were +er* )ew o) !hese "ro)ess&ona#s2 !hough !here were $ore !han "ea e!&$e A$er& a had %een a%#e !o e$"#o*2 a! #eas! as so#d&ers' To $os! o) !he&r oun!r*$en !&!#es #&(e GCo#one#1 and GMaEor1 were $ere#* honor&)& 2 dea#! ou! on !he )ron!&er e+en $ore #a+&sh#* !han hand#es su h as G0udge1 and GS;u&re1' So#d&er&ng $ean! "arad&ng &n a )an * un&)or$ on !he Four!h o) 0u#* and sh&r(&ng $&#&!&a !ra&n&ng a## !he res! o) !he *ear' @ar2 when &! d&d no! $ean hun!&ng down Ind&an +&##ages2 $ean! %r&##&an! a+a#r* harges &n red !rousers2 swee"&ng !he "a#!r* )oe %e)ore *ouF &! ne+er #as!ed $ore !han a )ew wee(s' Mora#e2 whe!her &+&#&an or $&#&!ar*2 $ean! !he on)&den! assu$"!&on !ha! no%od* ou#d %ea! an A$er& an2 no! e+en ano!her A$er& an' As !o "ro%#e$s o) d&"#o$a *2 #og&s!& s2 su""#* or )&nan e2 !he* were &gnored2 or a! %es! dea#! w&!h %* su h s#ogans as GCo!!on &s K&ng1' E+en !he edu a!ed2 e+en !he "o#&!& &ans2 (new #&!!#e %e!!er' A%raha$ <&n o#n was w&se enough !o see !ha! he had e+er*!h&ng !o #earn a%ou! h&s du!&es as Co$$ander> &n>Ch&e)= he !oo( !o s!ud*&ng %oo(s on !a !& s and s!ra!eg* &n odd $o$en!s' 0e))erson Da+&s was $&sgu&ded enough !o su""ose !ha! so$e )&gh!&ng &n !he Me8& an @ar and a !er$ as Se re!ar* o) @ar &n P&er e1s Ca%&ne! had !augh! h&$ a## he needed !o (now 4 !augh! h&$ enough !o !ea h h&s genera#s' In !h&s +an&!* he was $u h
!he $ore re"resen!a!&+e o) !he !wo #eaders' The )&rs! $on!hs o) !he war were2 !here)ore2 h&e)#* sha"ed %* !he genera# un"re"aredness' Perha"s !he $os! &$"or!an! o urren es were !he a!!e$"!s %* <&n o#n and Da+&s !o sa* wha! &! was a## a%ou!' In 0u#* <&n o#n sen! a $essage !o Congress &n wh& h he %egan h&s #ong ser&es o) a!!e$"!s !o "ersuade h&s oun!r*$en and !he wor#d !ha! !h&s was a war )or de$o ra *2 a war !o show whe!her a ons!&!u!&ona# re"u%#& 2 Ga go+ern$en! o) !he "eo"#e %* !he sa$e "eo"#e12 ou#d $a&n!a&n &!s &n!egr&!* aga&ns! a re%e##&on' 0e))erson Da+&s2 &n a $essage !o !he Con)edera!e Congress2 &den!&)&ed h&s ause w&!h s!a!es1 r&gh!s= w&!h !he r&gh! o) a s!a!e !o se ede and !he r&gh! o) a $&nor&!* !o "ro!e ! &!se#) aga&ns! a !*rannous $aEor&!*' Bu! e+en &n su h a so#e$n $essage2 des&gned !o "u! !he %es! )a e on Sou!hern a !&ons2 he was no! a%#e !o on ea# !he onne !&on %e!ween h&s "o#&!& a# do !r&nes and s#a+er*' The Nor!hern $aEor&!* was !*rannous2 he sa&d2 %e ause &! a !&+e#* o""osed s#a+er*2 and so se ess&on was "ra !& a##* Eus!&)&ed as we## as ons!&!u!&ona##* "ro"er' The !ru!h was !ha! Gs!a!es1 r&gh!s1 had e+o#+ed2 as a reed2 )ro$ !he ne ess&!* !o "ro!e ! !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on' B&rg&n&a2 )or e8a$"#e2 was no! a o!!on s!a!e2 %u! she was a s#a+e s!a!e2 e ono$& a##* de"enden! on her re#a!&ons w&!h !he o!her s#a+e s!a!es2 wh& h "ur hased her sur"#us Negroes' I) s#a+er* was go&ng !o war2 s!a!es1 r&gh!s was a s"#end&d e8 use )or B&rg&n&a !o en#&s! on her us!o$ers1 s&de' No! !ha! &! a""eared !ha! wa* !o her "eo"#e' Man* o) !he$ 4 )or e8a$"#e2 Ro%er! E' <ee 4 had )reed !he&r s#a+esF %u! when !he war a$e !he* ra##&ed !o wha! was s!&## !he&r !rues! oun!r*' <ee2 !he )a+our&!e o) Genera# @&n)&e#d S o!!2 was o))ered !he o$$and o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es ar$* as we## as !ha! o) se ed&ng B&rg&n&aF he de%a!ed !he $a!!er w&!h h&$se#) a## n&gh!2 %e)ore go&ng w&!h h&s s!a!e' Bu!2 #&(e &! or no!2 and he d&d no! #&(e &!2 he !here%* o$$&!!ed h&$se#) 4 +er* e))e !&+e#*2 as wou#d soon %e shown 4 !o !he $&#&!ar* de)en e o) s#a+er*' S#a+er*2 !hen2 was !he en!ra# &ssue o) !he war )ro$ !he s!ar!2 !hough &! was no! a! )&rs! on+en&en! )or <&n o#n !o sa* so' No! on#* was !here )ar !oo $u h an!&>%#a ( )ee#&ng &n !he Nor!h2 !here was !he a!!&!ude o) !he #o*a# s#a+e>ho#ders o) Ken!u (* and Mar*#and !o ons&der 9no! !ha! !he* were +er* s&n ere#* #o*a#= $an* o) !he$ s#&""ed o)) Sou!h !o Eo&n !he Con)edera!es:' He !here)ore #a&d enor$ous s!ress on !he Un&onF &! was )or !ha! he )ough!' As he was !o sa* &n Augus! ,7./2 GM* "ara$oun! o%Ee ! &n !h&s s!rugg#e &s !o sa+e !he Un&on2 and &s no! e&!her !o sa+e or des!ro* S#a+er*'1 I! was !o sa+e !he Un&on !ha!2 &n !he s"r&ng o) ,7.,2 !housands o) *oung $en )#o (ed !o @ash&ng!on' @ha! d&d !he Un&on $ean !o !he$M Cur&ous#*2 !h&s ru &a# ;ues!&on &s se#do$ as(ed %* A$er& an h&s!or&ans2 and ne+er answered sa!&s)a !or&#*' I! &s2 !o !he$2 !oo o%+&ous !o %ear !hough!' Bu! non> A$er& ans $us! ons&der &!' Man* o) !he so#d&ers were no dou%! unre)&e !&+e !*"es2 on!en! !o a e"! words #&(e GUn&on12 Gre%e#1 and Gna!&on1 and a ! a ord&ng#*' Bu! !he &n!ense#* "o#&!& a# ;ua#&!* o) A$er& an #&)e $ean! !ha! )or a! #eas! as $an* o) !hese *oung &!&Hens !he $a!!er had !o %e !hrashed ou! &n argu$en! and "r&+a!e !hough!F !he&r so &e!* )or ed !he$ !o %e #&(e Cro$we##1s russe!> oa!ed !roo"er2 who (new wha! he )ough! )or and #o+ed wha! he (new' The&r #eaders had !o Eus!&)* !he$se#+es !o !he&r )o##owers2 and !he )o##owers had !o Eus!&)* !he$se#+es !o ea h o!her and !o !he )o#(s %a ( ho$e' I! was o$$on "ra !& e !o e#e ! Eun&or o))& ers2 as &) a reg&$en! were a !ownsh&" or a "&oneer !ra&n' No wonder !ha! !he ar$* was &n!ense#* "o#&!& &Hed and !ha! <&n o#n had a#wa*s !o !a(e &!s +&ews &n!o ons&dera!&on' E+en!ua##* h&s "a&ns were re"a&d= &! was !he ar$* +o!e wh& h re>e#e !ed h&$ !r&u$"han!#* &n ,7.62 an e8"#& &! +&nd& a!&on o) !he Un&on ause' A!!a h$en! !o !he Un&on had #ong %een a o$$and&ng )ee#&ng2 e+en %e)ore Andrew 0a (son &n ,73? "ro"osed h&s )a$ous !oas!= GOur Federa# Un&on 4 &! $us! %e "reser+ed'1 The r&!ua#s o) A$er& an #&)e )or!&)&ed &!2 no! on#* on !he Four!h o) 0u#* %u! &n e+er* s hoo#roo$ where2 &n !ha!
en#&gh!ened age2 %o*s were !augh! !he ar! o) "u%#& s"ea(&ng and "ra !&sed !he Dan&e# @e%s!er1s Se ond Re"#* !o Ha*ne=
"erora!&on o)
@hen $* e*es sha## %e !urned !o %eho#d2 )or !he #as! !&$e2 !he sun &n hea+en2 $a* I no! see h&$ sh&n&ng on !he %ro(en and d&shonoured )rag$en!s o) a on e g#or&ous Un&onF on S!a!es d&sse+ered2 d&s ordan!2 %e##&geren!F on a #and ren! w&!h &+&# )euds2 or dren hed2 &! $a* %e2 &n )ra!erna# %#oodT <e! !he&r #as! )ee%#e and #&nger&ng g#an e2 ra!her2 %eho#d !he gorgeous ens&gn o) !he re"u%#& Q s!&## )u## h&gh ad+an edQ %ear&ng )or &!s $o!!o no su h $&sera%#e &n!erroga!or* as2 @ha! &s a## !h&s wor!hM Nor !hose o!her words o) de#us&on and )o##*2 <&%er!* )&rs!2 and Un&on a)!erwards= %u! e+er*where2 s"read o+er a## &n hara !ers o) #&+&ng #&gh!2 %#aH&ng on a## &!s a$"#e )o#ds2 as !he* )#oa! o+er !he sea and o+er !he #and2 and &n e+er* w&nd under !he who#e hea+ens2 !ha! o!her sen!&$en!2 dear !o e+er* !rue A$er& an hear! 4 < & % e r !* and Un&on2 now and )ore+er2 one and &nse"ara%#eT The )ee#&ng was no dou%! grea!#* re&n)or ed %* e ono$& &n!eres!s= as S!e"hen A' Doug#as warned !he Sou!h &n &7.?2 GYou anno! se+er !h&s Un&on w&!hou! se+er&ng e+er* ho"e and "ros"e ! !ha! a @es!ern $an has on !h&s ear!h'1 There were &nnu$era%#e wa*s &n wh& h !he +ar&ous "ar!s o) !he grea! re"u%#& had grown e ono$& a##* &n!er!w&nedF e+en !he Sou!h2 e+en &) !here had no! %een a war2 wou#d ha+e su))ered gr&e+ous#* )ro$ &!s se#)>&$"osed e8 #us&on )ro$ !he $ar(e!s and resour es o) !he Nor!hF and !hen !here was !he "#a&n geogra"h& a# )a ! !ha!2 as <&n o#n sa&d &n h&s )&rs! &naugura#2 G"h*s& a##* s"ea(&ng2 we anno! se"ara!e1' The A$er& ans were s!u ( w&!h ea h o!her &n one on!&nen!' The&r re#&g&on2 or&g&ns and "o#&!& a# u#!ure were $u h !he sa$e2 !he&r #anguage was Eng#&sh' The Un&on see$ed !o %e !he $eres! e8"ress&on o) o$$on sense and &ne+&!a%&#&!*' Bu! !hese ons&dera!&ons ha+e #&!!#e !o do w&!h !he "ass&ons o) !he C&+&# @ar' A! !he %o!!o$ o) a## A$er& an "a!r&o!&s$ #a*2 and #&es !o !he "resen! da*2 !he o$$&!$en! !o )reedo$ 4 !he )a+our&!e word2 !he )a+our&!e &dea2 !he )a+our&!e %oas!' Th&s )reedo$ was a +er* on re!e !h&ng2 !he essen!&a# s!u)) o) !he A$er& an h&s!or& a# e8"er&en e' The o#on&a# and Re+o#u!&onar* eras had %een a on!&nuous s!rugg#e !o %e )ree o) Eng#and2 &n re#&g&on2 "o#&!& s2 !rade and e+er*!h&ng e#se' In !he n&ne!een!h en!ur*2 )reedo$ $ean! !he a%&#&!* !o go wes!2 !o run *our own #&)e2 !o $a(e *our own )u!ure2 !o worsh&" *our own God2 !o %r&ng u" *our h&#dren &n *our own wa*2 !o s"ea( *our $&nd' The De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e2 !he Cons!&!u!&on and e&gh!*>odd *ears o) "o#&!& a# e8"er&en e had no! on#* re&n)or ed2 dee"ened and %roadened !he o$$&!$en! !o )reedo$2 !he* had &n arna!ed &! &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 &n a na!&on' I! was no!2 "erha"s2 !rue !ha! A$er& an )reedo$ ou#d no! ha+e sur+&+ed !he de)ea! o) !he Nor!h &n !he C&+&# @arF %u! !he grea! $aEor&!* o) Nor!herners2 )ro$ <&n o#n downwards2 %e#&e+ed &! !o %e !rue' E+er*!h&ng !he* +a#ued &n #&)e see$ed !o %e a! r&s( w&!h !he Un&on' No wonder !he* )ough!' I! !oo( !he$ a #ong !&$e !o #earn how' Genera# S o!!2 !he or"u#en! +e!eran o) !he @ar o) ,7,/ and Me8& o2 had a s!ra!eg& "#an !ha! he a##ed !he Ana onda2 wh& h was &n $an* res"e !s !he sa$e as !ha! wh& h e+en!ua##* de)ea!ed !he Con)edera *= !he re%e#s were !o %e a!!a (ed )ro$ a## s&des2 )ro$ !he sea2 !he @es! and !he Nor!h2 and s;ueeHed !o dea!h' Bu! !he Un&!ed S!a!es on#* had a !&n* na+*2 so !he de &s&on !o %#o (ade !he Sou!h rea!ed "#en!* o) wor( )or !he Na+* Se re!ar*2 G&deon @e##es 9,7?/457:2 Eus! as &!s &n!er)eren e w&!h !he regu#ar ourse o) Nor!h A!#an!& !rade wou#d rea!e "#en!* o) wor( )or Se re!ar* o) S!a!e Seward' A%o+e a##2 an ar$* had !o %e sha"ed ou! o) !he $ass o) green re ru&!s "ro+&ded %* !he s!a!e $&#&!&as' @ash&ng!on hu$$ed w&!h a !&+&!*' Un)or!una!e#* !h&s de#uded !he &ne8"er&en ed "ress2 "o#&!& &ans and "aren!s o) A$er& a &n!o &$ag&n&ng !ha! e+er*!h&ng was &n )a&r !ra&n !o an ear#* +& !or*2 and <&n o#n2 who was s!&## o+er>o"!&$&s!& h&$se#)2 )e#! enor$ous "ressure !o #aun h an o))ens&+e !o end $a!!ers %r&s(#*'
A""earan es were ne+er $ore de e"!&+e' The Sou!h !oo was organ&H&ng' The Con)edera * !rans)erred &!s a"&!a# )ro$ Mon!go$er* !o R& h$ond2 B&rg&n&a' Beauregard !oo( o$$and o) !he s ra! h ar$* !ha! was has!&#* asse$%#&ng !here' The )&re>ea!er2 Yan e*2 #ed a $&ss&on !o Euro"e &n sear h o) d&"#o$a!& re ogn&!&on o) !he new na!&on' Bu! !he Nor!h d&s oun!ed a## !hese s&gns o) ser&ous "ur"ose' GOn !o R& h$ondT1 was !he r*' I$"a!&en e $oun!ed2 and +o& es %egan !o %e heard &$"ugn&ng S o!!1s #o*a#!*= a)!er a##2 he was a B&rg&n&an' So a! #as! !he genera#s ga+e &n' S o!! %e&ng !oo o#d and )a! !o e8er &se )&e#d o$$and h&$se#)2 !he Eo% was g&+en !o Ir+&n M Dowe##2 un#u (&es! o) o$$anders' On /, 0u#*2 a %o&#&ng da*2 h&s raw #e+&es a!!a (ed Beauregard1s a#$os! e;ua##* unr&"e !roo"s &n !he&r s!rong "os&!&on a! Manassas 0un !&on2 on a r&dge a%o+e !he #&!!#e r&+er o) Bu## Run &n nor!hern B&rg&n&a'3 The #ad&es and gen!#e$en o) @ash&ng!on )#o (ed ou! w&!h "& n& %as(e!s !o see !he )un' For a !&$e &! was a ;ues!&on o) who wou#d run awa* )&rs! 9!he $&#&!&a had &$"ro+ed +er* #&!!#e2 &) a! a##2 s&n e George @ash&ng!on1s da*:2 %u! !he re%e#s gradua##* s!ead&ed' One o) !he&r o$$anders en ouraged h&s !roo"s %* "o&n!&ng !o !he ne8! se !&on o) !he #&ne= G<oo( a! 0a (son1s $en2 s!and&ng #&(e a s!one wa##T1 4 and !hus a hero go! h&s na$e' M Dowe## was no! he#"ed %* !he de &s&on o) !he Penns*#+an&a $&#&!&a !o #ea+e Eus! %e)ore !he %a!!#e= !he* had s&gned on )or n&ne!* da*s2 and !he&r !&$e was u"' Gradua##* &! %e a$e #ear !ha! !he Nor!h had %een he (ed' Then2 )or no good reason 9%u! &! was so +er* ho! and !he e8"er&en e was so +er* new: "an& se&Hed !he Un&on !roo"s' Ins!ead o) re!&r&ng a )ew $&#es &n good order2 wh& h was a## !ha! +e!erans wou#d ha+e )ound ne essar*2 !he* )#ed &n a%andoned !error a## !he wa* %a ( !o !he %r&dges a ross !he Po!o$a 2 wh& h were soon ho(ed %* a roar&ng2 h*s!er& a# $o%' Had !he Sou!hern ar$* %een a"a%#e o) sw&)! $o+e$en!2 @ash&ng!on ou#d ha+e %een a"!uredF as &! was2 B&rg&n&a was sudden#* #ear o) )edera# !roo"s2 e8 e"! )or ou!"os!s on !he sou!hern %an( o) !he Po!o$a ' Se+era# o) !he "& n& (ers2 )a&#&ng !o run awa* &n !&$e2 )e## &n!o !he hands o) !he Con)edera!es' Th&s s!agger&ng %#ow %egan !o so%er !he Nor!h' <&n o#n2 ha+&ng go! so$e!h&ng #&(e !he $easure o) !he "ro%#e$2 de!er$&ned )or !he !&$e %e&ng !o &gnore &$"or!una!e %a (>sea! dr&+ers' He sen! )or Genera# George B' M C#e##an 9,7/. 4 7A:2 who had Eus! #eared !he $oun!a&ns o) wes!ern B&rg&n&a o) Con)edera!es2 and ga+e h&$ a )ree hand !o !ra&n wha! was now !o %e a##ed !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a ' Genera# S o!! re!&red2 and $ore +o#un!eers "oured &n!o @ash&ng!on' <a!er on !ha! w&n!er <&n o#n go! r&d o) h&s Se re!ar* o) @ar2 a $a h&ne "o#&!& &an )ro$ Penns*#+an&a who was $ore &n!eres!ed &n !he "a!ronage o) h&s o))& e !han &n ena%#&ng !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a !o )&gh! e))e !&+e#*2 and re"#a ed h&$ w&!h Edw&n S!an!on2 who soon showed h&$se#) !o %e one o) !he $os! +a#ua%#e $e$%ers o) !he Ca%&ne!' I) &! was %eg&nn&ng !o dawn on !he Nor!h !ha! !he war was go&ng !o %e $u h #onger and $ore d&sagreea%#e !han had %een e8"e !ed2 no su h &##u$&na!&on see$s !o ha+e %ene)&!ed !he Sou!h' To %e sure2 !he Con)edera * was on)ron!ed w&!h a hard "red& a$en!' I!s war a&$ was s&$"#e= !o w&n )ro$ !he Nor!h an a (now#edge$en! o) &!s &nde"enden e' I! had ne&!her !he "ower nor !he w&sh !o des!ro* !he go+ern$en! o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es 9o!her !han %* se ed&ng )ro$ &!:2 nor d&d &! ha+e an* des&gns on &!s !err&!or*' The d&))& u#!* was &n hoos&ng $eans !o rea h !he goa#' One rou!e2 $u h )a+oured %e)orehand2 was !ha! o) GK&ng Co!!on1' I! was su""osed !ha! &) <an ash&re and &!s $&##s ou#d no! ge! an* o!!on2 !he Br&!&sh e ono$* wou#d !o!!er2 and !o a+o&d a )a## !he Br&!&sh go+ern$en! wou#d %e )or ed !o &n!er+ene2 !o re ogn&He and guaran!ee !he Con)edera *2 e+en a! !he "r& e o) war w&!h !he Un&on' So e+en %e)ore !he Nor!hern %#o (ade ou#d %&!e2 an e$%argo was "#a ed on !he e8"or! o) o!!on &n ,7./' <an ash&re %egan !o )ee# !he "&n h2 %u! &!s su))er&ngs d&d #&!!#e da$age !o Br&!&sh "ros"er&!* and ne+er %rough! !he Br&!&sh go+ern$en! an*where near !he "o&n! o) &n!er+en!&on' In !he end on#* Ro%er! E' <ee1s &dea2 o) unre#en!&ng %r&##&an! %a!!#e2 w&!h !he o%Ee ! o) %rea(&ng !he Nor!hern w&## !o go on )&gh!&ng2 o))ered an* ho"eF %u! &n !he w&n!er o) ,7., 4 / !he Sou!h d&d no! ado"! &!' Ins!ead she res!ed on her #aure#s2 unw&se#* on!en! a#read* !o ha+e dea#! !he Nor!h a s!&ng&ng re%u(e'
Mean!&$e !he #eaders o) !he Nor!h s!rugg#ed w&!h !he&r own d&#e$$as' Ta !& s $&gh! )or !he $o$en! %e #e)! !o Genera# M C#e##an2 who was %us&#* dr&##&ng h&s $en a! @ash&ng!on and !ea h&ng !he$ a## !he o!her e#e$en!s o) so#d&er&ng2 )ro$ $ar(s$ansh&" !o san&!a!&on' S!ra!eg& ho& es $&gh! e;ua##* %e "os!"oned un!&# !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a was read* !o $o+e' S!&##2 !he* wou#d e+en!ua##* ha+e !o %e )a edF &! wou#d ha+e !o %e de &ded whe!her !o s!& ( !o !he Ana onda "#an or !o a!!a ( one "ar!& u#ar "o&n!F and when !ha! was se!!#ed2 enor$ous resour es wou#d ha+e !o %e $us!ered )or !he g&gan!& e))or! re;u&red' How ou#d Nor!hern w&## %e $a&n!a&ned &n !he #ong s!rugg#e !o a re$o!e +& !or*M True2 %* an* on+en!&ona# $easure !he Nor!h1s $&#&!ar* "o!en!&a# was so o+erwhe#$&ng !ha! she shou#d ha+e %een a%#e !o a h&e+e a s"eed* +& !or*' She was !w& e as "o"u#ous as !he Sou!hF she had o$$and o) !he sea2 !han(s "ar!#* !o G&deon @e##es and "ar!#* !o !he )a ! !ha! !he Sou!h had no na+* and no a##&esF her &ndus!r&a# s!reng!h was grea! and grow&ngF her )&nan &a# %ase was so#&d= Sa#$on P' Chase 9,7?7 4 53:2 Se re!ar* o) !he Treasur*2 was a#wa*s a%#e !o %orrow !he $one* he needed !o "a* )or !he war 9!hroughou! wh& h2 &! shou#d %e added2 n&ne!een!h> en!ur* A$er& ans showed !he$se#+es near#* as re#u !an! !o %e !a8ed as had e&gh!een!h> en!ur* ones:' The war had o$e a! a good $o$en! &n a! #eas! one res"e != &ndus!r&a# !e hn&;ues were now )ar enough ad+an ed !o ena%#e !he Nor!h !o e8"#o&! her wea#!h &n $an* +a#ua%#e new wa*s' For e8a$"#e2 &! had Eus! %e o$e "oss&%#e !o $ass> "rodu e %oo!s and shoes' The so#d&ers o$"#a&ned !ha! !hose !he* go! see$ed !o %e $ade o) "a"er and ra"&d#* )e## !o "&e esF %u! w&!hou! $ass>"rodu !&on !he* wou#d a## !oo o)!en ha+e had !o go %are)oo!2 #&(e so $an* Sou!hern so#d&ers2 or #&(e so $an* so#d&ers !hroughou! h&s!or*' And wha! !he Nor!h ou#d no! "rodu e2 she ou#d "ur hase a%road= !he )&rs! !hree *ears o) !he war2 un!&# Nor!hern )a !or&es augh! u" w&!h Nor!hern de$and2 were a %oo$ !&$e )or !he gun>$a(ers o) B&r$&ngha$' Bu! s!rong !hough !he Nor!h was2 her s!reng!h a#one was no! go&ng !o "rodu e +& !or*2 #eas! o) a## an ear#* one' S(&## was re;u&red2 and s(&## was #a (&ngF s(&## !ha! on#* "a&n)u# e8"er&en e ou#d !ea h' The grea! ;ues!&on !here)ore ou#d no! %e sh&r(ed' The %eha+&our o) !he Penns*#+an&a $&#&!&a a! Bu## Run sugges!ed !ha! Un&on en!hus&as$ a#one ou#d no! %e de"ended on )or !he dura!&on o) a hard war' A$er& ans were no! s hoo#ed !o !he #ong hau# 9&n !he !wen!&e!h en!ur* GMr Doo#e*1 wou#d "&!h&#* hara !er&He !he$ as Gshor!>!er$ rusaders1:' @ar> wear&ness $&gh! d&$&n&sh !he&r )&gh!&ng s"&r&! !o !he "o&n! where !he Nor!h wou#d on ede &nde"enden e !o !he Sou!h ra!her !han go on )&gh!&ng' Toda*2 w&!h !wo wor#d wars !o en#&gh!en us2 we $a* guess !ha! !he danger was s#&gh!er !han &! see$ed= na!&on> s!a!es2 e+en when )&gh!&ng &n a %ad ause under w& (ed #eaders 9)or e8a$"#e2 Ger$ans under H&!#er:2 g&+e u" on#* when a## &s #os!' Ye! <&n o#n and h&s ad+&sers an hard#* %e %#a$ed )or !a(&ng !he "ro%#e$ ser&ous#*' And when2 #a!er &n !he war2 !he* were on)ron!ed w&!h dra)! r&o!s2 se$&>!reasona%#e "ea e $o+e$en!s and an end#ess s!rea$ o) deser!ers2 !he* $us! ha+e )e#! !ha! !he&r an8&e!* was $ore !han Eus!&)&ed' The ause o) reun&on2 o) res!or&ng !he s!a!us ;uo2 was no! enough' <&n o#n had a se$&> $*s!& a# %e#&e) !ha! !he )u!ure ha""&ness o) !he wor#d de"ended on a Nor!hern +& !or*2 and +o& ed !h&s &dea $ore and $ore )re;uen!#*' Bu! &! was !oo re$o!e2 !oo s"e u#a!&+e a no!&on !o )&re $an*2 es"e &a##* as &! was a #ong !&$e %e)ore <&n o#n1s e8!raord&nar* "ersona#&!* %egan !o &ns"&re $u h res"e ! &n h&s )e##ow> &!&Hens' The ause o) an!&> s#a+er* #a* $u h read&er !o handF %u! &! !oo had draw%a (s 4 dangerous ones' The a%o#&!&on&s!s had %een d&+&ded on !he ou!%rea( o) war2 as so o)!en %e)ore' Garr&son2 who )or *ears had urged !he %rea(&ng o) !he o+enan! w&!h He##2 as he a##ed !he Cons!&!u!&on %e ause o) &!s a e"!an e o) s#a+er*2 we# o$ed !he se ess&on o) !he Sou!hF so d&d @ende## Ph&##&"sF and !he* were ;u&!e "re"ared !o sa* so &n "u%#& 2 whe!her on !he s"ea(er1s "#a!)or$ or
&n !he "ages o) !he <&%era!or' For!una!e#* so$e sens&%#e "erson warned !he$ !ha! &) !he* d&d !he* wou#d ne+er %e #&s!ened !o &n !he Nor!h aga&n' The* s!o""ed !o !h&n( )or on e' The u"sho! was !ha! !he* ra##&ed !o !he Un&on ause2 "ro #a&$&ng !ha! &!s +& !or* was essen!&a#2 )or &! wou#d %r&ng w&!h &! !he des!ru !&on o) s#a+er*' Th&s was !he no!e !ha! New Eng#and wan!ed !o hearF !h&s was !he %e#&e) !ha! sen! !he reg&on1s )&nes! *oung $en so eager#* !o war' The*2 and !he&r s*$"a!h&Hers &n Euro"e2 wa&!ed eager#* !o hear <&n o#n ado"! &! as !he o))& &a# reed o) !he Un&on' For $ore !han a *ear !he* wa&!ed &n +a&n' <&n o#n1s d&))& u#!* was no! a ra &a#&s! ;ua#$' H&s ha!red o) s#a+er* was s!rong and dee"2 h&s a!!&!ude !o %#a ( $en one o) s!ra&gh!)orward )r&end#&ness2 #&(e h&s a!!&!ude !o wh&!es' To %e sure2 he shared so$e o) !he "reEud& es o) h&s !&$eF he dou%!ed !ha! &! was "oss&%#e )or !he !wo ra es !o #&+e &n "ea e and e;ua#&!* !oge!her' He ne+er su""osed !ha! !h&s dou%! Eus!&)&ed !he on!&nuan e o) s#a+er*' He wan!ed a## $en2 e+er*where2 !o %e )ree' In !he )&rs! "er&od o) !he C&+&# @ar2 howe+er2 he dared no! !ou h !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on2 as we ha+e seen' The %order s!a!es and Nor!hern o"&n&on had !o %e ons&deredF and2 e+er ons &ous o) h&s enor$ous res"ons&%&#&!&es2 <&n o#n was d&s&n #&ned !o do an*!h&ng !ha! was no! #ear#* ne essar*' So he !oo( s!ern d&s &"#&nar* $easures aga&ns! Nor!hern genera#s who &ssued "ro #a$a!&ons o) s#a+e e$an &"a!&on &n !he areas o) !he&r o$$ands2 and %ore !he resu#!an! a%o#&!&on&s! r&!& &s$s w&!h h&s usua# s!o& &s$' A! !he sa$e !&$e he we# o$ed !he a%o#&!&on %* Congress o) s#a+er* &n !he D&s!r& ! o) Co#u$%&a 9when a Congress$an2 *ears %e)ore2 he had drawn u" a %&## )or !ha! "ur"ose h&$se#): and !he nego!&a!&on %* Seward o) a !rea!* w&!h Grea! Br&!a&n &n ,7./ wh& h a! #as! e))e !&+e#* ended !he A!#an!& s#a+e>!rade' Nor d&d he de$ur when Congress "assed )&rs! one and !hen ano!her Con)&s a!&on A !2 d&re !ed a! re%e# s#a+e>ho#ders' <&n o#n1s au!&on ga+e #&!!#e sa!&s)a !&on !o $u h Nor!hern o"&n&on2 es"e &a##* as &! e$erged !ha! Genera# M C#e##an was a#so au!&ous 4 e8 eed&ng#* au!&ous2 &! see$ed2 #e!harg& ' M C#e##an was o+er&$"ressed %* h&s reasona%#e on+& !&on !ha! !he Sou!h wou#d %e a +er* hard nu! !o ra (' He #a$oured &n essan!#* )or $ore !&$e2 $ore $one* and $ore !ra&n&ng' The Sou!h2 &! see$ed2 was $eanwh&#e $a(&ng good her es a"e' The Nor!h1s )re!)u# an8&e!* was e8"ressed &n +ar&ous !r&+&a# %u! re+ea#&ng &n &den!s2 su h as !he hound&ng &n !he "ress o) @&##&a$ Howard Russe##2 s"e &a# orres"onden! o) The T&$es2 who $ade !he $&s!a(e o) wr&!&ng !oo a ura!e a re"or! o) !he Bu## Run rou!' He was e+en!ua##* )or ed !o go %a ( !o Eng#and' Presen!#* !here was a $aEor )#are>u" wh& h was near#* d&sas!rous' The Con)edera *2 d&ssa!&s)&ed w&!h &!s d&"#o$a!& "rogress2 or ra!her non>"rogress 9)or %o!h Eng#and and Fran e2 &n!&$&da!ed %* !he %e##& ose #anguage o) Se re!ar* Seward2 re)used !o re ogn&He Sou!hern &nde"enden e:2 sen! !wo new $&n&s!ers !o <ondon and Par&s= Messrs Mason and S#&de##' These gen!#e$en s#&""ed eas&#* enough !hrough !he Nor!hern %#o (ade2 %u! word o) !he&r "resen e &n !he area o) h&s o$$and soon rea hed Ca"!a&n @&#(es o) !he US na+*' He d&s o+ered !ha! !he !wo $en had rea hed Cu%a2 and !here %oarded !he Br&!&sh $a&#>s!ea$er Tren!2 sa&#&ng )or ho$e' He s!o""ed !he +esse# and re#&e+ed her o) her !wo &$"or!an! "assengers' He !hen sa&#ed )or Bos!on2 where Mason and S#&de## were on)&ned &n For! @arren wh&#e @&#(es was g&+en a "u%#& %an;ue! and Nor!hern o"&n&on reEo& ed' I! was a %#ow aga&ns! !he Sou!h and a s#a" &n !he )a e )or Grea! Br&!a&n2 wh& h had dee"#* d&sa""o&n!ed !he Un&!ed S!a!es %* her de!er$&ned neu!ra#&!* &n !he grea! s!rugg#e' Toda* &! &s a #&!!#e d&))& u#! !o share !he &n!ens&!* o) )ee#&ng wh& h !he Tren! a))a&r un#eashed' Nowada*s neu!ra#s ha+e #earned !o !a(e !he rough w&!h !he s$oo!h and %e !han()u# so #ong as !he* an s!a* a! "ea e' Su h a !a$e a!!&!ude was &$"oss&%#e !o !he su%Ee !s o) Jueen B& !or&a' A"ar! )ro$ !he &nsu#! !o !he Un&on 0a (2 !here was a w&des"read )ee#&ng !ha! !hose oarse2 +u#gar2 aggress&+e Yan(ees had %eha+ed Eus! as $&gh! ha+e %een "red& !ed2 Eus! as !he* had %eha+ed so o)!en %e)ore= &! was !&$e !o !ea h !he$ a #esson' Mason and S#&de## had re#&ed
on !he "ro!e !&on o) !he Br&!&sh )#agF !he* $us! %e shown no! !o ha+e done so &n +a&n' On !he o!her s&de o) !he A!#an!& o"&n&on was a! )&rs! Eus! as )&r$ &n "ra&s&ng @&#(es and w&sh&ng !o re!a&n h&s a"!&+es as "r&soners o) war' For!una!e#* ne&!her Ca%&ne! 4 ne&!her <&n o#n1s nor <ord Pa#$ers!on1s 4 wan!ed !o #e! !h&s !r&)#e "re &"&!a!e a ru&nous war %e!ween Br&!a&n and A$er& aF a)!er a de en! &n!er+a#2 wh& h a##owed !he Nor!h !o ha+e se ond !hough!s2 !he !wo Sou!herners were re#eased and on!&nued !he&r +o*age !o Euro"e 9!o !he&r own dee" d&sa""o&n!$en!= had !he&r a"!ure !ou hed o)) an Ang#o>A$er& an war !he Sou!h1s &nde"enden e wou#d "ro%a%#* ha+e %een assured:' No!h&ng $ore ha""ened un!&# !he s"r&ng2 when !he war %egan a! #as! !o $o+e &n!o &!s $aEor "hase' As a "re#&$&nar* !he Sou!h !r&ed !o %rea( !he %#o (ade w&!h an &ron #ad +esse#2 !he B&rg&n&a 9)or$er#* !he USS Merr&$a 2 a wooden sh&" !ha! had )a##en &n!o re%e# hands when !he na+a# *ard a! Nor)o#(2 Ba'2 was a"!ured:' B&rg&n&a d&d grea! da$age !o )edera# sh&""&ng &n Ha$"!on RoadsF %u! !he ne8! da*2 &n !he n& ( o) !&$e2 !he )&rs! Nor!hern &ron #ad2 !he new#* o$"#e!ed Mon&!or2 a""eared !o g&+e %a!!#e' The !wo s!range $ons!ers %a!!ered a! ea h o!her )or )&+e hours2 do&ng o$"ara!&+e#* #&!!#e da$ageF %u! &n !he end B&rg&n&a re"! %a ( !o har%our and d&d no! re>e$erge' I! was a $o$en!ous da* &n na+a# h&s!or*2 )or &! $ade !he who#e wor#d1s wooden )#ee!s o%so#e!e and se! o)) a )ran!& hurr* o) sh&"%u&#d&ng and &ron> #add&ng &n Euro"e2 and es"e &a##* &n Br&!a&n' I!s h&e) onse;uen e &n !he C&+&# @ar was !ha! !he )edera# go+ern$en! has!ened on !he "rodu !&on o) $ore Mon&!ors2 so !ha! !he %#o (ade was ne+er %ro(en' The Sou!h %u&#! )our $ore &ron #ads2 %u! #a (ed !he &ndus!r&a# resour es !o do $oreF and none o) !he$ )ough! as su ess)u##* as had B&rg&n&a' In !he sa$e s"r&ng o) ,7./ grea! e+en!s were ha""en&ng &n !he @es!' In Fe%ruar* an o%s ure @es! Po&n! gradua!e2 Br&gad&er>Genera# U#*sses S&$"son Gran! 9,7//>7A:2 !hrus! h&s )or es u" !he Tennessee and Cu$%er#and r&+ers and a"!ured For!s Henr* and Done#son2 wh& h were !he s!ra!eg& (e*s !o !he s!a!e o) Tennessee' The Con)edera!es were )or ed !o e+a ua!e &!2 and Gran! "ursued !he$ a ross !he s!a!e a#$os! &n!o M&ss&ss&""&' Bu! on . A"r&# !he* oun!er>a!!a (ed a! Sh&#oh and near#* dro+e Gran! and h&s ar$* &n!o !he Tennessee r&+er= on#* !he arr&+a# o) re&n)or e$en!s2 and "erha"s !he dea!h &n %a!!#e o) !he Sou!hern o$$ander2 A#%er! S&dne* 0ohns!on2 sa+ed !he Nor!h' On 5 A"r&# &! was Gran!1s !urn !o a!!a (2 and !he Con)edera!es had !o w&!hdraw &n!o M&ss&ss&""&' The asua#!&es on %o!h s&des had %een enor$ous 9,32??? Nor!herners #os!2 ,?2??? Sou!herners: &n !h&s2 !he )&rs! o) !he grea! %u! her&es wh& h were !o hara !er&He !he warF %u! &n !he end !he Un&on he#d &!s ground2 and !he Con)edera * had !o re (on w&!h ha+&ng #os! a grea! hun( o) &!s !err&!or*' Soon a)!erwards a Un&on ar$* and Un&on gun%oa!s onso#&da!ed !he ga&ns o) Sh&#oh and re on;uered !he M&ss&ss&""& +a##e* as )ar sou!h as Me$"h&s' And on /6 A"r&# Co$$odore Da+&d Farragu! 9,7?, 4 5?: !oo( New Or#eans &n one %o#d s!ro(e= a )ea!2 &! w&## %e re$e$%ered2 !ha! had %een %e*ond !he Br&!&sh' A)!er !ha! no!h&ng wen! r&gh! )or !he Nor!h )or a #ong2 #ong !&$e' B* !he s"r&ng o) ,7./ !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a was we##>ar$ed2 #o!hed and o!herw&se e;u&""ed )or war' M C#e##an had won !he !rus! and a))e !&on o) h&s !roo"s2 wh& h he was ne+er !o #ose 9!he* a""re &a!ed h&s re#u !an e !o !hrow !he&r #&+es awa*:' H&s &ns&s!en e on !horough "re"ara!&on and !ra&n&ng had %rough! a se$%#an e o) $u h> needed "ro)ess&ona#&s$ !o !he Nor!h' Bu! h&s au!&on2 h&s "ro ras!&na!&on2 h&s re#u !an e !o $o+e )&na##* e8as"era!ed !he "o#&!& &ans 9es"e &a##* S!an!on: %e*ond enduran e' <&n o#n had %een a%#e !o o+er#oo( !he &$"er!&nen es wh& h M C#e##an was s&##* enough !o o))er h&$2 %u! he ou#d no! e8 use !he Genera#1s re (#ess re)usa# !o ons&der "o#&!& a# rea#&!&es' Ano!her grea! #a$our )or a !&on was r&s&ng2 es"e &a##* a$ong !he Pres&den!1s own Re"u%#& ans2 and <&n o#n ou#d no! res&s! !he&r de$ands )or e+er &n order !o "ro!e ! a genera# who2 &! see$ed2 was a "o#!roon and 9&! was wh&s"ered: a !ra&!or2 and who was er!a&n#* a De$o ra!' F&na##*2 &n A"r&#2
M C#e##an was )or ed !o $o+e' He had de+&sed a $os! "ro$&s&ng s!ra!eg* !ha! e8"#o&!ed !he Un&on1s o$$and o) !he sea' He sh&""ed h&s ar$* down !he Po!o$a !o !he oas! o) B&rg&n&a and #anded &! a! !he !&" o) !he grea! "en&nsu#a where 0a$es!own had %een se!!#ed and Yor(!own had %een %es&eged' Now2 he ho"ed2 &! wou#d see a !h&rd de &s&+e e+en! &n A$er& an h&s!or*' Cer!a&n#* !he a"!ure o) R& h$ond2 wh& h was wha! he ho"ed )or2 wou#d ha+e %een a hea+* %#ow !o !he Sou!h2 !hough no! so de &s&+e as &! "ro+ed a! a $u h #a!er s!age o) !he war when !he res! o) !he Con)edera * had a#read* )a##en or %een de+as!a!ed' Pro!e !ed on e&!her )#an( %* r&+ers 9!he 0a$es and !he Yor(:2 w&!h a se ure %ase %eh&nd h&$ a! For! Monroe2 he %egan !o ad+an e on a narrow )ron!' Had he done so sw&)!#* he wou#d ha+e won h&s rush&ng +& !or*F as &! was2 he go! #oser !o R& h$ond !han an* o!her )edera# genera# wou#d do )or near#* !hree *ears' Bu! s"eed was so$e!h&ng !ha! M C#e##an ou#d ne+er a h&e+e' The Sou!hern de)en es were a! )&rs! e8!re$e#* wea(2 and a %o#d "ush ou#d ha+e o+er!hrown !he$' I! was no! e+en !r&ed' M C#e##an a##owed h&$se#) !o %e de e&+ed %* a ser&es o) %r&##&an! %#u))sF he ad+an ed a! a sna&#1s "a eF and "resen!#* )ound !ha! he had $ere#* on!r&+ed !o g&+e !he Con)edera!es !&$e !o "#an and organ&He e))e !&+e#*' S!onewa## 0a (son (e"! <&n o#n and S!an!on &n ;u&+er&ng a#ar$ )or !he sa)e!* o) @ash&ng!on2 so !ha! !he* den&ed M C#e##an !roo"s he %ad#* neededF $eanwh&#e Genera# 0oe 0ohns!on2 a so#d&er as au!&ous as M C#e##an h&$se#)2 ondu !ed a $as!er#* re!rea!' He %a (ed awa* %e)ore !he Un&on ar$* wh&#e he ga!hered h&s s!reng!h2 a#wa*s re!&r&ng2 ne+er #os&ng a $an $ore !han he had !o' He %rough! M C#e##an w&!h&n s&gh! o) R& h$ond s"&res2 %u! h&s ar$* was s!&## &n!a !' Then he was wounded &n a s(&r$&sh and had !o hand o+er o$$and !o Genera# Ro%er! E' <ee' <ee ou#d ha+e re!rea!ed as s(&#)u##* as 0ohns!on2 %u! !ha! was no! h&s s!*#e' He had a %o#d and res!#ess s"&r&!2 and was es"e &a##* g&)!ed a! !a(&ng h&s ene$* %* sur"r&se and !hen ha$$er&ng !he sur"r&se ho$e' Bes&des2 !he !&$e )or re!rea! was "as!' He sudden#* h&! M C#e##an &n h&s )#an(2 and &n !he Se+en Da*s1 Ba!!#es 9/A 0une>, 0u#*: sen! !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a ree#&ng down !o Harr&son1s <and&ng on !he 0a$es r&+er2 des"era!e )or a res"&!e' On e $ore B&rg&n&a was se ure2 and on e $ore !he Nor!h had %een hu$%#ed' <&n o#n and S!an!on s ra"ed !oge!her ano!her ar$* )ro$ !he !roo"s who had %een he#d %a ( )ro$ M C#e##an2 and sen! !he$ aga&ns! <ee under Genera# Po"e2 who &ssued a !hrea!en&ng and %oas!)u# "ro #a$a!&on &n !he ourse o) wh& h he sa&d !ha! h&s head;uar!ers wou#d %e &n !he sadd#e' Co$$en!&ng !ha! &! was a %e!!er "#a e )or !he h&nd;uar!ers2 <ee !hrashed h&$ sound#* a! !he Se ond Ba!!#e o) Bu## Run 93? Augus! ,7./:' Then he se&Hed !he &n&!&a!&+e2 a! !he sa$e $o$en! as Genera# Bra8!on Bragg se&Hed &! )or !he Con)edera * &n !he @es!' <ee1s &dea was !o )&gh! and w&n a %a!!#e &n Penns*#+an&a= &) he d&d so2 and Bragg su eeded &n on;uer&ng Ken!u (*2 !he %#ow !o Nor!hern $ora#e wou#d %e o#ossa#2 o$&ng as &! wou#d on !o" o) $on!hs o) de)ea!' Br&!a&n and Fran e $&gh! we## de &de !o re ogn&He Sou!hern &nde"enden e' @ash&ng!on $&gh! )a##' In S!onewa## 0a (son he had )ound an &dea# "ar!ner= a %r&##&an! !a !& &an and a+a#r* o$$ander' I! was wor!h !he ga$%#e2 and2 g&+en !he "er)or$an e h&!her!o o) !he Nor!hern genera#s2 <ee "ro%a%#* !hough! !he r&s( was s#&gh!' In !he )&rs! wee( &n Se"!e$%er he rossed !he u""er ourse o) !he Po!o$a &n!o Mar*#and and +an&shed &n!o !he h&##s' The ne8! er!a&n news !ha! @ash&ng!on had o) h&$ was !ha! S!onewa## 0a (son had su ess)u##* a!!a (ed !he grea! )edera# arsena# and de"o! a! Har"er1s Ferr* and arr&ed o)) a $oun!a&n o) %oo!*' <&n o#n2 $ean!&$e2 had has!&#* re a##ed M C#e##an2 "resu$a%#* %e ause2 o) a## !he a+a&#a%#e genera#s2 he had %een de)ea!ed #eas! re en!#*' M C#e##an ;u& (#* reorgan&Hed !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a and "u! so$e s"&r&! &n!o &!s d&shear!ened so#d&ers2 who were !horough#* g#ad !o %e on e $ore under !he o$$and o) <&!!#e Ma ' Then he se! o)) &n "ursu&! o) <ee' @he!her2 #e)!
!o h&$se#)2 he wou#d ha+e )ound h&$ %e)ore <ee was read* anno! %e (nown= %* a s!ro(e o) "ure good #u ( a o"* o) <ee1s orders )e## &n!o h&s hands2 and he was a%#e !o %r&ng !he Con)edera!e Genera# !o %a!!#e a! An!&e!a$ Cree( &n Mar*#and2 Eus! %e#ow !he Penns*#+an&a %order' ,5 Se"!e$%er "ro+ed !o %e !he %#ood&es! da* o) !he war= !he Un&on ar$* had !o a!!a ( u"h&## and su))ered !err&%#e #oss 9,/2???:2 %u! &!s grea!er nu$%ers sa+ed &! )ro$ de)ea! and ena%#ed &! !o &n)#& ! a#$os! e;ua# asua#!&es on !he Con)edera!es' A! !he end o) !he %a!!#e <ee was #e)! &n "ossess&on o) !he )&e#d2 %u! !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a was s!&## &n %e&ng2 and !he Con)edera!e )or es had su))ered so horr&%#* !ha! !here ou#d %e no ;ues!&on o) on!&nu&ng !he a$"a&gn' <ee re!rea!ed &n!o B&rg&n&a2 where he heard !ha! Bragg1s o))ens&+e had a#so )a&#ed a! !he #as! $&nu!e' M C#e##an "ursued h&$2 %u! no! +&gorous#* enough !o sa!&s)* !he Pres&den!' On 5 No+e$%er !he Genera# was d&s$&ssed2 !h&s !&$e )or good' S&8 wee(s "re+&ous#*2 on // Se"!e$%er2 <&n o#n had &ssued !he Pre#&$&nar* E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on' The Pres&den! had %een $ed&!a!&ng so$e su h s!e" )or $on!hs2 )or e+en!s were "o&n! &ne8ora%#* &n !he d&re !&on o) a $aEor assau#! on s#a+er*' o$&ng !o
Fore$os! was !he ons&dera!&on !ha! s#a+er* had aused !he grea! re%e##&on' I! had a#so "o&soned "o#&!& a# #&)e )or $ore !han !h&r!* *ears' The on#* wa* o) $a(&ng sure !ha! &! wou#d ne+er wrea( su h $&s h&e) aga&n was !o des!ro* &!' <&n o#n no #onger had an* dou%! !ha! &! was a #eg&!&$a!e a&$ o) !he war !o re$o+e !he ause o) !he war' Then !here was !he ;ues!&on o) $ora#e2 a#read* $en!&oned' As !he news o) de)ea!s "oured &n dur&ng !ha! dread)u# su$$er Nor!hern s"&r&!s san( as $u h as Sou!hern ones were #&)!ed' <ee was r&gh! &n !h&n(&ng !ha! &! $&gh! no! ha+e !a(en $u h !o %rea( !he Un&on w&## !o go on )&gh!&ng' Bu! !here was one e#e$en! o) Nor!hern o"&n&on !ha! ne+er )a#!ered2 !ha! grew2 &n )a !2 $ore +&gorous and +o &)erous= !he a%o#&!&on&s!s2 who were s!ead&#* ga&n&ng ground &n Congress2 &n !he Re"u%#& an "ar!* and &n !he oun!r* a! #arge' @ende## Ph&##&"s2 who %e)ore !he war had a! +ar&ous !&$es denoun ed <&n o#n as G!ha! s#a+e hound )ro$ I##&no&s1 and as a hu (s!er &n "o#&!& s2 was s!&## "hrase>$a(&ng a! !he Pres&den!1s e8"ense2 !hough he on eded !ha! <&n o#n was GKen!u (* hones!1' Freder& ( Doug#ass a##ed h&$ G!he s#ow oa h a! @ash&ng!on1' The* were ho#d&ng #arge and en!hus&as!& $ee!&ngs' A! !he +er* #eas!2 &! was un)or!una!e !ha! !he* were d&+&d&ng !he Nor!h' The&r energ* ou#d %e &$$ense#* use)u# &) harnessed !o !he Un&on ause %* an e$an &"a!&on de ree' I! $&gh! %r&ng )or!h ano!her surge o) &dea#&s!& *oung re ru&!s )or New Eng#and1s #as! rusade' The* were %ad#* needed2 )or !he dea!h>ra!e2 as $u h )ro$ d&seases augh! &n hos"&!a# as )ro$ wounds re e&+ed on !he %a!!#e)&e#d2 was a""a##&ng' E$an &"a!&on $&gh! $&!&ga!e !he $an"ower "ro%#e$ &n ano!her wa* as we##' E+er s&n e !he war %ro(e ou! !he )ree %#a (s o) !he Nor!h had %een !r*&ng !o en#&s!' In!ense ra e "reEud& e had usua##* re%u))ed !he$2 a#!hough one or !wo had su eeded &n ge!!&ng &n!o un&)or$2 #&(e !he runawa* s#a+e whose %#ood was !he )&rs! shed )or !he Un&on= h&s head was u! o"en %* a %r& (%a! !hrown %* a "ro>Con)edera!e $o% &n Ba#!&$ore as h&s un&! $ar hed !hrough !he !own on ,7 A"r&# ,7.,' Then &n Augus! and Se"!e$%er ,7./2 a! New Or#eans2 Genera# Ben Bu!#er %egan !o organ&He a reg&$en! o) )ree %#a ( +o#un!eers2 !he ,s! <ou&s&ana Na!&+e Guards2 wh& h was $us!ered &n on /5 Se"!e$%er' There were !ens o) !housands $ore su h $en who $&gh! %e en#&s!ed2 %u! !he* wou#d no! %e #&(e#* !o +o#un!eer &n an* nu$%ers &) !he* )e#! !ha! e$an &"a!&on was no! a Nor!hern war>a&$' As a $a!!er o) )a ! no su h dou%! e8&s!ed a$ong !he A)r& an>A$er& ans2 Nor!h or Sou!h2 s#a+e or )ree' To use !he #anguage o) !he da*2 E!h&o"&a was s!&rr&ng' Four and a ha#) $&##&on %#a (
A$er& ans2 who had ne+er %e)ore %een a##owed $u h o""or!un&!* !o sha"e !he&r own des!&n*2 were now !a(&ng a hand' In !he Nor!h !he* !hronged a%ou! !he re ru&!&ng>o))& es2 wa&!&ng )or !he a##' In !he Sou!h !he* "reser+ed !he&r usua# a#$ a""earan e %e)ore !he&r $as!ers2 %u! where+er Un&on ar$&es drew near !he* ran awa* &n enor$ous nu$%ers' Soon e+er* )edera# un&! &n !he Sou!h was )o##owed %* a s!ragg#&ng rowd o) es a"ed s#a+es' The* had !o %e #oo(ed a)!er2 wh& h was a nu&san eF %u! !he* were a#so "u! !o wor(2 as oo(s2 dr&+ers2 na++&es' I! was no! #ong %e)ore +o& es were heard sugges!&ng !ha! !he* $&gh! $a(e so#d&ers' The&r #ega# s!a!us was h&gh#* un er!a&n' In !he +er* ear#&es! da*s o) !he war a Sou!hern gen!#e$an had a !ua##* rossed &n!o )edera# #&nes a! For! Monroe &n B&rg&n&a !o #a&$ !he re!urn o) so$e o) h&s runawa* s#a+es' He had %een )&r$#* re)used %* Ben Bu!#er 9!hen o$$and&ng a! !ha! "#a e: on !he grounds !ha! s&n e s#a+es were "ro"er!*2 !he* ou#d r&gh!)u##* %e se&Hed as on!ra%and o) war2 e+en &) !he* d&d !he se&H&ng !he$se#+es' Th&s &ngen&ous argu$en! was !han()u##* ado"!ed %* <&n o#n and !he res! o) !he Nor!h= )ro$ !hen on !he runawa*s were o$$on#* s"o(en o) as G on!ra%ands1' And as !he war dee"ened &n &n!ens&!*2 as %o!h s&des 9%u! "erha"s "ar!& u#ar#* !he Nor!h: %egan !o !r* de#&%era!e#* !o %r&ng &! ho$e !o ea h o!her %* a "o#& * o) de+as!a!&on and !o den* ea h o!her ne essar* resour es2 Un&on so#d&ers %egan de#&%era!e#* !o en ourage !he s#a+es !o deser! !he "#an!a!&ons' The* ou#d see how #oss o) !he #a%our )or e wou#d r&""#e !he e ono$* o) !he Con)edera *2 and !here)ore &!s a"a &!* !o $a(e warF !he* ou#d see wha! an a ess&on o) s!reng!h !o !he$se#+es !he )our $&##&on s#a+es $&gh! %e' The&r ra &a# a!!&!udes "ro%a%#* d&d no! $u h a#!er= so$e re$a&ned s*$"a!he!& !o !he %#a (s2 so$e hos!&#e2 $os! &nd&))eren!F %u! !he* %e a$e a%o#&!&on&s!s2 o) a +er* e))e !&+e (&nd' B* Augus! ,7./2 so$e o) !he$2 a! #eas!2 were we# o$&ng !he &dea o) en#&s!&ng G!he dar(e*s1' There were so$e $&nor ons&dera!&ons "resen! !o <&n o#n1s $&nd= !he )a ! !ha! Mar*#and was now se ure2 and !ha! M&ssour& and Ken!u (* were a#read* so dee"#* d&+&ded !ha! e$an &"a!&on ou#d hard#* $a(e !h&ngs worseF !he (now#edge !ha! )ore&gn o"&n&on2 es"e &a##* &n Eng#and2 wou#d )&nd &! $u h eas&er !o s*$"a!h&He w&!h !he Nor!h &) an e8"#& &! e$an &"a!&on "o#& * were ado"!ed' Bu! he was "ro%a%#* unaware o) one $aEor ons&dera!&on2 a! #eas! &n a## %u! &!s "er&"hera# $an&)es!a!&ons' S#a+er* was d*&ng )ro$ !he &ns&de' The "#an!ers1 re+o#u!&on had a#read* )a&#ed' GInde"enden e1 and Gour do$es!& &ns!&!u!&ons1 9s#a+er*: 4 !hese were !he !w&n !he$es !ha! re urred &n s"ee h a)!er s"ee h2 ed&!or&a# a)!er ed&!or&a#2 a! !he !&$e o) se ess&on' @ar was a e"!ed2 eager#* &n $an* ases2 as !he ne essar* "r& e' In !he h&gh !&de o) !he Con)edera * %e)ore An!&e!a$ &! was no! *e! !hough! ser&ous#* "oss&%#e !ha! !he Sou!h $&gh! #ose !he war and her &nde"enden eF %u! her do$es!& &ns!&!u!&on had a#read* su))ered de%&#&!a!&ng %#ows' Co!!on "rodu !&on was "#u$$e!&ng2 %e ause o) !he e$%argo2 and %e ause o) !he %#o (ade and !he war 9s&n e )ood ro"s had !o %e grown &ns!ead:' Th&s had !wo wea(en&ng e))e !s= &! s#ashed !he "#an!ers1 &n o$e2 and &! unse!!#ed !he&r s#a+es' @orse s!&## was !he e))e ! o) !he Con)edera * and s!a!e go+ern$en!s1 de$ands on Sou!hern $an"ower2 %o!h %#a ( and wh&!e' The $as!er wen! o)) !o %a!!#e2 !he s#a+e was arr&ed awa* !o wor( )or !he Con)edera!e go+ern$en! as a %#a (s$&!h2 )a !or* hand2 %u&#d&ng #a%ourer or a doHen o!her !h&ngs2 and !he "ersona# %ond %e!ween !he owner and h&s G"ro"er!*1 sna""ed )or good' @ors! o) a## was !he d&re ! e))e ! o) !he war' I! d&d no! see$ !o $a!!er whe!her a Un&on or a Con)edera!e ar$* rossed a "#an!a!&on= e&!her wa* !he resu#! was de+as!a!&on2 as ro"s were !ra$"#ed down2 s!o ( was s!o#en2 )en es were des!ro*ed' One M&ss&ss&""& "#an!er o$$en!ed !ha! !here was no su h !h&ng as a )r&end#* ar$* &n re!rea!' Tha! was &n ,7.62 %u! !he o$&nous s*$"!o$s 4 weed* )&e#ds2 e$"!* s#a+e ;uar!ers2 ha#)>wre (ed %u&#d&ngs 4 had %egun !o a""ear #ong %e)ore' Man* "#an!ers &n areas o) )&gh!&ng sough! !o es a"e so$e2 a!
#eas!2 o) !he &##> e))e !s o) war %* re!&r&ng w&!h !he&r s#a+es dee"er &n!o !he &n!er&or= $an* Sou!hern roads were ho(ed %* #&nes o) re)ugees !rudg&ng )ro$ one "#an!a!&on !o ano!herF %u! !h&s !oo was "ro)ound#* d&sru"!&+e o) s#a+er*2 and h&gh#* un"ro)&!a%#e' So !he "ros"er&!* o) !he Sou!h2 wh& h s#a+er* was su""osed !o guaran!ee and wh& h &n !urn was essen!&a# !o !he on!&nuan e o) s#a+er*2 was a !h&ng o) !he "as! a)!er on#* a *ear o) war' Nor were !here $an* s*$"!o$s o) re o+er*' Here and !here2 !he wh&!e $en ha+&ng gone !o war2 s#a+es !urned re a# &!ran!' The* wor(ed shor!er hours2 or no! a! a##2 or on#* &n res"onse !o "#ead&ngs 4 no! !he wh&"' True2 s#a+e #a%our was s!&## "#en!&)u# and a huge e ono$& asse! !o !he Con)edera *2 s&n e &! &$"#&ed #ong hours and #&!!#e a##owan e )or !he wea(nesses o) se8 or ageF %u! !he "ro%#e$ o) on!ro##&ng &!2 wh& h had a#wa*s %een a! !he hear! o) !he "#an!ers1 on erns2 was grow&ng $ore and $ore &n!ra !a%#e' Seen &n re!ros"e !2 aga&ns! !h&s %a (ground2 !he de &s&on !o &ssue an e$an &"a!&on "ro #a$a!&on see$s &ne+&!a%#e and eas*' I! was no! so )or A%raha$ <&n o#n and h&s ad+&sers' Under !he Cons!&!u!&on !he Pres&den! had no r&gh! !o $edd#e w&!h "r&+a!e "ro"er!* &n su h a swee"&ng )ash&on e8 e"! "erha"s on !he "#ea o) !he $os! e8!re$e $&#&!ar* ne ess&!*' More !han !ha!2 an assau#! 4 an* assau#! 4 on "ro"er!* 4 an* "ro"er!* 4 was )unda$en!a##* an!&"a!he!& !o !he A$er& an !rad&!&on2 wh& h regarded "ro"er!* as sa red' E8 e"! "erha"s )or Sa#$on P' Chase no $e$%er o) !he Ca%&ne! ou#d #&gh!#* agree !o wha! G&deon @e##es2 s!ar&ng a! !he &dea2 a##ed Gan ar%&!rar* and des"o!& $easure &n !he ause o) )reedo$1' <&n o#n $&gh! arr* on w&!h a h&gh hand &n o!her res"e !s 4 sus"end&ng ha%eas or"us2 )or &ns!an e 4 %u! &n !h&s ase2 $&gh! he no! a! #as! %e go&ng a#!oge!her !oo )arM The $a!!er was )&rs! %roa hed !o !he Ca%&ne! &n 0u#*F %* Augus! a## &!s $e$%ers had agreed &n "r&n &"#e2 !hough so$e de$urred as !o !he !&$&ng' <&n o#n wan!ed !o a ! a! on eF %u! Seward "o&n!ed ou! !ha! &! wou#d %e we## !o wa&! un!&# !here was a on+&n &ng Nor!hern +& !or* aga&n' O!herw&se !he grea! deed wou#d #oo( #&(e an a""ea# )or he#" !o !he s#a+es2 no! a %r&ng&ng o) he#" !o !he$' <&n o#n a e"!ed !h&s sugges!&on &n h&s own wa*' S&#en!#* he !oo( an oa!h !ha! &) !he Nor!hern +& !or* o urred2 he wou#d !a(e &! as a s&gn )ro$ God !ha! h&s "ur"oses were a""ro+ed' Then a$e An!&e!a$ and <ee1s re!rea!' He a##ed !he Ca%&ne! !oge!her aga&n and s&gned !he Pre#&$&nar* E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on &n )ron! o) !he$' The !e8! was an*!h&ng %u! s!ra&gh!)orward' I!s gu&d&ng !hough! was !he need !o %e se ure )ro$ ha$"er&ng #ega# oun!er>a!!a (' So !he r&gh!s o) s#a+e>ho#ders &n !he #o*a# s!a!es2 and e+en &n !hose "ar!s o) !he Con)edera * wh& h had %een re on;uered 9 h&e)#* <ou&s&ana and !he Sea Is#ands o)) !he oas! o) Sou!h Caro#&na:2 were on)&r$ed' And e+en &n !he d&s#o*a# areas !he s#a+es wou#d no! %e )reed &) !he&r $as!ers $ade "ea e %* , 0anuar* ,7.3' Bu! &)2 %* !ha! da!e2 !he s!a!es des&gna!ed shou#d s!&## %e &n re%e##&on2 !he s#a+es wou#d %e G!hen2 !hen e)orward2 and )ore+er )ree1' Seward !oo( !he "a"er awa* !o reg&s!er and "u%#&sh &!' <a!er on !ha! da* !here was a "ar!* a! Chase1s house' The )u## s&gn&)& an e o) wha! had %een done %egan !o s&n( &n' So$%re s!a!es$en who had s"en! !he&r "o#&!& a# #&+es re+&#&ng !he Garr&son&ans or a+o&d&ng !he o""ro%r&ous na$e now2 &n sheer #&gh!ness o) hear!2 %egan !o a## ea h o!her a%o#&!&on&s!s' A grea! shadow was #&)!&ng )or e+er' The E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on was2 &n !he s!r& !es! "oss&%#e sense o) !he word2 re+o#u!&onar*' I) !he "o#& * &! announ ed was arr&ed !hrough2 an e$an &"a!&on re+o#u!&on2 #aun hed &n answer !o !he "#an!ers1 re+o#u!&on2 wou#d )unda$en!a##* re$a(e Sou!hern so &e!* on a new "r&n &"#e' The Un&on ause wou#d &ndeed %e o$e wha! <&n o#n a#wa*s #a&$ed &! was2 !he ause o) de$o ra *2 o) )reedo$2 o) e;ua#&!*F and a## !hrea! !o !he &den!&!* and so+ere&gn!* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es wou#d %e o+er' The wor( o) !he ear#&er Re+o#u!&on wou#d %e
o$"#e!ed' No wonder2 &) 9as <&n o#n now %e#&e+ed: &! was God1s w&##' The Sou!h "ro)essed &nd&))eren e= <&n o#n1s wr&! d&d no! run &n !he Con)edera *' So$e hos!&#e r&!& s2 es"e &a##* Br&!&sh onser+a!&+es2 "ro)essed !o see &n !he Pro #a$a!&on on#* an &n &!e$en! !o s#a+e re%e##&on and $urder' So$e rad& a#s were d&sa""o&n!ed !ha! he had g&+en !he re%e# s!a!es !hree $on!hs1 gra e' On !he who#e !he de &s&on was ha&#ed as &! deser+ed' The s#a+es (new !ha! G<&n(u$1 had done a grea! deed )or !he$ e+en &) !he* ou#d no! read2 and e+en !hough !he Con)edera * !r&ed !o su""ress a## re"or!s o) !he Pro #a$a!&on %e)ore &! rea hed !he$' The news ran )ro$ $ou!h !o $ou!h a ross D&8&e %* !he ra"&d %ush>!e#egra"h !ha! a#wa*s so a$aHed !he "#an!er #ass2 and was %e&ng e8haus!&+e#* d&s ussed &n $an* s#a+e ;uar!ers %e)ore !he $as!ers (new wha! had ha""ened' Ye! !he road !o !he )&na# Pro #a$a!&on was no! ;u&!e s!ra&gh!' <&n o#n #&(ed !o "ro eed %* !wo s!e"s )orward2 one s!e" %a (2 so as !o $a(e a%so#u!e#* sure !ha! h&s su""or! was so#&d2 &ndeed2 #a$orousF and he was ne+er $ore are)u# !han &n !h&s grea! $a!!er' So on , De e$%er ,7./ he "u! )orward2 no! )or !he )&rs! !&$e2 "ro"osa#s )or gradua#2 o$"ensa!ed e$an &"a!&on and )or !he o#on&Ha!&on o+erseas o) !he )reed %#a (s' He had se+era# !h&ngs &n $&nd= a$ong o!hers2 !ha! on#* !hrough Cons!&!u!&ona# a$end$en! ou#d !he E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on %e $ade "er$anen!2 and "erha"s on#* gradua# e$an &"a!&on wou#d %e a e"!a%#e !o Congress and !he s!a!es' H&s en!ra# "ur"ose was !o !es! !he wa!ersF and2 sure enough2 !he* were s!or$*' Bu! !he w&nd %#ew s!ronges! &n one d&re !&on' The %order s!a!es $&gh! ha)e and "e!&!&on aga&ns! !he Pro #a$a!&on2 %u! !he rad& a# Re"u%#& ans &n Congress +ehe$en!#* de$anded !ha! he ho#d !o &!' A&rs S!owe a$e down !o @ash&ng!on !o urge !he sa$e 9he gree!ed her= Gso !h&s &s !he #&!!#e #ad* who $ade !h&s %&g war1:' The House o) Re"resen!a!&+es "assed a reso#u!&on &n su""or! o) !he Pro #a$a!&on' I! was enough' On !he a)!ernoon o) New Year1s Da*2 ,7.32 <&n o#n s&gned !he )&na# E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on2 on)&den! !ha! he ou#d $a(e &! s!& (' A! )&rs! h&s hand !re$%#ed so $u h !ha! he had d&))& u#!* &n wr&!&ng' He had a su"ers!&!&ous "ang2 and !hen re$e$%ered !ha! he had %een sha(&ng hands a## $orn&ng w&!h !he rowd !ha! had "oured &n!o !he @h&!e House2 a ord&ng !o us!o$2 !o w&sh h&$ Ha""* New Year' He #aughed2 "u##ed h&$se#) !oge!her and wro!e h&s na$e )&r$#*' In Bos!on !wo grea! "u%#& $ee!&ngs were wa&!&ng )or !he news 4 one2 $a&n#* wh&!e2 a! !he Mus& Ha##2 !he o!her2 $a&n#* %#a (2 a! Tre$on! Te$"#e' @hen !he news a$e %* !e#egra"h Freder& ( Doug#ass #ed !he s&ng&ng a! !he Te$"#eF a! !he Mus& Ha## !he rowd shou!ed )or Mrs S!owe2 and %e)ore !he$ a## she %owed and we"! )or Eo*' The a%o#&!&on&s! rusade was +&nd& a!ed2 and !he wor( o) Un #e To$1s Ca%&n was a h&e+ed' An e#der#* "#an!er &n Ken!u (* !hough! !he sa$e' He a##ed h&s s#a+es !oge!her2 read ou! !he Pro #a$a!&on and !o#d !he$ !ha! !hough &! d&d no! )or$a##* a""#* !o !he$2 he was sure !he&r )reedo$ was a! hand2 and ad+&sed !he$ !o $a(e read* )or &!' In @ash&ng!on a rowd o) %o!h ra es ga!hered ou!s&de !he @h&!e House !o heer !he Pres&den!' The %#a (s sa&d !ha! &) he wou#d G o$e ou! o) !ha! "a#a e1 !he* wou#d hug h&$ !o dea!hF !ha! &! was a !&$e o) !&$esF !ha! no!h&ng #&(e &! wou#d e+er %e seen aga&n &n !h&s #&)e' <&n o#n had done h&s du!*F now !he %#a ( "eo"#e d&d !he&rs' The* deser!ed !he "#an!a!&ons &n #arger nu$%ers !han e+er2 a! ons&dera%#e r&s(2 grea!#* wea(en&ng !he Con)edera!e $&#&!ar* e))or!' The ar$&es o) !he Un&on were orres"ond&ng#* s!reng!hened' S#a+es and on!ra%ands "ro+ed !o %e &n+a#ua%#e s"&es2 gu&des and )oragers )or !he ad+an &ng Nor!herners' Beh&nd !he Con)edera!e #&nes !he s#a+es eager#* su oured Un&on "r&soners o) war as %es! !he* ou#d and he#"ed !he$ !o es a"e &n hundreds' GI) su h (&ndness does no! $a(e one an a%o#&!&on&s!2 he $us! ha+e a hear! o) s!one21 sa&d one o) !hese gra!e)u# )ug&!&+es2 and ano!her ded& a!ed !he %oo( he wro!e a%ou! h&s ad+en!ures G!o !he Rea# Ch&+a#r* o) !he Sou!h1 4 !he %#a (s who had he#"ed h&$ and !he o!hers' Nor was !ha! a##' @he!her as so#d&ers or h&red #a%ourers2 Negroes #a&d
$&#es and $&#es o) $&#&!ar* roadsF dug &nnu$era%#e r&)#e>"&!s2 ra&sed )or!s2 )e##ed )ores!s' The* %u&#! %r&dges2 dra&ned $arshes2 )&##ed sand%ags2 un#oaded +esse#s2 !hrew u" en!ren h$en!s2 dragged annon !o !he )ron!' The* hu$"ed o!!on %a#es a%andoned %* Sou!hern "#an!ers down !o !he M&ss&ss&""& #e+ees2 where !he* ou#d %e sh&""ed !o Un&on head;uar!ers 4 de$ean&ng wor(2 s&n e &! see$ed #&(e a re+ers&on !o s#a+er*' The* s!ood on guard du!* )or end#ess !ed&ous hours' And $ore and $ore !he* were a##owed !o )&gh!' The )&rs! %#a ( reg&$en! !o %e ra&sed2 !he A6!h Massa huse!!s2 was near#* w&"ed ou! &n a +a#&an! %u! unsu ess)u# a!!a ( on For! @agner2 !he (e* !o !he seaward de)en es o) Char#es!on2 &n ,7.3' The NewYor( T&$es a##ed !h&s %a!!#e !he %#a (s1 Bun(er H&##2 )or !hough !he* #os! !he )&gh!2 &! "ro+ed !he&r o$$&!$en! !o !he Un&on ause and !he&r e8 e##en! ;ua#&!* as so#d&ers' The %#a ( garr&son o) For! P&##ow on !he M&ss&ss&""& was a !ua##* w&"ed ou! &n !he )o##ow&ng *ear2 %* Sou!hern so#d&ers who wou#d no! a e"! !he&r surrender 4 an &n)a$ous a !&on wh& h e8 &!ed w&des"read "ass&ona!e onde$na!&on &n !he Nor!h' The Ba!!#e o) M&##&(en1s Bend 9,7.3: was won %* %#a ( !roo"s2 who #a!er )&gured &n #arge nu$%ers and w&!h ons"& uous ga##an!r* &n Gran!1s grea! B&rg&n&an a$"a&gn and &n !he Ba!!#e o) Nash+&##e' B* !he end2 Negroes had )urn&shed ,572-5A so#d&ers2 organ&Hed &n ,.. reg&$en!s2 !o !he Un&on ar$* 4 one>e&gh!h o) &!s en!&re s!reng!h' The* had "ro+&ded a ;uar!er o) !he sa&#ors &n !he Un&on na+*' The* had su ess)u##* &ns&s!ed on %e&ng !rea!ed2 &r& !he a##>&$"or!an! $a!!er o) "a*2 as !he e;ua#s o) wh&!e so#d&ers2 and had on+&n ed Nor!hern o"&n&on !ha! !he* deser+ed &!' The* had won )our!een Congress&ona# Meda#s o) Honour2 !he h&ghes! $&#&!ar* de ora!&on' In !he end !he E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on had Eus!&)&ed a## !he ho"es "#a ed on &!' Meanwh&#e !here was s!&## a war !o %e )ough!2 #&!!#e "rogress was %e&ng $ade2 and &! wou#d %e so$e !&$e %e)ore !he e))e ! o) e$an &"a!&on wou#d %e )e#!' The wes!ern ar$&es were he#d u" a! B& (s%urg2 a s!rong"o&n! on !he M&ss&ss&""& wh& h den&ed !he Un&on on!ro# o) !he r&+er and !here%* "re+en!ed &! )ro$ s"#&!!&ng !he Con)edera * &n!o !wo' In De e$%er !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a 2 o$$anded %* !he we##>&n!en!&oned %u! no! +er* #e+er Genera# Burns&de2 #aun hed an a!!a ( a ross !he r&+er Ra""ahanno ( a! Freder& (s%urg2 aga&ns! an un on;uera%#e Sou!hern "os&!&on' <ee %ea! %a ( !he Un&on&s!s eas&#*2 &n h&s $os! on+&n &ng &) no! h&s $os! e#egan! +& !or*' Nor!hern asua#!&es 9,/2A?? dead or wounded: were as %ad as !hose a! An!&e!a$' A! !he New Year a #ong>drawn>ou!2 %#ood* and &n on #us&+e %a!!#e was )ough! a! Mur)rees%oro &n en!ra# Tennessee' @hen &! was o+er !he Con)edera!es2 under Bra8!on Bragg2 re!rea!ed eas!wards2 %u! !he Federa#s were !oo e8haus!ed !o "ursue !he$ and s!a*ed where !he* were )or ano!her s&8 $on!hs' Aga&n !he asua#!&es had %een a""a##&ng#* nu$erous= ,32??? Federa#s2 ,?2??? Con)edera!es' The $&#&!ar* hara !er o) !he C&+&# @ar was now #ear' I! was !he )&rs! &ndus!r&a#&Hed on)#& !' Th&s $ean!2 a$ong o!her !h&ngs2 !ha! &! was !e hn& a##* )eas&%#e !o ar$2 su""#* and re&n)or e enor$ous ar$&es on!&nuous#* and $o+e !he$ ra"&d#* !o an* %a!!#e)&e#d' Had &! no! %een )or !he ra&#wa*s !he Sou!h $&gh! ha+e $ade good her &nde"enden e' Ins!ead2 !he e8&s!en e o) //2??? $&#es o) ra&#wa* &n !he Nor!h $ean! !ha! so#d&ers and su""#&es ou#d %e $o+ed eas&#* )ro$ one end o) !he oun!r* !o !he o!her2 &) ne essar*' Thus !he Sou!h1s ad+an!age o) &n!er&or #&nes o) o$$un& a!&on was neu!ra#&Hed2 and her o$"ara!&+e shor!age o) ra&#wa* $&#eage 9-2??? $&#es: %e a$e a $aEor s!ra!eg& wea(ness' S!&## worse was !he )a ! !ha! she d&d no! ha+e !he resour es !o $a&n!a&n her road%eds2 ra&#s and eng&nes ade;ua!e#*' In !h&s and $an* o!her wa*s !he Con)edera * su))ered ru &a##* )ro$ under> &ndus!r&a#&Ha!&on= &!s on#* &$"or!an! $anu)a !ur&ng "#an! was !he Tredegar Ironwor(s a! R& h$ond2 whereas !he Nor!h had &nnu$era%#e wor(s o) !he (&nd' A## !he de+o!&on2 energ* and $ore !han Yan(ee &ngenu&!* wh& h Sou!hern &n+en!ors ga+e !o !he Cause2 and wh& h Sou!hern so#d&ers a""#&ed !o !he a"!ure o) $a!er&a# )ro$ !he Nor!h2 ou#d no! $a(e good !he )ear)u# ga"' Bu! %o!h s&des o"era!ed on a s a#e h&!her!o un(nown an*where'
Hen e !he o#ossa# s a#e o) C&+&# @ar %a!!#es' These "ro+ed !o %e )ear)u##* de%&#&!a!&ng' A)!er !wo *ears o) war !he +o#un!eer s"&r&! %egan !o )#ag2 and %o!h Nor!h and Sou!h had !o resor! !o ons r&"!&on2 wh& h aused %ad !rou%#e2 es"e &a##* &n !he Nor!h' The a)!er$a!h o) !he Ba!!#e o) Ge!!*s%urg was $arred %* an ou!%rea( o) )ero &ous an!&> ons r&"!&on r&o!s &n New Yor(2 wh& h ;u& (#* !urned &n!o an!&>%#a ( r&o!s2 &n wh& h a %#a ( h&#dren1s or"hanage was %urned down and se+era# %#a (s were #*n hedF hundreds o) wh&!es d&ed' In)#a!&on2 aused %* !he +as! %orrow&ngs o) !he )edera# go+ern$en!2 ga##o"ed awa*= "r& es had &n reased %* -- "er en! %* !he end o) !he war' A +o &)erous $&nor&!* o) Pea e De$o ra!s2 n& (na$ed GCo""erheads1 9a)!er a o$$on "o&sonous sna(e:2 &ndu#ged &n an o""os&!&on wh& h was near#*2 and o as&ona##* ;u&!e2 !reasona%#e' @ar>wear&ness2 and resen!$en! o) !he ad$&n&s!ra!&on1s %ad #u ( and &n o$"e!en e2 were e8"ressed a! !he "o##s= !he Re"u%#& ans d&d %ad#* &n !he ,7./ Congress&ona# e#e !&ons 9!hough !he* d&d no! #ose on!ro# o) !he houses: and $&gh! e8"e ! !o do worse &n !he Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on o) ,7.6 un#ess !he* had won !he war %* !hen' Three Con)edera!e s h& " s 2 F#or&da2 A#a%a$a and Shenandoah2 %u&#! surre"!&!&ous#* &n Eng#and2 ra+aged !he unar$ed $ar&!&$e o$$er e o) !he Nor!hF s&n e !he* ou#d no! arr* !he&r "r&Hes ho$e !hrough !he %#o (ade2 !he* %urned !he$ on !he h&gh seas' The&r a !&+&!&es dee"#* e$%&!!ered Nor!hern o"&n&on aga&ns! Br&!a&n2 wh& h had %#under&ng#* a##owed !he ra&ders !o es a"e )ro$ B&r(enheadF a! !&$es &! #oo(ed as &) !here $&gh! *e! %e a !h&rd Ang#o>A$er& an war' <&n o#n1s %urdens were rush&ng2 and +&s&%#* aged h&$F !hose o) 0e))erson Da+&s were worse' The Sou!hern Pres&den! had h&s wea(nesses 9o) wh& h a "oor Eudge$en! o) $en was "ro%a%#* !he wors!:2 %u! he was !he %es! $an a+a&#a%#e )or h&s a#$os! &$"oss&%#e Eo%2 o) rea!&ng a na!&on s!a!e and )&gh!&ng )or &!s #&)e s&$u#!aneous#*' He $e! o%s!ru !&on and hear!%rea(&ng d&))& u#!&es a! e+er* !urn' The %#o (ade2 s!ead&#* !&gh!en&ng2 "re+en!ed !he &$"or!a!&on o) goods )ro$ Euro"e &n an* ;uan!&!*2 and su h %#o (ade>runners as !here were 9!he* $ade enor$ous )or!unes: !ended !o &$"or! &!e$s2 su h as ha!s and dresses )ro$ Par&s2 w&!h an e*e !o !he&r own "ro)&! ra!her !han !o !he $&#&!ar* needs o) !he Con)edera *' An*wa*2 !he Sou!h had )ew resour es w&!h wh& h !o "a* )or &$"or!s' The &d&o!& K&ng Co!!on "o#& * $ean! !ha! when o!!on ou#d ha+e %een go! !o Euro"e and !here e8 hanged )or ar$s2 &! had %een w&!hhe#d2 &n order !o &n!&$&da!e !he Euro"eans 9who d&s o+ered2 $u h !o !he&r own sur"r&se2 !ha! !he* ou#d a! a "&n h $anage w&!hou! Sou!hern o!!on2 us&ng Ind&an &ns!ead:F !hen &! had %een %urned2 !o (ee" &! ou! o) !he Yan(ees1 #u! hes and !o )ores!a## !hose un"a!r&o!& "#an!ers who $&gh! ha+e %een !e$"!ed !o de)* !he e$%argoF )&na##* !he o!!on>)&e#ds had #arge#* %een !urned o+er !o )ood ro"s )ro$ wh& h !o )eed !he ar$&es' The Sou!h was a%#e !o ra&se a er!a&n a$oun! o) $one* on !he <ondon and Par&s e8 hanges on !he se ur&!* o) )u!ure o!!on ro"s2 %u! no!h&ng #&(e enough !o %u* a## &! needed' As &) !h&s was no! enough2 Da+&s had a#so !o s!rugg#e w&!h !he &nade;ua &es o) !he Sou!h1s "o#&!& a# s!ru !ure' S!a!es1 r&gh!s had %een !he s#ogan under wh& h !he Sou!h se ededF s!a!es1 r&gh!s were enshr&ned &n !he new Con)edera!e Cons!&!u!&onF )or s!a!es1 r&gh!s !he Sou!h wou#d2 &! see$ed2 o$$&! su& &de' A## !oo )re;uen!#* Da+&s had !o s!rugg#e %&!!er#* w&!h s!a!e Go+ernors 90oe Brown o) Georg&a and Ce%u#on Ban e o) Nor!h Caro#&na:= a! )&rs! o+er $a!!ers o) "r&n &"#e2 su h as ons r&"!&on and !he sus"ens&on o) ha%eas or"usF &n !he end o+er des"era!e#* needed $&#&!ar* su""#&es' He was no! he#"ed %* h&s B& e>Pres&den!2 A#e8ander S!e"hens o) Georg&a2 who denoun ed h&$ as Gwea( and +a &##a!&ng2 !&$&d2 "e!u#an!2 "ee+&sh2 o%s!&na!e2 %u! no! )&r$12 or %* a Ca%&ne! !ha! ons&s!ed #arge#* o) $ed&o r&!&es' He was no! e+en a%#e !o e+o#+e a s*s!e$ o) "r&or&!&es )or !he a##o a!&on o) su h su""#&es as !here were' The wes!ern and eas!ern !hea!res were #e)! !o s ra$%#e aga&ns! ea h o!her )or $en and $un&!&onsF !he eas!ern !hea!re2 %e&ng !ha! o) R& h$ond2 B&rg&n&a and Ro%er! E' <ee2 !ended !o ge! !he #&on1s share2 a#!hough !he war wou#d e+en!ua##* %e won and #os! &n !he @es!' Da+&s was "ar!#* !o %#a$e )or !h&s= he ne+er saw2 un!&# &! was )ar !oo #a!e2 !he need )or a su"re$e $&#&!ar* o$$anderF he !hough! he ou#d do &! a## h&$se#)' The one "erson &n a "os&!&on !o $a(e h&$ see sense &n !&$e
was <ee2 %u! <ee h&$se#) !hough! and )ough! ra!her as a B&rg&n&an !han as a Sou!herner= he !oo see$s no! !o ha+e unders!ood !he &$"or!an e o) !he @es! and !he &$"era!&+e need )or de+&s&ng an o+era## s!ra!eg*' The on!ras! w&!h ano!her B&rg&n&an genera# &s &ns!ru !&+e= he was &n so$e res"e !s !he Con)edera *1s George @ash&ng!on2 %u! he #a (ed @ash&ng!on1s o$"rehens&+e gras" o) "o#&!& s and war' Ye! a! #eas! he ou#d see !ha! !he Sou!h was grow&ng wea(er and wea(er= she ou#d no! a))ord !o de"end so#e#* on !he ho"e !ha! Nor!hern war> wear&ness wou#d &n rease2 unass&s!ed2 !o su h an e8!en! !ha! <&n o#n wou#d g&+e u" !he s!rugg#eF she $&gh! g&+e u" )&rs! herse#)' So <ee on e $ore !urned !o !he o))ens&+e' In !he #a!e s"r&ng o) ,7.3 he %egan !o $o+e Nor!h aga&n' Essen!&a##* h&s "#an was !he sa$e as !ha! wh& h had so near#* su eeded &n !he "re+&ous *ear' Seasoned %* a## &!s a$"a&gn&ng under &!s &n o$"ara%#e o$$anders2 !he ar$* o) Nor!hern B&rg&n&a was a! !h&s "o&n! as )&ne a )or e2 &n !er$s o) )&gh!&ng ;ua#&!*2 as an* !ha! !he wor#d has seen' <ee ou#d de"end on h&s so#d&ers &$"#& &!#*2 as he ou#d on S!onewa## 0a (son2 as he ou#d2 he !hough!2 on !he do#!&sh o$$and o) !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a ' R& h$ond s!ra&ned e+er* ner+e !o su""#* h&$ ade;ua!e#*' He se! ou! !o &n+ade Penns*#+an&a' I) he su eeded2 !he )r&gh! g&+en !o Nor!hern &+&#&ans wou#d a#one %e we## wor!hwh&#e= &! $&gh! &ndu e !he$ !o w&!hdraw !roo"s )ro$ !he @es!2 where &! was %eg&nn&ng !o #oo( as &) B& (s%urg $&gh! )a## a! #as!' He $&gh!2 &n add&!&on2 a"!ure @ash&ng!on and !here%* w&n !he war= )or sure#*2 a)!er su h a )ear2 Br&!a&n and Fran e wou#d re ogn&He !he Con)edera *' To do a## !h&s2 !o %e sure2 &! wou#d %e ne essar* !o des!ro* !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a 2 wh& h &n s"&!e o) a## !he %a!!er&ngs he had ad$&n&s!ered !o &! he had ne+er *e! ;u&!e on!r&+edF %u! <ee had no! earned h&s re"u!a!&on %* "ess&$&s$' He se! !o wor(' F&rs! &! was ne essar* !o "ro!e ! R& h$ond aga&ns! ano!her Nor!hern o))ens&+e2 wh& h was #aun hed &n A"r&#' Th&s <ee d&d %* !he +& !or* o) Chan e##ors+&##e on / Ma* ,7.3' In dense )ores! 4 !he un!ou hed w&#derness o) en!ra# B&rg&n&a 4 &! "ro+ed eas* enough !o %ew&#der and ou!)#an( !he &n+ader' <ee e+en dared !o %rea( !he o#d ru#e and d&+&de h&s ar$* &n !he "resen e o) !he ene$*2 so !ha! he ou#d a!!a ( )ro$ !wo s&des a! on e' The ou! o$e en!&re#* Eus!&)&ed h&$= !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a had !o re!rea!2 a)!er sus!a&n&ng hea+* #osses2 and Mr <&n o#n %egan !o #oo( a%ou! )or *e! ano!her new o$$ander 9!he #oser a! Chan e##ors+&##e was Genera# Hoo(er:' Ye! "erha"s !he Con)edera!e #oss was !he hea+&er= S!onewa##2 re!urn&ng )ro$ a $oon#&! re onna&ssan e2 was sho! %* one o) h&s own sen!r&es' He !oo( a da* or !wo !o d&e2 #&nger&ng &n de#&r&u$' H&s #as! words were= G<e! us ross !he r&+er and res! &n !he oo# o) !he !rees'1 Bu! h&s o$rades had a #ong ho! road !o go= he rossed !he r&+er a#one' <ee rossed2 no! 0ordan2 %u! !he Po!o$a ' He )e&n!ed as %r&##&an!#* as e+er= !he Nor!h was )&rs! "uHH#ed2 !hen !err&)&ed' In @ash&ng!on a## was on)us&on= a! #eng!h o$$and o) !he res&s!an e was g&+en !o Genera# George Meade 9,7,A 4 5/:2 a @es! Po&n!er o) #&!!#e "ro$&nen e 9!he a""o&n!$en! was so un#&(e#* !ha! when Meade was roused )ro$ s#ee" !o re e&+e &! he !hough! !he $essenger had o$e !o arres! h&$:' The Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a hurr&ed a)!er <ee2 who now %urs! ou! o) !he Mar*#and h&##s &n!o !he %road +a##e*s o) en!ra# Penns*#+an&a2 Eus! wes! o) !he s!a!e a"&!a#2 Harr&s%urg2 and !he grea! a##u+&a# "#a&n= )a! )ar$#ands2 h&!her!o un!ou hed %* war' Bu! <ee d&d no! ha+e ;u&!e !he o$"#e!e on!ro# o) h&s ar$* !ha! he had enEo*ed &n S!onewa##1s !&$e' H&s a+a#r* o$$ander2 0e% S!uar!2 was %* no $eans so re#&a%#e2 and "erha"s !he gra &ous <ee was &n a"a%#e o) %e&ng su))& &en!#* )&r$ w&!h h&$' A! an* ra!e2 a! !h&s ru &a# $o$en!2 0e% S!uar! was awa* on a ra&d2 and <ee had no (now#edge o) !he wherea%ou!s o) !he ene$*2 e8 e"! !ha! he was so$ewhere on h&s )#an(' Then on , 0u#* !he* %#undered &n!o ea h o!her a! !he s$a## !own o) Ge!!*s%urg' <ongs!ree!2 o$$ander o) <ee1s )&rs! or"s2
d&s#odged !he Federa#s )ro$ !he !own eas&#* enough2 %u! a! !he "r& e o) dr&+&ng !he$ sou!hwards &n!o an ad$&ra%#e de)ens&+e "os&!&on a#ong a )&sh> hoo( sha"ed r&dge' I! was Freder& (s%urg re+ersedF no! <ee1s sor! o) %a!!#e' He sa&d a)!erwards !ha! &! was a## h&s )au#!2 %u! %e)orehand h&s #ear Eudge$en! was !ha! $anoeu+r&ng was &$"oss&%#e 9%e ause !he Yan(ees wou#d s&$"#* wa! h !he&r o""or!un&!* and !hen h&! h&$ &n !he )#an(: and so was re!rea!' So he reso#+ed on !he sa$e !a !& s !ha! had de &$a!ed "oor Genera# Burns&de1s $en se+en $on!hs %e)ore= a ser&es o) )ron!a# a!!a (s u"h&##' The resu#! was !he $os! !err&%#e %a!!#e o) !he war2 a s!rugg#e wh& h wen! on )or !wo da*s2 "rodu &ng )r&gh!)u# asua#!&es 9/32??? (&##ed2 wounded or $&ss&ng )or !he Nor!h2 a%ou! !he sa$e )or !he Sou!h:' The Con)edera!e so#d&ers "er)or$ed "rod&g&es o) +a#our2 %u! a! #as! ou#d do no $ore' The )&na# a!!a ( )a&#edF <ee ordered a re!rea!' I! was $ade $ore d&s$a# %* "our&ng ra&n2 %u! "erha"s !ha!2 and !he e8haus!&on o) !he Nor!hern ar$*2 "reser+ed <ee )ro$ !o!a# des!ru !&on' On e $ore he go! awa* w&!h a sa+&ng re$nan! a ross !he Po!o$a F and on e $ore A%raha$ <&n o#n2 who had )e#! !ha! he had h&s ene$* &n h&s gras" a! #as!2 sound#* %era!ed h&s +& !or&ous genera# )or !oo s#ugg&sh a "ursu&!' Ye! o+era## he ou#d a))ord !o reEo& e= !he Sou!h wou#d ne+er aga&n %e a%#e !o #aun h su h an o))ens&+e2 and on 6 0u#*2 Inde"enden e Da*2 !he da* a)!er Ge!!*s%urg2 Gran! !oo( B& (s%urg' <&n o#n "roud#* announ ed !ha! G!he Fa!her o) @a!ers )#ows on e $ore un+e8ed !o !he sea1' E+en !he ou!%rea( o) !he New Yor( dra)! r&o!s ou#d no! des!ro* !he $ean&ng o) !he !wo grea! +& !or&es' The s!ra!eg& &n&!&a!&+e had "assed !o !he Nor!h )or good2 and !he Sou!h1s doo$ was sure2 so #ong as !he Un&on1s w&## he#d )&r$' I! was !&$e2 and $ore !han !&$e2 !o ons&der wha! !o do when !he Un&on had a h&e+ed &!s )&na# +& !or*' True2 !ha! "ro ess2 !han(s !o Ro%er! E' <ee2 was go&ng !o !a(e e&gh!een $on!hs $ore2 and !here was go&ng !o %e a! #eas! one agon&H&ng $o$en! when &! #oo(ed as &) a## $&gh! %e #os!F %u! no one (new !h&s &n !he su$$er o) ,7.3' And )or $on!hs Congress had %een s!ead&#* grow&ng $ore asser!&+e on !he ;ues!&on o) !he "os!>war se!!#e$en!' I) one wan!s !o "& ( a $o$en! as !he o"en&ng o) !he Re ons!ru !&on !raged*2 !he )a## o) B& (s%urg w&## do as we## as an* o!her' <&n o#n1s "o#& * dur&ng !he war had !wo #ear#* d&s!&n ! %u! o+er#a""&ng "hases' In !he )&rs!2 h&s !as( was !o )&nd !he $eans o) w&nn&ng and !o on+&n e h&s )e##ow> &!&Hens !ha! +& !or* was wor!h &!s os!' In !he se ond2 he had !o "re"are a "ea e' B* !he au!u$n o) ,7.3 he had su%s!an!&a##* o$"#e!ed h&s )&rs! !as(' So he a e"!ed an &n+&!a!&on !o de#&+er a )ew su&!a%#e words a! !he ded& a!&on o) a e$e!er* )or !he )a##en a! Ge!!*s%urg' The $a&n address o) !he da* was de#&+ered %* an e#egan!#* )#uen! w&nd%ag2 who ga+e a s"ee h )u## o) #& hOs !ha! #as!ed !wo hours' <&n o#n1s #as!ed %are#* !wo $&nu!es' Ye! +er* soon !h&s #&!!#e Ge!!*s%urg Address was %e&ng ;uo!ed and a""#auded e+er*whereF )or &n &! <&n o#n a! #as! a h&e+ed !he "er)e ! d&s!&##a!&on o) wha! he had %een !r*&ng !o !ea h h&s "eo"#e s&n e2 &n h&s &naugura# address2 he had )&rs! "u! !he ase )or $aEor&!* go+ern$en!' Fours ore and se+en *ears ago Zhe %egan[ our )a!hers %rough! )or!h on !h&s on!&nen!2 a new na!&on2 on e&+ed &n <&%er!*2 and ded& a!ed !o !he "ro"os&!&on !ha! a## $en are rea!ed e;ua#' Now we are engaged &n a grea! &+&# war2 !es!&ng whe!her !ha! na!&on or an* na!&on so on e&+ed and so ded& a!ed2 an #ong endure' @e are $e! on a grea! %a!!#e>)&e#d o) !ha! war' @e ha+e o$e !o ded& a!e a "or!&on o) !ha! )&e#d2 as a )&na# res!&ng "#a e )or !hose who here ga+e !he&r #&+es !ha! !ha! na!&on $&gh! #&+e' I! &s a#!oge!her )&!!&ng and "ro"er !ha! we shou#d do !h&s'
Bu!2 &n a #arger sense2 we an no! ded& a!e4we an no! onse ra!e V we an no! ha##ow 4 !h&s ground' The %ra+e $en2 #&+&ng and dead2 who s!rugg#ed here2 ha+e onse ra!ed &!2 )ar a%o+e our "oor "ower !o add or de!ra !' The wor#d w&## #&!!#e no!e2 nor #ong re$e$%er wha! we sa* here2 %u! &! an ne+er )orge! wha! !he* d&d here' I! &s )or us !he #&+&ng2 ra!her2 !o %e ded& a!ed here !o !he un)&n&shed wor( wh& h !he* who )ough! here ha+e !hus )ar so no%#* ad+an ed' I! &s ra!her )or us !o %e here ded& a!ed !o !he grea! !as( re$a&n&ng %e)ore us 4 !ha! )ro$ !hese honoured dead we !a(e &n reased de+o!&on !o !ha! ause )or wh& h !he* ga+e !he #as! )u## $easure o) de+o!&on 4 !ha! we here h&gh#* reso#+e !ha! !hese dead sha## no! ha+e d&ed &n +a&n 4 !ha! !h&s na!&on2 under God2 sha## ha+e a new %&r!h o) )reedo$ 4 and !ha! go+ern$en! o) !he "eo"#e2 %* !he "eo"#e2 )or !he "eo"#e2 sha## no! "er&sh )ro$ !he ear!h' For <&n o#n1s or&g&na# aud&en e !he &$"or!an e o) !he address was !ha! &! su$$ed u" !he&r dee"es! %e#&e)s2 wh& h2 wha!e+er !he&r +a#&d&!* 9!he !wen!&e!h en!ur* has shown u" a er!a&n e#e$en! o) "resu$"!&on &n !he$2 as we## as !he&r essen!&a# orre !ness:2 were ne&!her hea" nor s&##*' In !he&r na$e2 su$$oned %* <&n o#n1s so%er #anguage2 !he* ou#d on!&nue !o )&gh! &n s!ern Pur&!an ho"e)u#ness' For <&n o#n !he &$"or!an! "o&n! was "ro%a%#* !he s&ng#e "hrase Ga## $en are rea!ed e;ua#1 9#&)!ed )ro$ !he De #ara!&on o) Inde"enden e:' For h&$2 %* now2 !he auses o) Un&on and o) e$an &"a!&on were one' The asua#!* #&s!s were on!&nua##* #eng!hen&ng2 and !he dea!hs )ro$ d&seases on!ra !ed &n !he a""a##&ng hos"&!a#s were dou%#e !he nu$%er o) !hose &n %a!!#e' As <&n o#n on!e$"#a!ed !he horr&%#e su))er&ng2 he wondered2 e+er $ore an8&ous#*2 wha! s&ns o) o$&ss&on or o$$&ss&on he and h&s oun!r*$en had o$$&!!ed !o deser+e !h&s has!en&ng a! God1s hands 4 !he God &n who$2 %e)ore !he war2 he had a#$os! eased !o %e#&e+eF and he reso#+ed !ha! &n !he $a(&ng o) !he "ea e2 !he re$a(&ng o) !he Un&on2 !hose s&ns wou#d no! %e re"ea!ed' The dee"es! s&n2 o) ourse2 !he roo! o) !he who#e $a!!er2 was s#a+er*2 %u! !ha! was we## on !he wa* !o )&na# e8!&n !&on' The E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on was do&ng &!s wor(' As a war!&$e $easure &! ou#d no! "er$anen!#* ou!#aw s#a+er*2 e+en !hough &! )reed !he s#a+esF %u! a#read* "ro"osa#s were %e&ng %rough! )orward )or an a$end$en! !o !he Cons!&!u!&on2 end&ng !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on )or e+er' More "ress&ng were !he &n!&$a!e#* re#a!ed "ro%#e$s o) wha! !o do w&!h !he )or$er s#a+es2 and wha! !o do w&!h !he re%e#s' <&n o#n2 de!er$&ned !o a+o&d !hose )au#!s o) arrogan e and r&g&d&!* wh& h had "#a*ed so #arge a "ar! &n %r&ng&ng a%ou! !he C&+&# @ar2 ear#* de &ded on h&s ourse' The %#a (s wou#d ha+e !o !rus! !o !he w&sdo$ and $er * o) !he&r )or$er $as!ersF !h&s $&gh! no! %e a %ad )a!e &) !he Sou!h was shown w&sdo$ and $er * %* !he )edera# go+ern$en!' <&n o#n de$ons!ra!ed wha! he $ean! &n h&s "#ans )or !he re ons!ru !&on o) <ou&s&ana2 !he )&rs! Sou!hern s!a!e !o )a## %a ( en!&re#* &n!o Un&on hands' <e! ,? "er en! o) !he s!a!e1s +o!ers !a(e !he oa!h o) #o*a#!* !o !he Un&on and renoun e s#a+er*2 and !he* ou#d se! u" a new go+ern$en!2 wh& h wou#d %e read$&!!ed !o !he Un&on on !he o#d !er$s' <&n o#n1s on#* reser+a!&on was !ha! er!a&n a!egor&es o) re%e# 4 )un !&onar&es o) !he Gso> a##ed1 Con)edera!e go+ern$en!2 )or e8a$"#e2 or $en who had res&gned US $&#&!ar* or na+a# o$$&ss&ons 4 wou#d %e e8 #udedF o!herw&se "ardon wou#d %e a+a&#a%#e !o a## who !oo( !he #o*a#!* oa!h' <&n o#n an ha+e had )ew &##us&ons a%ou! !he d&))& u#!* o) wha! he was under!a(&ng2 and was as )#e8&%#* read* as e+er !o !r* so$e!h&ng e#se &) !h&s s he$e )a&#edF %u! undernea!h !he $agnan&$&!* and au!&on wh& h were su h #ead&ng !ra&!s o) h&s hara !er #a* a )#&n!>#&(e se#)>assuran e' Aga&ns! a## odds2 he was su ess)u##* gu&d&ng !he Un&on !owards +& !or*F he wou#d
a#so gu&de &! !owards "ea e2 and a Eus! )u!ure' The d&))& u#!&es ;u&!e )a&#ed !o daun! h&$' Ye! !he* were )or$&da%#e2 and on one o) !he$ h&s en!er"r&se $us!2 I !h&n(2 ha+e )oundered' The Sou!hern wh&!es were o%dura!e' The* were o) no $&nd2 &! "ro+ed2 !o show w&sdo$ and $er * !o !he %#a (s' Had <&n o#n #&+ed he wou#d ha+e %een )a ed %* su h !o(ens o) res&s!an e as !he &n)a$ous B#a ( Codes26 and !hus ha+e %een )or ed !o !a(e !he road o) rad& a# re ons!ru !&on' To su""ose !ha! he wou#d no! ha+e done so &s !o $&s!a(e !he na!ure o) h&s re#a!&onsh&" w&!h !he Re"u%#& an "arr*2 o) wh& h he was a)!er a## !he #eaderF and !o )orge! !ha! he was2 and (new h&$se#) !o %e2 !he Grea! E$an &"a!or' He had &n urred gra+e res"ons&%&#&!&es )or !he we#)are o) !he )or$er s#a+esF he was no! !he $an !o sh&r( !he$' In h&s #&)e!&$e &! was res&s!an e )ro$ !he o!her s&de2 )ro$ !hese sa$e rad& a# Re"u%#& ans2 wh& h see$ed #&(e#&es! !o !hwar! h&s generous "roEe !s' The s!rongho#d o) !hese $en was Congress2 wh& h !he* had do$&na!ed s&n e !he Sou!hern w&!hdrawa# &n ,7.,' The rad& a#s d&d no! share e&!her <&n o#n1s $agnan&$&!* or h&s se#)> on)&den e2 and so$e o) !he$ wan!ed ano!her "res&den!&a# and&da!e &n ,7.6= one $ore e8!re$e &n h&s +&ews and $ore su%ser+&en! !o Congress' The* d&d no! !rus! !he Sou!hern "#an!ers2 and !hough! !ha! )ar $ore o%s!a #es shou#d %e "#a ed &n !he&r wa*2 #es! !he* rega&n on!ro# o) !he s!a!es and %o!h o""ress !he )reed$en and ha##enge !he Re"u%#& an as endan * &n Congress' The* )e#! )ur!her !ha! a re ons!ru !&on "#an shou#d ha+e so$e e8"#& &! "ro+&s&ons )or sa)eguard&ng !he &n!eres!s o) !he %#a (s2 !hough a! !h&s s!age ne&!her !he* nor !he Pres&den! were w&##&ng !o do $ore !han !o* w&!h !he &dea o) Negro su))rage' The* were a""a##ed %* a !ua# e+en!s &n <ou&s&ana 9Genera# Ban(s2 <&n o#n1s agen! !here2 showed h&$se#) $u h !oo o>o"era!&+e w&!h !he "#an!ers:' A## !hrough !he s"r&ng and su$$er o) ,7.6 !he d&s"u!e raged' E+en!ua##* !he rad& a#s "ushed !he so> a##ed @ade>Da+&s %&## !hrough Congress= &! e$%od&ed so$e o) !he&r own s!r&ngen! &deas2 )or e8a$"#e %* re;u&r&ng A? "er en! o) !he wh&!e $a#e &!&Hens !o !a(e an G&ron #ad1 #o*a#!* oa!h %e)ore a s!a!e $&gh! re o+er &!s "owers' <&n o#n +e!oed &!2 s&n e &! wou#d ha+e !&ed h&s hands' The rad& a#s were enraged' The* were on+&n ed !ha! !he war had %een aused so#e#* %* !he $a h&na!&ons o) !he "#an!ers 9no! !rue A$er& ans2 &n !he&r +&ew2 %u! ar&s!o ra!s and Tor&es: and !he* were de!er$&ned !o %rea( !he o#&gar h*1s "ower on e )or a##' The* were re&n)or ed &n !he&r de!er$&na!&on %* $an* o) !he a##&es !ha! !he Re"u%#& an "ar!*1s su ess had won )or &!' The* were !he su""or!ers o) "ro!e !&+e !ar&))s2 o) !rans on!&nen!a# ra&#wa*s2 $en who had done we## ou! o) !he war and $ean! !o do we## ou! o) !he "ea e2 and !he !housands u"on !housands o) o))& e>ho#ders' A## o) !hese )eared wha! a +enge)u#2 unre)or$ed2 "o#&!& a##* adro&! Sou!h $&gh! a h&e+e &) a##owed %a ( &n!o !he Un&on on an*!h&ng %u! !he s!&))es! !er$s' A)!er a##2 !he Sou!h had usua##* do$&na!ed !he )edera# go+ern$en! %e)ore !he war' She $us! ne+er do so aga&n' A! !&$es a## !hese d&s"u!es see$ed "re$a!ure' The %#o (ade was !&gh!en&ng da&#* on !he sou!hern oas!#&nesF no ho"e now o) res ue )or !he Con)edera * )ro$ Euro"e' In eas!ern Tennessee !he Sou!h had !hrown awa* !he +& !or* o) Ch& (a$auga 9,- 4 /? Se"!e$%er ,7.3: when !he Un&on Ar$* o) !he Cu$%er#and had o$e w&!h&n an &n h o) !o!a# des!ru !&onF )a&#ure !o )o##ow !hrough had g&+en @ash&ng!on !&$e !o hurr* &n re&n)or e$en!s2 %* road2 r&+er and 9$os! s"e !a u#ar#*: ra&#road2 and !o "u! !he who#e o"era!&on under !he o$$and o) U#*sses S' Gran!' On /6 4 /A No+e$%er !he Un&on !oo( &!s re+enge2 and &n !he Ba!!#e o) Cha!!anooga e8"e##ed !he Con)edera * )ro$ Tennessee' The ne8! s!e" wou#d %e !o %rea( !hrough !he $oun!a&n %arr&er &n!o en!ra# Georg&a2 %u! Gran! wou#d no! !a(e &! &n "erson= <&n o#n2 a! #as! a (now#edg&ng h&s ou!s!and&ng !a#en!s2 "#u (ed h&$ awa* )ro$ !he @es! !o $a(e h&$ o+era## o$$ander o) !he Un&on ar$&es w&!h !he ran( o) #&eu!enan!>genera# 9!he )&rs! so#d&er s&n e @ash&ng!on !o ho#d !ha! ran(:' H&s %r&##&an! se ond>&n> o$$and2 @&##&a$ Te u$seh Sher$an 9,7/? 4 -,:2 was #e)! !o o$"#e!e !he @es!ern a$"a&gns' Bu! &! was #ong &ndeed %e)ore !hese +& !or&es and d&s"os&!&ons "rodu ed !he&r "ro$&sed )ru&!'
Gran! #e)! Meade &n o$$and o) !he Ar$* o) !he Po!o$a 2 %u! h&$se#) se!!#ed !he s!ra!eg& and !a !& a# "#ans o) a$"a&gn )or dea#&ng w&!h <ee' He $ar hed h&s $en sou!h &n Ma* ,7.62 d&sa""ear&ng w&!h !he$ &n!o !he !h& ( green woods o) B&rg&n&a2 #&(e so $an* Nor!hern genera#s %e)ore h&$2 and #&(e !he$ a$e !o gr&e)' In a ser&es o) %a!!#es 9!he @&#derness2 A>. Ma*F S"o!s*#+an&a Cour! House2 7 4 ,- Ma*F Co#d Har%or2 3 4 ,, 0une: he and <ee &n)#& !ed )r&gh!)u# "un&sh$en! on ea h o!her1s ar$&es= Un&on asua#!&es were AA2???2 Con)edera!e2 6?2???F and a! !he end o) &! Gran! had ne&!her des!ro*ed !he Ar$* o) Nor!hern B&rg&n&a 9h&s essen!&a# o%Ee !&+e: nor !a(en R& h$ond' Ins!ead he )ound h&$se#) #a*&ng s&ege !o !he Con)edera!e a"&!a# )ro$ !he sou!h and eas!F wh&#e <ee1s ar$*2 !hough gr&e+ous#* redu ed2 wa s se ure#* en!ren hed on h&s )ron!2 w&!h !he +&!a# ra&#wa* #&nes !ha! %rough! &n su""#&es )ro$ !he &n!er&or o) !he Sou!h ;u&!e ou! o) rea h' And Nor!hern o"&n&on shuddered a! !he #eng!h o) Gran!1s G%u! her1s %&##1' O!her Un&on genera#s had des"a&red when on)ron!ed w&!h #esser d&))& u#!&esF %u! Gran! ne+er des"a&red2 and <&n o#n %a (ed h&$ s!ead&#*2 e+en when he was a! )au#!' He had neg#e !ed !he Shenandoah +a##e*2 down wh& h so $an* sur"r&se Con)edera!e a!!a (s had dr&+en so o)!en &n !he "as!F now <ee $oun!ed one $ore' He sen! Genera# 0u%a# Ear#* on a s"e !a u#ar ra&d aga&ns! @ash&ng!on2 )o##owed %* ano!her &n!o Penns*#+an&a2 wh& h "rodu ed "an& &n !he )edera# a"&!a# and grea!#* da$aged <&n o#n1s han es o) re>e#e !&on' Gran! re!a#&a!ed %* send&ng one o) h&s $os! o$"e!en! and "&!&#ess genera#s2 Ph&# Sher&dan 9,73, 4 77:2 !o de+as!a!e !he +a##e*2 wh& h was no! on#* Ear#*1s %ase %u! a#so one o) <ee1s h&e) sour es o) su""#*' A)!er he had )&n&shed Sher&dan o$$en!ed !ha! &) a row now wan!ed !o ross !he +a##e* he wou#d ha+e !o arr* ra!&ons' And !hough <ee and h&s $en sur+&+ed &n !he&r en!ren h$en!s a! Pe!ers%urg2 a )ew $&#es sou!h o) R& h$ond2 !he* were a#so !ra""ed' I) Gran! (e"! u" !he "ressure2 !he&r de)ea! ou#d on#* %e a $a!!er o) !&$e' Ye! on e aga&n !he ou!#oo( )or !he Un&on &n !he #a!e su$$er was as g#oo$* as &! had %een heer)u# &n !he s"r&ng' A swe##&ng horus o) d&s on!en! s"o(e o) )a&#&ng Nor!hern $ora#e' The Co""erheads were $ore a !&+e and +o &)erous !han e+er' The Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on %e&ng a! hand2 !he De$o ra!s dra)!ed an e#e !&on "#a!)or$ wh& h &n e))e ! on eded &nde"enden e !o !he Con)edera *2 )or &! de$anded an &$$ed&a!e ar$&s!& e and $ade no $en!&on o) s#a+er*' The* no$&na!ed Genera# M C#e##an )or !he Pres&den *= he a e"!ed !he no$&na!&on %u! reEe !ed !he "#a!)or$' Ne+er!he#ess2 a M C#e##an +& !or* wou#d "ro%a%#* $ean +& !or* )or !he "#a!)or$ !oo2 s&n e &! wou#d %e read2 "ro%a%#* orre !#*2 as a "o"u#ar re"ud&a!&on o) !he war as we## as o) !he war>$a(&ng Pres&den!F and a! !he end o) Augus! &! see$ed +er* #&(e#* !o <&n o#n !ha! M C#e##an wou#d w&n' Then a$e !he news !ha! on , Se"!e$%er Sher$an had !a(en A!#an!a2 Georg&a' H&s a$"a&gn had #as!ed a## su$$er' He had )ough! h&s wa* down )ro$ !he $oun!a&ns !o !he edge o) !he Georg&an "#a&n on#* &n !he !ee!h o) an &n!ense#* s(&#)u# re!rea! %* 0oe 0ohns!on2 who had (e"! h&s ar$* e))e !&+e and &n %e&ng e+er* &n h o) !he wa*2 and on !he who#e &n)#& !ed $ore da$age !han he had re e&+ed' Bu! 0ohns!on1s Fa%&an !a !& s were dee"#* resen!ed %* 0e))erson Da+&s2 )or !he* were a##ow&ng !he Yan(ees !o ge! a! !he un!ou hed hear! o) !he Con)edera *' @hen Sher$an rea hed !he ou!s(&r!s o) A!#an!a !he Pres&den! #os! "a!&en e and re"#a ed 0ohns!on %* Genera# 0ohn B' Hood2 who had %een &n!r&gu&ng aga&ns! h&s o$$ander )or $on!hs' I! was a )a!a# ho& e' Hood had so$e +&r!ues2 %u! o$$on sense was no! one o) !he$' To sa+e A!#an!a he #aun hed a ser&es o) +&gorous a!!a (s wh& h on#* wea(ened h&s ar$*' He was a%#e !o de#a* !he &ne+&!a%#e )or a )ew wee(s $ore2 %u! a! !he end o) Augus! had !o a%andon !he "#a e a)!er des!ro*&ng h&s su""#* du$"s !here' Th&s #oss was ser&ous enough on &!s own2 )or A!#an!a was a en!re o) o$$un& a!&ons and o) !he Sou!h1s &n)an! &ndus!r&a# "rodu !&on' @ha! was worse2 &!s )a## ga+e Eus! !ha! )&##&" !o Nor!hern $ora#e wh& h was needed' A%raha$ <&n o#n was re>e#e !ed %* a #ands#&de' @ors! o) a##2 Georg&a was #a&d
o"en !o Sher$an1s ar$*' He wa&!ed )or so$e !&$e2 ons&der&ng wha! !o do' H&s #&ne o) o$$un& a!&on w&!h h&s %ase a! Cha!!anooga and Nash+&##e was a#read* dangerous#* #ong and was !hrea!ened %* Con)edera!e a+a#r* ra&ders under !he %r&##&an! #eader Bed)ord Forres!' To $o+e )orward !hrough hos!&#e oun!r* and "ro!e ! h&s o$$un& a!&ons a! !he sa$e !&$e was2 Sher$an de &ded2 %e*ond h&s s!reng!h' To s!a* where he was2 &n A!#an!a2 was !o onde$n h&$se#) !o &$"o!en e' Bo#d#*2 he de &ded !o u! #oose )ro$ h&s %ase and $ar h !hrough Georg&a !o !he A!#an!& 2 #&+&ng o)) !he oun!r*' He (new !ha! !he Sou!h was so wea(ened !ha! he wou#d %e un#&(e#* !o $ee! an* +er* )or$&da%#e res&s!an eF %u! he had &ns&gh! enough !o see !ha! !here was ano!her2 rue##er2 s!ronger reason )or su h a a$"a&gn' I) he u! a !ra&# o) s or hed ear!h !hrough !he Sou!hern hear!#and &! wou#d %e a )a!a# %#ow !o Con)edera!e s!reng!h and $ora#e' The re%e#s wou#d d&s o+er !he&r !o!a# &$"o!en e and a e"! !ha! !he&r de)ea! was er!a&n' Be)ore #ong !he* wou#d surrender' He reso#+ed !o G$a(e Georg&a how#1' As soon as <&n o#n was sa)e#* re>e#e !ed2 Sher$an d&sa""eared' Burn&ng e+er*!h&ng o) $&#&!ar* +a#ue &n A!#an!a so !ha! &! wou#d %e o) no use !o !he ene$*2 he $ar hed o)) !o !he sea' He had !he eas&es! "oss&%#e "assage' Hood (new as we## as Sher$an !ha! he ou#d o))er no e))e !&+e res&s!an e !o !he $ar hF %u! he !hough! he $&gh! oun!er &! %* s!r&(&ng a! Sher$an1s %ase a! Nash+&##e' I) he su eeded !here2 he sa&d %oas!)u##*2 he wou#d $ar h on Oh&o' Th&s de &s&on wou#d ha+e had #&!!#e !o re o$$end &!2 e+en &) Sher$an had #e)! Nash+&##e unde)ended2 s&n e he #ear#* !hough! he was now &nde"enden! o) h&s o$$un& a!&ons= &) he was r&gh!2 !he #oss o) !he &!* wou#d $a(e #&!!#e d&))eren e !o h&$' Bu! Nash+&##e was )ar )ro$ unde)ended' Hood s!a(ed one o) !he #as! !wo Sou!hern ar$&es !here2 and #os! h&s ga$%#e= he was u!!er#* de)ea!ed %* Genera# George H' Tho$as 9,7,. 4 5?:2 a Un&on&s! B&rg&n&an who had ne+er %e)ore had ;u&!e su h a s"#end&d o""or!un&!* !o show wha! he ou#d do' H&s de$ons!ra!&on now was a%so#u!e#* on+&n &ng' As Bru e Ca!!on sa*s2 a! !he Ba!!#e o) Nash+&##e 9,A 4 ,. De e$%er ,7.6:2 G)or !he one and on#* !&$e &n a## !he war2 a Con)edera!e ar$* Zwas[ !o!a##* rou!ed on !he )&e#d o) %a!!#e1'A Ne8! $on!h Hood was re#&e+ed a! h&s own re;ues!2 and !he )rag$en!s o) h&s ar$* were sen! !o do wha! #&!!#e !he* ou#d aga&ns! !he !r&u$"han! Sher$an' Tha! o$$ander had rea hed !he sea and !a(en Sa+annah2 as a Chr&s!$as "resen! )or A%raha$ <&n o#n2 on /, De e$%er' H&s $on!h o) &n+&s&%&#&!* had s!&rred ons&dera%#e an8&e!* &n !he Nor!h2 %u! &! had %een a s!ra!eg& !r&u$"h' Beh&nd h&$ #a* a swa!h2 so$e )&)!* $&#es w&de %* /A? $&#es #ong2 o) %urned>ou! $ans&ons2 #&%era!ed s#a+es2 de+as!a!ed )&e#ds2 wre (ed ra&#wa* #&nes and des"a&r&ng wh&!e &+&#&ans' He had a#so "& (ed !he oun!r* #ean o) #&+es!o ( and "ro+&s&ons' Georg&a was )&n&shed' Now &! was Sou!h Caro#&na1s !urn= a! #as! !he "roud Pa#$e!!o s!a!e2 wh& h had %een !he hear! and en!re o) !he re%e##&on2 wou#d re e&+e her "un&sh$en!' The !ra&# o) des!ru !&on !urned nor!hF and Sher$an on!&nued !o d&s"#a* h&s $as!er* o) war' He ou!w&!!ed h&s o""onen!s 90ohns!on and Beauregard were on#* !wo o) !he genera#s now ga!hered aga&ns! h&$: as we## as ou!)&gh!&ng !he$F he %*"assed Char#es!on2 wh& h )e## a## !he sa$e2 and se&Hed !he s!a!e a"&!a#2 Co#u$%&a2 on ,5 Fe%ruar* ,7.A' Tha! n&gh! ha#) !he !own %urned !o !he ground2 &n )&res !ha! were #&! a &den!a##*>on>"ur"ose %* drun(en2 +enge)u# Nor!hern so#d&ers 9Sher$an go! !he %#a$e2 !hough &! was ;u&!e un!rue !ha!2 as a##eged2 he had ordered !he arson:' As s"r&ng %egan !he ar$* !urned !owards Nor!h Caro#&na and B&rg&n&a2 !o rendeH+ous w&!h Gran! a! R& h$ond' Be)ore &! go! !here2 howe+er2 !he war was o+er' On 3, Mar h Gran! #aun hed h&s #ong>"re"ared o))ens&+e aga&ns! <ee1s #&nes a! Pe!ers%urg' <ee was now so wea(ened !ha! he ou#d o))er no e))e !&+e res&s!an e' B* !h&s !&$e e+en h&s de+o!ed so#d&ers were des"a&r&ng' There were so )ew o) !he$ #e)!2 and under Gran!1s &ne8ora%#e "ressure o) $en and guns !he* had !o s!re! h !he&r #&nes e+er !h&nner' The* were dressed &n rags2 %are)oo!2 under)ed and dangerous#* shor! o) a$$un&!&on' And wha! was !here #e)! !o )&gh! )orM The Cause was "e!er&ng ou! &n %&!!er s;ua%%#es %e!ween !he "o#&!& a# #eaders2 ea h %#a$&ng an*one %u! h&$se#) )or !he dO%_ #e' I! was2
sa&d !he so#d&ers2 Ga r& h $an1s war and a "oor $an1s )&gh!1' I! had !a(en !he$ a #ong !&$e !o rea#&He &!F and !he r& h $en had a#read* #os! no! on#* !he war2 %u! !he !h&ng )or wh& h !he* had #aun hed &!' In !he Nor!h2 !han(s &n #arge "ar! !o s!rong "ressure %* !he ad$&n&s!ra!&on2 Congress had )&na##* "assed !he Th&r!een!h A$end$en!2 ou!#aw&ng s#a+er* )or e+er2 and sen! &! !o !he s!a!es )or ra!&)& a!&on' In !he Sou!h2 0e))erson Da+&s2 as a #as! des"era!e $easure !o ra&se new $an"ower2 had &ndu ed !he Con)edera!e Congress !o g&+e )reedo$ !o an* s#a+e who en#&s!ed &n !he ar$*' S#a+er* was dead2 and !he Con)edera * a#$os! so' And now Sher&dan !urned <ee1s )#an(2 wh&#e Gran! des!ro*ed h&s en!re' On / A"r&# R& h$ond had !o %e e+a ua!ed' 0e))erson Da+&s and !he go+ern$en! )#ed sou!h>wes!F <ee %egan a des"era!e $ar h !o !he wes!2 ho"&ng !o ge! %e*ond !he Federa# "ursu&! so !ha! he ou#d !urn sou!h and #&n( u" w&!h 0oe 0ohns!on' The Pres&den! o) !he s!a!es so soon !o %e re> un&!ed was wa&!&ng )or !he )&n&sh %eh&nd !he )edera# #&nes' He ou#d no! ;u&!e %e#&e+e !ha! he was w&!ness&ng &!' On#* a $on!h ear#&er2 as he !oo( !he oa!h o) o))& e )or !he se ond !&$e2 he had see$ed o""ressed w&!h !he &dea !ha! a## $&gh! s!&## %e )ar )ro$ o+er' Fond#* do we ho"e2 )er+en!#* do we "ra*2 !ha! !h&s $&gh!* s ourge o) war $a* s"eed&#* "ass awa*' Ye!2 &) God w&##s !ha! &! on!&nue un!&# a## !he wea#!h "&#ed %* !he %onds$an1s !wo hundred and )&)!* *ears o) unre;u&!ed !o&# sha## %e sun(2 and un!&# e+er* dro" o) %#ood drawn w&!h !he #ash sha## %e "a&d %* ano!her drawn w&!h !he sword2 as was sa&d !hree !housand *ears ago2 so s!&## &! $us! %e sa&d2 GThe Eudge$en!s o) !he <ord are !rue and r&gh!eous a#!oge!her'1 Now &! see$ed !ha! !he <ord had a! #as! re#en!ed' Pea e was a! hand2 s#a+er* was dead2 a Freed$en1s Bureau had Eus! %een se! u" !o he#" !he )or$er %onds$en2 and !he Un&on was a%ou! !o %e res!ored' To rea#&He a## !h&s2 and !o de$ons!ra!e &! !oo2 <&n o#n wen! !o +&s&! )a##en R& h$ond on 6 A"r&#' He #anded a! !he wa!ers&de a#$os! una!!ended2 and was &ns!an!#* re ogn&Hed and surrounded %* a huge2 ha""* rowd o) reEo& &ng %#a (s2 an8&ous !o ha&# !he Mess&ah o$e !o )ree h&s h&#dren )ro$ !he&r %ondage2 an8&ous !o #oo( a! #as! on !he s"r&ng o) #&)e2 !he* sa&d2 a)!er *ears &n !he deser! w&!hou! wa!erF or ra!her2 an8&ous no $ore= GI (now I a$ )ree21 r&ed one wo$an2 G)or I ha+e seen Fa!her A%raha$ and )e#! h&$'1 The* %urs! &n!o a h*$n= 5h, all ye people clap your hands, And with triumphant voices sing> 3o force the mighty power withstands 5f <od the universal &ing. I! was a #ong !&$e %e)ore <&n o#n was a%#e !o wa#( !hrough !he rowd !o !he Con)edera!e @h&!e House and s&! &n 0e))erson Da+&s1s ha&r' @hen he wen! %a ( !o h&s sh&" he was es or!ed %* a !roo" o) %#a ( a+a#r*' Perha"s %* !hen he and a## !he "eo"#e o) R& h$ond %e#&e+ed &n !he grea! +& !or*' Meanwh&#e Ro%er! E' <ee was )&nd&ng &! &$"oss&%#e !o s!age an organ&Hed re!rea!' So o$"#e!e was !he o##a"se o) !he Con)edera * !ha! su""#&es ou#d no! %e go! !o !he so#d&ers= so$e wen! )our da*s w&!hou! ra!&ons' Deser!&ons $u#!&"#&ed= )or $on!hs now !he* had %een so nu$erous !ha! he had no! %een a%#e !o s"are !roo"s !o %r&ng %a ( !he runawa*s' Now $en s&$"#* )e## ou! on !he road wes!' Gran!1s "ursu&ng ar$* )ound so$e!h&ng new= r&)#es a%andoned a! !he roads&de' Gran! was %eh&ndF Sher&dan2 &n )ron!' One $ore %a!!#e $&gh! %e g#or&ous2 %u! wou#d end &n ann&h&#a!&on' Ins!ead o) order&ng a use#ess sa r&)& e2 <ee de &ded !o surrender' On - A"r&# ,7.A he $e! Gran! a! A""o$a!!o8 Cour! House2 a oun!r* rossroads &n !he )ores!2 and handed o+er h&s sword'
I! was one o) !he grea! s*$%o#& $o$en!s o) A$er& an h&s!or*' Gran!2 !o h&s anno*an e and su%se;uen! e$%arrass$en!2 %* a &den! had no #ean un&)or$ !o "u! onF so &! was &n h&s usua# s ru))* a!!&re !ha! he re e&+ed <ee2 res"#enden! &n gre* oa! and so)! #ea!her' The* ;u& (#* agreed on !er$s' <ee d&d no! wan! a guerr&##a res&s!an e2 wh& h wou#d ha+e "o&soned !he A$er& an )u!ure &nde)&n&!e#*' Gran! wan!ed !o ease !he re!urn o) !he re%e#s !o &!&Hensh&" as $u h as "oss&%#e' The Sou!hern so#d&ers were !o #a* down !he&r ar$s and d&s"erse !o !he&r ho$esF <ee1s re;ues! !ha! !he* $&gh! (ee" !he&r horses !o he#" &n !he s"r&ng "#ough&ng was a eded !o2 and Gran! 9#&+&ng u" !o h&s na$e: ga+e !he$ an &ssue o) ra!&ons' A%o+e a##2 he ga+e h&s word !ha! a## !he $e$%ers o) !ha! ar$*2 )ro$ <ee downwards2 wou#d %e #e)! a#one %* )edera# au!hor&!* so #ong as !he* (e"! !o !he !er$s o) !he&r "aro#e' Gran! (new !ha! he was a !&ng as !he Pres&den! wou#d w&sh' No!h&ng $us! %e done !o add !o !he %&!!erness o) de)ea!F a## $eans $us! %e !r&ed !o re on &#e !he Sou!herners !o %e&ng A$er& ans aga&n' A )ew wee(s $ore2 and 0oe 0ohns!on and e+er*one e#se had surrendered' The #as! hos!&#&!&es o) !he war2 ur&ous#*2 !oo( "#a e &n !he Nor!h Pa &)& 2 where Un&on and Con)edera!e )&sh&ng +esse#s )ough! ea h o!her un!&# a! #as! !he grea! news rea hed !he$' B* 0u#* !he C&+&# @ar was en!&re#* o+er' Rough#* 3A-2??? Un&on so#d&ers2 /A72??? Con)edera!es2 had d&ed e&!her on !he %a!!#e)&e#d or &n $&#&!ar* hos"&!a#s2 wh& h $eans !ha! &! was and &s !he %#ood&es! war &n A$er& an h&s!or* &n !er$s o) a%so#u!e nu$%ers as we## as &n !he "ro"or!&on o) asua#!&es !o !he "o"u#a!&on' I! #e)! &nde#&%#e !ra es on !he A$er& an ons &ousness' I! &s +er* unders!anda%#e !ha! !he so#d&ers o) %o!h s&des hurr&ed ho$e and !r&ed !o "u! &! %eh&nd !he$' The Un&on ar$* he#d a grea! +& !or* "arade &n @ash&ng!on %e)ore d&s"ers&ng' 0e))erson Da+&s %egan an &r(so$e a"!&+&!* &n For! Monroe' A%raha$ <&n o#n was assass&na!ed'
16 Re%onstr.%tion 1/6' 77
4e have the right to treat them as we would any other provinces that we might conquer. ?S Bepresentative )haddeus Stevens, 8anuary 1E% 4hat0s the use of .eing free if you don0t own enough land to .e .uried in7 Freedman to 4hitelaw Beid, 1E%J 5ur main and fundamental o.1ective is the 2A/3),3A3", 5F )', S?PB,2A"9 5F )', 4'/), BA", in this Bepu.lic. 'istory and Physiology teach us that we .elong to a race which nature has endowed with an evident superiority over all other races, and that the 2aker, in thus elevating us a.ove the common standard of human creation, has intended to give us over inferior races a dominion from which no human laws can permanently derogate. 5fficial charge to new recruits to the &u &luH &lan, 1E%F On !he e+en&ng o) Good Fr&da*2 ,7.A 9,6 A"r&#:2 )our *ears a)!er For! Su$!er )e## and %are#* a wee( a)!er A""o$a!!o82 <&n o#n wen! !o !he !hea!re' He had &n+&!ed Gran! !o go w&!h h&$2 %u! !he Genera# sa&d !ha! he had !o re!urn !o !he ar$* 9h&s rea# reason )or re)us&ng was !ha! h&s w&)e had ;uarre##ed w&!h Mrs <&n o#n:' The "#a* was a )a+our&!e o$ed* o) !he !&$e2 Our A$er& an
Cous&n2 so a!!ra !&+e !ha! !he %od*guard s#&""ed awa* )ro$ !he door o) !he Pres&den!1s %o8 !o wa! h &! h&$se#)' The o""or!un&!* was se&Hed %* 0ohn @&#(es Boo!h2 an &nd&))eren! a !or and a Sou!hern s*$"a!h&Her2 ha#)> raHed w&!h +an&!*2 who )or wee(s had %een organ&H&ng a $urderous ons"&ra *' He en!ered !he %o82 sho! <&n o#n !hrough !he head and Eu$"ed down !o !he s!age' One o) !he s"urs !ha! he was )oo#&sh#* wear&ng augh! &n !he de ora!&+e %un!&ng2 so !ha! he )e## &n su h a wa* as !o %rea( h&s #e)! #eg2 %u! he s!&## had su))& &en! s!reng!h and se#)> on!ro# !o *e## ou! GS& se$"er !*rann&s#1 %e)ore $a(&ng h&s es a"e !hrough !he w&ngs and !he s!age door o) !he !hea!re' A! !he sa$e !&$e one o) h&s asso &a!es a!!a (ed Seward2 who was a! ho$e re u"era!&ng &n %ed )ro$ a arr&age a &den!' The Se re!ar* o) S!a!e su))ered ser&ous &nEur&es2 %u! e+en!ua##* re o+ered' The Pres&den! was !a(en !o a #&!!#e house a ross !he s!ree! )ro$ !he !hea!re2 where he #&ngered un ons &ous )or so$e hours' Dea!h a$e a! 5'// &n !he $orn&ng o) ,A A"r&#' S!an!on2 wa! h&ng a! h&s %eds&de2 se! !he sea# on h&s "ass&ng= GNow he %e#ongs !o !he ages21 he sa&d' There was an e8"#os&on o) gr&e) and rage &n !he Nor!h' <&n o#n was g&+en !he grea!es! )unera# &n !he h&s!or* o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es' Boo!h was hun!ed down and (&##ed wh&#e res&s!&ng arres!' H&s )e##ow>assass&ns were augh!2 !r&ed and sen!en ed 4 &n $os! ases2 !o dea!h' No!h&ng ou#d re"a&r !he #oss' I! was no! Eus! !ha! <&n o#n was a good and grea! $an' H&s !a#en!s had se#do$ %een needed $ore' The "ro%#e$s o) "ea e wou#d ha+e "er"#e8ed e+en h&$F h&s su essor was !o $a(e !he$ $u h worse' @&!h <&n o#n d&ed !he re$o!e han e o) a good "ea e' Boo!h onde$ned !he Sou!h !o genera!&ons o) s;ua#&d %a (wardness and !he ra es &n A$er& a !o a #ong2 unha""* s!rugg#e wh& h &s no! o+er *e!' So$e su h ou! o$e $&gh! we## ha+e o urred e+en &) <&n o#n had #&+edF he ne+er "re!ended !o %e a $&ra #e>wor(erF %u! h&s "res!&ge2 h&s w&sdo$2 h&s "o#&!& a# gu&#e2 wou#d sure#* ha+e shor!ened A$er& a1s ra &a# agon* or $&!&ga!ed &!s &n!ens&!*' I! !oo( a #&!!#e !&$e )or !he )u## $easure o) !he #oss !o %e rea#&Hed' <&n o#n was su eeded &n !he @h&!e House %* Andrew 0ohnson o) Tennessee 9,7?7 4 5A:2 h&s B& e>Pres&den!' The Re"u%#& ans ra##&ed !o !he new $anF so$e e+en !hough! he $&gh! "ro+e a s!ronger Pres&den! !han <&n o#n' He had an e8 e##en! re ord= he had %een !he on#* Sena!or )ro$ !he Sou!h !o s!& ( !o !he Un&on &n ,7.,2 and he had go+erned h&s na!&+e s!a!e )ro$ ,7./ !o ,7.A2 ga&n&ng good $ar(s )or !he s!r& ! $anner &n wh& h he !r&ed !o "urge Tennessee o) re%e# s*$"a!h&Hers 9!hough #ose o%ser+ers $&gh! ha+e no!& ed a need#ess !ru u#en e &n h&s %eha+&our:' D&s&##us&on was s#ow &n o$&ng= !he war "ar!* was +er* re#u !an! !o %rea( w&!h &!s h&e)2 e+en a)!er h&s "ugna &!* and on!rar&ness had %een de$ons!ra!ed aga&n and aga&n2 e+en a)!er !he* no!& ed !ha! G!he )a es &n !he an!e> ha$%er o) !he Pres&den! #oo( +er* $u h as !he* wou#d &) a De$o ra!& ad$&n&s!ra!&on were &n "ower1' In !he end he "re &"&!a!ed one o) !he %&gges! "o#&!& a# rows &n A$er& an h&s!or*' I! &s an e8 &!&ng and no! +er* ed&)*&ng s!or*F &! $us! %e !o#dF %u! &!s so$ewha! su"er)& &a# dra$a!& s sha## no! %e a##owed !o o%s ure !he under#*&ng d&))& u#!* wh& h had !he oun!r* &n &!s gr&"' The Nor!h had won a $&gh!* +& !or*' How ou#d &! $a(e !ha! +& !or* a !ua# and "er$anen!M How2 so !o s"ea(2 ou#d &! ash &n &!s h&"sM How ou#d &! "ro+e2 !o &!se#) and !o !he )u!ure2 !ha! !he $&gh!* e))or! had %een wor!hwh&#eM True2 !he Un&on had %een sa+ed' Ne+er aga&n wou#d !he Sou!h on!e$"#a!e se ess&on or re%e##&onF e+en !he an &en! sh&%%o#e!hs o) nu##&)& a!&on and s!a!es1 r&gh!s had #os! $u h o) !he&r $ag& ' Bu! !he Nor!h had #ong ago "ersuaded &!se#) !ha! &! was )&gh!&ng )or so$e!h&ng grea!er and no%#er !han e+en !he Un&on= )or de$o ra *F )or #&%er!* and e;ua#&!*F )or !he #as!2 %es! ho"e o) ear!h' The $u#!&!ud&nous ghos!s o) !he Un&on dead &ns&s!en!#* de$anded !ha! !h&s o$$&!$en! %e honouredF so d&d !he #&+&ng= a## !he )or$er so#d&ers and !he&r )a$&#&es' The o""or!un&!* see$ed "ro$&s&ng2 )or !he Sou!h was "ros!ra!e and "ass&+e2 ur&ous2 "erha"s e+en ho"e)u#2 )or a $o$en!2 so o$"#e!e was her de)ea! and ru&n' A Nor!hern +&s&!or re"or!ed2 GIn Nor!h and Sou!h Caro#&na2 Georg&a2 and F#or&da2 we )ound !h&s s!a!e o) )ee#&ng un&+ersa##*
"re+a#en!' The "eo"#e wan!ed &+&# go+ern$en! and a se!!#e$en!' The* as(ed no !er$s2 $ade no ond&!&ons' The* were de)ea!ed and he#"#ess 4 !he* su%$&!!ed' @ou#d !he +& !or %e "#eased !o !e## !he$ wha! was !o %e doneM1 And !hen2 !here were !he A)r& an>A$er& ans 4 !he )ree Negroes o) !he Nor!h2 !he )reed s#a+es o) !he Sou!h' In !he #as! ana#*s&s2 !he* were wha! &! was a## a%ou!' The Un&on ou#d no! ha+e %een sa+ed w&!hou! !he he#" o) !he %#a (s' The grea! e8"er&$en! &n #&%er!* and e;ua#&!* $&gh! go )orwardF %u! &! wou#d ha+e #&!!#e $ean&ng &) !he wh&!es a#one "ro)&!ed )ro$ &!' The Nor!h had wonF %u! !he +& !or* wou#d %e ho##ow &) !he e8>Con)edera!es renewed !he&r s*s!e$ o) ra &a# o""ress&on and2 on !ha! )ounda!&on2 on e $ore ha##enged !he deares! &n!eres!s and %e#&e)s o) !he&r )e##ow> &!&Hens' <&n o#n and !he res! had sure#* no! d&ed &n +a&nF %u! &! $&gh! see$ so &) Eus!& e was no! done !o !he )or$er %onds$en' And shou#d no! !he Sou!h %e d&s &"#&nedM @as &! no! a Eus! "un&sh$en!2 as we## as "ruden!2 !o o$"e# her !o a%andon her o#d wa*sM Bes&des2 !he Negroes de$anded &!' There were )our and a ha#) $&##&on o) !he$F !he* were a )or e !o %e re (oned w&!h' I! was no! on#* !ha! !he&r #eaders2 su h as Freder& ( Doug#ass2 were ar!& u#a!e and energe!& 2 nor !ha! !he* had $an* "ower)u# wh&!e )r&ends a$ong !he o#d a%o#&!&on&s!s' The ran( and )&#e ou#d Eus!#* #a&$ !ha! !he* had won !he&r )reedo$ !hrough !he&r own e))or!s2 on e !he o""or!un&!* had arr&+ed' Doug#ass had a#wa*s %e#&e+ed !ha! Gon e #e! !he %#a ( $an ge! u"on h&s "erson !he %rass #e!!ers2 USF #e! h&$ ge! an eag#e on h&s %u!!on2 and a $us(e! on h&s shou#der and %u##e!s &n h&s "o (e!2 and !here &s no "ower on ear!h wh& h an den* !ha! he has earned !he r&gh! !o &!&Hensh&" &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es1' I! see$ed se#)>e+&den! !o $an* %* ,7.A' <&n o#n had sa&d as $u h &n h&s #as! "u%#& s"ee h' Now was !he !&$e !o $a(e good !ha! &!&Hensh&" !hroughou! !he oun!r*' Su h was !he +&ew o) !he +& !or&ous Nor!h' O!herw&se2 she as(ed #&!!#e o) !he Sou!h' The de%!s &n urred %* !he Con)edera * and !he &nd&+&dua# se ed&ng s!a!es $us! %e re"ud&a!ed2 o) ourse2 and 0e))erson Da+&s was (e"! &n "r&son )or !wo *earsF %u! he was no! hanged2 and wou#d ha+e %een #e! ou! sooner 4 $&gh! ne+er ha+e %een &$"r&soned 4 %u! )or !he $urder o) <&n o#n' O!herw&se2 &! was as &) !he d&gn&)&ed %eha+&our o) Gran! and <ee a! A""o$a!!o8 had &n)e !ed e+er*%od*' <ee h&$se#) wen! ho$e and #&+ed ou! h&s #as! )ew *ears &n honoura%#e re!&re$en!F !he o!her Con)edera!e #eaders were a#so a##owed !o go &n "ea e' In shor!2 !he Sou!h ha+&ng #ear#* g&+en u" se ess&on as a %ad Eo%2 )a&r !rea!$en! o) !he Negro was !o %e %o!h !he su))& &en! s*$%o# o) Nor!hern +& !or*2 !he genera##* a e"!ed "roo) !ha! !he r&gh! s&de had a !ua##* won2 and !he s&ng#e rea# on ess&on e8a !ed )ro$ !he #osers' And !here was roo$ )or adEus!$en! e+en on !h&s "o&n!' No one2 &n !he s"r&ng o) ,7.A2 was ;u&!e #ear how )ar !o go &n on ed&ng e;ua# r&gh!s !o %#a (s' The Nor!h had a #ong !rad&!&on o) ra &a# "reEud& e2 "ar!& u#ar#* &n !he $a!!er o) e$"#o*$en!2 wh& h !he e+en!s o) !he war had done $u h !o wea(en %u! had er!a&n#* no! des!ro*ed' In se+era# Nor!hern s!a!es2 )or e8a$"#e2 Negroes were s!&## )or%&dden !o +o!e' The s&!ua!&on was de#& a!e2 dangerous and +o#a!&#eF %u! &! a#so on!a&ned a grea! o""or!un&!*' A s!a!es$an o) <&n o#n1s de8!er&!* $&gh! "oss&%#* ha+e sna! hed )ro$ &! a se!!#e$en! o) !he grea! d&))& u#!* wh& h wou#d ha+e %een !o#era%#e !o Nor!h and Sou!h2 %#a (s and wh&!es2 a#&(eF &n wh& h ase !he who#e #a!er h&s!or* o) A$er& a wou#d ha+e %een wonder)u##* d&))eren!' Bu! Andrew 0ohnson was no! a de8!rous $an' H&s "ersona# "os&!&on was d&))& u#!' He had %een a 0a (son&an De$o ra! a## h&s #&)e2 !hough h&s "r&de &n h&s own una&ded r&se )ro$ &##&!era!e "o+er!* !o e$&nen e2 and &n !he %e#&e)s and hara !er wh& h had $ade &! "oss&%#e2 a#wa*s $ean! $ore !o h&$ !han "ar!* "r&n &"#es or &den!&)& a!&ons' H&s !rue "ar!* was !ha! o) Andrew 0ohnson2 and he had a#wa*s de)ended &! +&gorous#* 9o)!en %* a!!a (: aga&ns! !he grea! "#an!ers o) Tennessee2 %o!h as a ha$"&on o) !he "oor wh&!es )ro$ who$ he a$e and as a s!aun h Un&on&s!' <&n o#n had hosen h&$ as h&s B& e>Pres&den!&a# and&da!e "ar!#* %e ause2 as a De$o ra! )ro$ a %order s!a!e2 he $&gh!
enhan e !he Un&on !& (e!1s a""ea# &n !he hard>)ough! e#e !&on o) ,7.6' @&!h su h a re ord 0ohnson2 unsur"r&s&ng#*2 d&d no! )ee# a! ho$e w&!h !he grea! $en and "ro)ess&ona#s o) !he Re"u%#& an "ar!*' E+en &) he had2 he wou#d no! ha+e !a(en !he&r ad+& e' He was an &n orr&g&%#e #oner2 s#&gh!#* #ess )#e8&%#e !han gran&!e' He !oo( de &s&ons &n a hurr* and re)used !o a#!er !he$' In so$e wa*s he was #&(e !he ne8! A$er& an Pres&den! !o )a e &$"ea h$en!' Andrew 0ohnson and R& hard N&8on were %o!h ou!s&ders &n @ash&ng!on and &n "ar!* "o#&!& sF %o!h were ego!&s!& a#2 g&+en !o se#)>"&!* and !o $aud#&n &ns&s!en e on !he&r hu$%#e or&g&ns= 0ohnson was a"a%#e o) %rea(&ng o)) an &$"or!an! s"ee h !o re a## )ond#* !ha! when he was a !a&#or !he oa!s he $ade were a#wa*s good )&!s2 wh&#e N&8on !ended !o dr&+e# a%ou! h&s "oor and sa&n!#* $o!her' There were d&))eren es2 o) ourse 4 )or one !h&ng2 0ohnson had a $u h h&gher s!andard o) "ersona# "o#&!& a# ondu ! !han N&8on 4 %u! !he essen!&a# s&$&#ar&!* was !ha! ne&!her unders!ood !he "r&n &"#es2 #o*a#!&es and "s* ho#og&es o) nor$a# A$er& an "o#&!& &ans' I! was on !h&s ground !ha! <&n o#n had %een su"re$eF a "ar!* "o#&!& &an !o h&s )&nger!&"s2 he had a#wa*s (nown when !o s!and )&r$ and when !o *&e#d2 and how2 !hroughou!2 !o w&n2 re!a&n and &n rease !he !rus! and a))e !&on o) !he $en he dea#! w&!h' 0ohnson and N&8on ou#d on#* see $en who d&sagreed w&!h !he$ as "ersona# ene$&es2 and a!!r&%u!ed !he wors! $o!&+es !o !he$' 0ohnson was e+en a"a%#e o) h&n!&ng &n a "u%#& s"ee h !ha! Re"u%#& an #eaders su h as Thaddeus S!e+ens and Char#es Su$ner were "#o!!&ng !o assass&na!e h&$'/ Perha"s !he $ora# &s !ha! !he A$er& an "o#&!& a# and ons!&!u!&ona# s*s!e$ an s!and a #o!2 %u! &! anno! wor( &) !he Pres&den! &s neuro!& a##* &n!rans&gen!2 )or &!s o"era!&ng "r&n &"#e &s g&+e and !a(eF o$"ro$&se and $odera!&on' B#&nd !o !hese ons&dera!&ons2 Pres&den! 0ohnson #os! no !&$e &n #a*&ng down !he "r&n &"#es on wh& h he $ean! !o "ro eed2 and he s!u ( !o !he$ un*&e#d&ng#* !herea)!er' The d&sas!rous resu#!s o) h&s "o#& * ne+er $ade h&$ dou%! &!s orre !nessF o!hers were a#wa*s !o %#a$eF and !he #as! words he e+er s"o(e &n a "u%#& s"ee h were GGod sa+e !he Cons!&!u!&on1 4 as &) he &n h&s !&$e had no! %een one o) !he wors! dangers !ha! !he Cons!&!u!&on )a ed' The sa red !e8!2 as he unders!ood &!2 was h&s #odes!ar' H&s e8"os&!&on o) !he "o&n!s a! &ssue &n ,7.A de$ons!ra!ed h&s reg&ona# or&g&n2 and a#so how #&!!#e he unders!ood !he s&gn&)& an e o) !he grea! s!rugg#e !ha! had Eus! o urred' @&!h&n +er* %road #&$&!s2 he sa&d2 !he Cons!&!u!&on res"e !ed s!a!es1 r&gh!s' On e a re%e# s!a!e a e"!ed !hose #&$&!s2 &! had "u! &!se#) &n har$on* w&!h !he #aw and !he na!&on aga&n and ou#d no! %e den&ed re>ad$&ss&on !o Congress' De)ea! &n war "ro+ed !ha! !he Sou!h was wrong &n a!!e$"!&ng se ess&onF !he Con)edera!e de%! was !here)ore &##ega# and had !o %e re"ud&a!edF !he Th&r!een!h A$end$en! ou!#aw&ng s#a+er* was now a "ar! o) !he Cons!&!u!&on2 wh& h !he Sou!hern s!a!es $us! e8"#& &!#* a (now#edge' Tha! done2 no $ore ou#d r&gh!)u##* %e de$anded o) !he$F nor $&gh! Congress #eg&s#a!e on $a!!ers a))e !&ng !he&r &n!eres!s wh&#e !he&r Re"resen!a!&+es and Sena!ors were a%sen!' In "ra !& e !h&s $ean! !ha! !he )u!ure o) !he Sou!hern %#a (s ou#d no! %e se!!#ed un!&# a)!er !he wh&!e Sou!h had rega&ned $os! o) &!s o#d "o#&!& a# r&gh!s and "r&+&#eges' 0ohnson ne+er ad$&!!ed !h&s &n so $an* wordsF %u! h&s a !&ons a## !ended &n !ha! d&re !&on' The )a ! was !ha! as a "oor wh&!e Sou!herner h&$se#) h&s )ee#&ngs !owards %#a (s were2 a! %es!2 $&8ed' He $ean! !o e8 #ude Congress )ro$ an* "ar! &n !he "ro ess o) re ons!ru !&on' In !h&s he was )o##ow&ng "re eden!= <&n o#n had a#wa*s done h&s u!$os! !o (ee" on!ro# o) rea##* &$"or!an! "o#&!& a# $easures2 as when he +e!oed !he @ade>Da+&s %&##' The E$an &"a!&on Pro #a$a!&on &!se#) had %een &n "ar! a su ess)u# %&d !o "re>e$"! Congress&ona# a !&on' To %eg&n w&!h2 0ohnson had a )ree hand= !he !h&r!*>n&n!h Congress wou#d no! asse$%#e %e)ore De e$%er ,7.A un#ess !he Pres&den! a##ed &! &n!o s"e &a# sess&on2 wh& h he had no &n!en!&on o) do&ng' Mu h $&gh! %e a h&e+ed &n !he &n!er+a#F !he $ore so as !he Re"u%#& ans s!&## e8"e !ed !ha! !he* wou#d %e a%#e !o wor( w&!h !he Pres&den!' G@h&#e we an hard#* a""ro+e o) a## !he a !s o)
go+ern$en! we $us! !r* !o (ee" ou! o) !he ran(s o) !he o""os&!&on21 Thaddeus S!e+ens2 a +e!eran Re"u%#& an !rou%#e$a(er2 !o#d Char#es Su$ner &n !he su$$er' 0ohnson saw a han e !o se!!#e !he who#e ;ues!&on o) re ons!ru !&on 9or Gres!ora!&on12 as he "re)erred !o a## &!:' A ord&ng#*2 !he e8>re%e# s!a!es were &ns!ru !ed !o e#e ! on+en!&ons !o draw u" new s!a!e ons!&!u!&ons2 wh& h wou#d ne8! %e ra!&)&ed %* !he +o!ers and under wh& h e#e !&ons !o Congress ou#d %e he#d &n !he au!u$n' 0ohnson had %een d&sa""o&n!ed !o )&nd !ha! he ou#d no! hang 0e)) Da+&sF he had %een s#ow !o &ssue "ardons !o #ead&ng re%e#sF !hen sudden#* he s!ar!ed &ssu&ng "ardons %* !he hundred2 $ore !o es a"e e$%arrass$en!2 &! see$ed2 !han )or an* o!her reason' Soon &! was "#a&n !ha!2 ar$ed w&!h !he&r "ardons2 )or$er Con)edera!e #eaders were re> en!er&ng "o#&!& s &n )or e2 and a)!er !he au!u$n e#e !&ons wou#d o$"#e!e#* do$&na!e !he new 0ohnson>&ns"&red Sou!hern s!a!e go+ern$en!s' E+en !ha! $&gh! no! ha+e $a!!ered 9!hough &! a#ar$ed $an* Nor!herners: had !he res!ored Sou!h shown grea!er d&s re!&on' In !he e+en! she showed as #&!!#e unders!and&ng o) !he da$> Yan(ees as e+er' 0ohnson had #e! &! %e unders!ood !ha! he s"o(e )or !he Nor!h as au!hor&!a!&+e#* as had h&s "rede essorF and !he Sou!h was a## !oo w&##&ng !o %e#&e+e h&$' The on+en!&ons d&d as he sugges!ed 9he wou#d ha+e regarded &! as un ons!&!u!&ona# !o g&+e orders !o s!a!es2 e+en !o re en!#* re%e##&ous ones:2 !hough +er* ungra &ous#*= !he* res &nded !he se ess&on ord&nan es2 re"ud&a!ed !he Con)edera!e de%!s and ra!&)&ed !he Th&r!een!h A$end$en!' 0ohnson1s s&#en e on a## o!her ;ues!&ons was a h&n! no! #os! on !he$' The* %egan !o se!!#e !he Negro ;ues!&on &n !he&r own )ash&on' The $o$en! when !he* $&gh! ha+e a ;u&es ed &n Nor!hern "#ans +an&shed' I! was s ar e#* sur"r&s&ng' Sou!hern %&!!erness ran dee"' De)ea! was edu a!&+e !o !he e8!en! !ha! &! &ndu ed Sou!herners !o %e o$e A$er& ans aga&n 9%* !he !wen!&e!h en!ur* !he* wou#d %e a$ong !he $os! no&s&#* "a!r&o!& o) a## grou"s: and "ersuaded $an* o) !he$ !ha! !he se !&on wou#d ha+e !o $a(e a ser&ous e))or! !o &ndus!r&a#&He= &n !h&s wa* a GNew Sou!h1 $&gh! ar&se' I! wou#d %e #ong %e)ore an*one wou#d a e"! !ha! !he who#e se ess&on&s! ad+en!ure $&gh! ha+e %een $ora##* wrong2 so &a##* unw&se2 "o#&!& a##* $&s on e&+ed' Sou!hern wo$en2 "ar!& u#ar#*2 re$a&ned )ero &ous#* #o*a# !o G!he Cause1' Mourn&ng and o$$e$ora!&on were !o %e $aEor "reo u"a!&ons )or se+era# genera!&ons !o o$e= soon war>$e$or&a#s a""eared &n e+er* &$"or!an! Sou!hern !own2 usua##* &n !he )or$ o) a s!a!ue o) a %o* &n gre*2 h&s hero& *oung )a e s!ar&ng reso#u!e#* nor!hwards' The Yan(ees were no! )org&+enF !he&r "ro!OgOs2 !he )reed$en2 were no! a e"!ed' S#a+er* was dead2 %u! s#a+er* was wha! !he A)r& ans were $ean! )or2 and so$e!h&ng as near as "oss&%#e !o s#a+er* was wha! !he* were go&ng !o ge!' The Sou!h $&gh! ha+e %een de)ea!ed &n war2 %u! her resour es )or ra &a# o""ress&on were %* no $eans e8haus!ed' Th&s res"onse2 wh& h gradua##* r*s!a##&Hed dur&ng !he #a!e su$$er and au!u$n o) ,7.A2 had !wo "r&n &"a# e8"ress&ons' One was +&o#en!' Ber* soon !he )reed$en and !he&r )r&ends )ound !he$se#+es a!!a (ed and !hrea!enedF %u! !he #&$a8 d&d no! o$e )or a *ear or !wo2 a#!hough !he Ku K#u8 K#an was a !ua##* )ounded a! Pu#as(&2 Tennessee2 on Chr&s!$as E+e2 ,7.A' E+en so2 !he s!rugg#e %e!ween Congress and Pres&den! o+er !he )u!ure o) !he Sou!h )ro$ !he s!ar! !oo( "#a e aga&ns! a %a (ground o) %ru!a# on)#& !' The #ow "o&n!s2 no dou%!2 were !he ra e r&o!s &n Me$"h&s a! !he end o) A"r&# ,7..2 when )or!*>s&8 %#a (s were (&##ed2 and !he $assa re o) 3? 0u#* &n !he sa$e *ear a! New Or#eans2 when a""ro8&$a!e#* )or!* "eo"#e were (&##ed and ,.? wounded 9$os!#* %#a (s: %* !he "o#& e )or e2 a !&ng under !he orders o) !he &!*1s $a*or' 9Ten "o#& e$en were Gwounded s#&gh!#*1': Bu! e+er* da* !here were #esser &n &den!s= a $an sho!2 or a wo$an s!rung u" %* her !hu$%s' The Sou!h1s se ond wea"on was no! #aw#essness2 %u! !he #aw' No sooner were !he 0ohnson&an #eg&s#a!ures e#e !ed !han !he* %egan !o "ass !he so> a##ed GB#a ( Codes1= s!a!u!es wh& h2 )ar )ro$ on)err&ng on !he )reed$en !he r&gh! !o +o!e2 den&ed !he$ a## %u! !he $os!
rud&$en!ar* &+&# r&gh!s and #&%er!&es' Pro+&s&ons +ar&ed so$ewha! )ro$ s!a!e !o s!a!e2 %u! on !he who#e &! &s !rue !o sa* !ha! !he odes2 wh&#e a! #as! re ogn&H&ng !he #ega#&!* o) %#a ( $arr&ages 9!hough no! !o wh&!e "ersons:2 wh&#e on)err&ng on %#a (s !he r&gh! !o sue and %e sued &n !he our!s2 e+en !o !es!&)* aga&ns! wh&!es2 and !he r&gh! !o ho#d "ro"er!*2 and wh&#e re ogn&H&ng !he&r r&gh! !o %e "a&d wages2 &n e+er* o!her res"e ! !r&ed !o $a&n!a&n !he s#a+er* #aws' For &ns!an e2 )reed$en were re;u&red !o h&re !he$se#+es ou! %* !he *ear2 and were den&ed !he r&gh! e&!her !o s!r&(e or !o #ea+e !he&r e$"#o*$en!' S#a+er* was !hus !o %e o$e an annua##* renewed &ns!&!u!&on' An* %#a ( )ound une$"#o*ed or !ra+e##&ng w&!hou! an e$"#o*er1s san !&on wou#d %e arres!ed2 )&ned )or +agran * and !urned o+er !o wha!e+er wh&!e e$"#o*er des&red h&s ser+& es' 9I$$ed&a!e#* a)!er !he end o) !he war !he )or$er s#a+es had e8er &sed one o) !he un)a$&#&ar "r&+&#eges o) )reedo$ %* #ea+&ng !he "#an!a!&ons &n dro+es2 h&e)#*2 no dou%!2 !o see( ou! re#a!&ons and )r&ends )ro$ who$ !he* had %een se"ara!ed %* !he &n!erna# s#a+e>!rade2 %u! a#so )ro$ sheer Eo* a! %e&ng a%#e !o !ra+e# and )ro$ ur&os&!* !o see !he wor#d': S hoo#&ng was one o) !he $os! "ass&ona!e#* her&shed a$%&!&ons o) !he e8>s#a+es2 *e! no "ro+&s&ons were $ade )or %#a ( edu a!&on' The <ou&s&ana ode wen! &n!o ons&dera%#e de!a&# a%ou! !he )ree #a%ourer1s #&)e2 ;u&!e &n !he s!*#e o) s#a+er* !&$es= Bad wor( sha## no! %e a##owed' Fa&#&ng !o o%e* reasona%#e orders2 neg#e ! o) du!*2 and #ea+&ng ho$e w&!hou! "er$&ss&on w&## %e dee$ed d&so%ed&en eF &$"uden e2 swear&ng2 or &nde en! #anguage !o or &n !he "resen e o) !he e$"#o*er2 h&s )a$&#*2 or agen!2 or ;uarre##&ng and )&gh!&ng w&!h one ano!her2 sha## %e dee$ed d&so%ed&en e' For an* d&so%ed&en e a )&ne o) one do##ar sha## %e &$"osed' The M&ss&ss&""& ode &$"osed sw&nge&ng )&nes on an*one w& (ed enough !o en!& e a #a%ourer awa* )ro$ h&s on!ra !ed e$"#o*er w&!h "ro$&ses o) %e!!er "a* or ond&!&ons' A## odes )or%ade )reed$en !he use o) wea"ons o) an* (&nd' So $u h )or !he Nor!hern rusade )or hu$an e;ua#&!*' As a #ead&ng Nor!hern #&%era#2 Car# S hurH2 re$ar(ed2 !he odes e$%od&ed !he &dea !ha! a#!hough &nd&+&dua# wh&!es ou#d no #onger ha+e "ro"er!* &n &nd&+&dua# %#a (s2 G!he %#a (s a! #arge %e#ong !o !he wh&!es a! #arge1' I! &s dou%!)u# &) !he Sou!herners )u##* rea#&Hed wha! an a))ron! !hese odes wou#d see$= !he* were $ore &$"ressed %* !he d&))eren es )ro$ s#a+er* !han !he )reed$en and Nor!herners ou#d %e' E+en Andrew 0ohnson rea#&Hed !ha! !he* had gone !oo )ar= a! an* ra!e he d&d no! o%Ee ! when !he $&#&!ar* o$$anders &n !he Sou!h nu##&)&ed !he odes' He wou#d ha+e %een w&ser !o !a(e !he #ead &n o""os&!&on2 %u! "resu$a%#* he )e#! !ha! !he s!a!es2 howe+er unw&se2 were a !&ng w&!h&n !he&r ons!&!u!&ona# r&gh!s' So he sa&d no!h&ng= &! was no! )or h&$ !o &n!er)ere' I! was #e)! !o Congress !o e8"ress !he %o&#&ng &nd&gna!&on o) !he Nor!h2 wh& h !ha! &ns!&!u!&on2 as soon as &! asse$%#ed2 "ro eeded !o do' I! denoun ed !he Sou!h and se! u" a Eo&n! o$$&!!ee o) !he !wo houses !o "ro"ose a "rogra$$e o) ongress&ona# re ons!ru !&on' Cru &a##*2 &! a#so "ro+&ded !ha! un!&# su h a "rogra$$e had %een wor(ed ou!2 none o) !he Sou!hern Re"resen!a!&+es and Sena!ors hosen under !he 0ohnson>san !&oned ons!&!u!&ons wou#d %e a##owed !o !a(e !he&r sea!sF )or !he #ega#&!* and des&ra%&#&!* o) !hose +er* ons!&!u!&ons was one o) !he (e* $a!!ers a! &ssue2 and !he en!r* o) )or$er re%e#s &n!o Congress wou#d gr&e+ous#* &$"ede2 &) no! en!&re#* )rus!ra!e2 !he Re"u%#& an "rogra$$e' Th&s a !&on was2 as a $a!!er o) )a !2 "er)e !#* #ega# under !he Cons!&!u!&on23and was !he Nor!h1s #as! wea"on 9Andrew 0ohnson had !hrown awa* a## !he o!hers:F %u! !he Pres&den! denoun ed &! as un ons!&!u!&ona#2 and on!&nued !o do so !o !he %&!!er #as!' The &n!r&gues o) !he w&n!er and s"r&ng o) ,7.A 4. need no! %e des r&%ed' I! &s enough !o re ord !ha! !he huge Re"u%#& an $aEor&!* &n Congress se!!#ed u"on !hree $easures' F&rs!2 a Four!een!h A$end$en! !o !he Cons!&!u!&on2 wh& h2 a$ong a !ang#e o) "ro+&s&ons )or e8 #ud&ng
e8>Con)edera!e #eaders )ro$ "o#&!& s and re"ud&a!&ng !he Con)edera!e de%!2 d&d es!a%#&sh2 &n #aw a! #eas!2 !he r&gh! o) a## &!&Hens o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es !o e;ua# "ro!e !&on o) !he #aws2 and de)&ned a US &!&Hen 9&! had ne+er %een done %e)ore: &n su h a wa* as !o &n #ude a## A)r& an> A$er& ans' Hen e)or!h an*one was a &!&Hen who was G%orn or na!ura#&Hed &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 and su%Ee ! !o !he Eur&sd& !&on !hereo)' The Dred S o!! de &s&on was !hus a! #as! re"ea#ed' Se ond2 an e8!ens&on o) !he #&)e and "owers o) !he Freed$en1s Bureau2 !he &ns!&!u!&on wh& h2 under !he she#!er o) !he ar$*2 was do&ng wha! &! ou#d !o ease !he !rans&!&on )ro$ s#a+er* !o )reedo$ )or !he Sou!hern %#a (s' Th&rd2 a &+&# r&gh!s #aw wh& h e8"#& &!#* s!a!ed wha! was &$"#& &! &n !he Four!een!h A$end$en!= !ha! &!&Hen r&gh!s were !o %e enEo*ed %* a## "ersons %orn &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es2 no! su%Ee ! !o an* )ore&gn "ower2 Go) e+er* ra e and o#our2 w&!hou! re)eren e !o an* "re+&ous ond&!&on o) s#a+er* or &n+o#un!ar* ser+&!ude1' 0ohnson +e!oed %o!h !he A !s2 wh& h were #a!er re>"assed %* !he ne essar* !wo> !h&rds $aEor&!* &n ea h house' He ou#d no! +e!o !he A$end$en!2 !hough he ou#d and d&d denoun e &! a! !he sa$e !&$e as he !rans$&!!ed &!2 &n o%ed&en e !o !he #aw2 !o !he s!a!e #eg&s#a!ures 9wh& h ;u& (#* ra!&)&ed &!:' There was %* now a !o!a# %rea h %e!ween h&$ and !he "ar!* wh& h had "u! h&$ &n!o o))& e' Congress&ona# e#e !&ons were a! hand' Bo!h s&des "re"ared )or a de &s&+e s!rugg#e= "erha"s !he %&!!eres! o) !he (&nd *e! (nown' I! was )or #ong us!o$ar* )or h&s!or&ans and o!hers !o !a#( as &) !he &ssue had #a&n %e!ween !he Pres&den! and !he Re"u%#& an rad& a#s a#one' The )a !s were $ore o$"#& a!ed2 as e+er*one (new a! !he !&$e' 0ohnson1s &n!rans&gen e had un&!ed !he Re"u%#& an "ar!*2 dr&+&ng &! &n $ere se#)> de)en e !o su""or! rad& a# ourses &n a $anner wh& h was &n on e&+a%#e &n <&n o#n1s da*' The "o#&!& a# #eaders2 !he "ar!* organ&Hers2 !he "ar!* "ress2 e+en $an* o) !he ar$* o$$anders 4 a## who had su""or!ed !he Un&on ause2 &n )a !2 e8 e"! )or Seward and h&s s$a## sur+&+&ng )o##ow&ng2 and !he ur$udgeon G&deon @e##es 4 had %een )or ed !o a%andon !he Pres&den!' To do o!herw&se wou#d ha+e %een !o g&+e u" !he o$$&!$en!s o) a #&)e!&$e2 and e+en !he s"o&#s$en )e#! !he !hr&##&ng2 un)a$&#&ar a## o) "r&n &"#e' @hen !he* denoun ed !he Pres&den!1s "o#& *2 !he* were d&s$&ssed2 and g#or&ed &n !he )a !' GI a&$ed !o do $* du!*21 sa&d one "os!$as!er2 G%u! a## !he Pos! O))& es &n I##&no&s ou#d no! %u* $e !o !he su""or! o) A' 0ohnson'1 Nor was 0ohnson w&!hou! a##&es2 !hough !he* d&d h&$ #&!!#e good' The Nor!hern De$o ra!s saw a han e !o re o+er )ro$ !he&r war!&$e errors2 su h as !he Co""erhead "#a!)or$ o) ,7.6 wh& h had on!r&%u!ed !o !he&r des!ru !&on on e#e !&on da*' The ;u& (er !he Sou!h was res!ored !o Congress2 !he* !hough!2 !he sooner !he o#d as endan * o) !he De$o ra!s &n na!&ona# "o#&!& s wou#d %e re+&+ed' So !he* %rough! !he&r Co""erhead no!&ons u" !o da!e and eager#* o))ered !he&r su""or! !o Andrew 0ohnson2 "ro"os&ng !o se!!#e !he re ons!ru !&on ;ues!&on %* g&+&ng !he e8> Con)edera!es a )ree hand &n !he Sou!h' And wa&!&ng &n !he w&ngs were !hose sa$e e8> Con)edera!es2 !hough one "#an!er de #ared !ha! !he* d&d no! rea##* su""or! !he Pres&den!= GThe* "re)er h&$2 dou%!#ess2 !o !he so a##ed Rad& a#s2 %u! &n !he&r hear!s !he* ha!e h&$' The* #&ng w&!h an und*&ng ho"e !o !he wre! hed re%e# ause and des&re !o $an&)es! !he&r ha!red )or e+er*!h&ng wh& h does no! &$$or!a#&He !ha!'1 0ohnson !r&ed &n +a&n !o )&nd a $&dd#e wa* %e!ween !hese o""os&!es' He s!a(ed e+er*!h&ng on ra##*&ng !he "eo"#e a! #arge !o su""or! !he&r Pres&den! 4 +a&n#*2 %e ause !he "res!&ge o) <&n o#n1s o))& e had now sh&)!ed !o <&n o#n1s "ar!*' The Pres&den! $ade $a!!ers e+en worse )or h&$se#) %* h&s so> a##ed Gsw&ng around !he &r #e1' Th&s was an &$$ense s"ea(&ng>!our he under!oo( &n Se"!e$%er ,7.. !hrough !he Nor!hern and @es!ern s!a!es' He arr&ed a or!Uge o) genera#s and Ca%&ne! o))& ers w&!h h&$2 who had !o #&s!en &n )roHen e$%arrass$en! as !he&r #eader re"ea!ed !he sa$e s"ee h o+er and o+er aga&n2 ra&#&ng a! h&s ene$&es w&!h und&gn&)&ed )ero &!*' He %egan !o %e he (#ed sa+age#* &n a wa* !ha! )re;uen!#* $ade &! &$"oss&%#e )or h&$ !o %e heard' 0ohnson had %een a +er* su ess)u# s!u$"> s"ea(er &n Tennessee2 where !ha! ar! had %een "r&Hed e+er s&n e !he da*s o) Andrew 0a (sonF %u! now he had #os! h&s !ou h2 or &! was no! wha! ,7.. and !he Nor!h re;u&red' H&s e8"er&en e a! Ind&ana"o#&s was !*"& a#=
Fe##ow &!&Hens 4 ` r&es )or Gran!:' I! &s no! $* &n!en!&on 4 9 r&es o) GS!o"12 GGo on1: !o $a(e a #ong s"ee h' I) *ou g&+e $e *our a!!en!&on )or )&+e $&nu!es 4 9GGo on21 GS!o"21 GNo2 no2 we wan! no!h&ng !o do w&!h !ra&!ors21 GGran!2 Gran!21 G0ohnson2 Ggroans: ' I wou#d #&(e !o sa* !o !h&s rowd here !on&gh! 4 9GShu! u"T @e don1! wan! !o hear )ro$ *ou2 0ohnsonT Gran!T 0ohnsonT Gran!T Gran!T1: The Pres&den! ga+e u" and re!&red )ro$ !he %a# on*' A! S! <ou&s he o$"ared h&$se#) !o 0esus Chr&s! and shou!ed Ghang Thad S!e+ensT1 as &) he $ean! &!' A! C#e+e#and he rounded on a he (#er2 !hrow&ng gra$$ar and oheren e !o !he w&nds= 6 those men # such a one as insulted me to- night # you may say, has ceased to .e a man, and in ceasing to .e a man shrunk into the denomination of a reptile, and having so shrunken, as an honest man, / tread on him. / came here to-night not to criminate or recriminate, .ut when provoked my nature is not to advance .ut to defend, and when encroached upon, / care not from what quarter it comes, it will find resistance, and resistance at the threshold. I! was a des"onden! and de)ea!ed "ar!* wh& h e+en!ua##* re!urned !o @ash&ng!on2 #ea+&ng !he )&e#d !o !he de$agogues on !he o!her s&de2 who were "ro+&ng !he$se#+es e8"er! a! Gwa+&ng !he %#ood* sh&r!12 as &! was a##ed 4 !ha! &s2 a! asser!&ng !ha! !he o""os&!&on was &n o##us&on w&!h r&$&na#s and re%e#s and &nsu#!&ng !he su))er&ngs o) !he g#or&ous dead' The e#e !&on was de &s&+e= !he Re"u%#& ans o+erwhe#$ed 0ohnson&ans and De$o ra!s a#&(e and were now )ree !o "ush !hrough wha!e+er #eg&s#a!&on !he* #&(ed' 0ohnson wou#d +e!o e+er*!h&ng2 o) ourse2 and d&dF %u! !here was #&!!#e d&))& u#!* &n o+err&d&ng h&s +e!oes' To %e sure2 !he Pres&den! re!a&ned an a$"#e "ower !o anno*2 and &! was !h&s !ha! e+en!ua##* #ed !o h&s &$"ea h$en!' He &ns&s!ed on d&s$&ss&ng Edw&n S!an!onF Congress was e;ua##* &n!en! on (ee"&ng !h&s #as! a##* &n !he e8e u!&+eF e+en!ua##*2 a)!er a ha&n o) d&s red&!a%#e e+en!s2 wh& h &n #uded an e"&sode when S!an!on %arr& aded h&$se#) &n !he @ar De"ar!$en! and sus!a&ned a s&ege2 !he Re"u%#& ans )&na##* #os! !he&r !e$"er and &ns!&!u!ed &$"ea h$en! "ro eed&ngs2 wh& h &) su ess)u# wou#d ha+e as! !he Pres&den! ou! o) o))& e' The %us&ness #as!ed )ro$ Mar h !o Ma* ,7.7 and was a%andoned a)!er !he "rose u!&on )a&#ed2 )our !&$es2 !o ge! !he ne essar* !wo>!h&rds $aEor&!* &n !he Sena!e' I! was soon rea#&Hed !ha! !he )a&#ure o) !he &$"ea h$en! was !he %es! !h&ng !ha! ou#d ha+e ha""ened2 )or !here was no! a shred o) e+&den e !ha! 0ohnson had engaged &n !he GTreason2 Br&%er*2 or o!her h&gh Cr&$es and M&sde$eanours1 wh& h !he Cons!&!u!&on #a*s down as grounds )or &$"ea h$en!'. Had 0ohnson %een eEe !ed2 &! wou#d ha+e %een )or na(ed#* "o#&!& a# reasons2 and !he who#e %as&s o) !he Cons!&!u!&ona# s*s!e$ wou#d ha+e %een o+er!hrown= !he "r&n &"#e o) o>e8&s!en!2 $u!ua##* &nde"enden! "owersF o) he (s and %a#an esF o) #aws2 no! $en' Ins!ead2 A$er& a wou#d a! #eas! !e$"orar&#* ha+e go! a Par#&a$en!ar* go+ern$en! w&!hou! rea##* wan!&ng or "#ann&ng !oF and Congress ou#d no! ha+e %een $ade )&! !o e8er &se su"re$e "ower under su h arrange$en!s w&!hou! rad& a# Cons!&!u!&ona# a$end$en!s wh& h ou#d "ro%a%#* no! ha+e %een agreed' In shor!2 a su ess)u# &$"ea h$en! wou#d ha+e %ad#* wea(ened !he )edera# go+ern$en! )or *ears2 &) no! )or de adesF !he unsu ess)u# one d&d da$age enough' A! #eas! &! had !he one good resu#! !ha! )or !he ne8! hundred *ears a## Pres&den!s !oo( warn&ng )ro$ Andrew 0ohnson1s e8a$"#e and d&d no! !r* Congress !oo )ar' For !he res! o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* !he Pres&den!s were &ndeed a#$os! wea(#* de)eren!&a# &n !he&r dea#&ngs w&!h !he #eg&s#a!ure= !hough !h&s was %* no $eans so #ear#* a good !h&ng' The "ro%#e$s "osed %* ha+&ng su h a $an as 0ohnson &n !he @h&!e House were %e!!er so#+ed %* go&ng round h&$2 as Congress d&d %* o+err&d&ng h&s +e!oes2 or as Seward d&d when he nego!&a!ed
!he "ur hase o) !he Russ&an o#on* o) A#as(a %* !he Un&!ed S!a!es &n ,7.52 and aEo#ed !he Sena!e &n!o a""ro+&ng !he !rea!*F %es! o) a##2 %* re"#a &ng h&$ !hrough !he nor$a# "ro esses2 wh& h ha""ened when U#*sses S' Gran! was e#e !ed !o !he Pres&den * on !he Re"u%#& an !& (e! &n ,7.7' Gran!2 who had %een so grea! a genera#2 was !o "ro+e as "oor a Pres&den! &n h&s wa* as 0ohnson had %een &n h&sF %u! a! #eas! !he Congress&ona# $aEor&!* no #onger had !o worr* a%ou! e8e u!&+e sa%o!ageF &! ou#d on en!ra!e und&s!ur%ed on !he "ro%#e$ o) !he Sou!h and !he %#a (s' So !he Re"u%#& ans on en!ra!edF and &n !he end !he* were de)ea!ed2 as was &ne+&!a%#e' I! &s &$"or!an! !o unders!and wh*2 s&n e !he d&))& u#!&es !he* s!rugg#ed w&!h were !o "er"#e8 $an* genera!&ons o) A$er& ans a)!er !he$2 a#$os! !o !he "resen! da*' The %#a$e an s ar e#* %e #a&d a! !he&r door' The* d&d !he %es! !he* ou#d &n !he &r u$s!an es2 and &) !he* o as&ona##* $ade $&s!a(es2 #a (ed unders!and&ng or ga+e u" )ro$ "ure wear&ness2 !hese are un&+ersa# hu$an !ra&!s2 wh& h hara !er&He su ess)u# as we## as )a&#ed under!a(&ngs' Perha"s !he&r "rogra$$e was !oo %a (ward>#oo(&ng !o %e a#!oge!her rea#&s!& ' The* ho"ed !o $a(e o+er !he Sou!h &n !he &$age o) !he an!e>%e##u$ Nor!h2 w&!h a )ew #&!!#e &$"ro+e$en!s su h as %#a ( su))rage' The Sou!h was !o %e &ndus!r&a#&Hed2 her "#an!a!&on agr& u#!ure was !o %e !rans)or$ed &n!o a s*s!e$ o) )a$&#* )ar$s2 her !owns were !o grow2 a%o+e a## she was !o de+e#o" a !wo>"ar!* s*s!e$ &n wh& h a has!ened De$o ra!& "ar!* wou#d o$"e!e w&!h a re+&+ed @h&g "ar!* s!reng!hened %* &!s asso &a!&on w&!h !he +& !or&ous "ar!* o) !he Nor!h2 and e$%od*&ng2 as !he Re"u%#& ans had &n <&n o#n1s "re>war I##&no&s2 !he as"&ra!&ons o) s$a## )ar$ers2 ra)!s$en and %us&ness$en' In !h&s wa* !he "o#&!& a# and so &a# #ega * o) !he s#a+e>ho#d&ng ar&s!o ra * wou#d %e des!ro*ed2 and !he )edera# go+ern$en! wou#d %e on!ro##ed2 &nde)&n&!e#*2 %* !he Re"u%#& an "ar!*2 )or !o &!s as endan * &n !he Nor!h and !he @es! wou#d %e added &!s s!reng!h &n !he Sou!h' Th&s +&s&on d&d no! !a(e a oun! o) !he s"eed and e8!en! !o wh& h !he Nor!h herse#) was hang&ngF worse2 &! d&d no! !a(e a oun! o) !he )ash&on and degree &n wh& h !he Sou!h had hanged' Perha"s &! was Eus! as we##' Too $u h &ns&gh! $&gh! ha+e #ed !o "re$a!ure ho"e#essness' And Rad& a# Re ons!ru !&on was "re>e$&nen!#* one o) !hose !h&ngs wh& h &! &s %e!!er !o ha+e %egun and )a&#ed &n !han no! !o ha+e a!!e$"!ed a! a##' The en!ra# d&))& u#!* was !ha! !he Sou!h was )a ed w&!h a )unda$en!a# e ono$& "ro%#e$' The d&sa""earan e o) s#a+er* had #e)! a +o&d &n a## Sou!hern &ns!&!u!&ons2 &! ne ess&!a!ed !he re$ode##&ng o) so &e!* &n a## &!s as"e !s2 %u! Eus! as !he "e u#&ar &ns!&!u!&on had &n or&g&n %een "r&$ar&#* an e ono$& s*s!e$2 so2 on &!s dea!h2 !he "r&$e !as( was !o re"#a e &!s ro#e as !he de!er$&nan! o) &n+es!$en!2 o) !he d&s!r&%u!&on o) a"&!a# and &n o$e2 o) onsu$"!&on and o) #a%our organ&Ha!&on' In !he #ong run !here was +er* #&!!#e !ha! Nor!herners2 e&!her o##e !&+e#* or &nd&+&dua##*2 ou#d do !o a))e ! !he ou! o$e o) !h&s "ro ess= ne essar&#*2 &! wou#d %e se!!#ed %* !he &n!er"#a* o) &$"ersona# e ono$& )or es and !he w&shes o) !he Sou!herners2 %#a ( and wh&!e' A! )&rs! !he &n&!&a!&+e #a* w&!h !he %#a (s' The )a## o) !he Con)edera * a e#era!ed a## !hose !enden &es wh& h had %een e$erg&ng "re+&ous#*= sudden#* !he )reed$en se&Hed on!ro# o) !he&r own des!&n*' The* e8h&%&!ed !he&r new>)ound s!reng!h &n wa*s !ha! as!on&shed and dee"#* o))ended !he&r )or$er $as!ers' On one "#an!a!&on !he* re)used !o a##ow !he $&s!ress &n!o !he house2 &ns!ead dan &ng round her s&ng&ng Ts )ree as a )rog2 Ha##e#uEahT1 More s&gn&)& an!2 &n !he #ong run2 was !he&r onsensus on !he )u!ure' The* were "re"ared2 a)!er !he &n&!&a# "er&od o) d&s#o a!&on2 !o o$e ho$e and wor( &n !he o!!on>)&e#ds aga&nF %u! !he !er$s were hanged' The* ho"ed !o ge! ownersh&" o) !he #and2 or enough o) &! a! #eas! !o su""or! !he$ &n &nde"enden e 9!he s#ogan o) !he !&$e was G)or!* a res and a $u#e12 wh& h were su""osed#* !o %e "ro+&ded %* !he )edera# go+ern$en!:F !he* were &n!ense#* eager !o edu a!e
!he$se#+esF and !he* were de!er$&ned !o reEe ! an* )or$ o) #a%our organ&Ha!&on wh& h see$ed !o resurre ! s#a+er*' In "ar!& u#ar2 !he* wan!ed ash wages2 )reedo$ !o o$e and go2 an end !o !he )&e#d> gang s*s!e$ and a #&$&!ed wor(&ng da*' <&(e $os! so &o>"o#&!& a# "rogra$$es2 !h&s was on#* a h&e+ed &n "ar!F %u! $odern e ono$& h&s!or&ans ha+e #a&d grea! e$"has&s on !he &$"or!an e o) wha! was a h&e+ed' Sudden#* !he #a%our )or e o) !he Sou!h was wor(&ng on#* n&ne or !en hours a da* 9!he usua# s!&n! o) #a%ourers e#sewhere &n !he Un&!ed S!a!es: &ns!ead o) )ro$ dawn !o dus(2 as under s#a+er*' The #a%our su""#*2 &n o!her words2 dro""ed %* near#* a !h&rd' So2 &n onse;uen e2 d&d !he "rodu !&on o) !he ro"s on wh& h !he "ros"er&!* o) !he an!e>%e##u$ Sou!h had de"ended 4 a%o+e a##2 o!!on' Fur!her$ore2 !he wor#d "r& e o) o!!on2 wh& h had !ou hed d&HH* he&gh!s dur&ng !he war2 ra"&d#* re!urned !o &!s "re+&ous #e+e#2 and !hen )e## %e#ow &!2 as o!her reg&ons 4 Ind&a2 Eg*"! 4 %egan !o o$"e!e w&!h !he Sou!h' E+en %e)ore !he C&+&# @ar o!!on "r& es had had a #ong>!er$ !enden * !o )a##= !he "#an!ers had %een a%#e !o $a&n!a&n and &n rease !he&r &n o$es on#* %* grow&ng and $ar(e!&ng $ore and $ore o!!on2 a )ea! wh& h &n !urn had on#* %een "oss&%#e %e ause s#a+er* and !he &n!erna# s#a+e> !rade ensured a #arge2 do &#e and 9a%o+e a##: hea" wor(>)or e !ha! ou#d %e ra"&d#* de"#o*ed as new o!!on #ands were o"ened u"' I! was !h&s as"e ! o) !he "#an!a!&on s*s!e$ !o wh& h e$an &"a!&on dea#! !he )&na#2 &rre+ers&%#e %#ow' I! $ean! !ha! "#an!ers )a ed a "er$anen! s#u$" &n !he&r &n o$e2 &n add&!&on !o !he +agar&es o) !he wea!her and !he %urden o) )edera# !a8a!&on' Ne+er aga&n wou#d o!!on "a* )or !he o#d $agn&)& en! wa* o) #&)e' Bes&des2 !he "#an!a!&on s*s!e$ was now no! on#* un"ro)&!a%#e2 %u! &n o!her res"e !s "o&n!#ess' The )reed$en )#a!#* re)used !o wor( &n #&ne under !he !hrea! o) !he dr&+er1s wh&"' The a&r was !h& ( w&!h denun &a!&on o) %#a ( #aH&ness2 %u! !he )reed$en were un$o+ed' The* were no! go&ng !o wor(2 )or o!hers2 #onger or harder !han !he* saw )&!' The* had had enough o) !ha! &n !he "as!' A## "#an!a!&on so &e!&es e8h&%&!ed !h&s "heno$enon a)!er e$an &"a!&on= !he* a## !ended !o #a"se &n!o su%s&s!en e e ono$&es2 !o "rodu e2 !ha! &s2 no! )or !he $ar(e! %u! )or !he &$$ed&a!e needs o) !he wor(ers' I! ha""ened &n !he Br&!&sh @es! Ind&es' I! need no! ha+e ha""ened &n !he Sou!h had !he %#a (s %een g&+en !he #and and !ra&n&ng !he* des&red= !he* were a"a%#e o) wor(&ng e8!re$e#* hard )or !he$se#+es2 as !he* had "ro+ed on !he "#an!a!&ons &n Sou!h Caro#&na and M&ss&ss&""& !ha! had %een handed o+er !o !he$ dur&ng !he war' Now !he* ho"ed )or )ur!her d&s!r&%u!&on' Had !h&s o urred2 no! on#* wou#d Sou!hern %#a (s ha+e %een &n a "os&!&on !o "reser+e and e8er &se !he "o#&!& a#2 so &a# and #ega# r&gh!s wh& h !he Nor!h was so an8&ous !o gran! !he$2 !he* $&gh! a#so ha+e #arge#* res!ored Sou!hern agr& u#!ura# "rodu !&+&!*' Thaddeus S!e+ens was an8&ous !o g&+e !he$ #and' Bu! h&s "ro"osa# wen! !oo )ar )or !he era' The onne !&on %e!ween e ono$& &nde"enden e and "o#&!& a# s!reng!h was no! #ear#* seen 9!hough &! had %een one o) Tho$as 0e))erson1s a8&o$s:F !he rad& a#s d&d no! wan! !o a#&ena!e !he&r onser+a!&+e a##&es2 whe!her &n !he Nor!h or !he Sou!hF and %es&des !here were gra+e "ra !& a# d&))& u#!&es' Under !he Sou!hern Ho$es!ead A ! o) ,7..2 )or &ns!an e2 #and was a !ua##* $ade a+a&#a%#e )or d&s!r&%u!&on a$ong !he )reed$en2 %u! &! was o) "oor ;ua#&!* and !he o))er was no! !a(en u"' To ge! de en! #and )or !he$ wou#d ha+e &n)ur&a!ed !he en+&ous "oor wh&!es as we## as !he r& h' Bes&des2 !he #ega# "os&!&on was )ar )ro$ #ear' The Con)&s a!&on A !s had %een war!&$e $easures= how ou#d #ega# "ro eed&ngs under !he$ %e Eus!&)&ed now !ha! "ea e had %een res!ored2 when no o!her "ro eed&ngs 4 no !reason !r&a#s2 )or e8a$"#e 4 were %e&ng !a(en aga&ns! !he )or$er re%e#s2 when &ndeed !he Pres&den! was &ssu&ng a## !hose "ardonsM 0ohnson had d&re !ed !he re!urn !o !he&r )&rs! owners o) !he M&ss&ss&""& and Sou!h Caro#&na "#an!a!&ons wh& h !he )reed$en had %een wor(&ng'7 I! wou#d ha+e %een &n)&n&!e#* d&))& u#! and d&sagreea%#e !o !a(e !he$ %a ( aga&n2 or !o $a(e se&Hures an*where e#seF and !he Sou!h was a#read* see!h&ng o+er !he a !&+&!&es o) !he agen!s o) !he US Treasur*2 who were go&ng here and !here on)&s a!&ng !he "#an!ers1 #as! $ar(e!a%#e asse!2 !he&r o!!on %a#es2 &n se!!#e$en! o) un"a&d !a8es' I! &s no! sur"r&s&ng !ha! S!e+ens1s "ro"osa#s were ne+er !a(en u"F %u! &! was d&sas!rous )or !he )u!ure o) !he %#a (s2 a## !he sa$e2 and )or !he Sou!h as a who#e' The "ros"e !s )or Sou!hern )ar$&ng
wou#d ha+e %een a! %es! "re ar&ous2 wha!e+er !he s*s!e$ o) #andho#d&ng or !he d&s!r&%u!&on o) #and %e!ween !he ra esF %u! a! #eas! a $ore de$o ra!& arrange$en!2 so$e!h&ng nearer !o wha! !he Re"u%#& ans en+&saged2 wou#d ha+e s"read !he de)& &!s and sur"#uses $ore e+en#*2 and %* &n reas&ng !he nu$%er o) "eo"#e w&!h $one* !o s"end $&gh! e+en ha+e s!&$u#a!ed so$e $easure o) !ha! e ono$& grow!h )or wh& h2 as &! !urned ou!2 !he Sou!h had !o wa&! un!&# !he !wen!&e!h en!ur*' The rad& a# "rogra$$e2 !hen2 was r&""#ed )ro$ &!s s!ar!F *e! !he Re"u%#& ans see$ed !o ho#d e+er* !ru$"' F&rs! and )ore$os! was !he "ower o) Congress !o #eg&s#a!e' Th&s "ower was $os! use)u##* e$"#o*ed when *e! ano!her a$end$en!2 !he F&)!een!h2 was added !o !he Cons!&!u!&on= &! orda&ned !ha! G!he r&gh! o) &!&Hens o) !he Un&!ed S!a!es !o +o!e sha## no! %e den&ed or a%r&dged %* !he Un&!ed S!a!es or %* an* S!a!e on a oun! o) ra e2 o#our2 or "re+&ous ond&!&on o) ser+&!ude12 a $easure no! a#!oge!her a e"!a%#e e+en !o a## Nor!hern o"&n&on2 %u! !he s!a!e #eg&s#a!ures ra!&)&ed &! and &! %e a$e "ar! o) !he Cons!&!u!&on &n Mar h ,75?' Congress a#so used &!s "ower !o swee" awa* !he 0ohnson&an go+ern$en!s &n !he Sou!h' The M&#&!ar* Re ons!ru !&on A ! o) / Mar h ,7.5 d&+&ded !he Sou!h- &n!o )&+e $&#&!ar* d&s!r& !s2 ea h !o %e go+erned %* a genera# o) !he US ar$*' These genera#s had !he du!* o) enro##&ng a## ;ua#&)&ed +o!ers 9&n e))e !2 a## adu#! $a#es2 e8 e"! !hose #asses o) e8> Con)edera!es e8 #uded %* !he !er$s o) !he Four!een!h A$end$en!:2 o) a##&ng !oge!her ons!&!u!&ona# on+en!&ons wh& h wou#d se! u" new2 a e"!a%#e s!a!e go+ern$en!s and o) "res&d&ng o+er !he )&rs! e#e !&ons under !hese arrange$en!s' Then2 when !he new go+ern$en!s had ra!&)&ed !he Four!een!h A$end$en! and Congress had a""ro+ed !he new ons!&!u!&ons2 !he re ons!ru !ed s!a!es wou#d %e a! #as! re>ad$&!!ed !o !he )edera# #eg&s#a!ure and !he $&#&!ar* reg&$es ou#d )ade awa*' Th&s $easure wen! "re!!* )ar2 and was e))e !&+e' O""os&!&on !o &! was )ero &ous2 and d&s o+ered er!a&n #oo"ho#es and wea(nessesF %u! !he* were "ro$"!#* $ade good %* su""#e$en!ar* #eg&s#a!&on' B* ,75? !he "ro ess was o$"#e!e !o !he Re"u%#& ans1 sa!&s)a !&on2 and e+er* Sou!hern s!a!e was on e $ore re"resen!ed &n Congress' The se ond grea! asse! o) !he re ons!ru !&on&s!s was !he %#a (s' Th&s showed &!se#) &n +ar&ous wa*s' I! ;u& (#* %e a$e #ear2 )or e8a$"#e2 !ha! !he new go+ern$en!s2 wh& h were h&e)#* $anned %* wh&!es who had %een Un&on&s!s dur&ng !he war2 wou#d no! %e a%#e !o sus!a&n !he$se#+es a! e#e !&ons w&!hou! !he he#" o) %#a ( +o!ers' So a +&gorous "rogra$$e o) "o#&!& a# edu a!&on was under!a(en2 !he o%Ee ! o) wh& h was !o !ea h !he )or$er s#a+es how !o +o!e and2 es"e &a##*2 how !o +o!e Re"u%#& an' I! wou#d %e a $&s!a(e !o see !h&s as a one>wa* "ro ess2 a $a!!er o) G a##&ng on A)r& a1' The eagerness o) !he e8> s#a+es !o $a(e good !he&r )reedo$ was &$$ense2 and !he* d&d e+er*!h&ng !he* ou#d !o su""or! !he new reg&$es2 su""#*&ng a h&gh "ro"or!&on o) !he "o#&!& a# "ersonne#' The )a ! !ha! !he* ou#d do so ;u&!e a"a%#* was &n &!se#) enough !o re)u!e !he asser!&ons o) !he wh&!e su"re$a &s!s2 a#!hough !hese2 who had no &n!en!&on o) %e&ng re)u!ed2 "re)erred !o e$"has&He !he &ne+&!a%#e )a&#ures ra!her !han !he su esses' The su esses are %e!!er wor!h re$e$%er&ng !oda*' A sur"r&s&ng d&+ers&!* o) A)r& an> A$er& an #eaders e$erged' One o) !he$ was an O#d E!on&anF ano!her was a )or$er s#a+e who had #earned !o read %* s"*&ng !hrough !he w&ndow o) a wh&!e s hoo# ne8! !o h&s "#a e o) wor(' Now !he* "ro+&ded $e$%ers o) !he s!a!e on+en!&ons and #eg&s#a!uresF U S Re"resen!a!&+esF and e+en !wo US Sena!ors 4 H&ra$ Re+e#s and !he e8>s#a+e B#an he K' Bru e2 %o!h )ro$ M&ss&ss&""&' No %#a ( was e#e !ed !o !he Go+ernorsh&" o) a s!a!e2 %u! 0ona!han 0' @r&gh!2 or&g&na##* a Penns*#+an&a #aw*er2 sa! on !he Su"re$e Cour! o) Sou!h Caro#&na2 and !here were se+era# <&eu!enan!>Go+ernors' Through !hese $en !he A)r& an>A$er& ans ser+ed no!& e on an unres"ons&+e wh&!e A$er& a !ha! !he* wou#d no #onger %e "ass&+e $e$%ers o) !he o$$un&!*' Howe+er2 !he Re"u%#& an #eadersh&" &n !he Sou!h dur&ng Re ons!ru !&on was ne+er "redo$&nan!#* %#a (2 and wou#d ha+e )a&#ed &$$ed&a!e#* &) &! had %een' The rad& a#s were a#so
a%#e !o a## on !he energ&es and a%&#&!&es o) !he !wo grou"s (nown res"e !&+e#* as s a#awags 4 !ha! &s2 Sou!herners who were read* !o %rea( ran(s and o> o"era!e w&!h Re ons!ru !&on 4 and ar"e!%aggers 4 ou!s&ders )ro$ !he Nor!h who a$e !o D&8&e a)!er !he war' No !wo grou"s ha+e %een $ore $a#&gned &n A$er& an h&s!or*2 "re &se#* %e ause Re ons!ru !&on ou#d no! ha+e gone so )ar as &! d&d w&!hou! !he$' So$e a$ong !he$ were undou%!ed#* o""or!un&s! rogues o) !he (&nd who )anned ou! o+er !he who#e o) A$er& a a)!er !he war2 #oo(&ng )or "ro)&! and no! %e&ng !oo s ru"u#ous as !o how !he* go! &!' E+en !he rogues2 &! $&gh! %e argued2 ser+ed a "ur"ose2 %r&ng&ng a %rea!h o) )resh a&r 4 !he&r %ra&ns and energ* 4 &n!o an area !ha! was $u h &n need o) su h re)resh$en!F and $os! o) !he Re ons!ru !&on&s!s were de en! and +a#ua%#e &!&Hens' So$e were na!&+e wh&!e Sou!herners who had #earned !he #essons o) !he war and were an8&ous !o a""#* !he$= !o g&+e !he Sou!h no! on#* !he &ndus!r&a# and )&nan &a# s!ru !ure she had #a (ed2 and !o $a(e good !he )ear)u# $a!er&a# des!ru !&on2 %u! a#so !o se! u" a "o#&!& a#2 edu a!&ona# and so &a# s*s!e$ #&(e !ha! !o wh& h2 ;u&!e as $u h as !o her wea#!h2 !he Nor!h owed her +& !or* 4 !o wh& h2 &ndeed2 she #arge#* owed her wea#!h' Man* o) !he ar"e!%aggers were Un&on so#d&ers who had d&s o+ered !he Sou!h dur&ng !he war and #&(ed !he oun!r* 9$u h as !he&r des endan!s d&s o+ered Ca#&)orn&a dur&ng !he Se ond @or#d @ar and wen! %a ( !here as soon as !he* ou#d:' Now !he* a$e !o se!!#e2 drawn %* an an &en! A$er& an #ureF )or2 "ar!#* as a resu#! o) !he war2 %u! $ore %e ause o) s#a+er*2 $u h o) !he Sou!h2 o$"ared !o ne&gh%our&ng s!a!es2 was s!&## a w&#derness= &n o!her words2 a )resh )ron!&er )or "&oneers !o on;uer' Beh&nd !hese as"&ran! )ar$ers2 as on !he wes!ward $ar h2 a$e !he grea! a"&!a#&s!s and &ndus!r&a#&s!s2 #oo(&ng )or wa*s o) rea#&H&ng !he $&nera# wea#!h o) !he Sou!h 4 !he oa# o) !he $oun!a&ns2 !he o&# o) <ou&s&ana2 !he &ron o) A#a%a$a' F&na##*2 !here were !he &ns!&!u!&ona# au8&#&ar&es o) !he )edera# and s!a!e go+ern$en!s= !he hur hes 9o"era!&ng !hrough !he A$er& an M&ss&onar* Asso &a!&on:F !he ar$*F !he s!a!e $&#&!&as2 wh& h were ra&sed a)!er !he ar$* had shrun( !o &!s nor$a# s&He and re!urned !o &!s nor$a# Eo% o) hun!&ng Ind&ansF !he Un&on <eague2 !he neares! !h&ng !here was !o a )u##> !&$e Re"u%#& an "ar!* organ&Ha!&onF and2 a%o+e a##2 !he Freed$en1s Bureau 9o))& &a##* (nown as !he Bureau o) Re)ugees2 Freed$en2 and A%andoned <ands:' The Bureau was se! u" %* Congress Eus! %e)ore !he end o) !he warF dur&ng !he &$$ed&a!e "os!>war "er&od &! d&d hero& wor( &n )eed&ng !he )reed$en2 &n organ&H&ng hos"&!a#s and s hoo#s )or !he$2 and &n su"er+&s&ng !he !er$s under wh& h !he* were h&red as )ree #a%ourers' O+era##2 !h&s was a )or$&da%#e arra* o) wea"ons2 and &! was no! who##* &ne))e !&+e' The new s!a!e ons!&!u!&ons d&d e))e !&+e#* o+erhau# Sou!hern go+ern$en!2 swee"&ng awa* !he &nd&re ! e#e !&ons o) Sou!h Caro#&na2 )or e8a$"#e2 %* wh& h &n !he an!e> %e##u$ "er&od !he ho& e o) a## !he h&ghes! s!a!e o))& &a#s had %een (e"! &n !he hands o) !he "#an!er o#&gar hs' Pro"er!* ;ua#&)& a!&ons )or +o!&ng and o))& e>ho#d&ng were a%o#&shed )or e+erF !he )&rs! s*s!e$s o) "u%#& edu a!&on were se! u"2 )or wh&!es as we## as )or %#a (s2 !ha! !he Sou!h had e+er (nownF,, &$"r&son$en! )or de%! was a%o#&shedF s!a!e or"hanages and #una!& as*#u$s were se! u"F and a )ra$ewor( o) #aw was "ro+&ded2 $ode##ed on !hose o) !he Nor!hern s!a!es2 w&!h&n wh& h a"&!a#&s! or"ora!&ons ou#d )un !&on sa)e#* 4 a $aEor de"ar!ure )or !he #and o) 0e))erson and Andrew 0a (son' A## !hese &$"or!an! and +a#ua%#e &nno+a!&ons sur+&+ed !he *ears o) on!ro+ers* w&!hou! d&))& u#!*2 and d&d so$e!h&ng !owards !he $odern&Ha!&on o) !he Sou!h' E+en !he s!&$u#us !o %#a ( edu a!&on2 #arge#* !he wor( o) !he hur h grou"s2 was no! who##* #os! &n !he *ears aheadF su h d&s!&ngu&shed un&+ers&!&es as A!#an!a2 Howard 9a! @ash&ng!on2 DCF na$ed a)!er !he head o) !he Freed$en1s Bureau2 Genera# O#&+er O' Howard: and F&s( da!e )ro$ !h&s "er&od' The grea! a$end$en!s re$a&ned "ar! o) !he Cons!&!u!&on' Bu! !here !he red&! s&de o) !he #edger s!o"s' For !he ;ues!&on o) re ons!ru !&on wou#d no! u#!&$a!e#* %e se!!#ed %* reason2 o$$on sense2 good &n!en!&ons and Congress&ona# ena !$en!' E+en !he )reed$en were no! ne essar* !o
a se!!#e$en!2 !hough !he* had $ore a! s!a(e !han an*one e#se= !he* were !oo )ew2 as !he s#a+es had %een !oo )ew2 )or !he&r own good' <&(e !he an!&>s#a+er* s!rugg#e2 #&(e !he C&+&# @ar &!se#)2 !h&s was a )&gh! !ha! wou#d %e se!!#ed %* !&$e2 w&## and "h*s& a# )or eF %u! now !he grea!er s!reng!h was on !he wrong s&de' T&$e a#one wou#d ha+e %een enough !o de)ea! !he Nor!h2 had &! no! had !o s!rugg#e aga&ns! !he )o##* and &$"a!&en e o) !he wh&!e Sou!h as we##' Mos! A$er& ans )&nd &! hard !o (ee" u" a ;uarre#' The* are a )r&end#*2 ou!go&ng "eo"#eF !he* #&(e !o %e #&(edF !he s#&gh!es! show o) goodw&## and !he* )orge! !he&r s!ronges! gr&e+an es' To Eudge %* !he&r %eha+&our2 !he Nor!herners were ne+er +er* +&nd& !&+e !o !he Sou!herners= !he* ou#d no! &$ag&ne2 )or &ns!an e2 !rea!&ng )e##ow>A$er& ans as !he Russ&ans !rea!ed !he Po#es a)!er !he unsu ess)u# r&s&ng o) ,7.3' The* were d&s on er!ed %* !he re#en!#ess hos!&#&!* !ha! !he de)ea!ed Sou!h d&s"#a*ed= %* !he &nsu#!s o))ered !o !he&r so#d&ers %* Sou!hern #ad&es2 !he s!ee#* re)usa# o) Sou!hern "o#&!& &ans !o o$"ro$&se' GA! a d&s!an e I )e#! a grea! s*$"a!h* )or !he "eo"#e here= now !ha! I a$ here and (now how !he "u#se o) !he "eo"#e %ea!2 I ha+e #os! a grea! "or!&on o) $* s*$"a!h*21 one *oung Nor!herner wro!e !o h&s )r&end2 a )u!ure Pres&den!2 &n ,7.A' Bew&#der$en! hanged !o rage as !he B#a ( Codes were "assed2 as +&o#en e $oun!ed2 as M&ss&ss&""& re)used !o ra!&)* !he Th&r!een!h A$end$en! %e ause2 )orsoo!h2 &! ga+e Congress "ower !o en)or e !he a%o#&!&on o) s#a+er*2 and as <ou&s&ana re"ud&a!ed !he Cons!&!u!&on wh& h <&n o#n had de)ended so earnes!#* aga&ns! rad& a# r&!& s2 on !he grounds !ha! &! was G!he rea!ure o) )raud2 +&o#en e and orru"!&on1' ,3 G@e !e## !he wh&!e $en o) M&ss&ss&""& !ha! !he $en o) !he Nor!h w&## on+er! !he S!a!e o) M&ss&ss&""& &n!o a )rog "ond %e)ore !he* w&## a##ow su h #aws !o d&sgra e one )oo! o) so&# &n wh& h !he %ones o) our so#d&ers s#ee" and o+er wh& h !he )#ag o) )reedo$ wa+es21 sa&d !he Ch& ago Tr&%une &n De e$%er ,7.A' F&ne words= %u! !he Nor!h ou#d no! (ee" &! u"' No! a## !he %ad %eha+&our o) !he Sou!h ou#d u#!&$a!e#* o+er o$e !he w&sh !o %ur* !he o#d d&s"u!e2 !o %e $agnan&$ous !o a )a##en )oe2 !o )orge! an &n!ra !a%#e "ro%#e$ and !urn !o !he r& h ha##enges o) !he new era o) &ndus!r&a#&s$ !ha! was o"en&ng' The %#ood* sh&r! ou#d no! )ore+er d&s!ra ! a!!en!&on )ro$ !he e8 &!e$en!s o) #&)e &n !he new &!&es2 &n !he new @es!2 !he new )a !or&es2 !he new )ar$s2 !he new "ro)ess&ons2 !he new "#easures 9%ase%a## had sudden#* %e o$e a na!&ona# o%sess&on:' The a!!en!&on o) !he Nor!h !o a))a&rs %e#ow !he Mason>D&8on #&ne s#a (ened2 and so &! %e a$e eas* !o %e#&e+e !he "ro"aganda wh& h sa&d !ha! !he re ons!ru !ed go+ern$en!s were a## &nsu))era%#* orru"! and &n o$"e!en!2 !ha! !he wh&!e su"re$a &s!s (new wha! was %es! )or %#a (s2 !ha! !he rad& a# Re"u%#& ans were $ere !w&s!ed )ana!& s' Bes&des2 !&$e (&##ed o)) !he rad& a# #eaders2 and !he* had no su essors' The Re"u%#& an "ar!* d&d no! re"ud&a!e &!s o#d "rogra$$e 9&! was )ar !oo use)u# a! e#e !&on !&$es: and &ndeed on!&nued )or ano!her !wen!* *ears2 !hough &ne))e !&+e#*2 !o !r* !o "ro!e ! !he hard>won %#a ( r&gh! !o +o!eF !he C&+&# @ar +e!erans who ra"&d#* a$e !o do$&na!e !he "ar!* d&d no! )orge! !he ause )or wh& h !he* had )ough!F %u! !he "ass&on d&ed2 or sh&)!ed !o o!her &ssues' Po#&!& s was no #onger a rusade2 %u! $u h $ore a $a!!er o) da*> !o>da* %us&ness= &! was on+en&en! )or Pres&den!s2 Sena!ors and Congress$en2 )ew o) who$ wou#d ha+e $ade on+&n &ng rusaders2 !o see( !he o> o"era!&on o) !he Sou!hern #eaders ra!her !han !he&r des!ru !&on' Bes&des2 !he De$o ra!& "ar!* &n !he Nor!h soon a%andoned !he ra &s$ wh& h &! had e$%ra ed so )er+en!#* dur&ng and &$$ed&a!e#* a)!er !he war2 and was "re"ared !o o$"e!e )or %#a ( +o!esF &n re!urn &! see$ed on#* )a&r !ha! !he Re"u%#& ans shou#d o$"e!e )or wh&!e su"re$a &s! +o!es2 or a! #eas! no! s!&$u#a!e !he Sou!hern ra &s!s &n!o +&gorous a !&on aga&ns! !he$' Th&s sor! o) a!!&!ude was $ade eas&er %* !he "ers&s!en e o) ra e "reEud& e &n !he Nor!h' As an e))e !&+e "o#&!& a# )or e &! was %ro(en %* !he war and re ons!ru !&onF Nor!herners were now $u h $ore on erned !o ha!e !he Ir&sh and !he o!her Euro"ean &$$&gran!s )#ood&ng &n u"on !he$2 ra!her !han !he %#a (s2 o) who$ !he* saw )ewF %u! s!&##2 !here was no #o+e o) !he %#a ( !o $a(e &! &$"oss&%#e !o )orge! h&s &nEur&es' In )a ! one o) !he reasons wh* !he Nor!h saw so )ew %#a (s was !ha! !he* were no! a##owed !o o$"e!e )or good Nor!hern Eo%s' The* were e8 #uded )ro$ !he r&s&ng #a%our un&ons2 and so )ro$ !he )a !or&es2 e8 e"! as s!r&(e>
%rea(ers re ru&!ed %* !he )a !or*>owners2 wh& h d&d no! &n rease !he&r "o"u#ar&!*' B* !he $&d> se+en!&es2 &n shor!2 !he A)r& an>A$er& an was seen2 a! %es!2 as a %ore and a nu&san e' There was no "o#&!& a# r&s( )or an*one &n a%andon&ng h&$' Sou!hern a!!&!udes were no! du !&#e #&(e Nor!hern ones' The reason was s&$"#e enough= !oo $u h was a! s!a(e' For !he Nor!h2 !he C&+&# @ar had %een "r&$ar&#* a de)ens&+e en!er"r&se2 wh& h had ended %* grea!#* s!reng!hen&ng !he A$er& an Un&on 4 &ndeed2 %* su"ersed&ng !he !er$= e+er s&n e2 A$er& ans ha+e !ended !o !a#( o) G!he na!&on12 an e+en $ore ohes&+e &dea' For !he Sou!h2 !he war had $ean! !he E$an &"a!&on Re+o#u!&on2 wh& h had sha!!ered so &e!* and a## &!s s!ru !ures' For !he Nor!h2 Gre ons!ru !&on12 !ha! ur&ous#* dr* !er$2 $ean! "r&$ar&#* !he "o#&!& a# !as( o) re&n!rodu &ng !he de)ea!ed s!a!es !o )u## "ar!& &"a!&on &n "o#&!& s on !o#era%#e !er$s' For !he Sou!h2 &! $ean! re%u&#d&ng so &e!* )ro$ !he )ounda!&ons' The !as( was !oo &$"or!an! !o %e e&!her "os!"oned or #e)! !o o!her hands' De &s&ons !a(en a)!er A""o$a!!o8 wou#d se!!#e !he )a!e o) !he Sou!h )or !he )oreseea%#e )u!ureF no wonder !here was a %&!!er o$"e!&!&on !o ha+e !he "re"onderan! &n)#uen e &n !he&r $a(&ng2 and %&!!er argu$en! as !o wha! !he* shou#d %e' Two )unda$en!a# )a !s ond&!&oned e+er*!h&ng !ha! ha""ened' The )&rs! was !ha! !he Sou!h was no! un&!ed' A"ar! )ro$ !he d&+&s&on %e!ween !he ra es and %e!ween e8>Con)edera!es and Re"u%#& ans 9whe!her s a#awags or ar"e!%aggers:2 !here was !he on!&nu&ng d&+&s&on %e!ween !he #asses' I! &s hard#* "oss&%#e !o o+ers!a!e !he %&!!erness )e#!2 &n !hose "ar!s o) !he Sou!h where !he *eo$en )ar$ers or "oor wh&!es "redo$&na!ed2 aga&ns! !he "#an!er #ass2 &$$ed&a!e#* a)!er !he war' A !ra+e##er &n nor!hern A#a%a$a re"or!ed= )hey are ignorant and vindictive, live in poor huts, drink much, and all use to.acco and snuff> they want to organiGe and receive recognition .y the ?nited States government in order to get revenge # really want to .e .ushwhackers supported .y the Federal government> they Awish to have the power to hang, shoot, and destroy in retaliation for the wrongs they have endured0> they hate the A.ig nigger holders0, whom they accuse of .ringing on the war and who, they are afraid, would get into power again> they are the Arefugee0, poor white element of low character, shiftless, with no am.ition. Tha! was &n ,7.A' Three *ears #a!er !he Re"u%#& ans o) Georg&a !hough! !hese a!!&!udes s!&## s!rong enough !o %e wor!h a""ea#&ng !o a! e#e !&on !&$e= #ass
Be a man= *et the slave-holding aristocracy no longer rule you. @ote for a constitution which educates your children free of charge> relieves the poor de.tor from his rich creditor> allows a li.eral homestead for your families> and more and more than all, places you on a level with those who used to .oast that for every slave they were entitled to three- fifths of a vote in congressional representation. Ponder this well .efore you vo!e' The Re"u%#& ans were "er)e !#* r&gh! &n !h&n(&ng !ha! !hese d&+&s&ons were o) "er$anen! &$"or!an eF %u! !he* %oded no good )or !he )u!ure o) Sou!hern so &e!*' The se ond de &s&+e )a ! a%ou! !he Sou!h was !he )ash&on &n wh& h !he e ono$& ;ues!&on was se!!#ed' @e ha+e seen how ;u& (#* !he )reed$en1s ho"es were %#&gh!ed' The "#an!er #ass2 !hough d&sgra ed2 %an(ru"!2 d&s)ran h&sed and un"o"u#ar2 (e"! !he #and' So$e &nd&+&dua#s2 o) ourse2 wen! down !o e ono$& de)ea!' O!hers rose2 !he #ass sur+&+ed' The s!ra!eg* was no! a! )&rs! #ear' S!renuous e))or!s were $ade2 o) wh& h !he B#a ( Codes were "ar!2 !o res!ore !he o#d "#an!a!&on s*s!e$2 %u! a)!er so$e *ears
&! was #ear !ha! w&!hou! s#a+er* !h&s was &$"oss&%#e= !he e8>s#a+es s&$"#* wou#d no! o> o"era!e' So !he grea! es!a!es were d&+&ded u" &n!o )a$&#* )ar$s and #e! ou! !o !enan!s2 %#a ( and wh&!e' Thus a +ers&on o) !he Re"u%#& an ho"e )or !he Sou!h was rea#&Hed= a ar& a!ure o) Nor!hern ho$es!ead&ng' The new "a!!ern o) Sou!hern agr& u#!ure was do$&na!ed %* de%!' Man* o) !he "#an!ers had $or!gaged !he&r #ands !o ra&se des"era!e#* needed a"&!a#2 or Eus! !o ge! !he&r hands on so$e ash aga&n2 a)!er !he* had seen a## !he "ro)&!s o) s#a+er* +an&sh &n!o !he Con)edera!e war>e))or!' S&n e !he&r new !enan!s had e+en #ess &n !he wa* o) ash or a"&!a# !he* were o%#&ged !o %orrow )ro$ !he #and#ords &n order !o ge! s!ar!ed2 and &n onse;uen e had !o "a* de%!> harges as we## as ren!' The s*s!e$ !ha! e$erged was !ha! (nown as share ro""&ng= a so$ewha! "r&$&!&+e e ono$& )or$2 s&n e &! !urned essen!&a##* on !ransa !&ons &n (&nd2 no! $one*' Tenan!s agreed !o )ar$ !he #andF &n re!urn !he* were g&+en a share o) !he ro"s !he* ra&sed' So$e %rough! !oo#s or a $u#e !o !he&r new #&)e and were !here)ore a##owed !o (ee" a re#a!&+e#* h&gh "ro"or!&on o) !he ro"F %u! $os! de"ended en!&re#* on !he&r #and#ords )or seed2 !oo#s2 "#oughs2 $u#es 9!o draw !he "#oughs: and2 e+en!ua##*2 )ood2 s&n e &! "a&d !he #and#ord !o o$"e# h&s !enan!s !o ge! !he&r su""#&es a! h&s own oun!r* s!ore ra!her !han !o a##ow !he$ !o ra&se orn and "&gs !he$se#+es' Food "rodu !&on &n !he Sou!h a)!er !he C&+&# @ar was a%ou! A? "er en! #ess !han &! had %een %e)ore= !he reg&on eased !o %e se#)>su""or!&ng &n !ha! &!e$' The oro##ar* was !ha! !he "rodu !&on o) o!!on was grea!#* &n reased' On a #ong +&ew o) !he Sou!h1s %es! &n!eres!s2 !h&s was worse !han a%surd2 as $an* "eo"#e "o&n!ed ou! a! !he !&$e' Mono u#!ure "u!s a oun!r*2 or a reg&on2 !oo $u h a! !he $er * o) !he $ar(e!2 !he wea!her and !rad&!&on 9s&n e !o grow !he sa$e !h&ng e+er*where a## !he !&$e d&s ourages use)u# &nno+a!&on= )or e8a$"#e2 o!!on>"& (&ng was no! $e han&Hed un!&# a)!er !he Se ond @or#d @ar:' Co!!on2 )ur!her$ore2 de"#e!ed !he so&#2 so !ha! )ar$ers had !o add !he "r& e o) )er!&#&Her !o !he&r o!her os!s' Bu! s!ar( s!ru !ura# rea#&!&es ga+e !he Sou!h no ho& e' The "rodu ers were a## de%!orsF !he&r red&!ors de$anded o##a!era# )or !he&r #oansF !he on#* o##a!era# !ha! a## (new and !rus!ed was o!!on' No! sur"r&s&ng#*2 !he on#* $en !o do we## ou! o) !h&s s*s!e$ were !he $er han!s' These were usua##* no $ore !han owners o) !he #&!!#e oun!r* s!ores !ha! %egan !o s"e (#e !he Sou!hern oun!r*s&de' The* were !he on#* sour es )or !he ne ess&!&es o) #&)eF a$ong !hose ne ess&!&es was red&!2 wh& h !he* were read* !o e8!end on eas* !er$sF %u! !he re!urn !he* e8a !ed was a%so#u!e on!ro# o) wha! !he )ar$ers grew2 when and how' The* #en! !he $one*2 "#a ed h&gh "r& es on !he goods !he* so#d2 !oo( !he o!!on and w&!h !he "ro eeds %ough! !he$se#+es &n!o !he "#an!er #ass' Be)ore #ong !he Sou!h was as h&erar h& a##* organ&Hed as e+er' On e $ore a do$&nan! #ass $ono"o#&Hed !he e ono$& sur"#us' The on#* d&))eren e was !ha!2 %e ause o) !he shor!age o) #a%our and !he de"ressed "r& e o) o!!on2 !he sur"#us was s$a##er !han &! had %een under s#a+er*' De%!>s#a+er*2 or "eonage2 %e a$e !he ru#e )or $os! o) !he "oor )ar$ers o) !he Sou!h2 wh&!e and %#a (2 as &! was )or !he "easan!s o) <a!&n A$er& a' I! was $ade worse &n %ad *ears2 when !he "r& e o) !he ro" d&d no! e;ua# !he ou!s!and&ng de%!F and good *ears se#do$ d&d $u h !o &$"ro+e $a!!ers2 es"e &a##* s&n e $an* #and#ords were e8"er! a! hea!&ng !he&r !enan!s when &! a$e !o se!!#&ng a oun!s' So !he en!&re #a%our&ng #ass o) !he Sou!h san( &n!o ho"e#essness2 &##> #o!hed2 &##>)ed 9!he de)& &en * d&sease2 "e##agra2 %e a$e +er* o$$on:2 &##&!era!e 9!he )reed$en1s Hea# )or s hoo#&ng )e## o)) no!& ea%#* as &! %e a$e #ear !ha! edu a!&on wou#d no! ne essar&#* #ead !o a %e!!er wa* o) #&)e:' I! was !he wors! "oss&%#e %as&s )or so &a# "rogress' The des"a&r o) !he Sou!h was e8"ressed so$e!&$es &n a !urn !o rha"sod& re#&g&onF so$e!&$es &n sa+age ra e on)#& ! 9#*n h&ng2 rare &n !he an!e>%e##u$ Sou!h2 %e a$e a## !oo usua#:F
a## !oo rare#*2 and ne+er e))e !&+e#*2 &n "o#&!& s2 wh& h was %ased2 as %e)ore !he war2 on !he de!er$&na!&on o) !he "#an!&ng #ass !o $a&n!a&n &!s ru#e' Th&s was no! a $a!!er o) na(ed se#)>&n!eres!' The "#an!ers were s!&## hones!#* on+&n ed o) !he&r su"er&or )&!ness' B#a (s !he* saw as &d#e2 !h&e+&ng and s!u"&d= !he sho ( o) %e&ng deser!ed2 on !he da* o) 0u%&#o2 %* !he&r $os! !rus!ed ser+an!s had #e)! a res&due o) enor$ous %&!!erness' The* had a%so#u!e#* no &n!en!&on o) shar&ng "o#&!& a# "ower w&!h !he$' GTh&s &s a wh&!e $an1s go+ern$en!Q1 4 !he e8"ress&on runs !hrough !housands o) s"ee hes2 ar!& #es and #e!!ers o) !he !&$e' E+er*!h&ng wh& h ha##enged !h&s a8&o$ was !o %e res&s!edF "ar!& u#ar#* !he "o#& &es o) !he )edera# go+ern$en!' E+en !h&s was no! so "ure#* se#)&sh a a# u#a!&on as &! $a* see$' The %as& "r&n &"#e o) A$er& an de$o ra *2 !he "r&n &"#e2 &ndeed2 )or wh& h !he Nor!h had )ough!2 was !ha! !he $aEor&!* $us! ru#eF and Re"u%#& an "o#& &es a)!er !he war see$ed se! !o den* !he a""#& a!&on o) !ha! "r&n &"#e !o !he )or$er re%e# s!a!es' @h&!e Sou!herners were no! a##owed !o hoose !he&r re"resen!a!&+es )ree#*F enor$ous nu$%ers o) !he$ were no! e+en a##owed !o +o!e2 a)!er !he ,7.5 A ! a$e &n!o o"era!&on' The h&e) &ns!ru$en!s o) !h&s !*rann* 9as &! was seen: were !he %#a (s' There)ore !he&r #eaders $us! %e de)ea!ed and !he* !he$se#+es redu ed on e $ore !o su%ser+&en e 4 !o ser)do$2 &) no! s#a+er*' Th&s "rogra$$e had !he added ad+an!age !ha! &! was one round wh& h a## Sou!hern wh&!es ou#d un&!e2 !here%* o+er o$&ng !he unha""* #ass an!agon&s$s wh& h $&gh! o!herw&se ha+e o$e !o !hrea!en "#an!er on!ro#' F&na##*2 !here was "h*s& a# )or e' Se ure &n !he&r renewed sense o) r&gh!eousness2 &! was !oo $u h !o e8"e ! !ha! !he ho!>!e$"ered and &$"e!uous wh&!e Sou!herners shou#d wa&! )or "ower !o re+er! !o !he&r hands a)!er ,7.5 %* !he s#ow #a"se o) !&$e and !he $e han& s o) )ree e#e !&ons a#one' Four *ears o) war and re%e##&on had wea(ened &nh&%&!&ons and s ru"#es wh& h had ne+er %een +er* s!rong &n D&8&e an*wa*' The Sou!h had %een a +&o#en! reg&on %e)ore !he C&+&# @ar and had a #ong !rad&!&on2 go&ng %a ( !o !he o#on&a# era2 o) wha! was (nown as Gregu#a!&on1=,6 o) +&g&#an!&s$F o) !a(&ng !he #aw &n!o *our own hands' Th&s !rad&!&on was now sa+age#* rea !&+a!ed' The Ku K#u8 K#an %egan as one o) !hose Eo##* se re! so &e!&es o) wh& h so $an* A$er& ans a! a## !&$es ha+e %een so )ond 9e+en !he Un&on <eague had &!s r&!ua# o) se re! s&gns and "asswords:' GKu K#u81 &s a )an &)u# orru"!&on o) !he Gree( (u(#os2 or dr&n(&ng>%ow#2 wh& h &nd& a!es %o!h !ha! !he )ounders were $en o) so$e edu a!&on and !ha! !he&r "ur"oses were no! +er* s&n&s!er' Perha"s a! )&rs! &! on#* see$ed a good Eo(e !o dress u" &n wh&!e hoods and shee!s and r&de a%ou! !he oun!r* a! n&gh! )r&gh!en&ng !he )reed$en' Bu! !he K#an hanged &!s s"o!s +er* ra"&d#*' B* ,7.5 &!s %ru!a# !e hn&;ues were we## (nown and were o$&ng &n!o w&de use &n !he Sou!hF and &!s o%Ee !s were #ear' I! wan!ed !o res!ore De$o ra!& on!ro# o) !he Sou!hern s!a!es %* "re+en!&ng %#a (s )ro$ +o!&ngF &! wan!ed !o dr&+e !he$ )ro$ su h #andho#d&ngs as !he* had %een a%#e !o a ;u&re and o u"*F &! wan!ed )ur!her !o &n!&$&da!e !he$ so !ha! !he* wou#d ne+er aga&n $a(e an* a!!e$"! !o asser! !he$se#+es' The K#an was $easura%#* su ess)u# &n a## !hree res"e !s' For )&+e *ears &!s $e$%ers rode ou! &n !he&r ro%es and $as(s2 wh&""&ng2 %urn&ng2 $urder&ng or $a(&ng #ur&d !hrea!s !o do so' The K#an2 and s&$&#ar organ&Ha!&ons su h as !he Kn&gh!s o) !he @h&!e Ca$e#&a wh& h s"rang u" &n &!s wa(e2 was &n so$e res"e !s ra!her #&(e a guerr&##a $o+e$en! or !he Pro+&s&ona# IRA= no! on#* &n &!s h&!>and>run !a !& s2 %u! &n !he )a ! !ha! &!&Hens were unw&##&ng or a)ra&d !o o##a%ora!e w&!h !he au!hor&!&es &n su""ress&ng &!F %u! &! (new %e!!er !han !o a!!a ( !he ar$* o) o u"a!&on2 o))& &a# %u&#d&ngs or !he &ns!&!u!&ons o) go+ern$en!' I! #e)! !he Nor!hern s hoo#!ea hers who had o$e sou!h !o &ns!ru ! !he e8>s#a+es !o !he o#d
shou#ders o) !he Con)edera!e wo$enF un#ess !he !ea her ha""ened !o %e $a#e2 &n wh& h ase he $&gh! %e %ea!en u" or o!herw&se $ade !o )ee# unwe# o$e= GDear Bro=1 9wro!e one o) !he$:2 G@e are &n !rou%#e' F&+e $en d&sgu&sed &n a Sa!an& gar%2 on !he n&gh! o) !he /.!h &ns!2 dragged $e )ro$ $* %ed and %ore $e rough#* &n dou%#e ;u& ( !&$e ,a $&#es !o a !h& (e!2 wh&""ed $e un$er &)u##* and #e)! $e !o d&e' The* de$anded o) $e !ha! I shou#d ease W!ea h&ng n&ggersX and #ea+e &n !en da*s2 or %e !rea!ed worseQ I a$ no! a%#e !o s&! u" *e!' I sha## ne+er re o+er )ro$ a## $* &nEur&esQ1 The %#a ( and !he s a#awag $&gh! e8"e ! no $er * a! a##' The K#an a#so "ar!& u#ar#* resen!ed !he Freed$en1s Bureau2 )or &!s o))& &a#s2 a! #eas! un!&# ,7.72 !r&ed !o "ro!e ! !he )reed$en %* su"er+&s&ng #a%our on!ra !s and hau#&ng !he&r o""ressors &n!o s"e &a# our!s )or orre !&on',A For !he K#an ne+er #os! s&gh! o) &!s o%Ee !&+e o) dr&+&ng !he )reed$en down &n!o "eonage2 down !owards !he $uds&##2 down !o %e a "er$anen!#* su%ord&na!e rura# "ro#e!ar&a!' GI no!& ed !ha! Eus! a%ou! !he !&$e !he* Z!he %#a (s[ go! done #a*&ng %* !he&r ro"s2 !he Ku>K#u8 wou#d %e %rough! &n and !he* wou#d %e run o)) so !ha! !he* Z!he owners o) !he #and[ ou#d !a(e !he&r ro"s21 sa&d an o%ser+er &n Georg&a &n ,75,' The K#an1s a!ro &!&es were &n so$e $easure oun!er>"rodu !&+e' The* were hea+en>sen! "ro"aganda $a!er&a# )or !he rad& a#s2 and (e"! u" !he Hea# o) !he Nor!h when &! wou#d o!herw&se ha+e )#agged' See&ng !h&s2 !he res"e !a%#es o) !he Sou!h $ade has!e !o d&sa+ow !he n&gh!>r&ders2 !hough $an* had %een a$ong !he$ 9e+en Ro%er! E' <ee ga+e !he K#an h&s %#ess&ng2 !hough he au!&ous#* re)used !o %e &!s I$"er&a# @&Hard:' B* ,753 !he K#an had eased !o r&de= o!her $e!hods were )ound )or Gredee$&ng1 !he Sou!h )ro$ !he Re"u%#& ans and !he&r a##&es' Bu! &!s wor( #ong sur+&+ed &!' Sou!hern o"&n&on )as!ened on wha! &! !oo( !o %e !he g#a$our2 !he ourage2 !he "a!r&o!&s$ o) !he Gn&gh! haw(s12 and !herea)!er +&o#en! e8!re$&s$ was #eg&!&$&Hed &n Sou!hern "o#&!& s 9as !he Fen&ans #eg&!&$&Hed +&o#en e &n on!e$"orar* Ire#and:' <&%era#s2 $odera!es and onser+a!&+es )ro$ !hen on ou#d a#wa*s %e ou!)#an(ed &) !he* showed an* d&s"os&!&on !o o> o"era!e w&!h !he %#a (s= !he !rad&!&on o) !he K#an ou#d %e &n+o(ed2 none wou#d dare !o denoun e &! and a )ew good #*n h&ngs wou#d res!ore !he s!a!us ;uo' In !h&s wa* !he )ron!&er and Re+o#u!&onar* !rad&!&on o) !he "eo"#e1s Eus!& e was )&na##* "er+er!ed' The Sou!hern #eadersh&" a#so ado"!ed $e!hods !ha! were s#&gh!#* $ore su%!#e !han !he K#an1s' I! !r&ed !o under$&ne !he Nor!h1s %e#&e) &n &!s ause %* )&##&ng !he a&r w&!h denun &a!&ons o) !he Freed$en1s Bureau 9wh& h su u$%ed !o &!s ene$&es &n ,75/: and !he orru"!&on o) !he Re ons!ru !&on go+ern$en!s' In a !ua#&!* !hese go+ern$en!s were no worse !han an* o!hers &n one o) !he $os! e8u%eran!#* d&shones! "o#&!& a# eras &n A$er& an h&s!or*2 and $u h %e!!er !han so$eF %u! !he* were +u#nera%#e2 )or e8a$"#e &n !he $a!!er o) s!a!e de%!s2 wh& h had soared !o un$anagea%#e he&gh!s' Th&s was #arge#* %e ause2 &n !he&r eagerness !o re%u&#d !he Sou!h2 !he go+ern$en!s2 w&!h !he a""ro+a# o) !he +o!ers2 had done a## !he* ou#d !o &ndu e a"&!a#&s!s !o renew and e8!end !he ra&#roads= w&!h su h su ess !ha! %* ,755 !he !o!a# $&#eage o) !ra ( &n !he Sou!h had r&sen )ro$ Eus! o+er -2??? !o near#* ,62???' S!&## &! $ade good o"* )or r&!& s' The GRedee$ers1 a#so !r&ed2 w&!h so$e su ess2 !o "ersuade !he )reed$en !ha! !he* were %e!!er )r&ends !o !he$ !han !he s!rangers )ro$ ou!s&de D&8&e2 and $ade "ro$&ses wh& h so$e o) !he$ $ean! !o (ee"' The* organ&Hed +&gorous#* and a$"a&gned )ur&ous#*2 w&!h !he "red& !a%#e resu#!' One %* one !he Sou!hern s!a!es were redee$ed )or !he De$o ra!s and wh&!e su"re$a *' B* ,75. Re"u%#& an go+ern$en!s sur+&+ed on#* &n <ou&s&ana and Sou!h Caro#&na2 and !here on#* %* +&r!ue o) $&#&!ar* o u"a!&on' Resen!$en! aga&ns! !hese re#& s was r&s&ng !o a dangerous "&! h' B&o#en e was ende$& &n <ou&s&ana2 and &n Sou!h Caro#&na )or$er Con)edera!e Genera# @ade Ha$"!on was "os&ng as !he s!a!e1s Gar&%a#d&2 a! !he head o) h&s own "r&+a!e ar$* o) Redsh&r!s' GCorru"!&on &s !he )ash&on21 sa&d one Sou!hern Go+ernor' The Redee$ers were he#"ed %* !he
)a ! !ha! !he Gran! ad$&n&s!ra!&on2 %#a!an!#* &n o$"e!en! and d&shones!2 s"#&! !he Re"u%#& an "ar!*' An a##&an e o) De$o ra!s and G<&%era# Re"u%#& ans1 )ough! !he e#e !&on o) ,75/ on wha! was &n e))e ! a Co""erhead "#a!)or$2 and a#!hough Gran! sur+&+ed !he ha##enge2 !he e"&sode "ro+ed !ha! !wo>"ar!* "o#&!& s was %a ( )or good2 and !ha! &n a #ose ra e !he Sou!h $&gh! we## "ro+e !he de &s&+e )a !or' Then &n ,753 a$e one o) !he grea! rashes wh& h "un !ua!ed !he %us&ness * #e e+er* !wen!* *ears or soF &! was )o##owed %* a "ro#onged de"ress&on2 )or wh& h !he ad$&n&s!ra!&on go! !he %#a$e' The De$o ra!s2 denoun &ng Re"u%#& an orru"!&on and o+ers"end&ng2 won !he Congress&ona# e#e !&on o) ,756 and see$ed we## "#a ed !o w&n !he Pres&den!&a# e#e !&on o) ,75. on a !rad&!&ona# an!&> %&g>%us&ness 0a (son&an "#a!)or$F )or !he Re"u%#& ans had %een e8 eed&ng#* #a+&sh &n !he&r a!!en!&ons !o !he grea! or"ora!&ons2 es"e &a##* !he ra&#roads' I) !he De$o ra!s won !he Pres&den * !he Sou!h ou#d %e sure !ha! Re ons!ru !&on wou#d %e a! an end= !he #as! garr&sons wou#d %e w&!hdrawn2 and !he #as! ar"e!%ag go+ern$en!s wou#d )a##' In !he e+en! &! was a #ose>run !h&ng= +o!es were s!o#en on %o!h s&des2 %u! &) !he "o"u#ar +o!e had %een hones!#* oun!ed !he De$o ra!& and&da!e2 Sa$ue# T&#den o) New Yor(2 #as! sur+&+&ng $e$%er o) !he A#%an* Regen *2 wou#d ha+e %een e#e !ed Pres&den! w&!h a $aEor&!* o) a%ou! !wen!* e#e !ora# +o!es' The Re"u%#& ans2 howe+er2 re)used !o #e! "ower s#&" )ro$ !he&r hands so eas&#*' The ar"e!%ag go+ern$en!s &n <ou&s&ana and Sou!h Caro#&na announ ed !ha! Ru!her)ord B' Ha*es 9,7//4-3:2 !he Re"u%#& an and&da!e2 had arr&ed !hose s!a!es and was !here)ore e#e !ed Pres&den! %* a $arg&n o) one e#e !ora# +o!e' I! was !he $os! ou!rageous "&e e o) e#e !&on>r&gg&ng &n A$er& an h&s!or* 9wh& h &s sa*&ng so$e!h&ng: and )or a $o$en! &! #oo(ed as &) &! $&gh! "re &"&!a!e a renewa# o) &+&# war' The Nor!hern De$o ra!s2 a)!er s&8!een *ears &n o""os&!&on2 were read* !o use an* $eans !o rega&n !he "ower !ha! was r&gh!)u##* !he&rs 4 or so !he* !hrea!ened' The Sou!hern De$o ra!s were2 un hara !er&s!& a##*2 $ore au!&ous' In !he )&rs! "#a e2 Re ons!ru !&on was dead' E+en &) Ha*es %e a$e Pres&den! he wou#d ha+e !o a%andon !he ar"e!%aggers or )a e !he er!a&n!* o) ano!her re%e##&on= !here was no #onger an* s&gn&)& an! su""or! )or !he$ an*where' Sure o) wh&!e su"re$a *2 !hen2 !he Sou!herners were )ree !o ons&der wha! !he* wou#d do w&!h &!F and !he answer see$ed #ear' The Sou!h was s!&## &n a ru&nous ond&!&onF she needed a## !he &n+es!$en! she ou#d o%!a&n !o res!ore !he e ono$* and en!er !he &ndus!r&a# age a! #as!F her su""or! wou#d go !here)ore !o !he "ar!* $os! #&(e#* !o sa!&s)* !hese needs %*2 )or &ns!an e2 +o!&ng $one* !o re"a&r !he %ro(en #e+ees o) !he M&ss&ss&""&2 or %* $a(&ng #and gran!s )or %u&#d&ng ano!her !rans on!&nen!a# ra&#road !hrough Te8as2 New Me8& o2 Ar&Hona Terr&!or* and Ca#&)orn&a 4 !he so> a##ed GSou!hern1 rou!e' The ho$e#and o) Andrew 0a (son a%andoned h&s reed and !urned )or sa#+a!&on !o !he do !r&ne o) G&n!erna# &$"ro+e$en!s o) a na!&ona# hara !er1 and )edera# ass&s!an e or&g&na##* "ro$u#ga!ed %* A#e8ander Ha$&#!on2 0ohn Ju&n * Ada$s and Henr* C#a*' 9Man* )or$er Sou!hern @h&gs were a !&+e &n !h&s a"os!as*2 and !he ru#&ng grou" &n B&rg&n&a a !ua##* a##ed &!se#) !he Conser+a!&+e "ar!*': The Nor!hern De$o ra!s were #o*a# !o !he an &en! )a&!h' The na!&ona# re+u#s&on aga&ns! Gran!&s$ had %een !he "ower %eh&nd !he&r renewed "o#&!& a# su essF !he* re)used !o $a(e an* on ess&ons !o !he&r a##&es' The Re"u%#& ans were #ess res!ra&ned' The* a%so#+ed !he$se#+es o) !he&r re en! s&ns %* de &d&ng !ha! Ha*es was !o %e a re)or$&ng Pres&den!F he and h&s asso &a!es were de#&gh!ed %* !he "ros"e ! 9wh& h "ro+ed !o %e &##usor*: o) re+&+&ng !he @h&gs &n !he Sou!hF !he* had no &deo#og& a# o%Ee !&on !o &n!erna# &$"ro+e$en!sF and !he Pres&den * was a! s!a(e' I! wou#d %e unsa)e !o #e! !he oun!r* )a## &n!o !he hands o) !he +enge)u# De$o ra!s' So !he* "ro$&sed !he Sou!h ho$e ru#e2 and ra&#roads2 and "o#&!& a# "a!ronage' In re!urn !he Redee$ers "ro$&sed !o !rea! !he A)r& an>A$er& ans we##2 and organ&Hed !o $a(e sure !ha! Congress wou#d no! o+er!urn !he e#e !ora# o##ege1s de &s&on 9!he&r agree$en! was ru &a#
%e ause2 !hough !he Re"u%#& ans on!ro##ed !he Sena!e2 !he De$o ra!s on!ro##ed !he House:' So Ha*es was &naugura!ed as Pres&den! &n Mar h ,755 9Eo(es a%ou! GRu!her)raud1 and GH&s Fraudu#en *1 &$$ed&a!e#* %egan !o &r u#a!e:F and soon a)!erwards !he Redee$ers !oo( o+er 4 no! on#* &n !he s!a!e a"&!o#s2 )or Ha*es (e"! $os! o) h&s "ro$&ses2 and $an* a good Re"u%#& an was d&s#odged )ro$ h&s "os!$as!ersh&" !o $a(e wa* )or a De$o ra! hosen %* !he new $as!ers o) !he Sou!h' So !he grea! ;uarre# o) !he C&+&# @ar and !he e$an &"a!&on rusade )&na##* )#& (ered ou! &n a sha%%*2 under o+er %arga&n o) wh& h !he %es! !ha! an %e sa&d &s !ha! &! was #ega# and a+er!ed +&o#en e' As su h &! was we# o$ed w&!h a un&+ersa# roar o) re#&e)2 wh& h showed how dee"#* ord&nar* "eo"#e had dreaded ano!her war 4 a war wh& h a$ong o!her !h&ngs wou#d ha +e $ade !he $u h>+aun!ed re"u%#& #oo( d&s red&!a%#* #&(e &!s #ess su ess)u# ne&gh%ours sou!h o) !he %order' Now !he na!&on ou#d !urn !o new !h&ngs' The o#d "o#&!& &ans d&ed or re!&redF !he %#ood* sh&r! %e a$e a #ess and #ess e))e !&+e g&$$& (F !he )or$er re%e#s +aun!ed !he&r "a!r&o!&s$' No dou%! !he* d&d (now %es!2 as !he* #a&$ed2 a%ou! %#a (>wh&!e re#a!&ons' The on e>rad& a# New Yor( Tr&%une ed&!or&a#&Hed !ha! Ga)!er a$"#e o""or!un&!* !o de+e#o" !he&r own #a!en! a"a &!&es1 !he %#a (s had on#* "ro+ed !ha! Gas a ra e !he* are &d#e2 &gnoran!2 and +& &ous1' Ne essar&#* !he A)r& an>A$er& ans were !he #osers %* !h&s se!!#e$en!' The "#an!er>$er han! #ass was a#read* %a ( &n !he sadd#e e ono$& a##*F !he Co$"ro$&se o) ,755 9as so$e h&s!or&ans a## &!: guaran!eed !he res!ora!&on o) &!s "o#&!& a# "owerF no! sur"r&s&ng#*2 !he res! o) !he n&ne!een!h en!ur* saw a s!ead* de #&ne &n !he %#a (s1 so &a# "os&!&on' For a#!hough !he d&+&s&ons a$ong Sou!hern wh&!es were $an* and %&!!er !he* were a#wa*s "a! hed o+er2 &n !he end2 &n )a+our o) a un&!ed a!!a ( on !he %#a (s' Thus2 !he a##&an e %e!ween !he Redee$ers 9!ha! &s2 !he o#d "#an!er #ass: and !he ord&nar* )ar$ers2 wh& h had won %a ( Sou!hern on!ro# o) !he Sou!hern s!a!es2 soon %ro(e down2 )or !he Redee$ers2 "erha"s $&nd)u# o) !he&r "ro$&ses !o Pres&den! Ha*es2 showed !he$se#+es sus"& &ous#* res"e !)u# o) %#a (s1 r&gh!s2 &n re!urn ge!!&ng !he&r +o!es &n e#e !&ons2 and undu#* onser+a!&+e &n !he&r a""roa h !o "u%#& )&nan e and e ono$& "ro%#e$s' Be)ore #ong a ser&es o) re+o#!s %ro(e !he&r "ower 9and w&!h &! an* ho"e o) an e))e !&+e @h&g or Re"u%#& an "ar!* &n $os! o) !he Sou!h:F !he redne (s se&Hed on!ro# and2 )&nd&ng !ha! !he Sou!h1s d&))& u#!&es were as &n!ra !a%#e as e+er2 %#a$ed !he$ on !he %#a (s' The ar&s!o ra!s2 who dreaded an a##&an e %e!ween "oor %#a (s and "oor wh&!es2 we# o$ed !h&s de+e#o"$en!' Ra%%#erous&ng and %#a (>%a&!&ng %e a$e !he s!andard e8"ed&en!s o) a## Sou!hern "o#&!& &ans an8&ous a%ou! re>e#e !&on2 and resu#!ed &n !he no!or&ous 0&$ Crow #aws 9no%od* (nows e8a !#* wh* !he* were so> a##ed: %* wh& h %#a (s were r&g&d#* e8 #uded )ro$ +o!&ng2 !hrough su h de+& es as !he grand)a!her #ause2 !he wh&!e "r&$ar* and !he "o##>!a8F,7 )ro$ a## %u! !he "oores! and $os! ser+&#e o u"a!&onsF )ro$ !he %es! res&den!&a# areas o) Sou!hern !ownsF )ro$ !he s hoo#s and un&+ers&!&es wh& h wh&!e "eo"#e a!!endedF )ro$ wh&!e ho!e#s and res!auran!s' E+en !ra&ns and 9#a!er: $o!or>%uses were segrega!ed' B* ,-?? wh&!e su"re$a * had de+e#o"ed su h a o$"#e8 and )or$&da%#e so &a# s*s!e$ !ha! !he h&e) A)r& an>A$er& an #eader o) !he da*2 Boo(er T' @ash&ng!on2 ga&ned h&s re"u!a!&on %* )or e)u##* ad+&s&ng h&s "eo"#e !o e8"#o&! &! %* a e"!&ng &!' He reasoned !ha! A)r& an>A$er& ans ou#d $a(e no "o#&!& a# "rogress un!&# !he* had $ade e ono$& "rogressF !ha! !he* ou#d %e sa&d !o $a(e e ono$& "rogress on#* &n so )ar as !he* ga&ned on!ro# o) !he&r own e ono$& #&+esF and !ha! !he on#* wa* !he* ou#d do !h&s was w&!h !he he#"2 or a! an* ra!e !he a ;u&es en e2 o) !he wh&!e "ower s!ru !ure' As )&rs! head o) !he Tus(egee Ins!&!u!e &n A#a%a$a )ro$ ,77, onwards he $an&)es!ed a""aren! #a ( o) &n!eres! &n &+&# and "o#&!& a# r&gh!s and a "ass&ona!e on ern w&!h +o a!&ona# !ra&n&ng )or %#a (s' He )#a!!ered !he ra &s!s 9who d&d no! see2 or d&d no! %e#&e+e2 !ha! h&s u#!&$a!e goa# was &n!egra!&on and e;ua#&!*: and so won !he&r a e"!an e2 res"e ! and a&d' Un)or!una!e#* !he +o a!&ona# !ra&n&ng he "ur+e*ed was %e!!er ada"!ed !o !he o#d2 rura# A$er& a !han !o !he ur%an
A$er& a &n!o wh& h !he %#a (s were %eg&nn&ng !o $o+e 9a !enden * he de"#ored:2 so &! &s )ar )ro$ #ear !o wha! e8!en! h&s s!ra!eg* su eeded2 and rea##* ass&s!ed A)r& an>A$er& an e ono$& e$an &"a!&on' The onse;uen es o) ,755 )or Sou!hern wh&!es were a#so d&s$a#' Under>ur%an&Hed2 under> a"&!a#&Hed2 her so&# e8haus!ed %* "oor hus%andr*2 her $aEor ro" &n reas&ng#* de+as!a!ed2 )ro$ ,7-/ onwards2 %* !he %o## wee+&#2 !he agrar&an Sou!h %e a$e $ore !han e+er a #and o) nos!a#g&a )or !he g#or&ous an!e>%e##u$ da*s2 a #and o) &n!ro+ers&on and "ro+&n &a#&s$2 a #and2 &! see$ed2 w&!hou! ho"eF a #and "a*&ng a !rag& "r& e )or !rag& $&s a# u#a!&ons' The was!e o) hu$an "o!en!&a# was !he wors! !h&ng a%ou! &! a##' An e ono$& and edu a!&ona# s*s!e$ de+&sed "r&n &"a##* !o (ee" !h&ngs as !he* were2 and !he %#a (s un"r&+&#eged2 was una%#e !o do $u h )or &!s wh&!e &!&Hens e&!her' Sou!hern %#a (s were !he on#* A$er& ans w&!h worse "ros"e !s !han Sou!hern wh&!es 9e8 e"! )or !he Ind&ans:' So$e &ndus!r&a# de+e#o"$en! !here was2 $os! no!& ea%#* a! B&r$&ngha$2 A#a%a$aF %u! no! enough' The grea! a"&!a#&s!s had #&!!#e !as!e )or !he r&s(s en!a&#ed %* &n+es!$en! &n a reg&on w&!h su h "oor "ros"e !s and su h an uns(&##ed #a%our )or eF !he Re"u%#& ans2 who on !he who#e do$&na!ed !he na!&ona# go+ern$en! un!&# ,-,32 had #&!!#e &n!eres! &n a reg&on !ha! a)!er ,755 a#wa*s +o!ed De$o ra!& ' Re ons!ru !&on2 !hen2 )a&#ed !o sa+e !he Sou!h )ro$ herse#)2 and !he A)r& an>A$er& an )ro$ !he Sou!h' I! d&d ha+e a dra$a!& su ess &n ano!her d&re !&on' The Four!een!h and F&)!een!h A$end$en!s were !o %e dead #e!!ers &n D&8&e2 %u! !he* "u! so#&d ground %enea!h !he %#a (s &n !he Nor!h' The* were )ew &n nu$%er o$"ared !o !hose &n !he Sou!h2 !hough &n reas&ngF %u! !he&r &$"or!an e &s no! !o %e $easured &n nu$%ers' The&r e8&s!en e2 and !he&r organ&Ha!&on2 $ean! !ha! &n "ar!s o) A$er& a !he "r&n &"#e o) hu$an e;ua#&!* was s!&## a (now#edged2 &) no! +er* w&##&ng#* or2 !oo o)!en2 so &a##* 9de )a !o segrega!&on &n !he Nor!h wou#d )or #ong %e near#* as "er+as&+e as de Eure segrega!&on &n !he Sou!h:2 !hen a! #eas! "o#&!& a##*= %#a (s ou#d +o!e and !rade !he&r +o!es )or %ene)&!s2 #&(e o!her A$er& ans' Fur!her$ore2 !hese Nor!hern2 ur%an %#a (s were "&oneers o) !he grea! ada"!a!&on2 )ro$ oun!r* !o &!*2 !ha! !he !wen!&e!h en!ur* wou#d %r&ngF )orerunners' The&r su ess was as $u h !he ou! o$e o) !he E$an &"a!&on Re+o#u!&on2 o) !he a""#& a!&on o) !he %e#&e)s o) !he Age o) E;ua#&!*2 as !he dea!h o) s#a+er* &!se#)' And wha! !he Re ons!ru !&on A$end$en!s had done )or !he$2 !he* wou#d one da* 4 a en!ur* #a!er 4 %eg&n !o do )or !he %#a (s o) !he Sou!h' In !ha! sense2 !hen2 Re ons!ru !&on was a +& !or*' Bu! &! was a +& !or* !oo #ong &n o$&ngF and2 as !h&s ha"!er has de$ons!ra!ed2 !here are o!her reasons wh*2 )or A$er& ans2 a sour !as!e o) )a&#ure and d&sa""o&n!$en! w&## a#wa*s hang a%ou! !he e"o h' No! un!&# !he $&d>!wen!&e!h en!ur* were $an* o) !he&r h&s!or&ans !o )&nd an* good !o sa* o) &!'

History of USA - Books 1-3

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PENGUIN BOOKS THE PENGUIN HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Hugh Brogan was edu a!ed a! Re"!

3 The Planting of Virginia 1607 76

The Planting of Ne! Englan" 160#$ %& 167'

' (n"ians 1#)* 1)*0

7 Thirteen Colonies %& 167' 1763

/ The +a0ing of the Re-ol.tion 17')

) The Roa" to R.in 1766 7'

10 The +ar of the Re-ol.tion 177' /3

11 The Pea%e an" the Constit.tion 17/3 )

!he on+en!&on2 wou#d wor( u" a huge #a$our o) o""os&!&on'

BOOK T2REE The ,ge of E3.alit4

o))ee are )or%&dden &ndu#gen es: $ade

13 The 7e-elo6ment of a 7emo%ra%4 17/) 1/#1

1# Sla-er4 an" its Conse3.en%es 1/00 1/61

1' The +ar ,8o.t Sla-er4 1/61 '

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