http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_toc.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!

to de 2"11#

A John Dewey source page Human Nature and Conduct An Introduction to Social Psychology
Table of Contents
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Introduction Part 1 The Place of !abit in Conduct

$ect%o& ': (ab%t! a! $oc%al )u&ct%o&! Habits as functions and arts; social complicity; subjective factor. $ect%o& '': (ab%t! a&d *%ll Active means; ideas of ends; means and ends; nature of character. $ect%o& ''': +haracter a&d +o&duct Good will and consequences; virtues and natural goods; objective and subjective morals. $ect%o& ',: +u!tom a&d (ab%t Human psychology is social; habit is conservative; mind and body. $ect%o& ,: +u!tom a&d Moral%ty Customs as standards; authority of standards; class conflict. $ect%o& ,': (ab%t a&d $oc%al P!ycholo y Isolation of individuality; newer movements

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct

$ect%o& ': 'mpul!e! a&d +ha& e o- (ab%t! resent interest in instincts; impulses as reorgani!ing. $ect%o& '': Pla!t%c%ty o- 'mpul!e Impulse and education; uprush of impulse; fi"ed codes.

$ect%o& ''': +ha& %& (uma& .ature Habits the inert factor; modification of impulses; war a social function; economic regimes as social products; nature of motives. $ect%o& ',: 'mpul!e a&d +o&-l%ct o- (ab%t! ossibility of social betterment; conservatism. $ect%o& ,: +la!!%-%cat%o& o- '&!t%&ct! #alse simplifications; $self%love$; will to power; acquisitive and creative. $ect%o& ,': .o $eparate '&!t%&ct! &niqueness of acts; possibilities of operation; necessity of play and art; rebelliousness. $ect%o& ,'': 'mpul!e a&d /hou ht

Part $ The Place of Intelligence in Conduct

$ect%o& ': (ab%t a&d '&tell% e&ce Habits and intellect; mind' habit and impulse. $ect%o& '': /he P!ycholo y o- /h%&k%& (he trinity of intellect; conscience and its alleged separate subject%matter. $ect%o& ''': /he .ature o- Del%berat%o& )eliberation as imaginative rehersal; preference and choice; strife of reason and passion; nature of reason. $ect%o& ',: Del%berat%o& a&d +alculat%o& *rror in utilitarian theory; place of the pleasant; hedonistic calculus; deliberation and prediction. $ect%o& ,: /he 0&%1ue&e!! o- 2ood #allacy of a single good; applied to utilitarianism; profit and personality; means and ends $ect%o& ,': /he .ature o- 3%m! (heory of final ends; aims as directive means; ends as justifying means; meaning well as an aim; wishes and aims $ect%o& ,'': /he .ature o- Pr%&c%ple! )esire for certainty; morals and probabilities; importance of generali!ations. $ect%o& ,''': De!%re a&d '&tell% e&ce +bject and consequence of desire; desire and quiescence; self%deception in desire; desire needs intelligence; nature of idealism; living in the ideal. $ect%o& '4: /he Pre!e&t a&d )uture ,ubordination of activity to result; control of future; production and consummation; idealism and distant goals.

Part % Conclusion

$ect%o& ': /he 2ood o- 3ct%5%ty -etter and worse; morality a process; evolution and progress; optimism; *picureanism; ma.ing others happy. $ect%o& '': Moral! are (uma& Humane morals; natural law and morals; place of science. $ect%o& ''': *hat %! )reedom6 *lements in freedom; capacity in action; novel possibilities; force of desire. $ect%o& ',: Moral%ty %! $oc%al Conscience and responsibility; social pressure and opportunity; e"aggeration of blame; importance of social psychology; category of right; the community of religious symbol.

777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"1.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

A John Dewey source page

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9Moral%ty %! $oc%al9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=

Human Nature and Conduct

Introduction 'orality is (ocial
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92%5e a do a bad &ame a&d ha& h%m.9 (uma& &ature ha! bee& the do o- pro-e!!%o&al moral%!t!> a&d co&!e1ue&ce! accord w%th the pro5erb. Ma&?! &ature ha! bee& re arded w%th !u!p%c%o&> w%th -ear> w%th !our look!> !omet%me! w%th e&thu!%a!m -or %t! po!!%b%l%t%e! but o&ly whe& the!e were placed %& co&tra!t w%th %t! actual%t%e!. 't ha! appeared to be !o e5%lly d%!po!ed that the bu!%&e!! o- moral%ty wa! to pru&e a&d curb %t@ %t would be thou ht better o- %- %t could be replaced by !ometh%& el!e. 't ha! bee& !uppo!ed that moral%ty would be 1u%te !uper-luou! were %t &ot -or the %&here&t weak&e!!> border%& o& depra5%ty> o- huma& &ature. $ome wr%ter! w%th a more e&%al co&cept%o& ha5e attr%buted the curre&t blacke&%& to theolo %a&! who ha5e thou ht to ho&or the d%5%&e by d%!para %& the huma&. /heolo %a&! ha5e doubtle!! take& a loom%er 5%ew o- ma& tha& ha5e pa a&! a&d !ecular%!t!. But th%! eApla&at%o& doe!&?t

take u! -ar. )or a-ter all the!e theolo %a&! are them!el5e! huma&> a&d they would ha5e bee& w%thout %&-lue&ce %- the huma& aud%e&ce had &ot !omehow re!po&ded to them. Moral%ty %! lar ely co&cer&ed w%th co&troll%& huma& &ature. *he& we are attempt%& to co&trol a&yth%& we are acutely aware o- what re!%!t! u!. $o moral%!t! were led> perhap!> to th%&k o- huma& &ature a! e5%l

<2= becau!e o- %t! relucta&ce to y%eld to co&trol> %t! rebell%ou!&e!! u&der the yoke. But th%! eApla&at%o& o&ly ra%!e! a&other 1ue!t%o&. *hy d%d moral%ty !et up rule! !o -ore% & to huma& &ature6 /he e&d! %t %&!%!ted upo& the re ulat%o&! %t %mpo!ed> were a-ter all out rowth! o- huma& &ature. *hy the& wa! huma& &ature !o a5er!e to them6 Moreo5er rule! ca& be obeyed a&d %deal! real%Bed o&ly a! they appeal to !ometh%& %& huma& &ature a&d awake& %& %t a& act%5e re!po&!e. Moral pr%&c%ple! that eAalt them!el5e! by de rad%& huma& &ature are %& e--ect comm%tt%& !u%c%de. Cr el!e they %&5ol5e huma& &ature %& u&e&d%& c%5%l war> a&d treat %t a! a hopele!! me!! o- co&trad%ctory -orce!. *e are -orced there-ore to co&!%der the &ature a&d or% %& o- that co&trol o- huma& &ature w%th wh%ch moral! ha! bee& occup%ed. 3&d the -act wh%ch %! -orced upo& u! whe& we ra%!e th%! 1ue!t%o& %! the eA%!te&ce o- cla!!e!. +o&trol ha! bee& 5e!ted %& a& ol% archy. '&d%--ere&ce to re ulat%o& ha! row& %& the ap wh%ch !eparate! the ruled -rom the ruler!. Pare&t!> pr%e!t!> ch%e-!> !oc%al ce&!or! ha5e !uppl%ed a%m!> a%m! wh%ch were -ore% & to tho!e upo& whom they were %mpo!ed> to the you& > layme&> ord%&ary -olk@ a -ew ha5e %5e& a&d adm%&%!tered rule> a&d the ma!! ha5e %& a pa!!able -a!h%o& a&d w%th relucta&ce obeyed. D5erybody k&ow! that ood ch%ldre& are tho!e who make a! l%ttle trouble a! po!!%ble -or the%r elder!> a&d !%&ce mo!t o- them cau!e a ood deal oa&&oya&ce they mu!t be &au hty by &ature. 2e&erally !peak%& > ood people ha5e bee& tho!e who d%d what they were told to do> 3&d lack o-

<3= ea er compl%a&ce %! a !% & o- !ometh%& wro& %& the%r &ature. But &o matter how much me& %& author%ty ha5e tur&ed moral rule! %&to a& a e&cy ocla!! !upremacy> a&y theory wh%ch attr%bute! the or% %& o- rule to del%berate de!% & %! -al!e. /o take ad5a&ta e o- co&d%t%o&! a-ter they ha5e come %&to eA%!te&ce %! o&e th%& @ to create them -or the !ake o- a& ad5a&ta e to accrue %! 1u%te a&other th%& . *e mu!t o back o- the bare -act o- !oc%al d%5%!%o& %&to !uper%or a&d %&-er%or. /o !ay that acc%de&t produced !oc%al co&d%t%o&! %! to perce%5e they were &ot produced by %&tell% e&ce. ;ack o- u&der!ta&d%& o- huma& &ature %! the pr%mary cau!e o- d%!re ard -or %t. ;ack o%&!% ht alway! e&d! %& de!p%!%& or el!e u&rea!o&ed adm%rat%o&. *he& me& had &o !c%e&t%-%c k&owled e o- phy!%cal &ature they e%ther pa!!%5ely !ubm%tted to %t or !ou ht to co&trol %t ma %cally. *hat ca&&ot be u&der!tood ca&&ot be ma&a ed %&tell% e&tly. 't ha! to be -orced %&to !ubject%o& -rom w%thout. /he opa1ue&e!! o- huma& &ature to rea!o& %! e1u%5ale&t to a bel%e- %& %t! %&tr%&!%c %rre ular%ty. (e&ce a decl%&e %& the author%ty o!oc%al ol% archy wa! accompa&%ed by a r%!e o- !c%e&t%-%c %&tere!t %& huma& &ature. /h%! mea&! that the make7up a&d work%& o- huma& -orce! a--ord a ba!%! -or moral %dea! a&d %deal!. Cur !c%e&ce o- huma& &ature %& compar%!o& w%th phy!%cal !c%e&ce! %! rud%me&tary> a&d moral! wh%ch are co&cer&ed w%th the health> e--%c%e&cy a&d happ%&e!! o- a de5elopme&t o- huma& &ature are corre!po&d%& ly eleme&tary. /he!e pa e! are a d%!7

<E= 7cu!!%o& o- !ome pha!e! o- the eth%cal cha& e %&5ol5ed %& po!%t%5e re!pect -or huma& &ature whe& the latter %! a!!oc%ated w%th !c%e&t%-%c k&owled e. *e may a&t%c%pate the e&eral &ature o- th%! cha& e throu h co&!%der%& the e5%l! wh%ch ha5e re!ulted -rom !e5er%& moral! -rom the actual%t%e! o- huma& phy!%olo y a&d p!ycholo y. /here %! a patholo y o- ood&e!! a! well a! o- e5%l@ that %!> o- that !ort o- ood&e!! wh%ch %! &urtured by th%! !eparat%o&. /he bad&e!! o- ood people> -or the mo!t part recorded o&ly %& -%ct%o&> %! the re5e& e take& by huma& &ature -or the %&jur%e! heaped upo& %t %& the &ame o- moral%ty. '& the -%r!t place> moral! cut o-- -rom po!%t%5e root! %& ma&?! &ature %! bou&d to be ma%&ly &e at%5e. Pract%cal empha!%! -all! upo& a5o%da&ce> e!cape o- e5%l> upo& &ot do%& th%& !> ob!er5%& proh%b%t%o&!. .e at%5e moral! a!!ume a! ma&y -orm! a! there are type! o- temperame&t !ubject to %t. 't! commo&e!t -orm %! the protect%5e colorat%o& o- a &eutral re!pectab%l%ty> a& %&!%p%d%ty o- character. )or o&e ma& who tha&k! 2od that he %! &ot a! other me& there are a thou!a&d to o--er tha&k! that they are a! other me&> !u--%c%e&tly a! other! are to e!cape atte&t%o&. 3b!e&ce o- !oc%al blame %! the u!ual mark o- ood&e!! -or %t !how! that e5%l ha! bee& a5o%ded. Bla%&e %! mo!t read%ly a5erted by be%& !o much l%ke e5erybody el!e that o&e pa!!e! u&&ot%ced. +o&5e&t%o&al moral%ty %! a drab moral%ty> %& wh%ch the o&ly -atal th%& %! to be co&!p%cuou!. '- there be -la5or le-t %& %t> the& !ome &atural tra%t! ha5e !omehow e!caped be%& !ubdued. /o be !o ood a! to attract &ot%ce %!

<F= to be pr% %!h> too ood -or th%! world. /he !ame p!ycholo y that bra&d! the co&5%cted cr%m%&al a! -ore5er a !oc%al outca!t make! %t the part o- a e&tlema& &ot to obtrude 5%rtue! &ot%ceably upo& other!. /he Pur%ta& %! &e5er popular> &ot e5e& %& a !oc%ety o- Pur%ta&!. '& ca!e o- a p%&ch> the ma!! pre-er to be ood -ellow! rather tha& to be ood me&. Pol%te 5%ce %! pre-erable to ecce&tr%c%ty a&d cea!e! to be 5%ce. Moral! that pro-e!!edly &e lect huma& &ature e&d by empha!%B%& tho!e 1ual%t%e! o- huma& &ature that are mo!t commo&place a&d a5era e@ they eAa erate the herd %&!t%&ct to co&-orm%ty. Pro-e!!%o&al uard%a&! o- moral%ty who ha5e bee& eAact%& w%th re!pect to them!el5e! ha5e accepted a5o%da&ce o- co&!p%cuou! e5%l a! e&ou h -or the ma!!e!. C&e o- the mo!t %&!truct%5e th%& ! %& all huma& h%!tory %! the !y!tem o- co&ce!!%o&!> tolera&ce!> m%t% at%o&! a&d repr%e5e! wh%ch the +athol%c +hurch w%th %t! o--%c%al !uper&atural moral%ty ha! de5%!ed -or the mult%tude. Dle5at%o& othe !p%r%t abo5e e5eryth%& &atural %! tempered by or a&%Bed le&%e&cy -or the -ra%lt%e! o-le!h. /o uphold a& aloo- realm o- !tr%ctly %deal real%t%e! %! adm%tted to be po!!%ble o&ly -or a -ew. Prote!ta&t%!m> eAcept %& %t! mo!t Bealou! -orm!> ha! accompl%!hed the !ame re!ult by a !harp !eparat%o& betwee& rel% %o& a&d moral%ty %& wh%ch G h% her ju!t%-%cat%o& by -a%th d%!po!e! at o&e !troke o- da%ly lap!e! %&to the re ar%ou! moral! oa5era e co&duct. /here are alway! ruder -orce-ul &ature! who ca&&ot tame them!el5e! to the re1u%red le5el o- colorle!!

<H= co&-orm%ty. /o them co&5e&t%o&al moral%ty appear! a! a& or a&%Bed -ut%l%ty@ thou h they are u!ually u&co&!c%ou! o- the%r ow& att%tude !%&ce they are heart%ly %& -a5or omoral%ty -or the ma!! a! mak%& %t ea!%er to ma&a e them. /he%r o&ly !ta&dard %! !ucce!!> putt%& th%& ! o5er> ett%& th%& ! do&e. Be%& ood %! to them pract%cally

!y&o&ymou! w%th %&e--ectual%ty@ a&d accompl%!hme&t> ach%e5eme&t %! %t! ow& ju!t%-%cat%o& /hey k&ow by eAper%e&ce that much %! -or %5e& to tho!e who !ucceed> a&d they lea5e ood&e!! to the !tup%d> to tho!e whom they 1ual%-y a! boob!. /he%r re ar%ou! &ature -%&d! !u--%c%e&t outlet %& the co&!p%cuou! tr%bute they pay to all e!tabl%!hed %&!t%tut%o&! a! uard%a&! o- %deal %&tere!t!> a&d %& the%r de&u&c%at%o&! o- all who ope&ly de-y co&5e&t%o&al%Bed %deal!. Cr they d%!co5er that they are the cho!e& a e&t! o- a h% her moral%ty a&d walk !ubject to !pec%ally orda%&ed law!. (ypocr%!y %& the !e&!e o- a del%berate co5er%& up o- a w%ll to e5%l by loud75o%ced prote!tat%o&! o5%rtue %! o&e o- the rare!t o- occurre&ce!. But the comb%&at%o& %& the !ame per!o& o- a& %&te&!ely eAecut%5e &ature w%th a lo5e o- popular appro5al %! bou&d> %& the -ace oco&5e&t%o&al moral%ty> to produce what the cr%t%cal term hypocr%!y. 3&other react%o& to the !eparat%o& o- moral! -rom huma& &ature %! a roma&t%c lor%-%cat%o& o- &atural %mpul!e a! !ometh%& !uper%or to all moral cla%m!. /here are tho!e who lack the per!%!te&t -orce o- the eAecut%5e w%ll to break throu h co&5e&t%o&! a&d to u!e them -or the%r ow& purpo!e!> but who u&%te !e&!%t%5e&e!! w%th

<I= %&te&!%ty o- de!%re. )a!te&%& upo& the co&5e&t%o&al eleme&t %& moral%ty> they hold that all moral%ty %! a co&5e&t%o&al%ty hamper%& to the de5elopme&t o- %&d%5%dual%ty. 3lthou h appet%te! are the commo&e!t th%& ! %& huma& &ature> the lea!t d%!t%&ct%5e or %&d%5%dual%Bed> they %de&t%-y u&re!tra%&t %& !at%!-act%o& o- appet%te w%th -ree real%Bat%o& o- %&d%5%dual%ty. /hey treat !ubject%o& to pa!!%o& a! a ma&%-e!tat%o& o- -reedom %& the de ree %& wh%ch %t !hock! the bour eo%!. /he ur e&t &eed -or a tra&!5aluat%o& o- moral! %! car%catured by the &ot%o& that a& a5o%da&ce o- the a5o%da&ce! o- co&5e&t%o&al moral! co&!t%tute! po!%t%5e ach%e5eme&t. *h%le the eAecut%5e type keep! %t! eye! o& actual co&d%t%o&! !o a! to ma&%pulate them> th%! !chool abro ate! object%5e %&tell% e&ce %& behal- o- !e&t%me&t> a&d w%thdraw! %&to l%ttle coter%e! o- ema&c%pated !oul!. /here are other! who take !er%ou!ly the %dea o- moral! !eparated -rom the ord%&ary actual%t%e! o- huma&%ty a&d who attempt to l%5e up to %t. $ome become e& ro!!ed %& !p%r%tual e ot%!m. /hey are preoccup%ed w%th the !tate o- the%r character> co&cer&ed -or the pur%ty o- the%r mot%5e! a&d the ood&e!! o- the%r !oul!. /he eAaltat%o& o- co&ce%t wh%ch !omet%me! accompa&%e! th%! ab!orpt%o& ca& produce a corro!%5e %&huma&%ty wh%ch eAceed! the po!!%b%l%t%e! o- a&y other k&ow& -orm o- !el-%!h&e!!. '& other ca!e!> per!%!te&t preoccupat%o& w%th the thou ht o- a& %deal realm breed! morb%d d%!co&te&t w%th !urrou&d%& !> or %&duce! a -ut%le w%thdrawal %&to a& %&&er world where all -act! are -a%r to eye. /he &eed! o- actual co&d%t%o&! are &e lected>

<J= or dealt w%th %& a hal-7hearted way> becau!e %& the l% ht o- the %deal they are !o mea& a&d !ord%d. /o !peak o- e5%l> to !tr%5e !er%ou!ly -or cha& e> !how! a low m%&d. Cr> a a%&> the %deal become! a re-u e> a%l a!ylum> a way o- e!cape -rom t%re!ome re!po&!%b%l%t%e!. '& 5ar%ed way! me& come to l%5e %& two world!> o&e the actual> the other the %deal. $ome are tortured by the !e&!e o- the%r %rreco&c%lab%l%ty. Cther! alter&ate betwee& the two> compe&!at%& -or the !tra%&! o- re&u&c%at%o& %&5ol5ed %& member!h%p %& the %deal realm by plea!urable eAcur!%o&! %&to the del% ht! o- the actual. '- we tur& -rom co&crete e--ect! upo& character to theoret%cal %!!ue!> we !%& le out the d%!cu!!%o& re ard%& -reedom o- w%ll a! typ%cal o- the co&!e1ue&ce! that come -rom

!eparat%& moral! -rom huma& &ature. Me& are wear%ed w%th bootle!! d%!cu!!%o&> a&d a&A%ou! to d%!m%!! %t a! a metaphy!%cal !ubtlety. But &e5erthele!! %t co&ta%&! w%th%& %t!el- the mo!t pract%cal o- all moral 1ue!t%o&!> the &ature o- -reedom a&d the mea&! o%t! ach%e5%& . /he !eparat%o& o- moral! -rom huma& &ature lead! to a !eparat%o& ohuma& &ature %& %t! moral a!pect! -rom the re!t o- &ature> a&d -rom ord%&ary !oc%al hab%t! a&d e&dea5or! wh%ch are -ou&d %& bu!%&e!!> c%5%c l%-e> the ru& o- compa&%o&!h%p! a&d recreat%o&!. /he!e th%& ! arc thou ht o- at mo!t a! place?! where moral &ot%o&! &eed to be appl%ed> &ot a! place! where moral %dea! are to be !tud%ed a&d moral e&er %e! e&erated. '& !hort> the !e5era&ce o- moral! -rom huma& &ature e&d! by dr%5%& moral! %&ward! -rom the publ%c ope& out7o-7door! a%r a&d l% ht o- day %&to the

<9= ob!cur%t%e! a&d pr%5ac%e! o- a& %&&er l%-e. /he !% &%-%ca&ce o- the trad%t%o&al d%!cu!!%o& o- -ree w%ll %! that %t re-lect! prec%!ely a !eparat%o& o- moral act%5%ty -rom &ature a&d the publ%c l%-e o- me&. C&e ha! to tur& -rom moral theor%e! to the e&eral huma& !tru le -or pol%t%cal> eco&om%c a&d rel% %ou! l%berty> -or -reedom o- thou ht> !peech> a!!embla e a&d creed> to -%&d !% &%-%ca&t real%ty %& the co&cept%o& o- -reedom o- w%ll. /he& o&e -%&d! h%m!elout o- the !t%-l%& ly clo!e atmo!phere o- a& %&&er co&!c%ou!&e!! a&d %& the ope&7a%r world. /he co!t o- co&-%&%& moral -reedom to a& %&&er re %o& %! the almo!t complete !e5era&ce o- eth%c! -rom pol%t%c! a&d eco&om%c!. /he -ormer %! re arded a! !ummed up %& ed%-y%& eAhortat%o&!> a&d the latter a! co&&ected w%th art! o- eAped%e&cy !eparated -rom lar er %!!ue! o- ood. '& !hort> there are two !chool! o- !oc%al re-orm. C&e ba!e! %t!el- upo& the &ot%o& o- a moral%ty wh%ch !pr%& ! -rom a& %&&er -reedom> !ometh%& my!ter%ou!ly cooped up w%th%& per!o&al%ty. 't a!!ert! that the o&ly way to cha& e %&!t%tut%o&! %! -or me& to pur%-y the%r ow& heart!> a&d that whe& th%! ha! bee& accompl%!hed> cha& e o- %&!t%tut%o&! w%ll -ollow o- %t!el-. /he other !chool de&%e! the eA%!te&ce o- a&y !uch %&&er power> a&d %& !o do%& co&ce%5e! that %t ha! de&%ed all moral -reedom. 't !ay! that me& are made what they are by the -orce! o- the e&5%ro&me&t> that huma& &ature %! purely malleable> a&d that t%ll %&!t%tut%o&! are cha& ed> &oth%& ! ca& be do&e. +learly th%! lea5e! the outcome a! hopele!! a! doe! a& appeal to a& %&&er rect%tude a&d be&e5o7

<1"= 7le&ce. )or %t pro5%de! &o le5era e -or cha& e o- e&5%ro&me&t. 't throw! u! back upo& acc%de&t> u!ually d%! u%!ed a! a &ece!!ary law o- h%!tory or e5olut%o&> a&d tru!t! to !ome 5%ole&t cha& e> !ymbol%Bed by c%5%l war> to u!her %& a& abrupt m%lle&&%um. /here %! a& alter&at%5e to be%& pe&&ed %& betwee& the!e two theor%e!. *e ca& reco &%Be that all co&duct %! interaction betwee& eleme&t! o- huma& &ature a&d the e&5%ro&me&t> &atural a&d !oc%al. /he& we !hall !ee that pro re!! proceed! %& two way!> a&d that -reedom %! -ou&d %& that k%&d o- %&teract%o& wh%ch ma%&ta%&! a& e&5%ro&me&t %& wh%ch huma& de!%re a&d cho%ce cou&t -or !ometh%& . /here are %& truth -orce! %& ma& a! well a! w%thout h%m. *h%le they are %&-%&%tely -ra%l %& compar%!o& w%th eAter%or -orce!> yet they may ha5e the !upport o- a -ore!ee%& a&d co&tr%5%& %&tell% e&ce. *he& we look at the problem a! o&e o- a& adju!tme&t to be %&tell% e&tly atta%&ed> the %!!ue !h%-t! -rom w%th%& per!o&al%ty to a& e& %&eer%& %!!ue> the e!tabl%!hme&t o- art! o- educat%o& a&d !oc%al u%da&ce.

/he %dea per!%!t! that there %! !ometh%& mater%al%!t%c about &atural !c%e&ce a&d that moral! are de raded by ha5%& a&yth%& !er%ou!ly to do w%th mater%al th%& !. '- a !ect !hould ar%!e procla%m%& that me& ou ht to pur%-y the%r lu& ! completely be-ore they e5er drew a breath %t ou ht to w%& ma&y adhere&t! -rom pro-e!!ed moral%!t!. )or the &e lect o- !c%e&ce! that deal !pec%-%cally w%th -act! o- the &atural a&d !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t lead! to a !%de7track%& o- moral -orce! %&to a& u&real pr%5acy o- a& u&real !el-. 't %! %mpo!!%ble to

<11= !ay how much o- the remed%able !u--er%& o- the world %! due to the -act that phy!%cal !c%e&ce %! looked upo& a! merely phy!%cal. 't %! %mpo!!%ble to !ay how much othe u&&ece!!ary !la5ery o- the world %! due to the co&cept%o& that moral %!!ue! ca& be !ettled w%th%& co&!c%e&ce or huma& !e&t%me&t apart -rom co&!%!te&t !tudy o- -act! a&d appl%cat%o& o- !pec%-%c k&owled e %& %&du!try> law a&d pol%t%c!. Cut!%de oma&u-actur%& a&d tra&!portat%o&> !c%e&ce et! %t! cha&ce %& war. /he!e -act! perpetuate war a&d the harde!t> mo!t brutal !%de o- moder& %&du!try. Dach !% & o- d%!re ard -or the moral pote&t%al%t%e! o- phy!%cal !c%e&ce dra-t! the co&!c%e&ce o- ma&k%&d away -rom co&cer& w%th the %&teract%o&! o- ma& a&d &ature wh%ch mu!t be ma!tered %- -reedom %! to be a real%ty. 't d%5ert! %&tell% e&ce to a&A%ou! preoccupat%o& w%th the u&real%t%e! o- a purely %&&er l%-e> or !tre& the&! rel%a&ce upo& outbur!t! o- !e&t%me&tal a--ect%o&. /he ma!!e! !warm to the occult -or a!!%!ta&ce. /he cult%5ated !m%le co&temptuou!ly. /hey m% ht !m%le> a! the !ay%& oe!> out o- the other !%de o- the%r mouth! %- they real%Bed how recour!e to the occult eAh%b%t! the pract%cal lo %c o- the%r ow& bel%e-!. )or both re!t upo& a !eparat%o& o- moral %dea! a&d -eel%& ! -rom k&owable -act! o- l%-e> ma& a&d the world. 't %! &ot prete&ded that a moral theory ba!ed upo& real%t%e! o- huma& &ature a&d a !tudy o- the !pec%-%c co&&ect%o&! o- the!e real%t%e! w%th tho!e o- phy!%cal !c%e&ce would do away w%th moral !tru le a&d de-eat. 't would &ot make the moral l%-e a! !%mple a matter a!

<12= we&d%& o&e?! way alo& a well7l% hted boule5ard. 3ll act%o& %! a& %&5a!%o& o- the -uture> o- the u&k&ow&. +o&-l%ct a&d u&certa%&ty are ult%mate tra%t!. But moral! ba!ed upo& co&cer& w%th -act! a&d der%5%& u%da&ce -rom k&owled e o- them would at lea!t locate the po%&t! o- e--ect%5e e&dea5or a&d would -ocu! a5a%lable re!ource! upo& them. 't would put a& e&d to the %mpo!!%ble attempt to l%5e %& two u&related world!. 't would de!troy -%Aed d%!t%&ct%o& betwee& the huma& a&d the phy!%cal> a! well a! that betwee& the moral a&d the %&du!tr%al a&d pol%t%cal. 3 moral! ba!ed o& !tudy o- huma& &ature %&!tead o- upo& d%!re ard -or %t would -%&d the -act! o- ma& co&t%&uou! w%th tho!e o- the re!t o- &ature a&d would thereby ally eth%c! w%th phy!%c! a&d b%olo y. 't would -%&d the &ature a&d act%5%t%e! o- o&e per!o& coterm%&ou! w%th tho!e o- other huma& be%& !> a&d there-ore l%&k eth%c! w%th the !tudy o- h%!tory> !oc%olo y> law a&d eco&om%c!. $uch a moral! would &ot automat%cally !ol5e moral problem!> &or re!ol5e perpleA%t%e!. But %t would e&able u! to !tate problem! %& !uch -orm! that act%o& could be coura eou!ly a&d %&tell% e&tly d%rected to the%r !olut%o&. 't would &ot a!!ure u! a a%&!t -a%lure> but %t would re&der -a%lure a !ource o- %&!truct%o&. 't would &ot protect u! a a%&!t the -uture emer e&ce o- e1ually !er%ou! moral d%--%cult%e!> but %t would e&able u! to approach the alway! recurr%& trouble! w%th a -u&d o- row%& k&owled e wh%ch would

add !% &%-%ca&t 5alue to our co&duct e5e& whe& we o5ertly -a%led K a! we !hould co&t%&ue to do. 0&t%l the %&te r%ty o- moral!

<13= w%th huma& &ature a&d o- both w%th the e&5%ro&me&t %! reco &%Bed> we !hall be depr%5ed o- the a%d o- pa!t eAper%e&ce to cope w%th the mo!t acute a&d deep problem! ol%-e. 3ccurate a&d eAte&!%5e k&owled e w%ll co&t%&ue to operate o&ly %& deal%& w%th purely tech&%cal problem!. /he %&tell% e&t ack&owled me&t o- the co&t%&u%ty o- &ature> ma& a&d !oc%ety w%ll alo&e !ecure a rowth o- moral! wh%ch w%ll be !er%ou! w%thout be%& -a&at%cal> a!p%r%& w%thout !e&t%me&tal%ty> adapted to real%ty w%thout co&5e&t%o&al%ty> !e&!%ble w%thout tak%& the -orm o- calculat%o& o- pro-%t!> %deal%!t%c w%thout be%& roma&t%c. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"2.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9(ab%t! a! !oc%al -u&ct%o&!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1E723.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part 1 The Place of !abit in Conduct I* !abits as (ocial +unctions
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

(3B'/$ may be pro-%tably compared to phy!%olo %cal -u&ct%o&!> l%ke breath%& > d% e!t%& . /he latter are> to be !ure> %&5olu&tary> wh%le hab%t! are ac1u%red. But %mporta&t a! %! th%! d%--ere&ce -or ma&y purpo!e! %t !hould &ot co&ceal the -act that hab%t! are l%ke -u&ct%o&! %& ma&y re!pect!> a&d e!pec%ally %& re1u%r%& the cooperat%o& oor a&%!m a&d e&5%ro&me&t. Breath%& %! a& a--a%r o- the a%r a! truly a! o- the lu& !@ d% e!t%& a& a--a%r o- -ood a! truly a! o- t%!!ue! o- !tomach. $ee%& %&5ol5e! l% ht ju!t a! certa%&ly a! %t doe! the eye a&d opt%c &er5e. *alk%& %mpl%cate! the rou&d a! well a! the le !@ !peech dema&d! phy!%cal a%r a&d huma& compa&%o&!h%p a&d aud%e&ce a! well a! 5ocal or a&!. *e may !h%-t -rom the b%olo %cal to the mathemat%cal u!e o- the word -u&ct%o&> a&d !ay that &atural operat%o&! l%ke breath%& a&d d% e!t%& > ac1u%red o&e! l%ke !peech a&d ho&e!ty> are -u&ct%o&! o- the !urrou&d%& ! a! truly a! o- a per!o&. /hey are th%& ! do&e by the e&5%ro&me&t by mea&! o- or a&%c !tructure! or ac1u%red d%!po!%t%o&!. /he !ame a%r that u&der certa%& co&d%t%o&! ru--le! the pool or wreck! bu%ld%& !>

<1F= u&der other co&d%t%o&! pur%-%e! the blood a&d co&5ey! thou ht. /he outcome depe&d! upo& what a%r act! upo&. /he !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t act! throu h &at%5e %mpul!e! a&d !peech a&d moral hab%tude! ma&%-e!t them!el5e!. /here are !pec%-%c ood rea!o&!

-or the u!ual attr%but%o& o- act! to the per!o& -rom whom they %mmed%ately proceed. But to co&5ert th%! !pec%al re-ere&ce %&to a bel%e- o- eAclu!%5e ow&er!h%p %! a! m%!lead%& a! to !uppo!e that breath%& a&d d% e!t%& are complete w%th%& the huma& body. /o et a rat%o&al ba!%! -or moral d%!cu!!%o& we mu!t be %& w%th reco &%B%& that -u&ct%o&! a&d hab%t! are way! o- u!%& a&d %&corporat%& the e&5%ro&me&t %& wh%ch the latter ha! %t! !ay a! !urely a! the -ormer. *e may borrow word! -rom a co&teAt le!! tech&%cal tha& that o- b%olo y> a&d co&5ey the !ame %dea by !ay%& that hab%t! are art!. /hey %&5ol5e !k%ll o- !e&!ory a&d motor or a&!> cu&&%& or cra-t> a&d object%5e mater%al!. /hey a!!%m%late object%5e e&er %e!> a&d e5e&tuate %& comma&d o- e&5%ro&me&t. /hey re1u%re order> d%!c%pl%&e> a&d ma&%-e!t tech&%1ue. /hey ha5e a be %&&%& > m%ddle a&d e&d. Dach !ta e mark! pro re!! %& deal%& w%th mater%al! a&d tool!> ad5a&ce %& co&5ert%& mater%al to act%5e u!e. *e !hould lau h at a&y o&e who !a%d that he wa! ma!ter o- !to&e work%& > but that the art wa! cooped up w%th%& h%m!el- a&d %& &o w%!e depe&de&t upo& !upport -rom object! a&d a!!%!ta&ce -rom tool!. '& moral! we are howe5er 1u%te accu!tomed to !uch a -atu%ty. Moral d%!po!%t%o&! are thou ht o- a! be7

<1H= 7lo& %& eAclu!%5ely to a !el-. /he !el- %! thereby %!olated -rom &atural a&d !oc%al !urrou&d%& !. 3 whole !chool o- moral! -lour%!he! upo& cap%tal draw& -rom re!tr%ct%& moral! to character a&d the& !eparat%& character -rom co&duct> mot%5e! -rom actual deed!. Leco &%t%o& o- the a&alo y o- moral act%o& w%th -u&ct%o&! a&d art! uproot! the cau!e! wh%ch ha5e made moral! !ubject%5e a&d 9 %&d%5%dual%!t%c.9 't br%& ! moral! to earth> a&d %- they !t%ll a!p%re to hea5e& %t %! to the hea5e&! o- the earth> a&d &ot to a&other world. (o&e!ty> cha!t%ty> mal%ce> pee5%!h&e!!> coura e> tr%5%al%ty> %&du!try> %rre!po&!%b%l%ty are &ot pr%5ate po!!e!!%o&! o- a per!o&. /hey are work%& adaptat%o&! oper!o&al capac%t%e! w%th e&5%ro&%& -orce!. 3ll 5%rtue! a&d 5%ce! are hab%t! wh%ch %&corporate object%5e -orce!. /hey are %&teract%o&! o- eleme&t! co&tr%buted by the make7 up o- a& %&d%5%dual w%th eleme&t! !uppl%ed by the out7door world. /hey ca& be !tud%ed a! object%5ely a! phy!%olo %cal -u&ct%o&!> a&d they ca& be mod%-%ed by cha& e o- e%ther per!o&al or !oc%al eleme&t!. '- a& %&d%5%dual were alo&e %& the world> he would -orm h%! hab%t! <a!!um%& the %mpo!!%ble> &amely> that he would be able to -orm them= %& a moral 5acuum. /hey would belo& to h%m alo&e> or to h%m o&ly %& re-ere&ce to phy!%cal -orce!. Le!po&!%b%l%ty a&d 5%rtue would be h%! alo&e. But !%&ce hab%t! %&5ol5e the !upport oe&5%ro&%& co&d%t%o&!> a !oc%ety or !ome !pec%-%c roup o- -ellow7me&> %! alway! acce!!ory be-ore a&d a-ter the -act. $ome act%5%ty proceed! -rom a ma&@ the& %t !et! up react%o&! %& the !urrou&d%& !. Cther!

<1I= appro5e> d%!appro5e> prote!t> e&coura e> !hare a&d re!%!t. D5e& lett%& a tha& alo&e %! a de-%&%te re!po&!e. D&5y> adm%rat%o& a&d %m%tat%o& are compl%c%t%e!. .eutral%ty %! &o&7eA%!te&t. +o&duct %! alway! !hared@ th%! %! the d%--ere&ce betwee& %t a&d a phy!%olo %cal proce!!. 't %! &ot a& eth%cal 9 ou ht 9 that co&duct should be !oc%al. 't %! !oc%al> whether bad or ood.

*a!h%& o&e?! ha&d! o- the u%lt o- other! %! a way o- !har%& u%lt !o -ar a! %t e&coura e! %& other! a 5%c%ou! way o- act%o&. .o&7re!%!ta&ce to e5%l wh%ch take! the -orm o- pay%& &o atte&t%o& to %t %! a way o- promot%& %t. /he de!%re o- a& %&d%5%dual to keep h%! ow& co&!c%e&ce !ta%&le!! by !ta&d%& aloo- -rom bad&e!! may be a !ure mea&! o- cau!%& e5%l a&d thu! o- creat%& per!o&al re!po&!%b%l%ty -or %t. :et there are c%rcum!ta&ce! %& wh%ch pa!!%5e re!%!ta&ce may be the mo!t e--ect%5e -orm o&ull%-%cat%o& o- wro& act%o&> or %& wh%ch heap%& coal! o- -%re o& the e5%l7doer may be the mo!t e--ect%5e way o- tra&!-orm%& co&duct. /o !e&t%me&tal%Be o5er a cr%m%&alK to 9 -or %5e 9 becau!e o- a low o- -eel%& K %! to %&cur l%ab%l%ty -or product%o& ocr%m%&al!. But to !uppo!e that %&-l%ct%o& o- ret%but%5e !u--er%& !u--%ce!> w%thout re-ere&ce to co&crete co&!e1ue&ce!> %! to lea5e u&touched old cau!e! o- cr%m%&al%ty a&d to create &ew o&e! by -o!ter%& re5e& e a&d brutal%ty. /he ab!tract theory o- >ju!t%ce wh%ch dema&d! the 9 5%&d%cat%o& 9 o- law %rre!pect%5e o- %&!truct%o& a&d re-orm o- the wro& 7doer %! a! much a re-u!al to reco &%Be re!po&!%b%l%ty a! %! the !e&t%me&tal u!h wh%ch make! a !u--er%& 5%ct%m out o- a cr%m%&al.

<1J= +our!e! o- act%o& wh%ch put the blame eAclu!%5ely o& a per!o& a! %- h%! e5%l w%ll were the !ole cau!e o- wro& 7do%& a&d tho!e wh%ch co&do&e o--e&!e o& accou&t o- the !hare o- !oc%al co&d%t%o&! %& produc%& bad d%!po!%t%o&> are e1ually way! o- mak%& a& u&real !eparat%o& o- ma& -rom h%! !urrou&d%& !> m%&d -rom the world. +au!e! -or a& act alway! eA%!t> but cau!e! are &ot eAcu!e!. Mue!t%o&! o- cau!at%o& are phy!%cal> &ot moral eAcept whe& they co&cer& -uture co&!e1ue&ce!. 't %! a! cau!e! o- -uture act%o&! that eAcu!e! a&d accu!at%o&! al%ke mu!t be co&!%dered. 3t pre!e&t we %5e way to re!e&t-ul pa!!%o&> a&d the& 9 rat%o&al%Be 9 our !urre&der by call%& %t a 5%&d%cat%o& o- ju!t%ce. Cur e&t%re trad%t%o& re ard%& pu&%t%5e ju!t%ce te&d! to pre5e&t reco &%t%o& o- !oc%al part&er!h%p %& produc%& cr%me@ %t -all! %& w%th a bel%e- %& metaphy!%cal -ree7w%ll. By k%ll%& a& e5%l7doer or !hutt%& h%m up beh%&d !to&e wall!> we arc e&abled to -or et both h%m a&d our part %& creat%& h%m. $oc%ety eAcu!e! %t!el- by lay%& the blame o& the cr%m%&al@ he retort! by putt%& the blame o& bad early !urrou&d%& !> the temptat%o&! oother!> lack o- opportu&%t%e!> a&d the per!ecut%o&! o- o--%cer! o- the law. Both are r% ht> eAcept %& the whole!ale character o- the%r recr%m%&at%o&!. But the e--ect o& both !%de! %! to throw the whole matter back %&to a&tecede&t cau!at%o&> a method wh%ch re-u!e! to br%& the matter to truly moral jud me&t. )or moral! ha! to do w%th act! !t%ll w%th%& our co&trol> act! !t%ll to be per-ormed. .o amou&t o- u%lt o& the part

<19= o- the e5%l7doer ab!ol5e! u! -rom re!po&!%b%l%ty -or the co&!e1ue&ce! upo& h%m a&d other! o- our way o- treat%& h%m> or -rom our co&t%&u%& re!po&!%b%l%ty -or the co&d%t%o&! u&der wh%ch per!o&! de5elop per5er!e hab%t!. *e &eed to d%!cr%m%&ate betwee& the phy!%cal a&d the moral 1ue!t%o&. /he -ormer co&cer&! what ha! happe&ed> a&d how %t happe&ed. /o co&!%der th%! 1ue!t%o& %! %&d%!pe&!able to moral!. *%thout a& a&!wer to %t we ca&&ot tell what -orce! are at work &or how to d%rect our act%o&! !o a! to %mpro5e co&d%t%o&!. 0&t%l we k&ow the co&d%t%o&! wh%ch ha5e helped -orm the character! we appro5e a&d d%!appro5e> our e--ort! to create the o&e a&d do away w%th the other w%ll be bl%&d a&d halt%& . But the moral %!!ue co&cer&! the -uture. 't %! pro!pect%5e. /o co&te&t our!el5e! w%th pro&ou&c%& jud me&t!

o- mer%t a&d demer%t w%thout re-ere&ce to the -act that our jud me&t! are them!el5e! -act! wh%ch ha5e co&!e1ue&ce! a&d that the%r 5alue depe&d! upo& their co&!e1ue&ce!> %! complace&tly to dod e the moral %!!ue> perhap! e5e& to %&dul e our!el5e! %& plea!urable pa!!%o& ju!t a! the per!o& we co&dem& o&ce %&dul ed h%m!el-. /he moral problem %! that o- mod%-y%& the -actor! wh%ch &ow %&-lue&ce -uture re!ult!. /o cha& e the work%& character or w%ll o- a&other we ha5e to alter object%5e co&d%t%o&! wh%ch e&ter %&to h%! hab%t!. Cur ow& !cheme! o- jud me&t> o- a!!% &%& blame a&d pra%!e> o- award%& pu&%!hme&t a&d ho&or> are part o- the!e co&d%t%o&!. '& pract%cal l%-e> there are ma&y reco &%t%o&! o- the

<2"= part played by !oc%al -actor! %& e&erat%& per!o&al tra%t!. C&e o- them %! our hab%t o- mak%& !oc%al cla!!%-%cat%o&!. *e attr%bute d%!t%&ct%5e character%!t%c! to r%ch a&d poor> !lum7dweller a&d capta%& o- %&du!try> ru!t%c a&d !uburba&%te> o--%c%al!> pol%t%c%a&!> pro-e!!or!> to member! o- race!> !et! a&d part%e!. /he!e jud me&t! are u!ually too coar!e to be o- much u!e. But they !how our pract%cal aware&e!! that per!o&al tra%t! are -u&ct%o&! o- !oc%al !%tuat%o&!. *he& we e&eral%Be th%! percept%o& a&d act upo& %t %&tell% e&tly we are comm%tted by %t to reco &%Be that we cha& e character -rom wor!e to better o&ly by cha& %& co&d%t%o&! K amo& wh%ch> o&ce more> are our ow& way! odeal%& w%th the o&e we jud e. *e ca&&ot cha& e hab%t d%rectly: that &ot%o& %! ma %c. But we ca& cha& e %t %&d%rectly by mod%-y%& co&d%t%o&!> by a& %&tell% e&t !elect%& a&d we% ht%& o- the object! wh%ch e& a e atte&t%o& a&d wh%ch %&-lue&ce the -ul-%lme&t ode!%re!. 3 !a5a e ca& tra5el a-ter a -a!h%o& %& a ju& le +%5%l%Bed act%5%ty %! too compleA to be carr%ed o& w%th out !moothed road!. 't re1u%re! !% &al! a&d ju&ct%o& po%&t!@ tra--%c author%t%e! a&d mea&! o- ea!y a&d rap%d tra&!portat%o&. 't dema&d! a co& e&%al> a&tecede&tly prepared e&5%ro&me&t. *%thout %t> c%5%l%Bat%o& would relap!e %&to barbar%!m %& !p%te o- the be!t o- !ubject%5e %&te&t%o& a&d %&ter&al ood d%!po!%t%o&. /he eter&al d% &%ty o- labor a&d art l%e! %& the%r e--ect%& that perma&e&t re!hap%& oe&5%ro&me&t wh%ch %! the !ub!ta&t%al -ou&dat%o& o- -uture !ecur%ty a&d pro re!!. '&7

<21= 7d%5%dual! -lour%!h a&d w%ther away l%ke the ra!! o- the -%eld!. But the -ru%t! othe%r work e&dure a&d make po!!%ble the de5elopme&t o- -urther act%5%t%e! ha5%& -uller !% &%-%ca&ce. 't %! o- race &ot o- our!el5e! that we lead c%5%l%Bed l%5e!. /here %! !ou&d !e&!e %& the old pa a& &ot%o& that rat%tude %! the root o- all 5%rtue. ;oyalty to whate5er %& the e!tabl%!hed e&5%ro&me&t make! a l%-e o- eAcelle&ce po!!%ble %! the be %&&%& o- all pro re!!. /he be!t we ca& accompl%!h -or po!ter%ty %! to tra&!m%t u&%mpa%red a&d w%th !ome %&creme&t o- mea&%& the e&5%ro&me&t that make! %t po!!%ble to ma%&ta%& the hab%t! o- dece&t a&d re-%&ed l%-e. Cur %&d%5%dual hab%t! are l%&k! %& -orm%& the e&dle!! cha%& o- huma&%ty. /he%r !% &%-%ca&ce depe&d! upo& the e&5%ro&me&t %&her%ted -rom our -oreru&&er!> a&d %t %! e&ha&ced a! we -ore!ee the -ru%t! o- our labor! %& the world %& wh%ch our !ucce!!or! l%5e. )or howe5er much ha! bee& do&e> there alway! rema%&! more to do. *e ca& reta%& a&d tra&!m%t our ow& her%ta e o&ly by co&!ta&t remak%& o- our ow& e&5%ro&me&t. P%ety to the pa!t %! &ot -or %t! ow& !ake &or -or the !ake o- the pa!t> but -or the !ake o- a pre!e&t !o !ecure a&d e&r%ched that %t w%ll create a 5et better -uture. '&d%5%dual! w%th the%r

eAhortat%o&!> the%r preach%& ! a&al !cold%& !. the%r %&&er a!p%rat%o&! a&d !e&t%me&t! ha5e d%!appeared> but the%r hab%t! e&dure> becau!e the!e hab%t! %&corporate object%5e co&d%t%o&! %& them!el5e!. $o w%ll %t be w%th our act%5%t%e!. *e may de!%re abol%t%o& owar> %&du!tr%al ju!t%ce> reater

<22= e1ual%ty o- opportu&%ty -or all. But &o amou&t o- preach%& ood w%ll or the olde& rule or cult%5at%o& o- !e&t%me&t! o- lo5e a&d e1u%ty w%ll accompl%!h the re!ult!. /here mu!t be cha& e %& object%5e arra& eme&t! a&d %&!t%tut%o&!. *e mu!t work o& the e&5%ro&me&t &ot merely o& the heart! o- me&. /o th%&k otherw%!e %! to !uppo!e that -lower! ca& be ra%!ed %& a de!ert or motor car! ru& %& a ju& le. Both th%& ! ca& happe& a&d w%thout a m%racle. But o&ly by -%r!t cha& %& the ju& le a&d de!ert. :et the d%!t%&ct%5ely per!o&al or !ubject%5e -actor! %& hab%t cou&t. /a!te -or -lower! may be the %&%t%al !tep %& bu%ld%& re!er5o%r! a&d %rr% at%o& ca&al!. /he !t%mulat%o& o- de!%re a&d e--ort %! o&e prel%m%&ary %& the cha& e o- !urrou&d%& !. *h%le per!o&al eAhortat%o&> ad5%ce a&d %&!truct%o& %! a -eeble !t%mulu! compared w%th that wh%ch !tead%ly proceed! -rom the %mper!o&al -orce! a&d deper!o&al%Bed hab%tude! o- the e&5%ro&me&t> yet they may !tart the latter o%& . /a!te> apprec%at%o& a&d e--ort alway! !pr%& -rom !ome accompl%!hed object%5e !%tuat%o&. /hey ha5e object%5e !upport@ they repre!e&t the l%berat%o& o- !ometh%& -ormerly accompl%!hed !o that %t %! u!e-ul %& -urther operat%o&. 3 e&u%&e apprec%at%o& o- the beauty o- -lower! %! &ot e&erated w%th%& a !el-7e&clo!ed co&!c%ou!&e!!. 't re-lect! a world %& wh%ch beaut%-ul -lower! ha5e already row& a&d bee& e&joyed. /a!te a&d de!%re repre!e&t a pr%or object%5e -act recurr%& %& act%o& to !ecure perpetuat%o& a&d eAte&!%o&. De!%re -or -lower! come! a-ter actual e&joyme&t o-lower!. But %t come!

<23= be-ore the work that make! the de!ert blo!!om> %t come! be-ore cult%5at%o& opla&t!. D5ery %deal %! preceded by a& actual%ty@ but the %deal %! more tha& a repet%t%o& %& %&&er %ma e o- the actual. 't project! %& !ecurer a&d w%der a&d -uller -orm !ome ood wh%ch ha! bee& pre5%ou!ly eAper%e&ced %& a precar%ou!> acc%de&tal> -leet%& way 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"3.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9(ab%t! a&d w%ll>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1F7E2.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part 1 The Place of !abit in Conduct II* !abits and ,ill

Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

't %! a !% &%-%ca&t -act that %& order to apprec%ate the pecul%ar place o- hab%t %& act%5%ty we ha5e to betake our!el5e! to had hab%t!> -ool%!h %dl%& > ambl%& > add%ct%o& to l%1uor a&d dru !. *he& we th%&k o- !uch hab%t!> the u&%o& o- hab%t w%th de!%re a&d w%th propul!%5e power %! -orced upo& u!. *he& we th%&k o- hab%t! %& term! o- walk%& > play%& a mu!%cal %&!trume&t> typewr%t%& > we are much %5e& to th%&k%& o- hab%t! a! tech&%cal ab%l%t%e! eA%!t%& apart -rom our l%k%& ! a&d a! lack%& %& ur e&t %mpul!%o&. *e th%&k othem a! pa!!%5e tool! wa%t%& to be called %&to act%o& -rom w%thout. 3 bad hab%t !u e!t! a& %&here&t te&de&cy to act%o& a&d al!o a hold> comma&d o5er u! 't make! u! do th%& ! we are a!hamed o-> th%& ! wh%ch we tell our!el5e! we pre-er rot to do. 't o5err%de! our -ormal re!olut%o&!> our co&!c%ou! dec%!%o&!. *he& we are ho&e!t w%th our!el5e! we ack&owled e that a hab%t ha! th%! power becau!e %t %! !o %&t%mately a part o- our!el5e!. 't ha! a hold upo& u! becau!e we are the hab%t. Cur !el-7lo5e> our re-u!al to -ace -act!> comb%&ed perhap! w%th a !e&!e o- et po!!%ble better althou h u&real%Bed !el-> lead! u! to eject the hab%t -rom the thou ht o- our!el5e! a&d co&ce%5e %t a! a& e5%l power wh%ch ha! !omehow o5ercome u!. *e -eed our co&ce%t by recall%& that the hab%t wa! &o?? del%berately -ormed@ we &e5er %&te&ded to become %dler! or ambler! or rou!.

<2F= 3&d how cam a&yth%& be deeply our!el5e! wh%ch de5eloped acc%de&tally> w%thout !et %&te&t%o&6 /he!e tra%t! o- a bad hab%t are prec%!ely the th%& ! wh%ch are mo!t %&!truct%5e about all hab%t! a&d about our!el5e!. /hey teach u! that all hab%t! are a--ect%o&!> that all ha5e project%le power> a&d that a pred%!po!%t%o& -ormed by a &umber o- !pec%-%c act! %! a& %mme&!ely more %&t%mate a&d -u&dame&tal part o- our!el5e! tha& are 5a ue> e&eral> co&!c%ou! cho%ce!. 3ll hab%t! are dema&d! -or certa%& k%&d! oact%5%ty@ a&d they co&!t%tute the !el-. '& a&y %&tell% %ble !e&!e o- the word w%ll> they are w%ll. /hey -orm our e--ect%5e de!%re! a&d they -ur&%!h u! w%th our work%& capac%t%e!. /hey rule our thou ht!> determ%&%& wh%ch !hall appear a&d be !tro& a&d wh%ch !hall pa!! -rom l% ht %&to ob!cur%ty. *e may th%&k o- hab%t! a! mea&!> wa%t%& > l%ke tool! %& a boA> to be u!ed by co&!c%ou! re!ol5e. But they are !ometh%& more tha& that. /hey are act%5e mea&!> mea&! that project them!el5e!> e&er et%c a&d dom%&at%& way! o- act%& . *e &eed to d%!t%& u%!h betwee& mater%al!> tool! a&d mea&! proper. .a%l! a&d board! are &ot !tr%ctly !peak%& mea&! o- a boA. /hey are o&ly mater%al! -or mak%& %t. D5e& the !aw a&d hammer are mea&! o&ly whe& they are employed %& !ome actual mak%& . Ctherw%!e they are tool!> or pote&t%al mea&!. /hey are actual mea&! o&ly whe& brou ht %&! co&ju&ct%o& w%th eye> arm a&d ha&d %& !ome !pec%-%c operat%o&. 3&d eye> arm a&d ha&d are> corre!po&dingly' mea&! proper o&ly whe& they are %& act%5e opera7

<2H= 7t%o&. 3&d whe&e5er they are %& act%o& they are cooperat%& w%th eAter&al mater%al! a&d e&er %e!. *%thout !upport -rom beyo&d them!el5e! the eye !tare! bla&kly a&d the

ha&d mo5e! -umbl%& ly. /hey are mea&! o&ly whe& they e&ter %&to or a&%Bat%o& w%th th%& ! wh%ch %&depe&de&tly accompl%!h de-%&%te re!ult!. /he!e or a&%Bat%o&! are hab%t!. /h%! -act cut! two way!. DAcept %& a co&t%& e&t !e&!e> w%th a& 9 %->9 &e%ther eAter&al mater%al! &or bod%ly a&d me&tal or a&! are %& them!el5e! mea&!. /hey ha5e to be employed %& coord%&ated co&ju&ct%o& w%th o&e a&other to be actual mea&!> or hab%t!. /h%! !tateme&t may !eem l%ke the -ormulat%o& %& tech&%cal la& ua e o- a commo&7place. But bel%e- %& ma %c ha! played a lar e part %& huma& h%!tory. 3&d the e!!e&ce o- all hocu!7pocu! %! the !uppo!%t%o& that re!ult! ca& be accompl%!hed w%thout the jo%&t adaptat%o& to each other o- huma& power! a&d phy!%cal co&d%t%o&!. 3 de!%re -or ra%& may %&duce me& to wa5e w%llow bra&che! a&d to !pr%&kle water. /he react%o& %! &atural a&d %&&oce&t. But me& the& o o& to bel%e5e that the%r act ha! %mmed%ate power to br%& ra%& w%thout the cooperat%o& o- %&termed%ate co&d%t%o&! o- &ature. /h%! %! ma %c@ wh%le %t may be &atural or !po&ta&eou!> %t %! &ot %&&oce&t. 't ob!truct! %&tell% e&t !tudy ooperat%5e co&d%t%o&! a&d wa!te! huma& de!%re a&d e--ort %& -ut%l%t%e!. Bel%e- %& ma %c d%d &ot cea!e whe& the coar!er -orm! o- !uper!t%t%ou! pract%ce cea!ed. /he pr%&c%ple o- ma %c %! -ou&d whe&e5er %t %! hoped to et re!ult!

<2I= w%thout %&tell% e&t co&trol o- mea&!@ a&d al!o whe& %t %! !uppo!ed that mea&! ca& eA%!t a&d yet rema%& %&ert a&d %&operat%5e. '& moral! a&d pol%t%c! !uch eApectat%o&! !t%ll pre5a%l> a&d %& !o -ar the mo!t %mporta&t pha!e! o- huma& act%o& are !t%ll a--ected by ma %c. *e th%&k that by -eel%& !tro& ly e&ou h about !ometh%& > by w%!h%& hard e&ou h> we ca& et a de!%rable re!ult> !uch a! 5%rtuou! eAecut%o& o- a ood re!ol5e> or peace amo& &at%o&!> or ood w%ll %& %&du!try. *e !lur o5er the &ece!!%ty o- the cooperat%5e act%o& o- object%5e co&d%t%o&!> a&d the -act that th%! cooperat%o& %! a!!ured o&ly by per!%!te&t a&d clo!e !tudy. Cr> o& the other ha&d> we -a&cy we ca& et the!e re!ult! by eAter&al mach%&ery> by tool! or pote&t%al mea&!> w%thout a corre!po&d%& -u&ct%o&%& o- huma& de!%re! a&d capac%t%e!. C-te& t%me! the!e two -al!e a&d co&trad%ctory bel%e-! are comb%&ed %& the !ame per!o&. /he ma& who -eel! that h%! 5%rtue! are h%! ow& per!o&al accompl%!hme&t! %! l%kely to be al!o the o&e who th%&k! that by pa!!%& law! he ca& throw the -ear o- 2od %&to other! a&d make them 5%rtuou! by ed%ct a&d proh%b%tory ma&date. Lece&tly a -r%e&d remarked to me that there wa! o&e !uper!t%t%o& curre&t amo& e5e& cult%5ated per!o&!. /hey !uppo!e that if o&e %! told what to do> %- the r% ht end is po%&ted to them> all that %! re1u%red %& order to br%& about the r% ht act %! w%ll or w%!h o& the part o- the o&e who %! to act. (e u!ed a! a& %llu!trat%o& the matter o- phy!%cal po!ture@ the a!!umpt%o& %! that %- a ma& %! told to !ta&d up !tra% ht> all that

<2J= %! -urther &eeded %! w%!h a&d e--ort o& h%! part> a&d the deed %! do&e. (e po%&ted out that th%! bel%e- %! o& a par w%th pr%m%t%5e ma %c %& %t! &e lect o- atte&t%o& to the mea&! wh%ch are %&5ol5ed %& reach%& a& e&d. 3&d he we&t o& to !ay that the pre5ale&ce o- th%! bel%e-> !tart%& w%th -al!e &ot%o&! about the co&trol o- the body a&d eAte&d%& to co&trol o- m%&d a&d character> %! the reate!t bar to %&tell% e&t !oc%al pro re!!. 't bar! the way becau!e %t make! u! &e lect %&tell% e&t %&1u%ry to d%!co5er the mea&! wh%ch w%ll produce a de!%red re!ult> a&d %&tell% e&t %&5e&t%o& to procure the mea&!. '& !hort> %t lea5e! out the %mporta&ce o- %&tell% e&tly co&trolled hab%t.

*e may c%te h%! %llu!trat%o& o- the real &ature o- a phy!%cal a%m or order a&d %t! eAecut%o& %& %t! co&tra!t w%th the curre&t -al!e &ot%o&.-1. 3 ma& who ha! a bad hab%tual po!ture tell! h%m!el-> or %! told> to !ta&d up !tra% ht. '- he %! %&tere!ted a&d re!po&d!> he brace! h%m!el-> oe! throu h certa%& mo5eme&t!> a&d %t %! a!!umed that the de!%red re!ult %! !ub!ta&t%ally atta%&ed@ a&d that the po!%t%o& %! reta%&ed at lea!t a! lo& a! the ma& keep! the %dea or order %& h%! m%&d. +o&!%der the a!!umpt%o&! wh%ch are here made. 't %! %mpl%ed that the mea&! or e--ect%5e co&d%t%o&! o- the real%Bat%o& o- a purpo!e eA%!t %&depe&de&tly o- e!tabl%!hed hab%t a&d e5e& that they may be !et %& mot%o& %& oppo!%t%o& to hab%t. 't %! a!!umed that mea&! are there> !o that the -a%lure to !ta&d erect %! wholly a matter o- -a%lure o- purpo!e a&d de!%re. 't &eed! paraly!%! or

<29= a broke& le or !ome other e1ually ro!! phe&ome&o& to make u! apprec%ate the %mporta&ce o- object%5e co&d%t%o&!. .ow %& -act a ma& who ca& !ta&d properly doe! !o> a&d o&ly a ma& who ca&> doe!. '& the -ormer ca!e> -%at! o- w%ll are u&&ece!!ary> a&d %& the latter u!ele!!. 3 ma& who doe! &ot !ta&d properly -orm! a hab%t o- !ta&d%& %mproperly> a po!%t%5e> -orce-ul hab%t. /he commo& %mpl%cat%o& that h%! m%!take %! merely &e at%5e> that he %! !%mply -a%l%& to do the r% ht th%& > a&d that the -a%lure ca& be made ood by a& order o- w%ll %! ab!urd. C&e m% ht a! well !uppo!e that the ma& who %! a !la5e o- wh%!key7dr%&k%& %! merely o&e who -a%l! to dr%&k water. +o&d%t%o&! ha5e bee& -ormed -or produc%& a bad re!ult> a&d the bad re!ult w%ll occur a! lo& a! tho!e co&d%t%o&! eA%!t. /hey ca& &o more be d%!m%!!ed by a d%rect e--ort o- w%ll tha& the co&d%t%o&! wh%ch create drou ht ca& be d%!pelled by wh%!tl%& -or w%&d. 't %! a! rea!o&able to eApect a -%re to o out whe& %t %! ordered to !top bur&%& a! to !uppo!e that a ma& ca& !ta&d !tra% ht %& co&!e1ue&ce o- a d%rect act%o& o- thou ht a&d de!%re. /he -%re ca& be put out o&ly by cha& %& object%5e co&d%t%o&!@ %t %! the !ame w%th rect%-%cat%o& o- bad po!ture. C- cour!e !ometh%& happe&! whe& a ma& act! upo& h%! %dea o- !ta&d%& !tra% ht. )or a l%ttle wh%le> he !ta&d! d%--ere&tly> but o&ly a d%--ere&t k%&d o- badly. (e the& take! the u&accu!tomed -eel%& wh%ch accompa&%e! h%! u&u!ual !ta&d a! e5%de&ce that he %! &ow !ta&d%& r% ht. But there are ma&y way! o- !ta&d%&

<3"= badly> a&d he ha! !%mply !h%-ted h%! u!ual way to a compe&!atory bad way at !ome oppo!%te eAtreme. *he& we real%Be th%! -act> we are l%kely to !uppo!e that %t eA%!t! becau!e co&trol o- the body is phy!%cal a&d he&ce %! eAter&al to m%&d a&d w%ll. /ra&!-er the comma&d %&!%de character a&d m%&d> a&d %t %! -a&c%ed that a& %dea o- a& e&d a&d the de!%re to real%Be %t w%ll take %mmed%ate e--ect. 3-ter we et to the po%&t o- reco &%B%& that hab%t! mu!t %&ter5e&e betwee& w%!h a&d eAecut%o& %& the ca!e o- bod%ly act!> we !t%ll cher%!h the %llu!%o& that they ca& be d%!pe&!ed w%th %& the ca!e o- me&tal a&d moral act!. /hu! the &et re!ult %! to !&ake u! !harpe& the d%!t%&ct%o& betwee& &o&7moral a&d moral act%5%t%e!> a&d to lead u! to co&-%&e the latter !tr%ctly w%th%& a pr%5ate> %mmater%al realm. But %& -act> -ormat%o& o- %dea! a! well a! the%r eAecut%o& depe&d! upo& hab%t. '- we could -orm a correct %dea w%thout a correct hab%t> the& po!!%bly we could carry %t out %rre!pect%5e o- hab%t. But a w%!h et! de-%&%te -orm o&ly %& co&&ect%o& w%th a& %dea> a&d a& %dea et! !hape a&d co&!%!te&cy o&ly whe& %t ha! a hab%t back o- %t. C&ly whe& a ma& ca& already per-orm a& act o- !ta&d%& !tra% ht doe! he k&ow what %t %! l%ke to ha5e a r% ht po!ture a&d o&ly the& ca& he !ummo&. the %dea re1u%red -or proper eAecut%o&. /he

act mu!t come be-ore the thou ht> a&d a hab%t be-ore a& ab%l%ty to e5oke the thou ht at w%ll. Crd%&ary p!ycholo y re5er!e! the actual !tate o- a--a%r!. 'dea!.> thou ht! o- e&d!> are &ot !po&ta&eou!ly e&erated> _ /here %! &o %mmaculate co&cept%o& o- mea&7

<31= 7%& ! or purpo!e!. Lea!o& pure o- all %&-lue&ce -rom pr%or hab%t %! a -%ct%o&. But pure !e&!at%o&! out o- wh%ch %dea! ca& be -ramed apart -rom hab%t are e1ually -%ct%t%ou!. /he !e&!at%o&! a&d %dea! wh%ch are the 9!tu-- 9 o- thou ht a&d purpo!e are al%ke a--ected by hab%t! ma&%-e!ted %& the act! wh%ch %5e r%!e to !e&!at%o&! a&d mea&%& !. /he depe&de&ce o- thou ht> or the more %&tellectual -actor %& our co&cept%o&!> upo& pr%or eAper%e&ce %! u!ually adm%tted. But tho!e who attack the &ot%o& o- thou ht pure -rom the %&-lue&ce o- eAper%e&ce> u!ually %de&t%-y eAper%e&ce w%th !e&!at%o&! %mpre!!ed upo& a& empty m%&d. /hey there-ore replace the theory o- u&m%Aed thou ht! w%th that o- pure u&m%Aed !e&!at%o&! a! the !tu-- o- all co&cept%o&!> purpo!e! a&d bel%e-!. But d%!t%&ct a&d %&depe&de&t !e&!ory 1ual%t%e!> -ar -rom be%& or% %&al eleme&t!> are the product! o- a h% hly !k%lled a&aly!%! wh%ch d%!po!e! o- %mme&!e tech&%cal !c%e&t%-%c re!ource!. /o be able to !%& le out a de-%&%t%5e !e&!ory eleme&t %& a&y -%eld %! e5%de&ce o- a h% h de ree o- pre5%ou! tra%&%& > that %!. o- well7-ormed hab%t!. 3 moderate amou&t o- ob!er5at%o& o- a ch%ld w%ll !u--%ce to re5eal that e5e& !uch ro!! d%!cr%m%&at%o&! a! black> wh%te> red> ree&> are the re!ult o- !ome year! o- act%5e deal%& ! w%th th%& ! %& the cour!e o- wh%ch hab%t! ha5e bee& !et up. 't %! &ot !uch a> !%mple matter to ha5e a clear7cut !e&!at%o&.. /he latter %! a !% & o- tra%&%& > !k%ll> hab%t. 3dm%!!%o& that the %dea o-> !ay> !ta&d%& erect %! depe&de&t upo& !e&!ory mater%al! %!> there-ore e1u%5ale&t to reco &%t%o& that %t %! depe&de&t upo& the

<32= hab%tual att%tude! wh%ch o5er& co&crete !e&!ory mater%al!. /he med%um o- hab%t -%lter! all the mater%al that reache! our percept%o& a&d thou ht. /he -%lter %! &ot> howe5er> chem%cally pure. 't %! a rea e&t wh%ch add! &ew 1ual%t%e! a&d rearra& e! what %! rece%5ed. Cur %dea! truly depe&d upo& eAper%e&ce> but !o do our !e&!at%o&!. 3&d the eAper%e&ce upo& wh%ch they both depe&d %! the operat%o& o- hab%t!K or% %&ally o%&!t%&ct!. /hu! our purpo!e! a&d comma&d! re ard%& act%o& <whether phy!%cal or moral= come to u! throu h the re-ract%& med%um o- bod%ly a&d moral hab%t!. '&ab%l%ty to th%&k ar% ht %! !u--%c%e&tly !tr%k%& to ha5e cau ht the atte&t%o& o- moral%!t!. But a -al!e p!ycholo y ha! led them to %&terpret %t a! due to a &ece!!ary co&-l%ct o- -le!h a&d !p%r%t> &ot a! a& %&d%cat%o& that our %dea! are a! depe&de&t> to !ay the lea!t> upo& our hab%t! a! are our act! upo& our co&!c%ou! thou ht! a&d purpo!e!. C&ly the ma& who ca& ma%&ta%& a correct po!ture ha! the !tu-- out o- wh%ch to -orm that %dea o- !ta&d%& erect wh%ch ca& be the !tart%& po%&t o- a r% ht act. C&ly the ma& who!e hab%t! are already ood ca& k&ow what the ood %!. 'mmed%ate> !eem%& ly %&!t%&ct%5e> -eel%& o- the d%rect%o& a&d e&d o- 5ar%ou! l%&e! o- beha5%or %! %& real%ty the -eel%& ohab%t! work%& below d%rect co&!c%ou!&e!!. /he p!ycholo y o- %llu!%o&! o- percept%o& %! -ull o- %llu!trat%o&! o- the d%!tort%o& %&troduced by hab%t %&to ob!er5at%o& o- object!. /he !ame -act accou&t! -or the %&tu%t%5e eleme&t %& jud me&t o- act%o&> a& eleme&t wh%ch %! 5aluable or the

<33= re5er!e %& accord w%th the 1ual%ty o- dom%&a&t hab%t!. )or> a! 3r%!totle remarked> the u&tutored moral percept%o&! o- a ood ma& are u!ually tru!tworthy> tho!e o- a bad character> &ot. <But he !hould ha5e added that the %&-lue&ce o- !oc%al cu!tom a! well a! per!o&al hab%t ha! to be take& %&to accou&t %& e!t%mat%& who %! the ood ma& a&d the ood jud e.= *hat %! true o- the depe&de&ce o- eAecut%o& o- a& %dea upo& hab%t %! true> the&> o- the -ormat%o& a&d 1ual%ty o- the %dea. $uppo!e that by a happy cha&ce a> r% ht co&crete %dea or purpo!eK co&crete> &ot !%mply correct %& word!K ha! bee& h%t upo&: *hat happe&! whe& o&e w%th a& %&correct hab%t tr%e! to act %& accord w%th %t P +learly the %dea ca& be carr%ed %&to eAecut%o& o&ly w%th a mecha&%!m already there. '- th%! %! de-ect%5e or per5erted> the be!t %&te&t%o& %& the world w%ll y%eld bad re!ult!. '& the ca!e o- &o other e& %&e doe! o&e !uppo!e that a de-ect%5e mach%&e w%ll tur& out ood ood! !%mply becau!e %t %! %&5%ted to. D5erywhere el!e we reco &%Be that the de!% & a&d !tructure othe a e&cy employed tell d%rectly upo& the work do&e. 2%5e& a bad hab%t a&d the 9 w%ll 9 or me&tal d%rect%o& to et a. ood re!ult> a&d the actual happe&%& %! a re5er!e or look%& 7 la!! ma&%-e!tat%o& o- the u!ual -aultK a compe&!atory tw%!t %& the oppo!%te> d%rect%o&. Le-u!al to reco &%Be th%! -act o&ly lead! to a !eparat%o& o- m%&d -rom body> a&d to !uppo!%& that me&tal or 9 p!ych%cal 9 mecha&%!m! are d%--ere&t %& k%&d -rom tho!e o- bod%ly operat%o&! a&d %&depe&de&t o- them. $o deep !eated %! th%! &ot%o& that e5e& !o 9 !c%e&t%-%c 9 a theory

<3E= a! moder& p!ycho7a&aly!%! th%&k! that me&tal hab%t! ca& be !tra% hte&ed out by !ome k%&d o- purely p!ych%cal ma&%pulat%o& w%thout re-ere&ce to the d%!tort%o&! o!e&!at%o& a&d percept%o& wh%ch are due to bad bod%ly !et!. /he other !%de o- the error %! -ou&d %& the &ot%o& o- 9 !c%e&t%-%c 9 &er5e phy!%olo %!t! that %t %! o&ly &ece!!ary to locate a part%cular d%!ea!ed cell or local le!%o&> %&depe&de&t o- the whole compleA o- or a&%c hab%t!> %& order to rect%-y co&duct. Mea&! are mea&!@ they are %&termed%ate!> m%ddle term!. /o ra!p th%! -act %! to ha5e do&e w%th the ord%&ary dual%!m o- mea&! a&d e&d!. /he 9 e&d 9 %! merely a !er%e! o- act! 5%ewed at a remote !ta e@ a&d a mea&! %! merely the !er%e! 5%ewed at a& earl%er o&e> /he d%!t%&ct%o& o- mea&! a&d e&d ar%!e! %& !ur5ey%& the cour!e o- a propo!ed line o- act%o&> a co&&ected !er%e! %& t%me. /he 9e&d9 %! the la!t act thou ht o-@ the mea&! are the act! to be per-ormed pr%or to %t %& t%me. /o reach a& e&d we mu!t take our m%&d o-- -rom %t a&d atte&d to the act wh%ch %! &eAt to be per-ormed. *e mu!t make that the e&d. /he o&ly eAcept%o& to th%! !tateme&t %! %& ca!e! where cu!tomary hab%t determ%&e! the cour!e othe !er%e!. /he& all that %! wa&ted %! a cue to !et %t o--. But whe& the propo!ed e&d %&5ol5e! a&y de5%at%o& -rom u!ual act%o&> or a&y rect%-%cat%o& o- %tK a! %& the ca e o!ta&d%& !tra% ht K the& the ma%& th%& %! to -%&d !ome act wh%ch %! d%--ere&t -rom the u!ual o&e. /he d%!co5ery a&d per-orma&ce o- th%! u&accu!tomed act %! the 9 e&d 9 to wh%ch we mu!t de5ote all atte&t%o&. Ctherw%!e we !hall

<3F= !%mply do the old th%& o5er a a%&> &o matter what %! our co&!c%ou! comma&d. /he o&ly way o- accompl%!h%& th%! d%!co5ery %! throu h a -la&k mo5eme&t. *e mu!t !top e5e& th%&k%& o- !ta&d%& up !tra% ht. /o th%&k o- %t %! -atal> -or %t comm%t! u! to the operat%o& o- a& e!tabl%!hed hab%t o- !ta&d%& wro& . *e mu!t -%&d a& act w%th%& our power wh%ch %! d%!co&&ected -rom a&y thou ht about !ta&d%& . *e mu!t !tart to do

a&other th%& wh%ch o& o&e !%de %&h%b%t! our -all%& %&to the cu!tomary bad po!%t%o& a&d o& the other !%de %! the be %&&%& o- a !er%e! o- act! wh%ch may lead %&to the correct po!ture.-". /he hard7dr%&ker who keep! th%&k%& o- &ot dr%&k%& %! do%& what he ca& to %&%t%ate the act! wh%ch lead to dr%&k%& . (e %! !tart%& w%th tha& !t%mulu! to h%! hab%t. /o !ucceed he mu!t -%&d !ome po!%t%5e %&tere!t or l%&e o- act%o& wh%ch w%ll %&h%b%t the dr%&k%& !er%e! a&d wh%ch by %&!t%tut%& a&other cour!e o- act%o& w%ll br%& h%m to h%! de!%red e&d. '& !hort> the ma&?! true a%m %! to d%!co5er !ome cour!e o- act%o&> ha5%& &oth%& to do w%th the hab%t o- dr%&k or !ta&d%& erect> wh%ch w%ll take h%m where he wa&t! to o. /he d%!co5ery o- th%! other !er%e! %! at o&ce h%! mea&! a&d h%! e&d. 0&t%l o&e take! %&termed%ate act! !er%ou!ly e&ou h to treat them a! e&d!> o&e wa!te! o&e?! t%me %& a&y e--ort at cha& e o- hab%t!. C- the %&termed%ate act!> the mo!t %mporta&t %! the ne"t o&e. /he -%r!t or earl%e!t mea&! %! the mo!t %mporta&t end to d%!co5er.

<3H= Mea&! a&d e&d! are two &ame! -or the !ame real%ty. /he term! de&ote &ot a d%5%!%o& %& real%ty but a d%!t%&ct%o& %& jud me&t. *%thout u&der!ta&d%& th%! -act we ca&&ot u&der!ta&d the &ature o- hab%t! &or ca& we pa!! beyo&d the u!ual !eparat%o& o- the moral a&d &o&7moral %& co&duct. 9 D&d 9 %! a &ame -or a !er%e! o- act! take& collect%5ely K l%ke the term army. 9 Mea&! 9 %! a &ame -or the !ame !er%e! take& d%!tr%but%5elyK l%ke th%! !old%er> that o--%cer. /o th%&k o- the e&d !% &%-%e! to eAte&d a&d e&lar e our 5%ew o- the act to be per-ormed. 't mea&! to look at the &eAt act %& per!pect%5e> &ot perm%tt%& %t to occupy the e&t%re -%eld o- 5%!%o&. /o bear the e&d %& m%&d !% &%-%e! that we !hould &ot !top th%&k%& about our ne"t act u&t%l we -orm !ome rea!o&ably clear %dea o- the course o- act%o& to wh%ch %t comm%t! u!. /o atta%& a remote e&d mea&! a& the other ha&d to treat the e&d a! a !er%e! o- mea&!. /o !ay that a& e&d %! remote or d%!ta&t> to !ay %& -act that %t %! a& e&d at all> %! e1u%5ale&t to !ay%& that ob!tacle! %&ter5e&e betwee& u! a&d %t. '-> howe5er> %t rema%&! a d%!ta&t e&d> %t become! a 1ere e&d> that %! a dream. 3! !oo& a! we ha5e projected %t> we mu!t. be %& to work backward %& thou ht. *e mu!t cha& e what %! to be do&e %&to a how' the mea&! whereby. /he e&d thu! re7 appear! a! a !er%e! o- 9 what &eAt!>9 a&d the what &eAt o- ch%e- %mporta&ce %! the o&e &eare!t the pre!e&t !tate o- the o&e act%& . C&ly a! the e&d %! co&5erted %&to mea&! %! %t de-%&%tely co&ce%5ed> or %&tellectually de-%&ed> to !ay &oth%& o- be%& eAecutable> 8u!t a! e&d> %t %! 5a ue> cloudy> %mpre!!%o&%!t%c. *e

<3I= do &ot .now what we are really a-ter u&t%l a course of act%o& %! me&tally worked out. 3ladd%& w%th h%! lamp could d%!pe&!e w%th tra&!lat%& e&d! %&to mea&!> but &o o&e el!e ca& do !o. .ow the th%& wh%ch %! clo!e!t to u!> the mea&! w%th%& our power> %! a hab%t. $ome hab%t %mpeded by c%rcum!ta&ce! %! the !ource o- the project%o& o- the e&d. 't %! al!o the pr%mary mea&! %& %t! real%Bat%o&. /he hab%t %! propul!%5e a&d mo5e! a&yway toward !ome e&d> or re!ult> whether %t %! projected a! a& e&d7%&75%ew or &ot. /he ma& who ca& walk doe! walk@ the ma& who ca& talk doe! co&5er!e %- o&ly w%th h%m!el-. (ow %! th%! !tateme&t to be reco&c%led w%th the -act that we are &ot alway! walk%& a&d talk%& @ that our hab%t! !eem !o o-te& to be late&t> %&operat%5e6 $uch %&act%5%ty hold! o&ly o- overt' 5%!%bly ob5%ou! operat%o&. '& actual%ty each hab%t operate! all the t%me o- wak%& l%-e@

thou h l%ke a member o- a crew tak%& h%! tur& at the wheel> %t! operat%o& become! the dom%&a&tly character%!t%c tra%t o- a& act o&ly occa!%o&ally or rarely. /he hab%t o- walk%& %! eApre!!ed %& what a ma& !ee! whe& he keep! !t%ll> e5e& %& dream!. /he reco &%t%o& o- d%!ta&ce! a&d d%rect%o&! o- th%& ! -rom h%! place at re!t %! the ob5%ou! proo- o- th%! !tateme&t. /he hab%t o- locomot%o& %! late&t %& the !e&!e that %t %! co5ered up> cou&teracted> by a hab%t o- !ee%& wh%ch %! de-%&%tely at the -ore. But cou&teract%o& %! &ot !uppre!!%o&. ;ocomot%o& %! a pote&t%al e&er y> &ot %& a&y metaphy!%cal !e&!e> but %& the phy!%cal !e&!e %&

<3J= wh%ch pote&t%al e&er y a! well a! k%&et%c ha! to be take& accou&t o- %& a&y !c%e&t%-%c de!cr%pt%o&. D5eryth%& that a ma& who ha! the hab%t o- locomot%o& doe! a&d th%&k! he doe! a&d th%&k! d%--ere&tly o& that accou&t. /h%! -act %! reco &%Bed %& curre&t p!ycholo y> but %! -al!%-%ed %&to a& a!!oc%at%o& o- !e&!at%o&!. *ere %t &ot -or the co&t%&ued operat%o& o- all hab%t! %& e5ery act> &o !uch th%& a! character could eA%!t. /here would be !%mply a bu&dle> a& u&t%ed bu&dle at that> o- %!olated act!. +haracter %! the %&terpe&etrat%o& o- hab%t!. '- each hab%t eA%!ted %& a& %&!ulated compartme&t a&d operated w%thout a--ect%& or be%& a--ected by other!> character would &ot eA%!t. /hat %!> co&duct would lack u&%ty be%& o&ly a juAtapo!%t%o& o- d%!co&&ected react%o&! to !eparated !%tuat%o&!. But !%&ce e&5%ro&me&t! o5erlap> !%&ce !%tuat%o&! are co&t%&uou! a&d tho!e remote -rom o&e a&other co&ta%& l%ke eleme&t!> a co&t%&uou! mod%-%cat%o& ohab%t! by o&e a&other %! co&!ta&tly o%& o&. 3 ma& may %5e h%m!el- away %& a look or a e!ture. +haracter ca& be read throu h the med%um o- %&d%5%dual act!. C- cour!e %&terpe&etrat%o& %! &e5er total. 't %! mo!t marked %& what we call !tro& character!. '&te rat%o& %! a& ach%e5eme&t rather tha& a datum. 3 weak> u&!table> 5ac%llat%& character %! o&e %& wh%ch d%--ere&t hab%t! alter&ate w%th o&e a&other rather tha& embody o&e a&other. /he !tre& th> !ol%d%ty o- a hab%t %! &ot %t! ow& po!!e!!%o& but %! due to re%&-orceme&t by the -orce o- other hab%t! wh%ch %t ab!orb! %&to %t!el-. Lout%&e !pec%al%Bat%o& alway! work! a a%&!t %&terpe&e7

<39= 7trat%o&. Me& w%th 9 p% eo&7hole 9 m%&d! are &ot %&-re1ue&t. /he%r d%5er!e !ta&dard! a&d method! o- jud me&t -or !c%e&t%-%c> rel% %ou!> pol%t%cal matter! te!t%-y to %!olated compartme&tal hab%t! o- act%o&. +haracter that %! u&able to u&der o !ucce!!-ully the !tra%& o- thou ht a&d e--ort re1u%red to br%& compet%& te&de&c%e! %&to a u&%ty> bu%ld! up barr%er! betwee& d%--ere&t !y!tem! o- l%ke! a&d d%!l%ke!. /he emot%o&al !tre!! %&c%de&t to co&-l%ct %! a5o%ded &ot by readju!tme&t but by e--ort at co&-%&eme&t. :et the eAcept%o& pro5e! the rule. $uch per!o&! are !ucce!!-ul %& keep%& d%--ere&t way! oreact%& apart -rom o&e a&other %& co&!c%ou!&e!! rather tha& %& act%o&. /he%r character %! marked by !t% mata re!ult%& -rom th%! d%5%!%o&. /he mutual mod%-%cat%o& o- hab%t! by o&e a&other e&able! u! to de-%&e the &ature o- the moral !%tuat%o&. 't %! &ot &ece!!ary &or ad5%!able to be alway! co&!%der%& the %&teract%o& o- hab%t! w%th o&e a&other> that %! to !ay the e--ect o- a part%cular hab%t upo& characterK wh%ch %! a &ame -or the total %&teract%o&. $uch co&!%derat%o& d%!tract! atte&t%o& -rom the problem o- bu%ld%& up a& e--ect%5e hab%t. 3 ma& who %! lear&%& )re&ch> or che!!7play%& or e& %&eer%& ha! h%! ha&d! -ull w%th h%! part%cular occupat%o&. (e would be co&-u!ed a&d hampered by co&!ta&t %&1u%ry %&to %t! e--ect

upo& character. (e would re!emble the ce&t%pede who by try%& to th%&k o- the mo5eme&t o- each le %& relat%o& to all the other! wa! re&dered u&able to tra5el. 3t a&y %5e& t%me> certa%& hab%t! mu!t be take& -or ra&ted a! a matter o- cour!e. /he%r operat%o& %! &ot

<E"= a matter o- moral jud me&t. /hey are treated a! tech&%cal> recreat%o&al> pro-e!!%o&al> hy %e&%c or eco&om%c or e!thet%c rather tha& moral. / o lu %& moral!> or ulter%or e--ect o& character at e5ery po%&t> %! to cult%5ate moral 5aletud%&ar%a&%!m or pr% %!h po!%& . .e5erthele!! a&y act> e5e& that o&e wh%ch pa!!e! ord%&ar%ly a! tr%5%al> may e&ta%l !uch co&!e1ue&ce! -or hab%t a&d character a! upo& occa!%o& to re1u%re jud me&t -rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- the whole body o- co&duct. 't the& come! u&der moral !crut%&y. /o k&ow whe& to lea5e act! w%thout d%!t%&ct%5e moral jud me&t a&d whe& to !ubject them to %t %! %t!el- a lar e -actor %& moral%ty. /he !er%ou! matter %! that th%! relat%5e pra mat%c> or %&tellectual> d%!t%&ct%o& betwee& the moral a&d &o&7moral> ha! bee& !ol%d%-%ed %&to a -%Aed a&d ab!olute d%!t%&ct%o&> !o that !ome act! are popularly re arded a! -ore5er w%th%& a&d other! -ore5er w%thout the moral doma%&. )rom th%! -atal error reco &%t%o& o- the relat%o&! o- o&e hab%t to other! pre!er5e! u!. )or %t make! u! !ee that character %! the &ame %5e& to the work%& %&teract%o& o- hab%t!> a&d that the cumulat%5e e--ect o- %&!e&!%ble mod%-%cat%o&! worked by a part%cular hab%t %& the body opre-ere&ce! may at a&y mome&t re1u%re atte&t%o&. /he word hab%t may !eem tw%!ted !omewhat -rom %t! cu!tomary u!e whe& employed a! we ha5e bee& u!%& %t. But we &eed a word to eApre!! that k%&d o- huma& act%5%ty wh%ch %! %&-lue&ced by pr%or act%5%ty a&d %& that !e&!e ac1u%red@ wh%ch co&ta%&! w%th%& %t!el- a certa%& order%& or !y!temat%Bat%o& o- m%&or eleme&t! o-

<E1= act%o&@ wh%ch %! project%5e> dy&am%c %& 1ual%ty> ready -or o5ert ma&%-e!tat%o& @ a&d wh%ch %! operat%5e %& !ome !ubdued !ubord%&ate -orm e5e& whe& &ot ob5%ou!ly dom%&at%& act%5%ty. (ab%t e5e& %& %t! ord%&ary u!a e come! &earer to de&ot%& the!e -act! tha& a&y other word>. '- the -act! are reco &%Bed we may al!o u!e the word! att%tude a&d d%!po!%t%o&. But u&le!! we ha5e -%r!t made clear to our!el5e! the -act! wh%ch ha5e bee& !et -orth u&der the &ame o- hab%t> the!e word! are more l%kely to be m%!lead%& tha& %! the word hab%t. )or the latter co&5ey! eApl%c%tly the !e&!e ooperat%5e&e!!> actual%ty. 3tt%tude a&d> a! ord%&ar%ly u!ed> d%!po!%t%o& !u e!t !ometh%& late&t> pote&t%al> !ometh%& wh%ch. re1u%re! a po!%t%5e !t%mulu! out!%de them!el5e! to become act%5e. '- we perce%5e that they de&ote po!%t%5e -orm! o- act%o& wh%ch are relea!ed merely throu h remo5al o- !ome cou&teract%& 9 %&h%b%tory 9 te&de&cy> a&d the& become o5ert> we may employ them %&!tead o- the word hab%t to de&ote !ubdued> &o&7pate&t -orm! o- the latter. '& th%! ca!e> we mu!t bear %& m%&d that the word d%!po!%t%o& mea&! pred%!po!%t%o&> read%&e!! to act o5ertly %& a !pec%-%c -a!h%o& whe&e5er opportu&%ty %! pre!e&ted> th%! opportu&%ty co&!%!t%& %& remo5al o- the pre!!ure d%re to the dom%&a&ce o- !ome o5ert hab%t@ a&d that att%tude mea&! !ome: !pec%al ca!e o- a pred%!po!%t%o&> the d%!po!%t%o& wa%t%& a! %t were to !pr%& throu h a& ope&ed door. *h%le %t %! adm%tted that the word hab%t ha! bee& u!ed %& a !omewhat broader !e&!e tha& %! u!ual> we mu!t prote!t a a%&!t the te&de&cy %&

<E2= p!ycholo %cal l%terature to l%m%t %t! mea&%& to repet%t%o&. /h%! u!a e %! much le!! %& accord w%th popular u!a e tha& %! the w%der way %& wh%ch we ha5e u!ed the word. 't a!!ume! -rom the !tart the %de&t%ty o- hab%t w%th rout%&e. Lepet%t%o& %! %& &o !e&!e the e!!e&ce o- hab%t. /e&de&cy to repeat act! %! a& %&c%de&t o- ma&y hab%t! but &ot o- all. 3 ma& w%th the hab%t o- %5%& way to a& er may !how h%! hab%t by a murderou! attack upo& !ome o&e who ha! o--e&ded. (%! act %! &o&ethele!! due to hab%t becau!e %t occur! o&ly o&ce %& h%! l%-e. /he e!!e&ce o- hab%t %! a& ac1u%red pred%!po!%t%o& to way! or mode! o- re!po&!e> &ot to part%cular act! eAcept a!> u&der !pec%al co&d%t%o&!> the!e eApre!! a way o- beha5%& . (ab%t mea&! !pec%al !e&!%t%5e&e!! or acce!!%b%l%ty to certa%& cla!!e! o- !t%mul%> !ta&d%& pred%lect%o&! a&d a5er!%o&!> rather tha& bare recurre&ce o!pec%-%c act!. 't mea&! w%ll.

Notes
1. ' re-er to 3leAa&der> 9Ma&?! $upreme '&her%ta&ce9 2. /he tech&%1ue o- th%! proce!! %! !tated %& the hook o- Mr. 3leAa&der already re-erred to. a&d the theoret%cal !tateme&t %5e& %! borrowed -rom Mr. 3leAa&der?! a&aly!%!. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"E.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9+haracter a&d co&duct>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: E37FI.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part 1 The Place of !abit in Conduct III* Character and Conduct
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

/he dy&am%c -orce o- (ab%t take& %& co&&ect%o& w%th the co&t%&u%ty o- hab%t! w%th o&e a&other eApla%&! the u&%ty o- character a&d co&duct> or !peak%& more co&cretely omot%5e a&d act> w%ll a&d deed. Moral theor%e! ha5e -re1ue&tly !eparated the!e th%& ! -rom each other. C&e type o- theory> -or eAample> ha! a!!erted that o&ly w%ll> d%!po!%t%o&> mot%5e cou&t morally@ that act! are eAter&al> phy!%cal> acc%de&tal@ that moral ood %! d%--ere&t -rom ood&e!! %& act !%&ce the latter %! mea!ured by co&!e1ue&ce!> wh%le moral ood or 5%rtue %! %&tr%&!%c> complete %& %t!el-> a jewel !h%&%& by %t! ow& l% htK a !omewhat da& erou! metaphor howe5er. /he other type o- theory ha! a!!erted that !uch a 5%ew %! e1u%5ale&t to !ay%& that all that %! &ece!!ary to be 5%rtuou! %! to cult%5ate !tate! o- -eel%& @ that a prem%um %! put o& d%!re ard o- the actual co&!e1ue&ce!

o- co&duct> a&d a e&t! are depr%5ed o- a&y object%5e cr%ter%o& -or the r% ht&e!! a&d wro& &e!! o- act!> be%& throw& back o& the%r ow& wh%m!> prejud%ce! a&d pr%5ate pecul%ar%t%e!. /%ke mo!t oppo!%te eAtreme! %& ph%lo!oph%c theor%e!> the two theor%e! !u--er -rom a commo& m%!take. Both o- them % &ore the project%5e -orce o- hab%t a&d the %mpl%cat%o& o- hab%t! %& o&e a&other. (e&ce they !eparate a u&%-%ed deed %&to two d%!jo%&ed part!> a& %&&er called mot%5e a&d a& outer called act.

< EE= /he doctr%&e that the ch%e- ood o- ma& %! ood w%ll ea!%ly w%&! accepta&ce -rom ho&e!t me&. )or commo&!e&!e employ! a ju!ter p!ycholo y tha& e%ther o- the theor%e! ju!t me&t%o&ed. By w%ll> commo&7!e&!e u&der!ta&d! !ometh%& pract%cal a&d mo5%& . 't u&der!ta&d! the body o- hab%t!> o- act%5e d%!po!%t%o&! wh%ch make! a ma& do what he doe!. *%ll %! thu! &ot !ometh%& oppo!ed to co&!e1ue&ce! or !e5ered -rom them. 't %! a cau!e o- co&!e1ue&ce!@ %t %! cau!at%o& %& %t! per!o&al a!pect> the a!pect %mmed%ately preced%& act%o&. 't hardly !eem! co&ce%5able to pract%cal !e&!e that by w%ll %! mea&t !ometh%& wh%ch ca& be complete w%thout re-ere&ce to deed! prompted a&d re!ult! occa!%o&ed. D5e& the !oph%!t%cated !pec%al%!t ca&&ot pre5e&t relap!e! -rom !uch a& ab!urd%ty back %&to commo&7!e&!e. Na&t> who we&t the l%m%t %& eAclud%& co&!e1ue&ce! -rom moral 5alue> wa! !a&e e&ou h to ma%&ta%& that a !oc%ety o- me& o- ood w%ll would be a !oc%ety wh%ch %& -act would ma%&ta%& !oc%al peace> -reedom a&d cooperat%o&. *e take the w%ll -or the deed &ot a! a !ub!t%tute -or do%& > or a -orm o- do%& &oth%& > but %& the !e&!e that> other th%& ! be%& e1ual> the r% ht d%!po!%t%o& w%ll produce the r% ht deed. )or a d%!po!%t%o& mea&! a te&de&cy to act> a pote&t%al e&er y &eed%& o&ly opportu&%ty to become k%&et%c> a&d o5ert. 3part -rom !uch te&de&cy a 95%rtuou!9 d%!po!%t%o& %! e%ther hypocr%!y or !el-7dece%t. +ommo&7!e&!e %& !hort &e5er lo!e! !% ht wholly o- the two -act! wh%ch l%m%t a&d de-%&e a moral !%tuat%o&. C&>@ %! that co&!e1ue&ce! -%A the moral 1ual%ty o- a&

<EF= act. /he other %! that upo& the whole> or %& the lo& ru& but &ot u&1ual%-%edly> co&!e1ue&ce! are what they are becau!e o- the &ature o- de!%re a&d d%!po!%t%o&. (e&ce there %! a &atural co&tempt -or the moral%ty o- the 9 ood9 ma& who doe! &ot !how h%! ood&e!! %& the re!ult! o- h%! hab%tual act!. But there %! al!o a& a5er!%o& to attr%but%& om&%pote&ce to e5e& the be!t o- ood d%!po!%t%o&!> a&d he&ce a& a5er!%o& to apply%& the cr%ter%o& o- co&!e1ue&ce! u&re!er5edly. 3 hol%&e!! o- character wh%ch %! celebrated o&ly o& holy7day! %! u&real. 3 5%rtue o- ho&e!ty> or cha!t%ty or be&e5ole&ce wh%ch l%5e! upo& %t!el- apart -rom de-%&%te re!ult! co&!ume! %t!el- a&d oe! up %& !moke. /he !eparat%o& o- mot%5e -rom mot%5e7-orce %& act%o& accou&t! both -or the morb%d%t%e! a&d -ut%l%t%e! o- the pro-e!!%o&ally ood> a&d -or the more or le!! !ubco&!c%ou! co&tempt -or moral%ty e&terta%&ed by me& o- a !tro& eAecut%5e hab%t w%th the%r pre-ere&ce -or 9 ett%& th%& ! do&e.9 :et there %! ju!t%-%cat%o& -or the commo& a!!umpt%o& that deed! ca&&ot be jud ed properly w%thout tak%& the%r a&%mat%& d%!po!%t%o& a! well a! the%r co&crete co&!e1ue&ce! %&to accou&t. /he rea!o&> howe5er> l%e! &ot %& %!olat%o& o- d%!po!%t%o& -rom co&!e1ue&ce!> but %& the &eed -or 5%ew%& co&!e1ue&ce! broadly. /h%! act %! o&ly o&e o- a mult%tude o- &et!. '- we co&-%&e our> !el5e! to the co&!e1ue&ce! o- th%! o&e act

we !hall come out w%th a poor recko&%& . D%!po!%t%o& %! hab%tual> per!%!te&t. 't !how! %t!el- there-ore %& ma&y act! a&d %& ma&y co&!e1ue&ce!. C&ly a! we keep a ru&&%& accou&t> ca& we jud e d%!po!%t%o&> d%!e&ta& l%& %t! te&7

<EH= 7de&cy -rom acc%de&tal accompa&%me&t!. *he& o&ce we ha5e ot a -a%r %dea o- %t! te&de&cy> we are able to place the part%cular co&!e1ue&ce! o- a !%& le act %& a w%der co&teAt o- co&t%&u%& co&!e1ue&ce!. /hu! we protect our!el5e! -rom tak%& a! tr%5%al a hab%t wh%ch %! !er%ou!> a&d -rom eAa erat%& %&to mome&tou!&e!! a& act wh%ch> 5%ewed %& the l% ht o- a re ate co&!e1ue&ce!> %! %&&oce&t. /here %! &o &eed to aba&do& commo&7!e&!e wh%ch tell! u! %& jud %& act! -%r!t to %&1u%re %&to d%!po!%t%o&@ but there %! reat &eed that the e!t%mate o- d%!po!%t%o& be e&l% hte&ed by a !c%e&t%-%c p!ycholo y. Cur le al procedure> -or eAample> wobble! betwee& a too te&der treatme&t o- cr%m%&al%ty a&d a 5%c%ou!ly dra!t%c treatme&t o- %t. /he 5ac%llat%o& ca& be remed%ed o&ly a! we ca& a&alyBe a& act %& the l% ht o- hab%t!> a&d a&alyBe hab%t! %& the l% ht o- educat%o&> e&5%ro&me&t a&d pr%or act!. /he daw& o- truly !c%e&t%-%c cr%m%&al law w%ll come whe& each %&d%5%dual ca!e %! approached w%th !ometh%& corre!po&d%& to the complete cl%&%cal record wh%ch e5ery compete&t phy!%c%a& attempt! to procure a! a matter ocour!e %& deal%& w%th h%! !ubject!. +o&!e1ue&ce! %&clude e--ect! upo& character> upo& co&-%rm%& a&d weake&%& hab%t!> a! well a! ta& %bly ob5%ou! re!ult!. /o keep a& eye ope& to the!e e--ect! upo& character may !% &%-y the mo!t rea!o&able o- precaut%o&! or o&e o- the mo!t &au!eat%& opract%ce!. 't may mea& co&ce&trat%o& o- atte&t%o& upo& per!o&al rect%tude %& &e lect oobject%5e co&!e1ue&ce!> a pract%ce wh%ch create! a wholly u&real rect%tude. But %t

<EI= may mea& that the !ur5ey o- object%5e co&!e1ue&ce! %! duly eAte&ded %& t%me. 3& act o- ambl%& may be jud ed> -or eAample> by %t! %mmed%ate o5ert e--ect!> co&!umpt%o& o- t%me> e&er y> d%!turba&ce o- ord%&ary mo&etary co&!%derat%o&!> etc. 't may al!o be jud ed by %t! co&!e1ue&ce! upo& character> !ett%& up a& e&dur%& lo5e oeAc%teme&t> a per!%!te&t temper o- !peculat%o&> a&d a per!%!te&t d%!re ard o- !ober> !teady work. /o take the latter e--ect! %&to accou&t %! e1u%5ale&t to tak%& a broad 5%ew o- -uture co&!e1ue&ce!@ -or the!e d%!po!%t%o&! a--ect -uture compa&%o&!h%p!> 5ocat%o& a&d a5ocat%o&!> the whole te&or o- dome!t%c a&d publ%c l%-e. )or !%m%lar rea!o&!> wh%le commo&7!e&!e doe! &ot ru& %&to that !harp oppo!%t%o& o5%rtue! or moral ood! a&d &atural ood! wh%ch ha! played !uch a lar e part %& pro-e!!ed moral%t%e!> %t doe! &ot %&!%!t upo& a& eAact %de&t%ty o- the two. ,%rtue! are e&d! becau!e they are !uch %mporta&t mea&!. /o be ho&e!t> coura eou!> k%&dly %! to be %& the way o- produc%& !pec%-%c &atural ood! or !at%!-actory -ul-%lme&t!. Drror come! %&to theor%e! whe& the moral ood! are !eparated -rom the%r co&!e1ue&ce! a&d al!o whe& the attempt %! made to !ecure a& eAhau!t%5e a&d u&err%& %de&t%-%cat%o& o- the two. /here %! a rea!o&> 5al%d ac -ar ac %t oe!> for d%!t%& u%!h%& 5%rtue a! a moral ood re!%de&t %& character alo&e> -rom object%5e co&!e1ue&ce!. 3! matter o- -act> a de!%rable tra%t o- character doe! &ot alway! produce de!%rable re!ult!> wh%le ood th%& ! o-te& happe& w%th &o a!!%!ta&ce -rom ood w%ll. ;uck> acc%de&t>

<EJ= co&t%& e&cy> play! %t! part. /he act o- a ood character %! de-lected %& operat%o&> wh%le a mo&oma&%acal e ot%!m may employ a de!%re -or lory a&d power to per-orm act! wh%ch !at%!-y cry%& !oc%al &eed!. Le-lect%o& !how! that we mu!t !uppleme&t the co&5%ct%o& o- the moral co&&ect%o& betwee& character or hab%t a&d co&!e1ue&ce! by two co&!%derat%o&!. C&e %! the -act that we are %&cl%&ed to take the &ot%o&! o- ood&e!! %& character a&d ood&e!! %& re!ult! %& too -%Aed a way. Per!%!te&t d%!par%ty betwee& 5%rtuou! d%!po!%t%o& a&d actual outcome !how! that we ha5e m%!jud ed e%ther the &ature o- 5%rtue or o!ucce!!. 8ud me&t! o- both mot%5e a&d co&!e1ue&ce! are !t%ll> %& the ab!e&ce omethod! o- !c%e&t%-%c a&aly!%! a&d co&t%&uou! re %!trat%o& a&d report%& > rud%me&tary a&d co&5e&t%o&al. *e are %&cl%&ed to whole!ale jud me&t! o- character> d%5%d%& me& %&-o oat! a&d !heep> %&!tead o- reco &%B%& that all character %! !peckled> a&d that the problem o- moral jud me&t %! o&e o- d%!cr%m%&at%& the compleA o- act! a&d hab%t! %&to te&de&c%e! wh%ch are to be !pec%-%cally cult%5ated a&d co&dem&ed. *e &eed to !tudy co&!e1ue&ce! more thorou hly a&d keep track o- them more co&t%&uou!ly be-ore we !hall be %& a po!%t%o& where we ca& pa!! w%th rea!o&able a!!ura&ce upo& the ood a&d e5%l %& e%ther d%!po!%t%o& or re!ult!. But e5e& whe& proper allowa&ce! are made> we are -orc%& the pace whe& we a!!ume that there %! or e5er ca& be a& eAact e1uat%o& od%!po!%t%o& a&d outcome *e ha5e to adm%t the rle o- acc%de&t. *e ca&&ot et beyo&d te&de&c%e!> a&d mu!t per-orce

<E9= co&te&t our!el5e! w%th jud me&t! o- te&de&cy. /he ho&e!t ma&> we are told> act! upo& 9pr%&c%ple 9 a&d &ot -rom co&!%derat%o&! o- eAped%e&cy> that %!> o- part%cular co&!e1ue&ce!. /he truth %& th%! !ay%& %! that %t %! &ot !a-e to jud e the worth o- a propo!ed act by %t! probable co&!e1ue&ce! %& a& %!olated ca!e. /he word 9pr%&c%ple9 %! a eulo %!t%c co5er -or the -act o- tendency. /he word 9te&de&cy9 %! a& attempt to comb%&e two -act!> o&e that hab%t! ha5e a certa%& cau!al e--%cacy> the other that the%r outwork%& %& a&y part%cular ca!e %! !ubject to co&t%& e&c%e!> to c%rcum!ta&ce! wh%ch are u&-ore!eeable a&d wh%ch carry a& act o&e !%de o- %t! u!ual e--ect. '& ca!e! o- doubt> there %! &o recour!e !a5e to !t%ck to 9 te&de&cy>9 that %!> to the probable e--ect o- a hab%t %& the lo& ru&> or a! we !ay upo& the whole. Ctherw%!e we are o& the lookout -or eAcept%o&! wh%ch -a5or our %mmed%ate de!%re. /he trouble %! that we are &ot co&te&t w%th mode!t probab%l%t%e!. $o whe& we -%&d that a ood d%!po!%t%o& may O work out badly> we !ay> a! Na&t d%d> that the work%& 7out> the co&!e1ue&ce> ha! &oth%& to do w%th the moral 1ual%ty o- a& act> or we !tra%& -or the %mpo!!%ble> a&d a%m at !ome %&-all%ble calculu! oco&!e1ue&ce! by wh%ch to mea!ure moral worth %& each !pec%-%c ca!e. (uma& co&ce%t ha! played a reat part. 't ha! dema&ded that the whole u&%5er!e be jud ed -rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- de!%re a&d d%!po!%t%o&> or at lea!t -rom that o- the de!%re a&d d%!po!%t%o& o- the ood ma&. /he e--ect o- rel% %o& ha! bee& to cher%!h th%! co&ce%t by mak%& me& th%&k that the u&%5er!e %&5ar%ably co&!p%re!

<F"= to !upport the ood a&d br%& the e5%l to &au ht. By a !ubtle lo %c> the e--ect ha! bee& to re&der moral! u&real a&d tra&!ce&de&tal. )or !%&ce the world o- actual eAper%e&ce doe! &ot uara&tee th%! %de&t%ty o- character a&d outcome> %t %! %&-erred that there mu!t be !ome ulter%or truer real%ty wh%ch e&-orce! a& e1uat%o& that %! 5%olated %&

th%! l%-e. (e&ce the commo& &ot%o& o- a&other world %& wh%ch 5%ce a&d 5%rtue ocharacter produce the%r eAact moral meed. /he %dea %! e1ually -ou&d a! a& actuat%& -orce %& Plato. Moral real%t%e! mu!t be !upreme. :et they are -la ra&tly co&trad%cted %& a world where a $ocrate! dr%&k! the hemlock o- the cr%m%&al> a&d where the 5%c%ou! occupy the !eat! o- the :&% hty. (e&ce there mu!t be a truer ult%mate real%ty %& wh%ch ju!t%ce %! o&ly a&d ab!olutely ju!t%ce. $ometh%& o- the !ame %dea lurk! beh%&d e5ery a!p%rat%o& -or real%Bat%o& o- ab!tract ju!t%ce or e1ual%ty or l%berty. 't %! the !ource o- all 9 %deal%!t%c 9 utop%a! a&d al!o o- all whole!ale pe!!%m%!m a&d d%!tru!t o- l%-e. 0t%l%tar%a&%!m %llu!trate! a&other way o- m%!treat%& the !%tuat%o&. /e&de&cy %! &ot ood e&ou h -or the ut%l%tar%a&!. /hey wa&t a mathemat%cal e1uat%o& o- act a&d co&!e1ue&ce. (e&ce they make l% ht o- the !teady a&d co&trollable -actor> the -actor o- d%!po!%t%o&> a&t% -a!te& upo& ju!t -l%p th%& ! wh%ch are mu!t !ubject to %&calculable acc%de&t7 plea!ure! a&d pa%&! a&d embark upo& the hopele!! e&terpr%!e o- jud %& at act apart -rom character o& the ba!%! o- de-%&%te re!ult!. 3& ho&e!tly mode!t theory w%ll !t%ck to the probab%l%t%e! o- te&de&cy> a&d &ot %mport mathemat%c! %&to

<F1= moral!. 't w%ll be al%5e a&d !e&!%t%5e to co&!e1ue&ce! a! they actually pre!e&t them!el5e!> becau!e %t k&ow! that they %5e the o&ly %&!truct%o& we ca& procure a! to the mea&%& o- hab%t! a&d d%!po!%t%o&!. But :t w%ll &e5er a!!ume that a moral jud me&t wh%ch reache! certa%&ty %! po!!%ble. *e ha5e ju!t to do the be!t we ca& w%th hab%t!> the -orce! mo!t u&der our co&trol@ a&d we !hall ha5e our ha&d! more tha& -ull %& !pell%& out the%r e&eral te&de&c%e! w%thout attempt%& a& eAact jud me&t upo& each deed. )or e5ery hab%t %&corporate! w%th%& %t!el- !ome part o- the object%5e e&5%ro&me&t> a&d &o hab%t a&d &o amou&t o- hab%t! ca& %&corporate the e&t%re e&5%ro&me&t w%th%& %t!el- or them!el5e!. /here w%ll alway! be d%!par%ty betwee& them a&d the re!ult! actually atta%&ed. (e&ce the work o- %&tell% e&ce %& ob!er5%& co&!e1ue&ce! a&d %& re5%!%& a&d readju!t%& hab%t!> e5e& the be!t o- ood hab%t!> ca& &e5er be -ore o&e. +o&!e1ue&ce! re5eal u&eApected pote&t%al%t%e! %& our hab%t! whe&e5er the!e hab%t! are eAerc%!ed %& a d%--ere&t e&5%ro&me&t -rom that %& wh%ch they were -ormed. /he a!!umpt%o& o- a !tably u&%-orm e&5%ro&me&t <e5e& the ha&ker%& -or o&e= eApre!!e! a -%ct%o& due to attachme&t to old hab%t!. /he ut%l%tar%a& theory o- e1uat%o& o- act! w%th co&!e1ue&ce! %! a! much P -%ct%o& o- !el-7co&ce%t a! %! the a!!umpt%o& o- a -led tra&!ce&de&tal world where%& moral %deal! are eter&ally a&d %mmutably real. Both o- them de&y %& e--ect the rele5a&cy ot%me> o- cha& e> to moral!> wh%le t%me %! o- the e!!e&ce o- the moral !tru le. *e thu! come> by a& u&eApected path> upo& the old

<F2= 1ue!t%o& o- the object%5%ty or !ubject%5%ty o- moral!. Pr%mar%ly they are object%5e. )or w%ll> a! we ha5e !ee&> mea&!> %& the co&crete> hab%t!@ a&d hab%t! %&corporate a& e&5%ro&me&t w%th%& them!el5e!. /hey are adju!tme&t! o- the e&5%ro&me&t> &ot merely to %t. 3t the !ame t%me> the e&5%ro&me&t %! ma&y> &ot o&e@ he&ce w%ll> d%!po!%t%o&> %! plural. D%5er!%ty doe! &ot o- %t!el- %mply co&-l%ct> but %t %mpl%e! the po!!%b%l%ty o- co&-l%ct> a&d th%! po!!%b%l%ty %! real%Bed %& -act. ;%-e> -or eAample> %&5ol5e! the hab%t o- eat%& > wh%ch %& tur& %&5ol5e! a u&%-%cat%o& o- or a&%!m a&d &ature. But &e5erthele!! th%! hab%t come! %&to co&-l%ct w%th other hab%t! wh%ch are al!o 9object%5e>9 or %& e1u%l%br%um w%th their e&5%ro&me&t!. Becau!e the e&5%ro&me&t %! &ot all o- o&e p%ece> ma&?! hou!e %! d%5%ded w%th%& %t!el-> a a%&!t %t!el-. (o&or or co&!%derat%o& -or other! or courte!y co&-l%ct! w%th

hu& er. /he& the &ot%o& o- the complete object%5%ty o- moral! et! a !hock. /ho!e who w%!h to ma%&ta%& the %dea u&%mpa%red take the road wh%ch lead! to tra&!ce&de&tal%!m. /he emp%r%cal world> they !ay> %! %&deed d%5%ded> a&d he&ce a&y &atural moral%ty mu!t be %& co&-l%ct w%th %t!el-. /h%! !el-7co&trad%ct%o& howe5er o&ly po%&t! to a h% her -%Aed real%ty w%th wh%ch a true a&d !uper%or moral%ty %! alo&e co&cer&ed. Cbject%5%ty %! !a5ed but at the eApe&!e o- co&&ect%o& w%th huma& a--a%r!. Cur problem %! to !ee what object%5%ty> !% &%-%e! upo& a &atural%!t%c ba!%!@ how moral! are object%5e a&d yet !ecular a&d !oc%al. /he& we may be able to dec%de %& what cr%!%! o- eAper%e&ce moral! be7

< F3= 7come le %t%mately depe&de&t upo& character or !el- K that %!> 9 !ubject%5e.9 Pr%or d%!cu!!%o& po%&t! the way to the a&!wer. 3 hu& ry ma& could &ot co&ce%5e -ood a! a ood u&le!! he had actually eAper%e&ced> w%th the !upport o- e&5%ro&%& co&d%t%o&!> -ood a! ood. /he object%5e !at%!-act%o& come! -%r!t. But he -%&d! h%m!el- %& a !%tuat%o& where the ood %! de&%ed %& -act. 't the& l%5e! %& %ma %&at%o&. /he hab%t de&%ed o5ert eApre!!%o& a!!ert! %t!el- %& %dea. 't !et! up the thou ht> the %deal> o- -ood. /h%! thou ht %! &ot what %! !omet%me! called thou ht> a pale bloodle!! ab!tract%o&> but %! char ed w%th the motor ur e&t -orce o- hab%t. )ood a! a ood %! &ow !ubject%5e> per!o&al. But %t ha! %t! !ource %& object%5e co&d%t%o&! a&d %t mo5e! -orward to &ew object%5e co&d%t%o&!. )or %t work! to !ecure a cha& e o- e&5%ro&me&t !o that -ood w%ll a a%& be pre!e&t %& -act. )ood %! a 9 !ubject%5e 9 ood dur%& a temporary tra&!%t%o&al !ta e -rom o&e object to a&other. /he a&alo y w%th moral! l%e! upo& the !ur-ace. 3 hab%t %mpeded %& o5ert operat%o& co&t%&ue! &o&ethele!! to operate. 't ma&%-e!t! %t!el- %& de!%re-ul thou ht> that %! %& a& %deal or %ma %&ed object wh%ch embod%e! w%th%& %t!el- the -orce o- a -ru!trated hab%t. /here %! there-ore dema&d -or a cha& ed e&5%ro&me&t> a dema&d wh%ch ca& be ach%e5ed o&ly by !ome mod%-%cat%o& a&d rearra& eme&t o- old hab%t!. D5e& Plato pre!er5e! a& %&t%mat%o& o- the &atural -u&ct%o& o- %deal object! whe& he %&!%!t! upo& the%r 5alue a! patter&! -or u!e %& re7

<FE= 7or a&%Bat%o& o- the actual !ce&e. /he p%ty %! that he could &ot !ee that patter&! eA%!t o&ly w%th%& a&d -or the !ake o- reor a&%Bat%o&> !o that they> rather tha& emp%r%cal or &atural object!> are the %&!trume&tal a--a%r!. .ot !ee%& th%!> he co&5erted a -u&ct%o& o- reor a&%Bat%o& %&to a metaphy!%cal real%ty. '- we e!!ay a tech&%cal -ormulat%o& we !hall !ay that moral%ty become! le %t%mately !ubject%5e or per!o&al whe& act%5%t%e! wh%ch o&ce %&cluded object%5e -actor! %& the%r operat%o& temporar%ly lo!e !upport -rom object!> a&d ?yet !tr%5e to cha& e eA%!t%& co&d%t%o&! u&t%l they re a%& a !upport wh%ch ha! bee& lo!t. 't %! all o- a k%&d w%th the do%& ! o- a ma&> who remember%& a pr%or !at%!-act%o& o- th%r!t a&d the co&d%t%o&! u&der wh%ch %t occurred> d% ! a well. )or the t%me be%& water %& re-ere&ce to h%! act%5%ty eA%!t! %& %ma %&at%o& &ot %& -act. But th%! %ma %&at%o& %! &ot a !el-7 e&erated> !el-7e&clo!ed> p!ych%cal eA%!te&ce. 't %! the per!%!te&t operat%o& o- a pr%or object wh%ch ha! bee& %&corporated %& e--ect%5e hab%t. /here %! &o m%racle %& the -act that a& object %& a &ew co&teAt operate! %& a &ew way. C- tra&!ce&de&tal moral!> %t may at lea!t be !a%d that they reta%& the %&t%mat%o& o- the object%5e character o- purpo!e! a&d ood!. Purely !ubject%5e moral! ar%!e whe& the %&c%de&t! o- the temporary <thou h recurre&t= cr%!%! o- reor a&%Bat%o& are take& a!

complete a&d -%&al %& them!el5e!. 3 !el- ha5%& hab%t! a&d att%tude! -ormed w%th the cooperat%o& o- object! ru&! ahead o- %mmed%ately !urrou&d%& object! to e--ect a &ew e1u%l%brat%o&. $ubject%5e moral! !ub!t%tute! a !el-

<FF= alway! !et o5er a a%&!t object! a&d e&erat%& %t.. %deal! %&depe&de&tly o- object!> a&d %& perma&e&t> &ot tra&!%tory> oppo!%t%o& to them. 3ch%e5eme&t> a&y ach%e5eme&t> %! to %t a &e l% %ble !eco&d be!t> a cheap a&d poor !ub!t%tute -or %deal! that l%5e o&ly %& the m%&d> a comprom%!e w%th actual%ty made -rom phy!%cal &ece!!%ty &ot -rom moral rea!o&!. '& truth> there %! but a temporal ep%!ode. )or a t%me> a !el-> a per!o&> carr%e! %& h%! ow& hab%t! a a%&!t the -orce! o- the %mmed%ate e&5%ro&me&t> a ood wh%ch the eA%!t%& e&5%ro&me&t de&%e!. )or th%! !el- mo5%& temporar%ly> %& %!olat%o& -rom object%5e co&d%t%o&!> betwee& a ood> a complete&e!!> that ha! bee& a&d o&e that %t %! hoped to re!tore %& !ome &ew -orm> !ubject%5e theor%e! ha5e !ub!t%tuted a& err%& !oul wa&der%& hopele!!ly betwee& a Parad%!e ;o!t %& the d%m pa!t a&d a Parad%!e to be Le a%&ed %& a d%m -uture. '& real%ty> e5e& whe& a per!o& %! %& !ome re!pect! at odd! w%th h%! e&5%ro&me&t a&d !o ha! to act -or the t%me be%& a! the !ole a e&t o- a ood> he %& ma&y re!pect! %! !t%ll !upported by object%5e co&d%t%o&! a&d %! %& po!!e!!%o& ou&d%!turbed ood! a&d 5%rtue!. Me& do d%e -rom th%r!t at t%me!> but upo& the whole %& the%r !earch -or water they are !u!ta%&ed by other -ul-%lled power!. But !ubject%5e moral! take& whole!ale !et! up a !ol%tary !el- w%thout object%5e t%e! a&d !u!te&a&ce. '& -act> there eA%!t! a !h%-t%& m%Ature o- 5%ce a&d 5%rtue. /heor%e! pa%&t a world w%th a 2od %& hea5e& a&d a De5%l %& hell. Moral%!t! %& !hort ha5e -a%led to recall that a !e5era&ce omoral de!%re a&d purpo!e -rom %mmed%ate actual%t%e!

<FH= %! a& %&e5%table pha!e o- act%5%ty whe& hab%t! per!%!t wh%le the world wh%ch they ha5e %&corporated alter!. Back o- th%! -a%lure l%e! the -a%lure to reco &%Be that %& a cha& %& world> old hab%t! mu!t per-orce &eed mod%-%cat%o&> &o matter how ood they ha5e bee&. Cb5%ou!ly a&y !uch cha& e ca& be o&ly eAper%me&tal. /he lo!t object%5e ood per!%!t! %& hab%t> but %t ca& recur %& object%5e -orm o&ly throu h !ome co&d%t%o& o- a--a%r! wh%ch ha! &ot bee& yet eAper%e&ced> a&d wh%ch there-ore ca& be a&t%c%pated o&ly u&certa%&ly a&d %&eAactly. /he e!!e&t%al po%&t %! that a&t%c%pat%o& !hould at lea!t u%de a! well a! !t%mulate e--ort> that %t !hould be a work%& hypothe!%! corrected a&d de5eloped by e5e&t! a! act%o& proceed!. /here wa! a t%me whe& me& bel%e5ed that each object %& the eAter&al world carr%ed %t! &ature !tamped upo& %t a! a -orm> a&d that %&tell% e&ce co&!%!ted %& !%mply %&!pect%& a&d read%& o-- a& %&tr%&!%c !el-7e&clo!ed complete &ature. /he !c%e&t%-%c re5olut%o& wh%ch be a& %& the !e5e&tee&th ce&tury came throu h a !urre&der o- th%! po%&t o- 5%ew. 't be a& w%th reco &%t%o& that e5ery &atural object %! %& truth a& e5e&t co&t%&uou! %& !pace a&d t%me w%th other e5e&t!@ a&d %! to be .nown o&ly by eAper%me&tal %&1u%r%e! wh%ch w%ll eAh%b%t a mult%tude o- compl%cated> ob!cure a&d m%&ute relat%o&!h%p!. 3&y ob!er5ed -orm or object %! but a challe& e. /he ca!e %! &ot otherw%!e w%th %deal! o- ju!t%ce or peace or huma& brotherhood> or e1ual%ty> or order. /hey too are &ot th%& ! !el-7e&clo!ed to be k&ow& by %&tro!pect%o&> a! object! were o&ce !uppo!ed to be k&ow& by rat%o&al %&7

<FI= 7!% ht. ;%ke thu&derbolt! a&d tubercular d%!ea!e a&d the ra%&bow they ca& be k&ow& o&ly by eAte&!%5e a&d m%&ute ob!er5at%o& o- co&!e1ue&ce! %&curred %& act%o&. 3 -al!e p!ycholo y o- a& %!olated !el- a&d a !ubject%5e moral%ty !hut! out -rom moral! the th%& ! %mporta&t to %t> act! a&d hab%t! %& the%r object%5e co&!e1ue&ce!. 3t the !ame t%me %t m%!!e! the po%&t character%!t%c o- the per!o&al !ubject%5e a!pect o- moral%ty: the !% &%-%ca&ce o- de!%re a&d thou ht %& break%& dow& old r% %d%t%e! o- hab%t a&d prepar%& the way -or act! that re7create a& e&5%ro&me&t. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"F.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9+u!tom a&d (ab%t>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: FJ7IE.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part 1 The Place of !abit in Conduct I/* Custo# and !abit
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

*e o-te& -a&cy that %&!t%tut%o&!> !oc%al cu!tom> collect%5e hab%t> ha5e bee& -ormed by the co&!ol%dat%o& o- %&d%5%dual hab%t!. '& the ma%& th%! !uppo!%t%o& %! -al!e to -act. /o a co&!%derable eAte&t cu!tom!> or w%de!pread u&%-orm%t%e! o- hab%t> eA%!t becau!e %&d%5%dual! -ace the !ame !%tuat%o& a&d react %& l%ke -a!h%o&. But to a lar er eAte&t cu!tom! per!%!t becau!e %&d%5%dual! -orm the%r per!o&al hab%t! u&der co&d%t%o&! !et by pr%or cu!tom!. 3& %&d%5%dual u!ually ac1u%re! the moral%ty a! he %&her%t! the !peech oh%! !oc%al roup. /he act%5%t%e! o- the roup are already there> a&d !ome a!!%m%lat%o& oh%! ow& act! to the%r patter& %! a prere1u%!%te o- a !hare there%&> a&d he&ce o- ha5%& a&y part %& what %! o%& o&. Dach per!o& %! bor& a& %&-a&t> a&d e5ery %&-a&t %! !ubject -rom the -%r!t breath he draw! a&d the -%r!t cry he utter! to the atte&t%o&! a&d dema&d! oother!. /he!e other! are &ot ju!t per!o&! %& e&eral w%th m%&d! %& e&eral. /hey are be%& ! w%th hab%t!> a&d be%& ! who upo& the whole e!teem the hab%t! they ha5e> %- -or &o other rea!o& tha& that> ha5%& d%em> the%r %ma %&at%o& %! thereby l%m%ted. /he &ature o- hab%t %! to be a!!ert%5e> %&!%!te&t> !el-7perpetuat%& . /here %! &o m%racle %& the -act that %- a ch%ld lear&! a&y la& ua e he lear&! the la& ua e that tho!e about h%m !peak a&d teach> e!pec%ally !%&ce h%! ab%l%ty to !peak that la& ua e %! a pre7co&d%t%o& o-

<F9= h%! e&ter%& %&to e--ect%5e co&&ect%o& w%th them> mak%& wa&t! k&ow& a&d ett%& them !at%!-%ed. )o&d pare&t a&d relat%5e! -re1ue&tly p%ck up a -ew o- the ch%ld?! !po&ta&eou! mode! o- !peech a&d -or a t%me at lea!t they are port%o&! o- the !peech othe roup. But the rat%o wh%ch !uch word! bear to the total 5ocabulary %& u!e %5e! a -a%r

mea!ure o- the part played by purely %&d%5%dual hab%t %& -orm%& cu!tom %& compar%!o& w%th the part played by cu!tom %& -orm%& %&d%5%dual hab%t!. )ew per!o&! ha5e e%ther the e&er y or the wealth to bu%ld pr%5ate road! to tra5el upo&. /hey -%&d %t co&5e&%e&t> 9&atural>9 to u!e the road! that are already there@ wh%le u&le!! the%r pr%5ate road! co&&ect at !ome po%&t w%th the h% h7way they ca&&ot bu%ld them e5e& %- they would. /he!e !%mple -act! !eem to me to %5e a !%mple eApla&at%o& o- matter! that are o-te& !urrou&ded w%th my!tery. /o talk about the pr%or%ty o- 9 !oc%ety 9 to the %&d%5%dual %! to %&dul e %& &o&!e&!%cal metaphy!%c!> But to !ay that !ome pre7eA%!te&t a!!oc%at%o& ohuma& be%& ! %! pr%or to e5ery part%cular huma& be%& who %! bor& %&to the world %! to me&t%o& a commo&place. /he!e a!!oc%at%o&! are de-%&%te mode! o- %&teract%o& o- per!o&! w%th o&e a&other@ that %! to !ay they -orm cu!tom!> %&!t%tut%o&!. /here %! &o problem %& all h%!tory !o art%-%c%al a! that o- how 9%&d%5%dual! 9 ma&a e to -orm 9 !oc%ety.9 /he problem %! due to the plea!ure take& %& ma&%pulat%& co&cept!> a&d d%!cu!!%o& oe! !%& becau!e co&cept! are kept -rom %&co&5e&%e&t co&tact w%th -act!. /he -act! o- %&-a&cy a&d !eA ha5e

<H"= o&ly to be called to m%&d to !ee how ma&u-actured are the co&cept%o&! wh%ch e&ter %&to th%! part%cular problem. /he problem> howe5er> o- how tho!e e!tabl%!hed a&d more or le!! deeply roo5ed !y!tem! o- %&teract%o& wh%ch we call !oc%al roup!> b% a&d !mall> mod%-y the act%5%t%e! o- %&d%5%dual! who per-orce are cau ht7up w%th%& them> a&d how the act%5%t%e! ocompo&e&t %&d%5%dual! remake a&d red%rect pre5%ou!ly e!tabl%!hed cu!tom! %! a deeply !% &%-%ca&t o&e. ,%ewed -rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- cu!tom a&d %t! pr%or%ty to the -ormat%o& o- hab%t! %& huma& be%& ! who are bor& bab%e! a&d radually row to matur%ty> the -act! wh%ch are &ow u!ually a!!embled u&der the co&cept%o&! o- collect%5e m%&d!> roup7 m%&d!> &at%o&al7m%&d!> crowd7m%&d!> etc.> etc.> lo!e the my!ter%ou! a%r they eAhale whe& m%&d %! thou ht o- <a! orthodoA p!ycholo y teache! u! to th%&k o- %t= a! !ometh%& wh%ch precede! act%o&. 't %! d%--%cult to !ee that collect%5e m%&d mea&! a&yth%& more tha& a cu!tom brou ht at !ome po%&t to eApl%c%t> emphat%c co&!c%ou!&e!!> emot%o&al or %&tellectual.-1.

<H1= /he -am%ly %&to wh%ch o&e %! bor& %! a -am%ly %& a 5%lla e or c%ty wh%ch %&teract! w%th other more or le!! %&te rated !y!tem! o- act%5%ty> a&d wh%ch %&clude! a d%5er!%ty oroup%& ! w%th%& %t!el-> !ay> churche!> pol%t%cal part%e!> club!> cl%1ue!> part&er!h%p!> trade7u&%o&!> corporat%o&!> etc. '- we !tart w%th the trad%t%o&al &ot%o& o- m%&d a! !ometh%& complete %& %t!el-> the& we may well be perpleAed by the problem o- how a commo& m%&d> commo& way! o- -eel%& a&d bel%e5%& a&d purpo!%& > come! %&to eA%!te&ce a&d the& -orm! the!e roup!. /he ca!e %! 1u%te otherw%!e %- we reco &%Be that %& a&y ca!e we mu!t !tart w%th rouped act%o&> that %!> w%th !ome -a%rly !ettled !y!tem o%&teract%o& amo& %&d%5%dual!. /he problem o- or% %& a&d de5elopme&t o- the 5ar%ou! roup%& !> or de-%&%te cu!tom!> %& eA%!te&ce at a&y part%cular t%me %& a&y part%cular place %! &ot !ol5ed by re-ere&ce to p!ych%c cau!e!> eleme&t!> -orce!. 't %! to be !ol5ed by re-ere&ce to -act! o- act%o&> dema&d -or -ood> -or hou!e!> -or a

<H2= mate> -or !ome o&e to talk to a&d to l%!te& to o&e talk> -or co&trol o- other!> dema&d! wh%ch are all %&te&!%-%ed by the -act already me&t%o&ed that each per!o& be %&! a helple!!> depe&de&t creature. ' do &ot mea& o- cour!e that hu& er> -ear> !eAual lo5e> re ar%ou!&e!!> !ympathy> pare&tal lo5e> lo5e o- bo!!%& a&d o- be%& ordered about> %m%tat%o&> etc.> play &o part. But ' do mea& that the!e word! do &ot eApre!! eleme&t! or -orce! wh%ch are p!ych%c or me&tal %& the%r -%r!t %&te&t%o&. /hey de&ote ways of behavior. /he!e way! o- beha5%& %&5ol5e %&teract%o&> that %! to !ay> a&d pr%or roup%& !. 3&d to u&der!ta&d the eA%!te&ce o- or a&%Bed way! or hab%t! we !urely &eed to o to phy!%c!> chem%!try a&d phy!%olo y rather tha& to p!ycholo y. /here %! doubtle!! a reat my!tery a! to why a&y !uch th%& a! be%& co&!c%ou! !hould eA%!t at all. But %- co&!c%ou!&e!! eA%!t! at all> there %! &o my!tery %& %t! be%& co&&ected w%th what %t %! co&&ected w%th. /hat %! to !ay> %- a& act%5%ty wh%ch %! a& %&teract%o& o5ar%ou! -actor!> or a rouped act%5%ty> come! to co&!c%ou!&e!! %t !eem! &atural that %t !hould take the -orm o- a& emot%o&> bel%e- or purpo!e that re-lect! the %&teract%o&> that %t !hould be a& 9 our 9 co&!c%ou!&e!! or a 9 my 9 co&!c%ou!&e!!. 3&d by th%! %! mea&t both that %t w%ll be !hared by tho!e who are %mpl%cated %& the a!!oc%at%5e cu!tom> or more or le!! al%ke %t them all> a&d that %t w%ll be -elt or thou ht to co&cer& other! a! well a! o&e?! !el-. 3 -am%ly7cu!tom or or a&%Bed hab%t o- act%o& come! %&to co&tact a&d co&-l%ct -or eAample w%th that o- !ome other -am%ly. /he emot%o&! o- ru-7

<H3= 7-led pr%de> the bel%e- about !uper%or%ty or be%& 9 a! ood a! other people>9 the %&te&t%o& to hold o&e?! ow& are &aturally our -eel%& a&d %dea o- our treatme&t a&d po!%t%o&. $ub!t%tute the Lepubl%ca& party or the 3mer%ca& &at%o& -or the -am%ly a&d the e&eral !%tuat%o& rema%&! the !ame. /he co&d%t%o&! wh%ch determ%&e the &ature a&d eAte&t o- the part%cular roup%& %& 1ue!t%o& are matter! o- !upreme %mport. But they are &ot a! !uch !ubject7matter o- p!ycholo y> but o- the h%!tory o- pol%t%c!> law> rel% %o&> eco&om%c!> %&5e&t%o&> the tech&olo y o- commu&%cat%o& a&d %&tercour!e. P!ycholo y come! %& a! a& %&d%!pe&!able tool. But %t e&ter! %&to the matter o- u&der!ta&d%& the!e 5ar%ou! !pec%al top%c!> &ot %&to the 1ue!t%o& o- what p!ych%c -orce! -orm a collect%5e m%&d a&d there-ore a !oc%al roup. /hat way o- !tat%& the ca!e put! the cart a lo& way be-ore the hor!e> a&d &aturally ather! ob!cur%t%e! a&d my!ter%e! to %t!el-. '& !hort> the pr%mary -act! o- !oc%al p!ycholo y ce&ter about collect%5e hab%t> cu!tom. '& add%t%o& to the e&eral p!ycholo y o- hab%t K wh%ch is e&eral &ot %&d%5%dual %& a&y %&tell% %ble !e&!e o- that word K we &eed to -%&d out ju!t how d%--ere&t cu!tom! !hape the de!%re!> bel%e-!> purpo!e! o- tho!e who are a--ected by them. /he problem - o- !oc%al p!ycholo y %! &ot how e%ther %&d%5%dual or collect%5e m%&d -orm! !oc%al roup! a&d cu!tom!> but how d%--ere&t cu!tom!> e!tabl%!hed %&teract%& arra& eme&t!> -orm a&d &urture d%--ere&t m%&d!. )rom th%! e&eral !tateme&t we retur& to our !pec%al problem> wh%ch %! how the r% %d character o- pa!t cu!tom ha!

< HE= u&-a5orably %&-lue&ced bel%e-!> emot%o&! a&d purpo!e! ha5%& to do w%th moral!. *e come back to the -act that %&d%5%dual! be %& the%r career a! %&-a&t!. )or the pla!t%c%ty o- the you& pre!e&t! a temptat%o& to tho!e ha5%& reater eAper%e&ce a&d he&ce reater power wh%ch they rarely re!%!t. 't !eem! putty to be molded accord%& to curre&t de!% &!. /hat pla!t%c%ty al!o mea&! power to cha& e pre5a%l%& cu!tom %! % &ored. Doc%l%ty %! looked upo& &ot a! ab%l%ty to lear& whate5er the world ha! to teach> but a!

!ubject%o& to tho!e: %&!truct%o&! o- other! wh%ch re-lect the%r curre&t hab%t!. /o be truly doc%le %! to be ea er to lear& all the le!!o&! o- act%5e> %&1u%r%& > eApa&d%& eAper%e&ce. /he %&ert> !tup%d 1ual%ty o- curre&t cu!tom! per5ert! lear&%& %&to a w%ll%& &e!! to -ollow where other! po%&t the way> %&to co&-orm%ty> co&!tr%ct%o&> !urre&der o!cept%c%!m a&d eAper%me&t. *he& we th%&k o- the doc%l%ty o- the you& we -%r!t th%&k othe !tock! o- %&-ormat%o& adult! w%!h to %mpo!e a&d the way! o- act%& they wa&t to reproduce. /he& we th%&k o- the %&!ole&t coerc%o&!> the %&!%&uat%& br%ber%e!> the peda o %c !olem&%t%e! by wh%ch the -re!h&e!! o- youth ca& be -aded a&d %t! 5%5%d cur%o!%t%e! dulled. Dducat%o& become! the art o- tak%& ad5a&ta e o- the helple!!&e!! othe you& @ the -orm%& o- hab%t! be come! a uara&tee -or the ma%&te&a&ce o- hed e! ocu!tom. C- cour!e %t %! &ot wholly -or otte& that hab%t! are ab%l%t%e!> art!. 3&y !tr%k%& eAh%b%t%o& o- ac1u%red !k%ll %& phy!%cal matter!> l%ke that o- a& acrobat or

<HF= b%ll%ard7player> arou!e! u&%5er!al adm%rat%o&. But we l%ke to ha5e %&&o5at%& power l%m%ted to tech&%cal matter! a&d re!er5e our adm%rat%o& -or tho!e ma&%-e!tat%o&! that d%!play 5%rtuo!%ty rather tha& 5%rtue. '& moral matter! %t %! a!!umed that %t %! e&ou h %!ome %deal ha! bee& eAempl%-%ed %& the l%-e o- a leader> !o that %t %! &ow the part oother! to -ollow a&d reproduce. )or e5ery bra&ch o- co&duct> there %! a 8e!u! or Buddha> a .apoleo& or MarA> a )roebel or /ol!to%> who!e patter& o- act%o&> eAceed%& our ow& ra!p> %! reduced to a pract%cable copy7!%Be by pa!!a e throu h row! a&d row! o- le!!er leader!. /he &ot%o& that %t !u--%ce! %- the %dea> the e&d> %! pre!e&t %& the m%&d o- !ome author%ty dom%&ate! -ormal !chool%& . 't permeate! the u&co&!c%ou! educat%o& der%5ed -rom ord%&ary co&tact a&d %&tercour!e. *here -ollow%& %! take& to be &ormal> moral or% %&al%ty %! pretty !ure to be ecce&tr%c. But %- %&depe&de&ce were the rule> or% %&al%ty would be !ubjected to !e5ere> eAper%me&tal te!t! a&d be !a5ed -rom cra&ky ecce&tr%c%ty> a! %t &ow %! %& !ay h% her mathemat%c!. /he re %me o- cu!tom a!!ume! that the outcome %! the !ame whether a& %&d%5%dual u&der!ta&d! what he %! about or whether he oe! throu h certa%& mot%o&! wh%le mouth%& the word! o- other! repet%t%o& o- -ormulae lac%& e!teemed o- reater %mporta&ce> upo& the whole> tha& repet%t%o& o- deed!. /o !ay what the !ect or cl%1ue or cla!! !ay! %! the way o- pro5%& that o&e al!o u&der!ta&d! a&d appro5e! what the cl%1ue cl%& ! to. '& theory> democracy !hould be a mea&! o!t%mulat%& or% %&al thou ht>

<HH= a&d o- e5ok%& act%o& del%berately adju!ted %& ad5a&ce to cope w%th &ew -orce!. '& -act %t %! !t%ll !o %mmature that %t! ma%& e--ect %! to mult%ply occa!%o&! -or %m%tat%o&. 'pro re!! %& !p%te o- th%! -act %! more rap%d tha& %& other !oc%al -orm!> %t %! by acc%de&t> !%&ce the d%5er!%ty o- model! co&-l%ct w%th o&e a&other a&d thu! %5e %&d%5%dual%ty a cha&ce %& the re!ult%& chao! o- op%&%o&!. +urre&t democracy accla%m! !ucce!! more bo%!terou!ly tha& do other !oc%al -orm!> a&d !urrou&d! -a%lure w%th a more re5erberat%& tra%& o- echoe!. But the pre!t% e thu! %5e& eAcelle&ce %! lar ely ad5e&t%t%ou!. /he ach%e5eme&t o- thou ht attract! other! &ot !o much %&tr%&!%cally a! becau!e o- a& em%&e&ce due to mult%tud%&ou! ad5ert%!%& a&d a !warm o- %m%tator!.

D5e& l%beral th%&ker! ha5e treated hab%t a! e!!e&t%ally> &ot becau!e o- the character oeA%!t%& cu!tom!> co&!er5at%5e. '& -act o&ly %& a !oc%ety dom%&ated by mode! o- bel%ea&d adm%rat%o& -%Aed by pa!t cu!tom %! hab%t a&y more co&!er5at%5e tha& %t %! pro re!!%5e. 't all depe&d! upo& %t! 1ual%ty. (ab%t %! a& ab%l%ty> a& art> -ormed throu h pa!t eAper%e&ce. But whether a& ab%l%ty %! l%m%ted to repet%t%o& o- pa!t act! adopted to pa!t co&d%t%o&! or %! a5a%lable -or &ew emer e&c%e! depe&d! wholly upo& what k%&d ohab%t eA%!t!. /he te&de&cy to th%&k that o&ly 9 bad 9 hab%t! are d%!!er5%ceable a&d that bad hab%t! are co&5e&t%o&ally &umerable> co&duce! to make all hab%t! more or le!! bad. )or what make! a hab%t bad %! e&!la5eme&t to old rut!. /he commo& &ot%o& that e&!la5eme&t to ood e&d! co&5ert! mecha&%cal rout%&e %&to ood %! a

<HI= &e at%o& o- the pr%&c%ple o- moral ood&e!!. 't %de&t%-%e! moral%ty w%th what wa! !omet%me rat%o&al> po!!%bly %& !ome pr%or eAper%e&ce o- o&e?! ow&> but more probably %& the eAper%e&ce o- !ome o&e el!e who %! &ow bl%&dly !et up a! a -%&al author%ty. /he e&u%&e heart o- rea!o&able&e!! <a&d o- ood&e!! %& co&duct= l%e! %& e--ect%5e ma!tery o- the co&d%t%o&! wh%ch &ow e&ter %&to act%o&. /o be !at%!-%ed w%th repeat%& > w%th tra5er!%& the rut! wh%ch %& other co&d%t%o&! led to ood> %! the !ure!t way o- creat%& carele!!&e!! about pre!e&t a&d actual ood. +o&!%der what happe&! to thou ht whe& hab%t %! merely power to repeat act! w%thout thou ht. *here doe! thou ht eA%!t a&d operate whe& %t %! eAcluded -rom hab%tual act%5%t%e!6 '! &ot !uch thou ht o- &ece!!%ty !hut out -rom e--ect%5e power> -rom ab%l%ty to co&trol object! a&d comma&d e5e&t!6 (ab%t! depr%5ed o- thou ht a&d thou ht wh%ch %! -ut%le are two !%de! o- the !ame -act. /o laud hab%t a! co&!er5at%5e wh%le pra%!%& thou ht a! the ma%& !pr%& o- pro re!! %! to take the !ure!t cour!e to mak%& thou ht ab!tru!e a&d %rrele5a&t a&d pro re!! a matter o- acc%de&t a&d cata!trophe. /he co&crete -act beh%&d the curre&t !eparat%o& o- body a&d m%&d> pract%ce a&d theory> actual%t%e! a&d %deal!> %! prec%!ely th%! !eparat%o& <=- hab%t a&d thou ht. /hou ht wh%ch doe! &ot eA%!t w%th%& ord%&ary hab%t! o- act%o& lack! mea&! o- eAecut%o&. '& lack%& appl%cat%o&> %t al!o lack! te!t> cr%ter%o&. (e&ce %t %! co&dem&ed to a !eparate realm. '- we try to act upo& %t> our act%o&! are clum!y> -orced. '& -act> co&trary

<HJ= hab%t! <a! we ha5e already !ee&= come %&to operat%o& a&d betray our purpo!e. 3-ter a -ew !uch eAper%e&ce!> %t %! !ubco&!c%ou!ly dec%ded that thou ht %! too prec%ou! a&d h% h to be eApo!ed to the co&t%& e&c%e! o- act%o&. 't %! re!er5ed -or !eparate u!e!@ thou ht -eed! o&ly thou ht &ot act%o&. 'deal! mu!t &ot ru& the r%!k o- co&tam%&at%o& a&d per5er!%o& by co&tact w%th actual co&d%t%o&!. /hou ht the& e%ther re!ort! to !pec%al%Bed a&d tech&%cal matter! %&-lue&c%& act%o& %& the l%brary or laboratory alo&e> or el!e %t become! !e&t%me&tal%Bed. Mea&t%me there are certa%& 9 pract%cal 9 me& who comb%&e thou ht a&d hab%t a&d who are e--ectual. /he%r thou ht %! about the%r ow& ad5a&ta e@ a&d the%r hab%t! corre!po&d. /hey dom%&ate the actual !%tuat%o&. /hey e&coura e rout%&e %& other!> a&d they al!o !ub!%d%Be !uch thou ht a&d lear&%& a! are kept remote -rom a--a%r!. /h%! they call !u!ta%&%& the !ta&dard o- the %deal. $ubject%o& they pra%!e a! team7!p%r%t> loyalty> de5ot%o&> obed%e&ce> %&du!try> law7a&d7order. But they temper re!pect -or lawK by wh%ch they mea& the order o- the eA%!t%& !tatu!K o& the part o- other! w%th mo!t !k%l-ul a&d thou ht-ul ma&%pulat%o& o- %t %& behal- o- the%r ow& e&d!. *h%le they

de&ou&ce a! !ub5er!%5e a&archy !% &! o- %&depe&de&t thou ht> o- th%&k%& -or them!el5e!> o& the part o- other! le!t !uch thou ht d%!turb the co&d%t%o&! by wh%ch they pro-%t> they th%&k 1u%te l%terally -or them!el5e!> that %!> o- them!el5e!. /h%! %! the eter&al ame o- the pract%cal me&. (e&ce %t %! o&ly by acc%de&t that the !eparate a&d e&dowed

<H9= 9thou ht9 o- pro-e!!%o&al th%&ker! leak! out %&to act%o& a&d a--ect! cu!tom. )or th%&k%& ca&&ot %t!el- e!cape the %&-lue&ce o- hab%t> a&y more tha& a&yth%& el!e huma&. '- %t %! &ot a part o- ord%&ary hab%t!> the& %t %! a !eparate hab%t> hab%t alo& !%de other hab%t!> apart -rom them> a! %!olated a&d %&durated a! huma& !tructure perm%t!. /heory %! a po!!e!!%o& o- the theor%!t> %&tellect o- the %&tellectual%!t. /he !o7called !eparat%o& o- theory a&d pract%ce mea&! %& -act the !eparat%o& o- two k%&d! o- pract%ce> o&e tak%& place %& the outdoor world> the other %& the !tudy. /he hab%t o- thou ht comma&d! !ome mater%al! <a! e5ery hab%t mu!t do= but the mater%al! are tech&%cal> book!> word!. 'dea! are object%-%ed %& act%o& but !peech a&d wr%t%& mo&opol%Be the%r -%eld o- act%o&. D5e& the& !ubco&!c%ou! pa%&! are take& to !ee that the word! u!ed are &ot too w%dely u&der!tood. '&tellectual hab%t! l%ke other hab%t! dema&d a& e&5%ro&me&t> but the e&5%ro&me&t %! the !tudy> l%brary> laboratory a&d academy. ;%ke other hab%t! they produce eAter&al re!ult!> po!!e!!%o&!. $ome me& ac1u%re %dea! a&d k&owled e a! other me& ac1u%re mo&etary wealth. *h%le pract%!%& thou ht -or the%r ow& !pec%al e&d! they deprecate %t -or the u&tra%&ed a&d u&!table ma!!e! -or whom 9 hab%t!>9 that %! u&th%&k%& rout%&e!> are &ece!!%t%e!. /hey -a5or popular educat%o&K up to the po%&t od%!!em%&at%& a! matter o- author%tat%5e %&-ormat%o& -or the ma&y what the -ew ha5e e!tabl%!hed by thou ht> a&d up to the po%&t o-

<I"= co&5ert%& a& or% %&al doc%l%ty to the &ew %&to a doc%l%ty to repeat a&d to co&-orm. :et all hab%t %&5ol5e! mecha&%Bat%o&. (ab%t %! %mpo!!%ble w%thout !ett%& up a mecha&%!m o- act%o&> phy!%olo %cally e& ra%&ed> wh%ch operate! 9 !po&ta&eou!ly>9 automat%cally> whe&e5er the cue %! %5e&. But mecha&%Bat%o& %! &ot o- &ece!!%ty all there %! to hab%t. +o&!%der the co&d%t%o&! u&der wh%ch the -%r!t !er5%ceable ab%l%t%e! o- l%-e are -ormed. *he& a ch%ld be %&! to walk he acutely ob!er5e!> he %&te&tly a&d %&te&!ely eAper%me&t!. (e look! to !ee what %! o%& to happe& a&d he keep! cur%ou! watch o& e5ery ?%&c%de&t. *hat other! do> the a!!%!ta&ce they %5e> the model! they !et> operate &ot a! l%m%tat%o&! but a! e&coura eme&t! to h%! ow& act!> re%&-orceme&t! o- per!o&al percept%o& a&d e&dea5or. /he -%r!t toddl%& %! a roma&t%c ad5e&tur%& %&to the u&k&ow&@ a&d e5ery a%&ed power %! a del% ht-ul d%!co5ery o- o&e?! ow& power! a&d o- the wo&der! o- the world. *e may &ot be able to reta%& %& adult hab%t! th%! Be!t o%&tell% e&ce a&d th%! -re!h&e!! o- !at%!-act%o& %& &ewly d%!co5ered power!. But there %! !urely a m%ddle term betwee& a &ormal eAerc%!e o- power wh%ch %&clude! !ome eAcur!%o& %&to the u&k&ow&> a&d a mecha&%cal act%5%ty hed ed w%th%& a drab world. D5e& %& deal%& w%th %&a&%mate mach%&e! we ra&k that %&5e&t%o& h% her wh%ch adapt! %t! mo5eme&t! to 5ary%& co&d%t%o&!. 3ll l%-e operate! throu h a mecha&%!m> a&d the h% her the -orm o- l%-e the more compleA> !ure a&d -leA%ble the mecha&%!m. /h%! -act alo&e !hould !a5e

<I1= u! -rom oppo!%& l%-e a&d mecha&%!m> thereby reduc%& the latter to u&%&tell% e&t automat%!m a&d the -ormer to a& a%mle!! !plur e. (ow del%cate> prompt> !ure a&d 5ar%ed are the mo5eme&t! o- a 5%ol%& player or a& e&. ra5erP (ow u&err%& ly they phra!e e5ery !hade o- emot%o& a&d e5ery tur& o- %deaP Mecha&%!m %! %&d%!pe&!able. '- each act ha! to be co&!c%ou!ly !earched -or at the mome&t a&d %&te&t%o&ally per-ormed> eAecut%o& %! pa%&-ul a&d the product %! clum!y a&d halt%& > .e5erthele!! the d%--ere&ce betwee& the art%!t a&d the mere tech&%c%a& %! u&m%!takeable. /he art%!t %! a ma!ter-ul tech&%c%a&. /he tech&%1ue or mecha&%!m %! -u!ed w%th thou ht a&d -eel%& . /he 9 mecha&%cal 9 per-ormer perm%t! the mecha&%!m to d%ctate the per-orma&ce. 't %! ab!urd to !ay that the latter eAh%b%t! hab%t a&d the -ormer &ot. *e are co&-ro&ted w%th two k%&d! o- hab%t> %&tell% e&t a&d rout%&e. 3ll l%-e ha! %t! la&> but o&ly the pre5ale&ce o- dead hab%t! de-lect! l%-e %&to mere la&. :et the curre&t dual%!m o- m%&d a&d body> thou ht a&d act%o&> %! !o rooted that we are tau ht <a&d !c%e&ce %! !a%d to !upport the teach%& = that the art> the hab%t> o- the art%!t %! ac1u%red by pre5%ou! mecha&%cal eAerc%!e! o- repet%t%o& %& wh%ch !k%ll apart -rom thou ht %! the a%m> u&t%l !udde&ly> ma %cally> th%! !oulle!! mecha&%!m %! take& po!!e!!%o& o- by !e&t%me&t a&d %ma %&at%o& a&d %t become! a -leA%ble %&!trume&t om%&d. /he -act> the !c%e&t%-%c -act> %! that e5e& %& h%! eAerc%!e!> h%! pract%ce -or !k%ll> a& art%!t u!e! a& art he already ha!. (e ac1u%re! reater !k%ll becau!e pract%ce o- !k%ll %! more

<I2= %mporta&t to h%m tha& pract%ce -or !k%ll. Ctherw%!e &atural e&dowme&t would cou&t -or &oth%& > a&d !u--%c%e&t mecha&%cal eAerc%!e would make a&y o&e a& eApert %& a&y -%eld. 3 -leA%ble> !e&!%t%5e hab%t row! !&ore 5ar%ed> more adaptable by pract%ce a&d u!e. *e do &ot a! yet -ully u&der!ta&d the phy!%olo %cal -actor! co&cer&ed %& mecha&%cal rout%&e o& o&e ha&d a&d art%!t%c !k%ll o& the other> but we do k&ow that the latter %! ju!t a! much hab%t a! %! the -ormer. *hether %t co&cer&! the cook> mu!%c%a&> carpe&ter> c%t%Be&> or !tate!ma&> the %&tell% e&t or art%!t%c hab%t %! the de!%rable th%& > a&d the rout%&e the u&de!%rable th%& :K or> at lea!t> de!%rable a&d u&de!%rable -rom e5ery po%&t o- 5%ew eAcept o&e. /ho!e who w%!h a mo&opoly o- !oc%al power -%&d de!%rable the !eparat%o& o- hab%t a&d thou ht> act%o& a&d !oul> !o character%!t%c o- h%!tory. )or the dual%!m e&able! them to do the th%&k%& a&d pla&&%& > wh%le other! rema%& the doc%le> e5e& %- awkward> %&!trume&t! o- eAecut%o&. 0&t%l th%! !cheme %! cha& ed> democracy %! bou&d to be per5erted %& real%Bat%o&. *%th our pre!e&t !y!tem o- educat%o&K by wh%ch !ometh%& much more eAte&!%5e tha& !chool%& %! mea&tK democracy mult%pl%e! occa!%o&! -or %m%tat%o& &ot occa!%o&! -or thou ht %& act%o&. '- the 5%!%ble re!ult %! rather a me!!y co&-u!%o& tha& a& ordered d%!c%pl%&e o- hab%t!> %t %! becau!e there are !o ma&y model! o- %m%tat%o& !et up that they te&d to ca&cel o&e a&other> !o that %&d%5%dual! ha5e the ad5a&ta e &e%ther ou&%-orm tra%&%& &or o- %&tell% e&t adaptat%o&. *he&ce a& %&tellectu7

<I3= 7al%!t> the o&e w%th whom th%&k%& %! %t!el- a !e re ated hab%t> %&-er! that the cho%ce %! betwee& mu!!7a&d7muddl%& a&d a bureaucracy. (e pre-er! the latter> t thou h u&der !ome other &ame. u!ually a& ar%!tocracy o- tale&t a&d %&tellect> po!!%bly a d%ctator!h%p othe proletar%at.

't ha! bee& repeatedly !tated that the curre&t ph%lo!oph%cal dual%!m o- m%&d a&d body> o!p%r%t a&d mere outward do%& > %! ult%mately but a& %&tellectual re-leA o- the !oc%al d%5orce o- rout%&e hab%t -rom thou ht> o- mea&! -rom e&d!> pract%ce -rom theory. C&e hardly k&ow! whether mo!t to adm%re the acume& w%th wh%ch Ber !o& ha! pe&etrated throu h the accumulat%o& o- ? h%!tor%c tech&%cal%t%e! to th%! e!!e&t%al -act> or to deplore the art%!t%c !k%ll w%th wh%ch he ha! recomme&ded the d%5%!%o& a&d the metaphy!%cal !ubtlety w%th wh%ch he ha! !tr%5e& to e!tabl%!h %t! &ece!!ary a&d u&cha& eable &ature. )or the latter te&d! to co&-%rm a&d !a&ct%o& the dual%!m %& all %t! ob&oA%ou!&e!!. '& the e&d> howe5er> detect%o&> d%!co5ery> %! the ma%& th%& . /o e&5%!a e the relat%o& o- !p%r%t> l%-e> to matter> body> a! %& e--ect a& a--a%r o- a -orce wh%ch outru&! hab%t wh%le %t lea5e! a tra%l o- rout%&e hab%t! beh%&d %t> w%ll !urely tur& out %& the e&d to %mply the ack&owled me&t o- the &eed o- a co&t%&uou! u&%-%cat%o& o- !p%r%t a&d hab%t> rather tha& to be a !a&ct%o& o- the%r d%5orce. 3&d whe& Ber !o& carr%e! the %mpl%c%t lo %c to the po%&t o- a clear reco &%t%o& that upo& th%! ba!%! co&crete %&tell% e&ce %! co&cer&ed w%th the hab%t! wh%ch %&corporate a&d deal w%th object!> a&d that &oth7

<IE= 7%& rema%&! to !p%r%t> pure thou ht> eAcept a bl%&d o&ward pu!h or %mpetu!> the &et co&clu!%o& %! !urely the &eed o- re5%!%o& o- the -u&dame&tal prem%!! o- !eparat%o& o!oul a&d hab%t. 3 bl%&d creat%5e -orce %! a! l%kely to tur& out to be de!truct%5e a! creat%5e@ the 5%tal lan may del% ht %& war rather tha& %& the labor%ou! art! o- c%5%l%Bat%o&> a&d a my!t%c %&tu%t%o& o- a& u& o%& !plur e be a poor !ub!t%tute -or the deta%led work o- a& %&tell% e&ce embod%ed %& cu!tom a&d %&!t%tut%o&> o&e wh%ch create! by mea&! o- -leA%ble co&t%&uou! co&tr%5a&ce! o- reor a&%Bat%o&. )or the eulo %!t%c 1ual%t%e! wh%ch Ber !o& attr%bute! to the lan vital flow &ot -rom %t! &ature but -rom a rem%&%!ce&ce o- the opt%m%!m o- roma&t%c%!m> a& opt%m%!m wh%ch %! o&ly the re5er!e !%de o- pe!!%m%!m about actual%t%e!. 3 !p%r%tual l%-e wh%ch %! &oth%& but a bl%&d ur e !eparated -rom thou ht <wh%ch %! !a%d to be co&-%&ed to mecha&%cal ma&%pulat%o& o- mater%al object! -or per!o&al u!e!= %! l%kely to ha5e the attr%bute! o- the De5%l %& !p%te o- %t! be%& e&&obled w%th the &ame o- 2od.

Notes
1. Mob p!ycholo y come! u&der the !ame pr%&c%ple!> but %& a &e at%5e a!pect. /he crowd a&d mob eApre!! a d%!%&te rat%o& o- hab%t! wh%ch relea!e! %mpul!e a&d re&der! per!o&! !u!cept%ble to %mmed%ate !t%mul%> rather tha& !uch a -u&ct%o&%& o- hab%t! a! %! -ou&d %& the m%&d o- a club or !chool o- thou ht or a pol%t%cal party. ;eader! o- a& or a&%Bat%o&> that %& o- act %&teract%o& ha5%& !ettled hab%t!> may> howe5er> %& order to put o5er !ome !cheme! del%berately re!ort to !t%mul% wh%ch w%ll break throu h the cru!t o- ord%&ary cu!tom a&d relea!e %mpul!e! o& !uch a !cale a! to create a mob p!ycholo y. $%&ce -ear %! a &ormal react%o& to the u&-am%l%ar> dread a&d !u!p%c%o& are the -orce! mo!t played upo& to accompl%!h th%! re!ult> to ether w%th 5a!t 5a ue co&trary hope!. /h%! %! a& ord%&ary tech&%1ue %& eAc%ted pol%t%cal campa% &!> %& !tart%& war> etc. But a& a!!%m%lat%o& l%ke that o- ;e Bo& o- the p!ycholo y o- democracy to the p!ycholo y o- a crowd %& o5err%d%& %&d%5%dual jud me&t !how! lack o- p!ycholo %cal %&!% ht. 3 pol%t%cal democracy eAh%b%t! a& o5err%d%& o- thou ht l%ke that !ee& %& a&y co&5e&t%o& or %&!t%tut%o&. /hat %!> thou ht %! !ubmer ed %& hab%t. '& the crowd a&d mob> %t %! !ubmer ed %& u&de-%&ed emot%o&. +h%&a a&d 8apa& eAh%b%t crowd p!ycholo y more -re1ue&tly tha& do we!ter& democrat%c cou&tr%e!. .ot %& my

jud me&t becau!e o- a&y e!!e&t%ally Cr%e&tal p!ycholo y but becau!e o- a &earer back rou&d o- r% %d a&d !ol%d cu!tom! co&jo%&ed w%th the phe&ome&a o- a per%od o- tra&!%t%o&. /he %&troduct%o& o- ma&y &o5el !t%mul% create! occa!%o&! where hab%t! a--ord &o balla!t. (e&ce reat wa5e! o- emot%o& ea!%ly !weep throu h ma!!e!. $omet%me! they are wa5e! o- e&thu!%a!m -or the &ew@ !omet%me! o- 5%ole&t react%o& a a%&!t %t K both e1ually u&d%!cr%m%&at%& . /he war ha! le-t beh%&d %t a !omewhat !%m%lar !%tuat%o& %& we!ter& cou&tr%e!. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"H.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9+u!tom a&d Moral%ty>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: IF7J3.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part 1 The Place of !abit in Conduct /* Custo# and 'orality
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

)or pract%cal purpo!e! moral! mea& cu!tom!> -olkway!> e!tabl%!hed collect%5e hab%t!. /h%! %! a commo&> place o- the a&thropolo %!t> thou h the moral theor%!t e&erally !u--er! -rom a& %llu!%o& that h%! ow& place a&d day %!> or ou ht to be> a& eAcept%o&. But alway! a&d e5erywhere cu!tom! !upply the !ta&dard! -or per!o&al act%5%t%e!. /hey are the patter& %&to wh%ch %&d%5%dual act%5%ty mu!t wea5e %t!el-. /h%! %! a! true today a! %t e5er wa!. But becau!e o- pre!e&t mob%l%ty a&d %&term%& l%& ! o- cu!tom!> a& %&d%5%dual %! &ow o--ered a& e&ormou! ra& e o- cu!tom7patter&!> a&d ca& eAerc%!e per!o&al %& e&u%ty %& !elect%& a&d rearra& %& the%r eleme&t!. '& !hort he ca&> %- he w%ll> %&tell% e&tly adapt cu!tom! to co&d%t%o&!> a&d thereby remake them. +u!tom! %& a&y ca!e co&!t%tute moral !ta&dard!. )or they are act%5e dema&d! -or certa%& way! o- act%& . D5ery hab%t create! a& u&co&!c%ou! eApectat%o&. 't -orm! a certa%& outlook. *hat p!ycholo %!t! ha5e labor%ou!ly treated u&der the capt%o& o- a!!oc%at%o& o- %dea! ha! l%ttle to do w%th %dea! a&d e5eryth%& ;o do w%th the %&-lue&ce o- hab%t upo& recollect%o& a&d percept%o&. 3 hab%t> a rout%&e hab%t> whe& %&ter-ered w%th e&erate! u&ea!%&e!!> !et! up a prete!t %& -a5or o- re!torat%o& a&d a !e&!e o- &eed o- !ome eAp%atory act> or el!e %t oe! o-- %& ca!ual rem%&%!ce&ce. 't %! the

<IH= e!!e&ce o- rout%&e to %&!%!t upo& %t! ow& co&t%&uat%o&. Breach o- %t %! 5%olat%o& or% ht. De5%at%o& -rom %t %! tra&! re!!%o&.

3ll that metaphy!%c! ha! !a%d about the &%!u! o- Be%& to co&!er5e %t! e!!e&ce a&d all that a mytholo %cal p!ycholo y ha! !a%d about a !pec%al %&!t%&ct o- !el-7pre!er5at%o& %! a co5er -or the per!%!te&t !el-7a!!ert%o& o- hab%t. (ab%t %! e&er y or a&%Bed %& certa%& cha&&el!. *he& %&ter-ered w%th> %t !well! a! re!e&tme&t a&d a! a& a5e& %& -orce. /o !ay that %t w%ll be obeyed> that cu!tom make! law> that nomos %! lord o- all> %! a-ter all o&ly to !ay that hab%t %! hab%t. Dmot%o& %! a perturbat%o& -rom cla!h or -a%lure o- hab%t> a&d re-lect%o&> rou hly !peak%& > %! the pa%&-ul e--ort o- d%!turbed hab%t! to readju!t them!el5e!. 't %! a p%ty that *e!termarck %& h%! mo&ume&tal collect%o& o- -act! wh%ch !how the co&&ect%o& o- cu!tom w%th moral!-1. %! !t%ll !o much u&der the %&-lue&ce ocurre&t !ubject%5e p!ycholo y that he m%!!tate! the po%&t o- h%! data. )or althou h he reco &%Be! the object%5%ty o- cu!tom> he treat! !ympathet%c re!e&tme&t a&d approbat%o& a! d%!t%&ct%5e %&&er -eel%& ! or co&!c%ou! !tate! wh%ch %5e r%!e to act!. '& h%! a&A%ety to d%!place a& u&real rat%o&al !ource o- moral! he !et! up a& e1ually u&real emot%o&al ba!%!. '& truth> -eel%& ! a! well a! rea!o& !pr%& up w%th%& act%o&. Breach o- cu!tom or hab%t %! the !ource o- !ympathet%c re!e&tme&t> wh%le o5ert approbat%o& oe! out to -%del%ty to cu!tom ma%&ta%&ed u&der eAcept%o&al c%rcum!ta&ce!.

<II= /ho!e who reco &%Be the place o- cu!tom %& lower !oc%al -orm! e&erally re ard %t! pre!e&ce %& c%5%l%Bed !oc%ety a! a mere !ur5%5al. Cr> l%ke $um&er> they -a&cy that to reco &%Be %t! ab%d%& place %! e1u%5ale&t to the de&%al o- all rat%o&al%ty a&d pr%&c%ple to moral%ty@ e1u%5ale&t to the a!!ert%o& o- bl%&d> arb%trary -orce! %& l%-e. '& e--ect> th%! po%&t o- 5%ew ha! already bee& dealt w%th. 't o5erlook! the -act that the real oppo!%t%o& %! &ot betwee& rea!o& a&d hab%t but betwee& rout%&e> u&%&tell% e&t hab%t> a&d %&tell% e&t hab%t or art. D5e& a !a5a e cu!tom may be rea!o&able %& that %t %! adapted to !oc%al &eed! a&d u!e!. DAper%e&ce may add to !uch adaptat%o& a co&!c%ou! reco &%t%o& o- %t> a&d the& the cu!tom o- rat%o&al%ty %! added to a pr%or cu!tom. DAter&al rea!o&able&e!! or adaptat%o& to e&d! precede! rea!o&able&e!! o- m%&d. /h%! %! o&ly to !ay that %& moral! a! well a! %& phy!%c! th%& ! ha5e to be there be-ore we perce%5e them> a&d that rat%o&al%ty o- m%&d %! &ot a& or% %&al e&dowme&t but %! the o--!pr%& o- %&tercour!e w%th object%5e adaptat%o&! a&d relat%o&!K a 5%ew wh%ch u&der the %&-lue&ce o- a co&cept%o& o- k&ow%& the l%ke by the l%ke ha! bee& d%!torted %&to Plato&%c a&d other object%5e %deal%!m!. Lea!o& a! ob!er5at%o& o- a& adaptat%o& o- act! to 5aluable re!ult! %! &ot howe5er a mere %dle m%rror%& o- preeA%!te&t -act!. 't %! a& add%t%o&al e5e&t ha5%& %t! ow& career. 't !et! up a he% hte&ed emot%o&al apprec%at%o& a&d pro5%de! a &ew mot%5e -or -%del%t%e! pre5%ou!ly bl%&d. 't !et! up a& att%tude ocr%t%c%!m> o- %&1u%ry> a&d

<IJ= make! me& !e&!%t%5e to the brutal%t%e! a&d eAtra5a a&c%e! o- cu!tom!. '& !hort> %t become! a cu!tom o- eApectat%o& a&d outlook> a& act%5e dema&d -or rea!o&able&e!! %& other cu!tom!. /he re-lect%5e d%!po!%t%o& %! &ot !el-7made &or a %-t o- the od!. 't ar%!e! %& !ome eAcept%o&al c%rcum!ta&ce out o- !oc%al cu!tom!> a! we !ee %& the ca!e o- the 2reek!. But whe& %t ha! bee& e&erated %t e!tabl%!he! a &ew cu!tom> wh%ch %! capable oeAerc%!%& the mo!t re5olut%o&ary %&-lue&ce upo& other cu!tom!.

(e&ce the row%& %mporta&ce o- per!o&al rat%o&al%ty or %&tell% e&ce> %& moral theory %&ot %& pract%ce. /hat curre&t cu!tom! co&trad%ct o&e a&other> that ma&y o- them are u&ju!t> a&d that w%thout cr%t%c%!m &o&e o- them %! -%t to be the u%de o- l%-e wa! the d%!co5ery w%th wh%ch the 3the&%a& $ocrate! %&%t%ated co&!c%ou! moral theor%B%& . :et a d%lemma !oo& pre!e&ted %t!el-> o&e wh%ch -orm! the burde& o- Plato?! eth%cal wr%t%& !. (ow !hall thou ht wh%ch %! per!o&al arr%5e at !ta&dard! wh%ch hold ood -or all> wh%ch> %& moder& phra!e> are object%5e6 /he !olut%o& -ou&d by Plato wa! that rea!o& %! %t!elobject%5e> u&%5er!al> co!m%c a&d make! the %&d%5%dual !oul %t! 5eh%cle. /he re!ult> howe5er> wa! merely to !ub!t%tute a metaphy!%cal or tra&!ce&de&tal eth%c! -or the eth%c! o- cu!tom. '- Plato had bee& able to !ee that re-lect%o& a&d cr%t%c%!m eApre!! a co&-l%ct ocu!tom!> a&d that the%r purport a&d o--%ce %! to re7or a&%Be> re7adju!t cu!tom!> the !ub!e1ue&t +our!e o- moral theory would ha5e bee& 5ery d%--ere&t. +u!tom would ha5e pro5%ded &eeded object%5e a&d !ub7

<I9= !ta&t%al balla!t> a&d per!o&al rat%o&al%ty or re-lect%5e %&tell% e&ce bee& treated a! the &ece!!ary or a& o- eAper%me&tal %&%t%at%5e a&d creat%5e %&5e&t%o& %& remak%& cu!tom. *e ha5e a&other d%--%culty to -ace: a reater wa5e r%!e! to o5erwhelm u!. 't %! !a%d that to der%5e moral !ta&dard! -rom !oc%al cu!tom! %! to e5acuate the latter o- all author%ty. Moral!> %t %! !a%d> %mply the !ubord%&at%o& o- -act to %deal co&!%derat%o&> wh%le the 5%ew pre!e&ted make! moral! !eco&dary to bare -act> wh%ch %! e1ual to depr%5%& them od% &%ty a&d jur%!d%ct%o&. /he object%o& ha! the -orce o- the cu!tom o- moral theor%!t! beh%&d %t @ a&d there-ore %& %t! de&%al o- cu!tom a5a%l! %t!el- o- the a!!%!ta&ce o- the &ot%o& %t attack!. /he cr%t%c%!m re!t! upo& a -al!e !eparat%o&> 't ar ue! %& e--ect that e%ther %deal !ta&dard! a&tecede cu!tom! a&d co&-er the%r moral 1ual%ty upo& them> othat %& be%& !ub!e1ue&t to cu!tom a&d e5ol5ed -rom them> they are mere acc%de&tal by7 product!. But how doe! the ca!e !ta&d w%th la& ua e6 Me& d%d &ot %&te&d la& ua e> they d%d &ot ha5e !oc%al object! co&!c%ou!ly %& 5%ew whe& they be a& to talk> &or d%d they ha5e rammat%cal a&d pho&et%c pr%&c%ple! be-ore them by wh%ch to re ulate the%r e--ort! at commu&%cat%o&. /he!e th%& ! come 3-ter the -act. a&d becau!e o- %t ;a& ua e rew out o- u&%&tell% e&t babbl%& !> %&!t%&ct%5e mot%o&! called e!ture!> a&d the pre!!ure o- c%rcum!ta&ce. But &e5erthele!! la& ua e o&ce called %&to eA%!te&ce %! la& ua e a&d operate! a! la& ua e. 't operate! &ot to perpetuate the -orce! wh%ch produced %t

<J"= but to mod%-y a&d red%rect them. 't ha! !uch tra&!ce&de&t %mporta&ce that pa%&! are take& w%th %t! u!e. ;%terature! are produced> a&d the& a 5a!t apparatu! o- rammar> rhetor%c> d%ct%o&ar%e!> l%terary cr%t%c%!m> re5%ew!> e!!ay!> a der%5ed l%terature ad l%b. Dducat%o&> !chool%& > become! a &ece!!%ty@ l%teracy a& e&d. '& !hort la& ua e whe& %t %! produced meet! old &eed! a&d ope&! &ew po!!%b%l%t%e!. 't create! dema&d! wh%ch take e--ect> a&d the e--ect %! &ot co&-%&ed to !peech a&d l%terature> but eAte&d! to the commo& l%-e %& commu&%cat%o&> cou&!el a&d %&!truct%o&. *hat %! !a%d o- the %&!t%tut%o& o- la& ua e hold! ood o- e5ery %&!t%tut%o&. )am%ly l%-e> property> le al -orm!> churche! a&d !chool!> academ%e! o- art a&d !c%e&ce d%d &ot or% %&ate to !er5e co&!c%ou! e&d! &or wa! the%r e&erat%o& re ulated by co&!c%ou!&e!! opr%&c%ple! o- rea!o& a&d r% ht. :et each %&!t%tut%o& ha! brou ht w%th %t! de5elopme&t dema&d!> eApectat%o&!> rule!> !ta&dard!. /he!e are &ot mere embell%!hme&t! o- the -orce! wh%ch produced them> %dle decorat%o&! o- the !ce&e. /hey are add%t%o&al -orce!.

/hey reco&!truct. /hey ope& &ew a5e&ue! o- e&dea5or a&d %mpo!e &ew labor!. '& !hort they are c%5%l%Bat%o&> culture> moral%ty. $t%ll the 1ue!t%o& recur!: *hat author%ty ha5e !ta&dard! a&d %dea! wh%ch ha5e or% %&ated %& th%! way6 *hat cla%m ha5e they upo& u!6 '& o&e !e&!e the 1ue!t%o& %! u&a&!werable. '& the !ame !e&!e> howe5er> the 1ue!t%o& %! u&a&!werable whate5er or% %& a&d !a&ct%o& %! a!cr%bed to moral obl% at%o&!

<J1= a&d loyalt%e!. *hy atte&d to metaphy!%cal a&d tra&!ce&de&tal %deal real%t%e! e5e& %we co&cede they are the author! o- moral !ta&dard!6 *hy do th%! act %- ' -eel l%ke do%& !ometh%& el!e6 3&y moral 1ue!t%o& may reduce %t!el- to th%! 1ue!t%o& %- we !o choo!e. But %& a& emp%r%cal !e&!e the a&!wer %! !%mple. /he author%ty %! that o- l%-e. *hy employ la& ua e> cult%5ate l%terature> ac1u%re a&d de5elop !c%e&ce> !u!ta%& %&du!try> a&d !ubm%t to the re-%&eme&t! o- art6 /o a!k the!e 1ue!t%o&! %! e1u%5ale&t to a!k%& : *hy l%5e6 3&d the o&ly a&!wer %! that %- o&e %! o%& to l%5e o&e mu!t l%5e a l%-e o- wh%ch the!e th%& ! -orm the !ub!ta&ce. /he o&ly 1ue!t%o& ha5%& !e&!e wh%ch ca& be a!ked %! how we are o%& to u!e a&d be u!ed by the!e th%& !> &ot whether we are o%& to u!e them. Lea!o&> moral pr%&c%ple!> ca&&ot %& a&y ca!e be !ho5ed beh%&d the!e a--a%r!> -or rea!o& a&d moral%ty row out o- them. But they ha5e row& %&to them a! well a! out o- them. /hey are there a! part o- them. .o o&e ca& e!cape them %- he wa&t! to. (e ca&&ot e!cape the problem o- how to e& a e %& l%-e> !%&ce %& a&y ca!e he mu!t e& a e %& %t %& !ome way or otherK or el!e 1u%t a&d et out. '& !hort> the cho%ce %! &ot betwee& a moral author%ty out!%de cu!tom a&d o&e w%th%& %t. 't %! betwee& adopt%& more or le!! %&tell% e&t a&d !% &%-%ca&t cu!tom!. +ur%ou!ly e&ou h> the ch%e- pract%cal e--ect o- re-u!%& to reco &%Be the co&&ect%o& ocu!tom w%th moral !ta&dard! %! to de%-y !ome !pec%al cu!tom a&d treat %t a! eter&al> %mmutable> out!%de o- cr%t%c%!m a&d re5%!%o&.

<J2= /h%! co&!e1ue&ce %! e!pec%ally harm-ul %& t%me! o- rap%d !oc%al -luA. )or %t lead! to d%!par%ty betwee& &om%&al !ta&dard!> wh%ch become %&e--ectual a&d hypocr%t%cal %& eAact rat%o to the%r theoret%cal eAaltat%o&> a&d actual hab%t! wh%ch ha5e to take &ote oeA%!t%& co&d%t%o&!. /he d%!par%ty breed! d%!order. 'rre ular%ty a&d co&-u!%o& are howe5er pract%cally %&tolerable> a&d e--ect the e&erat%o& o- a &ew rule o- !ome !ort or other. C&ly !uch complete d%!turba&ce o- the phy!%cal ba!e! o- l%-e a&d !ecur%ty a! come! -rom pla ue a&d !tar5at%o& ca& throw !oc%ety %&to utter d%!order. .o amou&t o%&tellectual tra&!%t%o& ca& !er%ou!ly d%!turb the ma%& te&or o- cu!tom> or moral!. (e&ce the reater da& er wh%ch atte&d! the attempt %& per%od o- !oc%al cha& e to ma%&ta%& the %mmutab%l%ty o- old !ta&dard! %! &ot. e&eral moral relaAat%o&. 't %! rather !oc%al cla!h> a& %rreco&c%led co&-l%ct o- moral !ta&dard! a&d purpo!e!> the mo!t !er%ou! -orm o- cla!! war-are. )or !e re ated cla!!e! de5elop the%r ow& cu!tom!> wh%ch %! to !ay the%r ow& work%& moral!. 3! lo& a! !oc%ety %! ma%&ly %mmob%le the!e d%5er!e pr%&c%ple! a&d rul%& a%m! do &ot cla!h. /hey eA%!t !%de by !%de %& d%--ere&t !trata. Power> lory> ho&or> ma &%-%ce&ce> mutual -a%th here@ %&du!try> obed%e&ce> ab!t%&e&ce> hum%l%ty> a&d re5ere&ce there: &oble ar%d plebe%a& 5%rtue!. ,% or> coura e> e&er y> e&terpr%!e here@ !ubm%!!%o&> pat%e&ce> charm> per!o&al -%del%ty there: the ma!cul%&e a&d -em%&%&e 5%rtue!.

But mob%l%ty %&5ade! !oc%ety. *ar> commerce> tra5el> commu&%cat%o&> co&tact w%th the thou ht! a&d de!%re! o- other cla!!e!> &ew

<J3= %&5e&t%o&! %& product%5e %&du!try> d%!turb the !ettled d%!tr%but%o& o- cu!tom!. +o& ealed hab%t! thaw out> a&d a -lood m%Ae! th%& ! o&ce !eparated. Dach cla!! %! r% %dly !ure o- the r% ht&e!! o- %t! ow& e&d! a&d he&ce &ot o5er!crupulou! about the mea&! o- atta%&%& them. C&e !%de procla%m! the ult%macy o- orderK that o!ome old order wh%ch co&duce! to %t! ow& %&tere!t. /he other !%de procla%m! %t! r% ht! to -reedom> a&d %de&t%-%e! ju!t%ce w%th %t! !ubmer ed cla%m!. /here %! &o commo& rou&d> &o moral u&der!ta&d%& > &o a reed upo& !ta&dard o- appeal. /oday !uch a co&-l%ct occur! betwee& propert%ed cla!!e! a&d tho!e who depe&d upo& da%ly wa e@ betwee& me& a&d wome&@ betwee& old a&d you& . Dach appeal! to %t! ow& !ta&dard o- r% ht> a&d each th%&k! the other the creature o- per!o&al de!%re> wh%m or ob!t%&acy. Mob%l%ty ha! a--ected people! a! well. .at%o&! a&d race! -ace o&e a&other> each w%th %t! ow& %mmutable !ta&dard!. .e5er be-ore %& h%!tory ha5e there eA%!ted !uch &umerou! co&tact! a&d m%& l%& !. .e5er be-ore ha5e there bee& !uch occa!%o&! -or co&-l%ct wh%ch are the more !% &%-%ca&t becau!e each !%de -eel! that %t %! !upported by moral pr%&c%ple!. +u!tom! relat%& to what ha! bee& a&d emot%o&! re-err%& to what may come to be o the%r %&depe&de&t way!. /he dema&d o- each !%de treat! %t! oppo&e&t a! a w%l-ul 5%olator o- moral pr%&c%ple!> a& eApre!!%o& o- !el-7%&tere!t or !uper%or m% ht. '&tell% e&ce wh%ch %! the o&ly po!!%ble me!!e& er o- reco&c%l%at%o& dwell! %& a -ar la&d o- ab!tract%o&! or come! a-ter the e5e&t to record accompl%!hed -act!.

Notes
1. 9/he Cr% %& a&d De5elopme&t o- Moral 'dea!.9 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"I.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9(ab%t a&d $oc%al P!ycholo y>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: JE7JJ.

Part 1 The Place of !abit in Conduct /I* !abit and (ocial Psychology
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

/he pr%or d%!cu!!%o& ha! tr%ed to !how why the p!ycholo y o- hab%t %! a& object%5e a&d !oc%al p!ycholo y. $ettled a&d re ular act%o& mu!t co&ta%& a& adju!tme&t o- e&5%ro&%& co&d%t%o&!@ %t mu!t %&corporate them %& %t!el-. )or huma& be%& !> the e&5%ro&%& a--a%r!

d%rectly %mporta&t are tho!e -ormed by the act%5%t%e! o- other huma& be%& !. /h%! -act %! acce&tuated a&d made -u&dame&tal by the -act o- %&-a&cyK the -act that each huma& be%& be %&! l%-e completely depe&de&t upo& other!. /he &et outcome accord%& ly %! that what ca& be called d%!t%&ct%5ely %&d%5%dual %& beha5%or a&d m%&d %! &ot> co&trary to trad%t%o&al theory> a& or% %&al datum. Doubtle!! phy!%cal or phy!%olo %cal %&d%5%dual%ty alway! color! re!po&!%5e act%5%ty a&d he&ce mod%-%e! the -orm wh%ch cu!tom a!!ume! %& %t! per!o&al reproduct%o&!. '& -orce-ul e&er et%c character! th%! 1ual%ty %! marked. But %t %! %mporta&t to &ote that %t %! a 1ual%ty o- hab%t> &ot a& eleme&t or -orce eA%!t%& apart -rom adju!tme&t o- the e&5%ro&me&t ac%d capable o- be%& termed a !eparate %& d%5%dual m%&d. CrthodoA p!ycholo y !tart! howe5er -rom the a!!umpt%o& o- prec%!ely !uch %&depe&de&t m%&d!. (owe5er much d%--ere&t !chool! may 5ary %& the%r de-%&%t%o&! om%&d> they a ree %& th%! prem%!! o- !eparate&e!! a&d pr%or%ty. (e&ce !oc%al p!ycholo y

<JF= %! co&-u!ed by the e--ort to re&der %t! -act! %& the term! character%!t%c o- old p!ycholo y> !%&ce the d%!t%&ct%5e th%& about %t %! that %t %mpl%e! a& aba&do&me&t o- that p!ycholo y. /he trad%t%o&al p!ycholo y o- the or% %&al !eparate !oul> m%&d or co&!c%ou!&e!! %! %& truth a re-leA o- co&d%t%o&! wh%ch cut huma& &ature o-- -rom %t! &atural object%5e relat%o&!. 't %mpl%e! -%r!t the !e5era&ce o- ma& -rom &ature a&d the& o- each ma& -rom h%! -ellow!. /he %!olat%o& o- ma& -rom &ature %! duly ma&%-e!ted %& the !pl%t betwee& m%&d a&d bodyK !%&ce body %! clearly a co&&ected part o- &ature. /hu! the %&!trume&t o- act%o& a&d the mea&! o- the co&t%&uou! mod%-%cat%o& o- act%o&> o- the cumulat%5e carry%& -orward o- old act%5%ty %&to &ew> %! re arded a! a my!ter%ou! %&truder or a! a my!ter%ou! parallel accompa&%me&t. 't %! -a%r to !ay that the p!ycholo y o- a !eparate a&d %&depe&de&t co&!c%ou!&e!! be a& a! a& %&tellectual -ormulat%o& o- tho!e -act! omoral%ty wh%ch treated the mo!t %mporta&t k%&d o- act%o& a! a pr%5ate co&cer&> !ometh%& to be e&acted a&d co&cluded w%th%& character a! a purely per!o&al po!!e!!%o&. /he rel% %ou! a&d metaphy!%cal %&tere!t! wh%ch wa&ted the %deal to be a !eparate realm -%&ally co%&c%ded w%th a pract%cal re5olt a a%&!t curre&t cu!tom! a&d %&!t%tut%o&! to e&-orce curre&t p!ycholo %cal %&d%5%dual%!m. But th%! -ormulat%o& <put -orth %& the &ame o- !c%e&ce= reacted to co&-%rm the co&d%t%o&! out o- wh%ch %t aro!e> a&d to co&5ert %t -rom a h%!tor%c ep%!ode %&to a& e!!e&t%al truth. 't! eAa erat%o& o%&d%5%dual%ty %! lar ely

<JH= a compe&!atory react%o& a a%&!t the pre!!ure o- %&!t%tut%o&al r% %d%t%e!. 3&y moral theory wh%ch %! !er%ou!ly %&-lue&ced by curre&t p!ycholo %cal theory %! bou&d to empha!%Be !tate! o- co&!c%ou!&e!!> a& %&&er pr%5ate l%-e> at the eApe&!e o- act! wh%ch ha5e publ%c mea&%& a&d wh%ch %&corporate a&d eAact !oc%al relat%o&!h%p!. 3 p!ycholo y ba!ed upo& hab%t! <a&d %&!t%&ct! wh%ch become eleme&t! %& hab%t! a! !oo& a! they are acted upo&= w%ll o& the co&trary -%A %t! atte&t%o& upo& the object%5e co&d%t%o&! %& wh%ch hab%t! are -ormed a&d operate. /he r%!e at the pre!e&t t%me o- a cl%&%cal p!ycholo y wh%ch re5olt! at trad%t%o&al a&d orthodoA p!ycholo y %! a !ymptom o- eth%cal %mport. 't %! a prote!t a a%&!t the -ut%l%ty> a! a tool o- u&der!ta&d%& a&d deal%& w%th huma& &ature %& the co&crete> o- the p!ycholo y o- co&!c%ou! !e&!at%o&!> %ma e! a&d %dea!. 't eAh%b%t! a !e&!e -or real%ty %& %t! %&!%!te&ce upo& the pro-ou&d

%mporta&ce o- u&co&!c%ou! -orce! %& determ%&%& &ot o&ly o5ert co&duct but de!%re> jud me&t> bel%e-> %deal%Bat%o&. D5ery mo5eme&t o- react%o& a&d prote!t> howe5er> u!ually accept! !ome o- the ba!%c %dea! o- the po!%t%o& a a%&!t wh%ch %t rebel!. $o the mo!t popular -orm! o- the cl%&%cal p!ycholo y> tho!e a!!oc%ated with the founders o- p!ycho7a&aly!%!> reta%& the &ot%o& o- a !eparate p!ych%c realm or -orce. /hey add a !tateme&t po%&t%& to -act! o- the utmo!t 5alue> a&d wh%ch %! e1u%5ale&t to pract%cal reco &%t%o& o- the depe&de&ce o-

<JI= m%&d upo& hab%t a&d o- hab%t upo& !oc%al co&d%t%o&!. /h%! %! the !tateme&t o- the eA%!te&ce a&d operat%o& o- the 9u&co&!c%ou!>9 o- compleAe! due to co&tact! a&d co&-l%ct! w%th other!> o- the !oc%al ce&!or. But they !t%ll cl%& to the %dea o- the !eparate p!ych%c realm a&d !o %& e--ect talk about u&co&!c%ou! co&!c%ou!&e!!. /hey et the%r truth! m%Aed up %& theory w%th the -al!e p!ycholo y o- or% %&al %&d%5%dual co&!c%ou!&e!!> ju!t a! the !chool o- !oc%al p!ycholo %!t! doe! upo& %t! !%de. /he%r elaborate art%-%c%al eApla&at%o&!> l%ke the my!t%c collect%5e m%&d> co&!c%ou!&e!!> o5er7 !oul> o- !oc%al p!ycholo y> are due to -a%lure to be %& w%th the -act! o- hab%t a&d cu!tom. *hat the& %! mea&t by %&d%5%dual m%&d> by m%&d a! %&d%5%dual6 '& e--ect the reply ha! already bee& %5e&. +o&-l%ct o- hab%t! relea!e! %mpul!%5e act%5%t%e! wh%ch %& the%r ma&%-e!tat%o& re1u%re a mod%-%cat%o& o- hab%t> o- cu!tom a&d co&5e&t%o&. /hat wh%ch wa! at -%r!t the %&d%5%dual%Bed color or 1ual%ty o- hab%tual act%5%ty %! ab!tracted> a&d become! a ce&ter o- act%5%ty a%m%& to reco&!truct cu!tom! %& accord w%th !ome de!%re wh%ch %! rejected by the %mmed%ate !%tuat%o& a&d wh%ch there-ore %! -elt to belo& to o&e?! !el-> to be the mark a&d po!!e!!%o& o- a& %&d%5%dual %& part%al a&d temporary oppo!%t%o& to h%! e&5%ro&me&t. /he!e e&eral a&al &ece!!ar%ly 5a ue !tateme&t! w%ll he made more de-%&%te %& the -urther d%!cu!!%o& o- %mpul!e a&d %&tell% e&ce. )or %mpul!e whe& %t a!!ert! %t!el- del%berately a a%&!t a& eA%!t%& cu!tom %! the be %&&%& o%&d%5%dual%ty %&

<JJ= m%&d. /h%! be %&&%& %! de5eloped a&d co&!ol%dated %re the ob!er5at%o&!> jud me&t!> %&5e&t%o&! wh%ch try to tra&!-orm the e&5%ro&me&t !o that a 5ar%a&t> de5%at%& %mpul!e may %t!el- %& tur& become %&car&ated %& object%5e hab%t. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"J.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9'mpul!e a&d +ha& e o- (ab%t!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: J979E.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct I* I#pulse and Change of !abits
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

(3B'/$ a! or a&%Bed act%5%t%e! are !eco&dary a&d ac1u%red> &ot &at%5e a&d or% %&al. /hey are out rowth! o- u&lear&ed act%5%t%e! wh%ch are part o- ma&?! e&dowme&t at b%rth. /he order o- top%c! -ollowed %& our d%!cu!!%o& may accord%& ly be 1ue!t%o&ed. *hy !hould what %! der%5ed a&d there-ore %& !ome !e&!e art%-%c%al %& co&duct be d%!cu!!ed be-ore what %! pr%m%t%5e> &atural a&d %&e5%table6 *hy d%d we &ot !et out w%th a& eAam%&at%o& o- tho!e %&!t%&ct%5e act%5%t%e! upo& wh%ch the ac1u%!%t%o& o- hab%t! %! co&d%t%o&ed6 /he 1uery %! a &atural o&e> yet %t tempt! to -l%& %& -orth a paradoA. '& co&duct the ac1u%red %! the pr%m%t%5e. 'mpul!e! althou h -%r!t %& t%me are &e5er pr%mary %& -act@ they are !eco&dary a&d depe&de&t. /he !eem%& paradoA %& !tateme&t co5er! a -am%l%ar -act. '& the l%-e o- the %&d%5%dual> %&!t%&ct%5e act%5%ty come! -%r!t. But a& %&d%5%dual be %&! l%-e a! a baby> a&d bab%e! are depe&de&t be%& !. /he%r act%5%t%e! could co&t%&ue at mo!t -or o&ly a -ew hour! were %t &ot -or the pre!e&ce a&d a%d o- adult! w%th the%r -ormed hab%t!. 3&d bab%e! owe to adult! more tha& procreat%o&> more

<9"= tha& the co&t%&ued -ood a&d protect%o& wh%ch pre!er5e l%-e. /hey owe to adult! the opportu&%ty to eApre!! the%r &at%5e act%5%t%e! %& way! wh%ch ha5e mea&%& . D5e& %- by !ome m%racle or% %&al act%5%ty could co&t%&ue w%thout a!!%!ta&ce -rom the or a&%Bed !k%ll a&d art o- adult!> %t would &ot amou&t to a&yth%& . 't would be mere !ou&d a&d -ury. '& !hort> the meaning o- &at%5e act%5%t%e! %! &ot &at%5e@ %t %! ac1u%red. 't depe&d! upo& %&teract%o& w%th a matured !oc%al med%um. '& the ca!e o- a t% er or ea le> a& er may be %de&t%-%ed w%th a !er5%ceable l%-e7act%5%ty> w%th attack a&d de-e&!e. *%th a huma& be%& %t %! a! mea&%& le!! a! a u!t o- w%&d o& a mudpuddle apart -rom a d%rect%o& %5e& %t by the pre!e&ce o- other per!o&!> apart -rom the re!po&!e! they make to %t. 't %! a phy!%cal !pa!m> a bl%&d d%!per!%5e bur!t o- wa!te-ul e&er y. 't et! 1ual%ty> !% &%-%ca&ce> whe& %t become! a !moulder%& !ulle&&e!!> a& a&&oy%& %&terrupt%o&> a pee5%!h %rr%tat%o&> a murderou! re5e& e> a blaB%& %&d% &at%o&. 3&d althou h the!e phe&ome&a wh%ch ha5e a mea&%& !pr%& -rom or% %&al &at%5e react%o&! to !t%mul%> yet they depe&d al!o upo& the re!po&!%5e beha5%or o- other!. /hey a&d all !%m%lar huma& d%!play! o- a& er are &ot pure %mpul!e!@ they are hab%t! -ormed u&der the %&-lue&ce o- a!!oc%at%o& w%th other! who ha5e hab%t! already a&d who !how the%r hab%t! %& the treatme&t wh%ch co&5ert! a bl%&d phy!%cal d%!char e %&to a !% &%-%ca&t a& er. 3-ter % &or%& %mpul!e! -or a lo& t%me %& behal- o- !e&!at%o&!> moder& p!ycholo y &ow te&d! to !tart out

<91= w%th a& %&5e&tory a&d de!cr%pt%o& o- %&!t%&ct%5e act%5%t%e!. /h%! %! a& u&doubted %mpro5eme&t. But whe& %t tr%e! to eApla%& compl%cated e5e&t! %& per!o&al a&d !oc%al l%-e by d%rect re-ere&ce to the!e &at%5e power!> the eApla&at%o& become! haBy a&d -orced. 't

%! l%ke !ay%& the -lea a&d the elepha&t> the l%che& a&d the redwood> the t%m%d hare a&d the ra5e&%& wol-> the pla&t w%th the mo!t %&co&!p%cuou! blo!!om a&d the pla&t w%th the mo!t lar%& color are al%ke product! o- &atural !elect%o&. /here may be a !e&!e %& wh%ch the !tateme&t %! true@ but t%ll we k&ow the !pec%-%c e&5%ro&%& co&d%t%o&! u&der wh%ch !elect%o& took place we really k&ow &oth%& . 3&d !o we &eed to k&ow about the !oc%al co&d%t%o&! wh%ch ha5e educated or% %&al act%5%t%e! %&to de-%&%te a&d !% &%-%ca&t d%!po!%t%o&! be-ore we ca& d%!cu!! the p!ycholo %cal eleme&t %& !oc%ety. /h%! %! the true mea&%& o- !oc%al p!ycholo y. 3t !ome place o& the lobe> at !ome t%me> e5ery k%&d o- pract%ce !eem! to ha5e bee& tolerated or e5e& pra%!ed. (ow %! the treme&dou! d%5er!%ty o- %&!t%tut%o&! <%&clud%& moral code!= to be accou&ted -or6 /he &at%5e !tock o- %&!t%&ct! %! pract%cally the !ame e5erywhere. DAa erate a! much a! we l%ke the &at%5e d%--ere&ce! o- Pata o&%a&! a&d 2reek!> $%ouA '&d%a&! a&d (%&doo!> Bu!hme& a&d +h%&e!e> the%r or% %&al d%--ere&ce! w%ll bear &o compar%!o& to the amou&t o- d%--ere&ce -ou&d %& cu!tom a&d culture. $%&ce !uch a d%5er!%ty ca&&ot be attr%buted to a& or% %&al %de&t%ty> the de5elopme&t o- &at%5e %mpul!e mu!t be !tated %& term! o- ac1u%red hab%t!. &ot the rowth o- cu!tom! %& term! o- %&!t%&ct!.

<92= /he whole!ale huma& !acr%-%ce! o- Peru a&d the te&der&e!! o- $t. )ra&c%!> the cruelt%e! o- p%rate! a&d the ph%la&throp%e! o- (oward> the pract%ce o- $uttee a&d the cult o- the ,%r %&> the war a&d peace da&ce! o- the +oma&che! a&d the parl%ame&tary %&!t%tut%o&! o- the Br%t%!h> the commu&%!m o- the !outh !ea %!la&der a&d the propr%etary thr%-t o- the :a&kee> the ma %c o- the med%c%&e ma& a&d the eAper%me&t! o- the chem%!t %& h%! laboratory> the &o&7re!%!ta&ce o- +h%&e!e a&d the a re!!%5e m%l%tar%!m o- a& %mper%al Pru!!%a> mo&archy by d%5%&e r% ht a&d o5er&me&t by the people@ the cou&tle!! d%5er!%ty o- hab%t! !u e!ted by !uch a ra&dom l%!t !pr%& ! -rom pract%cally the !ame cap%tal7!tock o- &at%5e %&!t%&ct!. 't would be plea!a&t %- we could p%ck a&d choo!e tho!e %&!t%tut%o&! wh%ch we l%ke a&d %mpute them to huma& &ature> a&d the re!t to !ome de5%l@ or tho!e we l%ke to our k%&d ohuma& &ature> a&d tho!e we d%!l%ke to the &ature o- de!p%!ed -ore% &er! o& the rou&d they are &ot really 9 &at%5e 9 at all. 't would appear to be !%mpler %- we could po%&t to certa%& cu!tom!> !ay%& that they are the u&alloyed product! o- certa%& %&!t%&ct!> wh%le tho!e other !oc%al arra& eme&t! are to be attr%buted wholly to other %mpul!e!. But !uch method! are &ot -ea!%ble. /he !ame or% %&al -ear!> a& er!> lo5e! a&d hate! are hopele!!ly e&ta& led %& the mo!t. oppo!%te %&!t%tut%o&!. /he th%& we &eed to k&ow %! how a &at%5e !tock ha! bee& mod%-%ed by %&teract%o& w%th d%--ere&t e&5%ro&me&t!. :et %t oe! w%thout !ay%& that or% %&al> u&lear&ed < 1"3= act%5%ty ha! %t! d%!t%&ct%5e place a&d that a& %mporta&t o&e %& co&duct. 'mpul!e! are the p%5ot! upo& wh%ch the re7or a&%Bat%o& o- act%5%t%e! tur&> they are a e&c%e! ode5%at%o&> -or %5%& &ew d%rect%o&! to old hab%t! a&d cha& %& the%r 1ual%ty. +o&!e1ue&tly whe&e5er we are co&cer&ed w%th u&der!ta&d%& !oc%al tra&!%t%o& a&d -luA or w%th project! -or re-orm> per!o&al a&d collect%5e> our !tudy mu!t o to a&aly!%! o&at%5e te&de&c%e!. '&tere!t %& pro re!! a&d re-orm %!> %&deed> the rea!o& -or the pre!e&t reat de5elopme&t o- !c%e&t%-%c %&tere!t %& pr%m%t%5e huma& &ature. '- we %&1u%re why me& were !o lo& bl%&d to the eA%!te&ce o- power-ul a&d 5ar%ed %&!t%&ct! %& huma&

be%& !> the a&!wer !eem! to be -ou&d %& the lack o- a co&cept%o& o- orderly pro re!!. 't %! -a!t becom%& %&cred%ble that p!ycholo %!t! d%!puted a! to whether they !hould choo!e betwee& %&&ate %dea! a&d a& empty> pa!!%5e> waA7l%ke m%&d. )or %t !eem! a! %- a la&ce at a ch%ld would ha5e re5ealed that the truth lay %& &e%ther doctr%&e> !o ob5%ou! %! the !ur %& o- !pec%-%c &at%5e act%5%t%e!. But th%! obtu!e&e!! to -act! wa! e5%de&ce o- lack o%&tere!t %& what could be do&e w%th %mpul!e!> due> %& tur&> to lack o- %&tere!t %& mod%-y%& eA%!t%& %&!t%tut%o&!. 't %! &o acc%de&t that me& became %&tere!ted %& the p!ycholo y o- !a5a e! a&d bab%e! whe& they became %&tere!ted %& do%& away w%th old %&!t%tut%o&!. 3 comb%&at%o& o- trad%t%o&al %&d%5%dual%!m w%th the rece&t %&tere!t %& pro re!! eApla%&! why the d%!co5ery o- the !cope a&d -orce o- %&!t%&ct! ha! led ma&y p!ycholo %!t! to th%&k o- them a! the -ou&ta%& head o- all

<9E= co&duct> a! occupy%& a place be-ore %&!tead o- a-ter that o- hab%t!. /he orthodoA trad%t%o& %& p!ycholo y %! bu%lt upo& %!olat%o& o- %&d%5%dual! -rom the%r !urrou&d%& !. /he !oul or m%&d or co&!c%ou!&e!! wa! thou ht o- a! !el-7co&ta%&ed a&d !el-7e&clo!ed. .ow %& the career o- a& %&d%5%dual %- %t %! re arded a! complete %& %t!el- %&!t%&ct! clearly come be-ore hab%t!. 2e&eral%Be th%! %&d%5%dual%!t%c 5%ew> a&d we ha5e a& a!!umpt%o& that all cu!tom!> all !% &%-%ca&t ep%!ode! %& the l%-e o- %&d%5%dual! ca& be carr%ed d%rectly back to the operat%o& o- %&!t%&ct!. But> a! we ha5e already &oted> %- a& %&d%5%dual be %!olated %& th%! -a!h%o&> alo& w%th the -act o- pr%macy o- %&!t%&ct we -%&d al!o the -act o- death. /he %&choate a&d !cattered %mpul!e! o- a& %&-a&t do &ot coord%&ate %&to !er5%ceable power! eAcept throu h !oc%al depe&de&c%e! a&d compa&%o&!h%p!. (%! %mpul!e! are merely !tart%& po%&t! -or a!!%m%lat%o& o- the k&owled e a&d !k%ll o- the more matured be%& ! upo& whom he depe&d!. /hey are te&tacle! !e&t out to ather that &utr%t%o& -rom cu!tom! wh%ch w%ll %& t%me re&der the %&-a&t capable o- %&depe&de&t act%o&. /hey are a e&c%e! -or tra&!-er oeA%!t%& !oc%al power %&to per!o&al ab%l%ty@ they are mea&! o- reco&!truct%5e rowth. 3ba&do& a& %mpo!!%ble %&d%5%dual%!t%c p!ycholo y> a&d we arr%5e at the -act that &at%5e act%5%t%e! are or a&! o- reor a&%Bat%o& a&d re7adju!tme&t. /he he& precede! the e . But &e5erthele!! th%! part%cular e may be !o treated a! to mod%-y the -uture type o- he&. 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_"9.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9'mpul!e a&d +ha& e o- (ab%t!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 9F71"F.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct II* Plasticity of I#pulse

Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

'& the ca!e o- the you& %t %! pate&t that %mpul!e! are h% hly -leA%ble !tart%& po%&t! -or act%5%t%e! wh%ch are d%5er!%-%ed accord%& to the way! %& wh%ch they are. u!ed. 3&y %mpul!e may become or a&%Bed %&to almo!t a&y d%!po!%t%o& accord%& to the way %t %&teract! w%th !urrou&d%& !. )ear may become abject coward%ce> prude&t caut%o&> re5ere&ce -or !uper%or! or re!pect -or e1ual!@ a& a e&cy -or credulou! !wallow%& oab!urd !uper!t%t%o&! or -or wary !cept%c%!m. 3 ma& may be ch%e-ly a-ra%d o- the !p%r%t! o- h%! a&ce!tor!> o- o--%c%al!> o- arou!%& the d%!appro5al o- h%! a!!oc%ate!> o- be%& dece%5ed> o- -re!h a%r> or o- Bol!he5%!m. /he actual outcome depe&d! upo& how the %mpul!e o- -ear %! %&terwo5e& w%th other %mpul!e!. /h%! depe&d! %& tur& upo& the outlet! a&d %&h%b%t%o&! !uppl%ed by the !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t. '& a de-%&%te !e&!e> the&> a huma& !oc%ety %! alway! !tart%& a-re!h. 't %! alway! %& proce!! o- re&ew%& > a&d %t e&dure! o&ly becau!e o- re&ewal. *e !peak o- the people! o- !outher& Durope a! ;at%& people!. /he%r eA%!t%& la& ua e! depart w%dely -rom o&e a&other a&d -rom the ;at%& mother to& ue. :et there &e5er wa! a. day whe& th%! alterat%o& o- !peech wa! %&te&t%o&al or eApl%c%t. Per!o&! alway! mea&t to reproduce the !peech they heard -rom the%r elder! a&d !uppo!ed they were

<9H= !ucceed%& . /h%! -act may !ta&d a! a k%&d o- !ymbol o- the reco&!truct%o& wrou ht %& hab%t! becau!e o- the -act that they ca& be tra&!m%tted a&d be made to e&dure o&ly throu h the med%um o- the crude act%5%t%e! o- the you& or throu h co&tact w%th per!o&! ha5%& d%--ere&t hab%t!. )or the mo!t part> th%! co&t%&uou! alterat%o& ha! bee& u&co&!c%ou! a&d. u&%&te&ded. 'mmature> u&de5eloped act%5%ty ha! !ucceeded %& mod%-y%& adult or a&%Bed act%5%ty acc%de&tally a&d !urrept%t%ou!ly. But w%th the daw& o- the %dea o- pro re!!%5e betterme&t a&d a& %&tere!t %& &ew u!e! o- %mpul!e!> there ha! row& up !ome co&!c%ou!&e!! o- the eAte&t to wh%ch a -uture &ew !oc%ety o- cha& ed purpo!e! a&d de!%re! may be created by a del%berate huma&e treatme&t o- the %mpul!e! o- youth. /h%! %! the mea&%& oeducat%o&@ -or a truly huma&e educat%o& co&!%!t! %& a& %&tell% e&t d%rect%o& o- &at%5e act%5%t%e! %& the l% ht o- the po!!%b%l%t%e! a&d &ece!!%t%e! o- the !oc%al !%tuat%o&. But -or the mo!t part> adult! ha5e %5e& tra%&%& rather tha& educat%o&. 3& %mpat%e&t> premature mecha&%Bat%o& o- %mpul!%5e act%5%ty a-ter the -%Aed patter& o- adult hab%t! o- thou ht a&d a--ect%o& ha! bee& de!%red. /he comb%&ed e--ect o- lo5e o- power> t%m%d%ty %& the -ace othe &o5el a&d 3 !el-7adm%r%& complace&cy ha! bee& too !tro& to perm%t %mmature %mpul!e to eAerc%!e %t! reor a&%B%& pote&t%al%t%e!. /he you& er e&erat%o& ha! hardly e5e& k&ocked -ra&kly at the door o- adult cu!tom!> much le!! bee& %&5%ted %& to rect%-y throu h better educat%o& the brutal%t%e! a&d %&e1u%t%e! e!tab7

<9I= 7l%!hed %& adult hab%t!. Dach &ew e&erat%o& ha! crept bl%&dly a&d -urt%5ely throu h !uch cha&ce ap! a! ha5e happe&ed to be le-t ope&. Ctherw%!e %t ha! bee& modeled a-ter the old.

*e ha5e already &oted how or% %&al pla!t%c%ty %! warped a&d doc%l%ty %! take& mea& ad5a&ta e o-. 't ha! bee& u!ed to !% &%-y &ot capac%ty to lear& l%berally a&d e&erou!ly> but w%ll%& &e!! to lear& the cu!tom! o- adult a!!oc%ate!> ab%l%ty to lear& ju!t tho!e !pec%al th%& ! wh%ch tho!e ha5%& power a&d author%ty w%!h to teach. Cr% %&al mod%-%ab%l%ty ha! &ot bee& %5e& a -a%r cha&ce to act a! a tru!tee -or a better huma& l%-e. 't ha! bee& loaded w%th co&5e&t%o&> b%a!ed by adult co&5e&%e&ce. 't ha! bee& pract%cally re&dered %&to a& e1u%5ale&t o- &o&7a!!ert%o& o- or% %&al%ty> a pl%a&t accommodat%o& to the embod%ed op%&%o&! o- other!. +o&!e1ue&tly doc%l%ty ha! bee& %de&t%-%ed w%th %m%tat%5e&e!!> %&!tead o- w%th power to re7make old hab%t!> to re7create. Pla!t%c%ty a&d or% %&al%ty ha5e bee& oppo!ed to each other. /hat the mo!t prec%ou! part o- pla!t%c%ty co&!%!t! %& ab%l%ty to -orm hab%t! o%&depe&de&t jud me&t a&d o- %&5e&t%5e %&%t%at%o& ha! bee& % &ored. )or %t dema&d! a more complete a&d %&te&!e doc%l%ty to -orm -leA%ble ea!%ly re7adju!ted hab%t! tha& %t doe! to ac1u%re tho!e wh%ch r% %dly copy the way! o- other!. '& !hort> amo& the &at%5e act%5%t%e! o- the you& are !ome that work toward! accommodat%o&> a!!%m%lat%o&> reproduct%o&> a&d other! that work toward eAplorat%o&> d%!co5ery a&d creat%o&. But the we% ht o- adult cu!tom ha! bee& throw& upo& reta%&%&

<9J= a&d !tre& the&%& te&de&c%e! toward co&-orm%ty> a&d a a%&!t tho!e wh%ch make -or 5ar%at%o& a&d %&depe&de&ce. /he hab%t! o- the row%& per!o& are jealou!ly kept w%th%& the l%m%t o- adult cu!tom!. /he del% ht-ul or% %&al%ty o- the ch%ld %! tamed. *or!h%p o%&!t%tut%o&! a&d per!o&a e! them!el5e! lack%& %& %ma %&at%5e -ore!% ht> 5er!at%le ob!er5at%o& a&d l%beral thou ht> %! e&-orced. ,ery early %& l%-e !et! o- m%&d are -ormed w%thout atte&t%5e thou ht> a&d the!e !et! per!%!t a&d co&trol the mature m%&d. /he ch%ld lear&! to a5o%d the !hock o- u&plea!a&t d%!a reeme&t> to -%&d the ea!y way out> to appear to co&-orm to cu!tom! wh%ch are wholly my!ter%ou! to h%m %& order to et h%! ow& waythat %! to d%!play !ome &atural %mpul!e w%thout eAc%t%& the u&-a5orable &ot%ce o- tho!e %& author%ty. 3dult! d%!tru!t the %&tell% e&ce wh%ch a ch%ld ha! wh%le mak%& upo& h%m dema&d! -or a k%&d o- co&duct that re1u%re! a> h% h order o- %&tell% e&ce> %- %t %! to be %&tell% e&t at all. /he %&co&!%!te&cy %! reco&c%led by %&!t%ll%& %& h%m 9moral 9 hab%t! wh%ch ha5e a maA%mum o- emot%o&al empre!!me&t a&d adama&t%&e hold w%th a m%&%mum o- u&der!ta&d%& . /he!e hab%tude!> deeply e& ra%&ed be-ore thou ht %! awake a&d e5e& be-ore the day oeAper%e&ce! wh%ch ca& later he recalled> o5er& co&!c%ou! later thou ht. /hey are u!ually deepe!t a&d mo!t u& et7at7able ju!t where cr%t%cal thou ht %! mo!t &eeded %& moral!> rel% %o& a&d pol%t%c!. /he!e 9%&-a&t%l%!m! 9 accou&t -or the ma!! o- %rrat%o&al%t%e! that pre5a%l amo& me& o- otherw%!e rat%o&al ta!te!. /he!e

<99= per!o&al 9 ha& 7o5er! 9 are the cau!e o- what the !tude&t o- culture call! !ur5%5al!. But u&-ortu&ately the!e !ur5%5al! are much more &umerou! a&d per5a!%5e tha& the a&thropolo %!t a&d h%!tor%a& are wo&t to adm%t. /o l%!t them would perhap! ou!t o&e -rom 9 re!pectable 9 !oc%ety. 3&d yet the %&t%mat%o& &e5er wholly de!ert! u! that there %! %& the u&-ormed act%5%t%e! och%ldhood a&d youth the po!!%b%l%t%e! o- a better l%-e -or the commu&%ty a! well a! -or %&d%5%dual! here a&d there. /h%! d%m !e&!e %! the rou&d o- our ab%d%& %deal%Bat%o& o-

ch%ldhood. )or w%th all %t! eAtra5a a&c%e! a&d u&certa%&t%e!> %t! e--u!%o&! a&d ret%ce&ce!> %t rema%&! a !ta&d%& proo- o- a l%-e where%& rowth %! &ormal &ot a& a&omaly> act%5%ty a del% ht &ot a ta!k> a&d where hab%t7-orm%& %! a& eApa&!%o& o- power &ot %t! !hr%&ka e. (ab%t a&d %mpul!e may war w%th each other> but %t %! a combat betwee& the hab%t! oadult! a&d the %mpul!e! o- the you& > a&d &ot> a! w%th the adult> a c%5%l war-are whereby per!o&al%ty %! re&t a!u&der. Cur u!ual mea!ure -or the 9 ood&e!! 9 o- ch%ldre& %! the amou&t o- trouble they make -or row&up!> wh%ch mea&! o- cour!e the amou&t they de5%ate -rom adult hab%t! a&d eApectat%o&!. :et by way o- eAp%at%o& we e&5y ch%ldre& the%r lo5e o- &ew eAper%e&ce!> the%r %&te&t&e!! %& eAtract%& the la!t drop o- !% &%-%ca&ce -rom each !%tuat%o&> the%r 5%tal !er%ou!&e!! %& th%& ! that to u! are outwor&. *e compe&!ate -or the har!h&e!! a&d mo&oto&y - our pre!e&t %&!%!te&ce upo& -ormed hab%t! by < 1""= %ma %&%& a -uture hea5e& %& wh%ch we too !hall re!po&d -re!hly a&d e&erou!ly to each %&c%de&t o- l%-e. '& co&!e1ue&ce o- our d%5%ded att%tude> our %deal! are !el-7 co&trad%ctory. C& the o&e ha&d> we dream o- a& atta%&ed per-ect%o&> a& ult%mate !tat%c oal> %& wh%ch e--ort !hall cea!e> a&d de!%re a&d eAecut%o& be o&ce a&d -or all %& complete e1u%l%br%um. *e w%!h -or a character wh%ch !hall be !tead-a!t> a&d we the& co&ce%5e th%! de!%red -a%th-ul&e!! a! !ometh%& %mmutable> a character eAactly the !ame ye!terday> today a&d -ore5er. But we al!o ha5e a !&eak%& !ympathy -or the coura e oa& Dmer!o& %& declar%& that co&!%!te&cy !hould be throw& to the w%&d! whe& %t !ta&d! betwee& u@@ a&d the opportu&%t%e! o- pre!e&t l%-e. *e reach out to the oppo!%te eAtreme o- our %deal o- -%A%ty> a&d u&der the u%!e o- a retur& to &ature dream o- a roma&t%c -reedom> %& wh%ch all l%-e %! pla!t%c to %mpul!e> a co&t%&ual !ource o- %mpro5%!ed !po&ta&e%t%e! a&d &o5el %&!p%rat%o&!. *e rebel a a%&!t all or a&%Bat%o& a&d all !tab%l%ty. '- moder& thou ht a&d !e&t%me&t %! to e!cape -rom th%! d%5%!%o& %& %t! %deal!> %t mu!t be throu h ut%l%B%& relea!ed %mpul!e a! a& a e&t o- !teady reor a&%Bat%o& o- cu!tom a&d %&!t%tut%o&!. *h%le ch%ldhood %! the co&!p%cuou! proo- o- the re&ew%& o- hab%t re&dered po!!%ble by %mpul!e> the latter &e5er wholly cea!e! to play %t! re-re!h%& role %& adult l%-e. '- %t d%d> l%-e would petr%-y> !oc%ety !ta &ate. '&!t%&ct%5e react%o&! are !omet%me! too %&te&!e to be wo5e& %&to a !mooth patter& o- hab%t!. 0&der ord%&ary c%rcum!ta&ce! they appear to be tamed to

<1"1= obey the%r ma!ter> cu!tom. But eAtraord%&ary cr%!e! relea!e them a&d they !how by w%ld 5%ole&t e&er y how !uper-%c%al %! the co&trol o- rout%&e. /he !ay%& that c%5%l%Bat%o& %! o&ly !k%& deep> that a !a5a e per!%!t! be&eath the clothe! o- a c%5%l%Bed ma&> %! the commo& ack&owled me&t o- th%! -act. 3t cr%t%cal mome&t! o- u&u!ual !t%mul% the emot%o&al outbreak a&d ru!h o- %&!t%&ct! dom%&at%& all act%5%ty !how how !uper-%c%al %! the mod%-%cat%o& wh%ch a r% %d hab%t ha! bee& able to e--ect. *he& we -ace th%! -act %& %t! e&eral !% &%-%ca&ce>> we co&-ro&t o&e o- the om%&ou! a!pect! o- the h%!tory o- ma&. *e real%Be how l%ttle the pro re!! o- ma& ha! bee& the product o- %&tell% e&t u%da&ce> how lar ely %t ha! bee& a by7product o- acc%de&tal uphea5al!> e5e& thou h by a& apolo et%c %&tere!t %& behal- o- !ome pr%5%le ed %&!t%tut%o& we later tra&!mute cha&ce %&to pro5%de&ce. *e ha5e depe&ded upo& the cla!h o- war> the !tre!! o- re5olut%o&> the emer e&ce o- hero%c %&d%5%dual!> the %mpact o- m% rat%o&!

e&erated by war a&d -am%&e> the %&com%& o- barbar%a&!> to cha& e e!tabl%!hed %&!t%tut%o&!. '&!tead o- co&!ta&tly ut%l%B%& u&u!ed %mpul!e to e--ect co&t%&uou! reco&!truct%o&> we ha5e wa%ted t%ll a& accumulat%o& o- !tre!!e! !udde&ly break! throu h the d%ke! o- cu!tom. 't %! o-te& !uppo!ed that a! old per!o&! d%e> !o mu!t old people!. /here are ma&y -act! %& h%!tory to !upport the bel%e-. Decade&ce a&d de e&erat%o& !eem! to be the rule a! a e %&crea!e!. 3& %rrupt%o& o- !ome u&c%5%l%Bed horde ha! the& pro5%ded &ew blood a&d -re!h

<1"2= l%-e !o much !o that h%!tory ha! bee& de-%&ed a! a proce!! o- rebarbar%Bat%o&. '& truth the a&alo y betwee& a per!o& a&d a &at%o& w%th re!pect to !e&e!ce&ce a&d death %! de-ect%5e. 3 &at%o& %! alway! re&ewed by the death o- %t! old co&!t%tue&t! a&d the b%rth o- tho!e who are a! you& a&d -re!h a! e5er were a&y %&d%5%dual! %& the hey7day o- the &at%o&?! lory. .ot the &at%o& but %t! cu!tom! et old. 't! %&!t%tut%o&! petr%-y %&to r% %d%ty@ there %! !oc%al arter%al !clero!%!. /he& !ome people &ot o5erburde&ed w%th elaborate a&d !t%-- hab%t! take up a&d carry o& the mo5%& proce!! o- l%-e. /he !tock o- -re!h people! %!> howe5er> approach%& eAhau!t%o&. 't %! &ot !a-e to rely upo& th%! eApe&!%5e method ore&ew%& c%5%l%Bat%o&. *e &eed to d%!co5er how to reju5e&ate %t -rom w%th%&. 3 &ormal perpetuat%o& become! a -act %& the de ree %& wh%ch %mpul!e %! relea!ed a&d hab%t %! pla!t%c to the tra&!-orm%& touch o- %mpul!e. *he& cu!tom! are -leA%ble a&d youth %! educated a! youth a&d &ot a! premature adulthood> &o &at%o& row! old. /here alway! eA%!t! a oodly !tore o- &o&7-u&ct%o&%& %mpul!e! wh%ch may be draw& upo&. /he%r ma&%-e!tat%o& a&d ut%l%Bat%o& %! called co&5er!%o& or re e&erat%o& whe& %t come! !udde&ly. But they may be draw& upo& co&t%&uou!ly a&d moderately. /he& we call %t lear&%& or educat%5e rowth. L% %d cu!tom !% &%-%e! &ot that there are &o !uch %mpul!e! but that they are &ot or a&%cally take& ad5a&ta e o-. 3! matter o- -act> the !t%--er a&d the more e&cru!ted the cu!tom!> the lar er %! the &umber o- %&!t%&ct%5e act%5%t%e!

<1"3= that -%&d &o re ular outlet a&d that accord%& ly merely awa%t a cha&ce to et a& %rre ular> u&coord%&ated ma&%-e!tat%o&. Lout%&e hab%t! &e5er take up all the !lack. /hey apply o&ly where co&d%t%o&! rema%& the !ame or recur %& u&%-orm way!. /hey do &ot -%t the u&u!ual a&d &o5el. +o&!e1ue&tly r% %d moral code! that attempt to lay dow& de-%&%te %&ju&ct%o&! a&d proh%b%t%o&! -or e5ery occa!%o& %& l%-e tur& out %& -act loo!e a&d !lack. $tretch te& comma&dme&t! or a&y other &umber a! -ar a! you w%ll by %& e&%ou! eAe e!%!> yet act! u&pro5%ded -or by them w%ll occur. .o elaborat%o& o- !tatute law ca& -ore!tall 5ar%a&t ca!e! a&d the &eed o- %&terpretat%o& ad hoe. Moral a&d le al !cheme! that attempt the %mpo!!%ble %& the way o- de-%&%te -ormulat%o& compe&!ate -or eApl%c%t !tr%ct&e!! %& !ome l%&e! by %mpl%c%t loo!e&e!! %& other!. /he o&ly truly !e5ere code %! the o&e wh%ch -ore oe! cod%-%cat%o&> throw%& re!po&!%b%l%ty -or jud %& each ca!e upo& the a e&t! co&cer&ed> %mpo!%& upo& them the burde& o- d%!co5ery a&d adaptat%o& /he relat%o& wh%ch actually eA%!t! betwee& u&d%rected %&!t%&ct a&d o5er7or a&%Bed cu!tom %! %llu!trated %& the two 5%ew! that are curre&t about !a5a e l%-e. /he popular

5%ew look! at the !a5a e a! a w%ld ma&@ a! o&e who k&ow! &o co&troll%& pr%&c%ple! or rule! o- act%o&> who -reely -ollow! h%! ow& %mpul!e> wh%m or de!%re whe&e5er %t !e%Be! h%m a&d where5er %t take! h%m. 3&thropolo %!t! are %5e& to the oppo!ed &ot%o&. /hey 5%ew !a5a e! a! bo&d!me& to cu!tom>

<1"E= /hey &ote the &etwork o- re ulat%o&! that order h%! r%!%& !7up a&d h%! !%tt%& !7 dow&> h%! o%& !7out a&d h%! com%& !7%&. /hey co&clude that %& compar%!o& w%th c%5%l%Bed ma& the !a5a e %! a !la5e> o5er&ed by ma&y %&-leA%ble tr%bal hab%tude! %& co&duct a&d %dea!. /he truth about !a5a e l%-e l%e! %& a comb%&at%o& o- the!e two co&cept%o&!. *here cu!tom! eA%!t they are o- o&e patter& a&d b%&d%& o& per!o&al !e&t%me&t a&d thou ht to a de ree u&k&ow& %& c%5%l%Bed l%-e. But !%&ce they ca&&ot po!!%bly eA%!t w%th re!pect to all the cha& %& deta%l o- da%ly l%-e> whate5er %! le-t u&co5ered by cu!tom %! -ree -rom re ulat%o&. 't %! there-ore le-t to appet%te a&d mome&tary c%rcum!ta&ce. /hu! e&!la5eme&t to cu!tom a&d l%ce&!e o- %mpul!e eA%!t !%de by !%de. $tr%ct co&-orm%ty a&d u&re!tra%&ed w%ld&e!! %&te&!%-y each other. /h%! p%cture o- l%-e !how! u! %& a& eAa erated -orm the p!ycholo y curre&t %& c%5%l%Bed l%-e whe&e5er cu!tom! harde& a&d hold %&d%5%dual! e&me!hed. *%th%& c%5%l%Bat%o&> the !a5a e !t%ll eA%!t!. (e %! k&ow& %& h%! de ree by o!c%llat%o& betwee& loo!e %&dul e&ce a&d !t%-- hab%t. 'mpul!e %& !hort br%& ! w%th %t!el- the po!!%b%l%ty but &ot the a!!ura&ce o- a !teady reor a&%Bat%o& o- hab%t! to meet &ew eleme&t! %& &ew !%tuat%o&!. /he moral problem %& ch%ld a&d adult al%ke a! re ard! %mpul!e a&d %&!t%&ct %! to ut%l%Be them -or -ormat%o& o&ew hab%t!> or what %! the !ame th%& > the mod%-%cat%o& o- a& old hab%t !o that %t may be ade1uately !er5%ceable u&der &o5el co&d%t%o&!. /he place o- %mpul!e %& co&duct a! a p%5ot o- re7adju!tme&t> re7or a&%Bat%o&> %&

<1"F= hab%t! may be de-%&ed a! -ollow!: C& o&e !%de> %t %! marked o-- -rom the terr%tory o- arre!ted a&d e&cru!ted hab%t!. C& the other !%de> %t %! demarcated -rom the re %o& %& wh%ch %mpul!e %! a law u&to %t!el-.-1. 2e&eral%B%& the!e d%!t%&ct%o&!> a 5al%d moral theory co&tra!t! w%th all tho!e theor%e! wh%ch !et up !tat%c oal! <e5e& whe& they are called per-ect%o&=> a&d w%th tho!e theor%e! wh%ch %deal%Be raw %mpul!e a&d -%&d %& %t! !po&ta&e%t%e! a& ade1uate mode o- huma& -reedom. 'mpul!e %! a !ource> a& %&d%!pe&!able !ource> o- l%berat%o&@ but o&ly a! %t %! employed %& %5%& hab%t! pert%&e&ce a&d -re!h&e!! doe! %t l%berate power.

Notes
1. /he u!e o- the word! %&!t%&ct a&d %mpul!e. a! pract%cal e1u%5ale&t! %! %&te&t%o&al> e5e& thou h %t may r%e5e cr%t%cal reader!. /he word %&!t%&ct take& alo&e %! !t%ll too lade& w%th the older &ot%o& that a& %&!t%&ct %! alway! de-%&%tely or a&%Bed a&d adapted wh%ch -or the mo!t part %! ju!t what %t %! &ot %& huma& be%& !. /he word %mpul!e !u e!t! !ometh%& pr%m%t%5e> yet loo!e> u&d%rected> %&%t%al. 3la& ca& pro re!! a! bea!t! ca&&ot> prec%!ely becau!e he ha! !o ma&y ?%&!t%&ct!? that they cut acro!! o&e a&other> !o that mo!t !er5%ceable act%o&! mu!t be lear&ed. '& lear&%& hab%t! %t %! po!!%ble -or ma& to lear& the hab%t o- lear&%& . /he& betterme&t become! a co&!c%ou! pr%&c%ple o- l%-e.

7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_1".html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9+ha& %& huma& &ature>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1"H712E.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct III* Changing !u#an Nature
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

'&c%de&tally we ha5e touched upo& a mo!t -ar7reach%& problem: /he alterab%l%ty ohuma& &ature. Darly re-ormer!> -ollow%& 8oh& ;ocke> were %&cl%&ed to m%&%m%Be the !% &%-%ca&ce o- &at%5e act%5%t%e!> a&d to empha!%Be the po!!%b%l%t%e! %&here&t %& pract%ce a&d hab%t ac1u%!%t%o&. /here wa! a pol%t%cal !la&t to th%! de&%al o- the &at%5e a&d a pr%or%> th%! ma &%-y%& o- the accompl%!hme&t! o- ac1u%red eAper%e&ce. 't held out a pro!pect oco&t%&uou! de5elopme&t> o- %mpro5eme&t w%thout e&d. /hu! wr%ter! l%ke (el5et%u! made the %dea o- the complete malleab%l%ty o- a huma& &ature wh%ch or% %&ally %! wholly empty a&d pa!!%5e> the ba!%! -or a!!ert%& the om&%pote&ce o- educat%o& to !hape huma& !oc%ety> a&d the rou&d o- procla%m%& the %&-%&%te per-ect%b%l%ty o- ma&k%&d. *ary> eAper%e&ced me& o- the world ha5e alway! bee& !cept%cal o- !cheme! ou&l%m%ted %mpro5eme&t. /hey te&d to re ard pla&! -or !oc%al cha& e w%th a& eye o!u!p%c%o&. /hey -%&d %& them e5%de&ce! o- the pro&e&e!! o- youth to %llu!%o&> or o%&capac%ty o& the part o- tho!e who ha5e row& old to lear& a&yth%& -rom eAper%e&ce. /h%! type o- co&!er5at%5e ha! thou ht to -%&d %& the doctr%&e o- &at%5e %&!t%&ct! a !c%e&t%-%c !upport -or a!!ert%& the pract%cal u&alterab%l%ty o- huma& &ature. +%rcum!ta&ce! may cha& e

<1"I= but huma& &ature rema%&! -rom a e to a e the !ame. (ered%ty %! more pote&t tha& e&5%ro&me&t> a&d huma& hered%ty %! u&touched by huma& %&te&t. D--ort -or a !er%ou! alterat%o& o- huma& %&!t%tut%o&! %! utop%a&. 3! th%& ! ha5e bee& !o they w%ll be. /he more they cha& e the more they rema%& the !ame. +ur%ou!ly e&ou h both part%e! re!t the%r ca!e upo& ju!t the -actor wh%ch whe& %t %! a&alyBed weake&! the%r re!pect%5e co&clu!%o&!. /hat %! to !ay> the rad%cal re-ormer re!t! h%! co&te&t%o& %& behal- o- ea!y a&d rap%d cha& e upo& the p!ycholo y o- hab%t!> o%&!t%tut%o&! %& !hap%& raw &ature> a&d the co&!er5at%5e rou&d! h%! cou&ter7a!!ert%o& upo& the p!ycholo y o- %&!t%&ct!. 3! matter o- -act> %t %! prec%!ely cu!tom wh%ch ha!

reate!t %&ert%a> wh%ch %! lea!t !u!cept%ble o- alterat%o&@ wh%le %&!t%&ct! are mo!t read%ly mod%-%able throu h u!e> mo!t !ubject to educat%5e d%rect%o&. /he co&!er5at%5e who be ! !c%e&t%-%c !upport -rom the p!ycholo y o- %&!t%&ct! %! the 5%ct%m o- a& out row& p!ycholo y wh%ch der%5ed %t! &ot%o& o- %&!t%&ct -rom a& eAa erat%o& o- the -%A%ty a&d certa%&ty o- the operat%o& o- %&!t%&ct! amo& the lower a&%mal!. (e %! a 5%ct%m o- a popular Boolo y o- the b%rd> bee a&d bea5er> wh%ch wa! lar ely -ramed to the reater lory o- 2od. (e %! % &ora&t that %&!t%&ct! %& -l%p a&%mal! are le!! %&-all%ble a&d de-%&%te tha& %! !uppo!ed> a&d al!o that. the huma& be%& d%--er! -rom the lower a&%mal! %& prec%!ely the -act that h%! &at%5e act%5%t%e! lack the compleA ready7made or a&%Bat%o& othe a&%mal!? or% %&al ab%l%t%e!. But the !hort7cut re5olut%o&%!t -a%l! to real%Be the

< 1"J= -ull -orce o- the th%& ! about wh%ch he talk! mo!t> &amely %&!t%tut%o&! a! embod%ed hab%t!. 3&y o&e w%th k&owled e o- the !tab%l%ty a&d -orce o- hab%t w%ll he!%tate to propo!e or prophe!y rap%d a&d !weep%& !oc%al cha& e!. 3 !oc%al re5olut%o& may e--ect abrupt a&d deep alterat%o&! %& eAter&al cu!tom!> %& le al a&d pol%t%cal %&!t%tut%o&!. But the hab%t! that are beh%&d the!e %&!t%tut%o&! a&d that ha5e> w%lly7&%lly> bee& !haped by object%5e co&d%t%o&!> the hab%t! o- thou ht a&d -eel%& > are &ot !o ea!%ly mod%-%ed. /hey per!%!t a&d %&!e&!%bly a!!%m%late to them!el5e! the outer %&&o5at%o&! K much a! 3mer%ca& jud e! &ull%-y the %&te&ded cha& e! o- !tatute law by %&terpret%& le %!lat%o& %& the l% ht o- commo& law. /he -orce o- la %& (uma& l%-e %! e&ormou!. 3ctual !oc%al cha& e %! &e5er !o reat a! %! appare&t cha& e. *ay! o- bel%e-> oeApectat%o&> o- jud me&t a&d atte&da&t emot%o&al d%!po!%t%o&! o- l%ke a&d d%!l%ke> are &ot ea!%ly mod%-%ed a-ter they ha5e o&ce take& !hape. Pol%t%cal a&d le al %&!t%tut%o&! may be altered> e5e& abol%!hed@ but the bulk o- popular thou ht wh%ch ha! bee& !haped to the%r patter& per!%!t!. /h%! %! why low%& pred%ct%o&! o- the %mmed%ate com%& o- a !oc%al m%lle&&%um term%&ate !o u&%-ormly %& d%!appo%&tme&t> wh%ch %5e! po%&t to the !ta&d%& !u!p%c%o& o- the cy&%cal co&!er5at%5e about rad%cal cha& e!. (ab%t! o- thou ht outl%5e mod%-%cat%o&! %& hab%t! o- o5ert act%o&. /he -ormer are 5%tal> the latter> w%thout the !u!ta%&%& l%-e o- the -ormer> are mu!cular tr%ck!. +o&!e1ue&tly a! a rule the moral e--ect! o- e5e& reat po7

<1"9= 7l%t%cal re5olut%o&!> a-ter a -ew year! o- outwardly co&!p%cuou! alterat%o&!> do &ot !how them!el5e! t%ll a-ter the lap!e o- year!. 3 &ew e&erat%o& mu!t come upo& the !ce&e who!e hab%t! o- m%&d ha5e bee& -ormed u&der the &ew co&d%t%o&!. /here %! p%th %& the !ay%& that %mporta&t re-orm! ca&&ot take real e--ect u&t%l a-ter a &umber o%&-lue&t%al per!o&! ha5e d%ed. *here e&eral a&d e&dur%& moral cha& e! do accompa&y a& eAter&al re5olut%o& %t %! becau!e appropr%ate hab%t! o- thou ht ha5e pre5%ou!ly bee& %&!e&!%ble matured. /he eAter&al cha& e merely re %!ter! the remo5al o- a& eAter&al !uper-%c%al barr%er to the operat%o& o- eA%!t%& %&tellectual te&de&c%e!. /ho!e who ar ue that !oc%al a&d moral re-orm %! %mpo!!%ble o& the rou&d that the Cld 3dam o- huma& &ature rema%&! -ore5er the !ame> attr%bute howe5er to &at%5e act%5%t%e! the perma&e&ce a&d %&ert%a that %& truth belo& o&ly to ac1u%red cu!tom!. /o 3r%!totle !la5ery wa! rooted %& abor% %&al (uma& &ature. .at%5e d%!t%&ct%o&! o- 1ual%ty eA%!t !uch that !ome per!o&! are by &ature %-ted w%th power to pla&> comma&d a&d !uper5%!e> a&d

other! po!!e!! merely capac%ty to obey a&d eAecute. (e&ce !la5ery %! &atural a&d %&e5%table. /here %! error %& !uppo!%& that becau!e dome!t%c a&d chattel !la5ery ha! bee& le ally abol%!hed> there-ore !la5ery a! co&ce%5ed by 3r%!totle ha! d%!appeared. But matter! ha5e at lea!t pro re!!ed to a po%&t where %t %! clear that !la5ery %! a !oc%al !tate &ot a p!ycholo %cal &ece!!%ty. .e5erthele!! the worldly7w%!e 3r%!%otle! o- today a!!ert that the %&!t%tut%o&! o- war a&d the pre!7

<11"= 7e&t wa e7!y!tem are !o rou&ded %& %mmutable huma& &ature that e--ort to cha& e them %! -ool%!h. ;%ke 2reek !la5ery or -eudal !er-dom> war a&d the eA%!t%& eco&om%c re %me are !oc%al patter&! wo5e& out o- the !tu-- o- %&!t%&ct%5e act%5%t%e!. .at%5e huma& &ature !uppl%e! the raw mater%al!> but cu!tom -ur&%!he! the mach%&ery a&d the de!% &!. *ar would &ot be po!!%ble w%thout a& er> pu &ac%ty> r%5alry> !el-7d%!play> a&d !uch l%ke &at%5e te&de&c%e!. 3ct%5%ty %&here! %& them a&d w%ll per!%!t u&der e5ery co&d%t%o& o- l%-e. /o %ma %&e they ca& be erad%cated %! l%ke !uppo!%& that !oc%ety ca& o o& w%thout eat%& a&d w%thout u&%o& o- the !eAe!. But to -a&cy that they mu!t e5e&tuate %& war %! a! %- a !a5a e were to bel%e5e that becau!e he u!e! -%ber! ha5%& -%Aed &atural propert%e! %& order to wea5e ba!ket!> there-ore h%! %mmemor%al tr%bal patter&! are al!o &atural &ece!!%t%e! a&d %mmutable -orm!. )rom a huma&e !ta&dpo%&t our !tudy o- h%!tory %! !t%ll all too pr%m%t%5e. 't %! po!!%ble to !tudy a mult%tude o- h%!tor%e!> a&d yet perm%t h%!tory> the record o- the tra&!%t%o&! a&d tra&!-ormat%o&! o- huma& act%5%t%e!> to e!cape u!. /ak%& h%!tory %& !eparate do!e! oth%! cou&try a&d that> we take %t a! a !ucce!!%o& o- %!olated -%&al%t%e!> each o&e %& due !ea!o& %5%& way to a&other> a! !uper&umerar%e! !ucceed o&e a&other %& a march acro!! the !ta e. *e thu! m%!! the -act o- h%!tory a&d al!o %t! le!!o& @ the d%5er!%ty o%&!t%tut%o&al -orm! a&d cu!tom! wh%ch the !ame huma& &ature may produce a&d employ. 3& %&-a&t%le lo %c> &ow happ%ly eApelled -rom phy!%cal !c%e&ce> tau ht that op%um put me& to

<111= !leep becau!e o- %t! dorm%t%5e pote&cy. *e -ollow the !ame lo %c %& !oc%al matter! whe& we bel%e5e that war eA%!t! becau!e o- bell%co!e %&!t%&ct!@ or that a part%cular eco&om%c re %me %! &ece!!ary becau!e o- ac1u%!%t%5e a&d compet%t%5e %mpul!e! wh%ch mu!t -%&d eApre!!%o&. Pu &ac%ty a&d -ear are &o more &at%5e tha& are p%ty a&d !ympathy. /he %mporta&t th%& morally %! the way the!e &at%5e te&de&c%e! %&teract> -or the%r %&teract%o& may %5e a chem%cal tra&!-ormat%o& &ot a mecha&%cal comb%&at%o&. $%m%larly> &o !oc%al %&!t%tut%o& !ta&d! alo&e a! a product o- o&e dom%&a&t -orce. 't %! a phe&ome&o& or -u&ct%o& o- a mult%tude o- !oc%al -actor! %& the%r mutual %&h%b%t%o&! a&d re%&-orceme&t!. '- we -ollow a& %&-a&t%le lo %c we !hall redupl%cate the u&%ty o- re!ult %& a& a!!umpt%o& o- u&%ty o-orce beh%&d %tK a! me& o&ce d%d w%th &atural e5e&t!> employ%& teleolo y a! a& eAh%b%t%o& o- cau!al e--%c%e&cy. *e thu! take the !ame !oc%al cu!tom tw%ce o5er: o&ce a! a& eA%!t%& -act a&d the& a! a& or% %&al -orce wh%ch produced the -act> a&d utter !a e plat%tude! about the u&alterable work%& ! o- huma& &ature or o- race. 3! we accou&t -or war by pu &ac%ty> -or the cap%tal%!t%c !y!tem by the &ece!!%ty o- a& %&ce&t%5e o- a%& to !t%r amb%t%o& a&d e--ort> !o we accou&t -or 2reece by tower o- e!thet%c ob!er5at%o&>

Lome by adm%&%!trat%5e ab%l%ty> the m%ddle a e! by %&tere!t %& rel% %o& a&d !o o&. *e ha5e co&!tructed a& elaborate pol%t%cal Boolo y a! mytholo %cal a&d &ot &early a! poet%c a! the other Boolo y o- phoe&%Ae!> r%--%&! a&d u&%cor&!. .at%5e

<112= rac%al !p%r%t> the !p%r%t o- the people or o- the t%me> &at%o&al de!t%&y are -am%l%ar -% ure! %& th%! !oc%al Boo. 3! &ame! -or e--ect!> -or eA%!t%& cu!tom!> they are !omet%me! u!e-ul. 3! &ame! -or eApla&atory -orce! they work ha5oc w%th %&tell% e&ce. 3& %mme&!e debt %! due *%ll%am 8ame! -or the mere t%tle o- h%! e!!ay: /he Moral D1u%5ale&t! o- *ar. 't re5eal! w%th a -la!h o- l% ht the true p!ycholo y. +la&!> tr%be!> race!> c%t%e!> emp%re!> &at%o&!> !tate! ha5e made war. /he ar ume&t that th%! -act pro5e! a& %&erad%cable bell% ere&t %&!t%&ct wh%ch make! war -ore5er %&e5%table %! much more re!pectable tha& ma&y ar ume&t! about the %mmutab%l%ty o- th%! a&d that !oc%al trad%t%o&. )or %t ha! the we% ht o- a certa%& emp%r%cal e&eral%ty back o- %t. :et the !u e!t%o& oa& equivalent -or war call! atte&t%o& to the medley o- %mpul!e! wh%ch are ca!ually bu&ched to ether u&der the capt%o& o- bell% ere&t %mpul!e@ a&d %t call! atte&t%o& to the -act that the eleme&t! o- th%! medley may be wo5e& to ether %&to ma&y d%--er%& type! o- act%5%ty> !ome o- wh%ch may -u&ct%o& the &at%5e %mpul!e! %& much better way! tha& war ha! e5er do&e. Pu &ac%ty> r%5alry> 5a%& lory> lo5e o- booty> -ear> !u!p%c%o&> a& er> de!%re -or -reedom -rom the co&5e&t%o&! ac%d re!tr%ct%o&! o- peace> lo5e o- power a&d hatred o- oppre!!%o&> opportu&%ty -or &o5el d%!play!>> lo5e o- home a&d !o%l> attachme&t to o&e?! people a&d to the altar a&d the hearth> coura e> loyalty> opportu&%ty to make a &ame> mo&ey or a career> a--ect%o&> p%ety> to a&ce!tor! a&d a&ce!tral od! K all o- the!e

<113= th%& ! a&d ma&y more make up the war7l%ke -orce. /o !uppo!e there %! !ome o&e u&cha& %& &at%5e -orce wh%ch e&erate! war %! a! &a%5e a! the u!ual a!!umpt%o& that our e&emy %! actuated !olely by the mea&er o- the te&de&c%e! &amed a&d we o&ly by the &obler. '& earl%er day! there wa! !ometh%& more tha& a 5erbal co&&ect%o& betwee& pu &ac%ty a&d -% ht%& @ a& er a&d -ear mo5ed promptly throu h the -%!t!. But betwee& a loo!ely or a&%Bed pu %l%!m a&d the h% hly or a&%Bed war-are o- today there %&ter5e&e! a lo& eco&om%c> !c%e&t%-%c a&d pol%t%cal h%!tory. $oc%al co&d%t%o&! rather tha& a& old a&d u&cha& eable 3dam ha5e e&erated war!@ the %&erad%cable %mpul!e! that are ut%l%Bed %& them are capable o- be%& dra-ted %&to ma&y other cha&&el!. /he ce&tury that lea! w%t&e!!ed the tr%umph o- the !c%e&t%-%c doctr%&e o- the co&5ert%b%l%ty o- &atural e&er %e! ou ht &ot to balk at the le!!er m%racle o- !oc%al e1u%5ale&ce! a&d !ub!t%tute!. 't %! l%kely that %- Mr. 8ame! had w%t&e!!ed the world war> he would ha5e mod%-%ed h%! mode o- treatme&t. $o ma&y &ew tra&!-ormat%o&! e&tered %&to the war> that the war !eem! to pro5e that thou h a& e1u%5ale&t ha! &ot bee& -ou&d -or war> the p!ycholo %cal -orce! trad%t%o&ally a!!oc%ated w%th %t ha5e already u&der o&e pro-ou&d cha& e!. *e may take the 'l%ad a! a cla!!%c eApre!!%o& o- war?! trad%t%o&al p!ycholo y a! well a! the !ource o- the l%terary trad%t%o& re ard%& %t! mot%5e! a&d lor%e!. But where are (ele&> (ector a&d 3ch%lle! %& moder& war-are6 /he act%5%t%e! that e5oke a&d %&corporate a war are &o lo& er per!o&al lo5e>

<11E= lo5e o- lory> or the !old%er?! lo5e o- h%! ow& pr%5ately ama!!ed booty> but are o- a collect%5e> pro!a%c pol%t%cal a&d eco&om%c &ature. 0&%5er!al co&!cr%pt%o&> the e&eral mob%l%Bat%o& o- all a r%cultural a&d %&du!tr%al -orce! o- the -olk &ot e& a ed %& the tre&che!> the appl%cat%o& o- e5ery co&ce%5able !c%e&t%-%c a&d mecha&%cal de5%ce> the ma!! mo5eme&t! o- !old%ery re ulated -rom a commo& ce&ter by a deper!o&al%Bed e&eral !ta--: the!e -actor! rele ate the trad%t%o&al p!ycholo %cal apparatu! o- war to a &ow remote a&t%1u%ty. /he mot%5e! o&ce appealed to are out o- date@ they do &ot &ow %&duce war. /hey !%mply are played upo& a-ter war ha! bee& brou ht %&to eA%!te&ce %& order to keep the commo& !old%er! keyed up to the%r ta!k. /he more horr%ble a deper!o&al%Bed !c%e&t%-%c ma!! war become!> the more &ece!!ary %t %! to -%&d u&%5er!al %deal mot%5e! to ju!t%-y %t. ;o5e o- (ele& o- /roy ha! become a bur&%& lo5e -or all huma&%ty> a&d hatred o- the -oe !ymbol%Be! a hatred o- all the u&r% hteou!&e!! a&d %&ju!t%ce a&d oppre!!%o& wh%ch he embod%e!. /he more pro!a%c the actual cau!e!> the more &ece!!ary %! %t to -%&d low%& ly !ubl%me mot%5e!. $uch co&!%derat%o&! hardly pro5e that war %! to be abol%!hed at !ome -uture date. But they de!troy that ar ume&t -or %t! &ece!!ary co&t%&ua&ce ?wh%ch %! ba!ed o& the %mmutab%l%ty o- !pec%-%ed -orce! %& or% %&al huma& &ature. 3lready the -orce! that o&ce cau!ed war! ha5e -ou&d other outlet! -or them!el5e!@ wh%le &ew pro5ocat%o&!> ba!ed o& &ew eco&om%c a&d pol%t%cal co&d%t%o&!>

<11F= ha5e come %&to be%& . *ar %! thu! !ee& to be a -u&ct%o& o- !oc%al %&!t%tut%o&!> &ot o- what %! &at%5ely -%Aed %& huma& co&!t%tut%o&. /he la!t reat war ha! &ot> %t mu!t be co&-e!!ed> made the problem o- -%&d%& !oc%al e1u%5ale&t! !%mpler a&d ea!%er. 't %! &ow &a%5e to attr%bute war to !pec%-%c %!olable huma& %mpul!e! -or wh%ch !eparate cha&&el! o- eApre!!%o& may be -ou&d> wh%le the re!t o- l%-e %! le-t to o o& about the !ame. 3 e&eral !oc%al re7or a&%Bat%o& %! &eeded wh%ch w%ll red%!tr%bute -orce!> %mmu&%Be> d%5ert a&d &ull%-y. (%&to& wa! doubtle!! r% ht whe& he wrote that the o&ly way to abol%!h war wa! to make peace hero%c. 't &ow appear! that the hero%c emot%o&! are &ot a&yth%& wh%ch may be !pec%al%Bed %& a !%de7l%&e> !o that the war7%mpul!e! may -%&d a !ubl%mat%o& %& !pec%al pract%ce! a&d occupat%o&!. /hey ha5e to et a& outlet %& all the ta!k! o- peace. /he ar ume&t -or the ab%d%& &ece!!%ty o- war tur&! out> accord%& ly> to ha5e th%! much 5alue. 't make! u! w%!ely !u!p%c%ou! o- all cheap a&d ea!y e1u%5ale&c%e!. 't co&5%&ce! u! o- the -olly o- !tr%5%& to el%m%&ate war by a e&c%e! wh%ch lea5e other %&!t%tut%o&! o!oc%ety pretty much u&cha& ed. (%!tory doe! &ot pro5e the %&e5%tab%l%ty o- war> but %t doe! pro5e that cu!tom! a&d %&!t%tut%o&! wh%ch or a&%Be &at%5e power! %&to certa%& patter&! %& pol%t%c! a&d eco&om%c! w%ll al!o e&erate the war7patter&. /he problem owar %! d%--%cult becau!e %t %! !er%ou!. 't %! &o&e other tha& the w%der problem o- the e--ect%5e moral%B%& or huma&%B%& o- &at%5e %mpul!e! %& t%me! o- peace.

<11H= /he ca!e o- eco&om%c %&!t%tut%o&! %! a! !u e!t%5e a! that o- war. /he pre!e&t !y!tem %! %&deed much more rece&t a&d more local tha& %! the %&!t%tut%o& o- war. But &o !y!tem ha! e5er a! yet eA%!ted wh%ch d%d &ot %& !ome -orm %&5ol5e the eAplo%tat%o& o- !ome

huma& be%& ! -or the ad5a&ta e o- other!. 3&d %t %! ar ued that th%! tra%t %! u&a!!a%lable becau!e %t -low! -rom the %&here&t> %mmutable 1ual%t%e! o- huma& &ature. 't %! ar ued> -or eAample> that eco&om%c %&-er%or%t%e! a&d d%!ab%l%t%e! are %&c%de&t! o- a& %&!t%tut%o& opr%5ate property wh%ch -low! -rom a& or% %&al propr%etary %&!t%&ct@ %t %! co&te&ded they !pr%& -rom a compet%t%5e !tru le -or wealth wh%ch %& tur& -low! -rom the ab!olute &eed o- pro-%t a! a& %&duceme&t to %&du!try. /he plea! are worth eAam%&at%o& -or the l% ht they throw upo& the place o- %mpul!e! %& or a&%Bed co&duct. .o u&prejud%ced ob!er5er w%ll l% htly de&y the eA%!te&ce o- a& or% %&al te&de&cy to a!!%m%late object! a&d e5e&t! to the !el-> to make them part o- the 9 me.9 *e may e5e& adm%t that the 9 me 9 ca&&ot eA%!t w%thout the 9 m%&e.9 /he !el- et! !ol%d%ty a&d -orm throu h a& appropr%at%o& o- th%& ! wh%ch %de&t%-%e! them w%th whate5er we call my!el-. D5e& a workma& %& a moder& -actory where deper!o&al%Bat%o& %! eAtreme et! to ha5e 9 h%! 9 mach%&e a&d %! perturbed at a cha& e. Po!!e!!%o& !hape! a&d co&!ol%date! the 9 ' 9 o- ph%lo!opher!. 9 ' ow&> there-ore ' am 9eApre!!e! a truer p!ycholo y tha& the +arte!%a& 9 ' th%&k> there-ore ' am.9 3 ma&?! deed! are %mputed to h%m a! the%r ow&er> &ot merely a! the%r creator. /hat he ca&&ot d%!ow& them whe&

<11I= the mome&t o- the%r occurre&ce pa!!e! %! the root o- re!po&!%b%l%ty> moral a! well a! le al. But the!e !ame co&!%derat%o&! e5%&ce the 5er!at%l%ty o- po!!e!!%5e act%5%ty. My worldly ood!> my ood &ame> my -r%e&d!> my (o&or a&d !hame all depe&d upo& a po!!e!!%5e te&de&cy. /he &eed -or appropr%at%o& ha! had to be !at%!-%ed @ but o&ly a callou!ed %ma %&at%o& -a&c%e! that the %&!t%tut%o& o- pr%5ate property a! %t eA%!t! 3. D. 1921 %! the !ole or the %&d%!pe&!able mea&! o- %t! real%Bat%o&. D5ery alla&t l%-e %! a& eAper%me&t %& d%--ere&t way! o- -ul-%ll%& %t. 't eApe&d! %t!el- %& predatory a re!!%o&> %& -orm%& -r%e&d!h%p!> %& !eek%& -ame> %& l%terary creat%o&> %& !c%e&t%-%c product%o&. '& the -ace oth%! ela!t%c%ty> %t re1u%re! a& arro a&t % &ora&ce to take the eA%!t%& compleA !y!tem o!tock! a&d bo&d!> o- w%ll! a&d %&her%ta&ce> a !y!tem !upported at e5ery po%&t by ma&%-old le al a&d pol%t%cal arra& eme&t!> a&d treat %t a! the !ole le %t%mate a&d bapt%Bed ch%ld o- a& %&!t%&ct o- appropr%at%o&. $omet%me!> e5e& &ow> a ma& mo!t acce&tuate! the -act o- ow&er!h%p whe& he %5e! !ometh%& away@ u!e> co&!umpt%o&> %! the &ormal e&d o- po!!e!!%o&. *e ca& co&ce%5e a !tate o- th%& ! %& wh%ch the propr%etary %mpul!e would et -ull !at%!-act%o& by hold%& ood! a! m%&e %& ju!t the de ree %& wh%ch they were 5%!%bly adm%&%!tered -or a be&e-%t %& wh%ch a corporate commu&%ty !hared. Doe! the ca!e !ta&d otherw%!e w%th the other p!ycholo %cal pr%&c%ple appealed to> &amely> the &eed o- a& %&ce&t%5e o- per!o&al pro-%t to keep me& e& a ed %& u!e-ul work6 *e &eed &ot co&te&t our!el5e! w%th po%&t7

<11J= 7%& out the ela!t%c%ty o- the %dea o- a%&> a&d po!!%ble e1u%5ale&ce! -or pecu&%ary a%&> a&d the po!!%b%l%ty o- a !tate o- a--a%r! %& wh%ch o&ly tho!e th%& ! would be cou&ted per!o&al a%&! wh%ch pro-%t a roup. 't w%ll ad5a&ce the d%!cu!!%o& %- we %&!tead !ubject to a&aly!%! the whole co&cept%o& o- %&ce&t%5e a&d mot%5e. /here %! doubtle!! !ome !e&!e %& !ay%& that e5ery co&!c%ou! act ha! a& %&ce&t%5e or mot%5e. But th%! !e&!e %! a! tru%!t%c a! that o- the &ot d%!!%m%lar !ay%& that e5ery e5e&t

ha! a cau!e. .e%ther !tateme&t throw! a&y l% ht o& a&y part%cular occurre&ce. 't %! at mo!t a maA%m wh%ch ad5%!e! u! to !earch -or !ome other -act w%th wh%ch the o&e %& 1ue!t%o& may be correlated. /ho!e who attempt to de-e&d the &ece!!%ty o- eA%!t%& eco&om%c %&!t%tut%o&! a! ma&%-e!tat%o&! o- huma& &ature co&5ert th%! !u e!t%o& o- a co&crete %&1u%ry %&to a e&eral%Bed truth a&d he&ce %&to a de-%&%t%5e -al!%ty. /hey take the !ay%& to mea& that &obody would do a&yth%& > or at lea!t a&yth%& o- u!e to other!> w%thout a pro!pect o- !ome ta& %ble reward. 3&d be&eath th%! -al!e propo!%t%o& there %! a&other a!!umpt%o& !t%ll more mo&!trou!> &amely> that ma& eA%!t! &aturally %& a !tate ore!t !o that he re1u%re! !ome eAter&al -orce to !et h%m %&to act%o&. /he %dea o- a th%& %&tr%&!%cally wholly %&ert %& the !e&!e o- ab!olutely pa!!%5e %! eApelled -rom phy!%c! a&d ha! take& re-u e %& the p!ycholo y o- curre&t eco&om%c!. '& truth ma& act! a&yway> he ca&?t help act%& . '& e5ery -u&dame&tal !e&!e %t %! -al!e that a ma& re1u%re! a mot%5e to make h%m do !ometh%& . /o a

<119= healthy ma& %&act%o& %! the reate!t o- woe!. 3&y o&e who ob!er5e! ch%ldre& k&ow! that wh%le per%od! o- re!t are &atural> laB%&e!! %! a& ac1u%red 5%ceK or 5%rtue *h%le a ma& %! awake he w%ll do !ometh%& > %- o&ly to bu%ld ca!tle! %& the a%r. '- we l%ke the -orm o- word we may !ay that a ma& eat! o&ly becau!e he %! HO mo5ed 9 by hu& er. /he !tateme&t %! &e5erthele!! mere tautolo y. )or what doe! hu& er mea& eAcept that o&e o- the th%& ! wh%ch ma& doe! &aturally> %&!t%&ct%5ely> %! to !earch -or -oodK that h%! act%5%ty &aturally tur&! that way6 (u& er pr%mar%ly &ame! a& act or act%5e proce!! &ot a mot%5e to a& act. 't %! a& act %- we take %t ro!!ly> l%ke a babe?! bl%&d hu&t -or the mother?! brea!t@ %t %! a& act%5%ty %- we take %t m%&utely a! a chem%co7phy!%olo %cal occurre&ce. /he whole co&cept o- mot%5e! %! %& truth eAtrap!ycholo %cal. 't %! a& outcome o- the attempt o- me& to %&-lue&ce huma& act%o&> -%r!t. that o- other!> the& o- a ma& to %&-lue&ce h%! ow& beha5%or. .o !e&!%ble per!o& th%&k! o- attr%but%& the act! o- a& a&%mal or a& %d%ot to a mot%5e. *e call a b%t%& do u ly> but we do&?t. look -or le%! mot%5e %& b%t%& . '- howe5er we were able to d%rect the do ?! act%o& by %&duc%& h%m to re-lect upo& h%! act!> we !hould at o&ce become %&tere!ted %& the do ?! mot%5e! -or act%& a! he doe!> a&d !hould e&dea5or to et h%m %&tere!ted %& the !ame !ubject. 't %! ab!urd to a!k what %&duce! a ma& to act%5%ty e&erally !peak%& . (e %! a& act%5e be%& a&d that %! all there %! to be !a%d o& that !core. But whe& we wa&t to et h%m to act %& th%! !pec%-%c way rather tha& %&

<12"= that> whe& we wa&t to d%rect h%! act%5%ty that %! to !ay %& a !pec%-%ed cha&&el> the& the 1ue!t%o& o- mot%5e %! pert%&e&t. 3 mot%5e %! the& that eleme&t %& the total compleA oa ma&?! act%5%ty wh%ch> %- %t ca& be !u--%c%e&tly !t%mulated> w%ll re!ult %& a& act la5%& !pec%-%ed co&!e1ue&ce!. 3&d part o- the proce!! o- %&te&!%-y%& <or reduc%& = certa%& eleme&t! %& the total act%5%ty a&d thu! re ulat%& actual co&!e1ue&ce %! to %mpute the!e eleme&t! to a per!o& a! h%! actuat%& mot%5e!. 3 ch%ld &aturally rab! -ood. But he doe! %t %& our pre!e&ce. (%! ma&&er %! !oc%ally d%!plea!%& a&d we attr%bute to h%! act> up to da%! t%me wholly %&&oce&t> the mot%5e oreed or !el-%!h&e!!. 2reed%&e!! !%mply mea&! the 1ual%ty o- h%! act a! !oc%ally ob!er5ed a&d d%!appro5ed. But by attr%but%& %t to h%m a! h%! mot%5e -or act%& %& the d%!appro5ed

way> we %&duce h%m to re-ra%&. *e a&alyBe h%! total act a&d call h%! atte&t%o& to a& ob&oA%ou! eleme&t %& %t! outcome. 3 ch%ld w%th e1ual !po&ta&e%ty> or thou htle!!&e!!> %5e! way to other!. *e po%&t out to h%m w%th appro5al that he acted co&!%derately> e&erou!ly. 3&d th%! 1ual%ty o- act%o& whe& &oted a&d e&coura ed become! a re%&-orc%& !t%mulu! o- that .-actor wh%ch w%ll %&duce !%m%lar act! %& the -uture. 3& eleme&t %& a& act 5%ewed a! a te&de&cy to produce !uch a&d !uch co&!e1ue&ce! %! a mot%5e. 3 mot%5e doe! &ot eA%!t pr%or to a& act a&d produce %t. 't %! a& act plu! a jud me&t upo& !ome eleme&t o- %t> the jud me&t be%& made %& the l% ht o- the co&!e1ue&ce! o- the act.

<121= 3t -%r!t> a! wa! !a%d> other! character%Be a& act> w%th -a5orable or co&d% & 1ual%t%e! wh%ch they %mpute to a& a e&t?! character. /hey react %& th%!@ -a!h%o& %& order to e&coura e h%m %& -uture act! o- the !ame !ort> or %& order to d%!!uade h%mK %& !hort to bu%ld or de!troy a hab%t. /h%! character%Bat%o& %! part o- the tech&%1ue o- %&-lue&c%& the de5elopme&t o- character a&d co&duct. 't %! a re-%&eme&t o- the ord%&ary react%o&! opra%!e a&d bla&k. 3-ter a t%me a&d to !ome eAte&t> a per!o& teache! h%m!el- to th%&k othe re!ult! o- act%& %& th%! way or that be-ore he act!. (e recall! that %- he act! th%! way or that !ome ob!er5er> real or %ma %&ary> w%ll attr%bute to la%& &oble or mea& d%!po!%t%o&> 5%rtuou! or 5%c%ou! mot%5e. /hu! he lear&! to %&-lue&ce le%! ow& co&duct. 3& %&choate act%5%ty take& %& th%! -orward7look%& re-ere&ce to re!ult!> e!pec%ally re!ult! oapprobat%o& a&d co&dem&at%o&> co&!t%tute! a mot%5e. '&!tead the& o- !ay%& that a ma& re1u%re! a mot%5e %& order to %&duce h%m to act> we !hould !ay that whe& a ma& %! o%& to act he &eed! to k&ow what he %! o%& to doK what the 1ual%ty o- le%! act %! %& term! o- co&!e1ue&ce! to -ollow. '& order to act properly he &eed! to 5%ew h%! act a! other! 5%ew %t @ &amely> a! a ma&%-e!tat%o& o- a character or w%ll wh%ch %! ood or had accord%& a! %t %! be&t upo& !pec%-%c th%& ?! wh%ch are de!%rable or ob&oA%ou!. /here %! &o call to -ur&%!h a ma& w%th %&ce&t%5e! to act%5%ty %& e&eral. But there %! e5ery &eed to %&duce h%m to u%de h%! ow& act%o& by a& %&tell% e&t percept%o& o- %t! re!ult!. )or %& the lo&

<122= ru& th%! %! the mo!t e--ect%5e way o- %&-lue&c%& act%5%ty to take th%! de!%rable d%rect%o& rather tha& that object%o&able o&e. 3 mot%5e %& !hort %! !%mply a& %mpul!e 5%ewed a! a co&!t%tue&t %& a hab%t> a -actor %& a d%!po!%t%o&. '& e&eral %t! mea&%& %! !%mple. But %& -act mot%5e! are a! &umerou! a! are or% %&al %mpul!%5e act%5%t%e! mult%pl%ed by the d%5er!%-%ed co&!e1ue&ce! they produce a! they operate u&der d%5er!e co&d%t%o&!. (ow the& doe! %t come about that curre&t eco&om%c p!ycholo y ha! !o treme&dou!ly o5er!%mpl%-%ed the !%tuat%o&6 *hy doe! %t reco &%Be but o&e type o- mot%5e> that wh%ch co&cer&! per!o&al a%&. C- cour!e part othe a&!wer %! to be -ou&d %& the &atural te&de&cy %& all !c%e&ce! toward a !ub!t%tut%o& oart%-%c%al co&ceptual !%mpl%-%cat%o&! -or the ta& le! o- co&crete emp%r%cal -act!. But the !% &%-%ca&t part o- the a&!wer ha! to do w%th the !oc%al co&d%t%o&! u&der wh%ch work %! do&e> co&d%t%o&! wh%ch are !uch a! to put a& u&&atural empha!%! upo& the pro!pect oreward. 't eAempl%-%e! a a%& our lead%& propo!%t%o& that !oc%al cu!tom! are &ot d%rect a&d &ece!!ary co&!e1ue&ce! o- !pec%-%c %mpul!e!> but that !oc%al %&!t%tut%o&! a&d eApectat%o&! !hape a&d cry!tall%Be %mpul!e! %&to dom%&a&t hab%t!.

/he !oc%al pecul%ar%ty wh%ch eApla%&! the empha!%! put upo& pro-%t a! a& %&duceme&t to product%5e !er5%ceable work !ta&d! out %& h% h rel%e- %& the %de&t%-%cat%o& o- work w%th labor. )or labor mea&! %& eco&om%c theory !ometh%& pa%&-ul> !ometh%& !o o&erou!ly d%!a reeable or 9 co!tly 9 that e5ery %&d%5%dual a5o%d! %t

<123= %- he ca&> a&d e& a e! %& %t o&ly becau!e o- the prom%!e o- a& o5erbala&c%& a%&. /hu! the 1ue!t%o& we are %&5%ted to co&!%der %! what the !oc%al co&d%t%o& %! wh%ch make! product%5e work u&%&tere!t%& a&d to%l!ome> *hy %! the p!ycholo y o- the %&du!tr%al%!t !o d%--ere&t -rom that o- %&5e&tor> eAplorer> art%!t> !port!ma&> !c%e&t%-%c %&5e!t% ator> phy!%c%a&> teacher6 )or the latter we do &ot a!!ert that act%5%ty %! !uch a burde&!ome !acr%-%ce that %t %! e& a ed %& o&ly becau!e me& are br%bed to act by hope o- reward or are coerced by -ear o- lo!!. /he !oc%al co&d%t%o&! u&der wh%ch 9 labor 9 %! u&dertake& ha5e become !o u&co& e&%al to huma& &ature that. %t %! &ot u&dertake& becau!e o- %&tr%&!%c mea&%& . 't %! carr%ed o& u&der co&d%t%o&! wh%ch re&der %t %mmed%ately %rk!ome. /he alle ed &eed o- a& %&ce&t%5e to !t%r me& out o- 1u%e!ce&t %&ert&e!! %! the &eed o- a& %&ce&t%5e power-ul e&ou h to o5ercome co&trary !t%mul% wh%ch proceed -rom the !oc%al co&d%t%o&!. +%rcum!ta&ce! oproduct%5e !er5%ce &ow !hear away d%rect !at%!-act%o& -rom tho!e e& a %& %& %t. 3 real a&d %mporta&t -act %! thu! co&ta%&ed %& curre&t eco&om%c p!ycholo y> but %t %! a -act about eA%!t%& %&du!tr%al co&d%t%o&! a&d &ot a -act about &at%5e> or% %&al act%5%ty. 't %! 9&atural9 -or act%5%ty to be a reeable. 't te&d! to -%&d -ul-%llme&t> a&d -%&d%& a& outlet %! %t!el- !at%!-actory> -or %t mark! part%al accompl%!hme&t. '- product%5e act%5%ty ha! become !o %&here&tly u&!at%!-actory that me& ha5e to be art%-%c%ally %&duced to

<12E= e& a e %& %t> th%! -act %! ample proo- that the co&d%t%o&! u&der wh%ch work %! carr%ed o& balk the compleA o- act%5%t%e! %&!tead o- promot%& them> %rr%tate a&d -ru!trate &atural te&de&c%e! %&!tead o- carry%& them -orward to -ru%t%o&. *ork the& become! labor> the co&!e1ue&ce o- !ome abor% %&al cur!e wh%ch -orce! ma& to do what he would &ot do %- he could help %t> the outcome o- !ome or% %&al !%& wh%ch eAcluded ma& -rom a .parad%!e %& wh%ch de!%re wa! !at%!-%ed w%thout %&du!try> compell%& h%m to pay -or the mea&! o- l%5el%hood w%th 9!he !weat o- h%! brow. )rom wh%ch %t -ollow! &aturally that Parad%!e Le a%&ed mea&! the accumulat%o& o- %&5e!tme&t! !uch that a ma& ca& l%5e upo& the%r retur& w%thout labor. /here %!> we repeat> too much truth %& th%! p%cture. But %t %! &ot a truth co&cer&%& or% %&al huma& &ature a&d act%5%ty. 't co&cer&! the -orm huma& %mpul!e! ha5e take& u&der the %&-lue&ce o- a !pec%-%c !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t. '- there are d%--%cult%e! %& the way o- !oc%al alterat%o&K a! there certa%&ly are they do &ot l%e %& a& or% %&al a5er!%o& o- huma& &ature to !er5%ceable act%o&> but %& the h%!tor%c co&d%t%o&! wh%ch ha5e d%--ere&t%ated the work o- the laborer -or ?wa e -rom that o- the art%!t> ad5e&turer> !port!ma&> !old%er> adm%&%!trator a&d !peculator. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_11.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9'mpul!e a&d +o&-l%ct o- (ab%t!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 12E713".

Human Nature and Conduct

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct I/* I#pulse and Conflict of !abits
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

*ar a&d the eA%!t%& eco&om%c re %me ha5e &ot bee& d%!cu!!ed pr%mar%ly o& the%r ow& accou&t. /hey are cruc%al ca!e! o- the relat%o& eA%!t%& betwee& or% %&al %mpul!e a&d ac1u%red hab%t. /hey are !o -rau ht w%th e5%l co&!e1ue&ce! that a&y o&e who %! d%!po!ed ca& heap up cr%t%c%!m! w%thout e&d. .e5erthele!! they per!%!t. /h%! per!%!te&ce co&!t%tute! the ca!e -or the co&!er5at%5e who ar ue! that !uch %&!t%tut%o&! are rooted %& a& u&alterable huma& &ature. 3 truer p!ycholo y locate! the d%--%culty el!ewhere. 't !how! that the trouble l%e! %& the %&ert&e!! o- e!tabl%!hed hab%t. .o matter how acc%de&tal a&d %rrat%o&al the c%rcum!ta&ce! o- %t! or% %&> &o matter how d%--ere&t the co&d%t%o&! wh%ch &ow eA%!t to tho!e u&der wh%ch the hab%t wa! -ormed> the latter per!%!t! u&t%l the e&5%ro&me&t ob!t%&ately reject! %t. (ab%t! o&ce -ormed perpetuate them!el5e!: by act%& u&rem%tt%& ly upo& the &at%5e !tock o- act%5%t%e!. /hey !t%mulate> %&h%b%t> %&te&!%-y> weake&> !elect> co&ce&trate a&d or a&%Be the latter %&to the%r ow& l%ke&e!!. /hey create out o- the -ormle!! 5o%d o- %mpul!e! a world made %& the%r ow& %ma e. Dea& %! a creature o- hab%t> &ot o- rea!o& &or yet o- %&!t%&ct. Leco &%t%o& o- the correct p!ycholo y locate! the problem but doe! &ot uara&tee %t! !olut%o&. '&deed> at -%r!t !% ht %t !eem! to %&d%cate that e5ery attempt to

<12H= !ol5e the problem a&d !ecure -u&dame&tal reor a&%Bat%o&! %! cau ht %& a 5%c%ou! c%rcle. )or the d%rect%o& o- &at%5e act%5%ty depe&d! upo& ac1u%red hab%t!> a&d yet ac1u%red hab%t! ca& be mod%-%ed o&ly by red%rect%o& o- %mpul!e!. DA%!t%& %&!t%tut%o&! %mpo!e the%r !tamp> the%r !uper!cr%pt%o&> upo& %mpul!e a&d %&!t%&ct. /hey embody the mod%-%cat%o&! the latter ha5e u&der o&e. (ow the& ca& we et le5era e -or cla& %& %&!t%tut%o&!6 (ow !hall %mpul!e eAerc%!e that re7adju!t%& o--%ce wh%ch ha! bee& cla%med -or %t6 $hall we &ot ha5e to depe&d %& the -uture a! %& the pa!t upo& uphea5al a&d acc%de&t to d%!locate cu!tom! !o a! to relea!e %mpul!e! to !er5e a! po%&t! o- departure -or &ew hab%t!6 /he eA%!t%& p!ycholo y o- the %&du!tr%al worker -or eAample %! !lack> %rre!po&!%ble> comb%&%& a maA%mum o- mecha&%cal rout%&e w%th a maA%mum o- eAplo!%5e> u&re ulated %mpul!%5e&e!!. /he!e th%& ! ha5e bee& bred by the eA%!t%& eco&om%c !y!tem. But they eA%!t> a&d are -orm%dable ob!tacle! to !oc%al cha& e. *e ca&&ot breed %& me& the de!%re to et !ometh%& -or a! &early &oth%& a! po!!%ble a&d %& the e&d &ot pay the pr%ce. *e !at%!-y our!el5e! cheaply by preach%& the charm o- product%5%ty a&d by blam%& the %&here&t !el-%!h&e!! o- huma& &ature> a&d ur %& !ome reat mortal a&d

rel% %ou! re5%5al. /he e5%l! po%&t %& real%ty to the &ece!!%ty o- a cha& e %& eco&om%c %&!t%tut%o&!> but mea&t%me they o--er !er%ou! ob!tacle! to the cha& e. 3t the !ame t%me> the eA%!t%& eco&om%c !y!tem ha! e&l%!ted %& behal- o- %t! ow& perpetu%ty the> ma&a er%al a&d the tech&olo %cal ab%l%t%e! wh%ch mu!t

<12I= !er5e the cau!e o- the laborer %- he %! to be ema&c%pated. '& the -ace o- the!e d%--%cult%e! other per!o&! !eek a& e1ually cheap !at%!-act%o& %& the thou ht o- u&%5er!al c%5%l war a&d re5olut%o&. '! there a&y way out o- the 5%c%ou! c%rcle6 '& the -%r!t place> there are po!!%b%l%t%e! re!%de&t %& the educat%o& o- the you& wh%ch ha5e &e5er yet bee& take& ad5a&ta e o-. /he %dea o- u&%5er!al educat%o& %! a! yet hardly a ce&tury old> a&d %t %! !t%ll much more o- a& %dea tha& a -act> whe& we take %&to accou&t the early a e at wh%ch %t term%&ate! -or the ma!!. 3l!o> thu! -ar !chool%& ha! bee& lar ely ut%l%Bed a! a co&5e&%e&t tool o- the eA%!t%& &at%o&al%!t%c a&d eco&om%c re %me!. (e&ce %t %! ea!y to po%&t out de-ect! a&d per5er!%o&! %& e5ery eA%!t%& !chool !y!tem. 't %! ea!y -or a cr%t%c to r%d%cule the rel% %ou! de5ot%o& to educat%o& wh%ch ha! character%Bed -or eAample the 3mer%ca& republ%c. 't %! ea!y to repre!e&t %t a! Beal w%thout k&owled e> -a&at%cal -a%th apart -rom u&der!ta&d%& . 3&d yet the cold -act o- the !%tuat%o& %! that the ch%e- mea&! oco&t%&uou!> raded> eco&om%cal %mpro5eme&t a&d !oc%al rect%-%cat%o& l%e! %& ut%l%B%& the opportu&%t%e! o- educat%& the you& to mod%-y pre5a%l%& type! o- thou ht a&d de!%re. /he 5ot%& are &ot a! yet a! !ubject to the -ull %mpact o- e!tabl%!hed cu!tom!. /he%r l%-e o- %mpul!%5e act%5%ty %! 5%5%d> -leA%ble> eAper%me&t%& > cur%ou!. 3dult! ha5e the%r hab%t! -ormed> -%Aed> at lea!t comparat%5ely. /hey are the !ubject!> &ot to !ay 5%ct%m!> o- a& e&5%ro&me&t wh%ch they ca& d%rectly cha& e o&ly

< 12J= by a maA%mum o- e--ort a&d d%!turba&ce. /hey may &ot be able to perce%5e clearly the &eeded cha& e!> or be w%ll%& to pay the pr%ce o- e--ect%& them. :et they w%!h a d%--ere&t l%-e -or the e&erat%o& to come. '& order to real%Be that w%!h they may create a !pec%al e&5%ro&me&t who!e ma%& -u&ct%o& %! educat%o&. '& order that educat%o& o- the you& be e--%cac%ou! %& %&duc%& a& %mpro5ed !oc%ety> %t %! &ot &ece!!ary -or adult! to ha5e a -ormulated de-%&%te %deal o- !ome better !tate. 3& educat%o&al e&terpr%!e co&ducted %& th%! !p%r%t would probably e&d merely %& !ub!t%tut%& o&e r% %d%ty -or a&other. *hat %! &ece!!ary %! that hab%t! 1=e -ormed wh%ch are more %&tell% e&t> more !e&!%t%5ely perc%p%e&t> more %&-ormed w%th -ore!% ht> more aware o- what they are about> more d%rect a&d !%&cere> more -leA%bly re!po&!%5e tha& tho!e &ow curre&t. /he& they w%ll meet the%r ow& problem! a&d propo!e the%r ow& %mpro5eme&t!. Dducat%5e de5elopme&t o- the you& %! &ot the o&ly way %& wh%ch the l%-e o- %mpul!e may be employed to e--ect !oc%al amel%orat%o&!> thou h %t %! the lea!t eApe&!%5e a&d mo!t orderly. .o adult e&5%ro&me&t %! all o- o&e p%ece. /he more compleA a culture %!> the more certa%& %t %! to %&clude hab%t! -ormed o& d%--er%& > e5e& co&-l%ct%& patter&!. Dach cu!tom may he r% %d> u&%&tell% e&t %& %t!el-> a&d yet th%! r% %d%ty may cau!e %t to wear upo& other!. /he re!ult%& attr%t%o& may relea!e %mpul!e -or &ew ad5e&ture!. /he pre!e&t t%me %! co&!p%cuou!ly a t%me o- !uch %&ter&al -r%ct%o&! a&d l%berat%o&!. $oc%al l%-e !eem! chaot%c> u&or a&%Bed> rather

<129= tha& too -%Aedly re %me&ted. Pol%t%cal a&d le al %&!t%tut%o&! are &ow %&co&!%!te&t w%th the hab%t! that dom%&ate -r%e&dly %&tercour!e> !c%e&ce a&d art. D%--ere&t %&!t%tut%o&! -o!ter a&ta o&%!t%c %mpul!e! a&d -orm co&trary d%!po!%t%o&!. '- we had to wa%t upo& eAhortat%o&! a&d u&embod%ed 9%deal!9 to e--ect !oc%al alterat%o&!> we !hould %&deed wa%t lo& . But the co&-l%ct o- patter&! %&5ol5ed %& %&!t%tut%o&! wh%ch are %&harmo&%ou! w%th o&e a&other %! already produc%& reat cha& e!. /he !% &%-%ca&t po%&t %! &ot whether mod%-%cat%o&! !hall co&t%&ue to occur> but whether they !hall be character%Bed ch%e-ly by u&ea!%&e!!> d%!co&te&t a&d bl%&d a&ta o&%!t%c !tru le!> or whether %&tell% e&t d%rect%o& may modulate the har!h&e!! o- co&-l%ct> a&d tur& the eleme&t! o- d%!%&te rat%o& %&to a co&!truct%5e !y&the!%!. 3t all e5e&t!> the !oc%al !%tuat%o& %& 9 ad5a&ced9 cou&tr%e! %! !uch a! to %mpart a& a%r o- ab!urd%ty to our %&!%!te&ce upo& the r% %d%ty o- cu!tom!. /here are ple&ty o- per!o&! to tell u! that the real trouble l%e! %& lack o- -%A%ty o- hab%t a&d pr%&c%ple@ %& departure -rom %mmutable !ta&dard! a&d !tructure! co&!t%tuted o&ce -or all. *e are told that we are !u--er%& -rom a& eAce!! o- %&!t%&ct> a&d -rom laA%ty o- hab%t due to !urre&der to %mpul!e a! a law ol%-e. /he remedy %! !a%d to he to retur& -rom co&temporary -lu%d%ty to the !table a&d !pac%ou! patter&! o- a cla!!%c a&t%1u%ty that ob!er5ed law a&d proport%o&: -or !omehow a&t%1u%ty %! alway! cla!!%c. *he& %&!tab%l%ty> u&certa%&ty> errat%c cha& e are d%--u!ed throu hout the !%tuat%o&> why dwell upo& the

<13"= e5%l! o- -%Aed hab%t a&d the &eed o- relea!e o- %mpul!e a! a& %&%t%ator oreor a&%Bat%o&!6 *hy &ot rather co&dem& %mpul!e a&d eAalt hab%t! o- re5ere&c%& order a&d -%Aed truth6 /he 1ue!t%o& %! &atural> but the remedy !u e!ted %! -ut%le. 't %! &ot ea!y to eAa erate the eAte&t to wh%ch we &ow pa!! -rom o&e k%&d o- &urture to a&other a! we o -rom bu!%&e!! to church> -rom !c%e&ce to the &ew!paper> -rom bu!%&e!! to art> -rom compa&%o&!h%p to pol%t%c!> -rom home to !chool. 3& %&d%5%dual %! &ow !ubjected to ma&y co&-l%ct%& !cheme! o- educat%o&. (e&ce hab%t! are d%5%ded a a%&!t o&e a&other> per!o&al%ty %! d%!rupted> the !cheme o- co&duct %! co&-u!ed a&d d%!%&te rated. But the remedy l%e! %& the de5elopme&t o- a &ew morale wh%ch ca& be atta%&ed o&ly a! relea!ed %mpul!e! are %&tell% e&tly employed to -orm harmo&%ou! hab%t! adapted to o&e a&other %& a &ew !%tuat%o&. 3 laA%ty due to decade&ce o- old hab%t! ca&&ot be corrected by eAhortat%o&! to re!tore old hab%t! %& the%r -ormer r% %d%ty. D5e& thou h %t were ab!tractly de!%rable %t %! %mpo!!%ble. 3&d %t %! &ot de!%rable becau!e the %&-leA%b%l%ty o- old hab%t! %! prec%!ely the ch%e- cau!e o- the%r decay a&d d%!%&te rat%o&. Pla%&t%5e lame&tat%o&! at the pre5ale&ce o- cha& e a&<> ab!tract appeal! -or re!torat%o&. o- !e&%le author%ty are !% &! o- per!o&al -eeble&e!!> o- %&ab%l%ty to cope w%th cha& e. 't %! a 9de-e&!e react%o&.9 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_12.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as

8oh& Dewey. 9+la!!%-%cat%o& o- '&!t%&ct!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 12E713".

Human Nature and Conduct

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct /* Classification of Instincts
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

*e may !um up the d%!cu!!%o& %& a -ew e&eral%Bed !tateme&t!. '& the -%r!t place> %t %! u&!c%e&t%-%c to try to re!tr%ct or% %&al act%5%t%e! to a de-%&%te &umber o- !harply demarcated cla!!e! o- %&!t%&ct!. 3&d the pract%cal re!ult o- th%! attempt %! %&jur%ou!. /o cla!!%-y %!> %&deed> a! u!e-ul a! %t %! &atural. /he %&de-%&%te mult%tude o- part%cular a&d cha& %& e5e&t! %! met by the m%&d w%th act! o- de-%&%& > %&5e&tory%& a&d l%!t%& > reduc%& to commo& head! a&d ty%& up %& bu&che!. But the!e act! l%ke other %&tell% e&t act! are per-ormed -or a purpo!e> a&d the accompl%!hme&t o- purpo!e %! the%r o&ly ju!t%-%cat%o&. $peak%& e&erally> the purpo!e %! to -ac%l%tate our deal%& ! w%th u&%1ue %&d%5%dual! a&d cha& %& e5e&t!. *he& we a!!ume that our cle-t! a&d bu&che! repre!e&t -%Aed !eparat%o&! a&d collect%o&! in rerum natura' we ob!truct rather tha& a%d our tra&!act%o&! w%th th%& !. *e are u%lty o- a pre!umpt%o& wh%ch &ature promptly pu&%!he!. *e are re&dered %&compete&t to deal e--ect%5ely w%th the del%cac%e! a&d &o5elt%e! o- &ature a&d l%-e. Cur thou ht %! hard where -act! are mob%le@ bu&ched a&d chu&ky where e5e&t! are -lu%d> d%!!ol5%& . /he te&de&cy to -or et the o--%ce o- d%!t%&ct%o&! a&d cla!!%-%cat%o&!> a&d to take them a! mark%& th%& ! %& them!el5e!> %! the curre&t -allacy o- !c%e&t%-%c !pe7

< 132= 7c%al%!m. 't %! o&e o- the co&!p%cuou! tra%t! o- h% hbrow%!m> the e!!e&ce o- -al!e ab!tract%o&%!m. /h%! att%tude wh%ch o&ce -lour%!hed %& phy!%cal !c%e&ce &ow o5er&! theor%B%& about huma& &ature. Ma& ha! bee& re!ol5ed %&to a de-%&%te collect%o& opr%mary %&!t%&ct! wh%ch may be &umbered> catalo ued a&d eAhau!t%5ely de!cr%bed o&e by o&e. /heor%!t! d%--er o&ly or ch%e-ly a! to the%r &umber a&d ra&k%& . $ome !ay o&e> !el-7lo5e@ !ome two> e o%!m a&d altru%!m@ !ome three> reed> -ear a&d lory@ wh%le today wr%ter! o- a more emp%r%cal tur& ru& the &umber up to -%-ty a&d !%Aty. But %& -act there are a! ma&y !pec%-%c react%o&! to d%--er%& !t%mulat%& co&d%t%o&! a! there %! t%me -or> a&d our l%!t! are o&ly cla!!%-%cat%o&! -or a purpo!e. C&e o- the reat e5%l! o- th%! art%-%c%al !%mpl%-%cat%o& %! %t! %&-lue&ce upo& !oc%al !c%e&ce. +ompl%cated pro5%&ce! o- l%-e ha5e bee& a!!% &ed to the jur%!d%ct%o& o- !ome !pec%al %&!t%&ct or roup o- %&!t%&ct!> wh%ch ha! re% &ed de!pot%cally w%th the u!ual co&!e1ue&ce! o- de!pot%!m. Pol%t%c! ha! replaced rel% %o& a! the !et o- phe&ome&a ba!ed upo& -ear@ or a-ter ha5%& bee& the -ru%t o- a !pec%al 3r%!totel%a& pol%t%cal -aculty> ha! become the &ece!!ary co&d%t%o& o- re!tra%&%& ma&?! !el-7!eek%& %mpul!e. 3ll !oc%olo %cal -act! are d%!po!ed o- %& a -ew -at 5olume! a! product! o- %m%tat%o& a&d %&5e&t%o&> or o- cooperat%o& a&d co&-l%ct. Dth%c! re!t upo& !ympathy> p%ty> be&e5ole&ce. Dco&om%c! %! the !c%e&ce o- phe&ome&a due to o&e lo5e a&d o&e a5er!%o& K a%& a&d

labor. 't %! !urpr%!%& that me& ca& e& a e %& the!e e&terpr%!e! w%thout be%& rem%&ded o- the%r eA7

<133= 7act !%m%lar%ty to &atural !c%e&ce be-ore !c%e&t%-%c method> wa! d%!co5ered %& the !e5e&tee&th ce&tury. 8u!t &ow> a&other !%mpl%-%cat%o& %! curre&t. 3ll %&!t%&ct! o back to the !eAual> !o that cherche! la femme <u&der mult%tud%&ou! !ymbol%c d%! u%!e!= %! the la!t word o- !c%e&ce w%th re!pect to the a&aly!%! o- co&duct. $ome !oph%!t%cated !%mpl%-%cat%o&! wh%ch o&ce had reat %&-lue&ce are &ow ch%e-ly matter! o- h%!tor%c mome&t. D5e& !o they are %&!truct%5e. /hey !how how !oc%al co&d%t%o&! put a hea5y load o& certa%& te&de&c%e!> !o that %& the e&d a& ac1u%red d%!po!%t%o& %! treated a! %- %t were a& or% %&al> a&d almo!t the o&ly or% %&al act%5%ty. +o&!%der> -or eAample> the burde& o- cau!al power placed by (obbe! upo& the react%o& o- -ear. /o a ma& l%5%& w%th rea!o&able !ecur%ty a&d com-ort to7 day> (obbe!? per5a!%5e co&!c%ou!&e!! o- -ear !eem! l%ke the %d%o!y&cra!y o- a& ab&ormally t%m%d temperame&t. But a !ur5ey o- the co&d%t%o&! o- h%! ow& t%me> o- the d%!order! wh%ch bred e&eral d%!tru!t a&d a&ta o&%!m> wh%ch led to brutal !wa!hbuckl%& a&d d%!%&te rat%& %&tr% ue> put! the matter o& a d%--ere&t -oot%& . /he !oc%al !%tuat%o& co&duced to -ear-ul&e!!. 3! a& accou&t o- the p!ycholo y o- the &atural ma& h%! theory %! u&!ou&d. 3! a report o- co&temporary !oc%al co&d%t%o&! there %! much to he !a%d -or %t. $ometh%& o- the !ame !ort may be !a%d re ard%& the empha!%! o- e% htee&th ce&tury moral%!t! upo& be&e5ole&ce a! the %&clu!%5e moral !pr%& to act%o&> a& empha!%! repre!e&ted %& the &%&etee&th ce&tury by +omte?! eAaltat%o& o- altru%!m. /he load wa! eAce!!%5e>

<13E= But %t te!t%-%e! to the rowth o- a &ew ph%la&throp%c !p%r%t. *%th the break%& dow& o- -eudal barr%er! a&d co&!e1ue&t m%& l%& o- per!o&! pre5%ou!ly d%5%ded> a !e&!e ore!po&!%b%l%ty -or the happ%&e!! o- other!> -or the m%t% at%o& o- m%!ery> rew up. +o&d%t%o&! were &ot r%pe -or %t! tra&!lat%o& %&to pol%t%cal act%o&. (e&ce the %mporta&ce attached to the pr%5ate d%!po!%t%o& o- 5olu&tary be&e5ole&ce. '- we 5e&ture %&to more a&c%e&t h%!tory> Plato?! three-old d%5%!%o& o- the huma& !oul %&to a rat%o&al eleme&t> a !p%r%ted act%5e o&e> a&d a& appet%t%5e o&e> a%m%& at %&crea!e or a%&> %! %mme&!ely %llum%&at%& . 3! %! well k&ow&> Plato !a%d that !oc%ety %! the huma& !oul wr%t lar e. '& !oc%ety he -ou&d three cla!!e!: the ph%lo!oph%c a&d !c%e&t%-%c> the !old%er7c%t%Be&ry> a&d the trader! a&d art%!a&!. (e&ce the e&eral%Bat%o& a! to the three dom%&at%& -orce! %& huma& &ature. Lead the other way arou&d> we perce%5e that trade %& h%! day! appealed e!pec%ally to co&cup%!ce&ce> c%t%Be&!h%p to a e&erou! la& o- !el-7 -or ett%& loyalty> a&d !c%e&t%-%c !tudy to a d%!%&tere!ted lo5e o- w%!dom that !eemed to be mo&opol%Bed by a !mall %!olated roup. /he d%!t%&ct%o&! were &ot %& truth projected -rom the brea!t o- the &atural %&d%5%dual %&to !oc%ety> but they were cult%5ated %& cla!!e! o- %&d%5%dual! by -orce o- !oc%al cu!tom a&d eApectat%o&. .ow the pre!t% e that o&ce attached to the 9 %&!t%&ct 9 o- !el-7lo5e ha! &ot wholly 5a&%!hed. /he ca!e %! !t%ll worth eAam%&at%o&. '& %t! 9 !c%e&t%-%c 9 -orm> O!tart wa! take& -rom a& alle ed %&!t%&ct o- !el-7

<13F= 7pre!er5at%o&> character%!t%c o- ma& a! well a! o- other a&%mal!. )rom th%! !eem%& ly %&&ocuou! a!!umpt%o&> to mytholo %cal p!ycholo y bur eo&ed. 3&%mal!> %&clud%& ma&> certa%&ly per-orm ma&y act! who!e co&!e1ue&ce %! to protect a&d pre!er5e l%-e. '- the%r act! d%d &ot upo& the whole ha5e th%! te&de&cy> &e%ther the %&d%5%dual or the !pec%e! would lo& e&dure. /he act! that !pr%& -rom l%-e al!o %& the ma%& co&!er5e l%-e. $uch %! the u&doubted -act. *hat doe! the !tateme&t amou&t to6 $%mply the tru%!m that l%-e %! l%-e> that l%-e %! a co&t%&u%& act%5%ty a! lo& a! %t %! l%-e at all. But the !el-7lo5e !chool co&5erted the -act that l%-e te&d! to ma%&ta%& l%-e %&to a !eparate a&d !pec%al -orce wh%ch !omehow l%e! back o- l%-e a&d accou&t! -or %t! 5ar%ou! act!. 3& a&%mal eAh%b%t! %& %t! l%-e7act%5%ty a mult%tude o- act! o- breath%& > d% e!t%& > !ecret%& > eAcret%& > attack> de-e&!e> !earch -or -ood> etc.> a mult%tude o- !pec%-%c re!po&!e! to !pec%-%c !t%mulat%o&! o- the e&5%ro&me&t. But mytholo y come! %& a&d attr%bute! them all to a &%!u! -or !el-7pre!er5at%o&. /he&ce %t %! but a !tep to the %dea that all co&!c%ou! act! are prompted by !el-7lo5e. /h%! prem%!! %! the& elaborate<# %& %& e&%ou! !cheme!> o-te& amu!%& whe& a&%mated by a cy&%cal k&owled e o- the 9 world>9 ted%ou! whe& o- a would be lo %cal &ature> to pro5e -l%&t e5ery act o- ma& %&clud%& h%! appare&t e&ero!%t%e! %! a 5ar%at%o& played o& the theme o- !el-7%&tere!t. /he -allacy %! ob5%ou!. Becau!e a& a&%mal ca&&ot l%5e eAcept a! %t %! al%5e> eAcept that %! a! %t! act! ha5e the re!ult o- !u!ta%&%& l%-e> %t %! co&cluded that all %t!

<13H= act! are %&!t% ated by a& %mpul!e to !el-7pre!er5at%o&. $%&ce all act! a--ect the well7be%& o- the%r a e&t %& o&e way or a&other> a&d !%&ce whe& a per!o& become! re-lect%5e he pre-er! co&!e1ue&ce! %& the way o- weal to tho!e o- woe> there-ore all h%! act! are due to !el-7lo5e. '& actual !ub!ta&ce> o&e !tateme&t !ay! that l%-e %! l%-e@ a&d the other !ay! that a !el- %! a !el-. C&e !ay! that !pec%al act! are act! o- a l%5%& creature a&d the other that they are act! o- a !el-. '& the b%olo %cal !tateme&t the co&crete d%5er!%ty betwee& the act! o- !ay a clam a&d o- a do are co5ered up by po%&t%& out that the act! o- each te&d to !el-7pre!er5at%o&> % &or%& the !omewhat %mporta&t -act that %& o&e ca!e %t %! the l%-e o- a clam a&d %& the other the l%-e o- a do wh%ch %! co&t%&ued. '& moral!> the co&crete d%--ere&ce! betwee& a 8e!u!> a Peter> a 8oh& a&d a 8uda! are co5ered up by the w%!e remark that a-ter all they are all !el5e! a&d all act a! !el5e!. '& e5ery ca!e> a re!ult or 9 e&d9 %! treated a! a& actuat%& cau!e. /he -allacy co&!%!t! %& tra&!-orm%& the <tru%!t%c= -act o- act%& as a !el- %&to the -%ct%o& o- act%& alway! -or !el-. D5ery act> tru%!t%cally a a%&> te&d! to a certa%& -ul-%lme&t or !at%!-act%o& o- !ome hab%t wh%ch %! a& u&doubted eleme&t %& the !tructure o- character. Dach !at%!-act%o& %! 1ual%tat%5ely what %t %! becau!e o- the d%!po!%t%o& -ul-%lled %& the object atta%&ed> treachery or loyalty> mercy or cruelty. But theory come! %& a&d bla&ket! the treme&dou! d%5er!%ty %& the 1ual%ty o- the !at%!-act%o&! wh%ch are eAper%e&ced by po%&t%& out that they are all !at%!-act%o&!. /he harm do&e %! the& com7

<13I= 7pleted by tra&!-orm%& th%! art%-%c%al u&%ty o- re!ult %&to a& or% %&al lo5e o!at%!-act%o& a! the -orce that e&erate! all act! al%ke. Becau!e a .ero a&d a Peabody both et !at%!-act%o& %& act%& a! they do %t %! %&-erred that the !at%!-act%o& o- each %! the !ame %& 1ual%ty> a&d that both were actuated by lo5e o- the !ame object%5e. '& real%ty the more we co&cretely dwell upo& the commo& -act o- -ul-%lme&t> the more we real%Be the d%--ere&ce %& the k%&d! o- !el5e! -ul-%lled. '& po%&t%& out that both the &orth a&d the

!outh pole! are pole! we do &ot abol%!h the d%--ere&ce o- &orth -rom !outh@ we acce&tuate %t. /he eApla&at%o& o- the -allacy %! howe5er too ea!y to be co&5%&c%& . /here mu!t ha5e bee& !ome mater%al> emp%r%cal rea!o& why %&tell% e&t me& were !o ea!%ly e&trapped by a -a%rly ob5%ou! -allacy. /hat mater%al error wa! a bel%e- %& the -%A%ty a&d !%mpl%c%ty o- the !el-> a bel%e- wh%ch had bee& -o!tered by a !chool -ar remo5ed -rom the o&e %& 1ue!t%o&> the theolo %a&! w%th the%r do ma o- the u&%ty a&d ready7made complete&e!! o- the !oul. *e arr%5e at true co&cept%o&! o- mot%5at%o& a&d %&tere!t o&ly by the reco &%t%o& that !el-hood <eAcept a! %t ha! e&ca!ed %t!el- %& a !hell o- rout%&e= %! %& proce!! o- mak%& > a&d that a&y !el- %! capable o- %&clud%& w%th%& %t!el- a &umber o- %&co&!%!te&t !el5e!> ou&harmo&%Bed d%!po!%t%o&!. D5e& a .ero may be capable upo& occa!%o& o- act! ok%&d&e!!. 't %! e5e& co&ce%5able that u&der certa%& c%rcum!ta&ce! he may be appalled by the co&!e1ue&ce! o- cruelty> a&d tur& to the -o!ter%& o- k%&dl%er %mpul!e!. 3 !ympathet%c per!o& %!

<13J= &ot %mmu&e to har!h arro a&ce!> a&d he may -%&d h%m!el- %&5ol5ed %& !o much trouble a! a co&!e1ue&ce o- a k%&dly act> that he allow! h%! e&erou! %mpul!e! to !hr%5el a&d he&ce-orth o5er&! h%! co&duct by the d%ctate! o- the !tr%cte!t worldly prude&ce. '&co&!%!te&c%e! a&d !h%-t%& ! %& character are the commo&e!t th%& ! %& eAper%e&ce. C&ly the hold o- a trad%t%o&al co&cept%o& o- the !%& le&e!! a&d !%mpl%c%ty o- !oul a&d !elbl%&d! u! to perce%5%& what they mea&: the relat%5e -lu%d%ty a&d d%5er!%ty o- the co&!t%tue&t! o- !el-hood. /here %! &o o&e ready7made !el- beh%&d act%5%t%e!. /here are compleA> u&!table> oppo!%& att%tude!> hab%t!> %mpul!e! wh%ch radually come to term! w%th o&e a&other> a&d a!!ume a certa%& co&!%!te&cy o- co&-% urat%o&> e5e& thou h o&ly by mea&! o- a d%!tr%but%o& o- %&co&!%!te&c%e! wh%ch keep! them %& water7t% ht compartme&t!> %5%& them !eparate tur&! or tr%ck! %& act%o&. Ma&y ood word! et !po%led whe& the word !el- %! pre-%Aed to them: *ord! l%ke p%ty> co&-%de&ce> !acr%-%ce> co&trol> lo5e. /he rea!o& %! &ot -ar to !eek. /he word !el- %&-ect! them w%th a -%Aed %&tro5er!%o& a&d %!olat%o&. 't %mpl%e! that the act o- lo5e or tru!t or co&trol %! tur&ed back upo& a !el- wh%ch already %! %& -ull eA%!te&ce a&d %& who!e behalthe act operate!. P%ty -ul-%l! a&d create! a !el- whe& %t %! d%rected outward> ope&%& the m%&d to &ew co&tact! a&d recept%o&!. P%ty -or !el- w%thdraw! the m%&d back %&to %t!el-> re&der%& %t! !ubject u&able to lear& -rom the bu--et%& ! o- -ortu&e. $acr%-%ce may e&lar e a !el- by br%& %& about !urre&der o- ac1u%red po!!e!!%o&! to re1u%reme&t! o&ew

<139= rowth. $el-7!acr%-%ce mea&! a !el-7ma%m%& wh%ch a!k! -or compe&!atory pay %& !ome later po!!e!!%o& or %&dul e&ce. +o&-%de&ce a! a& out o%& act %! d%rect&e!! a&d coura e %& meet%& the -act! o- l%-e> tru!t%& them to br%& %&!truct%o& a&d !upport to a de5elop%& !el-. +o&-%de&ce wh%ch term%&ate! %& the !el- mea&! a !mu complace&cy that re&der! a per!o& obtu!e to %&!truct%o& by e5e&t!. +o&trol mea&! a comma&d ore!ource! that e&lar e! the !el-@ !el-7co&trol de&ote! a !el- wh%ch %! co&tract%& > co&ce&trat%& %t!el- upo& %t! ow& ach%e5eme&t!> hu %& them t% ht> a&d thereby e!topp%& the rowth that come! whe& the !el- %! e&erou!ly relea!ed@ a !el-7co&!c%ou! moral athlet%c%!m that e&d! %& a d%!proport%o&ate e&lar eme&t o- !ome or a&.

*hat make! the d%--ere&ce %& each o- the!e ca!e! %! the d%--ere&ce betwee& a !el- take& a! !ometh%& already made a&d a !el- !t%ll mak%& throu h act%o&. '& the -ormer ca!e> act%o& ha! to co&tr%bute pro-%t or !ecur%ty or co&!olat%o& to a !el-. '& the latter> %mpul!%5e act%o& become! a& ad5e&ture %& d%!co5ery o- a !el- wh%ch %! po!!%ble but a! yet u&real%Bed> a& eAper%me&t %& creat%& a !el- wh%ch !hall be more %&clu!%5e tha& the o&e wh%ch eA%!t!. /he %dea that o&ly tho!e %mpul!e! ha5e moral 5al%d%ty wh%ch a%m at the wel-are o- other!> or are altru%!t%c> %! almo!t a> o&e7!%ded a doctr%&e a! the do ma o- !el-7 lo5e. :et altru%!m ha! o&e marked !uper%or%ty@ %t at lea!t !u e!t! a e&ero!%ty oout o%& act%o&> a l%berat%o& o- power a! a a%&!t the clo!e> pe&t %&> protected atmo!phere o- a ready7made e o. /he reduct%o& o- all %mpul!e! to -orm! o- !el-7lo5e

< 1E"= %! worth %&5e!t% at%o& becau!e %t %5e! a& opportu&%ty to !ay !ometh%& about !ela! a& o& o%& proce!!. /he doctr%&e %t!el- %! -aded> %t! ad5ocate! are belated. /he &ot%o& %! too tame to appeal to a e&erat%o& that ha! eAper%e&ced roma&t%c%!m a&d ha! bee& %&toA%cated by %mb%b%& -rom the !tream! o- power relea!ed by the %&du!tr%al re5olut%o&. /he -a!h%o&able u&%-%cat%o& o- today oe! by the &ame o- the w%ll to power. '& the be %&&%& > th%! %! hardly more tha& a &ame -or a 1ual%ty o- all act%5%ty. D5ery -ul-%lled act%5%ty term%&ate! %& added co&trol o- co&d%t%o&!> %& a& art o- adm%&%!ter%& object!. DAecut%o&> !at%!-act%o&> real%Bat%o&> -ul-%lme&t are all &ame! -or the -act that a& act%5%ty %mpl%e! a& accompl%!hme&t wh%ch %! po!!%ble o&ly by !ubdu%& c%rcum!ta&ce to !er5e a! a& accompl%ce o- ach%e5eme&t. Dach %mpul!e or hab%t %! thu! a w%ll to %t! own power. /o !ay th%! %! to clothe a tru%!m %& a -% ure. 't !ay! that a& er or -ear or lo5e or hate %! !ucce!!-ul whe& %t e--ect! !ome cha& e out!%de the or a&%!m wh%ch mea!ure! %t! -orce a&d re %!ter! %t! e--%c%e&cy. /he ach%e5ed outcome mark! the d%--ere&ce betwee& act%o& a&d a cooped7up !e&t%me&t wh%ch %! eApe&ded upo& %t!el-. /he eye hu& er! -or l% ht> the ear -or !ou&d> the ha&d -or !ur-ace!> the arm -or th%& ! to reach> throw a&al l%-t> the le -or d%!ta&ce> a& er -or a& e&emy to de!troy> cur%o!%ty -or !ometh%& to !h%5er a&d cower be-ore> lo5e -or a mate. Dach %mpul!e %! a dema&d -or a& object wh%ch w%ll e&able %t to -u&ct%o&. De&%ed a& object %& real%ty %t te&d! to create o&e %& -a&cy> a! patholo y !how!.

<1E1= $o -ar we ha5e &o e&eral%Bed w%ll to power> but o&ly the %&here&t pre!!ure o- e5ery act%5%ty -or a& ade1uate ma&%-e!tat%o&. 't %! &ot !o much a dema&d -or power a! !earch -or a& opportu&%ty to u!e a power already eA%!t%& . '- opportu&%t%e! corre!po&ded to the &eed> a de!%re -or power would hardly ar%!e: power would be u!ed a&d !at%!-act%o& would accrue. But %mpul!e %! balked. '- co&d%t%o&! arc r% ht -or a& educat%5e rowth> the !&ubbed %mpul!e w%ll be 9 !ubl%mated.9 /hat %!> %t w%ll become a co&tr%butory -actor %& !ome more %&clu!%5e a&d compleA act%5%ty> %& wh%ch %t %! reduced to a !ubord%&ate yet e--ectual place. $omet%me! howe5er -ru!trat%o& dam! act%5%ty up> a&d %&te&!%-%e! %t. 3 lo& %& -or !at%!-act%o& at a&y co!t %! e& e&dered. 3&d whe& !oc%al co&d%t%o&! are !uch that the path o- lea!t re!%!ta&ce l%e! throu h !ubju at%o& o- the e&er %e! o- other!> the w%ll to power bur!t! %&to -lower.

/h%! eApla%&! why we attr%bute a w%ll to power to other! but &ot to our!el5e!> eAcept %& the compl%me&tary !e&!e that be%& !tro& we &aturally w%!h to eAerc%!e our !tre& th. Ctherw%!e -or our!el5e! we o&ly wa&t what we wa&t whe& we wa&t %t> &ot be%& o5er!crupulou! about the mea&! we take to et %t. /h%! p!ycholo y %! &a%5e but %t %! truer to -act! th%& the !uppo!%t%o& that there eA%!t! by %t!el- a! a !eparate a&d or% %&al th%& a w%ll to power. )or %t %&d%cate! that the real -act %! !ome eA%!t%& power wh%ch dema&d! outlet> a&d wh%ch become! !el-7co&!c%ou! o&ly whe& %t %! too weak to o5ercome ob!tacle!. +o&5e&t%o&ally the

<1E2= w%ll to power %! %mputed o&ly to a comparat%5ely !mall &umber o- amb%t%ou! a&d ruthle!! me&. /hey are probably upo& the whole 1u%te u&co&!c%ou! o- a&y !uch w%ll> be%& ma!tered by !pec%-%c %&te&!e %mpul!e! that -%&d the%r real%Bat%o& mo!t read%ly by be&d%& other! to !er5e a! tool! o- the%r a%m!. $el-7co&!c%ou! w%ll to power %! -ou&d ma%&ly %& tho!e who ha5e a !o7called %&-er%or%ty compleA> a&d who would compe&!ate -or a !e&!e o- per!o&al d%!ad5a&ta e <ac1u%red early %& ch%ldhood= by mak%& a !tr%k%& %mpre!!%o& upo& other!> %& the re-leA o- wh%ch they -eel the%r !tre& th apprec%ated. /he l%terateur who ha! to take h%! act%o& out %& %ma %&at%o& %! much more l%kely to e5%&ce a w%ll to power tha& a .apoleo& who !ee! de-%&%te object! w%th eAtraord%&ary clear&e!! a&d who make! d%rectly -or them. DAplo!%5e %rr%tat%o&!> &a %& !> the ob!t%&acy o- weak per!o&!> dream! o- ra&deur> the 5%ole&ce o- tho!e u!ually !ubm%!!%5e are the ord%&ary mark! o- a w%ll to power. D%!cu!!%o& o- the -al!e !%mpl%-%cat%o& %&5ol5ed %& th%! doctr%&e !u e!t! a&other u&duly -%Aed a&d l%m%ted cla!!%-%cat%o&. +r%t%c! o- the eA%!t%& eco&om%c re %me ha5e d%5%ded %&!t%&ct! %&to the creat%5e a&d the ac1u%!%t%5e> a&d ha5e co&dem&ed the pre!e&t order becau!e %t embod%e! the latter at the eApe&!e o- the -ormer. /he d%5%!%o& %! co&5e&%e&t> yet m%!take&. +o&5e&%e&t becau!e %t !um! up certa%& -act! o- the pre!e&t !y!tem> m%!take& becau!e %t take! !oc%al product! -or p!ycholo %cal or% %&al!. $peak%& rou hly we may !ay that &at%5e act%5%ty %! both creat%5e a&d ac1u%!%t%5e> creat%5e a! a proce!!> ac1u%!%t%5e %& that %t term%&ate! a! a rule

<1E3= %& !ome ta& %ble product wh%ch br%& ! the proce!! to co&!c%ou!&e!! o- %t!el-. 3ct%5%ty %! creat%5e %& !o -ar a! %t mo5e! to %t! ow& e&r%chme&t a! act%5%ty> that %!> br%& %& alo& w%th %t!el- a relea!e o- -urther act%5%t%e!. $c%e&t%-%c %&1u%ry> art%!t%c product%o&> !oc%al compa&%o&!h%p po!!e!! th%! tra%t to a marked de ree@ !ome amou&t o%t %! a &ormal accompa&%me&t o- all !ucce!!-ully coord%&ated act%o&> *h%le -rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- what precede! %t %! a -ul-%lme&t> %t %! a l%berat%5e eApa&!%o& w%th re!pect to what come! a-ter. /here %! here: &o a&ta o&%!m betwee& creat%5e eApre!!%o& a&d the product%o& o- re!ult! wh%ch e&dure a&d wh%ch %5e a !e&!e o- accompl%!hme&t. 3rch%tecture at %t! be!t> -or eAample> would probably appear to mo!t per!o&! to be more creat%5e> &ot le!!> tha& da&c%& at %t! be!t. /here %! &oth%& %& %&du!tr%al product%o& wh%ch o- &ece!!%ty eAclude! creat%5e act%5%ty. /he -act that %t term%&ate! %& ta& %ble ut%l%t%e! &o more lower! %t! !tatu! tha& the u!e! o- a br%d e eAclude creat%5e art -rom a !hare %& %t! de!% & a&d co&!truct%o&. *hat re1u%re! eApla&at%o& %! why proce!! %! !o de-%&%tely !ub!er5%e&t to product %& !o much o- moder& %&du!try:K that %!> why later u!e rather tha& pre!e&t ach%e5%& %! the emphat%c th%& . /he a&!wer !eem! to he two-old.

3& %&crea!%& ly lar e port%o& o- eco&om%c work %! do&e w%th mach%&e!. 3! a rule> the!e mach%&e! are &ot u&der the per!o&al co&trol o- tho!e who operate them. /he mach%&e! are operated -or e&d! wh%ch the worker ha! &o !hare %& -orm%& a&d %& wh%ch a! !uch> or apart

<1EE= -rom h%! wa e> he ha! &o %&tere!t. (e &e%ther u&der!ta&d! the mach%&e! &or care! -or the%r purpo!e. (e %! e& a ed %& a& act%5%ty %& wh%ch mea&! are cut o-- -rom e&d!> %&!trume&t! -rom what they ach%e5e. (% hly mecha&%Bed act%5%ty te&d! a! Dmer!o& !a%d to tur& me& %&to !p%der! a&d &eedle!. But %- me& u&der!ta&d what they are about> %- they !ee the whole proce!! o- wh%ch the%r !pec%al work %! a &ece!!ary part> a&d %- they ha5e co&cer&> care> -or the whole> the& the mecha&%B%& e--ect %! cou&teracted. But whe& a ma& %! o&ly the te&der o- a mach%&e> he ca& ha5e &o %&!% ht a&d &o a--ect%o&@ creat%5e act%5%ty %! out o- the 1ue!t%o&. *hat rema%&! to the workma& %! howe5er &ot !o much ac1u%!%t%5e de!%re! a! lo5e o!ecur%ty a&d a w%!h -or a ood t%me. 3& eAce!!%5e prem%um o& !ecur%ty !pr%& ! -rom the precar%ou! co&d%t%o&! o- the workma& @ de!%re -or a ood t%me> !o -ar a! %t &eed! a&y eApla&at%o&> -rom dema&d -or rel%e- -rom drud ery> due to the ab!e&ce o- cultur%& -actor! %& the work do&e. '&!tead o- ac1u%!%t%o& be%& a pr%mary e&d> the &et e--ect o- the proce!! %! rather to de!troy !ober care -or mater%al! a&d product!@ to %&duce carele!! wa!te-ul&e!!> !o -ar a! that ca& be %&dul ed %& w%thout le!!e&%& the weekly wa e. )rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- orthodoA eco&om%c theory> the mo!t !urpr%!%& th%& K about moder& %&du!try %! the !mall &umber o- per!o&! who ha5e a&y e--ect%5e %&tere!t %& ac1u%!%t%o& owealth. /h%! d%!re ard -or ac1u%!%t%o& make! %t ea!%er -or a -ew who do wa&t to ha5e th%& ! the%r ow& way> a&d who mo&opol%Be what %! ama!!ed. '- a& ac1u%!%t%5e %mpul!e were o&ly

<1EF= more e5e&ly de5eloped> more o- a real -act> tha& %t %!> %t %t 1u%te po!!%ble that th%& ! would be better tha& they are. D5e& w%th re!pect to me& who !ucceed %& accumulat%& wealth %t %! a m%!take to !uppo!e that ac1u%!%t%5e&e!! play! w%th mo!t o- them a lar e role> beyo&d ett%& co&trol o- the tool! o- the ame. 3c1u%!%t%o& %! &ece!!ary a! a& outcome> but %t ar%!e! &ot -rom lo5e oaccumulat%o& but -rom the -act that w%thout a lar e !tock o- po!!e!!%o&! o&e ca&&ot e& a e e--ect%5ely %& moder& bu!%&e!!. 't %! a& %&c%de&t o- lo5e o- power> o- de!%re to %mpre!! -ellow!> to obta%& pre!t% e> to !ecure %&-lue&ce> to ma&%-e!t ab%l%ty> to 9 !ucceed 9 %& !hort u&der the co&d%t%o&! o- the %5e& re %me. 3&d %- we are to !ho5e a mytholo %cal p!ycholo y o- %&!t%&ct! beh%&d moder& eco&om%c!> we !hould do better to %&5e&t %&!t%&ct! -or !ecur%ty> a ood t%me> power a&d !ucce!! tha& to rely upo& a& ac1u%!%t%5e %&!t%&ct. *e !hould ha5e al!o to %5e much we% ht to a pecul%ar !port%& %&!t%&ct. .ot ac1u%r%& dollar!> but cha!%& them> hu&t%& them %! the %mporta&t th%& . 3c1u%!%t%o& ha! %t! part %& the b% ame> -or e5e& the mo!t de5oted !port!ma& pre-er!> other th%& ! be%& e1ual> to br%& home the -o ?! bru!h. 3 ta& %ble re!ult %! the mark to o&e?! !el- a&d to other! o- !ucce!! %& !port. '&!tead o- d%5%d%& !harply a& ac1u%!%t%5e %mpul!e ma&%-e!ted %& bu!%&e!! a&d a creat%5e %&!t%&ct d%!played %& !c%e&ce> art a&d !oc%al -ellow!h%p> we !hould rather -%r!t %&1u%re

why %t %! that !o much o- creat%5e act%5%ty %! %& our day d%5erted %&to bu!%&e!!> a&d the& a!k why

<1EH= %t %! that opportu&%ty -or eAerc%!e o- the creat%5e capac%ty %& bu!%&e!! %! &ow re!tr%cted to !uch a !mall cla!!> tho!e who ha5e to do w%th ba&k%& > -%&d%& a market> a&d ma&%pulat%& %&5e!tme&t!@ a&d -%&ally a!k why creat%5e act%5%ty %! per5erted %&to a& o5er7!pec%al%Bed a&d -re1ue&tly %&huma&e operat%o&. )or a-ter all %t %! &ot the bare -act o- creat%o& but %t! 1ual%ty wh%ch cou&t!. /hat capta%&! o- %&du!try are creat%5e art%!t! o- a !ort> a&d that %&du!try ab!orb! a& u&due !hare o- the creat%5e act%5%ty o- the pre!e&t t%me ca&&ot be de&%ed. /o %mpute to the leader! o- %&du!try a&d commerce !%mply a& ac1u%!%t%5e mot%5e %! &ot merely to lack %&!% ht %&to the%r co&duct> but %t %! to lo!e the clew to better%& co&d%t%o&!. )or a more proport%o&ate d%!tr%but%o& o- creat%5e power betwee& bu!%&e!! a&d other occupat%o&!> a&d a more huma&e> w%der u!e o- %t %& bu!%&e!! depe&d upo& ra!p%& ar% ht the -orce! actually at work. '&du!tr%al leader! comb%&e %&tere!t %& mak%& -ar7reach%& pla&!> lar e !y&the!e! o- co&d%t%o&! ba!ed upo& !tudy> ma!tery o- re-%&ed a&d compleA tech&%cal !k%ll> co&trol o5er &atural -orce! a&d e5e&t!> w%th lo5e o- ad5e&ture> eAc%teme&t a&d ma!tery o- -ellowme&. *he& the!e %&tere!t! are re%&-orced w%th actual comma&d o- all the mea&! o- luAury> o- d%!play a&d procur%& adm%rat%o& -rom the le!! -ortu&ate> %t %! &ot !urpr%!%& that creat%5e -orce %! dra-ted lar ely %&to bu!%&e!! cha&&el!> a&d that compet%t%o& -or a& opportu&%ty to d%!play power become! brutal. /he !trate %c 1ue!t%o&> a! wa! !a%d> %! to u&der!ta&d

<1EI= how a&d why pol%t%cal> le al> !c%e&t%-%c a&d educat%o&al co&d%t%o&! o- !oc%ety -or the la!t ce&tur%e! ha5e !t%mulated a&d &our%!hed !uch a o&e7!%ded de5elopme&t ocreat%5e act%5%t%e!. /o approach the problem -rom th%! po%&t o- 5%ew %! much more hope-ul> thou h %&-%&%tely more compleA %&tellectually> tha& the approach wh%ch !et! out w%th a -%Aed dual%!m betwee& ac1u%!%t%5e a&d creat%5e %mpul!e!. /he latter a!!ume! a complete !pl%t o- h% her a&d lower %& the or% %&al co&!t%tut%o& o- ma&. *ere th%! the ca!e> there would be &o or a&%c remedy. /he !ole appeal would be to !e&t%me&tal eAhortat%o& to me& to wea& them!el5e! -rom de5ot%o& to the th%& ! wh%ch are belo5ed by the%r lower a&d mater%al &ature. 3&d %- the appeal were moderately !ucce!!-ul the !oc%al re!ult would be a -%Aed cla!! d%5%!%o&. /here would rema%& a lower cla!!> !uperc%l%ou!ly looked dow& upo& by the h% her> co&!%!t%& o- tho!e %& whom the ac1u%!%t%5e %&!t%&ct rema%&! !tro& er a&d who do the &ece!!ary work o- l%-e> wh%le the h% her 9 creat%5e 9 cla!! de5ote! %t!el- to !oc%al %&tercour!e> .!c%e&ce a&d art. $%&ce the u&derly%& p!ycholo y %! wro& > the problem a&d %t! !olut%o& a!!ume! %& -act a rad%cally d%--ere&t -orm. /here are a& %&de-%&%te &umber o- or% %&al or %&!t%&ct%5e act%5%t%e!> wh%ch are or a&%Bed %&to %&tere!t! a&d d%!po!%t%o&! accord%& to the !%tuat%o&! to wh%ch they re!po&d. /o %&crea!e the creat%5e pha!e a&d the huma&e 1ual%ty o- the!e act%5%t%e! %! a& a--a%r o- mod%-y%& the !oc%al co&d%t%o&! wh%ch !t%mulate> !elect> %&te&!%-y> weake& a&d coord%&ate &at%5e act%5%t%e!.

<1EJ= /he -%r!t !tep %& deal%& w%th %t %! to %&crea!e oar deta%led !c%e&t%-%c k&owled e. *e &eed to k&ow eAactly the !elect%5e a&d d%rect%5e -orce o- each !oc%al !%tuat%o&@ eAactly howK each te&de&cy %! promoted a&d retarded. +omma&d o- the phy!%cal e&5%ro&me&t o& a lar e a&d del%berate !cale d%d &ot be %& u&t%l bel%e- %& ro!! -orce! a&d e&t%t%e! wa! aba&do&ed. +o&trol o- phy!%cal e&er %e! %! due to %&1u%ry wh%ch e!tabl%!he! !pec%-%c correlat%o&! betwee& m%&ute eleme&t!. 't w%ll &ot be other7w%!e w%th !oc%al co&trol a&d adju!tme&t. (a5%& the k&owled e we may !et hope-ully at work upo& a cour!e o- !oc%al %&5e&t%o& a&d eAper%me&tal e& %&eer%& . 3 !tudy o- the educat%5e e--ect> the %&-lue&ce upo& hab%t> o- each de-%&%te -orm o- huma& %&tercour!e> %! prere1u%!%te to e--ect%5e re-orm. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_13.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9.o !eparate %&!t%&ct!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1E971HJ.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct /I* No (eparate Instincts
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

'& !p%te o- what ha! bee& !a%d> %t w%ll be a!!erted that there are de-%&%te> %&depe&de&t> or% %&al %&!t%&ct! wh%ch ma&%-e!t them!el5e! %& !pec%-%c act! %& a o&e7to7o&e corre!po&de&ce. )ear> %t w%ll be !a%d> %! a real%ty> a&d !o %! a& er> a&d r%5alry> a&d lo5e o- ma!tery o- other!> a&d !el-7aba!eme&t> mater&al lo5e> !eAual de!%re> re ar%ou!&e!! a&d e&5y> a&d each ha! %t! ow& appropr%ate deed a! a re!ult. C- cour!e they are real%t%e!. $o are !uct%o&> ru!t%& o- metal!> thu&der a&d l% ht&%& a&d l% hter7tha&7a%r -ly%& mach%&e!. But !c%e&ce a&al %&5e&t%o& d%d &ot et o& a! lo& a! me& %&dul ed %& the &ot%o& o- !pec%al -orce! to accou&t -or !uch phe&ome&a. Me& tr%ed that road> a&d %t o&ly led them %&to lear&ed % &ora&ce. /hey !poke o- &ature?! abhorre&ce o- a 5acuum @ o- a -orce o- combu!t%o& @ o- %&tr%&!%c &%!u! toward th%! a&d that@ o- hea5%&e!! a&d le5%ty a! -orce!. 't tur&ed out that the!e 9 -orce! 9 were o&ly the phe&ome&a o5er a a%&> tra&!lated -rom a !pec%-%c a&d co&crete -orm <%& wh%ch they were at lea!t actual= %&to a e&eral%Bed -orm %& wh%ch they were 5erbal. /hey co&5erted a problem %&to a !olut%o& wh%ch a--orded a !%mulated !at%!-act%o&. 3d5a&ce %& %&!% ht a&d co&trol came o&ly whe& the m%&d tur&ed !1uarely arou&d. 3-ter %t had daw&ed upo& %&1u%rer! that the%r alle ed cau!al -orce! were o&ly

<1F"= &ame! wh%ch co&de&!ed %&to a dupl%cate -orm a 5ar%ety o- compleA occurre&ce!> they !et about break%& up phe&ome&a %&to m%&ute deta%l a&d !earch%& -or correlat%o&> that %!> -or eleme&t! %& other ro!! phe&ome&a wh%ch al!o 5ar%ed. +orre!po&de&ce o5ar%at%o&! o- eleme&t! took the place o- lar e a&d %mpo!%& -orce!. /he p!ycholo y obeha5%or %! o&ly be %&&%& to u&der o !%m%lar treatme&t. 't %! probable that the 5o ue o!e&!at%o&7p!ycholo y wa! due to the -act that %t !eemed to prom%!e a !%m%lar deta%led treatme&t o- per!o&al phe&ome&a. But a! yet we te&d to re ard !eA> hu& er> -ear> a&d e5e& much more compleA act%5e %&tere!t! a! %- they were lump -orce!> l%ke the combu!t%o& or ra5%ty o- old7-a!h%o&ed phy!%cal !c%e&ce. 't %! &ot hard to !ee how the &ot%o& o- a !%& le a&d !eparate te&de&cy rew up %& the ca!e o- !%mpler act! l%ke hu& er a&d !eA. /he path! o- motor outlet or d%!char e are comparat%5ely -ew a&d are -a%rly well de-%&ed. $pec%-%c bod%ly or a&! are co&!p%cuou!ly %&5ol5ed. (e&ce there %! !u e!ted the &ot%o& o- a corre!po&d%& ly !eparate p!ych%c -orce or %mpul!e. /here are two -allac%e! %& th%! a!!umpt%o&. /he -%r!t co&!%!t! %& % &or%& the -act that &o act%5%ty <e5e& o&e that %! l%m%ted by rout%&e hab%t= %! co&-%&ed to the cha&&el wh%ch %! mo!t -la ra&tly %&5ol5ed %& %t! eAecut%o& /he whole or a&%!m %! co&cer&ed %& e5ery act to !ome eAte&t a&d %& !ome -a!h%o&> %&ter&al or a&! a! well a! mu!cular> tho!e o- c%rculat%o&> !ecret%o&> etc. $%&ce the total !tate o- the or a&%!m %! &ewer eAactly tw%ce al%ke> %& !o -ar the phe&ome&a o- hu& er a&d !eA

<1F1= are &e5er tw%ce the !ame %& -act. /he d%--ere&ce may be &e l% %ble -or !ome purpo!e!> a&d yet %5e the key -or the purpo!e! o- a p!ycholo %cal a&aly!%! wh%ch !hall term%&ate %& a correct >jud me&t o- 5alue. D5e& phy!%olo %cally the co&teAt o- or a&%c cha& e! accompa&y%& a& act o- hu& er or !eA make! the d%--ere&ce betwee& a &ormal a&d a morb%d phe&ome&o&. '& the !eco&d place> the e&5%ro&me&t %& wh%ch the act take! place %! &e5er tw%ce al%ke. D5e& whe& the o5ert or a&%c d%!char e %! !ub!ta&t%ally the !ame> the act! %mp%& e upo& a d%--ere&t e&5%ro&me&t a&d thu! ha5e d%--ere&t co&!e1ue&ce!. 't %! %mpo!!%ble to re ard the!e d%--ere&ce! o- object%5e re!ult a! %&d%--ere&t to the 1ual%ty o- the act!. /hey are %mmed%ately !e&!ed %- &ot clearly perce%5ed@ a&d they are the o&ly components of the meaning o- the act. *he& -eel%& !> dwell%& a&tecede&tly %& the !oul> were !uppo!ed to be the cau!e! o- act!> %t wa! &atural to !uppo!e that each p!ych%c eleme&t had %t! ow& %&here&t 1ual%ty wh%ch m% ht be d%rectly read o-- by %&tro!pect%o&. But whe& we !urre&der th%! &ot%o&> %t become! e5%de&t that the o&ly way o- tell%& what a& or a&%c act %! l%ke %! by the !e&!ed or percept%ble cha& e! wh%ch %t occa!%o&!. $ome o- the!e w%ll be %&tra7or a&%c> a&d <a! ju!t %&d%cated= they w%ll 5ary w%th e5ery act. Cther! w%ll be eAter&al to the or a&%!m> a&d the!e co&!e1ue&ce! are more %mporta&t tha& the %&tra7 or a&%c o&e! -or determ%&%& the 1ual%ty o- the act. )or they are co&!e1ue&ce! %& wh%ch other! are co&cer&ed a&d wh%ch e5oke react%o&! o- -a5or a&d d%!-a5or a! well a!

<1F2= cooperat%5e a&d re!%!t%& act%5%t%e! o- a more %&d%rect !ort. Mo!t !o7called !el-7decept%o& %! due to employ%& %mmed%ate or a&%c !tate! a! cr%ter%a othe 5alue o- a& act. /o !ay that %t -eel! ood or y%eld! d%rect !at%!-act%o& %! to !ay that %t %5e! r%!e to a com-ortable %&ter&al !tate. /he jud me&t ba!ed upo& th%! eAper%e&ce may be e&t%rely d%--ere&t -rom the jud me&t pa!!ed by other! upo& the ba!%! o- %t! object%5e

or !oc%al co&!e1ue&ce!. 3! a matter o- e5e& the mo!t rud%me&tary precaut%o&> there-ore> e5ery per!o& lear&! to reco &%Be to !ome eAte&t the 1ual%ty o- a& act o& the ba!%! o- %t! co&!e1ue&ce! %& the act! o- other!. But e5e& w%thout th%! jud me&t> the eAter%or cha& e! produced by a& act are %mmed%ately !e&!ed> a&d be%& a!!oc%ated w%th the act become a part o- %t! 1ual%ty. D5e& a you& ch%ld !ee! the !ma!h o- th%& ! occa!%o&ally by h%! a& er> a&d the !ma!h may compete w%th h%! !at%!-%ed -eel%& o- d%!char ed e&er y a! a& %&deA o- 5alue. 3 ch%ld %5e! way to what> ro!!ly !peak%& > we call a& er. 't! -elt or apprec%ated 1ual%ty depe&d@ %& the -%r!t place upo& the co&d%t%o& o- h%! or a&%!m at the t%me> a&d th%! %! &e5er tw%ce al%ke. '& the !eco&d place> the act %! at o&ce mod%-%ed by the e&5%ro&me&t upo& wh%ch %t %mp%& e! !o that d%--ere&t co&!e1ue&ce! are %mmed%ately re-lected back to the doer. '& o&e ca!e> a& er %! d%rected !ay at older a&d !tro& er playmate! who %mmed%ately a5e& e them!el5e! upo& the o--e&der> perhap! cruelly. '& a&other ca!e> %t take! e--ect upo& weaker a&d %mpote&t ch%ldre&> a&d the re-lected ap7

<1F3= 7prec%ated co&!e1ue&ce %! o&e o- ach%e5eme&t> 5%ctory> power a&d a k&owled e othe mea&! o- ha5%& o&e?! ow& way. /he &ot%o& that a& er !t%ll rema%&! a !%& le -orce %! a laBy mytholo y. D5e& %& the ca!e! o- hu& er a&d !eA> where the cha&&el! o- act%o& are -a%rly demarcated by a&tecede&t co&d%t%o&! <or 9&ature??=> the actual co&te&t a&d -eel ohu& er a&d !eA> are %&de-%&%tely 5ar%ed accord%& to the%r !oc%al co&teAt!. C&ly whe& a ma& %! !tar5%& > %! hu& er a& u&1ual%-%ed &atural %mpul!e@ a! %t approache! th%! l%m%t> %t te&d! to lo!e> moreo5er> %t! p!ycholo %cal d%!t%&ct%5e&e!! a&d to become a ra5e& o- the e&t%re or a&%!m. /he treatme&t o- !eA by p!ycho7a&aly!t! %! mo!t %&!truct%5e> -or %t -la ra&tly eAh%b%t! both the co&!e1ue&ce! o- art%-%c%al !%mpl%-%cat%o& a&d the tra&!-ormat%o& o- !oc%al re!ult! %&to p!ych%c cau!e!. 9*r%ter!> u!ually male> hold -orth o& the p!ycholo y o- woma&> a! %- they were deal%& w%th a Plato&%c u&%5er!al e&t%ty> althou h they hab%tually treat me& a! %&d%5%dual!> 5ary%& w%th !tructure a&d e&5%ro&me&t. /hey treat phe&ome&a wh%ch are pecul%arly !ymptom! o- the c%5%l%Bat%o& o- the *e!t at the pre!e&t t%me a! %- they were the &ece!!ary e--ect! o- -%Aed &at%5e %mpul!e! o- huma& &ature. Loma&t%c lo5e a! %t eA%!t! today> w%th all the 5ary%& perturbat%o&! %t occa!%o&!> %! a! de-%&%tely a !% & o!pec%-%c h%!tor%c co&d%t%o&! a! are b% battle !h%p! w%th turb%&e!> %&ter&al7combu!t%o& e& %&e!> a&d electr%cally dr%5e& mach%&e!. 't would be a! !e&!%ble to treat the latter a! e--ect! o- a !%& le p!ych%c cau!e a! to attr%bute the phe&ome&a o- d%!turba&ce a&d co&7

<1FE= 7-l%ct wh%ch accompa&y pre!e&t !eAual relat%o&! a! ma&%-e!tat%o&! o- a& or% %&al !%& le p!ych%c -orce or 2ibido. 0po& th%! po%&t at lea!t a MarA%a& !%mpl%-%cat%o& %! &earer the truth tha& that o- 8u& . 3 a%& %t %! cu!tomary to !uppo!e that there %! a !%& le %&!t%&ct o- -ear> or at mo!t a -ew well7de-%&ed !ub7!pec%e! o- %t. '& real%ty> whe& o&e %! a-ra%d the whole be%& react!> a&d th%! e&t%re re!po&d%& or a&%!m %! &e5er tw%ce the !ame. '& -act> al!o> e5ery react%o& take! place %& a d%--ere&t e&5%ro&me&t> a&d %t! mea&%& %! &e5er tw%ce al%ke> !%&ce the d%--ere&ce %& e&5%ro&me&t make! a d%--ere&ce %& co&!e1ue&ce!. 't %! o&ly mytholo y wh%ch !et! up a !%& le> %de&t%cal p!ych%c -orce wh%ch 9 cau!e! 9 all the react%o&! o- -ear> a -orce be %&&%& a&d e&d%& %& %t!el-. 't %! true e&ou h that %& all ca!e! we are able to

%de&t%-y certa%& more or le!! !eparable character%!t%c act!K mu!cular co&tract%o&!> w%thdrawal!> e5a!%o&!> co&cealme&t!. But %& the latter word! we ha5e already brou ht %& a& e&5%ro&me&t. $uch term! a! w%thdrawal a&d co&cealme&t ha5e &o mea&%& eAcept a! att%tude! toward object!. /here %! &o !uch th%& a! a& e&5%ro&me&t %& e&eral@ there are !pec%-%c cha& %& object! a&d e5e&t!. (e&ce the k%&d o- e5a!%o& or ru&&%& away or !hr%&k%& up wh%ch take! place %! d%rectly correlated w%th !pec%-%c !urrou&d%& co&d%t%o&!. /here %! &o o&e -ear ha5%& d%5er!e ma&%-e!tat%o&! @ there are a! ma&y 1ual%tat%5ely d%--ere&t -ear! a! there are object! re!po&ded to a&d d%--ere&t co&!e1ue&ce! !e&!ed a&d ob!er5ed. )ear o- the dark %! d%--ere&t -rom -ear o- publ%c%ty> < 1FF= -ear o- the de&t%!t -rom -ear o- ho!t!> -ear o- co&!p%cuou! !ucce!! -rom -ear ohum%l%at%o&> -ear o- a bat -rom -ear o- a bear. +oward%ce> embarra!!me&t> caut%o& a&d re5ere&ce may all be re arded a! -orm! o- -ear. /hey all ha5e certa%& phy!%cal or a&%c act! %& commo&K tho!e o- or a&%c !hr%&ka e> e!ture! o- he!%tat%o& a&d retreat. But each %! 1ual%tat%5ely u&%1ue. Dach %! what %t %! %& 5%rtue o- %t! total %&teract%o&! or correlat%o&! w%th other act! a&d w%th the e&5%ro&%& med%um> w%th co&!e1ue&ce!. (% h eAplo!%5e! a&d the aeropla&e ha5e brou ht %&to be%& !ometh%& &ew %& co&duct. /here %! &o error %& call%& %t -ear. But there %! error> e5e& -rom a l%m%ted cl%&%cal !ta&dpo%&t> %& perm%tt%& the cla!!%-y%& &ame to blot -rom 5%ew the d%--ere&ce betwee& -ear o- bomb! dropped -rom the !ky a&d the -ear! wh%ch pre5%ou!ly eA%!ted. /he &ew -ear %! ju!t a! much a&d ju!t a! l%ttle or% %&al a&d &at%5e a! a ch%ld?! -ear o- a !tra& er. )or a&y act%5%ty %! or% %&al whe& %t -%r!t occur!. 3! co&d%t%o&! are co&t%&ually cha& %& > &ew a&d Pr%m%t%5e act%5%t%e! are co&t%&ually occurr%& . /he trad%t%o&al p!ycholo y o%&!t%&ct! ob!cure! reco &%t%o& o- th%! -act. 't !et! up a hard7a&d7-a!t preorda%&ed cla!! u&der wh%ch !pec%-%c act! are !ub!umed> !o that the%r ow& 1ual%ty a&d or% %&al%ty are lo!t -rom 5%ew. /h%! %! why the &o5el%!t a&d dramat%!t are !o much more %llum%&at%& a! well a! more %&tere!t%& comme&tator! o& co&duct tha& the !chemat%B%& p!ycholo %!t. /he art%!t make! percept%ble %&d%5%dual re!po&!e! a&d thu! d%!play! a &ew pha!e ohuma& &ature e5oked %& &ew

<1FH= !%tuat%o&!. '& putt%& the ca!e 5%!%bly a&d dramat%cally he re5eal! 5%tal actual%t%e!. /he !c%e&t%-%c !y!temat%Ber treat! each act a! merely a&other !ample o- !ome old pr%&c%ple> or a! a mecha&%cal comb%&at%o& o- eleme&t! draw& -rom a ready7made %&5e&tory. *he& we reco &%Be the d%5er!%ty o- &at%5e act%5%t%e! a&d the 5ar%ed way! %& wh%ch they are mod%-%ed throu h %&teract%o&! w%th o&e a&other %& re!po&!e to d%--ere&t co&d%t%o&!> we are able to u&der!ta&d moral phe&ome&a otherw%!e ba--l%& . '& the career o- a&y %mpul!e act%5%ty there are !peak%& e&erally three po!!%b%l%t%e!. 't may -%&d a !ur %& > eAplo!%5e d%!char eK bl%&d> u&%&tell% e&t. 't may be !ubl%matedK that %!> become a -actor coord%&ated %&tell% e&tly w%th other! %& a co&t%&u%& cour!e o- act%o&. /hu! a u!t o- a& er may> becau!e o- %t! dy&am%c %&corporat%o& %&to d%!po!%t%o&> be co&5erted %&to a& ab%d%& co&5%ct%o& o- !oc%al %&ju!t%ce to be remed%ed> a&d -ur&%!h the dy&am%c to carry the co&5%ct%o& %&to eAecut%o&. Cr a& eAc%tat%o& o- !eAual attract%o& may reappear %& art or %& tra&1u%l dome!t%c attachme&t! a&d !er5%ce!. $uch a& outcome repre!e&t! the &ormal or de!%rable -u&ct%o&%& o- %mpul!e@ %& wh%ch> to u!e our pre5%ou! la& ua e> the

%mpul!e operate! a! a p%5ot> or reor a&%Bat%o& o- hab%t. Cr a a%& a relea!ed %mpul!%5e act%5%ty may be &e%ther %mmed%ately eApre!!ed %& %!olated !pa!mod%c act%o&> &or %&d%rectly employed %& a& e&dur%& %&tere!t. 't may be 9 !uppre!!ed.9 $uppre!!%o& %! &ot a&&%h%lat%o&. 9 P!ych%c9 e&er y %! &o more capable o- be%& abol%!hed tha& the -orm!

<1FI= we reco &%Be a! phy!%cal. '- %t %! &e%ther eAploded &or co&5erted> %t %! tur&ed %&ward!> to lead a !urrept%t%ou!> !ubterra&ea& l%-e. 3& %!olated or !pa!mod%c ma&%-e!tat%o& %! a !% & o- %mmatur%ty> crud%ty> !a5a ery@ a !uppre!!ed act%5%ty %! the cau!e o- all k%&d! o- %&tellectual a&d moral patholo y. C&e -orm o- the re!ult%& patholo y co&!t%tute! 9 react%o& 9 %& the !e&!e %& wh%ch the h%!tor%a& !peak! o- react%o&!. 3 co&5e&t%o&ally -am%l%ar %&!ta&ce %! $tuart l%ce&!e a-ter Pur%ta& re!tra%&t. 3 !tr%k%& moder& %&!ta&ce %! the or y o- eAtra5a a&ce -ollow%& upo& the e&-orced eco&om%e! a&d hard!h%p! o- war> the moral let7dow& a-ter %t! h% h!tru& eAalted %deal%!m!> the del%berate carele!!&e!! a-ter a& atte&t%o& too %&te&!e a&d too &arrow. Cutward ma&%-e!tat%o& o- ma&y &ormal act%5%t%e! had bee& !uppre!!ed. But act%5%t%e! were &ot !uppre!!ed. /hey were merely dammed up awa%t%& the%r cha&ce. .ow !uch 9 react%o&! 9 are !%multa&eou! a! well a! !ucce!!%5e. Le!ort to art%-%c%al !t%mulat%o&> to alcohol%c eAce!!> !eAual debauchery> op%um a&d &arcot%c! are eAample!. 'mpul!e! a&d %&tere!t! that are &ot ma&%-e!ted %& the re ular cour!e o- !er5%ceable act%5%ty or %& recreat%o& dema&d a&d !ecure a !pec%al ma&%-e!tat%o&. 3&d %t %! %&tere!t%& to &ote that there are two oppo!%te -orm!. $ome phe&ome&a %re character%!t%c o- per!o&! e& a ed %& a rout%&e mo&oto&ou! l%-e o- to%l atte&ded w%th -at% ue a&d hard!h%p. 3&d other! are -ou&d %& per!o&! who are %&tellectual a&d eAecut%5e> me& who!e act%5%t%e! are a&yth%& but mo&oto&ou!> but are &arrowed throu h o5er7!pec%al%Bat%o&. $uch me&

<1FJ= th%&k too much> that %!> too much alo& a part%cular l%&e. /hey carry too hea5y re!po&!%b%l%t%e!@ that %!> the%r o--%ce! o- !er5%ce are &ot ade1uately !hared w%th other!. /hey !eek rel%e- by e!cape %&to a more !oc%able a&d ea!y7 o%& world. /he %mperat%5e dema&d -or compa&%o&!h%p &ot !at%!-%ed %& ord%&ary act%5%ty %! met by co&5%5%al %&dul e&ce. /he other cla!! ha! recour!e to eAce!! becau!e %t! member! ha5e %& ord%&ary occupat%o&! &eAt to &o opportu&%ty -or %ma %&at%o&. /hey make a -oray %&to a more h% hly colored world a! a !ub!t%tute -or a &ormal eAerc%!e o- %&5e&t%o&> pla&&%& a&d jud me&t. (a5%& &o re ular re!po&!%b%l%t%e!> they !eek to reco5er a& %llu!%o& o- pote&cy a&d o- !oc%al reco &%t%o& by a& art%-%c%al eAaltat%o& o- the%r !ubmer ed a&d hum%l%ated !el5e!. (e&ce the lo5e o- plea!ure a a%&!t wh%ch moral%!t! %!!ue !o ma&y war&%& !. .ot that lo5e o- plea!ure! %! %& %t!el- %& a&y way demoral%B%& . ;o5e o- the plea!ure! ocheer-ul&e!!> o- compa&%o&!h%p %! o&e o- the !teady%& %&-lue&ce! %& co&duct. But plea!ure ha! o-te& become %de&t%-%ed w%th !pec%al thr%ll!> eAc%tat%o&!> t%ckl%& ! o- !e&!e> !t%rr%& ! o- appet%te -or the eApre!! purpo!e o- e&joy%& the %mmed%ate !t%mulat%o& %rre!pect%5e o- re!ult!. $uch plea!ure! are !% &! o- d%!!%pat%o&> d%!!olute&e!!> %& the l%teral !e&!e. 3& act%5%ty wh%ch %! depr%5ed o- re ular !t%mulat%o& a&d &ormal -u&ct%o& %! p%1ued %&to %!olated act%5%ty> a&d the re!ult %! d%5%!%o&> d%!a!!oc%at%o&. 3 l%-e o- rout%&e

a&d o- o5er7!pec%al%Bat%o& %& &o&7rout%&e l%&e! !eek occa!%o&! %& wh%ch to arou!e by ab&ormal. mea&! a feeling o- !at7

<1F9= 7%!-act%o& w%thout a&y accompa&y%& object%5e -ul-%lme&t. (e&ce> a! moral%!t! ha5e po%&ted out> the %&!at%able character o- !uch appet%te!. 3ct%5%t%e! are &ot really !at%!-%ed> that %! -ul-%lled %& object!. /hey co&t%&ue to !eek -or rat%-%cat%o& %& more %&te&!%-%ed !t%mulat%o&!. Cr %e! o- plea!ure7!eek%& > 5ary%& -rom !atur&al%a to m%ld !pree!> re!ult. 't doe! &ot -ollow howe5er that the !ole alter&at%5e %! !at%!-act%o& by mea&! oobject%5ely !er5%ceable act%o&> that %! by act%o& wh%ch e--ect! u!e-ul cha& e! %& the e&5%ro&me&t. /here %! a& opt%m%!t%c theory o- &ature accord%& to wh%ch where5er there %! &atural law there %! al!o &atural harmo&y. $%&ce ma& a! well a! the world %! %&cluded %& the !cope o- &atural law> %t %! %&-erred that there %! &atural harmo&y betwee& huma& act%5%t%e! a&d !urrou&d%& !> a harmo&y wh%ch %! d%!turbed o&ly whe& ma& %&dul e! %& 9 art%-%c%al 9 departure! -rom &ature. 3ccord%& to th%! 5%ew> all ma& ha! to do %! to keep h%! occupat%o&! %& bala&ce w%th the e&er %e! o- the e&5%ro&me&t a&d he w%ll be both happy a&d e--%c%e&t. Le!t> recuperat%o&> rel%e- ca& be -ou&d %& a proper alter&at%o& o-orm! o- u!e-ul work. Do the th%& ! wh%ch !urrou&d%& ! %&d%cate &eed do%& > a&d !ucce!!> co&te&t> re!torat%o& o- power! w%ll take care o- them!el5e!. /h%! be&e5ole&t 5%ew o- &ature -all! %& w%th a Pur%ta&%c de5ot%o& to work -or %t! ow& !ake a&d create! d%!tru!t o- amu!eme&t> play a&d recreat%o&. /hey are -elt to be u&&ece!!ary> a&d wor!e> da& erou! d%5er!%o&! -rom the path o- u!e-ul act%o& wh%ch %! al!o the path o-

< 1H"= duty. $oc%al co&d%t%o&! certa%&ly %mpart to occupat%o&! a! they are &ow carr%ed o& a& u&due eleme&t o- -at% ue> !tra%& a&d drud ery. +o&!e1ue&tly u!e-ul occupat%o&! wh%ch are !o ordered !oc%ally a! to e& a e thou ht> -eed %ma %&at%o& a&d e1ual%Be the %mpact o- !tre!! would !urely %&troduce a tra&1u%ll%ty a&d recreat%o& wh%ch are &ow lack%& . But there %! ood rea!o& to th%&k that e5e& %& the be!t co&d%t%o&! there %! e&ou h maladju!tme&t betwee&. the &ece!!%t%e! o- the e&5%ro&me&t a&d the act%5%t%e! 9 &atural 9 to ma&> !o that co&!tra%&t a&d -at% ue would alway! accompa&y act%5%ty> a&d !pec%al -orm! o- act%o& be &eededK -orm! that are !% &%-%ca&tly called re7creat%o&. (e&ce the %mme&!e moral %mporta&ce o- play a&d o- -%&e> or make7bel%e5e> artK oact%5%ty> that %!> wh%ch %! make7bel%e5e -rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- the u!e-ul art! e&-orced by the dema&d! o- the e&5%ro&me&t. *he& moral%!t! ha5e &ot re arded play a&d art w%th a ce&!or%ou! eye> they o-te& ha5e thou ht them!el5e! carry%& matter! to the p%tch oe&ero!%ty by co&ced%& that they may be morally %&d%--ere&t or %&&oce&t. But %& truth they are moral &ece!!%t%e!. /hey are re1u%red to take care o- the mar %& that eA%!t! betwee& the total !tock o- %mpul!e! that dema&d outlet a&d the amou&t eApe&ded %& re ular act%o&. /he 5 keep the bala&ce wh%ch work ca&&ot %&de-%&%tely ma%&ta%&. /hey are re1u%red to %&troduce 5ar%ety> -leA%b%l%ty a&d !e&!%t%5e&e!! %&to d%!po!%t%o&. :et upo& the whole the huma&%B%& capab%l%t%e! o- !port %& %t! 5ar%ed -orm!> drama> -%ct%o&> mu!%c> poetry> &ew!paper! ha5e bee& &e lected. /hey

<1H1= ha5e bee& le-t %& a k%&d o- a moral &o7ma&?! terr%tory. /hey ha5e accompl%!hed part o- the%r -u&ct%o& but they ha5e &ot do&e what they are capable o- do%& > '& ma&y ca!e! they ha5e operated merely a! react%o&! l%ke tho!e art%-%c%al a&d %!olated !t%mulat%o&! already me&t%o&ed. /he !u e!t%o& that play a&d art ha5e a& %&d%!pe&!able moral -u&ct%o& wh%ch !hould rece%5e a& atte&t%o& &ow de&%ed> call! out a& %mmed%ate a&d 5eheme&t prote!t. *e om%t re-ere&ce to that wh%ch proceed! -rom pro-e!!%o&al moral%!t! to whom art> -u& a&d !port are hab%tually u&der !u!p%c%o&. )or tho!e %&tere!ted %& art> pro-e!!%o&al e!thet%c%a&!> w%ll prote!t e5e& more !tre&uou!ly. /hey at o&ce %ma %&e that !ome k%&d o- or a&%Bed !uper5%!%o& %- &ot ce&!or!h%p o- play> drama a&d -%ct%o& %! co&templated wh%ch w%ll co&5ert them %&to mea&! o- moral ed%-%cat%o&. '- they do &ot th%&k o- +om!tock%a& %&ter-ere&ce %& the alle ed %&tere!t o- publ%c moral!> they at lea!t th%&k that what %! %&te&ded %! the el%m%&at%o& by per!o&! o- a Pur%ta&%c> u&art%!t%c temperame&t oe5eryth%& &ot -ou&d !u--%c%e&tly ear&e!t a&d ele5at%& > a -o!ter%& o- art &ot -or %t! ow& !ake but a! a mea&! o- do%& ood by !ometh%& to !omebody. /here %! a &atural -ear o%&ject%& %&to art a !p%r%t o- ear&e!t upl%-t> o- !urre&der%& art to the re-ormer!. But !ometh%& 1u%te other tha& th%! %! mea&t. Lel%e- -rom co&t%&uou! moral act%5%tyK %& the co&5e&t%o&al !e&!e o- moralK %! %t!el- a moral &ece!!%ty. /he !er5%ce o- art a&d play %! to e& a e a&d relea!e %mpul!e! %&

<1H2= way! 1u%te d%--ere&t -rom tho!e %& wh%ch they are occup%ed a&d employed %& ord%&ary act%5%t%e!. /he%r -u&ct%o& %! to -ore!tall a&d remedy the u!ual eAa erat%o&! a&d de-%c%t! o- act%5%ty> e5e& o- 9moral 9 act%5%ty a&d to pre5e&t a !tereotyp%& o- atte&t%o&. /o !ay that !oc%ety %! alto ether too carele!! about the moral worth o- art %! &ot to !ay that carele!!&e!! about. u!e-ul occupat%o&! %! &ot a &ece!!%ty -or art. C& the co&trary> whate5er depr%5e! play a&d art o- the%r ow& carele!! rapture thereby depr%5e! them othe%r moral -u&ct%o&. 3rt the& become! poorer a! art a! a matter o- cour!e> but %t al!o become! %& the !ame mea!ure le!! e--ectual %& %t! pert%&e&t moral o--%ce. 't tr%e! to do what other th%& ! ca& do better> a&d %t -a%l! to do what &oth%& but %t!el- ca& do -or huma& Mature> !o-te&%& r% %d%t%e!> relaA%& !tra%&!> allay%& b%tter&e!!> d%!pell%& moro!e&e!!> a&d break%& dow& the &arrow&e!! co&!e1ue&t upo& !pec%al%Bed ta!k!. D5e& %- the matter be put %& th%! &e at%5e way> the moral 5alue o- art ca&&ot be deprec%ated. But there %! a more po!%t%5e -u&ct%o&. Play a&d art add -re!h a&d deeper mea&%& ! to the u!ual act%5%t%e! o- l%-e. '& co&tra!t w%th a Ph%l%!t%&e rele at%o& o- the art! to a tr%5%al by7play -rom !er%ou! co&cer&!> %t %! truer to !ay that mo!t o- the !% &%-%ca&ce &ow -ou&d %& !er%ou! occupat%o&! or% %&ated %& act%5%t%e! &ot %mmed%ately u!e-ul> a&d radually -ou&d %t! way -rom them %&to object%5ely !er5%ceable employme&t!. )or the%r !po&ta&e%ty a&d l%berat%o& -rom eAter&al &ece!!%t%e! perm%t! to them a& e&ha&ceme&t a&d 5%tal%ty o- mea&%& &ot po!!%ble %&

< 1H3= preoccupat%o& w%th %mmed%ate &eed!. ;ater th%! mea&%& %! tra&!-erred to u!e-ul act%5%t%e! a&d become! a part o- the%r ord%&ary work%& . '& !ay%& the& that art a&d play ha5e a moral o--%ce &ot ade1uately take& ad5a&ta e o- %t %! a!!erted that they are re!po&!%ble to l%-e> to the e&r%ch%& a&d -ree%& o- %t! mea&%& !> &ot that they are re!po&!%ble to a moral code> comma&dme&t or !pec%al ta!k.

/o a coar!e 5%ewK a&d pro-e!!ed moral re-%&eme&t %! o-te& %5e& to tak%& coar!e 5%ew!K there %! !ometh%& 5ul ar &ot o&ly %& recour!e to ab&ormal art%-%c%al eAc%tat%o&! a&d !t%mulat%o&! but al!o %& %&tere!t %& u!ele!! ame! a&d art!. .e at%5ely the two th%& ! ha5e -eature! wh%ch are al%ke. /hey both !pr%& -rom -a%lure o- re ular occupat%o&! to e& a e the -ull !cope o- %mpul!e! a&d %&!t%&ct! %& a& ela!t%cally bala&ced way. /hey both e5%&ce a !urplu!a e o- %ma %&at%o& o5er -act@ a dema&d %& %ma %&at%5e act%5%ty -or a& outlet wh%ch %! de&%ed %& o5ert act%5%ty. /hey both a%m at reduc%& the dom%&at%o& othe pro!a%c> both are prote!t! a a%&!t the lower%& o- mea&%& ! atte&da&t upo& ord%&ary 5ocat%o&!. 3! a co&!e1ue&ce &o rule ca& be la%d dow& -or d%!cr%m%&at%& by d%rect %&!pect%o& betwee& u&whole!ome !t%mulat%o&! a&d %&5aluable eAcur!%o&! %&to apprec%at%5e e&ha&ceme&t! o- l%-e. /he%r d%--ere&ce l%e! %& the way they work> the career! to wh%ch they comm%t u!. 3rt relea!e! e&er y a&d -ocu!e! a&d tra&1u%l%Be! %t. 't relea!e! e&er y %& co&!truct%5e -orm!. +a!tle! %& the a%r l%ke art ha5e the%r !ource %& a tur&%& o- %m7 < 1HE= 7pul!e away -rom u!e-ul product%o&. Both are due to the -a%lure %& !ome part oma&?! co&!t%tut%o& to !ecure -ul-%lme&t %& ord%&ary way!. But %& o&e ca!e the co&5er!%o& o- d%rect e&er y %&to %ma %&at%o& %! the !tart%& po%&t o- a& act%5%ty wh%ch shapes mater%al@ -a&cy %! -ed upo& a !tu-- o- l%-e wh%ch a!!ume! u&der %t! %&-lue&ce a reju5e&ated> compo!ed a&d e&ha&ced -orm. '& the other ca!e> -a&cy rema%&! a& e&d %& %t!el-. 't become! a& %&dul %& %& -a&ta!%e! wh%ch br%& about w%thdrawal -rom all real%t%e!> wh%le w%!he! %mpote&t %& act%o& bu%ld a world wh%ch y%eld! temporary eAc%teme&t. 3&y %ma %&at%o& %! a !% & that> %mpul!e %! %mpeded a&d %! rop%& -or uttera&ce. $omet%me! the outcome %! a re-re!hed u!e-ul hab%t@ !omet%me! %t %! a& art%culat%o& %& creat%5e art@ a&d !omet%me! %t %! a -ut%le roma&c%& wh%ch -or !ome> &ature! doe! what !el-7p%ty doe! -or other!. /he amou&t o- pote&t%al e&er y oreco&!truct%o& that %! d%!!%pated %& u&eApre!!ed -a&ta!y !uppl%e! u! w%th a -a%r mea!ure o- the eAte&t to wh%ch the curre&t or a&%Bat%o& o- occupat%o& balk! a&d tw%!t! %mpul!e> a&d> by the !ame !% &> w%th a mea!ure o- the -u&ct%o& o- art wh%ch %! &ot 5et ut%l%Bed. /he de5elopme&t o- me&tal patholo %e! to the po%&t where they &eed cl%&%cal atte&t%o& ha! o- late e&-orced a w%de!pread co&!c%ou!&e!! o- !ome o- the e5%l! o- !uppre!!%o& o%mpul!e. /he !tud%e! o- p!ych%atr%!t! ha5e made clear that %mpul!e! dr%5e& %&to pocket! d%!t%l po%!o& a&d produce -e!ter%& !ore!. 3& or a&%Bat%o& o- %mpul!e %&to a work%& hab%t -orm! a& %&tere!t. 3 !urrept%t%ou! -urt%5e or a&%Bat%o& wh%ch doe! &ot arct%c7

<1HF= 7ulate %& a5owed eApre!!%o& -orm! a 9 compleA.9 +urre&t cl%&%cal p!ycholo y ha! u&doubtedly o5erworked the %&-lue&ce o- !eAual %mpul!e %& th%! co&&ect%o&> re-u!%& at. the ha&d! o- !ome wr%ter! to reco &%Be the operat%o& o- a&y other mode! o- d%!turba&ce. /here are eApla&at%o&! o- th%! o&e7!%ded&e!!. /he %&te&!%ty o- the !eAual %&!t%&ct a&d %t! or a&%c ram%-%cat%o&! produce ma&y o- the ca!e! that are !o &ot%ceable a! to dema&d the atte&t%o& o- phy!%c%a&!. 3&d !oc%al taboo! a&d the trad%t%o& o- !ecrecy ha5e put> th%! %mpul!e u&der reater !tra%& tha& ha! bee& %mpo!ed upo& other!. '- a !oc%ety eA%!ted %& wh%ch the eA%!te&ce o- %mpul!e toward -ood were !oc%ally d%!a5owed u&t%l %t wa! compelled to l%5e a& %ll%c%t> co5ert l%-e> al%e&%!t! would ha5e ple&ty o- ca!e! o- me&tal a&d moral d%!turba&ce to relate %& co&&ect%o& w%th hu& er.

/he !% &%-%ca&t th%& %! that the patholo y ar%!%& -rom the !eA %&!t%&ct a--ord! a !tr%k%& ca!e o- a u&%5er!al pr%&c%ple. D5ery %mpul!e %!> a! -ar a! %t oe!> -orce> ur e&cy. 't mu!t e%ther be u!ed %& !ome -u&ct%o&> d%rect or !ubl%mated> or be dr%5e& %&to a co&cealed> h%dde& act%5%ty. 't ha! lo& bee& a!!erted o& emp%r%cal rou&d! that repre!!%o& a&d e&!la5eme&t re!ult %& corrupt%o& a&d per5er!%o&. *e ha5e at la!t d%!co5ered the rea!o& -or th%! -act. /he whol!ome a&d !a5%& -orce o- %&tellectual -reedom> ope& co&-ro&tat%o&> publ%c%ty> &ow ha! the !tamp o- !c%e&t%-%c !a&ct%o&. /he e5%l o- check%& %mpul!e! %! &ot that they are checked. *%thout %&h%b%t%o& there %! &o %&!t% at%o& o%ma %&at%o&> &o red%rect%o& %&to more d%!7

<1HH= 7cr%m%&ated a&d comprehe&!%5e act%5%t%e!. /he e5%l re!%de! %& a re-u!al o- d%rect atte&t%o& wh%ch -orce! the %mpul!e %&to d%! u%!e a&d co&cealme&t> u&t%l %t e&act! %t! ow& u&a5owed u&ea!y pr%5ate l%-e !ubject to &o %&!pect%o& a&d &o co&trol. 3 rebell%ou! d%!po!%t%o& %! al!o a -orm o- roma&t%c%!m. 3t lea!t rebel! !et out a! roma&t%c!> or> %& popular parla&ce> a! %deal%!t!. /here %! &o b%tter&e!! l%ke that oco&!c%ou! %mpote&cy> the !e&!e o- !u--ocat%& ly complete !uppre!!%o&. /he world %! hopele!! to o&e w%thout hope. /he ra e o- total de!pa%r %! a 5a%& e--ort at bl%&d de!truct%5e&e!!. Part%al !uppre!!%o& %&duce! %& !ome &ature! a p%cture o- complete -reedom> wh%le %t arou!e! a de!truct%5e prote!t a a%&!t eA%!t%& %&!t%tut%o&! a! e&em%e! that !ta&d %& the way o- -reedom. Lebell%o& ha! at lea!t o&e ad5a&ta e o5er recour!e to art%-%c%al !t%mulat%o& a&d to !ubco&!c%ou! &ur!%& ! o- -e!ter%& !ore !pot!. 't e& a e! %& act%o& a&d thereby come! %& co&tact w%th real%t%e!> 't co&ta%&! the po!!%b%l%ty o- lear&%& !ometh%& . :et lear&%& by th%! method %! %mme&!ely eApe&!%5e. /he co!t! are %&calculable. 3! .apoleo& !a%d> e5ery re5olut%o& mo5e! %& a 5%c%ou! c%rcle. 't be %&! a&d e&d! %& eAce!!. /o 5%ew %&!t%tut%o&! a! e&em%e! o- -reedom> a&d all co&5e&t%o&! a! !la5er%e!> %! to de&y the o&ly mea&! by wh%ch po!%t%5e -reedom %& act%o& ca& be !ecured. 3 e&eral l%berat%o& o- %mpul!e! may !et th%& ! o%& whe& they ha5e bee& !ta &a&t> but %- the relea!ed -orce! are o& the%r way to a&yth%& they do &ot k&ow the way &or where they are o%& . '&deed> they are bou&d

<1HI= to be mutually co&trad%ctory a&d he&ce de!truct%5e de!truct%5e &ot o&ly o- the hab%t! they w%!h to de!troy but o- them!el5e!> o- the%r ow& e--%cacy. +o&5e&t%o& a&d cu!tom are &ece!!ary to carry%& -orward %mpul!e to a&y happy co&clu!%o&. 3 roma&t%c retur& to &ature a&d a -reedom !ou ht w%th%& the %&d%5%dual w%thout re ard to the eA%!t%& e&5%ro&me&t -%&d! %t! term%&u! %& chao!. D5ery bel%e- to the co&trary comb%&e! pe!!%m%!m re ard%& the actual w%th a& e5e& more opt%m%!t%c -a%th %& !ome &atural harmo&y or otherK a -a%th wh%ch %! a !ur5%5al o- !ome o- the trad%t%o&al metaphy!%c! a&d theolo %e! wh%ch pro-e!!edly are to be !wept away. .ot co&5e&t%o& but !tup%d a&d r% %d co&5e&t%o& %! the -oe. 3&d> a! we ha5e &oted> a co&5e&t%o& ca& be reor a&%Bed a&d made mob%le o&ly by u!%& !ome other cu!tom -or %5%& le5era e to a& %mpul!e. :et %t %! too ea!y to utter commo&place! about the !uper%or%ty o- co&!truct%5e act%o& to de!truct%5e. 3t all e5e&t! the pro-e!!ed co&!er5at%5e a&d cla!!%c%!t o- trad%t%o& !eek! too cheap a 5%ctory o5er the rebel. )or the rebel %! &ot !el-7 e&erated. '& the be %&&%& &o o&e %! a re5olut%o&%!t !%mply -or the -u& o- %t> howe5er %t may be a-ter the -uror o-

de!truct%5e power et! u&der way. /he rebel %! the product o- eAtreme -%Aat%o& a&d u&%&tell% e&t %mmob%l%t%e!. ;%-e %! perpetuated o&ly by re&ewal. '- co&d%t%o&! do &ot perm%t re&ewal to take place co&t%&uou!ly %t w%ll take place eAplo!%5ely. /he co!t ore5olut%o&! mu!t be char ed up to tho!e who ha5e take& -or the%r a%m arre!t o- cu!tom %&!tead o- %t! readju!tme&t. /he o&ly o&e! who ha5e

<1HJ= the r% ht to cr%t%c%Be 9 rad%cal! 9 K adopt%& -or the mome&t that per5er!%o& ola& ua e wh%ch %de&t%-%e! the rad%cal w%th the de!truct%5e rebelK are tho!e who put a! much e--ort %&to reco&!truct%o& a! the rebel! are putt%& %&to de!truct%o&. /he pr%mary accu!at%o& a a%&!t the re5olut%o&ary mu!t be d%rected a a%&!t tho!e who ha5%& power re-u!e to u!e %t -or amel%orat%o&!. /hey are the o&e! who accumulate the wrath that !weep! away cu!tom! a&d %&!t%tut%o&! %& a& u&d%!cr%m%&at%& a5ala&che. /oo o-te& the ma& who !hould be cr%t%c%B%& %&!t%tut%o&! eApe&d! h%! e&er y %& cr%t%c%B%& tho!e who would re7-orm them. *hat he really object! to %! a&y d%!turba&ce o- h%! ow& 5e!ted !ecur%t%e!> com-ort! a&d pr%5%le ed power!. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_1E.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9'mpul!e a&d thou ht>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1H971I1.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part " The Place of I#pulse in Conduct /II* I#pulse and Thought
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

*e retur& to the or% %&al propo!%t%o&. /he po!%t%o& o- %mpul!e %& co&duct %! %&termed%ary. Moral%ty %! a& e&dea5or to -%&d -or the ma&%-e!tat%o& o- %mpul!e %& !pec%al !%tuat%o&! a& o--%ce o- re-re!hme&t a&d re&ewal. /he e&dea5or %! &ot ea!y oaccompl%!hme&t. 't %! ea!%er to !urre&der the ma%& a&d publ%c cha&&el! o- act%o& a&d bel%e- to the !lu %!h&e!! o- cu!tom> a&d %deal%Be trad%t%o& by emot%o&al attachme&t to %t! ea!e> com-ort! a&d pr%5%le e! %&!tead o- %deal%B%& %t %& pract%ce by mak%& %t more e1uably bala&ced w%th pre!e&t &eed!. 3 a%&> %mpul!e! &ot u!ed -or the work oreju5e&at%o& a&d 5%tal reco5ery are !%detracked to -%&d the%r ow& lawle!! barbar%t%e! or the%r ow& !e&t%me&tal re-%&eme&t!. Cr they are per5erted to patholo %cal career!K !ome o- wh%ch ha5e bee& me&t%o&ed.

'& the cour!e o- t%me cu!tom become! %&tolerable becau!e o- what %t !uppre!!e! a&d !ome acc%de&t o- war or %&&er cata!trophe relea!e! %mpul!e! -or u&re!tra%&ed eApre!!%o&. 3t !uch t%me! we ha5e ph%lo!oph%e! wh%ch %de&t%-y pro re!! w%th mot%o&> bl%&d !po&ta&e%ty w%th -reedom> a&d wh%ch u&der the &ame o- the !acred&e!! o- %&d%5%dual%ty or a retur& to the &orm! o- &ature make %mpul!e a law u&to %t!el-. /he o!c%llat%o& betwee& %mpul!e arre!ted a&d -roBe& %& r% %d cu!tom a&d %mpul!e %!olated a&d u&d%rected %! !ee& mo!t co&!p%cuou!ly whe&

<1I"= epoch! o- co&!er5at%!m a&d re5olut%o&ary ardor alter&ate. But the !ame phe&ome&o& %! repeated o& a !maller !cale %& %&d%5%dual!. 3&d %& !oc%ety the two te&de&c%e! a&d ph%lo!oph%e! eA%!t !%multa&eou!ly@ they wa!te %& co&tro5er!%al !tr%-e the e&er y that %! &eeded -or !pec%-%c cr%t%c%!m a&d !pec%-%c reco&!truct%o&. /he relea!e o- !ome port%o& o- the !tock o- %mpul!e! %! a& opportu&%ty> &ot a& e&d. '& %t! or% %& %t %! the product o- cha&ce@ but %t a--ord! %ma %&at%o& a&d %&5e&t%o& their cha&ce. /he moral correlate o- l%berated %mpul!e %! &ot %mmed%ate act%5%ty> but re-lect%o& upo& the way %& wh%ch to u!e %mpul!e to re&ew d%!po!%t%o& a&d reor a&%Be hab%t. D!cape -rom the clutch o- cu!tom %5e! a& opportu&%ty to do old th%& ! %& &ew way!> a&d thu! to co&!truct &ew e&d! a&d mea&!. Breach %& the cru!t o- the cake o- cu!tom relea!e! %mpul!e!@ but %t %! the work o- %&tell% e&ce to -%&d the way! o- u!%& them. /here %! a& alter&at%5e betwee& a&chor%& a boat %& the harbor t%ll %t become! a rott%& hulk a&d lett%& %t loo!e to be the !port o- e5ery co&trary u!t. /o d%!co5er a&d de-%&e th%! alter&at%5e %! the bu!%&e!! o- m%&d> o- ob!er5a&t> remember%& > co&tr%5%& d%!po!%t%o&. (ab%t a! a 5%tal art depe&d! upo& the a&%mat%o& o- hab%t by %mpul!e@ o&ly th%! %&!p%r%t%& stands between hab%t a&d !ta &at%o&. But art> l%ttle a! well a! reat> a&o&ymou! a! well a! that d%!t%& u%!hed by t%tle! o- d% &%ty> ca&&ot be %mpro5%!ed. 't %! %mpo!!%ble w%thout !po&ta&e%ty> but %t %! &ot !po&ta&e%ty. 'mpul!e %! &eeded to arou!e thou ht. %&c%te re-lect%o& a&d e&l%5e&

<1I1= bel%e-. But o&ly thou ht &ote! ob!truct%o&!> %&5e&t! tool!> co&ce%5e! a%m!> d%rect! tech&%1ue> a&d thu! co&5ert! %mpul!e %&to a& art wh%ch l%5e! %& object!. /hou ht %! bor& a! the tw%& o- %mpul!e %& e5ery mome&t o- %mpeded hab%t. But u&le!! %t %! &urtured> %t !peed%ly d%e!> a&d hab%t a&d %&!t%&ct co&t%&ue the%r c%5%l war-are. /here %! %&!t%&ct%5e w%!dom %& the te&de&cy o- the you& to % &ore the l%m%tat%o&! o- the e&5%ro&me&t. C&ly thu! ca& they d%!co5er the%r ow& power a&d lear& the d%--ere&ce! %& d%--ere&t k%&d! oe&5%ro&%& l%m%tat%o&!. But th%! d%!co5ery whe& o&ce made mark! the b%rth o%&tell% e&ce@ a&d w%th %t! b%rth come! the re!po&!%b%l%ty o- the mature to ob!er5e> to recall> to -oreca!t. D5ery moral l%-e ha! %t! rad%cal> %!m@ but th%! rad%cal -actor doe! &ot -%&d %t! -ull eApre!!%o& %& d%rect act%o& but %& the coura e o- %&tell% e&ce to o deeper tha& e%ther trad%t%o& or %mmed%ate %mpul!e oe!. /o the !tudy o- %&tell% e&ce %& act%o& we &ow tur& our atte&t%o&. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_1F.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9.o !eparate %&!t%&ct!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1I271J".

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence /I* No (eparate Instincts
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

'. d%!cu!!%& hab%t a&d %mpul!e we ha5e repeatedly met top%c! where re-ere&ce to the work o- thou ht wa! %mperat%5e. DApl%c%t co&!%derat%o& o- the place a&d o--%ce o%&tell% e&ce %& co&duct ca& hardly be %& otherw%!e tha& by ather%& to ether the!e %&c%de&tal re-ere&ce! a&d rea--%rm%& the%r !% &%-%ca&ce. /he !t%mulat%o& o- re-lect%5e %ma %&at%o& by %mpul!e> %t! depe&de&ce upo& e!tabl%!hed hab%t!> a&d %t! e--ect %& tra&!-orm%& hab%t a&d re ulat%& %mpul!e -orm!> accord%& ly> our -%r!t theme. (ab%t! are co&d%t%o&! o- %&tellectual e--%c%e&cy. /hey operate %& two way! upo& %&tellect. Cb5%ou!ly> they re!tr%ct %t! reach> they -%A %t! bou&dar%e!. /hey are bl%&der! that co&-%&e the eye! o- m%&d to the road ahead. /hey pre5e&t thou ht -rom !tray%& away -rom %t! %mm%&e&t occupat%o& to a la&d!cape more 5ar%ed a&d p%cture!1ue but %rrele5a&t to pract%ce. Cut!%de the !cope o- hab%t!> thou ht work! rop%& ly> -umbl%& %& co&-u!ed u&certa%&ty@ a&d yet hab%t made complete %& rout%&e !hut! %& thou ht !o e--ectually that %t %! &o lo& er &eeded or po!!%ble. /he rout%&eer?! road %! a

<1I3= d%tch out o- wh%ch he ca&&ot et> who!e !%de! e&clo!e h%m> d%rect%& h%! cour!e !o thorou hly that he &o lo& er th%&k! o- h%! path or h%! de!t%&at%o&. 3ll hab%t7-orm%& %&5ol5e! the be %&&%& o- all %&tellectual !pec%al%Bat%o& wh%ch %- u&checked e&d! %& thou htle!! act%o&. $% &%-%ca&tly e&ou h th%! -ull7blow& re!ult %! called ab!e&tm%&ded&e!!. $t%mulu! a&d re!po&!e are mecha&%cally l%&ked to ether %& a& u&broke& cha%&. Dach !ucce!!%5e act -ac%lely e5oked by %t! predece!!or pu!he! u! automat%cally %&to the &eAt act o- a predeterm%&ed !er%e!. C&ly a !% &al -la o- d%!tre!! recall! co&!c%ou!&e!! to the ta!k ocarry%& o&. )ortu&ately &ature wh%ch becko&! u! to th%! path o- lea!t re!%!ta&ce al!o put! ob!tacle! %& the way o- our complete accepta&ce o- %t! %&5%tat%o&. $ucce!! %& ach%e5%& a ruthle!! a&d dull e--%c%e&cy o- act%o& %! thwarted by u&toward c%rcum!ta&ce. /he mo!t !k%l-ul apt%tude bump! at t%me! %&to the u&eApected> a&d !o et! %&to trouble -rom wh%ch o&ly ob!er5at%o& a&d %&5e&t%o& eAtr%cate %t. D--%c%e&cy %& -ollow%& a beate& path ha! the& to be co&5erted %&to break%& a &ew road throu h !tra& e la&d!. .e5erthele!! what %& e--ect %! lo5e o- ea!e ha! ma!1ueraded morally a! lo5e oper-ect%o&. 3 oal o- -%&%!hed accompl%!hme&t ha! bee& !et l%p wh%ch %- %t were atta%&ed

would mea& o&ly m%&dle!! act%o&. 't ha! bee& called complete a&d -ree act%5%ty whe& %& truth %t %! o&ly a treadm%ll act%5%ty or march%& %& o&e place. /he pract%cal %mpo!!%b%l%ty o- reach%& > %& a& all arou&d way a&d all at o&ce !uch a 9 per-ect%o& 9 ha! bee& rec7

<1IE= 7o &%Bed. But !uch a oal ha! &e5erthele!! bee& co&ce%5ed a! the %deal> a&d pro re!! ha! bee& de-%&ed a! approA%mat%o& to %t. 0&der d%5er!e %&tellectual !k%e! the %deal ha! a!!umed d%5er!e: -orm! a&d color!. But all o- them ha5e %&5ol5ed the co&cept%o& o- a completed act%5%ty> a !tat%c per-ect%o&. De!%re a&d &eed ha5e bee& treated a! !% &! o- de-%c%e&cy> a&d e&dea5or a! proo- &ot o- power but o- %&complet%o&. '& 3r%!totle th%! co&cept%o& o- a& e&d wh%ch eAhau!t! all real%Bat%o& a&d eAclude! all pote&t%al%ty appear! a! a de-%&%t%o& o- the h% he!t eAcelle&ce. 't o- &ece!!%ty eAclude! all wa&t a&d !tru le a&d all depe&de&c%e!. 't %! &e%ther pract%cal &or !oc%al. .oth%& %! le-t but a !el-7re5ol5%& > !el-7!u--%c%& thou ht e& a ed %& co&templat%& %t! ow& !u--%c%e&cy. $ome -orm! o- Cr%e&tal moral! ha5e u&%ted th%! lo %c w%th a pro-ou&der p!ycholo y> a&d ha5e !ee& that the -%&al term%&u! o& th%! road %! .%r5a&a> a& obl%terat%o& o- all thou ht a&d de!%re. '& med%e5al !c%e&ce> the %deal reappeared a! a de-%&%t%o& o- hea5e&ly bl%!! acce!!%ble o&ly to a redeemed %mmortal !oul. (erbert $pe&cer %! -ar e&ou h away -rom 3r%!totle> med%e5al +hr%!t%a&%ty a&d Buddh%!m@ but the %dea re7emer e! %& h%! co&cept%o& o- a oal o- e5olut%o& %& wh%ch adaptat%o& oor a&%!m to e&5%ro&me&t %! complete a&d -%&al. '& popular thou ht> the co&cept%o& l%5e! %& the 5a ue thou ht o- a remote !tate o- atta%&me&t %& wh%ch we !hall be beyo&d 9temptat%o&>9 a&d %& wh%ch 5%rtue by %t! ow& %&ert%a w%ll per!%!t a! a tr%umpha&t co&!ummat%o&. D5e& Na&t who be %&! w%th a complete !cor&

<1IF= -or happ%&e!! e&d! w%th a& 9%deal9 o- the eter&al a&d u&d%!turbed u&%o& o- 5%rtue a&d joy> thou h %& h%! ca!e &oth%& but a !ymbol%c approA%mat%o& %! adm%tted to be -ea!%ble. /he -allacy %& the!e 5er!%o&! o- the !ame %dea %! perhap! the mo!t per5a!%5e o- all -allac%e! %& ph%lo!ophy. $o commo& %! %t that o&e 1ue!t%o&! whether %t. m% ht &ot be called the ph%lo!oph%cal -allacy. 't co&!%!t! %& the !uppo!%t%o& that whate5er %! -ou&d true u&der certa%& co&d%t%o&! may -orthw%th be a!!erted u&%5er!ally or w%thout l%m%t! a&d co&d%t%o&!. Becau!e a th%r!ty ma& et! !at%!-act%o& %& dr%&k%& water> bl%!! co&!%!t! %& be%& drow&ed. Becau!e the !ucce!! o- a&y part%cular !tru le %! mea!ured by reach%& a po%&t o- -r%ct%o&le!! act%o&> there-ore there %! !uch a th%& a! a& all7%&clu!%5e e&d oe--ortle!! !mooth act%5%ty e&dle!!ly ma%&ta%&ed. 't %! -or otte& that !ucce!! %! !ucce!! of a !pec%-%c e--ort> a&d !at%!-act%o& the -ul-%lme&t of a !pec%-%c dema&d> !o that !ucce!! a&d !at%!-act%o& become mea&%& le!! whe& !e5ered -rom the wa&t! a&d !tru le! who!e co&!ummat%o&! they are> or whe& take& u&%5er!ally. /he ph%lo!ophy o- .%r5a&a come! the clo!e!t to adm%!!%o& o- th%! -act> but e5e& %t hold! .%r5a&a to be de!%rable. (ab%t %! howe5er more tha& a re!tr%ct%o& o- thou ht. (ab%t! become &e at%5e l%m%t! becau!e they are -%r!t> po!%t%5e a e&c%e!. /he more &umerou! our hab%t! the w%der the -%eld o- po!!%ble ob!er5at%o& a&d -oretell%& > /he more -leA%ble they are> the more re-%&ed %! percept%o& %& %t! d%!cr%m%&at%o& a&d the more del%cate the pre!7

<1IH= 7e&tat%o& e5oked by %ma %&at%o&. /he !a%lor %! %&tellectually at home o& the !ea> the hu&ter %& the -ore!t> the pa%&ter %& h%! !tud%o> the ma& o- !c%e&ce %& h%! laboratory. /he!e commo&place! are u&%5er!ally reco &%Bed %& the co&crete@ but the%r !% &%-%ca&ce %! ob!cured a&d the%r truth de&%ed %& the curre&t e&eral theory o- m%&d. )or they mea& &oth%& more or le!! tha& that hab%t! -ormed %& proce!! o- eAerc%!%& b%olo %cal apt%tude! are the !ole a e&t! o- ob!er5at%o&> recollect%o&> -ore!% ht a&d jud me&t: a m%&d or co&!c%ou!&e!! or !oul %& e&eral wh%ch per-orm! the!e operat%o&! %! a myth. /he doctr%&e o- a !%& le> !%mple a&d %&d%!!oluble !oul wa! the cau!e a&d the e--ect o-a%lure to reco &%Be that co&crete hab%t! are the mea&! o- k&owled e a&d thou ht. Ma&y who th%&k them!el5e! !c%e&t%-%cally ema&c%pated a&d who -reely ad5ert%!e the !oul -or a !uper!t%t%o&> perpetuate a -al!e &ot%o& o- what k&ow!> that %!> o- a !eparate k&ower. .owaday! they u!ually -%A upo& co&!c%ou!&e!! %& e&eral> a! a !tream or proce!! or e&t%ty@ or el!e> more !pec%-%cally upo& !e&!at%o&! a&d %ma e! a! the tool! o- %&tellect. Cr !omet%me! they th%&k they ha5e !caled the la!t he% ht! o- real%!m by ad5ert%& ra&d%o!ely to a -ormal k&ower %& e&eral who !er5e! a! o&e term %& the k&ow%& relat%o&@ by d%!m%!!%& p!ycholo y a! %rrele5a&t to k&owled e a&d lo %c> they th%&k to co&ceal the p!ycholo %cal mo&!ter they ha5e co&jured up. .ow %t %! do mat%cally !tated that &o !uch co&cept%o&! o- the !eat> a e&t or 5eh%cle w%ll o p!ycholo %c7

<1II= 7ally at the pre!e&t t%me. +o&crete hab%t! do all the perce%5%& > reco &%B%& > %ma %&%& > recall%& > jud %& > co&ce%5%& a&d rea!o&%& that %! do&e. 9 +o&!c%ou!&e!!>9 whether a! a !tream or a! !pec%al !e&!at%o&! a&d %ma e!> eApre!!e! -u&ct%o&! o- hab%t!> phe&ome&a o- the%r -ormat%o&> operat%o&> the%r %&terrupt%o& a&d reor a&%Bat%o&. :et hab%t doe! &ot> o- %t!el-> k&ow> -or %t doe! &ot o- %t!el- !top to th%&k> ob!er5e or remember. .e%ther doe! %mpul!e o- %t!el- e& a e %& re-lect%o& or co&templat%o&. 't ju!t let! o. (ab%t! by them!el5e! are too or a&%Bed> too %&!%!te&t a&d determ%&ate to &eed to %&dul e %& %&1u%ry or %ma %&at%o&. 3&d %mpul!e! are too chaot%c> tumultuou! a&d co&-u!ed to be able to k&ow e5e& %- they wa&ted to. (ab%t a! !uch %! too de-%&%tely adapted to a& e&5%ro&me&t to !ur5ey or a&alyBe %t> a&d %mpul!e %! too %&determ%&ately related to the e&5%ro&me&t to be capable o- report%& a&yth%& about %t. (ab%t %&corporate!> e&act! or o5err%de! object!> but %t doe!&?t k&ow them. 'mpul!e !catter! a&d obl%terate! them w%th %t! re!tle!! !t%r. 3 certa%& del%cate comb%&at%o& o- hab%t a&d %mpul!e %! re1u%!%te -oA ob!er5at%o&> memory a&d jud me&t. N&owled e wh%ch %! &ot projected a a%&!t the black u&k&ow& l%5e! %& the mu!cle!> &ot %& co&!c%ou!&e!!. *e may> %&deed> be !a%d to .now how by mea&! o- our hab%t!. 3&d a !e&!%ble %&t%mat%o& o- the pract%cal -u&ct%o& o- k&owled e ha! led me& to %de&t%-y all ac1u%red pract%cal !k%ll> or e5e& the %&!t%&ct o- a&%mal!> w%th k&owled e. *e walk a&d read aloud> we et o-- a&d

<1IJ= o& !treet car!> we dre!! a&d u&dre!!> a&d do a thou!a&d u!e-ul act! w%thout th%&k%& o- them. *e k&ow !ometh%& > &amely> how to do them. Ber !o&?! ph%lo!ophy o- %&tu%t%o& %! hardly more tha& a& elaborately docume&ted comme&tary o& the popular co&cept%o& that by %&!t%&ct a b%rd k&ow! how to bu%ld a &e!t a&d a !p%der to wea5e a

web. But a-ter all> th%! pract%cal work do&e by hab%t a&d %&!t%&ct %& !ecur%& prompt a&d eAact adju!tme&t to the e&5%ro&me&t %! &ot k&owled e> eAcept by courte!y. Cr> %- we choo!e to call %t k&owled e K a&d &o o&e ha! the r% ht to %!!ue a& uka!e to the co&trary K the& other th%& ! al!o called k&owled e> k&owled e o- a&d about th%& !> k&owled e that th%& ! are thu! a&d !o> k&owled e that %&5ol5e! re-lect%o& a&d co&!c%ou! apprec%at%o&> rema%&! o- a d%--ere&t !ort> u&accou&ted -or a&d u&de!cr%bed. )or %t %! a commo&place that the more !ua5ely e--%c%e&t a hab%t the more u&co&!c%ou!ly %t operate!. C&ly a h%tch %& %t! work%& ! occa!%o&! emot%o& a&d pro5oke! thou ht. +arlyle a&d Lou!!eau> ho!t%le %& temperame&t a&d outlook> yet a ree %& look%& at co&!c%ou!&e!! a! a k%&d o- d%!ea!e> !%&ce we ha5e &o co&!c%ou!&e!! o- bod%ly or me&tal or a&! a! lo& a! they work at ca!e %& per-ect health. /he %dea o- d%!ea!e %!> howe5er> a!%de -rom the p%&t> u&le!! we are pe!!%m%!t%c e&ou h to re ard e5ery !l%p %& total adju!tme&t o- a per!o& to %t! !urrou&d%& ! a! !ometh%& ab&ormalK a po%&t o- 5%ew wh%ch o&ce more would %de&t%-y well7be%& w%th per-ect automat%!m. /he truth %! that %& e5ery wak%& mome&t> the complete bala&ce o- the or a&%!m a&d %t!

<1I9= e&5%ro&me&t %! co&!ta&tly %&ter-ered w%th a&d a! co&!ta&tly re!tored. (e&ce the 9 !tream o- co&!c%ou!&e!! 9 %& e&eral> a&d %& part%cular that pha!e o- %t celebrated by *%ll%am 8ame! a! alter&at%o& o- -l% ht! a&d perch%& !. ;%-e %! %&terrupt%o&! a&d reco5er%e!. +o&t%&uou! %&terrupt%o& %! &ot po!!%ble %& the act%5%t%e! o- a& %&d%5%dual. 3b!e&ce o- per-ect e1u%l%br%um %! &ot e1u%5ale&t to a complete cru!h%& o- or a&%Bed act%5%ty. *he& the d%!turba&ce amou&t! to !uch a p%tch a! that> the !el- oe! to p%ece!. 't %! l%ke !hell7!hock. .ormally> the e&5%ro&me&t rema%&! !u--%c%e&tly %& harmo&y w%th the body o- or a&%Bed act%5%t%e! to !u!ta%& mo!t o- them %& act%5e -u&ct%o&. But a &o5el -actor %& the !urrou&d%& ! relea!e! !ome %mpul!e wh%ch te&d! to %&%t%ate a d%--ere&t a&d %&compat%ble act%5%ty> to br%& about a red%!tr%but%o& o- the eleme&t! o- or a&%Bed act%5%ty betwee& tho!e ha5e bee& re!pect%5ely ce&tral a&d !ub!%d%ary. /hu! the ha&d u%ded by the eye mo5e! toward a !ur-ace. ,%!ual 1ual%ty %! the dom%&a&t eleme&t. /he ha&d come! %& co&tact w%th a& object. /he eye doe! &ot cea!e to operate but !ome u&eApected 1ual%ty o- touch> a 5oluptuou! !mooth&e!! or a&&oy%& heat> compel! a readju!tme&t %& wh%ch the touch%& > ha&dl%& act%5%ty !tr%5e! to dom%&ate the act%o&. .ow at the!e mome&t! o- a !h%-t%& %& act%5%ty co&!c%ou! -eel%& a&d thou ht ar%!e a&d are acce&tuated. /he d%!turbed adju!tme&t o- or a&%!m a&d e&5%ro&me&t %! re-lected %& a temporary !tr%-e wh%ch co&clude! %& a com%& to term! o- the old hab%t a&d the &ew %mpul!e.

< 1J"= '& th%! per%od o- red%!tr%but%o& %mpul!e determ%&e! the d%rect%o& o- mo5eme&t. 't -ur&%!he! the -ocu! about wh%ch reor a&%Bat%o& !w%rl!. Cur atte&t%o& %& !hort %! alway! d%rected -orward to br%& to &ot%ce !ometh%& wh%ch %! %mm%&e&t but wh%ch a! yet e!cape! u!. 'mpul!e de-%&e! the peer%& > the !earch> the %&1u%ry. 't %!> %& lo %cal la& ua e> the mo5eme&t %&to the u&k&ow&> &ot %&to the %mme&!e %&a&e o- the u&k&ow& at lar e> but %&to that !pec%al u&k&ow& wh%ch whe& %t %! h%t upo& re!tore! a& ordered> u&%-%ed act%o&. Dur%& th%! !earch> old hab%t !uppl%e! co&te&t> -%ll%& > de-%&%te> reco &%Bable> !ubject7matter. 't be %&! a! 5a ue pre!e&t%me&t o- what we are o%& toward!. 3! or a&%Bed hab%t! are de-%&%tely deployed a&d -ocu!ed> the co&-u!ed !%tuat%o&

take! o& -orm> %t %! 9 cleared up 9K the e!!e&t%al -u&ct%o& o- %&tell% e&ce. Proce!!e! become object!. *%thout hab%t there %! o&ly %rr%tat%o& a&d co&-u!ed he!%tat%o&. *%th hab%t alo&e there %! a mach%&e7l%ke repet%t%o&> a dupl%cat%& recurre&ce o- old act!. *%th co&-l%ct o- hab%t! a&d relea!e o- %mpul!e there %! co&!c%ou! !earch. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_1H.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9/he P!ycholo y o- th%&k%& >9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1J171JJ.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence II* The Psychology of Thin0ing
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

*e are o%& -ar a-%eld -rom a&y d%rect moral %!!ue. But the problem o- the place ok&owled e a&d jud me&t %& co&duct depe&d! upo& ett%& the -u&dame&tal p!ycholo y o- thou ht !tra% hte&ed out. $o the eAcur!%o& mu!t be co&t%&ued. *e compare l%-e to a tra5eler -ar%& -orth. *e may co&!%der h%m -%r!t at a mome&t where h%! act%5%ty %! co&-%de&t> !tra% ht-orward> or a&%Bed. (e marche! o& %5%& &o d%rect atte&t%o& to h%! path> &or th%&k%& o- h%! de!t%&at%o&. 3bruptly he %! pulled up> arre!ted. $ometh%& %! o%& wro& %& h%! act%5%ty. )rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- a& o&looker> he ha! met a& ob!tacle wh%ch mu!t be o5ercome be-ore h%! beha5%or ca& be u&%-%ed %&to a !ucce!!-ul o& o%& . )rom h%! ow& !ta&dpo%&t> there %! !hock> co&-u!%o&> perturbat%o&> u&certa%&ty. )or the mome&t he doe!&?t k&ow what h%t h%m> a! we !ay> &or where he %! o%& . But a &ew %mpul!e %! !t%rred wh%ch become! the !tart%& po%&t o- y%& %&5e!t% at%o&> a look%& %&to th%& !> a try%& to !ee them> to -%&d out what %! o%& o&. (ab%t! wh%ch were %&ter-ered w%th be %& to et a &ew d%rect%o& a! they clu!ter about the %mpul!e to look a&d !ee. /he blocked hab%t! o- locomot%o& %5e h%m a !e&!e o- where he wa! o%& > o- what he had !et out to do> a&d o- the rou&d already tra5er!ed. 3! he look!> he !ee! de-%&%te th%& ! wh%ch are &ot ju!t th%& ! at lar e but wh%ch are related

<1J2= to h%! cour!e o- act%o&. /he mome&tum o- the act%5%ty e&tered upo& per!%!t! a! a !e&!e o- d%rect%o&> o- a%m@ %t %! a& a&t%c%patory project. '& !hort> he recollect!> ob!er5e! a&d pla&!. /he tr%&%ty o- the!e -oreca!t!> percept%o&! a&d remembra&ce! -orm a !ubject7matter od%!cr%m%&ated a&d %de&t%-%ed object!. /he!e object! repre!e&t hab%t! tur&ed %&!%de out. /hey eAh%b%t both the o&ward te&de&cy o- hab%t a&d the object%5e co&d%t%o&! wh%ch ha5e

bee& %&corporated w%th%& %t. $e&!at%o&! %& %mmed%ate co&!c%ou!&e!! are eleme&t! oact%o& d%!located throu h the !hock o- %&terrupt%o&. /hey &e5er> howe5er> completely mo&opol%Be the !ce&e@ -or there %! a body o- re!%dual u&d%!turbed hab%t! wh%ch %! re-lected %& remembered a&d perce%5ed object! ha5%& a mea&%& . /hu! out o- !hock a&d puBBleme&t there radually emer e! a -% ured -ramework o- object!> pa!t> pre!e&t> -uture. /he!e !hade o-- 5ar%ou!ly %&to a 5a!t pe&umbra o- 5a ue> u&-% ured th%& !> a !ett%& wh%ch %! take& -or ra&ted a&d &ot at all eApl%c%tly pre!e&ted. /he compleA%ty othe -% ured !ce&e %& %t! !cope a&d re-%&eme&t o- co&te&t! depe&d! wholly upo& pr%or hab%t! a&d the%r or a&%Bat%o&. /he rea!o& a baby ca& k&ow l%ttle a&d a& eAper%e&ced adult k&ow much whe& co&-ro&t%& the !ame th%& ! %! &ot becau!e the latter ha! a 9m%&d9 wh%ch the -ormer ha! &ot> but becau!e o&e ha! already -ormed hab%t! wh%ch the other ha! !t%ll to ac1u%re. /he !c%e&t%-%c ma& a&d the ph%lo!opher l%ke the carpe&ter> the phy!%c%a& a&d pol%t%c%a& k&ow w%th the%r hab%t! &ot w%th the%r 9co&!c%ou!&e!!.9 /he latter %! e5e&tual> &ot

<1J3= a !ource. 't! occurre&ce mark! a pecul%arly del%cate co&&ect%o& betwee& h% hly or a&%Bed hab%t! a&d u&or a&%Bed %mpul!e!. 't! co&te&t> or object!> ob!er5ed> recollected> projected a&d e&eral%Bed %&to pr%&c%ple!> repre!e&t the %&corporated mater%al o- hab%t! com%& to the !ur-ace> becau!e hab%t! arc d%!%&te rat%& at the touch oco&-l%ct%& %mpul!e!. But they al!o ather them!el5e! to ether to comprehe&d %mpul!e a&d make %t e--ect%5e. /h%! accou&t %! more or le!! !tra& e a! p!ycholo y but certa%& a!pect! o- %t are commo&place! %& a !tat%c lo %cal -ormulat%o&. 't %!> -or eAample> almo!t a tru%!m that k&owled e %! both !y&thet%c a&d a&alyt%c@ a !et o- d%!cr%m%&ated eleme&t! co&&ected by relat%o&!. /h%! comb%&at%o& o- oppo!%te -actor! o- u&%ty a&d d%--ere&ce> eleme&t! a&d relat%o&!> ha! bee& a !ta&d%& paradoA a&d my!tery o- the theory o- k&owled e. 't w%ll rema%& !o u&t%l we co&&ect the theory o- k&owled e w%th a& emp%r%cally 5er%-%able theory o- beha5%or. /he !tep! o- th%! co&&ect%o& ha5e bee& !ketched a&d we may e&umerate them. *e k&ow at !uch t%me! a! hab%t! are %mpeded> whe& a co&-l%ct %! !et up %& wh%ch %mpul!e %! relea!ed. $o -ar a! th%! %mpul!e !et! up a de-%&%te -orward te&de&cy %t co&!t%tute! the -orward. pro!pect%5e character o- k&owled e. '& th%! pha!e u&%ty or !y&the!%! %! -ou&d. *e are !tr%5%& to u&%-y our re!po&!e!> to ach%e5e a co&!%!te&t e&5%ro&me&t wh%ch w%ll re!tore u&%ty o- co&duct. 0&%ty> relat%o&!> are pro!pect%5e@ they mark out l%&e! co&5er %& to a -ocu!. /hey are %deal.9 But what we k&ow> the object! that pre!e&t

<1JE= them!el5e! w%th de-%&%te&e!! a&d a!!ura&ce> are retro!pect%5e@ they are the co&d%t%o&! wh%ch ha5e bee& ma!tered> %&corporated %& the pa!t. /hey are eleme&t!> d%!cr%m%&ated> a&alyt%c ju!t becau!e old hab%t! !o -ar a! they are checked are K al!o broke& %&to object! wh%ch de-%&e the ob!truct%o& o- o& o%& act%5%ty. /hey are O real>9 &ot %deal. 0&%ty %! !ometh%& !ou ht @ !pl%t> d%5%!%o& %! !ometh%& %5e&> at ha&d. *ere we to carry the !ame p!ycholo y %&to deta%l we !hould come upo& the eApla&at%o& operce%5ed part%cular! a&d co&ce%5ed u&%5er!al!> o- the relat%o& o- d%!co5ery a&d proo-> %&duct%o& a&d deduct%o&> the d%!crete a&d the co&t%&uou!. 3&yth%& approach%& a& ade1uate d%!cu!!%o& %! too tech&%cal to be here %& place. But the ma%& po%&t> howe5er tech&%cal a&d ab!tract %t may be %& !tateme&t> %! o- -ar reach%& %mporta&ce -or e5eryth%& co&cer&ed w%th moral bel%e-!> co&!c%e&ce a&d jud me&t! o- r% ht a&d wro& .

/he mo!t e&eral> %- 5a ue!t %!!ue> co&cer&! the &ature o- the or a& o- moral k&owled e. 3! lo& a! k&owled e %& e&eral %! thou ht to be the work o- a !pec%al a e&t> whether !oul> co&!c%ou!&e!!> %&tellect or a k&ower %& e&eral> there %! a lo %cal propul!%o& toward! po!tulat%& a !pec%al a e&t -or k&owled e o- moral d%!t%&ct%o&!. +o&!c%ou!&e!! a&<# co&!c%e&ce ha5e more tha& a 5erbal co&&ect%o&. '- the -ormer %! !ometh%& %& %t!el-> a !eat or power wh%ch a&tecede! %&tellectual -u&ct%o&!> why !hould &ot the latter be al!o a u&%1ue -aculty w%th %t! ow& !eparate >jur%!d%ct%o&6 '- rea!o& %& e&eral %! %&depe&de&t o- emp%r%cally 5er%-%7

<1JF= 7able real%t%e! o- huma& &ature> !uch a! %&!t%&ct! a&d or a&%Bed hab%t!> why !hould there &ot al!o eA%!t a moral or pract%cal rea!o& %&depe&de&t o- &atural operat%o&!6 C& the other ha&d %- %t %! reco &%Bed that k&ow%& %! carr%ed o& throu h the med%um o&atural -actor!> the a!!umpt%o& o- !pec%al a e&c%e! -or moral k&ow%& become! outlawed a&d %&cred%ble. .ow the matter o- the eA%!te&ce or &o&7eA%!te&ce o- !uch !pec%al a e&c%e! %! &o tech&%cally remote matter. /he bel%e- %& a !eparate or a& %&5ol5e! bel%e- %& a !eparate a&d %&depe&de&t !ubject7matter. /he 1ue!t%o& -u&dame&tally at %!!ue %! &oth%& more or le!! tha& whether moral 5alue!> re ulat%o&!> pr%&c%ple! a&d object! -orm a !eparate a&d %&depe&de&t doma%& or whether they are part a&d parcel o- a &ormal de5elopme&t o- a l%-e proce!!. /he!e co&!%derat%o&! eApla%& why the de&%al o- a !eparate or a& o- k&owled e> o- a !eparate %&!t%&ct or %mpul!e toward k&ow%& > %! &ot the w%l-ul ph%l%!t%&%!m %t %! !omet%me! alle ed to be. /here %! o- cour!e a !e&!e %& wh%ch there %! a d%!t%&ct%5e %mpul!e> or rather hab%tual d%!po!%t%o&> to k&ow. But %& the !ame !e&!e there %! a& %mpul!e to a5%ate> to ru& a typewr%ter or wr%te !tor%e! -or ma aB%&e!. $ome act%5%t%e! re!ult %& k&owled e> a! other! re!ult %& the!e other th%&!. /he re!ult may be !o %mporta&t a! to %&duce d%!t%&ct%5e atte&t%o& to the act%5%t%e! %& order to -o!ter them. )rom a& %&c%de&t> almo!t a by7product> atta%&me&t o- truth> phy!%cal> !oc%al> moral> may become the lead%& character%!t%c o- !ome act%5%t%e!. 0&der !uch c%rcum!ta&ce!> they be7

<1JH= 7come tra&!-ormed. N&ow%& %! the& a d%!t%&ct%5e act%5%ty> w%th %t! ow& e&d! a&d %t! pecul%arly adapted proce!!e!. 3ll th%! %! a matter o- cour!e. (a5%& h%t upo& k&owled e acc%de&tally> a! %t were> a&d the product be%& l%ked a&d %t! %mporta&ce &oted> k&owled e7 ett%& become!> upo& occa!%o&> a de-%&%te occupat%o&. 3&d educat%o& co&-%rm! the d%!po!%t%o&> a! %t may co&-%rm that o- a mu!%c%a& or carpe&ter or te&&%!7player. But there %! &o more a& or% %&al !eparate %mpul!e or power %& o&e ca!e tha& %& the other. D5ery hab%t %! %mpul!%5e> that %! project%5e> ur e&t> a&d the hab%t ok&ow%& %! &o eAcept%o&. /he rea!o& -or %&!%!t%& o& th%! -act %! &ot -a%lure to apprec%ate the d%!t%&ct%5e 5alue ok&owled e whe& o&ce %t come! %&to eA%!te&ce. /h%! 5alue %! !o %mme&!e %t may be called u&%1ue. /he a%m o- the d%!cu!!%o& %! &ot to !ubord%&ate k&ow%& to !ome hard> pro!a%c ut%l%tar%a& e&d. /he rea!o& -or %&!%!te&ce upo& the der%5at%5e po!%t%o& ok&ow%& %& act%5%ty> root! %& a !e&!e -or -act> a&d %& a real%Bat%o& that the doctr%&e o- a !eparate or% %&al power a&d %mpul!e o- k&owled e cut! k&owled e o-- -rom other pha!e! o- huma& &ature> a&d re!ult! %& %t! &o&7&atural treatme&t. /he %!olat%o& o%&tellectual d%!po!%t%o& -rom co&crete emp%r%cal -act! o- b%olo %cal %mpul!e a&d hab%t7 -ormat%o& e&ta%l@ a de&%al o- the co&t%&u%ty o- m%&d w%th &ature. 3r%!totle a!!erted that

the -aculty o- pure k&ow%& e&ter! a ma& -rom w%thout a! throu h a door. Ma&y !%&ce h%! day ha5e a!!erted that k&ow%& a&d do%& ha5e &o %&tr%&!%c co&&ect%o& w%th each other. Lea!o& %! a!!erted to ha5e

<1JI= &o re!po&!%b%l%ty to eAper%e&ce@ co&!c%e&ce %! !a%d to be a !ubl%me oracle %&depe&de&t o- educat%o& a&d !oc%al %&-lue&ce!. 3ll o- the!e 5%ew! -ollow &aturally -rom a -a%lure to reco &%Be that all k&ow%& > jud me&t> bel%e- repre!e&t a& ac1u%red re!ult othe work%& ! o- &atural %mpul!e! %& co&&ect%o& w%th e&5%ro&me&t. 0po& the eth%cal !%de> a! ha! bee& %&t%mated> the matter at %!!ue co&cer&! the &ature oco&!c%e&ce. +o&!c%e&ce ha! bee& a!!erted by orthodoA moral%!t! to be u&%1ue %& or% %& a&d !ubject7matter. /he !ame 5%ew %! embod%ed by %mpl%cat%o& %& all tho!e popular method! o- moral tra%&%& wh%ch attempt to -%A r% %d author%tat%5e &ot%o&! o- r% ht a&d wro& by d%!co&&ect%& moral jud me&t! -rom the a%d! a&d te!t! wh%ch are u!ed %& other -orm! o- k&owled e. /hu! %t ha! bee& a!!erted that co&!c%e&ce %! a& or% %&al -aculty o- %llum%&at%o& wh%ch <%- %t ha! &ot bee& d%mmed by %&dul e&ce %& !%&= !h%&e! upo& moral truth! a&d object! a&d re5eal! them w%thout e--ort -or prec%!ely what they are. /ho!e who hold th%! 5%ew d%--er e&ormou!ly amo& them!el5e! a! to the &ature othe object! o- co&!c%e&ce. $ome hold them to be e&eral pr%&c%ple!> other! %&d%5%dual act!> other! the order o- worth amo& mot%5e!> other! the !e&!e o- duty %& e&eral> other! the u&1ual%-%ed author%ty o- r% ht. $t%ll other! carry the %mpl%ed lo %c o- author%ty to co&clu!%o&> a&d %de&t%-y k&owled e o- moral truth! w%th a d%5%&e !uper&atural re5elat%o& o- a code o- comma&dme&t!. But amo& the!e d%5er!%t%e! there %! a reeme&t about o&e -u&dame&tal. /here mu!t be a !eparate &o&7

<1JJ= 7&atural -aculty o- moral k&owled e becau!e the th%& ! to be k&ow&> the matter! o- r% ht a&d wro& > ood a&d e5%l> obl% at%o& a&d re!po&!%b%l%ty> -orm a !eparate doma%&> !eparate that %! -rom that o- ord%&ary act%o& %& %t! u!ual huma& a&d !oc%al !% &%-%ca&ce. /he latter act%5%t%e! may be prude&t%al> pol%t%cal> !c%e&t%-%c> eco&om%c. But> -rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- the!e theor%e!> they ha5e &o moral mea&%& u&t%l they are brou ht u&der the pur5%ew o- th%! !eparate u&%1ue departme&t o- our &ature. 't thu! tur&! out that the !o7called %&tu%t%o&al theor%e! o- moral k&owled e co&ce&trate %& them!el5e! all the %dea! wh%ch are !ubject to cr%t%c%!m %& the!e pa e!: .amely> the a!!ert%o& that moral%ty %! d%!t%&ct %& or% %&> work%& a&d de!t%&y -rom the &atural !tructure a&d career o- huma& &ature. /h%! -act %! the eAcu!e> %- eAcu!e be de!%red> -or a !eem%& ly tech&%cal eAcur!%o& that l%&k! %&tellectual act%5%ty w%th the co&jo%&t operat%o& o- hab%t a&d %mpul!e. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_1I.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as

8oh& Dewey. 9/he &ature o- del%berat%o&>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 1J9719J.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence III* The Nature of Deliberation
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

$o -ar the d%!cu!!%o& ha! % &ored the -act that there %! a& %&-lue&t%al !chool o- moral%!t! <be!t repre!e&ted %& co&temporary thou ht by the ut%l%tar%a&!= wh%ch al!o %&!%!t! upo& the &atural> emp%r%cal character o- moral jud me&t! a&d bel%e-!. But u&-ortu&ately th%! !chool ha! -ollowed a -al!e p!ycholo y@ a&d ha! te&ded> by call%& out a react%o&> actually to !tre& the& the ha&d! o- tho!e who per!%!t %& a!!% &%& to moral! a !eparate doma%& o- act%o& a&d %& dema&d%& a !eparate a e&t o- moral k&owled e. /he e!!e&t%al! o- th%! -al!e p!ycholo y co&!%!t %& two tra%t!. /he -%r!t> that k&owled e or% %&ate! -rom !e&!at%o&! <%&!tead o- -rom hab%t! a&d %mpul!e!= @ a&d the !eco&d> that jud me&t about ood a&d e5%l %& act%o& co&!%!t! %& calculat%o& o- a reeable a&d d%!a reeable co&!e1ue&ce!> o- pro-%t a&d lo!!. 't %! &ot !urpr%!%& that th%! 5%ew !eem! to ma&y to de rade moral!> a! well a! to be -al!e to -act!. '- the lo %cal outcome o- a& emp%r%cal 5%ew o- moral k&owled e %! that> all moral%ty %! co&cer&ed w%th calculat%& what %! eAped%e&t> pol%t%c> prude&t> mea!ured by co&!e1ue&ce! %& the way! o- plea!urable a&d pa%&-ul !e&!at%o&!> the&> !ay moral%!t! o- the orthodoA !chool> we w%ll ha5e &au ht to do w%th !uch a !ord%d 5%ew: 't %! a reduct%o& to the ab!urd o- %t! prem%!!e!. *e w%ll ha5e a !epa7

<19"= 7rate departme&t -or moral! a&d a !eparate or a& o- moral k&owled e. Cur -%r!t problem %! the& to %&5e!t% ate the &ature o- ord%&ary jud me&t! upo& what %t %! be!t or w%!e to do> or> %& ord%&ary la& ua e> the &ature o- del%berat%o&. *e be %& w%th a !ummary a!!ert%o& that del%berat%o& %! a dramat%c rehear!al <%& %ma %&at%o&= o- 5ar%ou! compet%& po!!%ble l%&e! o- act%o&. 't !tart! -rom the block%& o- e--%c%e&t o5ert act%o&> due to that co&-l%ct o- pr%or hab%t a&d &ewly relea!ed %mpul!e to wh%ch re-ere&ce ha! bee& made. /he& each hab%t> each %mpul!e> %&5ol5ed %& the temporary !u!pe&!e o- o5ert act%o& take! %t! tur& %& be%& tr%ed out. Del%berat%o& %! a& eAper%me&t %& -%&d%& out what the 5ar%ou! l%&e! o- po!!%ble act%o& are really l%ke. 't %! a& eAper%me&t %& mak%& 5ar%ou! comb%&at%o&! o- !elected eleme&t! o- hab%t! a&d %mpul!e!> to !ee what the re!ulta&t act%o& would be l%ke %- %t were e&tered upo&. But the tr%al %! %& %ma %&at%o&> &ot %& o5ert -act. /he eAper%me&t %! carr%ed o& by te&tat%5e rehear!al! %& thou ht wh%ch do &ot a--ect phy!%cal -act! out!%de the body. /hou ht ru&! ahead a&d -ore!ee! outcome!> a&d thereby a5o%d! ha5%& to awa%t> the %&!truct%o& o- actual -a%lure a&d d%!a!ter. 3& act o5ertly tr%ed out %! %rre5ocable> %t! co&!e1ue&ce! ca&&ot be blotted out. 3& act tr%ed out %& %ma %&at%o& %! &ot -%&al or -atal. 't %! retr%e5able.

Dach co&-l%ct%& hab%t a&d %mpul!e take! %t! tur& %& project%& %t!el- upo& the !cree& o%ma %&at%o&. 't u&roll! a p%cture o- %t! -uture h%!tory> o- the career %t would ha5e %- %t were %5e& head. 3lthou h o5ert eA7

<191= 7h%b%t%o& %! checked by the pre!!ure o- co&trary propul!%5e te&de&c%e!> th%! 5ery %&h%b%t%o& %5e! hab%t a cha&ce at ma&%-e!tat%o& %& thou ht. Del%berat%o& mea&! prec%!ely that act%5%ty %! d%!%&te rated> a&d that %t! 5ar%ou! eleme&t! hold o&e a&other up. *h%le &o&e ha! -orce e&ou h to become the ce&ter o- a re7d%rected act%5%ty> or to dom%&ate a cour!e o- act%o&> each ha! e&ou h power to check other! -rom eAerc%!%& ma!tery. 3ct%5%ty doe! &ot cea!e %& order to %5e way to re-lect%o&@ act%5%ty %! tur&ed -rom eAecut%o& %&to %&tra7or a&%c cha&&el!> re!ult%& %& dramat%c rehear!al. '- act%5%ty were d%rectly eAh%b%ted %t would re!ult %& certa%& eAper%e&ce!> co&tact! w%th the e&5%ro&me&t. 't would !ucceed by mak%& e&5%ro&%& object!> th%& ! a&d per!o&!> co7part&er! %& %t! -orward mo5eme&t @ or el!e %t would ru& a a%&!t ob!tacle! a&d be troubled> po!!%bly de-eated. /he!e eAper%e&ce! o- co&tact w%th object! a&d the%r 1ual%t%e! %5e mea&%& > character> to a& otherw%!e -lu%d> u&co&!c%ou! act%5%ty. *e -%&d out what !ee%& mea&! by the object! wh%ch are !ee&. /hey co&!t%tute the !% &%-%ca&ce o- 5%!ual act%5%ty wh%ch would otherw%!e rema%& a bla&k. 9Pure9 act%5%ty %! -or co&!c%ou!&e!! pure empt%&e!!. 't ac1u%re! a co&te&t or -%ll%& o- mea&%& ! o&ly %& !tat%c term%&%> what %t come! to re!t %&> or %& the ob!tacle! wh%ch check %t! o&ward mo5eme&t> a&d de-lect %t. 3! ha! bee& remarked> the object %! that wh%ch object!. /here %! &o d%--ere&ce %& th%! re!pect betwee& a 5%!%ble cour!e o- co&duct a&d o&e propo!ed %& del%berat%o&. *e ha5e &o d%rect co&!c%ou!&e!! o- what we purpo!e

< 192= to do. *e ca& jud e %t! &ature> a!!% & %t! mea&%& > o&ly by -ollow%& %t %&to the !%tuat%o&! wh%ther %t lead!> &ot%& the object! a a%&!t wh%ch %t ru&! a&d !ee%& how they rebu-- or u&eApectedly e&coura e %t. '& %ma %&at%o& a! %& -act we k&ow a road o&ly by what we !ee a! we tra5el o& %t. Moreo5er the object! wh%ch pr%ck out the cour!e o- a propo!ed act u&t%l we ca& !ee %t! de!% & al!o !er5e to d%rect e5e&tual o5ert act%5%ty. D5ery object h%t upo& a! the hab%t tra5er!e! %t! %ma %&ary path ha! a d%rect e--ect upo& eA%!t%& act%5%t%e!. 't re%&-orce!> %&h%b%t!> red%rect! (ab%t! already work%& or !t%r! up other! wh%ch had &ot pre5%ou!ly act%5ely e&tered %&. '& thou ht a! well a! %& o5ert act%o&> the object! eAper%e&ced %& -ollow%& out a cour!e o- act%o& attract> repel> !at%!-y> a&&oy> promote a&d retard. /hu! del%berat%o& proceed!. /o !ay that at la!t %t cea!e! %! to !ay that cho%ce> dec%!%o&> take! place. *hat the& %! cho%ce6 $%mply h%tt%& %& %ma %&at%o& upo& a& object wh%ch -ur&%!he! a& ade1uate !t%mulu! to the reco5ery o- o5ert act%o&. +ho%ce %! made a! !oo& a! !ome hab%t> or !ome comb%&at%o& o- eleme&t! o- hab%t! a&d %mpul!e> -%&d! a way -ully ope&. /he& e&er y %! relea!ed. /he m%&d %! made up> compo!ed> u&%-%ed. 3! lo& a! del%berat%o& p%cture! !hoal! or rock! or trouble!ome ale! a! mark%& the route o- a co&templated 5oya e> del%berat%o& oe! o&. But whe& the 5ar%ou! -actor! %& act%o& -%t harmo&%ou!ly to ether> whe& %ma %&at%o& -%&d! &o a&&oy%& h%&dra&ce> whe& there %! p%cture o- ope& !ea!> -%lled !a%l! a&d -a5or%& w%&d!> the. 5oya e %! de-%&%tely e&tered upo&. /h%! dec%!%5e d%rec7

<193= 7t%o& o- act%o& co&!t%tute! cho%ce. 't %! a reat error to !uppo!e that we ha5e &o pre-ere&ce! u&t%l there %! a cho%ce. ?e are alway! b%a!ed be%& !> te&d%& %& o&e d%rect%o& rather tha& a&other. /he occa!%o& o- del%berat%o& %! a& eAce!! o- pre-ere&ce!> &ot &atural apathy or a& ab!e&ce o- l%k%& !. *e wa&t th%& ! that are %&compat%ble w%th o&e a&other@ there-ore we ha5e to make a cho%ce o- what we really wa&t> o- the cour!e o- act%o&> that %!> wh%ch mo!t -ully relea!e! act%5%t%e!. +ho%ce %! &ot the emer e&ce o- pre-ere&ce out o%&d%--ere&ce. 't %! the emer e&ce o- a u&%-%ed pre-ere&ce out o- compet%& pre-ere&ce!. B%a!e! that had held o&e a&other %& check &ow> temporar%ly at lea!t> re%&-orce o&e a&other> a&d co&!t%tute a u&%-%ed att%tude. /he mome&t arr%5e! whe& %ma %&at%o& p%cture! a& object%5e co&!e1ue&ce o- act%o& wh%ch !uppl%e! a& ade1uate !t%mulu! a&d relea!e! de-%&%t%5e act%o&. 3ll del%berat%o& %! a !earch -or a way to act> &ot -or a -%&al term%&u!. 't! o--%ce %! to -ac%l%tate !t%mulat%o&. (e&ce there %! rea!o&able a&d u&rea!o&able cho%ce. /he object thou ht o- may !%mply !t%mulate !ome %mpul!e or hab%t to a p%tch o- %&te&!%ty where %t %! temporar%ly %rre!%!t%ble. 't the& o5err%de! all compet%tor! a&d !ecure! -or %t!el- the !ole r% ht o- way. /he object loom! lar e %& %ma %&at%o& @ %t !well! to -%ll the -%eld. 't allow! &o room -or alter&at%5e!@ %t ab!orb! u!> e&rapture! u!> carr%e! u! away> !weep! u! o-- our -eet by %t! ow& attract%5e -orce. /he& cho%ce %! arb%trary> u&rea!o&able. But the object thou ht omay be o&e wh%ch !t%mulate! by u&%-y%& . harmo&%B%& > d%--ere&t

<19E= compet%& te&de&c%e!. 't may relea!e a& act%5%ty %& wh%ch all are -ul-%lled> &ot %&deed> %& the%r or% %&al -orm> but %& a 9!ubl%mated 9 -a!h%o&> that %! %& a way wh%ch mod%-%e! the or% %&al d%rect%o& o- each by reduc%& %t to a compo&e&t alo& w%th other! %& a& act%o& o- tra&!-ormed 1ual%ty. .oth%& %! more eAtraord%&ary tha& the del%cacy> prompt&e!! a&d %& e&u%ty w%th wh%ch del%berat%o& %! capable o- mak%& el%m%&at%o&! a&d recomb%&at%o&! %& project%& the cour!e o- a po!!%ble act%5%ty. /o e5ery !hade o%ma %&ed c%rcum!ta&ce there %! a 5%brat%& re!po&!e@ a&d to e5ery compleA !%tuat%o& a !e&!%t%5e&e!! a! to %t! %&te r%ty> a -eel%& o- whether %t doe! ju!t%ce to all -act!> or o5err%de! !ome to the ad5a&ta e o- other!. Dec%!%o& %! rea!o&able whe& del%berat%o& %! !o co&ducted. /here may be error %& the re!ult> but %t come! -rom lack o- data &ot -rom %&ept%tude %& ha&dl%& them. /he!e -act! %5e u! the key to the old co&tro5er!y a! to the re!pect%5e place! o- de!%re a&d rea!o& %& co& duct. 't %! &otor%ou! that !ome moral%!t! ha5e deplored the %&-lue&ce o- de!%re@ they ha5e -ou&d the heart o- !tr%-e betwee& ood a&d e5%l %& the co&-l%ct ode!%re w%th rea!o&> %& wh%ch the -ormer ha! -orce o& %t! !%de a&d the latter author%ty. But rea!o&able&e!! %! %& -act a 1ual%ty o- a& e--ect%5e relat%o&!h%p amo& de!%re! rather tha& a th%& oppo!ed to de!%re. 't !% &%-%e! the order> per!pect%5e> proport%o& wh%ch %! ach%e5ed> dur%& del%berat%o&> out o- a d%5er!%ty o- earl%er %&compat%ble pre-ere&ce!. +ho%ce %! rea!o&able whe& %t %&duce! u! to act rea!o&ably: that %!> w%th re ard to the cla%m!

<19F= o- each o- the compet%& hab%t! a&d %mpul!e!. /h%! %mpl%e!> o- cour!e> the pre!e&ce o- a comprehe&!%5e object> o&e wh%ch coord%&ate!> or a&%Be! a&d -u&ct%o&! each -actor o- the !%tuat%o& wh%ch a5e r%!e to co&-l%ct> !u!pe&!e a&d del%berat%o&. /h%! %! a! true whe& !ome 9 bad 9%mpul!e! a&d hab%t! e&ter %& a! whe& appro5ed o&e! re1u%re u&%-%cat%o&. *e ha5e already !ee& the e--ect! o- chok%& them o--> o- e--ort! at d%rect

!uppre!!%o&. Bad hab%t! ca& be !ubdued o&ly by be%& ut%l%Bed a! eleme&t! %& a &ew> more e&erou! a&d comprehe&!%5e !cheme o- act%o&> a&d ood o&e! be pre!er5ed -rom rot o&ly by !%m%lar u!e. /he &ature o- the !tr%-e o- rea!o& a&d pa!!%o& %! well !tated by *%ll%am 8ame!. /he cue o- pa!!%o&> he !ay! %& e--ect> %! to keep %ma %&at%o& dwell%& upo& tho!e object! wh%ch are co& e&%al to %t> wh%ch -eed %t> a&d wh%ch by -eed%& %t %&te&!%-y %t! -orce> u&t%l %t crowd! out all thou ht o- other object!. 3& %mpul!e or hab%t wh%ch %! !tro& ly emot%o&al ma &%-%e! all object! that are co& ruou! w%th %t a&d !mother! tho!e wh%ch are oppo!ed whe&e5er they pre!e&t them!el5e!. 3 pa!!%o&ate act%5%ty lear&! to work %t!el- up art%-%c%ally K a! Cl%5er +romwell %&dul ed %& -%t! o- a& er whe& he wa&ted to do th%& ! that h%! co&!c%e&ce would &ot ju!t%-y. 3 pre!e&t%me&t %! -elt that %- the thou ht oco&trary object! %! allowed to et a lod me&t %& %ma %&at%o&> the!e object! w%ll work a&d work to ch%ll a&d -reeBe out the arde&t pa!!%o& o- the mome&t. /he co&clu!%o& %! &ot that the emot%o&al> pa!!%o&ate pha!e o- act%o& ca& be or !hould be el%m%&ated %& be7

<19H= 7hal- o- a bloodle!! rea!o&. More 9pa!!%o&!>9 &ot -ewer> %! the a&!wer. /o check the %&-lue&ce o- hate there mu!t be !ympathy> wh%le to rat%o&al%Be !ympathy there are &eeded emot%o&! o- cur%o!%ty> caut%o&> re!pect -or the -reedom o- other!K d%!po!%t%o&! wh%ch e5oke object! wh%ch bala&ce tho!e called up by !ympathy> a&d pre5e&t %t! de e&erat%o& %&to maudl%& !e&t%me&t a&d meddl%& %&ter-ere&ce. Lat%o&al%ty> o&ce more> %! &ot a -orce to e5oke a a%&!t %mpul!e a&d hab%t. 't %! the atta%&me&t o- a work%& harmo&y amo& d%5er!e de!%re!. 9 Lea!o& 9 a! a &ou& !% &%-%e! the happy cooperat%o& oa mult%tude o- d%!po!%t%o&!> !uch a! !ympathy> cur%o!%ty> eAplorat%o&> eAper%me&tat%o&> -ra&k&e!!> pur!u%tK to -ollow th%& ! throu h7c%rcum!pect%o&> to look about at the co&teAt> etc.> etc. /he elaborate !y!tem! o- !c%e&ce are bor& &ot o- rea!o& but o%mpul!e! at -%r!t !l% ht a&d -l%cker%& @ %mpul!e! to ha&dle> mo5e about> to hu&t> to u&co5er> to m%A th%& ! !eparated a&d d%5%de th%& ! comb%&ed> to talk a&d to l%!te&. Method %! the%r e--ectual or a&%Bat%o& %&to co&t%&uou! d%!po!%t%o&! o- %&1u%ry> de5elopme&t a&d te!t%& . 't occur! a-ter the!e act! a&d becau!e o- the%r co&!e1ue&ce!. Lea!o&> the rat%o&al att%tude> %! the re!ult%& d%!po!%t%o&> &ot a ready7made a&tecede&t wh%ch ca& be %&5oked at w%ll a&d !et %&to mo5eme&t. /he ma& who would %&tell% e&tly cult%5ate %&tell% e&ce w%ll w%de&> &ot &arrow> h%! l%-e o- !tro& %mpul!e! wh%le a%m%& at the%r happy co%&c%de&ce %& operat%o&. /he clew o- %mpul!e %!> a! we !ay> to !tart !ometh%& . 't %! %& a hurry. 't ru!he! u! o-- our -eet. 't

<19I= lea5e! &o t%me -or eAam%&at%o&> memory a&d -ore!% ht> But the clew o- rea!o& %!> a! the phra!e al!o oe!> to !top a&d th%&k. )orce> howe5er> %! re1u%red to !top the o& o%& o- a hab%t or %mpul!e. /h%! %! !uppl%ed by a&other hab%t. /he re!ult%& per%od odelay> o- !u!pe&ded a&d po!tpo&ed o5ert act%o&> %! the per%od %& wh%ch act%5%t%e! that are re-u!ed d%rect outlet project %ma %&at%5e cou&terpart!. 't !% &%-%e!> %& tech&%cal phra!e> the med%at%o& o- %mpul!e. )or a& %!olated %mpul!e %! %mmed%ate> &arrow%& the world dow& to the d%rectly pre!e&t. ,ar%ety o- compet%& te&de&c%e! e&lar e! the world. 't br%& ! a d%5er!%ty o- co&!%derat%o&! be-ore the m%&d> a&d e&able! act%o& to take place

-%&ally %& 5%ew o- a& object e&erou!ly co&ce%5ed a&d del%cately re-%&ed> compo!ed by a lo& proce!! o- !elect%o&! a&d comb%&at%o&!. '& popular phra!e> to be del%berate %! to be !low> u&hurr%ed. 't take! t%me to put object! %& order. /here are howe5er 5%ce! o- re-lect%o& a! well a! o- %mpul!e. *e may &ot look -ar e&ou h ahead becau!e we are hurr%ed %&to act%o& by !tre!! o- %mpul!e@ but we may al!o become o5er%&tere!ted %& the del% ht! o- re-lect%o&@ we become a-ra%d o- a!!um%& the re!po&!%b%l%t%e! o- dec%!%5e cho%ce a&d act%o&> a&d %& e&eral be !%ckl%ed o5er by a pale ca!t o- thou ht. *e may become !o cur%ou! about remote te&d ab!tract matter! that we %5e o&ly a be rud ed> %mpat%e&t atte&t%o& to the th%& ! r% ht about u!. *e may -a&cy we are lor%-y%& the lo5e o- truth -or %t! ow& !ake whe& we are o&ly %&dul %& a pet occupat%o& a&d !l% ht%& dema&d!

<19J= o- the %mmed%ate !%tuat%o&. Me& who de5ote them!el5e! to th%&k%& are l%kely to be u&u!ually u&th%&k%& %& !ome re!pect!> a! -or eAample %& %mmed%ate per!o&al relat%o&!h%p!. 3 ma& to. whom eAact !cholar!h%p %! a& ab!orb%& pur!u%t may be more tha& ord%&ar%ly 5a ue %& ord%&ary matter!. (um%l%ty a&d %mpart%al%ty may be !how& %& a !pec%al%Bed -%eld> a&d pett%&e!! a&d arro a&ce %& deal%& w%th other per!o&!. 9 Lea!o& 9 %! &ot a& a&tecede&t -orce wh%ch !er5e! a! a pa&acea. 't %! a labor%ou! ach%e5eme&t o(ab%t &eed%& to be co&t%&ually worked o5er. 3 bala&ced arra& eme&t o- propul!%5e act%5%t%e! ma&%-e!ted %& del%berat%o&K &amely> rea!o&K depe&d! upo& a !e&!%t%5e a&d proport%o&ate emot%o&al !e&!%t%5e&e!!. C&ly a o&e7!%ded> o5er!pec%al%Bed emot%o& lead! to th%&k%& o- %t a! !eparate -rom emot%o&. /he trad%t%o&al a!!oc%at%o& o- ju!t%ce a&d rea!o& ha! ood p!ycholo y back o- %t. Both %mply a bala&ced d%!tr%but%o& o- thou ht a&d e&er y. Del%berat%o& %! %rrat%o&al %& the de ree %& wh%ch a& e&d %! !o -%Aed> a pa!!%o& or %&tere!t !o ab!orb%& > that the -ore!% ht o- co&!e1ue&ce! %! warped to %&clude o&ly what -urther! eAecut%o& o- %t! predeterm%&ed b%a!. Del%berat%o& %! rat%o&al %& the de ree %& wh%ch -orethou ht -leA%bly remake! old a%m! a&d hab%t!> %&!t%tute! percept%o& a&d lo5e o- &ew e&d! a&d act!. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_1J.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9Del%berat%o& a&d calculat%o&>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 19972"9.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence I/* Deliberation and Calculation

Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

*e &ow retur& to a co&!%derat%o& o- the ut%l%tar%a& theory accord%& to wh%ch del%berat%o& co&!%!t! %& calculat%o& o- cour!e! o- act%o& o& the ba!%! o- the pro-%t a&d lo!! to wh%ch they lead. /he co&tra!t o- th%! &ot%o& w%th -act %! ob5%ou!. /he o--%ce odel%berat%o& %! &ot to !upply a& %&duceme&t to act by -% ur%& out where the mo!t ad5a&ta e %! to be procured. 't %! to re!ol5e e&ta& leme&t! %& eA%!t%& act%5%ty> re!tore co&t%&u%ty> reco5er harmo&y> ut%l%Be loo!e %mpul!e a&d red%rect hab%t. /o th%! e&d ob!er5at%o& o- pre!e&t co&d%t%o&!> recollect%o& o- pre5%ou! !%tuat%o&! are de5oted. Del%berat%o& ha! %t! be %&&%& %& troubled act%5%ty a&d %t! co&clu!%o& %& cho%ce o- a cour!e o- act%o& wh%ch !tra% hte&! %t out. 't &o more re!emble! the ca!t%& 7up oaccou&t! o- pro-%t a&d lo!!> plea!ure! a&d pa%&!> tha& a& actor e& a ed %& drama re!emble! a clerk record%& deb%t a&d cred%t %tem! %& h%! led er. /he pr%mary -act %! that ma& %! a be%& who re!po&d! %& act%o& to the !t%mul% o- the e&5%ro&me&t. /h%! -act %! compl%cated %& del%berat%o&> but %t certa%&ly %! &ut abol%!hed. *e co&t%&ue to react to a& object pre!e&ted %& %ma %&at%o& a! we react to object! pre!e&ted %& ob!er5at%o&. /he baby doe! &ot mo5e to the mother?! brea!t becau!e ocalculat%o& o- the ad5a&ta e! o- warmth a&d -ood o5er a a%&!t the pa%&! o- e--ort. .or

<2""= doe! the m%!er !eek old> &or the arch%tect !tr%5e to make pla&!> &or the phy!%c%a& to heal> becau!e o- recko&%& ! o- comparat%5e ad5a&ta e a&d d%!ad5a&ta e. (ab%t> occupat%o&> -ur&%!he! the &ece!!%ty o- -orward act%o& %& o&e ca!e a! %&!t%&ct doe! %& the other. *e do &ot act -rom rea!o&%& @ but rea!o&%& put! be-ore u! object! wh%ch are &ot d%rectly or !e&!%bly pre!e&t> !o that we the& may react d%rectly to the!e object!> w%th a5er!%o&> attract%o&> %&d%--ere&ce or attachme&t> prec%!ely a! we would to the !ame object! %- they were phy!%cally pre!e&t. '& the e&d %t re!ult! %& a ca!e o- d%rect !t%mulu! a&d re!po&!e. '& o&e ca!e the !t%mulu! %! pre!e&ted at o&ce throu h !e&!e@ %& the other ca!e> %t %! %&d%rectly reached throu h memory a&d co&!truct%5e %ma %&at%o&. But the matter o- d%rect&e!! a&d %&d%rect&e!! co&cer&! the way the !t%mulu! %! reached> &ot the way %& wh%ch %t operate!. 8oy a&d !u--er%& > pa%& a&d plea!ure> the a reeable a&d d%!a reeable> play the%r co&!%derable role %& del%berat%o&. .ot> howe5er> by way o- a calculated e!t%mate o-uture del% ht! a&d m%!er%e!> but by way o- eAper%e&c%& pre!e&t o&e!. /he react%o& ojoy a&d !orrow> elat%o& a&d depre!!%o&> %! a! &atural a re!po&!e to object! pre!e&ted %& %ma %&at%o& a! to tho!e pre!e&ted %& !e&!e. +omplace&cy a&d a&&oya&ce -ollow hard at the heel! o- a&y object pre!e&ted %& %ma e a! they do upo& %t! !e&!uou! eAper%e&ce. $ome object! whe& thou ht o- are co& rue&t to our eA%!t%& !tate o- act%5%ty. /hey -%t %&> they are welcome. /hey a ree> or are a reeable> &ot a! matter o- calculat%o& but a!

<2"1= matter o- eAper%e&ced -act. Cther object! ra!p@ they cut acro!! act%5%ty@ they are t%re!ome> hate-ul> u&welcome. /hey d%!a ree w%th the eA%!t%& tre&d o- act%5%ty> that %!> they are d%!a reeable> a&d %& &o other way tha& a! a bore who prolo& ! h%! 5%!%t> a du& we ca&?t pay> or a pe!t%-erou! mo!1u%to who oe! o& buBB%& . *e do &ot th%&k o- -uture lo!!e! a&d eApa&!%o&!. *e th%&k> throu h %ma %&at%o&> o- object! %&to wh%ch %& the -uture !ome cour!e o- act%o& w%ll ru&> a&d we are &ow del% hted or depre!!ed> plea!ed or pa%&ed at what %! pre!e&ted. /h%! ru&&%& comme&tary o- l%ke! a&d d%!l%ke!> attract%o&!

a&d d%!da%&!> joy! a&d !orrow!> re5eal! to a&y ma& who %! %&tell% e&t e&ou h to &ote them a&d to !tudy the%r occa!%o&! h%! ow& character. 't %&!truct! h%m a! to the compo!%t%o& a&d d%rect%o& o- the act%5%t%e! that make h%m what he %!. /o k&ow what jar! a& act%5%ty a&d what a ree! w%th %t %! to k&ow !ometh%& %mporta&t. about that act%5%ty a&d about our!el5e!. $ome o&e may a!k what pract%cal d%--ere&ce %t make! whether we are %&-lue&ced by calculat%o& o- -uture joy! a&d a&&oya&ce! or by eAper%e&ce o- pre!e&t o&e!. /o !uch a 1ue!t%o& o&e ca& hardly reply eAcept %& the word! 9 3ll the d%--ere&ce %& the world.9 '& the -%r!t place> &o d%--ere&ce ca& be more %mporta&t tha& that wh%ch co&cer&! the &ature o- the subject%matter o- del%berat%o&. /he calculat%5e theory would ha5e %t that th%! !ubject7matter %! -uture -eel%& !> !e&!at%o&!> a&d that act%o&! a&d thou ht are eAter&al mea&! to et a&d a5o%d the!e !e&!at%o&!. '- !uch a theory ha! a&y

<2"2= pract%cal %&-lue&ce> %t %! to ad5%!e a per!o& to co&ce&trate upo& h%! ow& mo!t !ubject%5e a&d pr%5ate -eel%& !. 't %5e! h%m &o cho%ce eAcept betwee& a !%ckly %&tro!pect%o& a&d a& %&tr%cate calculu! o- remote> %&acce!!%ble a&d %&determ%&ate re!ult!. '& -act> del%berat%o&> a! a te&tat%5e try%& 7out o- 5ar%ou! cour!e! o- act%o&> %! outlook%& . 't -l%e! toward a&d !ettle! upo& object%5e !%tuat%o&! &ot upo& -eel%& !. .o doubt we !omet%me! -all to del%berat%& upo& the e--ect o- act%o& upo& our -uture -eel%& !> th%&k%& o- a !%tuat%o& ma%&ly w%th re-ere&ce to the com-ort! a&d d%!com-ort! %t w%ll eAc%te %& u!. But the!e mome&t! are prec%!ely our !e&t%me&tal mome&t! o- !el-7p%ty or !el-7 lor%-%cat%o&. /hey co&duce to morb%d%ty> !oph%!t%cat%o&> %!olat%o& -rom other!@ wh%le -ac%& our act! %& term! o- the%r object%5e co&!e1ue&ce! lead! to e&l% hte&me&t a&d to co&!%derat%o& o- other!. /he -%r!t object%o& there-ore to del%berat%o& a! a calculat%o& o- -uture -eel%& ! %! that> %- %t %! co&!%!te&tly adhered to> %t make! a& ab&ormal ca!e the !ta&dard o&e. '- howe5er a& object%5e e!t%mate %! attempted> thou ht et! !peed%ly lo!t %& a ta!k %mpo!!%ble o- ach%e5eme&t. )uture plea!ure! a&d pa%&! are %&-lue&ced by two -actor! wh%ch are %&depe&de&t o- pre!e&t cho%ce r%&d e--ort. /hey depe&d upo& our ow& !tate at !ome -uture mome&t a&d upo& the !urrou&d%& c%rcum!ta&ce! o- that mome&t. Both othe!e are 5ar%able! wh%ch cha& e %&depe&de&tly o- pre!e&t re!ol5e a&d act%o&. /hey are much more %mporta&t determ%&a&t! o- -uture !e&!at%o&! tha& %! a&yth%& wh%ch ca& &ow be

<2"3= calculated. /h%& ! !weet %& a&t%c%pat%o& are b%tter %& actual ta!te> th%& ! we &ow tur& -rom %& a5er!%o& are welcome at a&other mome&t %& our career. '&depe&de&tly odeep cha& e! %& character> !uch a! -rom merc%-ul&e!! to callou!&e!!> -rom -ret-ul&e!! to cheer-ul&e!!> there are u&a5o%dable cha& e! %& the waA%& a&d wa&%& o- act%5%ty. 3 ch%ld p%cture! a -uture o- u&l%m%ted toy! a&d u&re!tr%cted !weetmeat!. 3& adult p%cture! a& object a! %5%& plea!ure wh%le he %! empty wh%le the th%& arr%5e! %& a mome&t oreplet%o&. 3 !ympathet%c per!o& recko&! upo& the ut%l%tar%a& ba!%! the pa%&! o- other! a! a deb%t %tem %& h%! calculat%o&!. But why &ot harde& h%m!el- !o that other!? !u--er%& ! wo&?t cou&t6 *hy &ot -o!ter a& arro a&t cruelty !o that the !u--er%& o- other! wh%ch w%ll -ollow -rom o&e?! ow& act%o& w%ll -all o& the cred%t !%de o- the recko&%& > be plea!urable> all to the ood6

)uture plea!ure! a&d pa%&!> e5e& o- o&e?! ow&> are amo& the th%& ! mo!t elu!%5e ocalculat%o&. C- all th%& ! they lead them!el5e! lea!t read%ly to a&yth%& approach%& a mathemat%cal calculu!. 3&d the -urther %&to the -uture we eAte&d our 5%ew> a&d the more the plea!ure! o- other! e&ter %&to the accou&t> the more hopele!! doe! the problem oe!t%mat%& -uture co&!e1ue&ce! become. 3ll o- the eleme&tK become more a&d more %&determ%&ate. D5e& %- o&e could -orm a -a%rly accurate p%cture o- the th%& ! that %5e plea!ure to mo!t people at the pre!e&t mome&tK a& eAceed%& ly d%--%cult ta!kK he ca&&ot -ore!ee the deta%led c%rcum!ta&ce! wh%ch w%ll %5e a dec%!%5e tur& to e&joyme&t at

<2"E= -uture t%me! a&d remote place!. Do plea!ure! due to de-ect%5e educat%o& or u&re-%&ed d%!po!%t%o&> to !ay &oth%& o- the plea!ure! o- !e&!ual%ty a&d brutal%ty> ra&k the !ame a! tho!e o- cult%5ated per!o&! ha5%& acute !oc%al !e&!%t%5e&e!!6 /he o&ly rea!o& the %mpo!!%b%l%ty o- the hedo&%!t%c calculu! %! &ot !el-7e5%de&t %! that theor%!t! %& co&!%der%& %t u&co&!c%ou!ly !ub!t%tute -or calculat%o& o- -uture plea!ure! a& apprec%at%o& o- pre!e&t o&e!> a pre!e&t real%Bat%o& %& %ma %&at%o& o- -uture object%5e !%tuat%o&!. )or> %& truth> a ma&?! jud me&t o- -uture joy! a&d !orrow! %! but a project%o& o- what &ow !at%!-%e! a&d a&&oy! h%m. 3 ma& o- co&!%derate d%!po!%t%o& &ow -eel! hurt at the thou ht o- a& act br%& %& harm to other!> a&d !o he %! o& the lookout -or co&!e1ue&ce! o- that !ort> ra&k%& them a! o- h% h %mporta&ce. (e may e5e& be !o ab&ormally !e&!%t%5e to !uch co&!e1ue&ce! that he %! held back -rom &eeded 5% orou! act%o&. (e -ear! to do the th%& ! wh%ch are -or the real wel-are o- other! becau!e he !hr%&k! -rom the thou ht "- the pa%& to be %&-l%cted upo& there by &eeded mea!ure!. 3 ma& o- a& eAecut%5e type> e& ro!!ed %& carry%& throu h a !cheme> w%ll react %& pre!e&t emot%o& to e5eryth%& co&cer&ed w%th %t! eAter&al !ucce!! @ the pa%& %t! eAecut%o& br%& ! to other! w%ll &ot occur to h%&t> or %- %t doe!> h%! m%&d w%ll ea!%ly l%de o5er %t. /h%! !ort oco&!e1ue&ce w%ll !eem to h%m o- !l% ht %mporta&ce %& compar%!o& w%th the commerc%al or pol%t%cal cha& e! wh%ch bulk %& h%! pla&!. *hat a ma& -ore!ee! a&d -a%l! to -ore!ee> what he appra%!e! h% hly a&d at a low rate>

<2"F= what he deem! %mporta&t a&d tr%5%al> what he dwell! upo& a&d what he !lur! o5er> what he ea!%ly recall! a&d what he &aturally -or et!K all o- the!e th%& ! depe&d upo& h%! character. (%! e!t%mate o- -uture co&!e1ue&ce! o- the a reeable a&d a&&oy%& %! co&!e1ue&tly o- much reater 5alue a! a& %&deA o- what he &ow %! tha& a! a pred%ct%o& o- -uture re!ult!. C&e ha! o&ly to read betwee& the l%&e! to !ee the e&ormou! d%--ere&ce that mark! o-moder& ut%l%tar%a&%!m -rom ep%curea&%!m> %& !p%te o- !%m%lar%t%e! %& pro-e!!ed p!ycholo %e!. Dp%curea&%!m %! too worldly7w%!e to %&dul e %& attempt! to ba!e pre!e&t act%o& upo& precar%ou! e!t%mate! o- -uture a&d u&%5er!al plea!ure! a&d pa%&!. C& the co&trary %t !ay! let the -uture o> -or l%-e %! u&certa%&. *ho k&ow! whe& %t w%ll e&d> or what -ortu&e the morrow w%ll br%& 6 )o!ter> the&> w%th jealou! care e5ery %-t oplea!ure &ow allotted to you> dwell upo& %t w%th l%& er%& lo5e> prolo& %t a! be!t you may. 0t%l%tar%a&%!m o& the co&trary wa! a part o- a ph%la&throp%c a&d re-orm mo5eme&t o- the &%&etee&th ce&tury. 't! comme&dat%o& o- a& elaborate a&d %mpo!!%ble calculu! wa! %& real%ty part o- a mo5eme&t to de5elop a type o- character wh%ch !hould ha5e a

w%de !oc%al outlook> !ympathy w%th the eAper%e&ce! o- all !e&t%e&t creature!> o&e Bealou! about the !oc%al e--ect! o- all propo!ed act!> e!pec%ally tho!e o- collect%5e le %!lat%o& a&d adm%&%!trat%o&. 't wa! co&cer&ed &ot w%th eAtract%& the ho&ey o- the pa!!%& mome&t but w%th breed%& %mpro5ed bee! a&d co&!truct%& h%5e!. 3-ter all> the object o- -ore!% ht o- co&!e1ue&ce! %!

<2"H= &ot to pred%ct the -uture. 't %! to a!certa%& the mea&%& o- pre!e&t act%5%t%e! a&d to !ecure> !o -ar a! po!!%ble> a pre!e&t act%5%ty w%th a u&%-%ed mea&%& . *e are &ot the creator! o- hea5e& a&d earth@ we ha5e &o re!po&!%b%l%ty -or the%r operat%o&! !a5e a! the%r mot%o&! are altered by our mo5eme&t!. Cur co&cer& %! w%th the !% &%-%ca&ce o- that !l% ht -ract%o& o- total act%5%ty wh%ch !tart! -rom our!el5e!. /he be!t la%d pla&! o- me& a! well a! o- m%ce a& a lee@ a&d -or the !ame rea!o&: %&ab%l%ty to dom%&ate the -uture. /he power o- ma& a&d mou!e %! %&-%&%tely co&!tr%cted %& compar%!o& w%th the power oe5e&t!. Me& alway! bu%ld better or wor!e tha& they k&ow> -or the%r act! are take& up %&to the broad !weep o- e5e&t!. (e&ce the problem o- del%berat%o& %! &ot to calculate -uture happe&%& ! but to appra%!e pre!e&t propo!ed act%o&!. *e jud e pre!e&t de!%re! a&d hab%t! by the%r te&de&cy to produce certa%& co&!e1ue&ce!. 't %! our bu!%&e!! to watch the cour!e o- our act%o& !o a! to !ee what %! the !% &%-%ca&ce> the %mport o- our hab%t! a&d d%!po!%t%o&!. /he -uture outcome %! &ot certa%&. But &e%ther %! %t certa%& what the pre!e&t -%re w%ll do %& the -uture. 't may be u&eApectedly -ed or eAt%& u%!hed. But %t! tendency is a k&owable matter> what %t w%ll do u&der certa%& c%rcum!ta&ce!. 3&d !o we k&ow what %! the te&de&cy o- mal%ce> char%ty> co&ce%t> pat%e&ce. *e k&ow by ob!er5%& the%r co&!e1ue&ce!> by recollect%& what we ha5e ob!er5ed> by u!%& that recollect%o& %& co&!truct%5e %ma %&at%5e -oreca!t! o- the -uture> by

<2"I= u!%& the thou ht o- -uture co&!e1ue&ce to tell the 1ual%ty o- the act &ow propo!ed. Del%berat%o& %! &ot calculat%o& o- %&determ%&ate -uture re!ult!. /he pre!e&t> &ot the -uture> %! our!. .o !hrewd&e!!> &o !tore o- %&-ormat%o& w%ll make %t our!. But by co&!ta&t watch-ul&e!! co&cer&%& the te&de&cy o- act!> by &ot%& d%!par%t%e! betwee& -ormer jud me&t! a&d actual outcome!> a&d trac%& that part o- the d%!par%ty that wa! due to de-%c%e&cy a&d eAce!! %& d%!po!%t%o&> we come to k&ow the mea&%& o- pre!e&t act!> a&d to u%de them %& the l% ht o- that mea&%& . /he moral %! to de5elop co&!c%e&t%ou!&e!!> ab%l%ty to jud e the !% &%-%ca&ce o- what we are do%& a&d to u!e that jud me&t %& d%rect%& what we do> &ot by mea&! o- d%rect cult%5at%o& o- !ometh%& called co&!c%e&ce> o- rea!o&> or a -aculty o- moral k&owled e> but by -o!ter%& tho!e %mpul!e! a&d hab%t! wh%ch eAper%e&ce ha! !how& to make u! !e&!%t%5e> e&erou!> %ma %&at%5e> %mpart%al %& perce%5%& the te&de&cy o- our %&choate daw&%& act%5%t%e!. D5ery attempt to -oreca!t the -uture %! !ubject %& the e&d to the aud%t%& o- pre!e&t co&crete %mpul!e a&d (ab%t. /here-ore the %mporta&t th%& %! the -o!ter%& o- tho!e hab%t! a&d %mpul!e! wh%ch lead to a broad> ju!t> !ympathet%c !ur5ey o- !%tuat%o&!.

/he occa!%o& o- del%berat%o&> that %! o- the attempt to -%&d a !t%mulu! to complete o5ert act%o& %& thou ht o- !ome -uture object> %! co&-u!%o& a&d u&certa%&ty %& pre!e&t act%5%t%e!. 3 !%m%lar d%5%!%o& %& act%5%t%e! a&d &eed o- a l%ke del%berat%5e act%5%ty -or the

<2"J= !ake o- reco5ery o- u&%ty %! !ure to recur> to recur a a%& a&d a a%&> &o matter how w%!e the dec%!%o&. D5e& the mo!t comprehe&!%5e del%berat%o& lead%& to the mo!t mome&tou! cho%ce o&ly -%Ae! a d%!po!%t%o& wh%ch ha! to be co&t%&uou!ly appl%ed %& &ew a&d u&-ore!ee& co&d%t%o&!> re7adapted by -uture del%berat%o&!. 3lway! our old hab%t! a&d d%!po!%t%o&! carry u! %&to &ew -%eld!. *e ha5e to be alway! lear&%& a&d relear&%& the mea&%& o- our act%5e te&de&c%e!. Doe! &ot th%! reduce moral l%-e to the -ut%le to%l oa $%!yphu! who %! -ore5er roll%& a !to&e uph%ll o&ly to ha5e %t roll back !o that he ha! to repeat h%! old ta!k6 :e!> jud ed -rom pro re!! made %& a co&trol o- co&d%t%o&! wh%ch !hall !tay put a&d wh%ch eAclude! the &ece!!%ty o- -uture del%berat%o&! a&d reco&!%derat%o&!. .o> becau!e co&t%&ual !earch a&d eAper%me&tat%o& to d%!co5er the mea&%& o- cha& %& act%5%ty> keep! act%5%ty al%5e> row%& %& !% &%-%ca&ce. /he -uture !%tuat%o& %&5ol5ed %& del%berat%o& %! o- &ece!!%ty marked by co&t%& e&cy. *hat %t w%ll be %& -act rema%&! depe&de&t upo& co&d%t%o&! that e!cape our -ore!% ht a&d power ore ulat%o&. But -ore!% ht wh%ch draw! l%berally upo& the le!!o&! o- pa!t eAper%e&ce re5eal! the te&de&cy> the mea&%& > o- pre!e&t act%o&@ a&d> o&ce more> %t %! th%! pre!e&t mea&%& rather tha& the -uture outcome wh%ch cou&t. 'ma %&at%5e -orethou ht o- the probable co&!e1ue&ce! o- a propo!ed act keep! that act -rom !%&k%& below co&!c%ou!&e!! %&to rout%&e hab%t or wh%m!%cal brutal%ty. 't pre!er5e! the mea&%& o- that act al%5e> a&d keep! %t row%& %& depth a&d re-%&eme&t o- mea&%& . /here %! &o l%m%t to

< 2"9= the amou&t o- mea&%& wh%ch re-lect%5e a&d med%tat%5e hab%t %! capable o%mport%& %&-o e5e& !%mple act!> ju!t a! the mo!t !ple&d%d !ucce!!e! o- the !k%l-ul eAecut%5e who ma&%pulate! e5e&t! may be accompa&%ed by a& %&cred%bly mea er a&d. !uper-%c%al co&!c%ou!&e!!. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_19.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9/he u&%1ue&e!! o- ood>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 21"7222.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence /* The 1ni2ueness of 3ood

Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

/he rea!o& -or d%5%d%& co&duct %&to two d%!t%&ct re %o&!> o&e o- eAped%e&cy a&d the other o- moral%ty> d%!appear! whe& the p!ycholo y that %de&t%-%e! ord%&ary del%berat%o& w%th calculat%o& %! d%!po!ed o-. /here %! !ee& to be but o&e %!!ue %&5ol5ed %& all re-lect%o& upo& co&duct: /he rect%-y%& o- pre!e&t trouble!> the harmo&%B%& o- pre!e&t %&compat%b%l%t%e! by project%& a cour!e o- act%o& wh%ch ather! %&to %t!el- the mea&%& o- them all. /he reco &%t%o& o- the true p!ycholo y al!o re5eal! to u! the &ature o- ood or !at%!-act%o&. 2ood co&!%!t! %& the mea&%& that %! eAper%e&ced to belo& to a& act%5%ty whe& co&-l%ct a&d e&ta& leme&t o- 5ar%ou! %&compat%ble %mpul!e! a&d hab%t! term%&ate %& a u&%-%ed orderly relea!e %& act%o&. /h%! huma& ood> be%& a -ul-%lme&t co&d%t%o&ed upo& thou ht> d%--er! -rom the plea!ure! wh%ch a& a&%mal &atureK o- cour!e we al!o rema%& a&%mal! !o -ar a! we do &ot th%&kK h%t! upo& acc%de&tally. Moreo5er there %! a e&u%&e d%--ere&ce betwee& a -al!e ood> a !pur%ou! !at%!-act%o&> a&d a 9 true 9 ood> a&d there %! a& emp%r%cal te!t -or d%!co5er%& the d%--ere&ce. /he u&%-%cat%o& wh%ch e&d! thou ht %& act may be o&ly a !uper-%c%al comprom%!e> &ot a real dec%!%o& but a po!tpo&eme&t o- the %!!ue.. Ma&y o- our !o7called dec%!%o&! are o- th%! &ature. Cr %t may pre!e&t> a! we ha5e !ee&> a 5%ctory o- a tem7

<211= 7porar%ly %&te&!e %mpul!e o5er %t! r%5al!> a u&%ty by oppre!!%o& a&d !uppre!!%o&> &ot by coord%&at%o&. /he!e !eem%& u&%-%cat%o&! wh%ch are &ot u&%-%cat%o&! o- -act are re5ealed by the e5e&t> by !ub!e1ue&t occurre&ce!. 't %! o&e o- the pe&alt%e! o- e5%l cho%ce> perhap! the ch%e- pe&alty> that the wro& 7doer become! more a&d more %&capable o- detect%& the!e object%5e re5elat%o&! o- h%m!el-. '& 1ual%ty> the ood %! &e5er tw%ce al%ke. 't &e5er cop%e! %t!el-. 't %! &ew e5ery mor&%& > -re!h e5ery e5e&%& . 't %! u&%1ue %& %t! e5ery pre!e&tat%o& )or %t mark! the re!olut%o& o- a d%!t%&ct%5e compl%cat%o& o- compet%& hab%t! a&d %mpul!e! wh%ch ca& &e5er repeat %t!el-. C&ly w%th a hab%t r% %d to the po%&t o- %mmob%l%ty could eAactly the !ame ood recur tw%ce. 3&d w%th !uch r% %d rout%&e! the !ame ood doe! &ot a-ter all recur> -or %t doe! &ot e5e& occur. /here %! &o co&!c%ou!&e!! at all> e%ther o- ood or bad. L% %d hab%t! !%&k below the le5el. o- a&y mea&%& at all. 3&d !%&ce we l%5e %& a mo5%& world> they plu& e u! -%&ally a a%&!t co&d%t%o&! to wh%ch they are &ot adapted a&d !o term%&ate %& d%!a!ter. /o ut%l%tar%a&%!m w%th all %t! de-ect! belo& ! the d%!t%&ct%o& o- e&-orc%& %& a& u&-or ettable way the -act@ that moral ood> l%ke e5ery ood. co&!%!t! %& a !at%!-act%o& othe -orce! o- huma& &ature> %& wel-are> happ%&e!!. /o Be&tham rema%&!> %& !p%te o- all crud%t%e! a&d ecce&tr%c%t%e!> the %mper%!hable re&ow& o- -orc%& home to the popular co&!c%ou!&e!! that 9 co&!c%e&ce>9 %&tell% e&ce appl%ed to %& moral matter!> %! too o-te&

<212= &ot %&tell% e&ce but %! 5e%led capr%ce> do mat%c ipse di"itism> 5e!ted cla!! %&tere!t. 't %! truly co&!c%e&ce o&ly a! %t co&tr%bute! to rel%e- o- m%!ery a&d promot%o& ohapp%&e!!. 3& eAam%&at%o& o- ut%l%tar%a&%!m br%& ! out howe5er the cata!trophe %&5ol5ed %& th%&k%& o- the ood to wh%ch %&tell% e&ce %! pert%&e&t a! co&!%!t%& %& -uture plea!ure! a&d pa%&!> a&d moral re-lect%o& a! the%r al ebra%c calculu!. 't empha!%Be! the co&tra!t betwee& !uch co&cept%o&! o- ood a&d o- %&tell% e&ce> a&d the -act! o- huma& &ature accord%& to wh%ch ood> happ%&e!!> %! -ou&d %& the pre!e&t mea&%& o- act%5%ty>

depe&d%& upo& the proport%o&> order a&d -reedom %&troduced %&to %t by thou ht a! %t d%!co5er!< object! wh%ch relea!e a&d u&%-y otherw%!e co&te&d%& eleme&t!. 3& ade1uate d%!cu!!%o& o- why ut%l%tar%a&%!m w%th %t! ju!t %&!% ht %&to the ce&tral place o- ood> a&d %t! arde&t de5ot%o& to re&der%& moral! more %&tell% e&t a&d more e1u%tably huma& took %t! o&e7!%ded cour!e <a&d thereby pro5oked a& %&te&!%-%ed react%o& to tra&!ce&de&tal a&d do mat%c moral!= would take u! -ar a-%eld %&to !oc%al co&d%t%o&! a&d the a&tecede&t h%!tory o- thou ht. *e ca& deal w%th o&ly o&e -actor> the dom%&at%o& o%&tellectual %&tere!t by eco&om%c co&!%derat%o&!. /he %&du!tr%al re5olut%o& wa! bou&d %& a&y ca!e to %5e a&ew d%rect%o& to thou ht. 't e&-orced l%berat%o& -rom other7worldly co&cer&! by -%A%& atte&t%o& upo& the po!!%b%l%ty o- the betterme&t o- th%! world throu h co&trol a&d ut%l%Bat%o& o- &atural -orce!@ %t ope&ed up mar5elou! po!!%b%l%t%e! %& %&du!try a&d commerce> a&d

<213= &ew !oc%al co&d%t%o&! co&duc%5e to %&5e&t%o&> %& e&u%ty> e&terpr%!e> co&!truct%5e e&er y a&d a& %mper!o&al hab%t o- m%&d deal%& w%th mecha&%!m! rather tha& appeara&ce!. But &ew mo5eme&t! do &ot !tart %& a &ew a&d clear -%eld. /he co&teAt oold %&!t%tut%o&! a&d corre!po&d%& hab%t! o- thou ht per!%!ted. /he &ew mo5eme&t wa! per5erted %& theory becau!e pr%or e!tabl%!hed co&d%t%o&! de-lected %t %& pract%ce. /hu! the &ew %&du!tr%al%!m wa! lar ely the old -eudal%!m> l%5%& %& a ba&k %&!tead o- a ca!tle a&d bra&d%!h%& the check o- cred%t %&!tead o- the !word. 3& old theolo %cal doctr%&e o- total depra5%ty wa! co&t%&ued a&d carr%ed o5er %& the %dea o- a& %&here&t laB%&e!! o- huma& &ature wh%ch re&dered %t a5er!e to u!e-ul work> u&le!! br%bed by eApectat%o&! o- plea!ure> or dr%5e& by -ear! o- pa%&!. /h%! be%& the 9 %&ce&t%5e 9 to act%o&> %t -ollowed that the o--%ce o- rea!o& %! o&ly to e&l% hte& the !earch -or ood or a%& by %&!t%tut%& a more eAact calculu! o- pro-%t a&d lo!!. (app%&e!! wa! thu! %de&t%-%ed w%th a maA%mum &et a%& o- plea!ure! o& the ba!%! o- a&alo y w%th bu!%&e!! co&ducted -or pecu&%ary pro-%t> a&d d%rected by mea&! o- a !c%e&ce oaccou&t%& deal%& w%th 1ua&t%t%e! o- rece%pt! a&d eApe&!e! eApre!!ed %& de-%&%te mo&etary u&%t.-1. )or bu!%&e!! wa! co&ducted a! matter o- -act w%th pr%mary re-ere&ce to procur%& a%& a&d a5ert%& lo!!. 2a%& a&d lo!! were: recko&ed %& term! o- u&%t! o-

<21E= mo&ey> a!!umed to be -%Aed a&d e1ual> eAactly comparable whether lo!! or a%& occurred> wh%le bu!%&e!! -ore!% ht reduced -uture pro!pect! to de-%&%tely mea!ured -orm!> to dollar! a&d ce&t!. 3 dollar %! a dollar> pa!t> pre!e&t or -uture@ a&d e5ery bu!%&e!! tra&!act%o&> e5ery eApe&d%ture a&d co&!umpt%o& o- t%me> e&er y> ood!> %!> %& theory> capable o- eAact !tateme&t %& term! o- dollar!. 2e&eral%Be th%! po%&t o- 5%ew %&to the &ot%o& that a%& %! the object o- all act%o&@ that a%& take! the -orm o- plea!ure@ that there are de-%&%te> comme&!urable u&%t! o- plea!ure> wh%ch are eAactly o--!et by u&%t! opa%& <lo!!=> a&d the work%& p!ycholo y o- the Be&tham%te !chool %! at ha&d. .ow adm%tt%& that the de5%ce o- mo&ey accou&t%& make! po!!%ble more eAact e!t%mate! o- the co&!e1ue&ce! o- ma&y act! tha& %! otherw%!e po!!%ble> a&d that accord%& ly the u!e o- mo&ey a&d accou&t%& may work a tr%umph -or the appl%cat%o& o%&tell% e&ce %& da%ly a--a%r!> yet there eA%!t! a d%--ere&ce %& k%&d betwee& bu!%&e!! calculat%o& o- pro-%t a&d lo!! a&d del%berat%o& upo& what purpo!e! to -orm. $ome othe!e d%--ere&ce! are %&here&t a&d %&!uperable. Cther! o- them are due to the &ature o-

pre!e&t bu!%&e!! co&ducted -or pecu&%ary pro-%t> a&d would d%!appear %- bu!%&e!! were co&ducted Pr%mar%ly -or !er5%ce o- &eed!. But %t %! %mporta&t to !ee how %& the latter ca!e the a!!%m%lat%o& o- bu!%&e!! accou&t%& a&d &ormal del%berat%o& would occur. )or %t would &ot co&!%!t %& mak%& del%berat%o& %de&t%cal w%th calculat%o& o- lo!! a&d a%&@ %t would proceed %& the oppo!%te d%rect%o&. 't would make accou&t%& a&d

<21F= aud%t%& a !ubord%&ate -actor %& d%!co5er%& the mea&%& o- pre!e&t act%5%ty. +alculat%o& would be a mea&! o- !tat%& -uture re!ult! more eAactly a&d object%5ely a&d thu! o- mak%& act%o& more huma&e. 't! -u&ct%o& would be that o- !tat%!t%c! %& all !oc%al !c%e&ce. But -%r!t a! to the %&here&t d%--ere&ce betwee& del%berat%o& re ard%& bu!%&e!! pro-%t a&d lo!! a&d del%berat%o& about ord%&ary co&duct. /he d%!t%&ct%o& betwee& w%de a&d &arrow u!e o- rea!o& ha! already bee& &oted. /he latter hold! a -%Aed e&d %& 5%ew a&d del%berate! o&ly upo& mea&! o- reach%& %t. /he -ormer re ard! the e&d7%&75%ew %& del%berat%o& a! te&tat%5e a&d perm%t!> &ay e&coura e! the com%& %&to 5%ew oco&!e1ue&ce! wh%ch w%ll tra&!-orm %t a&d create a &ew purpo!e a&d pla&. .ow bu!%&e!! calculat%o& %! ob5%ou!ly o- the k%&d where the e&d %! take& -or ra&ted a&d doe! &ot e&ter %&to del%berat%o&. 't re!emble! the ca!e %& wh%ch a ma& ha! already made h%! -%&al dec%!%o&> !ay to take a walk> a&d del%berate! o&ly upo& what walk to take. (%! e&d7%&7 5%ew already eA%!t!@ %t %! &ot 1ue!t%o&ed. /he 1ue!t%o& %! a! to comparat%5e ad5a&ta e! o- th%! tramp or that. Del%berat%o& %! &ot -ree but occur! w%th%& the l%m%t! o- a dec%!%o& reached by !ome pr%or del%berat%o& or el!e -%Aed by u&th%&k%& rout%&e. $uppo!e> howe5er> that a ma&?! 1ue!t%o& %! &ot wh%ch path to walk upo&> but whether to walk or to !tay w%th a -r%e&d whom co&t%&ued co&-%&eme&t ha! re&dered pee5%!h a&d u&%&tere!t%& a! a compa&%o&. /he ut%l%tar%a& theory dema&d! that %& the latter ca!e the two alter&at%5e! !t%ll be o- the !ame k%&d> al%ke %& 1ual7

<21H= 7%ty> that the%r o&ly d%--ere&ce be a 1ua&t%tat%5e o&e> o- plu! or m%&u! %& plea!ure. /h%! a!!umpt%o& that all de!%re! a&d d%!po!%t%o&!> all hab%t! a&d %mpul!e!> are the !ame %& 1ual%ty %! e1u%5ale&t to the a!!ert%o& that &o real or !% &%-%ca&t co&-l%ct amo& them %! po!!%ble@ a&d he&ce there %! &o &eed o- d%!co5er%& a& object a&d a& act%5%ty wh%ch w%ll br%& them %&to u&%ty. 't a!!ert! ?by %mpl%cat%o& that there %! &o e&u%&e doubt or !u!pe&!e a! to the mea&%& o- a&y %mpul!e or hab%t. /he%r mea&%& %! ready7made> -%Aed: plea!ure. /he o&ly 9 problem 9 or doubt %! a! to the amou&t o- plea!ure <or pa%&= that %! %&5ol5ed. /h%! a!!umpt%o& doe! 5%ole&ce to -act. /he po% &a&cy o- !%tuat%o&! that e5oke re-lect%o& l%e! %& the -act that we really do &ot k&ow the mea&%& o- the te&de&c%e! that are pre!!%& -or act%o&. *e ha5e to !earch> to eAper%me&t. Del%berat%o& %! a work od%!co5ery. +o&-l%ct %! acute@ o&e %mpul!e carr%e! u! o&e way %&to o&e !%tuat%o&> a&d a&other %mpul!e take! u! a&other way to a rad%cally d%--ere&t object%5e re!ult. Del%berat%o& %! &ot a& attempt to do away w%th th%! oppo!%t%o& o- 1ual%ty by reduc%& %t to o&e o- amou&t. 't %! a& attempt to uncover the co&-l%ct %& %t! -ull !cope a&d bear%& . *hat we wa&t to -%&d out %! what d%--ere&ce each %mpul!e a&d hab%t %mport!> to re5eal 1ual%tat%5e %&compat%b%l%t%e! by detect%& the d%--ere&t cour!e! to wh%ch they comm%t u!> the d%--ere&t d%!po!%t%o&! they -orm a&d -o!ter> the d%--ere&t !%tuat%o&! %&to wh%ch they plu& e u!.

'& !hort> the th%& actually at !take %& a&y !er%ou!

<21I= del%berat%o& %! &ot a d%--ere&ce o- 1ua&t%ty> but what k%&d o- per!o& o&e %! to become> what !ort o- !el- %! %& the mak%& > what k%&d o- a world %! mak%& . /h%!. %! pla%& e&ou h %& tho!e cruc%al dec%!%o&! where the cour!e o- l%-e %! throw& %&to w%dely d%--ere&t cha&&el!. where the patter& o- l%-e %! re&dered d%--ere&t a&d d%5er!ely dyed accord%& a! th%! alter&at%5e or that %! cho!e&. Del%berat%o& a! to whether to be a mercha&t or a !chool teacher> a phy!%c%a& .or a pol%t%c%a& %! &ot a cho%ce o- 1ua&t%t%e!. 't %! ju!t what %t appear! to be> a cho%ce o- career! wh%ch are %&compat%ble w%th o&e a&other> w%th%& each o- wh%ch de-%&%t%5e %&clu!%o&! a&d reject%o&! are %&5ol5ed. *%th the d%--ere&ce %%>. career belo& ! a d%--ere&ce %& the co&!t%tut%o& o- the !el-> o- hab%t! othou ht a&d -eel%& a! well a! o- outward act%o&. *%th %t come! pro-ou&d d%--ere&ce! %& all -uture object%5e relat%o&!h%p!. Cur m%&or dec%!%o&! d%--er %& acute&e!! a&d ra& e> but &ot %& pr%&c%ple. Cur world doe! &ot !o ob5%ou!ly Ba& upo& a&y o&e o- them@ but put to ether they make the world what %t %! %& mea&%& -or each o&e o- u!. +ruc%al dec%!%o&! ca& hardly be more tha& a d%!clo!ure o- the cumulat%5e -orce o- tr%5%al cho%ce!. 3 rad%cal d%!t%&ct%o& thu! eA%!t! betwee& del%berat%o& where the o&ly 1ue!t%o& %! whether to %&5e!t mo&ey %& th%! bo&d or that !tock> a&d del%berat%o& where the pr%mary dec%!%o& %! a! to the hind o- act%5%ty wh%ch %! to be e& a ed %&. De-%&%te 1ua&t%tat%5e calculat%o& %! po!!%ble %& the -ormer ca!e becau!e a dec%!%o& a! to k%&d or d%rect%o& o- act%o& doe! &ot ha5e to be made. 't ha!

<21J= bee& dec%ded already> whether by per!%!te&ce o- hab%t> or pr%or del%berat%o&> that the ma& %! to be a& %&5e!tor. /he !% &%-%ca&t th%& %& dec%!%o&! proper> the cour!e oact%o&> the k%&d o- a !el- !%mply> doe!&?t e&ter %&@ %t %!&?t %& 1ue!t%o&. /o reduce all ca!e! o- jud me&t o- act%o& to th%! !%mpl%-%ed a&d comparat%5ely u&%mporta&t ca!e ocalculat%o& o- 1ua&t%t%e!> %! to m%!! the whole po%&t o- del%berat%o&.-". 't %! a&other way o- !ay%& the !ame th%& to &ote that bu!%&e!! calculat%o&! about pecu&%ary a%& &e5er co&cer& d%rect u!e %& eAper%e&ce. /hey are> a! !uch> &ot del%berat%o&! about ood or !at%!-act%o& at all. /he ma& who dec%de! to put bu!%&e!! act%5%ty be-ore all other cla%m! what!oe5er> be-ore that o- -am%ly or cou&try or art or !c%e&ce> doe! make a cho%ce about !at%!-act%o& or ood. But he make! %t a! a ma&> &ot a! a bu!%&e!! ma&. C& the other ha&d> what %! to be done w%th bu!%&e!! pro-%t whe& %t accrue! <eAcept to %&5e!t %t %& !%m%lar u&dertak%& != doe! &ot e&ter at all %&to a !tr%ctly bu!%&e!! del%berat%o&. 't! u!e> %& wh%ch alo&e ood or !at%!-act%o& %! -ou&d> %! le-t %&determ%&ate> co&t%& e&t upo& -urther del%berat%o&> or el!e %! le-t matter o- rout%&e hab%t. *e do &ot eat mo&ey> or wear %t> or marry %t> or l%!te& -or mu!%cal !tra%&! to %!!ue -rom %t. '- by ally cha&ce a ma& pre-er! a le!! amou&t o- mo&ey to a reater amou&t> %t %! &ot -or eco&om%c rea!o&!. Pecu&%ary pro-%t %& %t!el-> %& other word!> %! alway! !tr%ctly

<219= %&!trume&tal> a&d %t %! o- the &ature o- th%! %&!trume&t to be e--ect%5e %& proport%o& to !%Be. '& choo!%& w%th re!pect to %t> we are &ot mak%& a !% &%-%ca&t cho%ce> a cho%ce o- e&d!.

*e ha5e already !ee&> howe5er> there %! !ometh%& ab&ormal a&d %& the !tr%ct !e&!e %mpo!!%ble %& mere mea&!> %&> that %!> %&!trume&t! totally d%!!e5ered -rom e&d!. *e may 5%ew eco&om%c act%5%ty %& ab!tract%o&> but %t doe! &ot eA%!t by %t!el-. Bu!%&e!! take! -or ra&ted &o&7bu!%&e!! u!e! to wh%ch %t! re!ult! are to be put. /he !t%mul% -or eco&om%c act%5%ty <%& the !e&!e %& wh%ch bu!%&e!! mea&! act%5%ty !ubject to mo&etary recko&%& = are -ou&d %& &o&7pecu&%ary> &o&7eco&om%c act%5%t%e!. /ake& by %t!el- the& eco&om%c act%o& throw! &o l% ht upo& the &ature o- !at%!-act%o& a&d the relat%o& o- %&tell% e&ce to %t> becau!e the whole 1ue!t%o& o- !at%!-act%o& %! e%ther take& -or ra&ted or el!e %! % &ored by %t. C&ly whe& mo&ey7mak%& %! %t!el- take& a! a ood doe! %t eAh%b%t a&yth%& pert%&e&t to the 1ue!t%o&. 3&d whe& %t %! !o take&> the& the 1ue!t%o& %! &ot o&e o- -uture a%& but o- pre!e&t act%5%ty a&d %t! mea&%& . Bu!%&e!! the& become! a& act%5%ty carr%ed o& -or %t! ow& !ake. 't %! the& a career> a co&t%&uou! occupat%o& %& wh%ch are de5eloped dar%& > ad5e&ture> power> r%5alry> o5ercom%& o- compet%tor!> co&!p%cuou! ach%e5eme&t wh%ch attract! adm%rat%o&> play o- %ma %&at%o&> tech&%cal k&owled e> !k%ll %& -ore!% ht a&d mak%& comb%&at%o&!> ma&a eme&t o- me& a&d ood! a&d !o o&. '& th%! ca!e> %t eAempl%-%e! what ha! bee& !a%d about ood or happ%&e!! a! %&corporat%& %& %t!el-

<22"= at present the -ore!ee& -uture co&!e1ue&ce! that re!ult -rom %&tell% e&t act%o&. /he problem co&cer&! the 1ual%ty o- !uch a ood. '& !hort the attempt to a!!%m%late other act%5%t%e! to the model o- eco&om%c act%5%ty <de-%&ed a! a calculated pur!u%t o- a%&= re5er!e! the !tate o- the -act!. /he 9 eco&om%c ma& 9 de-%&ed a! a creature de5oted to a& e&l% hte&ed or calculat%& pur!u%t o- a%& %! morally object%o&able becau!e the co&cept%o& o- !uch a be%& emp%r%cally -al!%-%e! emp%r%cal -act!. ;o5e o- pecu&%ary a%& %! a& u&doubted a&d power-ul -act. But %t a&d %t! %mporta&ce are a--a%r! o- !oc%al &ot o- p!ycholo %cal &ature. 't %! &ot a pr%mary -act wh%ch ca& be u!ed to accou&t -or other phe&ome&a. 't depe&d! upo& other %mpul!e! a&d hab%t!. 't eApre!!e! a&d or a&%Be! the u!e to wh%ch they are put. 't ca&&ot be u!ed to de-%&e the &ature o- de!%re> e--ort a&d !at%!-act%o&> becau!e %t embod%e! a !oc%ally !elected type o- de!%re a&d !at%!-act%o&. 't a--ord!> l%ke !teeple7cha!%& > or collect%& po!ta e !tamp!> !eek%& pol%t%cal office' astro&om%cal ob!er5at%o& o- the hea5e&!> a !pec%al ca!e o- de!%re> e--ort> a&d happ%&e!!. 3&d l%ke them %t %! !ubject to eAam%&at%o&> cr%t%c%!m a&d 5aluat%o& %& the l% ht o- the place %t occup%e! %& the !y!tem o- de5elop%& act%5%t%e!. /he rea!o& that %t %! !o ea!y a&d -or !pec%-%c purpo!e! s3 u!e-ul to !elect eco&om%c act%5%t%e! a&d !ubject them to !eparate !c%e&t%-%c treatme&t %! becau!e the me& who e& a e %& %t are me& who are al!o more tha& bu!%&e!! me&> who!e u!ual hab%t! may be more or le!! !a-ely

<221= ue!!ed at. 3! huma& be%& ! they ha5e de!%re! a&d occupat%o&! wh%ch are a--ected by !oc%al cu!tom> eApectat%o& a&d adm%rat%o&. /he u!e! to wh%ch a%&! w%ll be put> that %! the curre&t !cheme o- act%5%t%e! %&to wh%ch they e&ter a! -actor!> are pa!!ed o5er o&ly becau!e they are !o %&e5%tably pre!e&t. $upport o- -am%ly> o- church> ph%la&throp%c be&e-act%o&!> pol%t%cal %&-lue&ce> automob%l%& > comma&d o- luAur%e!> -reedom o- mo5eme&t> re!pect -rom other!> are %& e&eral term! !ome o- the ob5%ou! act%5%t%e! %&to wh%ch eco&om%c act%5%ty -%t!. /h%! co&teAt o- act%5%t%e! e&ter! %&to the real

make7up a&d mea&%& o- eco&om%c act%5%ty. +alculated pur!u%t o- a%& %! %& -act &e5er what %t %! made out to be whe& eco&om%c act%o& %! !eparated -rom the re!t o- l%-e> -or %& -act %t %! what %t %! becau!e o- a compleA !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t %&5ol5%& !c%e&t%-%c> le al> pol%t%cal a&d dome!t%c co&d%t%o&!. 3 certa%& tra %c -ate !eem! to atte&d all %&tellectual mo5eme&t!. /hat o- ut%l%tar%a&%!m %! !u e!ted %& the &ot %&-re1ue&t cr%t%c%!m that %t eAa erated the role o- rat%o&al thou ht %& huma& co&duct> that %t a!!umed that e5erybody %! mo5ed by co&!c%ou! co&!%derat%o&! a&d that all that %! really &ece!!ary %! to make the proce!! o- co&!%derat%o& !u--%c%e&tly e&l% hte&ed. /he& %t %! objected that a better p!ycholo y re5eal! that me& are &ot mo5ed by thou ht but rather by %&!t%&ct a&d hab%t. /hu! a part%ally !ou&d cr%t%c%!m %! employed to co&ceal the o&e -actor %& ut%l%tar%a&%!m -rom wh%ch we ou ht to lear& !ometh%& @ %! u!ed to -o!ter a& ob!cura&t%!t doctr%&e o- tru!t%& to %mpul!e> %&!t%&ct or %&tu%7

<222= 7t%o&. .e%ther the ut%l%tar%a&! &or a&y o&e el!e ca& eAa erate the proper o--%ce ore-lect%o&> o- %&tell% e&ce> %& co&duct. /he m%!take lay &ot here but %& a -al!e co&cept%o& o- what co&!t%tute! re-lect%o&> del%berat%o&. /he truth that me& are &ot mo5ed by co&!%derat%o& o- !el-7%&tere!t> that me& are &ot ood jud e! o- where the%r %&tere!t! l%e a&d are &ot mo5ed to act by the!e jud me&t!> ca&&ot properly be co&5erted %&to the bel%e- that co&!%derat%o& o- co&!e1ue&ce! %! a &e l% %ble -actor %& co&duct. $o -ar a! %t %! &e l% %ble -& -act %t e5%&ce! the rud%me&tary character o- c%5%l%Bat%o&. *e may %&deed !a-ely !tart -rom the a!!umpt%o& that %mpul!e a&d hab%t> &ot thou ht> are the pr%mary determ%&a&t! o- co&duct. But the co&clu!%o& to be draw& -rom the!e -act! %! that the &eed %! there-ore the reater -or cult%5at%o& o- thou ht. /he error o- ut%l%tar%a&%!m %! &ot at th%! po%&t. 't %! -ou&d %& %t! wro& co&cept%o& o- what thou ht> del%berat%o&> %! a&d doe!.

Notes
1. ' owe the !u e!t%o& o- th%! mode o- %&terpret%& the hedo&%!t%c calculu! out%l%tar%a&%!m to Dr. *e!ley M%tchell. $ee h%! art%cle! %& 4ournal of olitical *conomy' 5ol. 1J. +ompare al!o h%! art%cle %& olitical ,cience 5uarterly> 5ol. 33. 2. $o -ar a! ' am aware Dr. (. *. $tuart wa! the -%r!t to po%&t out th%! d%--ere&ce betwee& eco&om%c a&d moral 5aluat%o&! %& h%! e!!ay %& ,tudies in 2ogical (heory. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_2".html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9/he &ature o- a%m!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 223723I.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence /I* The Nature of Ai#s
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

Cur problem &ow co&cer&! the &ature o- e&d!> that %! e&d!7%&75%ew or a%m!. /he e!!e&t%al eleme&t! %& the problem ha5e already bee& !tated. 't ha! bee& po%&ted out that the e&d!> object%5e!> o- co&duct are tho!e -ore!ee& co&!e1ue&ce! wh%ch %&-lue&ce pre!e&t del%berat%o& a&d wh%ch -%&ally br%& %t to re!t by -ur&%!h%& a& ade1uate !t%mulu! to o5ert act%o&. +o&!e1ue&tly e&d! ar%!e a&d -u&ct%o& w%th%& act%o&. /hey are &ot> a! curre&t theor%e! too o-te& %mply> th%& ! ly%& beyo&d act%5%ty at wh%ch the latter %! d%rected. /hey are &ot. !tr%ctly !peak%& e&d! or term%&% o- act%o& at all. /hey are term%&al! o- del%berat%o&> a&d !o tur&%& po%&t! %& act%5%ty. Ma&y oppo!ed moral theor%e! a ree howe5er %& plac%& e&d! beyo&d act%o&> althou h they d%--er %& the%r &ot%o&! o- what the e&d! are. /he ut%l%tar%a& !et! up plea!ure a! !uch a& out!%de7a&d7 beyo&d> a! !ometh%& &ece!!ary to %&duce act%o& a&d %& wh%ch %t term%&ate!. Ma&y har!h cr%t%c! o- ut%l%tar%a&%!m ha5e howe5er a reed that there %! !ome e&d %& wh%ch act%o& term%&ate! a -%&al oal. /hey ha5e de&%ed that plea!ure %! !uch a& out!%de a%m> a&d put per-ect%o& or !el-7real%Bat%o& %& %t! place. /he e&t%re popular &ot%o& o- 9 %deal! 9 %! %&-ected w%th th%! co&cept%o& o- !ome -%Aed e&d beyo&d act%5%ty at wh%ch we !hould a%m. 3ccord%& to th%! 5%ew e&d!7%&7them!el5e! come be-ore a%m!.

<22E= *e ha5e a moral a%m o&ly a! our purpo!e co%&c%de! w%th !ome e&d7%&7%t!el-. *e ou ht to a%m at the latter whether we actually do or &ot. *he& me& bel%e5ed that -%Aed e&d! eA%!ted -or all &ormal cha& e! %& &ature> the co&cept%o& o- !%m%lar e&d! -or me& wa! but a !pec%al ca!e o- a e&eral bel%e-. '- the cha& e! %& a tree -rom acor& to -ull7 row& oak were re ulated by a& e&d wh%ch wa! !omehow %mma&e&t or pote&t%al %& all the le!! per-ect -orm!> a&d %- cha& e wa! !%mply the e--ort to real%Be a per-ect or complete -orm> the& the accepta&ce o- a l%ke 5%ew -or huma& co&duct wa! co&!o&a&t w%th the re!t o- what pa!!ed -or !c%e&ce. $uch a 5%ew> co&!%!te&t a&d !y!temat%c> wa! -o%!ted by 3r%!totle upo& we!ter& culture a&d e&dured -or two thou!a&d year!. *he& the &ot%o& wa! eApelled -rom &atural !c%e&ce by the %&tellectual re5olut%o& o- the !e5e&tee&th ce&tury> lo %cally %t !hould al!o ha5e d%!appeared -rom the theory o- huma& act%o&. But ma& %! &ot lo %cal a&d h%! %&tellectual h%!tory %! a record o- me&tal re!er5e! a&d comprom%!e!. (e ha& ! o& to what he ca& %& h%! old bel%e-! e5e& whe& he %! compelled to !urre&der the%r lo %cal ba!%!. $o the doctr%&e o- -%Aed e&d!7%&7them!el5e! at wh%ch huma& act! areK or !hould be d%rected a&d by wh%ch they are re ulated %- they arc re ulated t%t all per!%!ted %& moral!> a&d wa! made the cor&er!to&e o- orthodoA moral theory. /he %mmed%ate e--ect wa! to d%!locate moral -rom &atural !c%e&ce> to d%5%de ma&?! world a! %t &e5er had bee& d%5%ded %& pr%or culture. C&e po%&t o- 5%ew> o&e method a&d !p%r%t a&%mated %&1u%ry %&to &atural occurre&ce!@

<22F= a rad%cally oppo!%te !et o- %dea! pre5a%led about ma&?! a--a%r!. +omplet%o& o- the !c%e&t%-%c cha& e be u& %& the !e5e&tee&th ce&tury thu! depe&d! upo& a re5%!%o& o- the curre&t &ot%o& o- e&d! o- act%o& a! -%Aed l%m%t! a&d co&clu!%o&!. '& -act> e&d! are e&d!7%&75%ew or a%m!. /hey ar%!e out o- &atural e--ect! or co&!e1ue&ce! wh%ch %& the be %&&%& are h%t upo&> !tumbled upo& !o -ar a! a&y purpo!e %! co&cer&ed. Me& li.e !ome o- the co&!e1ue&ce! a&d disli.e other!. (e&ce-orth <or t%ll attract%o& a&d repul!%o& alter= atta%&%& or a5ert%& !%m%lar co&!e1ue&ce! are a%m! or e&d!. /he!e co&!e1ue&ce! co&!t%tute the mea&%& a&d 5alue o- a& act%5%ty a! %t come! u&der del%berat%o&. Mea&t%me o- cour!e %ma %&at%o& %! bu!y. Cld co&!e1ue&ce! are e&ha&ced> recomb%&ed> mod%-%ed %& %ma %&at%o&. '&5e&t%o& operate!. 3ctual co&!e1ue&ce!> that %! e--ect! wh%ch ha5e happe&ed %& the pa!t> become po!!%ble -uture co&!e1ue&ce! o- act! !t%ll to be per-ormed. /h%! operat%o& o- %ma %&at%5e thou ht compl%cate! the relat%o& oe&d! to act%5%ty> but %t doe! &ot alter the !ub!ta&t%al -act: D&d! are -ore!ee& co&!e1ue&ce! wh%ch ar%!e %& the cour!e o- act%5%ty a&d wh%ch are employed to %5e act%5%ty added mea&%& a&d to d%rect %t! -urther cour!e. /hey are %& &o !e&!e e&d! oact%o&. '& be%& e&d! o- deliberation they are red%rect%& p%5ot! %& act%o&. Me& !hoot a&d throw. 3t -%r!t th%! %! do&e a! a& 9%&!t%&ct%5e9 or &atural react%o& to !ome !%tuat%o&. /he re!ult whe& %t %! ob!er5ed %5e! a &ew mea&%& to the act%5%ty. (e&ce-orth me& %& throw%& a&d !hoot%&

<22H= th%&k o- %t %& term! o- %t! outcome@ they act %&tell% e&tly or ha5e a& e&d. ;%k%& the act%5%ty %& %t! ac1u%red mea&%& > they &ot o&ly 9 take a%m 9 whe& they throw %&!tead othrow%& at ra&dom> but they -%&d or make tar et! at wh%ch to a%m. /h%! %! the or% %& a&d &ature o- 9 oal! 9 o- act%o&. /hey are way! o- de-%&%& a&d deepe&%& the mea&%& oact%5%ty. (a5%& a& e&d or a%m %! thu! a character%!t%c o- present act%5%ty. 't %! the mea&! by wh%ch a& act%5%ty become! adapted whe& otherw%!e %t would be bl%&d a&d d%!orderly> or by wh%ch %t et! mea&%& whe& otherw%!e %t would be mecha&%cal. '& a !tr%ct !e&!e a& e&d7%&75%ew %! a means %& pre!e&t act%o&@ pre!e&t act%o& %! &ot a mea&! to a remote e&d. Me& do &ot !hoot becau!e tar et! eA%!t> but they !et up tar et! %& order that throw%& a&d !hoot%& may be more e--ect%5e a&d !% &%-%ca&t. 3 mar%&er doe! &ot !a%l toward! the !tar!> but by &ot%& the !tar! he %! a%ded %& co&duct%& h%! pre!e&t act%5%ty o- !a%l%& . 3 port or harbor %! h%! object%5e> but o&ly %& the !e&!e o- reaching %t &ot o- tak%& po!!e!!%o& o- %t. /he harbor !ta&d! %& h%! thou ht a! a !% &%-%ca&t po%&t at wh%ch h%! act%5%ty w%ll &eed red%rect%o&. 3ct%5%ty w%ll &ot cea!e whe& the port %! atta%&ed> but merely the present direction o- act%5%ty. /he port %! a! truly the be %&&%& o- a&other mode o- act%5%ty a! %t %! the term%&at%o& o- the pre!e&t o&e. /he o&ly rea!o& we % &ore th%! -act %! becau!e %t %! emp%r%cally take& -or ra&ted. *e k&ow w%thout th%&k%& that our 9 e&d! 9 are per-orce be %&&%& !. But theor%e! oe&d! a&d %deal! ha5e co&5erted a theoret%cal % &or%& wh%ch

<22I= %! e1u%5ale&t to pract%cal ack&owled me&t %&to a& %&tellectual de&%al> a&d ha5e thereby co&-u!ed a&d per5erted the &ature o- e&d!. D5e& the mo!t %mporta&t amo& all the co&!e1ue&ce! o- a& act %! &ot &ece!!ar%ly %t! a%m. Le!ult! wh%ch are object%5ely mo!t %mporta&t may &ot e5e& be thou ht o- at all@

ord%&ar%ly a ma& doe! &ot th%&k %& co&&ect%o& w%th eAerc%!e o- h%! pro-e!!%o& that %t w%ll !u!ta%& h%m a&d h%! -am%ly %& eA%!te&ce. /he e&dK thou htK o- %! u&%1uely %mporta&t> but %t %! %&d%!pe&!able to !tate the re!pect %& wh%ch %t %! %mporta&t. 't %5e! the dec%!%5e clew to the act to be per-ormed u&der the eA%!t%& c%rcum!ta&ce!. 't %! that part%cular -ore!ee& object that w%ll !t%mulate the act wh%ch rel%e5e! eA%!t%& trouble!> !tra% hte&! out eA%!t%& e&ta& leme&t!. '& a temporary a&&oya&ce> e5e& %- o&ly that cau!ed by the !%& %& o- a mo!1u%to> the thou ht o- that wh%ch %5e! rel%e- may e& ro!! the m%&d %& !p%te o- co&!e1ue&ce! much more %mporta&t> object%5ely !peak%& . Moral%!t! ha5e deplored !uch -act! a! e5%de&ce o- le5%ty. But the remedy> %- a remedy be &eeded> %! &ot -ou&d %& %&!%!t%& upo& the %mporta&ce o- e&d! %& e&eral. 't %! -ou&d %& a cha& e o- the d%!po!%t%o&! wh%ch make th%& ! e%ther %mmed%ately trouble!ome or tolerable or a reeable. *he& e&d! are re arded a! l%terally e&d! to act%o& rather tha& a! d%rect%5e !t%mul% to pre!e&t cho%ce they acre -roBe& a&d %!olated. 't make! &o d%--ere&ce whether the 9 e&d 9 %! 9 &atural 9 ood l%ke health or a 9 moral 9 ood l%ke ho&e!ty. $et up a! complete a&d eAclu!%5e> a! dema&d%& a&d ju!t%-y%& act%o& a! a mea&! to %t!el->

<22J= %t lead! to &arrow&e!!@ %& eAtreme ca!e! -a&at%c%!m> %&co&!%derate&e!!> arro a&ce a&d hypocr%!y. 8o!hua?! reputed !ucce!! %& ett%& the !u& to !ta&d !t%ll to !er5e h%! de!%re %! reco &%Bed to ha5e %&5ol5ed a m%racle. But moral theor%!t! co&!ta&tly a!!ume that the co&t%&uou! cour!e o- e5e&t! ca& be arre!ted at the po%&t o- a part%cular object@ that me& ca& plu& e w%th the%r ow& de!%re! %&to the u&cea!%& -low o- cha& e!> a&d !e%Be upo& !ome object a! the%r e&d %rre!pect%5e o- e5eryth%& el!e. /he u!e o%&tell% e&ce to d%!co5er the object that w%ll be!t operate a! a relea!%& a&d u&%-y%& !t%mulu! %& the eA%!t%& !%tuat%o& %! d%!cou&ted. C&e rem%&d! o&e?! !el- that o&e?! e&d %! ju!t%ce or char%ty or pro-e!!%o&al ach%e5eme&t or putt%& o5er a deal -or a &eeded publ%c %mpro5eme&t> a&d -urther 1ue!t%o&%& ! a&d 1ualm! are !t%lled. 't %! cu!tomary to !uppo!e that !uch method! merely % &ore the 1ue!t%o& o- the moral%ty o- the mea&! wh%ch are u!ed to !ecure the e&d de!%red. +ommo& !e&!e re5olt! a a%&!t the maA%m> co&5e&%e&tly la%d o-- upo& 8e!u%t! or other -ar7away people> that the e&d ju!t%-%e! the mea&!. /here %! &o %&correct&e!! %& !ay%& that the 1ue!t%o& o- mea&! employed %! o5erlooked %& !uch ca!e!. But a&aly!%! would o -urther %- %t were al!o po%&ted out that o5erlook%& mea&! %! o&ly a de5%ce -or -a%l%& to &ote tho!e e&d!> or co&!e1ue&ce!> wh%ch> %- they were &oted would be !ee& to be !o e5%l that act%o& would be e!topped. +erta%&ly &oth%& ca& ju!t%-y or co&dem& mea&! eAcept e&d!> re!ult!. But we ha5e to %&clude co&!e1ue&ce! %mpart%ally. D5e& adm%tt%& that ly%&

<229= will !a5e a ma&?! !oul> whate5er that may mea&> %t would !t%ll be true that ly%& w%ll ha5e other co&!e1ue&ce!> &amely> the u!ual co&!e1ue&ce! that -ollow -rom tamper%& w%th ood -a%th a&d that lead ly%& to be co&dem&ed. 't %! w%l-ul -olly to -a!te& upo& !ome !%& le e&d or co&!e1ue&ce wh%ch %! l%ked> a&d perm%t the 5%ew o- that to blot -rom percept%o& all other u&7 de!%red a&d u&de!%rable co&!e1ue&ce!. 't %! l%ke !uppo!%& that whe& a -%& er held clo!e to the eye co5er! up a d%!ta&t mou&ta%& the -%& er %! really lar er tha& the mou&ta%&. .ot the e&dK %& the !%& ularK ju!t%-%e! the mea&!@ -or there %! &o !uch th%& a! the !%& le all7%mporta&t e&d. /o !uppo!e that there %! !uch a& e&d %! l%ke work%& o5er a a%&> %& behal- o- our pr%5ate w%!he!> the m%racle o-

8o!hua %& arre!t%& the cour!e o- &ature. 't %! &ot po!!%ble ade1uately to character%Be the pre!umpt%o&> the -al!%ty a&d the del%berate per5er!%o& o- %&tell% e&ce %&5ol5ed %& re-u!al to &ote the plural e--ect! that -low -rom a&y act> a re-u!al adopted %& order that we may ju!t%-y a& act by p%ck%& out that o&e co&!e1ue&ce wh%ch w%ll e&able u! to do what we w%!h to do a&d -or wh%ch we -eel the &eed o- ju!t%-%cat%o&.. :et th%! a!!umpt%o& %! co&t%&ually made. 't %! made by %mpl%cat%o& %& the curre&t 5%ew opurpo!e! or e&d!7%&75%ew a! object! %& them!el5e!> %&!tead o- mea&! to u&%-%cat%o& a&d l%berat%o& o- pre!e&t co&-l%ct%& > co&-u!ed hab%t! a&d %mpul!e!. /here %! !ometh%& almo!t !%&%!ter %& the de!%re to label the doctr%&e that the e&d ju!t%-%e! the mea&! w%th the &ame o- !ome o&e ob&oA%ou! !chool. Pol%t%c%a&!> e!pec%ally %- they ha5e to do w%th

<23"= the -ore% & a--a%r! o- a &at%o& a&d are called !tate!me&> almo!t u&%-ormly act upo& the doctr%&e that the wel-are o- the%r ow& cou&try ju!t%-%e! a&y mea!ure %rre!pect%5e oall the demoral%Bat%o& %t work!. +apta%&! o- %&du!try> reat eAecut%5e! %& all l%&e!> u!ually work upo& th%! pla&. But they are &ot the or% %&al o--e&der! by a&y mea&!. D5ery ma& work! upo& %t !o -ar a! he perm%t! h%m!el- to become !o ab!orbed %& o&e a!pect o- what he %! do%& that he lo!e! a 5%ew o- %t! 5ar%ed co&!e1ue&ce!> (yp&ot%B%& h%! atte&t%o& by co&!%derat%o& o- ju!t tho!e co&!e1ue&ce! wh%ch %& the ab!tract are de!%rable a&d !lurr%& o5er other co&!e1ue&ce! e1ually real. D5ery ma& work! upo& th%! pr%&c%ple who become! o5er7%&tere!ted %& a&y cau!e or project> a&d who u!e! %t! de!%rab%l%ty %& the ab!tract to ju!t%-y h%m!el- %& employ%& a&y mea&! that w%ll a!!%!t h%m %& arr%5%& > % &or%& all the collateral 9 e&d! 9 o- h%! beha5%or. 't %! -re1ue&tly po%&ted out that there %! a type o- eAecut%5e7ma& who!e co&duct !eem! to be a! &o&7moral a! the act%o& o- the -orce! o- &ature. *e all te&d to relap!e %&to th%! &o&7moral co&d%t%o& whe&e5er we wa&t a&y o&e th%& %&te&!ely. '& e&eral> the %de&t%-%cat%o& o- the e&d prom%&e&t %& co&!c%ou! de!%re a&d e--ort w%th the e&d %! part o- the tech&%1ue oa5o%d%& a rea!o&able !ur5ey o- co&!e1ue&ce!. /he !ur5ey %! a5o%ded becau!e o- a !ubco&!c%ou! reco &%t%o& that %t would re5eal de!%re %& %t! true worth a&d thu! preclude act%o& to !at%!-y %tK or at all e5e&t! %5e u! a& u&ea!y co&!c%e&ce %& !tr%5%& to real%Be %t. /hu! the doctr%&e o- the %!olated> complete or -%Aed e&d l%m%t! %&tell% e&t eAam%&a7

< 231= 7t%o&> e&coura e! %&!%&cer%ty> a&d put! a p!eudo7!tamp o- moral ju!t%-%cat%o& upo& !ucce!! at a&y pr%ce. Moral%!t%c per!o&! are %5e& to e!cap%& th%! e5%l by -all%& %&to a&other p%t. /hey de&y that co&!e1ue&ce! ha5e a&yth%& at all to do w%th the moral%ty o- act!. .ot e&d! but mot%5e! they !ay ju!t%-y or co&dem& act!. /he th%& to do> accord%& ly> %! to cult%5ate certa%& mot%5e! or d%!po!%t%o&!> be&e5ole&ce> pur%ty> lo5e o- per-ect%o&> loyalty. /he de&%al o- co&!e1ue&ce! thu! tur&! out -ormal> 5erbal. '& real%ty a co&!e1ue&ce %! !et up at wh%ch to a%m> o&ly %t %! a !ubject%5e co&!e1ue&ce. 9 Mea&%& well 9 %! !elected a! the co&!e1ue&ce or e&d to be cult%5ated at all haBard!> a& e&d wh%ch %! all7ju!t%-y%& a&d to wh%ch e5eryth%& el!e %! o--ered up %& !acr%-%ce. /he re!ult %! a !e&t%me&tal -ut%le complace&cy rather tha& the brutal e--%c%e&cy o- the eAecut%5e. But the root o- both e5%l! %! the !ame. C&e ma& !elect! !ome eAter&al co&!e1ue&ce> the other ma& a !tate o%&ter&al -eel%& > to !er5e a! the e&d. /he doctr%&e o- mea&%& well a! the e&d %! %a&yth%& the more co&tempt%ble o- the two> -or %t !hr%&k! -rom accept%& a&y

re!po&!%b%l%ty -or actual re!ult!. 't %! &e at%5e> !el-7protect%5e a&d !loppy. 't le&d! %t!elto complete !el-7decept%o&. *hy ha5e me& become !o attached to -%Aed> eAter&al e&d!6 *hy %! %t &ot u&%5er!ally reco &%Bed that a& e&d %! a de5%ce o- %&tell% e&ce %& u%d%& act%o&> %&!trume&tal to -ree%& a&d harmo&%B%& troubled a&d d%5%ded te&de&c%e!6 /he a&!wer %! 5%rtually co&ta%&ed %& what wa! earl%er !a%d about r% %d hab%t! a&d the%r e--ect upo& %&7

<232= 7tell% e&ce. D&d! are> %& -act> l%terally e&dle!!> -ore5er com%& %&to eA%!te&ce a! &ew act%5%t%e! occa!%o& &ew co&!e1ue&ce!. 9 D&dle!! e&d! 9 %! a way o- !ay%& that there are &o e&d!K that %! &o -%Aed !el-7e&clo!ed -%&al%t%e!. *h%le howe5er we ca&&ot actually pre5e&t cha& e -rom occurr%& we ca& a&d do re ard %t a! e5%l. *e !tr%5e to reta%& act%o& %& d%tche! already du . *e re ard &o5elt%e! a! da& erou!> eAper%me&t! a! %ll%c%t a&d de5%at%o&! a! -orb%dde&. )%Aed a&d !eparate e&d! re-lect a project%o& o- our ow& -%led a&d &o&7%&teract%& compartme&tal hab%t!. *e !ee o&ly co&!e1ue&ce! wh%ch corre!po&d to our hab%tual cour!e!. 3! we ha5e !a%d> me& d%d &ot be %& to !hoot becau!e? there were ready7made tar et! to a%m at. /hey made th%& ! %&to tar et! by !hoot%& at them> a&d the& made !pec%al tar et! to make !hoot%& more !% &%-%ca&tly %&tere!t%& . But %e&erat%o& a-ter e&erat%o& were !how& tar et! they had had &o part %& co&!truct%& > %bow! a&d arrow! were thru!t %&to the%r ha&d!> a&d pre!!ure were brou ht to bear upo& them to keep them !hoot%& %& !ea!o& a&d out> !ome wear%ed !oul would !oo& propou&d to w%ll%& l%!te&er! the theory that !hoot%& wa! u&&atural> that ma& wa! &aturally wholly at re!t> a&d that tar et! eA%!ted %& order that me& m% ht be -orced to be act%5e@ that the duty o- !hoot%& a&d the 5%rtue o- h%tt%& are eAter&ally %mpo!ed a&d -o!tered> a&d that otherw%!e there would be &o !uch th%& a! a !hoot%& 7act%5%ty K that %!> moral%ty. /he doctr%&e o- -%Aed e&d! &ot o&ly d%5ert! atte&t%o& -rom eAam%&at%o& o- co&!e1ue&ce! a&d the %&tell% e&t

<233= creat%o& o- purpo!e> but> !%&ce mea&! a&d e&d! are two way! o- re ard%& the !ame actual%ty> %t al!o re&der! me& carele!! %& the%r %&!pect%o& o- eA%!t%& co&d%t%o&!. 3& a%m &ot -ramed o& the ba!%! o- a !ur5ey o- tho!e pre!e&t co&d%t%o&! wh%ch are to be employed a! mea&! o- %t! real%Bat%o& !%mply throw! u! back upo& pa!t hab%t!. *e the& do &ot do what we %&te&ded to do but what we ha5e ot u!ed to do%& > or el!e we thra!h about %& a bl%&d %&e--ectual way. /he re!ult %! -a%lure. D%!coura eme&t -ollow!> a!!ua ed perhap! by the thou ht that %& a&y ca!e the e&d %! too %deal> too &oble a&d remote> to be capable o- real%Bat%o&. *e -all back o& the co&!ol%& thou ht that our moral %deal! are too ood -or th%! world a&d that we mu!t accu!tom our> !el5e! to a ap betwee& a%m a&d eAecut%o&. 3ctual l%-e %! the& thou ht o- a! a comprom%!e w%th the be!t> a& e&-orced !eco&d or th%rd be!t> a dreary eA%le -rom our true home %& the %deal> or a temporary per%od o- troubled probat%o& to be -ollowed by a per%od o- u&e&d%& atta%&me&t a&d peace. 3t the !ame t%me> a! ha! bee& repeatedly po%&ted out> per!o&! o- a more pract%cal tur& o- m%&d accept the world 9 a! %t %!>9 that %! a! pa!t cu!tom! ha5e made %t to be> a&d co&!%der what ad5a&ta e! -or them!el5e! may be eAtracted -rom %t. /hey -orm a%m! o& the ba!%! o- eA%!t%& hab%t! o- l%-e wh%ch may be tur&ed to the%r ow& pr%5ate accou&t. /hey employ %&tell% e&ce %& -ram%& e&d! a&d !elect%& a&d arra& %& mea&!. But

%&tell% e&ce %! co&-%&ed to ma&%pulat%o&@ %t doe! &ot eAte&d to co&!truct%o&. 't %! the %&tell% e&ce o- the pol%t%c%a&> adm%&%!trator a&d pro7

< 23E= 7-e!!%o&al eAecut%5e the k%&d o- %&tell% e&ce wh%ch ha! %5e& a bad mea&%& to a word that ou ht to ha5e a -%&e mea&%& > opportu&%!m. )or the h% he!t ta!k o%&tell% e&ce %! to ra!p a&d real%Be e&u%&e opportu&%ty> po!!%b%l%ty. Lou hly !peak%& > the cour!e o- -orm%& a%m! %! a! -ollow!. /he be %&&%& %! w%th a w%!h> a& emot%o&al react%o& a a%&!t the pre!e&t !tate o- th%& ! a&d a hope -or !ometh%& d%--ere&t. 3ct%o& -a%l! to co&&ect !at%!-actor%ly w%th !urrou&d%& co&d%t%o&!. /hrow& back upo& %t!el-> %t project! %t!el- %& a& %ma %&at%o& o- a !ce&e wh%ch %- %t were pre!e&t would a--ord !at%!-act%o&. /h%! p%cture %! o-te& called a& a%m> more o-te& a& %deal. But %& %t!el- %t %! a -a&cy wh%ch may be o&ly a pha&ta!y> a dream> a ca!tle %& the a%r. '& %t!el- %t %! a roma&t%c embell%!hme&t o- the pre!e&t@ at %t! be!t %t %! mater%al -or poetry or the &o5el. 't! &atural home %! &ot %& the -uture but %& the d%m pa!t or %& !ome d%!ta&t a&d !uppo!edly better part o- the pre!e&t world. D5ery !uch %deal%Bed object %! !u e!ted by !ometh%& actually eAper%e&ced> a! the -l% ht o- b%rd! !u e!t! the l%berat%o& o- huma& be%& ! -rom the re!tr%ct%o&! o- !low locomot%o& o& dull earth. 't become! a& a%m or e&d o&ly whe& %t %! worked out %& term! o- co&crete co&d%t%o&! a5a%lable -or %t! real%Bat%o&> that %! %& term! o- 9 mea&!.9 /h%! tra&!-ormat%o& depe&d! upo& !tudy o- the co&d%t%o&! wh%ch e&erate or make po!!%ble the -act ob!er5ed to eA%!t already. /he -a&cy o- the del% ht o- mo5%& at w%ll throu h the a%r became a& actual%ty

<23F= o&ly a-ter me& care-ully !tud%ed the way %& wh%ch a b%rd althou h hea5%er tha& a%r actually !u!ta%&! %t!el- %& a%r. 3 -a&cy become! a& a%m> %& !hort> whe& !ome pa!t !e1ue&ce o- k&ow& cau!e7a&d7e--ect %! projected %&to the -uture> a&d whe& by a!!embl%& %t! cau!al co&d%t%o&! we !tr%5e to e&erate a l%ke re!ult. *e ha5e to -all back upo& what ha! already happe&ed &aturally w%thout de!% &> a&d !tudy %t to !ee how %t happe&ed> wh%ch %! what %! mea&t by cau!at%o&. /h%! k&owled e jo%&ed to w%!h create! a purpo!e. Ma&y me& ha5e doubtle!! dreamed o- ab%l%ty to ha5e l% ht %& dark&e!! w%thout the trouble o- o%l> lamp! a&d -r%ct%o&. 2low7worm!> l% ht&%& > the !park! o- cut electr%c co&ductor! !u e!t !uch a po!!%b%l%ty. But the p%cture rema%&ed a dream u&t%l a& Dd%!o& !tud%ed a%l that could be -ou&d out about !uch ca!ual phe&ome&a o- l% ht> a&d the& !et to work to !earch out a&d ather to ether the mea&! -or reproduc%& the%r operat%o&. /he reat trouble w%th what pa!!e! -or moral e&d! a&d %deal! %! that they do &ot et beyo&d the !ta e o- -a&cy o- !ometh%& a reeable a&d de!%rable ba!ed upo& a& emot%o&al w%!h@ 5ery o-te&> at that> &ot e5e& a& or% %&al w%!h> but the w%!h o- !ome leader wh%ch ha! bee& co&5e&t%o&al%Bed a&d tra&!m%tted throu h cha&&el! o- author%ty. D5ery a%& %& &atural !c%e&ce make! po!!%ble &ew a%m!. /hat %!> the d%!co5ery o- how th%& ! do occur make! %t po!!%ble to co&ce%5e o- the%r happe&%& at w%ll> a&d %5e! u! a !tart o& !elect%& a&d comb%&%& the co&d%t%o&!> the mea&!> to comma&d the%r happe&%& . '& tech&%cal matter!> th%! le!!o& ha! bee& -a%rly well lear&ed. But %& moral mat7

< 23H= 7ter!> me& !t%ll lar ely &e lect the &eed o- !tudy%& the way %& wh%ch re!ult! !%m%lar to tho!e wh%ch we de!%re actually happe&. Mecha&%!m %! de!p%!ed a! o-

%mporta&ce o&ly %& low mater%al th%& !. /he co&!e1ue&t d%5orce o- moral e&d! -rom !c%e&t%-%c !tudy o- &atural e5e&t! re&der! the -ormer %mpote&t w%!he!> compe&!atory dream! %& co&!c%ou!&e!!. '& -act e&d! or co&!e1ue&ce! are !t%ll determ%&ed by -%Aed hab%t a&d the -orce o- c%rcum!ta&ce. /he e5%l! o- %dle dream%& a&d o- rout%&e are eAper%e&ced %& co&ju&ct%o&. 9 'deal%!m9 mu!t %&deed come -%r!tK the %ma %&at%o& o!ome better !tate e&erated by de!%re. But u&le!! %deal! are to be dream! a&d %deal%!m a !y&o&ym -or roma&t%c%!m a&d pha&ta!y7bu%ld%& > there mu!t be a mo!t real%!t%c !tudy oactual co&d%t%o&! a&d o- the mode or law o- &atural e5e&t!> %& order to %5e the %ma %&ed or %deal object de-%&%te -orm a&d !ol%d !ub!ta&ceK to %5e %t> %& !hort> pract%cal%ty a&d co&!t%tute %t a work%& e&d. /he accepta&ce o- -%Aed e&d! %& them!el5e! %! a& a!pect o- ma&?! de5ot%o& to a& %deal ocerta%&ty. /h%! a--ect%o& wa! %&e5%tably cher%!hed a! lo& a! me& bel%e5ed that the h% he!t th%& ! %& phy!%cal &ature are at re!t> a&d that !c%e&ce %! po!!%ble o&ly by ra!p%& %mmutable -orm> a&d !pec%e!: %& other word!> -or much the reater part o- the %&tellectual h%!tory o- ma&k%&d. C&ly reckle!! !cept%c! would ha5e dared e&terta%& a&y %dea o- e&d! eAcept a! -%Aed %& them!el5e! a! lo& a! the whole !tructure o- !c%e&ce wa! erected upo& the %mmob%le. Beh%&d howe5er the co&cept%o& o- -%A%ty

< 23I= whether %& !c%e&ce or moral! lay adhere&ce to certa%&ty o- 9 truth>9 a cl%& %& to !ometh%& -%Aed> bor& o- -ear o- the &ew a&d o- attachme&t to po!!e!!%o&!. *he& the cla!!%c%!t co&dem&! co&ce!!%o& to %mpul!e a&d hold! up to adm%rat%o& the patter&! te!ted %& trad%t%o&> he l%ttle !u!pect! how much he %! h%m!el- a--ected by u&a5owed %mpul!e!K t%m%d%ty wh%ch make! h%m cl%& to author%ty> co&ce%t wh%ch mo5e! h%m to be h%m!el- the author%ty who !peak! %& the &ame o- author%ty> po!!e!!%5e %mpul!e wh%ch -ear! to r%!k ac1u%!%t%o& %& &ew ad5e&ture!. ;o5e o- certa%&ty %! a dema&d -or uara&tee! %& ad5a&ce o- act%o&. ' &or%& the -act that truth ca& be bou ht o&ly by the ad5e&ture oeAper%me&t> do mat%!m tur&! truth %&to a& %&!ura&ce compa&y. )%Aed e&d! upo& o&e !%de a&d -%Aed 9 pr%&c%ple! 9K that %! author%tat%5e rule!K o& the other> are prop! -or a -eel%& o- !a-ety> the re-u e o- the t%m%d a&d the mea&! by wh%ch the bold prey upo& the t%m%d. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_21.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9/he &ature o- pr%&c%ple!>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 23J72EI.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence /II* The Nature of Principles

Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

'&tell% e&ce %! co&cer&ed w%th -ore!ee%& the -uture !o that act%o& may ha5e order a&d d%rect%o&. 't %! al!o co&cer&ed w%th pr%&c%ple! a&d cr%ter%a o- jud me&t. /he d%--u!ed or w%de appl%cab%l%ty o- hab%t! %! re-lected %& the e&eral character o- pr%&c%ple!: a pr%&c%ple %! %&tellectually what a hab%t %! -or d%rect act%o&. 3! hab%t! !et %& roo5e! dom%&ate act%5%ty a&d !wer5e %t -rom co&d%t%o&! %&!tead o- %&crea!%& %t! adaptab%l%ty> !o pr%&c%ple! treated a! -%Aed rule! %&!tead o- a! help-ul method! take me& away -rom eAper%e&ce. /he more compl%cated the !%tuat%o&> a&d the le!! we really k&ow about %t> the more %&!%!te&t %! the orthodoA type o- moral theory upo& the pr%or eA%!te&ce o- !ome -%Aed a&d u&%5er!al pr%&c%ple or law wh%ch %! to be d%rectly appl%ed a&d -ollowed. Leady7made rule! a5a%lable at a mome&t?! &ot%ce -or !ettl%& a&y k%&d o- moral d%--%culty a&d re!ol5%& e5ery !pec%e! o- moral doubt ha5e bee& the ch%e- object o- the amb%t%o& o- moral%!t!. '& the much le!! compl%cated a&d le!! cha& %& matter! o- bod%ly health !uch prete&!%o&! are k&ow& a! 1uackery. But %& moral! a ha&ker%& -or certa%&ty> bor& o- t%m%d%ty a&d &our%!hed by lo5e o- author%tat%5e pre!t% e> ha! led to the %dea that ab!e&ce o- %mmutably -%Aed a&d> u&%5er!ally appl%cable ready7made pr%&c%ple! %! e1u%5ale&t to moral chao!.

<239= '& -act> !%tuat%o&! %&to wh%ch cha& e a&d the u&eApected e&ter are a challe& e to %&tell% e&ce to create &ew pr%&c%ple!. Moral! mu!t be a row%& !c%e&ce %- %t %! to be a !c%e&ce at all> &ot merely becau!e all truth ha! &ot yet bee& appropr%ated by the m%&d oma&> but becau!e l%-e %! a mo5%& a--a%r %& wh%ch old moral truth cea!e! to apply. Pr%&c%ple! are method! o- %&1u%ry a&d -oreca!t wh%ch re1u%re 5er%-%cat%o& by the e5e&t@ a&d the t%me ho&ored e--ort to a!!%m%late moral! to mathemat%c! %! o&ly a way obol!ter%& up a& old do mat%c author%ty> or putt%& a &ew o&e upo& the thro&e o- the old. But the eAper%me&tal character o- moral jud me&t! doe! &ot mea& complete u&certa%&ty a&d -lu%d%ty. Pr%&c%ple! eA%!t a! hypothe!e! w%th wh%ch to eAper%me&t. (uma& h%!tory %! lo& . /here %! a lo& record o- pa!t eAper%me&tat%o& %& co&duct> a&d there are cumulat%5e> 5er%-%cat%o&! wh%ch %5e ma&y pr%&c%ple! a well ear&ed pre!t% e. ;% htly to d%!re ard them %! the he% ht o- -ool%!h&e!!. But !oc%al !%tuat%o&! alter@ a&d %t %! al!o -ool%!h &ot to ob!er5e how old pr%&c%ple! actually work u&der &ew co&d%t%o&!> a&d &ot to mod%-y them !o that they w%ll be more e--ectual %&!trume&t! %& jud %& &ew ca!e!. Ma&y me& are &ow aware o- the harm do&e %& le al matter! by a!!um%& the a&tecede&t eA%!te&ce o- -%Aed pr%&c%ple! u&der wh%ch e5ery &ew ca!e may be brou ht. /hey reco &%Be that th%! a!!umpt%o& merely put! a& art%-%c%al prem%um o& %dea! de5eloped u&der by o&e co&d%t%o&!> a&d that the%r perpetuat%o& %& the pre!e&t work! %&e1u%ty. :et the cho%ce %! &ot betwee& throw%& away rule! pre5%ou!ly de5eloped a&d !t%ck%&

<2E"= ob!t%&ately by them. /he %&tell% e&t alter&at%5e %! to re5%!e> adapt> eApa&d a&d alter them. /he problem %! o&e o- co&t%&uou!> 5%tal readaptat%o&.

/he popular object%o& to ca!u%!try %! !%m%lar to the popular object%o& to the maA%m that the e&d ju!t%-%e! the mea&!. 't %! cred%table to pract%cal moral !e&!e> but &ot to popular lo %cal co&!%!te&cy. )or recour!e to ca!u%!try %! the o&ly co&clu!%o& wh%ch ca& be draw& -rom bel%e- %& -%Aed u&%5er!al pr%&c%ple!> ju!t a! the 8e!u%t maA%m %! the o&ly co&clu!%o& proper to be draw& -rom bel%e- %& -%Aed e&d!. D5ery act> e5ery deed %! %&d%5%dual. *hat %! the !e&!e %& ha5%& -%Aed e&eral rule!> comma&dme&t!> law!> u&le!! they are !uch a! to co&-er upo& %&d%5%dual ca!e! o- act%o& <where alo&e %&!truct%o& %! -%&ally &eeded= !ometh%& o- the%r ow& %&-all%ble certa%&ty6 +a!u%!try> !o7called> %! !%mply the !y!temat%c e--ort to !ecure -or part%cular %&!ta&ce! o- co&duct the ad5a&ta e o- e&eral rule! wh%ch are a!!erted a&d bel%e5ed %&. By tho!e who accept the &ot%o& o- %mmutable re ulat%& pr%&c%ple!> ca!u%!try ou ht to be lauded -or !%&cer%ty a&d help-ul&e!!> &ot d%!pra%!ed a! %t u!ually %!. Cr el!e me& ou ht to carry back the%r a5er!%o& to ma&%pulat%o& o- part%cular ca!e!> u&t%l they w%ll -%t %&to the procru!tea& bed! o- -%Aed rule!> to the p%&t where %t %! clear that all pr%&c%ple! are emp%r%cal e&eral%Bat%o&! -rom the way! %& wh%ch pre5%ou! jud me&t! o- co&duct ha5e pract%cally worked out. *he& th%! -act %! appare&t> the!e e&eral%Bat%o&! w%ll be !ee& to be &ot -%Aed rule! -or dec%d%& doubt-ul ca!e!> but %&!trume&tal%t%e! -or the%r %&5e!t% at%o&> method! by

<2E1= wh%ch the &et 5alue o- pa!t eAper%e&ce %! re&dered a5a%lable -or pre!e&t !crut%&y o&ew perpleA%t%e!. /he& %t w%ll al!o -ollow that they are hypothe!e! to be te!ted a&d re5%!ed by the%r -urther work%& .-1. D5ery !uch !tateme&t meet! w%th prompt object%o&. *e are told that %& del%berat%o& r%5al ood! pre!e&t them!el5e!. *e are -aced by compet%& de!%re! a&d e&d! wh%ch are %&compat%ble w%th o&e a&other. /hey are all attract%5e> !educt%5e. (ow the& !hall we choo!e amo& them6 *e ca& choo!e rat%o&ally amo& 5alue!> the ar ume&t co&t%&ue!> o&ly %- we ha5e !ome -%Aed mea!ure o- 5alue!> ju!t a! we dec%de the re!pect%5e le& th! o- phy!%cal th%& ! by recour!e to the -%Aed -oot7rule. C&e m% ht reply that a-ter all there %! &o -%Aed -oot7rule> &o -%Aed -oot 9 %& %t!el- 9 a&d that the !ta&dard le& th or we% ht omea!ure %! o&ly a&other !pec%al port%o& o- matter> !ubject to cha& e -rom heat> mo%!ture a&d ra5%tat%o&al po!%t%o&> de-%&ed o&ly by co&d%t%o&!> relat%o&!. C&e m% ht reply that the -oot7rule %! a tool wh%ch ha! bee& worked out %& actual pr%or compar%!o&! oco&crete th%& ! -or u!e %& -ac%l%tat%& -urther compar%!o&!. But we co&te&t our!el5e! w%th remark%& that we -%&d %& th%! co&cept%o& o- a -%Aed a&tecede&t !ta&dard a&other ma&%-e!tat%o& o- the de!%re to e!cape the !tra%& o- the actual moral !%tuat%o&> %t! e&u%&e u&certa%&ty o- po!!%b%l%t%e! a&d co&!e1ue&ce!.

<2E2= *e are co&-ro&ted w%th a&other ca!e o- the all too huma& lo5e o- certa%&ty> a ca!e o- the w%!h -or a& %&tellectual pate&t %!!ued by author%ty. /he %!!ue a-ter all %! o&e o-act. /he cr%t%c %! &ot e&t%tled to e&-orce a a%&!t the -act! h%! pr%5ate w%!h -or a ready7 made !ta&dard wh%ch w%ll rel%e5e h%m -rom the burde& o- eAam%&at%o&> ob!er5at%o& a&d co&t%&u%& e&eral%Bat%o& a&d te!t. /he worth o- th%! pr%5ate w%!h %! moreo5er ope& to 1ue!t%o& %& the l% ht o- the h%!tory othe de5elopme&t o- &atural !c%e&ce. /here wa! a t%me whe& %& a!tro&omy> chem%!try a&d b%olo y me& cla%med that jud me&t o- %&d%5%dual phe&ome&a wa! po!!%ble o&ly becau!e the m%&d wa! already %& po!!e!!%o& o- -%Aed truth!> u&%5er!al pr%&c%ple!> pre7orda%&ed aA%om!. C&ly by the%r mea&! could co&t%& e&t> 5ary%& part%cular e5e&t! be truly

k&ow&. /here wa!> %t wa! ar ued> &o way to jud e the truth o- a&y part%cular !tateme&t about a part%cular pla&t> hea5e&ly body> or ca!e o- combu!t%o& u&le!! there wa! a e&eral truth already %& ha&d w%th wh%ch to compare a part%cular emp%r%cal occurre&ce. /he co&te&t%o& wa! !ucce!!-ul> that %! -or a lo& t%me %t ma%&ta%&ed %t! hold upo& me&?! m%&d!. But %t! e--ect wa! merely to e&coura e %&tellectual laB%&e!!> rel%a&ce upo& author%ty a&d bl%&d accepta&ce o- co&cept%o&! that had !omehow become trad%t%o&al. /he actual ad5a&ce o- !c%e&ce d%d &ot be %& t%ll me& broke away -rom th%! method. *he& me& %&!%!ted upo& jud %& a!tro&om%cal phe&ome&a by br%& %& them d%rectly u&der e!tabl%!hed truth!> tho!e o- eometry> they had

<2E3= &o a!tro&omy> but o&ly a pr%5ate e!thet%c co&!truct%o&. 3!tro&omy be a& whe& me& tru!ted them!el5e! to embark%& upo& the u&certa%& !ea o- e5e&t! a&d were w%ll%& to be %&!tructed by cha& e! %& the co&crete. /he& a&tecede&t pr%&c%ple! were te&tat%5ely employed a! method! -or co&duct%& ob!er5at%o&! a&d eAper%me&t!> a&d -or or a&%B%& !pec%al -act!: a! hypothe!e!. '& moral! &ow> a! %& phy!%cal !c%e&ce the&> the work %&tell% e&ce %& reach%& !uch relat%5e certa%&ty> or te!ted probab%l%ty> a! %! ope& to ma& %! retarded by the -al!e &ot%o& o- -led a&tecede&t truth!. Prejud%ce %! co&-%rmed. Lule! -ormed acc%de&tally or u&der the pre!!ure o- co&d%t%o&! lo& pa!t> are protected -rom cr%t%c%!m a&d thu! perpetuated. D5ery roup a&d per!o& 5e!ted w%th author%ty !tre& the&! po!!e!!ed power by harp%& upo& the !acred&e!! o- %mmutable pr%&c%ple. Moral -act!> that %! the co&crete career! o!pec%al cour!e! o- act%o&> are &ot !tud%ed. /here %! &o cou&terpart to cl%&%cal med%c%&e. L% %d cla!!%-%cat%o&! -orced upo& -act! are rel%ed upo&. 3&d all %! do&e> a! %t u!ed to be do&e %& &atural !c%e&ce> %& pra%!e o- Lea!o& a&d %& -ear o- the 5ar%ety a&d -luctuat%o& oactual happe&%& !. /he hypothe!%! that each moral !%tuat%o& %! u&%1ue a&d -l%&t co&!e1ue&tly e&eral moral pr%&c%ple! are %&!trume&tal to de5elop%& the %&d%5%dual%Bed mea&%& o1 !%tuat%o&! %! declared to be a&arch%c. 't %! !a%d to be eth%cal atom%!m> pul5er%B%& the order a&d d% &%ty o- moral!. /he 1ue!t%o&> a a%& %! &ot what our %&her%ted hab%t! lead u! to pre-er> but where the -act! take u!

<2EE= But %& th%! %&!ta&ce the -act! do &ot take u! %&to atom%!m a&d a&archy. /he!e th%& ! are !pecter! !ee& by the cr%t%c whe& he %! !udde&ly co&-u!ed by the lo!! ocu!tomary !pectacle!. (e take! h%! ow& co&-u!%o& due to lo!! o- art%-%c%al a%d! -or a& object%5e !%tuat%o&. Becau!e !%tuat%o&! %& wh%ch del%berat%o& %! e5oked are &ew> a&d there-ore u&%1ue> e&eral pr%&c%ple! are &eeded. C&ly a& u&cr%t%cal 5a ue&e!! w%ll a!!ume that the !ole alter&at%5e to -%Aed e&eral%ty %! ab!e&ce o- co&t%&u%ty. L% %d hab%t! %&!%!t upo& dupl%cat%o&> repet%t%o&> recurre&ce@ %& the%r ca!e there %! accord%& ly -%Aed pr%&c%ple!. C&ly there %! &o pr%&c%ple at all> that %!> &o co&!c%ou! %&tellectual rule> -or thou ht %! &ot &eeded. But all hab%t ha! co&t%&u%ty> a&d wh%le a -leA%ble hab%t doe! &ot !ecure %& %t! operat%o& bare recurre&ce &or ab!olute a!!ura&ce &e%ther doe! %t plu& e u! %&to the hopele!! co&-u!%o& o- the ab!olutely d%--ere&t. /o %&!%!t upo& cha& e a&d the &ew %! to %&!%!t upo& alterat%o& o - the old. '& de&y%& that the mea&%& o- a&y e&u%&e ca!e o- del%berat%o& ca& be eAhau!ted by treat%& %t a! a mere ca!e o- a& e!tabl%!hed cla!!%-%cat%o& the 5alue o- cla!!%-%cat%o& %! &ot de&%ed. 't %! !how& where %t! 5alue l%e!> &amely> %& d%rect%& atte&t%o& to re!embla&ce! a&d d%--ere&ce! %& the &ew ca!e> %&

eco&om%B%& e--ort %& -ore!% ht. /o call a e&eral%Bat%o& a tool %! &ot to !ay %t. %! u!ele!!@ the co&trary %! pate&tly the ca!e. 3 tool %! !ometh%& to u!e. (e&ce %t %! al!o !ometh%& to be %mpro5ed by &ot%& how %t work!. /he &eed o- !uch &ot%& a&d %mpro5%& %! %&d%!pe&!able %-> a! %! the ca!e w%th moral pr%&c%ple!> the tool ha! to be u!ed %& u&wo&ted

< 2EF= c%rcum!ta&ce!. +o&t%&u%ty o- rowth &ot atom%!m %! thu! the alter&at%5e to -%A%ty o- pr%&c%ple! a&d a%m!. /h%! %! &o Ber !o&%a& plea -or d%5%d%& the u&%5er!e %&to two port%o&!> o&e all o- -%Aed> recurre&t hab%t!> a&d the other all !po&ta&e%ty o- -luA. C&ly %& !uch a u&%5er!e would rea!o& %& moral! ha5e to take %t! cho%ce betwee& ab!olute -%A%ty a&d ab!olute loo!e&e!!. .oth%& %! more %&!truct%5e about the e&u%&e 5alue o- e&eral%Bat%o& %& co&duct tha& the error! o- Na&t. (e took the doctr%&e that the e!!e&ce o- rea!o& %! complete u&%5er!al%ty <a&d he&ce &ece!!%ty a&d %mmutab%l%ty=> w%th the !er%ou!&e!! becom%& the pro-e!!or o- lo %c. 3pply%& the doctr%&e to moral%ty he !aw that th%! co&cept%o& !e5ered moral! -rom co&&ect%o& w%th eAper%e&ce. Cther moral%!t! had o&e that -ar be-ore h%! day. But &o&e o- them had do&e what Na&t proceeded to do: carry th%! !eparat%o& omoral pr%&c%ple! a&d %deal! -rom eAper%e&ce to %t! lo %cal co&clu!%o&. (e !aw that to eAclude -rom pr%&c%ple! all co&&ect%o& w%th emp%r%cal deta%l! mea&t to eAclude all re-ere&ce o- a&y k%&d to co&!e1ue&ce!. (e the& !aw w%th a clear&e!! wh%ch doe! h%! lo %c cred%t that w%th !uch eAclu!%o&> rea!o& become! e&t%rely empty: &oth%& %! le-t eAcept the u&%5er!al%ty o- the u&%5er!alK (e wa! the& co&-ro&ted by the !eem%& ly %&!oluble problem o- ett%& moral %&!truct%o& re ard%& !pec%al ca!e! out o- a pr%&c%ple that ha5%& -or!wor& %&tercour!e w%th eAper%e&ce wa! barre& a&d empty. (%! %& e&%ou! method wa! a! -ollow!. )orma u&%5er!al%ty mea&! at lea!t lo %cal %de&t%ty@ %t mea&!

<2EH= !el-7co&!%!te&cy or ab!e&ce o- co&trad%ct%o&. (e&ce -ollow! the method by wh%ch a would7be truly moral >3 e&t w%ll proceed %& jud %& the r% ht&e!! o- a&y propo!ed act. (e w%ll a!k: +a& %t! mot%5e be made u&%5er!al -or all ca!e!6 (ow would o&e l%ke %t %- by o&e?! act o&e?! mot%5e %& that act were to be erected %&to a u&%5er!al law o- actual &ature6 O?*ould o&e the& be w%ll%& to make the !ame cho%ce6 $urely a ma& would he!%tate to !teal %- by h%! cho%ce to make !teal%& the mot%5e o- h%! act he were al!o to erect %t %&to !uch a -%Aed law o- &ature that he&ce-orth he a&d e5erybody el!e would alway! !teal whe&e5er property wa! %& 1ue!t%o&. .o !teal%& w%thout property> a&d w%th u&%5er!al !teal%& al!o &o property@ a clear !el-7co&trad%ct%o&. ;ooked at %& the l% ht o- rea!o& e5ery mea&> %&!%&cere> %&co&!%derate mot%5e o- act%o& !hr%5el! %&to a pr%5ate eAcept%o& wh%ch a per!o& wa&t! to take ad5a&ta e o- %& h%! ow& -a5or> a&d wh%ch he would be horr%-%ed to ha5e other! act upo&. 't 5%olate! the reat pr%&c%ple o- lo %c that 3 %! 3. N%&dly> dece&t act!> o& the co&trary> eAte&d a&d mult%ply them!el5e! %& a co&t%&u%& harmo&y. /h%! treatme&t by Na&t e5%&ce! deep %&!% ht %&to the o--%ce o- %&tell% e&ce a&d pr%&c%ple %& co&duct. But %t %&5ol5e! -lat co&trad%ct%o& o- Na&t?! ow& or% %&al %&te&t%o& to eAclude co&!%derat%o& o- co&crete co&!e1ue&ce!. 't tur&! out to be a method o- recomme&d%& a broad %mpart%al 5%ew o- co&!e1ue&ce!. Cur -oreca!t o- co&!e1ue&ce! %! alway! !ubject> a! we ha5e &oted> to the b%a! o- %mpul!e a&d hab%t. *e !ee what we wa&t to

<2EI= !ee> we ob!cure what %! u&-a5orable to a cher%!hed> probably u&a5owed> w%!h. *e dwell upo& -a5or%& c%rcum !ta&ce! t%ll they become we% hted w%th re%&-orc%& co&!%derat%o&!. *e do&?t %5e oppo!%& co&!e1ue&ce! hal- a cha&ce to de5elop %& thou ht. Del%berat%o& &eed! e5ery po!!%ble help %t ca& et a a%&!t the tw%!t%& > eAa erat%& a&d !l% ht%& te&de&cy o- pa!!%o& a&d hab%t. /o -orm the hab%t o- a!k%& how we !hould be w%ll%& to be treated %& a !%m%lar ca!eK wh%ch %! what Na&t?! maA%m amou&t! toK %! to a%& a& ally -or %mpart%al a&d !%&cere del%berat%o& a&d jud me&t. 't %! a !a-e uard a a%&!t our te&de&cy to re ard our ow& ca!e a! eAcept%o&al %& compar%!o& w%th the ca!e o- other!. 9 8u!t th%! o&ce>9 a plea -or %!olat%o&@ !ecrecy K a plea -or &o&7 %&!pect%o&> are -orce! wh%ch operate %& e5ery pa!!%o&ate de!%re. Dema&d -or co&!%!te&cy> -or 9 u&%5er!al%ty>9 -ar -rom %mply%& a reject%o& o- all co&!e1ue&ce!> %! a dema&d to !ur5ey co&!e1ue&ce! broadly> to l%&k e--ect to e--ect %& a cha%& o- co&t%&u%ty. *hate5er -orce work! to th%! e&d %! rea!o&. )or rea!o&> let %t be repeated %! a& outcome> a -u&ct%o&> &ot a pr%m%t%5e -orce. *hat we &eed are tho!e hab%t!> d%!po!%t%o&! wh%ch lead to %mpart%al a&d co&!%!te&t -ore!% ht o- co&!e1ue&ce!. /he& our jud me&t! are rea!o&able@ we are the& rea!o&able creature!.

Notes
1. 3mo& co&temporary moral%!t!> Mr. 2. D. Moore may be c%ted a! almo!t alo&e %& ha5%& the coura e o- the co&5%ct%o&! !hared by ma&y. (e %&!%!t! that %t %! the true bu!%&e!! o- moral theory to e&able me& to arr%5e at prec%!e a&d !ure jud me&t! %& co&crete ca!e! o- moral perpleA%ty. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_22.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9De!%re a&d %&tell% e&ce>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 2EJ72HE.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence /III* Desire and Intelligence
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+erta%& cr%t%c! %& !ympathy w%th at lea!t the &e at%5e co&te&t%o&> the cr%t%cal !%de> o!uch a theory a! ha! bee& ad5a&ced> re ard %t a! plac%& too much empha!%! upo& %&tell% e&ce. /hey -%&d %t %&tellectual%!t%c> cold7blooded. /hey !ay we mu!t cha& e de!%re> lo5e> a!p%rat%o&> adm%rat%o&> a&d the& act%o& w%ll be tra&!-ormed. 3 &ew

a--ect%o&> a cha& ed apprec%at%o&> br%& ! w%th %t a re5aluat%o& o- l%-e a&d %&!%!t! upo& %t! real%Bat%o&. 3 re-%&eme&t o- %&tellect at mo!t o&ly -% ure! out better way! o- reach%& old a&d accu!tomed e&d!. '& -act we are lucky %- %&tellect doe! &ot -reeBe the ardor oe&erou! de!%re a&d paralyBe creat%5e e&dea5or. '&tellect %! cr%t%cal> u&product%5e wh%le de!%re %! e&erat%5e. '& %t! d%!pa!!%o&ate&e!! %&tellect %! aloo- -rom huma&%ty a&d %t! &eed!. 't -o!ter! detachme&t where !ympathy %! &eeded. 't cult%5ate! co&templat%o& whe& !al5at%o& l%e! %& l%berat%& de!%re. '&tellect %! a&alyt%c> tak%& th%& ! to p%ece!@ %t! de5%ce! are the !calpel a&d te!t7tube. 3--ect%o& %! !y&thet%c> u&%-y%& . /h%! ar ume&t a--ord! a& opportu&%ty -or mak%& more eApl%c%t tho!e re!pect%5e o--%ce! o- w%!h a&d thou ht %& -orm%& e&d! wh%ch ha5e already bee& touched upo&. )%r!t we mu!t u&dertake a& %&depe&de&t a&aly!%! o- de!%re. 't %! cu!tomary to de!cr%be de!%re! %& term! o- the%r object!> mea&%& by object! the th%& ! wh%ch

<2E9= -% ure a! %& %ma %&at%o& the%r oal!. 3! the object %! &oble or ba!e> !o> %t %! thou ht> %! de!%re. '& a&y ca!e> emot%o&! r%!e a&d clu!ter about the object. /h%! !ta&d! out !o co&!p%cuou!ly %& %mmed%ate eAper%e&ce that %t mo&opol%Be! the ce&tral po!%t%o& %& the trad%t%o&al p!ycholo %cal theory o- de!%re. Barr%& ro!! !el-7decept%o& or the -ru!trat%o& o- eAter&al c%rcum!ta&ce> the outcome> or e&d7re!ult> o- de!%re %! re arded by th%! theory a! !%m%lar to the e&d7%&75%ew or object co&!c%ou!ly de!%red. $uch> howe5er> %! &ot the ca!e> a! read%ly appear! -rom the a&aly!%! o- del%berat%o&. '& !ay%& that the actual outcome o- de!%re %! d%--ere&t %& k%&d -rom the object upo& wh%ch de!%re co&!c%ou!ly -a!te&!> ' do &ot mea& to repeat the old compla%&t about the -all%b%l%ty a&d -eeble&e!! o- mortal! %& 5%rtue o- which ma&?! hope! are -ru!trated a&d tw%!ted %& real%Bat%o&. /he d%--ere&ce %! o&e o- d%5er!e d%me&!%o&!> &ot o- de ree or amou&t. /he object de!%red a&d the atta%&me&t o- de!%re are &o more al%ke tha& a !% &board o& the road %! l%ke the ara e to wh%ch %t po%&t! a&d wh%ch %t recomme&d! to the tra5eler. De!%re %! the -orward ur e o- l%5%& creature!. *he& the pu!h a&d dr%5e o- l%-e meet! &o ob!tacle> there %! &oth%& wh%ch we call de!%re. /here %! ju!t l%-e7act%5%ty. Lut ob!truct%o&! pre!e&t them!el5e!> a&d act%5%ty %! d%!per!ed a&d d%5%ded. De!%re %! the outcome. 't %! act%5%ty !ur %& -orward to break throu h what dam! %t up. /he 9 object 9 wh%ch the& pre!e&t! %t!el- %& thou ht a! the oal o- de!%re %! the object o- the e&5%ro&me&t which' if it were present' would !ecure

<2F"= a re7u&%-%cat%o& o- act%5%ty a&d the re!torat%o& o- %t! o& o%& u&%ty. /he e&d7%&7 5%ew o- de!%re %! that object wh%ch were %t pre!e&t would l%&k %&to a& or a&%Bed whole act%5%t%e! wh%ch are &ow part%al a&d compet%& . 't %! &o more l%ke the actual e&d ode!%re> or the re!ult%& !tate atta%&ed> tha& the coupl%& o- car! wh%ch ha5e bee& !eparated %! l%ke a& o& o%& !%& le tra%&. :et the tra%& ca&&ot o o& w%thout the coupl%& . $uch !tateme&t! may !eem co&trary to commo& !e&!e. /he pert%&e&cy o- the %llu!trat%o& u!ed w%ll be de&%ed. .o ma& de!%re! the !% &board wh%ch he !ee!> he de!%re! the ara e> the object%5e> the ulter%or th%& . But doe! he6 Cr %! the ara e !%mply a mea&! by wh%ch a d%5%ded body o- act%5%t%e! %! red%&te rated or coord%&ated6 '! %t de!%red %& a&y !e&!e -or %t!el-> or o&ly becau!e %t %! the mea&! o- e--ect%5e adju!tme&t o- a whole !et ou&derly%& hab%t!6 *h%le commo& !e&!e re!po&d! to the ord%&ary !tateme&t o- the e&d

o- de!%re> %t al!o re!po&d! to a !tateme&t that &o o&e de!%re! the object -or %t! ow& !ake> but o&ly -or what ca& be ot out o- %t. (ere %! ju!t the po%&t at wh%ch the theory that plea!ure %! the real object%5e o- de!%re make! %t! appeal. 't po%&t! out that &ot the phy!%cal object &or e5e& %t! po!!e!!%o& %! really wa&ted@ that they are o&ly mea&! to !ometh%& per!o&al a&d eAper%e&t%al. 3&d he&ce %t %! ar ued that they are mea&! to plea!ure. /he pre!e&t hypothe!%! o--er! a& alter&at%5e: %t !ay! that they are mea&! oremo5al o- ob!truct%o&! to a& o& o%& > u&%-%ed !y!tem o- act%5%t%e!. 't %! ea!y to !ee why a& object%5e loom! !o lar e a&d why emot%o&al !ur e

<2F1= a&d !tre!! ather about %t a&d l%-t %t h% h abo5e the -loor o- co&!c%ou!&e!!. /he objective is <or %! take& to be= the key to the !%tuat%o&. '- we ca& atta%& %t> lay hold o- %t> the tr%ck %! tur&ed. 't %! l%ke the piece of paper wh%ch carr%e! the repr%e5e a co&dem&ed ma& wa%t! -or. '!!ue! o- l%-e ha& upo& %t. /he de!%red object %! %& &o !e&!e the e&d or oal o- de!%re> but %t %! the sine qua non o- that e&d. 3 pract%cal ma& w%ll -% h%! atte&t%o& upo& %t> a&d &ot dream about e5e&tual%t%e! wh%ch are o&ly dream! %- the object%5e %! &ot atta%&ed> but wh%ch w%ll -ollow %& the%r ow& &atural cour!e %- %t %! reached. )or the& %t become! a -actor %& the !y!tem o- act%5%t%e!. (e&ce the truth %& the 5ar%ou! !o> called paradoAe! o- de!%re. '- plea!ure or perfection were the true e&d ode!%re> %t would !t%ll be true that the way to atta%&me&t %! &ot to th%&k o- them. )or object thou ht o- a&d object ach%e5ed eA%!t %& d%--ere&t d%me&!%o&!. '& add%t%o& to the popular &ot%o&! that e%ther the object %& 5%ew or el!e plea!ure %! the e&d o- de!%re> there %! a le!! popular theory that 1u%e!ce&ce %! the actual outcome or true term%&al o- de!%re. /he theory -%&d! %t! mo!t complete pract%cal !tateme&t %& Buddh%!m. 't %! &earer the p!ycholo %cal truth tha& e%ther o- the other &ot%o&!. B%t %t 5%ew! the atta%&ed outcome !%mply %& %t! &e at%5e a!pect. /he e&d read%ed 1u%et! the cla!h a&d remo5e! the d%!com-ort atte&da&t upo& d%5%ded a&d ob!tructed act%5%ty. /he u&ea!%&e!!> u&re!t> character%!t%c o- de!%re %! put to !leep. )or th%! rea!o&> !ome per!o&! re!ort to %&toA%ca&t! a&d a&ody&e!. '-

<2F2= 1u%e!ce&ce were the e&d a&d %t could be perpetuated> th%! way o- remo5%& d%!a reeable u&ea!%&e!! would be a! !at%!-actory a way out a! the way o- object%5e e--ort. But %& -act de!%re !at%!-%ed doe! &ot br%& 1u%e!ce&ce u&1ual%-%edly> but that .ind o- 1u%e!ce&ce wh%ch mark! the reco5ery o- u&%-%ed act%5%ty: the ab!e&ce o- %&ter&al !tr%-e amo& hab%t! a&d %&!t%&ct!. D1u%l%brat%o& o- act%5%t%e! rather tha& 1u%e!ce&ce %! the actual re!ult o- !at%!-%ed de!%re. /h%! &ame! the outcome po!%t%5ely> rather tha& comparat%5ely a&d &e at%5ely. /h%! d%!par%ty o- d%me&!%o&! %& de!%re betwee& the object thou ht o- a&d the outcome reached %! the eApla&at%o& o- tho!e !el-7decept%o&! wh%ch p!ychoa&aly!%! ha! brou ht home to u! !o -orc%bly> but o- wh%ch %t %5e! elaborately cumbrou! accou&t!. /he object thou ht o- a&d the outcome never a ree. /here %! &o !el-7dece%t %& th%! -act. *hat> the&> really happe&! whe& the actual outcome o- !at%!-%ed re5e& e -% ure! %& thou ht a! 5%rtuou! ea er&e!! -or ju!t%ce6 Cr whe& the t%ckled 5a&%ty o- !oc%al adm%rat%o& %! ma!ked a! pure lo5e o- lear&%& 6 /he trouble l%e! %& the re-u!al o- a per!o& to &ote the 1ual%ty o- the outcome> &ot %& the u&a5o%dable d%!par%ty o- de!%re?! object a&d the outcome. /he ho&e!t or %&te ral m%&d atte&d! to the re!ult> a&d !ee! what %t really %!. )or &o term%&al co&d%t%o& %! eAclu!%5ely term%&al. $%&ce %t eA%!t! %& t%me %t ha! co&!e1ue&ce!

a! well a! a&tecede&t!. '& be%& a co&!ummat%o& %t %! al!o a -orce ha5%& cau!al pote&t%al%t%e!. 't %! %&%t%al a! well a! term%&al. $el-7decept%o& or% %&ate! %& look%& at a& outcome %&

<2F3= o&e d%rect%o& o&lyK a! a !at%!-act%o& o- what ha! o&e be-ore> % &or%& the -act that what %! atta%&ed %! a !tate o- hab%t! wh%ch w%ll co&t%&ue %& act%o& a&d wh%ch w%ll determ%&e -uture re!ult!. Cutcome! o- de!%re are al!o be %&&%& ! o- &ew act! a&d (e&ce are porte&tou!. $at%!-%ed re5e& e may feel l%ke ju!t%ce 5%&d%cated@ the pre!t% e olear&%& may -eel l%ke a& e&lar eme&t a&d rect%-%cat%o& o- a& object%5e outlook. But !%&ce d%--ere&t %&!t%&ct! a&d hab%t! ha5e e&tered %&to them> they are actually> that %! dy&am%cally> u&l%ke. /he -u&ct%o& o- moral jud me&t %! to detect th%! u&l%ke&e!!. (ere> a a%&> the bel%e- that we car. k&ow our!el5e! %mmed%ately %! a! d%!a!trou! to moral !c%e&ce a! the corre!po&d%& %dea re ard%& k&owled e o- &ature wa! to phy!%cal !c%e&ce. Cb&oA%ou! 9 !ubject%5%ty9 o- moral jud me&t %! due to the -act that the %mmed%ate or e!thet%c 1ual%ty !well! a&d !well! a&d d%!place! the thou ht o- the act%5e pote&cy wh%ch %5e! act%5%ty %t! moral 1ual%ty. *e are all &atural 8ack (or&er!. '- the plum come! whe& we put %& a&d pull out our thumb we attr%bute the !at%!-actory re!ult to per!o&al 5%rtue. /he plum %! obta%&ed> a&d %t %! &ot ea!y to d%!t%& u%!h obta%&%& -rom atta%&%& > ac1u%!%t%o& -rom ach%e5%& . 8ack (or&er> D!1.> put -orth some e--ort@ a&d re!ult! a&d e--ort! are alway! more or le!! %&comme&!urate. )or the re!ult %! ? alway! depe&de&t to !ome eAte&t upo& the -a5or or d%!-a5or o- c%rcum!ta&ce. *hy the& !hould &ot the !at%!-actory plum !hed %t! halo retro!pect%5ely upo& what precede! a&d be take& a! a !% & o- 5%rtue6 '& th%! way heroe! a&d leader! are co&!tructed. $uch

<2FE= %! the wor!h%p o- !ucce!!. 3&d the e5%l o- !ucce!! wor!h%p %! prec%!ely the e5%l w%th wh%ch we ha5e bee& deal%& . 9 $ucce!! 9 %! &e5er merely -%&al or term%&al. $ometh%& el!e !ucceed! %t> a&d %t! !ucce!!or! are %&-lue&ced by %t! &ature> that %! by the per!%!t%& hab%t! a&d %mpul!e! that e&ter %&to %t. /he world doe! &ot !top whe& the !ucce!!-ul per!o& pull! out h%! plum@ &or doe! he !top> a&d the k%&d o- !ucce!! he obta%&!> a&d h%! att%tude toward %t> %! a -actor %& what come! a-terward!. By a !tra& e tur& o- the wheel> the !ucce!! o- the ultra7pract%cal ma& %! p!ycholo %cally l%ke the re-%&ed e&joyme&t o- the ultra7e!thet%c per!o&. Both % &ore the e5e&tual%t%e! w%th wh%ch e5ery !tate o- eAper%e&ce %! char ed. /here %! &o rea!o& -or &ot e&joy%& the pre!e&t> but there %! e5ery rea!o& -or eAam%&at%o& o- the object%5e -actor! o- what %! e&joyed be-ore we tra&!late e&joyme&t %&to a bel%e- %& eAcelle&ce. /here %! e5ery rea!o& %& other word! -or cult%5at%& a&other e&joyme&t> that o- the hab%t o- eAam%&%& the product%5e pote&t%al%t%e! o- the object! e&joyed. 3&aly!%! o- de!%re thu! re5eal! the -al!%ty o- theor%e! wh%ch ma &%-y %t at the eApe&!e o%&tell% e&ce. 'mpul!e %! pr%mary a&d %&tell% e&ce %! !eco&dary a&d %& !ome !e&!e der%5at%5e. /here !hould be &o bl%&k%& o- th%! -act. But reco &%t%o& o- %t a! a -act eAalt! %&tell% e&ce. )or thou ht %! &ot the !la5e o- %mpul!e to do %t! b%dd%& . 'mpul!e doe! &ot k&ow what %t %! a-ter: %t ca&&ot %5e order!> &ot e5e& %- %t wa&t! to. 't ru!he! bl%&dly %&to a&y ope&%& %t cha&ce! to -%&d. 3&yth%& that eApe&d! %t> !at%!-%e! %t. C&e outlet %! l%ke a&other

<2FF= to %t. 't %! %&d%!cr%m%&ate. 't! 5a ar%e! a&d eAce!!e! are the !tock theme o- cla!!%cal moral%!t!@ a&d wh%le they po%&t the wro& moral %& ur %& the abd%cat%o& o- %mpul!e %& -a5or o- rea!o&> the%r character%Bat%o& o- %mpul!e %! &ot wholly wro& . *hat %&tell% e&ce ha! to do %& the !er5%ce o- %mpul!e %! to act &ot a! %t! obed%e&t !er5a&t but a! %t! clar%-%er a&d l%berator. 3&d th%! ca& be accompl%!hed o&ly by a !tudy o- the co&d%t%o&! a&d cau!e!> the work%& ! a&d co&!e1ue&ce! o- the reate!t po!!%ble 5ar%ety o- de!%re! a&d comb%&at%o&! o- de!%re. '&tell% e&ce co&5ert! de!%re %&to pla&!> !y!temat%c pla&! ba!ed o& a!!embl%& -act!> report%& e5e&t! a! they happe&> keep%& tab o& them a&d a&alyB%& them. .oth%& %! !o ea!y to -ool a! %mpul!e a&d &o o&e %! dece%5ed !o read%ly a! a per!o& u&der !tro& emot%o&. (e&ce the %deal%!m o- ma& %! ea!%ly brou ht to &au ht. 2e&erou! %mpul!e! are arou!ed@ there %! a 5a ue a&t%c%pat%o&> a bur&%& hope> o- a mar5elou! -uture. Cld th%& ! are to pa!! !peed%ly away a&d a &ew hea5e&! a&d earth are to come %&to eA%!te&ce. But %mpul!e bur&! %t!el- up. Dmot%o& ca&&ot be kept at %t! -ull t%de. Cb!tacle! are e&cou&tered upo& wh%ch act%o& da!he! %t!el- %&to %&e--ectual !pray. Cr %- %t ach%e5e!> by luck> a tra&!%tory !ucce!!> %t %! %&toA%cated> a&d plume! %t!el- o& 5%ctory wh%le %t %! o& the road to !udde& de-eat. Mea&t%me> other me&> &ot carr%ed away by %mpul!e> u!e e!tabl%!hed hab%t! a&d a !hred cold %&tellect that ma&%pulate! them. /he outcome %! the 5%ctory o- ba!er de!%re d%rected by %&!% ht a&d cu&&%& o5er e&erou! de!%re wh%ch doe! &ot k&ow %t! way.

<2FH= /he real%!t%c ma& o- the world ha! e5ol5ed a re ular tech&%1ue -or deal%& w%th %deal%!t%c outbur!t! that threate& h%! !upremacy. (%! a%m! are lo !> but he k&ow! the mea&! by wh%ch they are to be eAecuted. (%! k&owled e o- co&d%t%o&! %! &arrow but %t %! e--ect%5e w%th%& %t! co&-%&e!. (%! -ore!% ht %! l%m%ted to re!ult! that co&cer& per!o&al !ucce!!> but %! !harp> clearcut. (e ha! &o reat d%--%culty %& dra-t%& the %deal%!t%c de!%re o- other! w%th %t! 5a ue e&thu!%a!m! a&d %t! cloudy percept%o&! %&to ca&al! where %t w%ll !er5e h%! ow& purpo!e!. /he e&er %e! eAc%ted by emot%o&al %deal%!m ru& %&to the mater%al%!t%c re!er5o%r! pro5%ded by the co&tr%5%& thou ht o- tho!e who ha5e &ot !urre&dered the%r m%&d! to the%r !e&t%me&t. /he lor%-%cat%o& o- a--ect%o& a&d a!p%rat%o& at the eApe&!e o- thou ht %! a !ur5%5al oroma&t%c opt%m%!m. 't a!!ume! a pre7e!tabl%!hed harmo&y betwee& &atural %mpul!e a&d &atural object!. C&ly !uch a harmo&y ju!t%-%e! the bel%e- that e&erou! -eel%& w%ll -%&d %t! way %llum%&ated by the !heer &ob%l%ty o- %t! ow& 1ual%ty. Per!o&! o- a l%terary tur& om%&d are a! !ubject to th%! -allacy a! %&tellectual !pec%al%!t! are apt to the co&trary -allacy that theor%B%& apart -rom -orce o- %mpul!e a&d hab%t w%ll et a--a%r! -orward. /hey te&d to -a&cy that th%& ! are a! pl%a&t to %ma %&at%o& a! are word!> that a& emot%o& ca& compo!e a--a%r! a! %- they were mater%al! -or a lyr%c poem. But %- the object! o- the e&5%ro&me&t were o&ly a! pla!t%c a! the mater%al! o- poet%c art> me& would &e5er ha5e bee& obl% ed to ha5e recour!e to creat%o& %& the med%um o-

<2FI= word!. *e %deal%Be %& -a&cy becau!e our %deal%Bat%o&! %& -act are balked. 3&d wh%le the latter mu!t !tart w%th %ma %&at%5e %deal%Bat%o&! %&!t% ated by relea!e o-

e&erou! %mpul!e> they ca& be carr%ed throu h o&ly whe& the hard labor o- ob!er5at%o&> memory a&d -ore!% ht wed! the 5%!%o& o- %ma %&at%o& to the or a&%Bed e--%c%e&c%e! ohab%t. $omet%me! de!%re mea&! &ot bare %mpul!e but %mpul!e wh%ch ha! !e&!e o- a& object%5e. '& th%! ca!e de!%re a&d thou ht ca&&ot be oppo!ed> -or de!%re %&clude! thou ht w%th%& %t!el-. /he 1ue!t%o& %! &ow how -ar the work o- thou ht ha! bee& do&e> how ade1uate %! %t! percept%o& o- %t! d%rect%& object. )or the mo5%& -orce may be a !hadowy pre!e&t%me&t co&!tructed by w%!h-ul hope rather tha& by !tudy o- co&d%t%o&!@ %t may be a& emot%o&al %&dul e&ce rather tha& a !ol%d pla& bu%lt upo& the rock! o- actual%ty d%!co5ered by accurate %&1u%r%e!. /here %! &o thou ht w%thout the %mped%& o- %mpul!e. But the ob!truct%o& may merely %&te&!%-y %t! bl%&d !ur e -orward@ or %t may d%5ert the -orce o- -orward %mpul!e %&to ob!er5at%o& o- eA%!t%& co&d%t%o&! a&d -oreca!t o- the%r -uture co&!e1ue&ce!. /h%! lo& way arou&d %! the !hort way home -or de!%re. .o %!!ue o- moral! %! more -ar7reach%& tha& the o&e herew%th !ketched. (%!tor%cally !peak%& > there %! po%&t %& the attack! o- tho!e who !peak !l% ht%& ly o- !c%e&ce a&d %&tellect> a&d who would l%m%t the%r moral !% &%-%ca&ce to !upply%& %&c%de&tal help to eAecut%o& o- purpo!e! bor& o- a--ect%o&. /hou ht too o-te& %! !pec%al%Bed %& a remote a&d !eparate pur!u%t> or em7

<2FJ= 7ployed %& a hard way to co&tr%5e the %&!trume&tal%t%e! o- 9!ucce!!.9 '&tellect %! too o-te& made a tool -or a !y!temat%Bed apolo y -or th%& ! a! 9they are>9 that %! -or cu!tom! that be&e-%t the cla!! %& power> or el!e a road to a& %&tere!t%& occupat%o& wh%ch accumulate! -act! a&d %dea! a! other me& ather dollar!> wh%le pr%d%& %t!el- o& %t! %deal 1ual%ty. .o wo&der that at t%me! cata!trophe! that a--ect me& %& commo& are welcomed. )or the mome&t they tur& !c%e&ce away -rom %t! ab!tract tech&%cal%t%e! %&to a !er5a&t o!ome huma& a!p%rat%o&@ the hard> ch%lly calculat%o&! o- %&tellect are !wept away by -lood! o- !ympathy a&d commo& loyalt%e!. But> ala!> emot%o& w%thout thou ht %! u&!table. 't r%!e! l%ke the t%de a&d !ub!%de! l%ke the t%de %rre!pect%5e o- what %t lea! accompl%!hed. 't %! ea!%ly d%5erted %&to a&y !%de cha&&el du by old hab%t! or pro5%ded by cool cu&&%& > or %t d%!per!e! %t!el- a%mle!!ly. /he& come! the react%o& o- d%!%llu!%o&me&t> a&d me& tur& all the more -%ercely to the pur!u%t o- &arrow e&d! where they are hab%tuated to u!e ob!er5at%o& a&d pla&&%& a&d where they ha5e ac1u%red !ome co&trol o- co&d%t%o&!. /he !eparat%o& o- warm emot%o& a&d cool %&tell% e&ce %! the reat moral tra edy. /h%! d%5%!%o& %! perpetuated by tho!e who deprecate !c%e&ce a&d -ore!% ht %& behal- o- a--ect%o& a! %t %! by tho!e who %& the &ame o- a& %dol labeled rea!o& would 1ue&ch pa!!%o&. /he %&tellect %! alway! %&!p%red by !ome %mpul!e. D5e& the mo!t ca!e7harde&ed !c%e&t%-%c !pec%al%!t> the mo!t ab!tract ph%lo!opher> %! mo5ed by !ome pa!!%o&. But

<2F9= a& actuat%& %mpul!e ea!%ly harde&! %&to %!olated hab%t. 't %! u&a5owed a&d d%!co&&ected. /he remedy %! &ot lap!e o- thou ht> but %t! 1u%cke&%& a&d eAte&!%o& to co&template the co&t%&u%t%e! o- eA%!te&ce> a&d re!tore the co&&ect%o& o- the %!olated de!%re to the compa&%o&!h%p o- %t! -ellow!. /he lor%-%cat%o& o- 9w%ll9 apart -rom thou ht tur&! out e%ther a comm%tme&t to bl%&d act%o& wh%ch !er5e! the purpo!e o- tho!e who

u%de the%r deed! by &arrow pla&!> or el!e a !e&t%me&tal> roma&t%c -a%th %& the harmo&%e! o- &ature lead%& !tra% ht to d%!a!ter. '& word! at lea!t> the a!!oc%at%o& o- %deal%!m w%th emot%o& a&d %mpul!e ha! bee& repeatedly %mpl%ed %& the -ore o%& . /he co&&ect%o& %! more tha& 5erbal. D5ery e&d that ma& hold! up> e5ery project he e&terta%&! %! %deal. 't mark! !ometh%& wa&ted> rather tha& !ometh%& eA%!t%& . 't %! wa&ted becau!e eA%!te&ce a! %t &ow %! doe! &ot -ur&%!h %t. 't carr%e! w%th %t!el-> the&> a !e&!e o- co&tra!t to the ach%e5ed> to the eA%!te&t. 't outru&! the !ee& a&d touched. 't %! the work o- -a%th a&d hope e5e& whe& %t %! the pla& o- the mo!t hard7headed 9 pract%cal 9 ma&. But thou h %deal %& th%! !e&!e %t %! &ot a& %deal. +ommo& !e&!e re5olt! at call%& e5ery project> e5ery de!% &> e5ery co&tr%5a&ce ocu&&%& > %deal> becau!e commo& !e&!e %&clude! abo5e all %& %t! co&cept%o& o- the %deal the 1ual%ty o- the pla& propo!ed. 'deal%!t%c re5olt %! bl%&d a&d l%ke e5ery bl%&d react%o& !weep! u! away. /he 1ual%ty o- the %deal %! eAalted t%ll %t %! !ometh%& beyo&d all po!!%b%l%ty o- de-%&%te pla& a&d

<2H"= eAecut%o&. 't! !ubl%m%ty re&der! %t %&acce!!%bly remote. 3& %deal become! a !y&o&ym -or whate5er %! %&!p%r%& K a&d %mpo!!%ble. /he&> !%&ce %&tell% e&ce ca&&ot be wholly !uppre!!ed> the %deal %! harde&ed by thou ht %&to !ome h% h> -ar7away object. 't %! !o ele5ated a&d !o d%!ta&t that %t doe! &ot belo& to th%! world or to eAper%e&ce. 't %! %& tech&%cal la& ua e> tra&!ce&de&tal@ %& commo& !peech> !uper&atural> o- hea5e& &ot oearth. /he %deal %! the& a oal o- -%&al eAhau!t%5e> comprehe&!%5e per-ect%o& wh%ch ca& be de-%&ed o&ly by complete co&tra!t w%th the actual. 3lthou h %mpo!!%ble o- real%Bat%o& a&d o- co&cept%o&> %t %! !t%ll re arded a! the !ource o- all e&erou! d%!co&te&t w%th actual%t%e! a&d o- all %&!p%rat%o& to pro re!!. /h%! &ot%o& o- the &ature a&d o--%ce o- %deal! comb%&e! %& o&e co&trad%ctory whole all that %! 5%c%ou! %& the !eparat%o& o- de!%re a&d thou ht. 't !tr%5e! wh%le reta%&%& the 5a ue&e!! o- emot%o& to !%mulate the object%5e de-%&%te&e!! o- thou ht. 't -ollow! the &atural cour!e o- %&tell% e&ce %& dema&d%& a& object wh%ch w%ll u&%-y a&d -ul-%l de!%re> a&d the& ca&cel! the work o- thou ht by treat%& the object a! %&e--able a&d u&related to pre!e&t act%o& a&d eAper%e&ce. 't co&5ert! the !ur e o- pre!e&t %mpul!e %&to a -uture e&d o&ly to !wamp the e&dea5or to clar%-y th%! e&d %& a u!h o- u&co&!%dered -eel%& . 't %! !uppo!ed that the thou ht o- the :deal %! &ece!!ary to arou!e d%!!at%!-act%o& w%th the pre!e&t a&d to arou!e e--ort to cha& e %t. But %& real%ty the %deal %! %t!el- the product od%!co&te&t w%th co&d%t%o&!. '&!tead howe5er o- !er5%& to or a&%Be a&d

<2H1= d%rect e--ort> %t operate! a! a compe&!atory dream. 't become! a&other ready7made world. '&!tead o- promot%& e--ort at co&crete tra&!-ormat%o&! o- what eA%!t!> %t co&!t%tute! a&other k%&d o- eA%!te&ce already !omewhere %& be%& . 't %! a re-u e> a& a!ylum -rom e--ort. /hu! the e&er y that m% ht be !pe&t %& tra&!-orm%& pre!e&t %ll! oe! %&to o!c%llat%& -l% ht! %&to a -ar away per-ect world a&d the ted%um o- e&-orced retur&! %&to the &ece!!%t%e! o- the pre!e&t e5%l world. *e ca& reco5er the e&u%&e %mport o- %deal! a&d %deal%!m o&ly by d%!e&ta& l%& th%! u&real m%Ature o- thou ht a&d emot%o&. /he act%o& o- del%berat%o&> a! we ha5e !ee&> co&!%!t! %& !elect%& !ome -ore!ee& co&!e1ue&ce to !er5e a! a !t%mulu! to pre!e&t act%o&.

't br%& ! -uture po!!%b%l%t%e! %&to the pre!e&t !ce&e a&d thereby -ree! a&t% eApa&d> pre!e&t te&de&c%e!. But the !elected co&!e1ue&ce %! !et %& a& %&de-%&%te co&teAt o- other co&!e1ue&ce! ju!t a! real a! %t %!> a&d ma&y o- them much more certa%& %& -act. /he 9e&d!9 that are -ore!ee& a&d ut%l%Bed mark out a l%ttle %!la&d %& a& %&-%&%te !ea. /h%! l%m%tat%o& would be -atal were the proper -u&ct%o& o- e&d! a&yth%& el!e tha& to l%berate a&d u%de pre!e&t act%o& out o- %t! perpleA%t%e! a&<>: co&-u!%o&!. But th%! !er5%ce co&!t%tute! the !ole mea&%& o- a%m! a&d purpo!e!. (e&ce the%r !l% ht eAte&t %& compar%!o& w%th % &ored a&d u&-ore!ee& co&!e1ue&ce! %! o- &o %mport %& %t!el-. /he 9%deal9 a! %t !ta&d! %& popular thou ht> the &ot%o& o- a complete a&d eAhau!t%5e real%Bat%o&> %! remote -rom the true -u&ct%o&! o- e&d!> a&d would o&ly embarra!! u! %- %t

<2H2= could be embraced %& thou ht %&!tead o- be%& > a! %t %!> a comme&t by the emot%o&!. )or the !e&!e o- a& %&de-%&%te co&teAt o- co&!e1ue&ce! -rom amo& wh%ch the a%m %! !elected e&ter! %&to the present mea&%& o- act%5%ty. /he 9 e&d 9 %! the -% ured patter& at the ce&ter o- the -%eld throu h wh%ch ru&! the aA%! o- co&duct. 3bout th%! ce&tral -% urat%o& eAte&d! %&-%&%tely a !upport%& back rou&d %& a 5a ue whole> u&de-%&ed a&d u&d%!cr%m%&ated. 3t mo!t %&tell% e&ce but. throw! a !potl% ht o& that l%ttle part o- the whole wh%ch mark! out the aA%! o- mo5eme&t. D5e& %- the l% ht %! -l%cker%& a&d the %llum%&ated port%o& !ta&d! -orth o&ly d%mly -rom the !hadowy back rou&d> %t !u--%ce! %we are !how& the way to mo5e. /o the re!t o- the co&!e1ue&ce!> collateral a&d remote> corre!po&d! a back rou&d o- -eel%& > o- d%--u!ed emot%o&. /h%! -orm! the !tu-- o- the %deal. )rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- %t! definite a%m a&y act %! petty %& compar%!o& w%th the total%ty o&atural e5e&t!. *hat %! accompl%!hed d%rectly a! the outcome o- a tur& wh%ch our act%o& %5e! the cour!e o- e5e&t! %! %&-%&%te!%mal %& compar%!o& w%th the%r total !weep. C&ly a& %llu!%o& o- co&ce%t per!uade! u! that co!m%c d%--ere&ce ha& ! upo& e5e& our w%!e!t a&d mo!t !tre&uou! e--ort. :et d%!co&te&t w%th th%! l%m%tat%o& %! a! u&rea!o&able a! rely%& upo& a& %llu!%o& o- eAter&al %mporta&ce to keep our!el5e! o%& . '& a e&u%&e !e&!e e5ery act %! already po!!e!!ed o- %&-%&%te %mport. /he l%ttle part o- the !cheme o- a--a%r! wh%ch %! mod%-%able by our e--ort! %! co&t%&uou! w%th the re!t o- the world. /he bou&dar%e!

<2H3= o- our arde& plot jo%& %t to the world o- our &e% hbor! a&d our &e% hbor!? &e% hbor!. /hat !mall e--ort wh%ch we ca& put -orth %! %& tur& co&&ected w%th a& %&-%&%ty o- e5e&t! that !u!ta%& a&d !upport %t. /he co&!c%ou!&e!! o- th%! e&compa!!%& %&-%&%ty oco&&ect%o&! %! %deal. *he& a !e&!e o- the %&-%&%te reach o- a& act phy!%cally occurr%& %& a !mall po%&t o- !pace a&d occupy%& a petty %&!ta&t o- t%me! come! home to u!> the meaning o- a pre!e&t act %! !ee& to be 5a!t> %mmea!urable> u&th%&kable. /h%! %deal %! &ot a oal to be atta%&ed. 't %! a !% &%-%ca&ce to be -elt> apprec%ated. /hou h co&!c%ou!&e!! o%t ca&&ot become %&tellectual%Bed <%de&t%-%ed %& object! o- a d%!t%&ct character= yet emot%o&al apprec%at%o& o- %t %! wo& o&ly by tho!e w%ll%& to th%&k. 't %! the o--%ce o- art a&d rel% %o& to e5oke !uch apprec%at%o&! a&d %&t%mat%o&!> to e&ha&ce a&d !teady them t%ll they are wrou ht %&to the teAture o- our l%5e!. $ome ph%lo!opher! de-%&e rel% %ou! co&!c%ou!&e!! a! be %&&%& where moral a&d %&tellectual

co&!c%ou!&e!! lea5e o--. '& the !e&!e that de-%&%te purpo!e! a&d method! !hade o-- o&ece!!%ty %&to a 5a!t whole wh%ch %! %&capable o- object%5e pre!e&tat%o& th%! 5%ew %! correct. But they ha5e -al!%-%ed the co&cept%o& by treat%& the rel% %ou! co&!c%ou!&e!! a! !ometh%& that come! after a& eAper%e&ce %& wh%ch !tr%5%& > re!olut%o& a&d -ore!% ht are -ou&d. /o them moral%ty a&d !c%e&ce are a !tr%5%& @ whe& !tr%5%& cea!e! a moral hol%day be %&!> a& eAcur!%o& beyo&d the utmo!t -l% ht o- le %t%mate thou ht a&d e&dea5or> But there %! a po%&t %& every %&tell% e&t act%5%ty where e--ort cea!e!@ where thou ht a&d do%& -all back upo& a

<2HE= cour!e o- e5e&t! wh%ch e--ort a&d re-lect%o& ca&&ot touch. /here %! a po%&t %& del%berate act%o& where de-%&%te thou ht -ade! %&to the %&e--able a&d u&de-%&able %&to emot%o&. '- the !e&!e o- th%! e--ortle!! a&d u&-athomable whole come! o&ly %& alter&at%o& w%th the !e&!e o- !tra%& %& act%o& a&d labor %& thou ht> the& we !pe&d our l%5e! %& o!c%llat%& betwee& what %! cramped a&d e&-orced a&d a br%e- tra&!%tory e!cape. /he -u&ct%o& o- rel% %o& %! the& car%catured rather tha& real%Bed. Moral!> l%ke war> %! thou ht o- a! hell> a&d rel% %o&> l%ke peace> a! a re!p%te. /he rel% %ou! eAper%e&ce %! a real%ty %& !o -ar a! %& the m%d!t o- e--ort to -ore!ee a&d re ulate -uture object! we are !u!ta%&ed a&d eApa&ded %& -eeble&e!! a&d -a%lure by the !e&!e o- a& e&5elop%& whole. Peace %& act%o& &ot a-ter %t %! the co&tr%but%o& o- the %deal to co&duct. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_23.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9/he pre!e&t a&d -uture>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 2HF72II.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part $ The Place of Intelligence I4* The Present and +uture
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

C5er a&d o5er a a%&> o&e po%&t ha! recurred -or cr%t%c%!m@ the !ubord%&at%o& o- act%5%ty to a re!ult out!%de %t!el-. *hether that oal be thou ht o- a! plea!ure> a! 5%rtue> a! per-ect%o&> a! -%&al e&joyme&t o- !al5at%o&> %! !eco&dary to the -act that the moral%!t! who ha5e a!!erted -%Aed e&d! ha5e %& all the%r d%--ere&ce! -rom o&e a&other a reed %& the ba!%c %dea that pre!e&t act%5%ty %! but a mea&!. *e ha5e %&!%!ted that happ%&e!!> rea!o&able&e!!> 5%rtue> per-ect%& > are o& the co&trary part! o- the pre!e&t !% &%-%ca&ce o- pre!e&t act%o&. Memory o- the pa!t> ob!er5at%o& o- the pre!e&t> -ore!% ht o- the -uture are %&d%!pe&!able. But they are %&d%!pe&!able to a pre!e&t l%berat%o&> a& e&r%ch%&

rowth o- act%o&. (app%&e!! %! -u&dame&tal %& moral! o&ly becau!e happ%&e!! %! &ot !ometh%& to be !ou ht> -or> but %! !ometh%& &ow atta%&ed> e5e& %& the m%d!t o- pa%& a&d trouble> whe&e5er reco &%t%o& o- our t%e! w%th &ature a&d w%th -ellow7me& relea!e! a&d %&-orm! our act%o&. Lea!o&able&e!! %! a &ece!!%ty becau!e %t %! the percept%o& o- the co&t%&u%t%e! that take act%o& out o- %t! %mmed%ate&e!! a&d %!olat%o& %&to co&&ect%o& w%th the pa!t a&d -uture. Perhap! the cr%t%c%!m a&d %&!%!te&ce ha5e bee& too %&ce!!a&t. /hey may ha5e pro5oked the reader to react%o&. (e may read%ly co&cede that orthodoA theo7

<2HH= 7r%e! ha5e bee& o&e7!%ded %& !acr%-%c%& the pre!e&t to -uture ood> mak%& o- the pre!e&t but a& o&erou! obl% at%o& or a !acr%-%ce e&dured -or -uture a%&. But why> he may prote!t> o to a& oppo!%te eAtreme a&d make the -uture but a mea&! to the !% &%-%ca&ce o- the pre!e&t6 *hy !hould the power o- -ore!% ht a&d e--ort to !hape the -uture> to re ulate what %! to happe&> be !l% hted6 '! &ot the e--ect o- !uch a doctr%&e to weake& putt%& -orth o- e&dea5or %& order to make the -uture better tha& the pre!e&t6 +o&trol o- the -uture may be l%m%ted %& eAte&t> but %t %! corre!po&d%& ly prec%ou!@ we !hould jealou!ly cher%!h whate5er e&coura e! a&d !u!ta%&! e--ort to that e&d. /o make l%ttle o- th%! po!!%b%l%ty> %& e--ect> %t w%ll be ar ued> %! to decrea!e the care a&d e&dea5or upo& wh%ch pro re!! depe&d!. +o&trol o- the -uture %! %&deed prec%ou! %& eAact proport%o& to %t! d%--%culty> %t! moderate de ree o- atta%&ab%l%ty. 3&yth%& that actually te&d! to make that co&trol le!! tha& %t &ow %! would be a mo5eme&t backward %&to !loth a&d tr%5%al%ty. But there %! a d%--ere&ce betwee& -uture %mpro5eme&t a! a re!ult a&d a! a d%rect a%m. /o make %t a& a%m %! to throw away the !ure!t mea&! o- atta%&%& %t> &amely atte&t%o& to the -ull u!e o- pre!e&t re!ource! %& the pre!e&t !%tuat%o&. )oreca!t o- -uture co&d%t%o&!> !c%e&t%-%c !tudy o- pa!t a&d pre!e&t %& order that the -oreca!t may be %&tell% e&t> are %&deed &ece!!%t%e!. +o&ce&trat%o& o- %&tellectual co&cer& upo& the -uture> !ol%c%tude -or !cope a&d prec%!%o& o- e!t%mate character%!t%c o- a&y well co&ducted a--a%r> &aturally %5e the %mpre!!%o& that the%r

<2HI= a&%mat%& purpo!e %! co&trol o- the -uture. But thou ht about -uture happe&%& ! %! the o&ly way we ca& jud e the pre!e&t@ %t %! the o&ly way to appra%!e %t! !% &%-%ca&ce. *%thout !uch project%o&> there ca& be &o project!> &o pla&! -or adm%&%!ter%& pre!e&t e&er %e!> o5ercom%& pre!e&t ob!tacle!. Del%berately to !ubord%&ate the pre!e&t to the -uture %! to !ubject the comparat%5ely !ecure to the precar%ou!> eAcha& e re!ource! -or l%ab%l%t%e!> !urre&der what %! u&der co&trol to wh%t %!> relat%5ely> %&capable o- co&trol. /he amount o- co&trol wh%ch w%ll come %&to eA%!te&ce %& the -uture %! &ot w%th%& co&trol. But !uch a& amou&t a! tur&! out to be pract%cable accrue! o&ly %& co&!e1ue&ce o- the be!t po!!%ble ma&a eme&t o- pre!e&t mea&! a&d ob!tacle!. Dom%&at%& intellectual pre7 occupat%o& w%th@ the -uture %! the way by wh%ch e--%c%e&cy %& deal%& w%th the pre!e&t %! atta%&ed. 't %! a way> &ot a oal. 3&d> upo& the 5ery mo!t hope-ul outlook> !tudy a&d pla&&%& are more %mporta&t %& the mea&%& > the e&r%chme&t o- co&te&t> wh%ch they add to pre!e&t act%5%ty tha& %! the %&crea!e o- eAter&al co&trol they e--ect. .or %! th%! doctr%&e pa!!%5%!t%c %& te&de&cy. *hat. !e&!e %! there %& %&crea!ed eAter&al co&trol eAcept to %&crea!e the %&tr%&!%c !% &%-%ca&ce o- l%5%& 6 /he -uture that %! -ore!ee& %! a -uture that %!

!omet%me to be a pre!e&t. '! the 5alue o- that pre!e&t al!o to be po!tpo&ed to a -uture date> a&d !o o& %&de-%&%tely6 Cr> %- the ood we are !tru l%& to atta%& %& the -uture %! o&e to be actually real%Bed whe& that -uture become! pre!e&t. why !hould &ot the ood o- this

<2HJ= pre!e&t be e1ually prec%ou!6 3&d %! there> a a%&> a&y %&tell% e&t way o- mod%-y%& the -uture eAcept to atte&d to the -ull po!!%b%l%t%e! o- the pre!e&t6 $camp%& the pre!e&t %& behal- o- the -uture lead! o&ly to re&der%& the -uture le!! ma&a eable. 't %&crea!e! the probab%l%ty o- mole!tat%o& by -uture e5e&t!. Lemark! ca!t %& th%! -orm probably !eem too much l%ke a lo %cal ma&%pulat%o& o- the co&cept! o- pre!e&t a&d -uture to be co&5%&c%& . Bu%ld%& a hou!e %! a typ%cal %&!ta&ce oa& %&tell% e&t act%5%ty. 't %! a& act%5%ty d%rected by a pla&> a de!% &. /he pla& %! %t!elba!ed upo& a -ore!% ht o- -uture u!e!. /h%! -ore!% ht %! %& tur& depe&de&t upo& a& or a&%Bed !ur5ey o- pa!t eAper%e&ce! a&d o- pre!e&t co&d%t%o&!> a recollect%o& o- -ormer eAper%e&ce! o- l%5%& %& hou!e! a&d a& ac1ua%&ta&ce w%th pre!e&t mater%al!> pr%ce!> re!ource!> etc. .ow %- a le %t%mate ca!e o- !ubord%&at%o& o- pre!e&t to re ulat%o& o- the -uture may a&ywhere be -ou&d> %t %! %& !uch a ca!e a! th%!. )or a ma& u!ually bu%ld! a hou!e -or the !ake o- the com-ort a&d !ecur%ty> the 9 co&trol>9 thereby a--orded to -uture l%5%& rather tha& ju!t -or the -u& K or the troubleK o- bu%ld%& . '- %& !uch a ca!e %&!pect%o& !how! that> a-ter all> %&tellectual co&cer& w%th the pa!t a&d -uture %! -or the !ake o- d%rect%& pre!e&t act%5%ty a%d %5%& %t mea&%& > the co&clu!%o& may be accepted -or other ca!e!. .ote that the pre!e&t act%5%ty %! the o&ly o&e really u&der co&trol. /he ma& may d%e be-ore the hou!e %! bu%lt> or h%! -%&a&c%al co&d%t%o&! may cha& e> or be may &eed to remo5e to a&other place. '- he attempt! to

<2H9= pro5%de -or all co&t%& e&c%e!> he w%ll &e5er do a&yth%& @ %- he allow! h%! atte&t%o& to be much d%!tracted by them> he wo&?t do well h%! pre!e&t pla&&%& a&d eAecut%o&. /he more he co&!%der! the -uture u!e! to wh%ch the hou!e w%ll probably be put the better he w%ll do h%! pre!e&t job wh%ch %! the act%5%ty o- bu%ld%& . +o&trol o- -uture l%5%& > !uch a! %t may tur& out to be> %! wholly depe&de&t upo& tak%& h%! pre!e&t act%5%ty> !er%ou!ly a&d de5otedly> a! a& e&d> &ot a mea&!. 3&d a ma& ha! h%! ha&d! -ull %& do%& well what &ow &eed! to be do&e. 0&t%l me& ha5e -ormed the hab%t o- u!%& %&tell% e&ce -ully a! a u%de to pre!e&t act%o& they w%ll &e5er -%&d out how much co&trol o- -uture co&t%& e&c%e! %! po!!%ble. 3! th%& ! are> me& !o hab%tually !camp pre!e&t act%o& %& behal- o- -uture 9 e&d! 9 that the -act! -or e!t%mat%& the eAte&t o- the po!!%b%l%ty o- reduct%o& o- -uture co&t%& e&c%e! ha5e &ot bee& d%!clo!ed. *hat a ma& %! do%& l%m%t! both h%! d%rect co&trol a&d h%! re!po&!%b%l%ty. *e mu!t &ot co&-u!e the act o- bu%ld%& w%th the hou!e whe& bu%lt. /he latter %! a mea&!> &ot a -ul-%lme&t. But %t %! !uch o&ly becau!e %t e&ter! %&to a &ew act%5%ty wh%ch %! pre!e&t &ot -uture. ;%-e %! co&t%&uou!. /he act o- bu%ld%& %& t%me %5e! way to the act! co&&ected w%th a dom%c%le. But e5erywhere the ooey the -ul-%lme&t> the mea&%& o- act%5%ty> re!%de! %& a pre!e&t made po!!%ble by jud %& eA%!t%& co&d%t%o&! %& the%r co&&ect%o&!. '- we !eek -or a& %llu!trat%o& o& a lar er !cale> educat%o& -ur&%!he! u! w%th a po% &a&t eAample. 3! trad%t%o&ally co&ducted> %t !tr%k%& ly eAh%b%t! a !ubord%&a7

<2I"= 7t%o& o- the l%5%& pre!e&t to a remote a&d precar%ou! -uture. /o prepare> to et ready> %! %t! key7&ote. /he actual outcome %! lack o- ade1uate preparat%o&> o- %&tell% e&t adaptat%o&. /he pro-e!!ed eAaltat%o& o- the -uture tur&! out %& pract%ce a bl%&d -ollow%& o- trad%t%o&> a rule o- thumb muddl%& alo& -rom day to day@ or> a! %& !ome o- the project! called %&du!tr%al educat%o&> a determ%&ed e--ort o& the part o- o&e cla!! o- the commu&%ty to !ecure %t! -uture at the eApe&!e o- a&other cla!!. '- educat%o& were co&ducted a! a proce!! o- -ulle!t ut%l%Bat%o& o- pre!e&t re!ource!> l%berat%& a&d u%d%& capac%t%e! that are &ow ur e&t> %t oe! w%thout !ay%& that the l%5e! o- the you& would be much r%cher %& mea&%& tha& they are &ow. 't al!o -ollow! that %&tell% e&ce would be kept bu!y %& !tudy%& all %&d%cat%o&! o- power> all ob!tacle! a&d per5er!%o&!> all product! o- the pa!t that throw l% ht upo& pre!e&t capac%ty> a&d %& -oreca!t%& the -uture career o- %mpul!e a&d hab%t &ow act%5eK &ot -or the !ake o- !ubord%&at%& the latter but %& order to treat them %&tell% e&tly. 3! a co&!e1ue&ce whate5er -ort%-%cat%o& a&d eApa&!%o& o- the -uture that %! po!!%ble w%ll be ach%e5edK a! %t %! &ow d%!mally u&atta%&ed. 3 more compl%cated %&!ta&ce %! -ou&d %& the dom%&a&t 1ual%ty o- our %&du!tr%al act%5%ty. 't may be do mat%cally declared that the root! o- %t! e5%l! are -ou&d %& the !eparat%o& oproduct%o& -rom co&!umpt%o& K that %!> actual co&!ummat%o&> -ul-%lme&t. 3 &ormal ca!e o- the%r relat%o&!h%p %! -ou&d %& the tak%& o- -ood. )ood %! co&!umed a&d 5% or %! produced. /he

<2I1= d%--ere&ce betwee& the two %! o&e o- d%rect%o&! or d%me&!%o&! d%!t%& u%!hed by %&tellect. '& real%ty there %! !%mply co&5er!%o& o- e&er y -rom o&e -orm to a&other where%& %t %! more a5a%lableK o- reater !% &%-%ca&ce. /he act%5%ty o- the art%!t> the !port!ma&> the !c%e&t%-%c %&1u%rer eAempl%-%e! the !ame bala&ce. 3ct%5%ty !hould be product%5e. /h%! %! to !ay %t !hould ha5e a bear%& o& the -uture> !hould e--ect co&trol o%t. But !o -ar a! a product%5e act%o& %! %&tr%&!%cally creat%5e> %t ha! %t! ow& %&tr%&!%c 5alue. Le-ere&ce to -uture product! a&d -uture e&joyme&t! %! but a way o- e&ha&c%& percept%o& o- a& %mma&e&t mea&%& . 3 !k%lled art%!a& who e&joy! h%! work %! aware that what he %! mak%& %! made -or -uture u!e. DAter&ally h%! act%o& %! o&e tech&%cally labeled 9 product%o&.9 't !eem! to %llu!trate the !ubject%o& o- pre!e&t act%5%ty to remote e&d!. But actually> morally> p!ycholo %cally> the !e&!e o- the ut%l%ty o- the art%cle produced %! a -actor %& the pre!e&t !% &%-%ca&ce o- act%o& due to the pre!e&t ut%l%Bat%o& o- ab%l%t%e!> %5%& play to ta!te a&d !k%ll> accompl%!h%& !ometh%& &ow. /he mome&t product%o& %! !e5ered -rom %mmed%ate !at%!-act%o&> %t become! 9 labor>9 drud ery> a ta!k relucta&tly per-ormed. :et the whole te&de&cy o- moder& eco&om%c l%-e ha! bee& to a!!ume that co&!umpt%o& w%ll take care o- %t!el- pro5%ded o&ly product%o& %! ro!!ly a&d %&te&!ely atte&ded to. Mak%& th%& ! %! -ra&t%cally accelerated@ a&d e5ery mecha&%cal de5%ce u!ed to !well the !e&!ele!! bulk. 3! a re!ult mo!t worker! -%&d &o reple&%!hme&t> &o re&ewal a&d rowth o- m%&d> &o -ul-%lme&t %& work.

<2I2= /hey labor to et mere mea&! o- later !at%!-act%o&. /h%! whe& procured %! %!olated %& tur& -rom product%o& a&d %! reduced to a barre& phy!%cal a--a%r or a !e&!uou! compe&!at%o& -or &ormal ood! de&%ed. Mea&t%me the -atu%ty o- !e5er%& product%o&

-rom co&!umpt%o&> -rom pre!e&t e&r%ch%& o- l%-e> %! made e5%de&t by eco&om%c cr%!e!> by per%od! o- u&employme&t alter&at%& w%th per%od! o- eAerc%!e> work or 9 o5er7 product%o&.9 Product%o& apart -rom -ul-%lme&t become! purely a matter o- 1ua&t%ty@ -or d%!t%&ct%o&> 1ual%ty> %! a matter o- pre!e&t mea&%& . D!thet%c eleme&t! be%& eAcluded> the mecha&%cal re% &. Product%o& lack! cr%ter%a@ o&e th%& %! better tha& a&other %- %t ca& be made -a!ter or %& reater ma!!. ;e%!ure %! &ot the &our%!hme&t o- m%&d %& work> &or a recreat%o&@ %t %! a -e5er%!h hurry -or d%5er!%o&> eAc%teme&t> d%!play> otherw%!e there %! &o le%!ure eAcept a !odde& torpor. )at% ue due -or !ome to mo&oto&y a&d -or other! to o5er!tra%& %& ma%&ta%&%& the pace %! %&e5%table. $oc%ally> the !eparat%o& o- product%o& a&d co&!umpt%o&> mea&! a&d e&d!> %! the root o- the mo!t pro-ou&d d%5%!%o& o- cla!!e!. /ho!e who -%A the 9 e&d! 9 -or product%o& are %& co&trol> tho!e who e& a e %& %!olated product%5e act%5%ty are the !ubject7cla!!. But %- the latter are oppre!!ed the -ormer are clot> truly -ree: /he%r co&!umpt%o&! are acc%de&tal o!te&tat%o& a&d eAtra5a a&ce> &ot a &ormal co&!ummat%o& or -ul-%lme&t o- act%5%ty. /he rema%&der o- the%r l%5e! %! !pe&t %& e&!la5eme&t to keep%& the mach%&ery o%& at a& %&crea!%& ly rap%d rate. Mea&t%me cla!! !tru le row! betwee& tho!e who!e

< 2I3= product%5e labor %! e&-orced by &ece!!%ty a&d tho!e who are pr%5%le ed co&!umer!. 3&d the eAa erat%o& o- product%o& due to %t! %!olat%o& -rom % &ored co&!umpt%o& !o hyp&ot%Be! atte&t%o& that e5e& would7be re-ormer!> l%ke MarA%a& !oc%al%!t!> a!!ert that the e&t%re !oc%al problem -ocu!e! at the po%&t o- product%o&. $%&ce th%! !eparat%o& o- mea&! -rom e&d! !% &%-%e! a&. erect%o& o- mea&! %&to e&d!> %t %! &o wo&der that a 9mater%al%!t%c co&cept%o& o- h%!tory9 emer e!. 't %! &ot a& %&5e&t%o& oMarA@ %t %! a record o- -act !o -ar a! the !eparat%o& %& 1ue!t%o& obta%&!. )or pract%cable %deal%!m %! -ou&d o&ly %& a -ul-%lme&t> a co&!umpt%o& wh%ch %! a reple&%!h%& > rowth> re&ewal o- m%&d a&d body. (armo&y o- !oc%al %&tere!t! %! -ou&d %& the w%de7!pread !har%& o- act%5%t%e! !% &%-%ca&t %& them!el5e!> that %! to !ay> at the po%&t o- consumption. -1. But the -orc%& o- product%o& apart -rom co&!umpt%o& lead! to the mo&!trou! bel%ethat cla!!7!tru le c%5%l war %! a mea&! o- !oc%al pro re!!> %&!tead o- a re %!ter o- the barr%er! to %t! atta%&me&t. :et here too the MarA%a& read! ar% ht the character o- mo!t curre&t eco&om%c act%5%ty. /he h%!tory o- eco&om%c act%5%ty thu! eAempl%-%e! the moral co&!e1ue&ce! o- the !eparat%o& o- pre!e&t act%5%ty a&d -uture 9e&d!9 -rom each other. 't al!o embod%e! the d%--%culty o- t%re problem K the taA placed by %t upo& thou ht a&d ood w%ll. )or the pro-e!!ed %deal%!t a&d the hard7headed mater%al%!t or 9pract%cal9 ma&> ha5e co&!p%red to ether to !u!ta%& th%! !%tuat%o&.

<2IE= /he 9 %deal%!t 9 !et! up a! the %deal &ot -ull&e!! o- mea&%& o- the pre!e&t but a remote oal. (e&ce the pre!e&t %! e5acuated o- mea&%& . 't %! reduced to be%& a mere eAter&al %&!trume&t> a& e5%l &ece!!%ty due to the d%!ta&ce betwee& u! a&d !% &%-%ca&t 5al%d !at%!-act%o&. 3pprec%at%o&> joy> peace %& pre!e&t act%5%ty are !u!pect. /hey are re arded a! d%5er!%o&!> temptat%o&!> u&worthy relaAat%o&!. /he& !%&ce huma& &ature mu!t ha5e pre!e&t real%Bat%o&> a !e&t%me&tal> roma&t%c e&joyme&t o- the %deal become! a !ub!t%tute -or %&tell% e&t a&d reward%& act%5%ty. /he utop%a ca&&ot be real%Bed %& -act but %t may be appropr%ated %& -a&ta!y a&d !er5e a! a& a&ody&e to blu&t the !e&!e o- a m%!ery wh%ch a-ter all e&dure!. $ome pr%5ate key to a pre!e&t> e&ter%& upo& remote a&d

!uper%or bl%!! %! !ou ht> ju!t a! the e5a& el%cal e&joy! a complace&t a&d !uper%or !e&!e o- a !al5at%o& u&obta%&ed by -ellow mortal!. /hu! the &ormal dema&d -or real%Bat%o&> -or !at%!-act%o& %& the pre!e&t> %! ab&ormally met. Mea&t%me the pract%cal ma& wa&t! ?!ometh%& de-%&%te> ta& %ble a&d pre!umably obta%&able -or wh%ch to work. (e %! look%& a-ter 9 a ood th%& 9 a! the a5era e ma& %! look%& a-ter a 9 ood t%me>9 that &atural car%cature o- a& %&tr%&!%cally !% &%-%ca&t act%5%ty. :et h%! act%5%ty %! %mpract%cal. (e %! look%& -or !at%!-act%o& !omewhere el!e tha& where %t ca& be -ou&d. '& h%! utop%a& !earch -or a -uture ood he &e lect! the o&ly place where ood ca& be -ou&d. (e empt%e! pre!e&t act%5%ty o- mea&%& by mak%& %t a mere %&!trume&tal%ty. *he& the -uture arr%5e! %t %! o&ly a-ter all a&other

<2IF= de!p%!ed pre!e&t. By hab%t a! well a! by de-%&%t%o& %t %! !t%ll a mea&! to !ometh%& wh%ch ha! yet to come. 3 a%& huma& &ature mu!t ha5e %t! cla%m! !at%!-%ed> a&d !e&!ual%ty %! the %&e5%table recour!e. 0!ually a comprom%!e %! worked out> by wh%ch a ma& -or h%! work%& hour! accept! the ph%lo!ophy o- act%5%ty -or !ome -uture re!ult> wh%le at odd le%!ure t%me! he e&ter! by co&5e&t%o&ally reco &%Bed cha&&el! upo& a& e&joyme&t o- 9 !p%r%tual 9 ble!!%& ! a&d 9 %deal 9 re-%&eme&t!. /he problem o- !er5%& 2od a&d Mammo& %! thu! !ol5ed. /he !%tuat%o& eAempl%-%e! the co&crete mea&%& o- the !eparat%o& o- mea&! -rom e&d! wh%ch %! the %&tellectual re-leA o- the d%5orce o- theory a&d pract%ce> %&tell% e&ce a&d hab%t> -ore!% ht a&d pre!e&t %mpul!e. Moral%!t! ha5e !pe&t t%me a&d e&er y %& !how%& what happe&! whe& appet%te> %mpul!e> %! %&dul ed w%thout re-ere&ce to co&!e1ue&ce! a&d rea!o&. But they ha5e mo!tly % &ored the cou&terpart e5%l! o- a& %&tell% e&ce that co&ce%5e! %deal! a&d ood! wh%ch do &ot e&ter %&to pre!e&t %mpul!e a&d hab%t. /he l%-e o- rea!o& ha! bee& !pec%al%Bed> roma&t%c%Bed> or made a hea5y burde&. /h%! !%tuat%o& embod%e! the %mport o- the problem o- actual%B%& the place o- %&tell% e&ce %& co&duct. Cur whole accou&t o- the place o- %&tell% e&ce %& co&duct %! eApo!ed howe5er to the char e o- be%& %t!el- roma&t%c> a compe&!atory %deal%Bat%o&. /he h%!tory o- m%&d %! a record o- %&tellect wh%ch re %!ter!> w%th more or le!! %&accuracy> what ha! happe&ed a-ter %t ha! happe&ed. /he cr%!%! %& wh%ch the %&ter5e&t%o& o- -ore!ee%& a&d d%rect%& m%&d %! &eeded pa!!e! u&&oted>

<2IH= w%th atte&t%o& d%rected toward %&c%de&tal! a&d %rrele5a&c%e!. /he work o- %&tellect %! po!t mortem. /he r%!e o- !oc%al !c%e&ce> %t w%ll be po%&ted out> ha! %&crea!ed the amou&t o- re %!ter%& that occur!. $oc%al po!t mortem! occur much more -re1ue&tly tha& they u!ed to. But o&e o- the th%& ! wh%ch the u&b%a!ed m%&d w%ll re %!ter %! the %mpote&cy o- d%!cu!!%o&> a&aly!%! a&d report%& %& mod%-y%& the cour!e o- e5e&t!. /he latter oe! %t! way u&heed%& . /he reply that th%! co&d%t%o& o- matter! !how! &ot the %mpote&cy o- %&tell% e&ce but that what pa!!e! -or !c%e&ce %! &ot !c%e&ce %! too ea!y a retort to be !at%!-actory. *e mu!t ha5e recour!e to !ome co&crete -act! or !urre&der our doctr%&e ju!t at the mome&t whe& we ha5e -ormulated %t. /ech&%cal a--a%r! %5e e5%de&ce that the work o- %&1u%ry> report%& a& a&aly!%! %! &ot alway! %&e--ectual. /he de5elopme&t o- a cha%& o- 9 &at%o&7w%de 9 tobacco !hop!> o- a well ma&a ed &at%o&al telepho&e !y!tem> o- the eAte&!%o& o- the !er5%ce o- a& electr%c7 l% ht pla&t te!t%-y to the -act that !tudy> re-lect%o& a&d the -ormat%o& o- pla&! do %& !ome

%&!ta&ce! determ%&e a cour!e o- e5e&t!. /he e--ect %! !ee& %& both e& %&eer%& ma&a eme&t a&d %& &at%o&al commerc%al eApa&!%o&. $uch pote&cy howe5er> %t mu!t be adm%tted> %! l%m%ted to ju!t tho!e matter! that arc called tech&%cal %& co&tra!t w%th the lar er a--a%r! o- huma&%ty. But %- we !eek> a! we !hould> -or a de-%&%t%o& o- 9 tech&%cal>9 we ca& hardly -%&d a&y !a5e o&e that oe! %& a c%rcle: 3--a%r! are tech&%cal %& wh%ch ob!er5at%o&> a&aly!%! a&d %&tellectual or a&%Bat%o& are determ%&%& -actor!. '! the co&clu!%o&

<2II= to be draw& a co&5%ct%o& that our w%der !oc%al %&tere!t! are !o d%--ere&t -rom tho!e %& wh%ch %&tell% e&ce %! a d%rect%& -actor that %& the -ormer !c%e&ce mu!t alway! rema%& a belated 5%!%tor com%& upo& the !ce&e a-ter matter! are !ettled6 Qo> the lo %cal co&clu!%o& %! that a! 5et we ha5e &o tech&%1ue %& %mporta&t eco&om%c> pol%t%cal a&d %&ter&at%o&al a--a%r!. +ompleA%ty o- co&d%t%o&! re&der the d%--%cult%e! %& the way o- the de5elopme&t o- a tech&%1ue e&ormou!. 't %! %ma %&able they w%ll &e5er be o5ercome. But our cho%ce %! betwee& the de5elopme&t o- a tech&%1ue by wh%ch %&tell% e&ce w%ll become a& %&ter5e&%& part&er a&d a co&t%&uat%o& o- ! re %me o- acc%de&t> wa!te a&d d%!tre!!.

Notes
1. 3ck&owled me&t %! due 9/he $oc%al '&terpretat%o& o- (%!tory 9 by Maur%ce *%ll%am.

7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_2E.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9/he ood o- act%5%ty>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 2IJ729E.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part % Conclusion I* The 3ood of Acti)ity
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

+C.D0+/ whe& d%!tr%buted u&der head! l%ke hab%t> %mpul!e a&d %&tell% e&ce et! art%-%c%ally !hredded. '& d%!cu!!%& each o- the!e top%c! we ha5e ru& %&to the other!. *e co&clude> the&> w%th a& attempt to ather to ether !ome out!ta&d%& co&!%derat%o&! about co&duct a! a whole. '. /he 2ood o- 3ct%5%ty

/he -oremo!t co&clu!%o& %! that moral! ha! to do w%th all act%5%ty %&to wh%ch alter&at%5e po!!%b%l%t%e! e&ter. )or where5er they e&ter a d%--ere&ce betwee& better a&d wor!e ar%!e!. Le-lect%o& upo& act%o& mea&! u&certa%&ty a&d co&!e1ue&t &eed o- dec%!%o& a! to wh%ch cour!e %! better. /he better %! the ood@ the be!t %! &ot better tha& the ood but %! !%mply the d%!co5ered ood. +omparat%5e a&d !uperlat%5e de ree! are o&ly path! to the po!%t%5e de ree o- act%o&. /he wor!e or e5%l %! a rejected ood. '& del%berat%o& a&d be-ore cho%ce &o e5%l pre!e&t! %t!el- a! e5%l. 0&t%l %t %! rejected> %t %! a compet%& ood. 3-ter reject%o&> %t -% ure! &ot a! a le!!er ood> but a! the bad o- that !%tuat%o&.

<2I9= 3ctually the& o&ly del%berate act%o&> co&duct %&to wh%ch re-lect%5e cho%ce e&ter!> %! d%!t%&ct%5ely moral> -or o&ly the& doe! there e&ter the 1ue!t%o& o- better a&d wor!e. :et %t %! a per%lou! error to draw a hard a&d -a!t l%&e betwee& act%o& %&to wh%ch del%berat%o& a&d cho%ce e&ter a&d act%5%ty due to %mpul!e a&d matter7o-7-act hab%t. C&e o- the co&!e1ue&ce! o- act%o& %! to %&5ol5e u! %& pred%came&t! where we ha5e to re-lect upo& th%& ! -ormerly do&e a! matter o- cour!e. C&e o- the ch%e- problem! o- our deal%& ! w%th other! %! to %&duce them to re-lect upo& a--a%r! wh%ch they u!ually per-orm -rom u&re-lect%5e hab%t. C& the other ha&d> e5ery re-lect%5e cho%ce te&d! to rele ate !ome co&!c%ou! %!!ue %&to a deed or hab%t he&ce-orth take& -or ra&ted a&d &ot thou ht upo&. Pote&t%ally there-ore e5ery a&d a&y act %! w%th%& the !cope o- moral!> be%& a ca&d%date -or po!!%ble jud me&t w%th re!pect to %t! better7or7wor!e 1ual%ty. 't thu! become! o&e othe mo!t perpleA%& problem! o- re-lect%o& to d%!co5er ju!t how -ar to carry %t> what to br%& u&der eAam%&at%o& a&d what to lea5e to u&!crut%&%Bed hab%t. Becau!e there %! &o -%&al rec%pe by wh%ch to dec%de th%! 1ue!t%o& all moral jud me&t %! eAper%me&tal a&d !ubject to re5%!%o& by %t! %!!ue. /he reco &%t%o& that co&duct co5er! e5ery act that %! jud ed w%th re-ere&ce to better a&d wor!e a&d that the &eed o- th%! jud me&t %! pote&t%ally coeAte&!%5e w%th all port%o&! oco&duct> !a5e! u! -rom the m%!take wh%ch make! moral%ty a !eparate departme&t o- l%-e. Pote&t%ally co&duct %! o&e hu&dred per ce&t o- our act!.

<2J"= (e&ce we mu!t decl%&e to adm%t theor%e! wh%ch %de&t%-y moral! w%th the pur%-%cat%o& o- mot%5e!> ed%-y%& character> pur!u%& remote a&d elu!%5e per-ect%o&> obey%& !uper&atural comma&d> ack&owled %& the author%ty o- duty. $uch &ot%o&! ha5e a dual bad e--ect. )%r!t they et %& the way o- ob!er5at%o& o- co&d%t%o&! a&d co&!e1ue&ce!. /hey d%5ert thou ht %&to !%de %!!ue!. $eco&dly> wh%le they co&-er a morb%d eAa erated 1ual%ty upo& th%& ! wh%ch are 5%ewed u&der the a!pect o- moral%ty> they relea!e the lar er part o- the act! o- l%-e -rom !er%ou!> that %! moral> !ur5ey. 3&A%ou! !ol%c%tude -or the -ew act! wh%ch are deemed moral %! accompa&%ed by ed%ct! oeAempt%o& a&d bath! o- %mmu&%ty -or mo!t act!. 3 moral morator%um pre5a%l! -or e5eryday a--a%r!. *he& we ob!er5e that moral! %! at home where5er co&!%derat%o&! o- the wor!e a&d better are %&5ol5ed> we are comm%tted to &ot%& that moral%ty %! a co&t%&u%& proce!! &ot a -%Aed ach%e5eme&t. Moral! mea&! rowth o- co&duct %& mea&%& @ at lea!t %t mea&! that k%&d o- eApa&!%o& %& mea&%& wh%ch %! co&!e1ue&t upo& ob!er5at%o&! o- the co&d%t%o&! a&d outcome o- co&duct. 't %! all o&e w%th row%& . 2row%& a&d rowth are the !a&e

-act eApa&ded %& actual%ty or tele!coped %& thou ht. ''' the lar e!t !e&!e o- the word> moral! %! educat%o&. 't %! lear&%& the mea&%& o- what we are about a&d employ%& that mea&%& %& act%o&. /he ood> !at%!-act%o&> 9 e&d>9 o- rowth o- pre!e&t act%o& %& !hade! a&d !cope o- mea&%& %! the o&ly ood w%th%& our co&trol> a&d the o&ly o&e> accord%& ly> -or wh%ch

<2J1= re!po&!%b%l%ty eA%!t!. /he re!t %! luck> -ortu&e. 3&d the tra edy o- the moral &ot%o&! mo!t %&!%!ted upo& by the morally !el-7co&!c%ou! %! the rele at%o& o- the o&ly ood wh%ch ca& -ully e& a e thou ht> &amely pre!e&t mea&%& o- act%o&> to the ra&k oa& %&c%de&t o- a re> mote ood> whether that -uture ood be de-%&ed a! plea!ure> or per-ect%o&> or !al5at%o&> or atta%&me&t o- 5%rtuou! character. 9Pre!e&t9 act%5%ty %! &ot a !harp &arrow k&%-e7blade %& t%me. /he pre!e&t %! compleA> co&ta%&%& w%th%& %t!el- a mult%tude o- hab%t! a&d %mpul!e!. 't %! e&dur%& > a cour!e oact%o&> a proce!! %&clud%& memory> ob!er5at%o& a&d -ore!% ht> a pre!!ure -orward> a la&ce backward a&d a look outward. 't %! o- moral mome&t becau!e %t mark! a tra&!%t%o& %& the d%rect%o& o- breadth a&d clar%ty o- act%o& or %& that o- tr%5%al%ty a&d co&-u!%o&. Pro re!! %! pre!e&t reco&!truct%o& add%& -ull&e!! a&d d%!t%&ct&e!! omea&%& > a&d retro re!!%o& %! a pre!e&t !l%pp%& away o- !% &%-%ca&ce> determ%&at%o&!> ra!p. /ho!e who hold that pro re!! ca& be perce%5ed a&d mea!ured o&ly by re-ere&ce to a remote oal> -%r!t co&-u!e mea&%& w%th !pace> a&d the& treat !pat%al po!%t%o& a! ab!olute> a! l%m%t%& mo5eme&t %&!tead o- be%& bou&ded %& a&d by mo5eme&t. /here are ple&ty o- &e at%5e eleme&t!> due to co&-l%ct> e&ta& leme&t a&d ob!cur%ty> %& mo!t othe !%tuat%o&! o- l%-e> a&d we do &ot re1u%re a re5elat%o& o- !ome !upreme per-ect%o& to %&-orm u! whether or &o we are mak%& headway %& pre!e&t rect%-%cat%o&. *e mo5e o& -ro&t the wor!e a&d %&to> &ot ju!t toward!> the better> wh%ch

<2J2= %t authe&t%cated &ot by compar%!o& w%th the -ore% & but %& what %! %&d% e&ou!. 0&le!! pro re!! %! a pre!e&t reco&!truct%& > %t %! &oth%& @ %- %t ca&&ot be told by 1ual%t%e! belo& %& to the mo5eme&t o- tra&!%t%o& %t ca& &e5er be jud ed. Me& ha5e co&!tructed a !tra& e dream7world whe& they ha5e !uppo!ed that w%thout a -%Aed %deal o- a remote ood to %&!p%re them> they ha5e &o %&duceme&t to et rel%e- -rom pre!e&t trouble!> &o de!%re! -or l%berat%o& -rom what oppre!!e! a&d -or clear%& 7up what co&-u!e! pre!e&t act%o&. /he world %& wh%ch we could et e&l% hte&me&t a&d %&!truct%o& about the d%rect%o& %& wh%ch we are mo5%& o&ly -rom a 5a ue co&cept%o& o- a& u&atta%&able per-ect%o& would be totally u&l%ke our pre!e&t world. $u--%c%e&t u&to the day %! the e5%l thereo-. $u--%c%e&t %t %! to !t%mulate u! to remed%al act%o&> to e&dea5or %& order to co&5ert !tr%-e %&to harmo&y> mo&oto&y %&to a 5ar%e ated !ce&e> a&d l%m%tat%o& %&to eApa&!%o&. /he co&5ert%& %! pro re!!> the o&ly pro re!! co&ce%5able or atta%&able by ma&. (e&ce e5ery !%tuat%o& ha! %t! ow& mea!ure a&d 1ual%ty o- pro re!!> a&d the &eed -or pro re!! %! recurre&t> co&!ta&t. '- %t %! better to tra5el tha& to arr%5e> %t %! becau!e tra5el%& %! a co&!ta&t arr%5%& > wh%le arr%5al that preclude! -urther tra5el%& %! mo!t ea!%ly atta%&ed by o%& to !leep or dy%& . *e -%&d our clew! to d%rect%o& %& the projected recollect%o&! o- de-%&%te eAper%e&ced ood! &ot %& 5a ue a&t%c%pat%o&!> e5e& whe& we label the 5a ue&e!! per-ect%o&> the 'deal> a&d proceed to ma&%pulate %t! de-%&%t%o& w%th dry d%alect%c lo %c.

<2J3= Pro re!! mea&! %&crea!e o- pre!e&t mea&%& > wh%ch %&5ol5e! mult%pl%cat%o& o!e&!ed d%!t%&ct%o&! a! well a! harmo&y> u&%-%cat%o&. /h%! !tateme&t may> perhap!> be made e&erally> %& appl%cat%o& to the eAper%e&ce o- huma&%ty. '- h%!tory !how! pro re!! %t ca& hardly be -ou&d el!ewhere tha& %& th%! compl%cat%o& a&d eAte&!%o& o- the !% &%-%ca&ce -ou&d w%th%& eAper%e&ce. 't %! clear that !uch pro re!! br%& ! &o !urcea!e> &o %mmu&%ty -rom perpleA%ty a&d trouble. '- we w%!hed to tra&!mute th%! e&eral%Bat%o& %&to a cate or%cal %mperat%5e we !hould !ay: 9$o act a! to %&crea!e the mea&%& opre!e&t eAper%e&ce.9 But e5e& the& %& order to et %&!truct%o& about the co&crete 1ual%ty o- !uch %&crea!ed mea&%& we !hould ha5e to ru& away -rom the law a&d !tudy the &eed! a&d alter&at%5e po!!%b%l%t%e! ly%& w%th%& a u&%1ue a&d local%Bed !%tuat%o&. /he %mperat%5e> l%ke e5eryth%& ab!olute> %! !ter%le. /%ll me& %5e up the !earch -or a e&eral -ormula o- pro re!! they w%ll &ot k&ow where to look to -%&d %t. 3 bu!%&e!! ma& proceed! by compar%& today?! l%ab%l%t%e! a&d a!!et! w%th ye!terday?!> a&d project! pla&! -or tomorrow by a !tudy o- the mo5eme&t thu! %&d%cated %& co&ju&ct%o& w%th !tudy o- the co&d%t%o&! o- the e&5%ro&me&t &ow eA%!t%& . 't %! &ot otherw%!e w%th the bu!%&e!! o- l%5%& . /he -uture %! a project%o& o- the !ubject7matter othe pre!e&t> a project%o& wh%ch %! &ot arb%trary %& the eAte&t %& wh%ch %t d%5%&e! the mo5eme&t o- the mo5%& pre!e&t. /he phy!%c%a& %! lo!t who would u%de h%! act%5%t%e! o- heal%& by bu%ld%& up a p%cture o- per-ect health. the !ame -or all a&d %& %t! &ature.

<2JE= complete a&d !el-7e&clo!ed o&ce -or all. (e employ! what he ha! d%!co5ered about actual ca!e! o- ood health a&d %ll health a&d the%r cau!e! to %&5e!t% ate the pre!e&t a%l%& %&d%5%dual> !o a! to -urther h%! reco5er%& @ reco5er%& > a& %&tr%&!%c a&d l%5%& proce!! rather tha& reco5ery> wh%ch %! comparat%5e a&d !tat%c. Moral theor%e!> wh%ch howe5er ha5e &ot rema%&ed mere theor%e! but wh%ch ha5e -ou&d the%r way %&to the op%&%o&! o- the commo& ma&> ha5e re5er!ed the !%tuat%o& a&d made the pre!e&t !ub!er5%e&t to a r% %d yet ab!tract -uture. /he eth%cal %mport o- the doctr%&e o- e5olut%o& %! e&ormou!. But %t! %mport ha! bee& m%!co&!trued ?Becau!e the doctr%&e ha! bee& appropr%ated by the 5ery trad%t%o&al &ot%o&! wh%ch %& truth %t !ub5ert!. %t ha! bee& thou ht that the doctr%&e o- e5olut%o& mea&! the complete !ubord%&at%o& o- pre!e&t cha& e to a -uture oal. 't ha! bee& co&!tra%&ed to teach a -ut%le do ma o- approA%mat%o&> %&!tead o- a o!pel o- pre!e&t rowth. /he u!u-ruct o- the &ew !c%e&ce ha! bee& !e%Bed upo& by the old trad%t%o& o- -%Aed a&d eAter&al e&d!. '& -act e5olut%o& mea&! co&t%&u%ty o- cha& e@ a&d the -act that cha& e may take the -orm o- pre!e&t rowth o- compleA%ty a&d %&teract%o&. $% &%-%ca&t !ta e! %& cha& e are -ou&d &ot %& acce!! o- -%A%ty o- atta%&me&t but %& tho!e cr%!e! %& wh%ch a !eem%& -%A%ty o- hab%t! %5e! way to a relea!e o- capac%t%e! that ha5e &ot pre5%ou!ly -u&ct%o&ed: %& t%me! that %! o- readju!tme&t a&d red%rect%o&. .o matter what the pre!e&t !ucce!! %& !tra% hte&%& out d%--%cult%e! a&d harmo&%B%& co&-l%ct!> %t %! certa%&

< 2JF= that problem! w%ll recur %& the -uture %& a &ew -orm or o& a d%--ere&t pla&e. '&deed e5ery e&u%&e accompl%!hme&t %&!tead o- w%&d%& up a& a--a%r a&d e&clo!%& %t a! a jewel %& a ca!ket -or -uture co&templat%o&> compl%cate! the pract%cal !%tuat%o&. 't e--ect! a &ew d%!tr%but%o& o- e&er %e! wh%ch ha5e he&ce-orth to be employed %& way! -or

wh%ch pa!t eAper%e&ce %5e! &o eAact %&!truct%o&. D5ery %mporta&t !at%!-act%o& o- Pr. old wa&t create! a &ew o&e@ a&d th%! &ew o&e ha! ;o e&ter upo& a& eAper%me&tal ad5e&ture to -%&d %t! !at%!-act%o&. )rom the !%de o- what ha! o&e be-ore ach%e5eme&t !ettle! !ometh%& . )rom the !%de o- what come! a-ter> %t compl%cate!> %&troduc%& &ew problem!> u&!ettl%& -actor!. /here %! !ometh%& p%t%-ully ju5e&%le %& the %dea that 9e5olut%o&>9 pro re!!> mea&! a de-%&%te !um o- accompl%!hme&t wh%ch w%ll -ore5er !tay do&e> a&d wh%ch by a& eAact amou&t le!!e&! the amou&t !t%ll to be do&e> d%!po!%& o&ce a&d -or all o- ju!t !o ma&y perpleA%t%e! a&d ad5a&c%& u! ju!t !o -ar o& our road to a -%&al !table a&d u&perpleAed oal. :et the typ%cal &%&etee&th ce&tury> m%d75%ctor%a& co&cept%o& o- e5olut%o& wa! prec%!ely a -ormulat%o& o- !uch a co&!ummate ju5e&%l%!m. '- the true %deal %! that o- a !table co&d%t%o& -ree -rom co&-l%ct a&d d%!turba&ce> the& there are a &umber o- theor%e! who!e cla%m! are !uper%or to tho!e o- the popular doctr%&e o- e5olut%o&. ;o %c po%&t! rather %& the d%rect%o& o- Lou!!eau a&d /ol!to% who would recur to !ome pr%m%t%5e !%mpl%c%ty> who would retur& -rom compl%cated a&d troubled c%5%l%Bat%o& to a !tate o- &a7

<2JH= 7ture. )or certa%&ly pro re!! %& c%5%l%Bat%o& ha! &ot o&ly mea&t %&crea!e %& the !cope a&d %&tr%cacy o- problem! to be dealt w%th> but %t e&ta%l! %&crea!%& %&!tab%l%ty. )or %& mult%ply%& wa&t!> %&!trume&t! a&d po!!%b%l%t%e!> %t %&crea!e! the 5ar%ety o- -orce! wh%ch e&ter %&to relat%o&! w%th o&e a&other a&d wh%ch ha5e to be %&tell% e&tly d%rected. Cr a a%&> $to%c %&d%--ere&ce or Buddh%!t calm ha5e reater cla%m!. )or> %t may be ar ued> !%&ce all object%5e ach%e5eme&t o&ly compl%cate! the !%tuat%o&> the 5%ctory o- a -%&al !tab%l%ty ca& be !ecured o&ly by re&u&c%at%o& o- de!%re. $%&ce e5ery !at%!-act%o& ode!%re %&crea!e! -orce> a&d th%! %& tur& create! &ew de!%re!> w%thdrawal %&to a& %&&er pa!!%o&le!! !tate> %&d%--ere&ce to act%o& a&d atta%&me&t> %! the !ole road to po!!e!!%o& othe eter&al> !table a&d -%&al real%ty. 3 a%&> -rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- de-%&%te approA%mat%o& to a& ult%mate oal> the bala&ce -all! hea5%ly o& the !%de o- pe!!%m%!m. /he more !tr%5%& the more atta%&me&t!> perhap!@ but al!o a!!uredly the more &eed! a&d the more d%!appo%&tme&t!. /he more we do a&d the more we accompl%!h> the more the e&d %! 5a&%ty a&d 5eAat%o&. )rom the !ta&dpo%&t o- atta%&me&t o- ood that !tay! put> that co&!t%tute! a de-%&%te !um per-ormed wh%ch le!!e&! the amou&t o- e--ort re1u%red %& order to reach the ult%mate oal o- -%&al ood> pro re!! %! au %llu!%o&. But we are look%& -or %t %& the wro& place. /he world war %! a b%tter comme&tary o& the &%&etee&th ce&tury m%!co&cept%o& o- moral ach%e5eme&tK a m%!co&cept%o& howe5er wh%ch %t o&ly %&her%ted -rom the trad%t%o&al theory o- -%Aed e&d!> attempt%& to bol!ter

< 2JI= up that doctr%&e w%th a%d -rom the 9!c%e&t%-%c 9 theory o- e5olut%o&. /he doctr%&e o- pro re!! %! &ot yet ba&krupt. /he ba&kruptcy o- the &ot%o& o- -%Aed ood! to be atta%&ed a&d !tably po!!e!!ed may po!!%bly be the mea&! o- tur&%& the m%&d o- ma& to a te&able theory o- pro re!!K to atte&t%o& to pre!e&t trouble! a&d po!!%b%l%t%e!. 3dhere&t! o- the %dea that betterme&t> rowth %& ood&e!!> co&!%!t! %& approA%mat%o& to a& eAhau!t%5e> !table> %mmutable e&d or ood> ha5e bee& compelled to reco &%Be the truth that %& -act we e&5%!a e the ood %& !pec%-%c term! that are relat%5e to eA%!t%& &eed!> a&d that the atta%&me&t o- e5ery !pec%-%c ood mer e! %&!e&!%bly %&to a &ew

co&d%t%o& o- maladju!tme&t w%th %t!> &eed o- a &ew e&d a&d a re&ewed e--ort. But they ha5e elaborated a& %& e&%ou! d%alect%cal theory to accou&t -or the -act! wh%le ma%&ta%&%& the%r theory %&tact. /he oal> the %deal> %! %&-%&%te@ ma& %! -%&%te> !ubject to co&d%t%o&! %mpo!ed by !pace a&d t%me. /he !pec%-%c character o- the e&d! wh%ch ma& e&terta%&! a&d o- the !at%!-act%o& he ach%e5e! %! due there-ore prec%!ely to h%! emp%r%cal a&d -%&%te &ature %& %t! co&tra!t w%th the %&-%&%te a&d complete character o- the true real%ty> the e&d. +o&!e1ue&tly whe& ma& reache! what he had take& to be the de!t%&at%o& o- h%! jour&ey he -%&d! that he ha! o&ly o&e a p%ece o& the road. '&. -%&%te 5%!ta! !t%ll !tretch be-ore h%m. 3 a%& he !et! h%! mark a l%ttle way -urther ahead> a&d a a%& whe& he reache! the !tat%o& !et> he -%&d! the road ope&%& be-ore h%m %& u&eApected way!> a&d !ee! &ew d%!ta&t object!

< 2JJ= becko&%& h%m -orward. $uch %! the popular doctr%&e. By !ome !tra& e per5er!%o& th%! theory pa!!e! -or moral %deal%!m. 3& o--%ce o%&!p%rat%o& a&d u%da&ce %! attr%buted to the thou ht o- the oal o- ult%mate complete&e!! or per-ect%o&. 3! matter o- -act> the %dea !%&cerely held br%& ! d%!coura eme&t a&d de!pa%r &ot %&!p%rat%o& or hope-ul&e!!. /here %! !ometh%& e%ther lud%crou! or tra %c %& the &ot%o& that %&!p%rat%o& to co&t%&ued pro re!! %! had %& tell%& ma& that &o matter what he doe! or what he ach%e5e!> the outcome %! &e l% %ble %& compar%!o& w%th what he !et out to ach%e5e> that e5ery e&dea5or he make! %! bou&d to tur& out a -a%lure compared w%th what !hould be do&e> that e5ery atta%&ed !at%!-act%o& %! o&ly -ore5er bou&d to be o&ly a d%!appo%&tme&t. /he ho&e!t co&clu!%o& %! pe!!%m%!m. 3ll %! 5eAat%o&> a&d the reater the e--ort the reater the 5eAat%o&. But the -act %! that %t %! &ot the &e at%5e a!pect o- a& outcome> %t! -a%lure to reach %&-%&%ty> wh%ch re&ew! coura e a&d hope. Po!%t%5e atta%&me&t> actual e&r%chme&t o- mea&%& a&d power! ope&! &ew 5%!ta! a&d !et! &ew ta!k!> create! &ew a%m! a&d !t%mulate! &ew e--ort!. /he -act! are &ot !uch a! to y%eld u&th%&k%& opt%m%!m a&d co&!olat%o&@ -or they re&der %t %mpo!!%ble to re!t upo& atta%&ed ood!. .ew !tru le! a&d -a%lure! are %&e5%table. /he total !ce&e o- act%o& rema%&! a! be-ore> o&ly -or u! more compleA> a&d more !ubtly u&!table. But th%! 5ery !%tuat%o& %! a co&!e1ue&ce o- eApa&!%o&> &ot o- -a%lure! o- power> a&d whe& ra!ped a&d adm%tted %t %! a challe& e to %&tell% e&ce. '&!truct%o& %& what to do &eAt ca& &e5er come

< 2J9= -rom a& %&-%&%te oal> wh%ch -or u! %! bou&d to be empty. 't ca& be der%5ed o&ly -rom !tudy o- the de-%c%e&c%e!> %rre ular%t%e! a&d po!!%b%l%t%e! o- the actual !%tuat%o&. '& a&y ca!e> howe5er> ar ume&t! about pe!!%m%!m a&d opt%m%!m ba!ed upo& co&!%derat%o&! re ard%& -%Aed atta%&me&t o- ood a&d e5%l are ma%&ly l%terary %& 1ual%ty. 3la& co&t%&ue! to l%5e becau!e he %! a l%5%& creature &ot becau!e rea!o& co&5%&ce! h%m o- the certa%&ty or probab%l%ty o- -uture !at%!-act%o&! a&d ach%e5eme&t!> (e %! %&!t%&ct w%th act%5%t%e! that carry h%m o&. '&d%5%dual! here a&d there ca5e %&> a&d mo!t %&d%5%dual! !a > w%thdraw a&d !eek re-u e at th%! a&d that po%&t. But ma& a! ma& !t%ll ha! the dumb pluck o- the a&%mal. (e ha! e&dura&ce> hope> cur%o!%ty> ea er&e!!> lo5e oact%o&. /he!e tra%t! belo& to h%m by !tructure> &ot by tak%& thou ht. Memory o- pa!t a&d -ore!% ht o- -uture co&5ert dumb&e!! to !ome de ree o- art%culate&e!!. /hey %llum%&e cur%o!%ty a&d !teady coura e> /he& whe& the -uture arr%5e! w%th %t! %&e5%table d%!appo%&tme&t! a! well a! -ul-%lme&t!> a&d w%th &ew !ource! o- trouble> -a%lure lo!e! !ometh%& o- %t! -atal%ty> a&d !u--er%& y%eld! -ru%t o- %&!truct%o& &ot o- b%tter&e!!.

(um%l%ty %! more dema&ded at our mome&t! o- tr%umph tha& at tho!e o- -a%lure. )or hum%l%ty %! &ot a cad7-%!h !el-7deprec%at%o&. 't %! the !e&!e o- our !l% ht %&ab%l%ty e5e& w%th our be!t %&tell% e&ce a&d e--ort to comma&d e5e&t!@ a !e&!e o- our depe&de&ce upo& -orce! that o the%r way w%thout our w%!h a&d pla&. 't! purport %! &ot to relaA e--ort but to make u! pr%Be e5ery opportu&%ty o- pre!e&t rowth. '&

<29"= moral!> the %&-%&%t%5e a&d the %mperat%5e de5elop -rom the part%c%ple> pre!e&t te&!e. Per-ect%o& mea&! per-ect%& > -ul-%lme&t> -ul-%ll%& > a&d the ood %! &ow or &e5er. 'deal%!t%c ph%lo!oph%e!> tho!e o- Plato> 3r%!totle> $p%&oBa> l%ke the hypothe!%! &ow o--ered> ha5e -ou&d the ood %& mea&%& ! belo& %& to a co&!c%ou! l%-e> a l%-e o- rea!o&> &ot %& eAter&al ach%e5eme&t. ;%ke %t> they ha5e eAalted the place o- %&tell% e&ce %& !ecur%& -ul-%lme&t o- co&!c%ou! l%-e. /he!e theor%e! ha5e at lea!t &ot !ubord%&ated co&!c%ou! l%-e to eAter&al obed%e&ce> &ot thou ht o- 5%rtue a! !ometh%& d%--ere&t -rom eAcelle&ce o- l%-e. But they !et up a tra&!ce&de&tal mea&%& a&d rea!o&> remote -rom pre!e&t eAper%e&ce a&d oppo!ed to %t@ or they %&!%!t upo& a !pec%al -orm o- mea&%& a&d co&!c%ou!&e!! to be atta%&ed by pecul%ar mode! o- k&owled e %&acce!!%ble to the commo& ma&> %&5ol5%& &ot co&t%&uou! reco&!truct%o& o- ord%&ary eAper%e&ce> but %t! whole!ale re5er!al. /hey ha5e treated re e&erat%o&> cha& e o- heart> a! whole!ale a&d !el-7e&clo!ed> &ot a! co&t%&uou!. /he ut%l%tar%a&! al!o made ood a&d e5%l> r% ht a&d wro& > matter! o- co&!c%ou! eAper%e&ce. '& add%t%o& they brou ht them dow& to earth> to e5eryday eAper%e&ce. /hey !tro5e to huma&%Be other7worldly >rood!. But they reta%&ed the &ot%o& that the ood %! -uture> a&d he&ce out!%de the mea&%& o- pre!e&t act%5%ty. '& !o -ar %t %! !porad%c> eAcept%o&al> !ubject to acc%de&t> pa!!%5e> a& e&joyme&t &ot a joy> !ometh%& h%t upo&> &ot a -ul-%ll%& . /he -uture e&d %! -or them &ot so

< 291= remote -rom pre!e&t act%o& a! the Plato&%c realm o- %deal!> or a! the 3r%!totel%a& rat%o&al thou ht> or the +hr%!t%a& hea5e&> or $p%&oBa?! co&cept%o& o- the u&%5er!al whole. But !t%ll %t %! !eparate %& pr%&c%ple a&d %& -act -rom pre!e&t act%5%ty. /he &eAt !tep %! to %de&t%-y the !ou ht -or ood w%th the mea&%& o- our %mpul!e! a&d our hab%t!> a&d the !pec%-%c moral ood or 5%rtue w%th learning th%! mea&%& > a lear&%& that take! u! back &ot %&to a& %!olated !el- but out %&to the ope&7a%r world o- object! a&d !oc%al t%e!> term%&at%& %& a& %&creme&t o- pre!e&t !% &%-%ca&ce. Doubtle!! there are tho!e who w%ll th%&k that we thu! e!cape -rom remote a&d eAter&al e&d! o&ly to -all %&to a& Dp%curea&%!m wh%ch teache! u! to !ubord%&ate e5eryth%& el!e to pre!e&t !at%!-act%o&!. /he hypothe!%! pre-erred may !eem to !ome to ad5%!e a !ubject%5e> !el-7ce&tered l%-e o- %&te&!%-%ed co&!c%ou!&e!!> a& e!thet%cally d%letta&te type o- e o%!m. )or %! &ot %t! le!!o& that we !hould co&ce&trate atte&t%o&> each upo& the co&!c%ou!&e!! accompa&y%& h%! act%o& !o a! to re-%&e a&d de5elop %t6 '! &ot th%!> l%ke all !ubject%5e moral!> a& a&t%7!oc%al doctr%&e> %&!truct%& u! to !ubord%&ate the object%5e co&!e1ue&ce! o- our act!> tho!e wh%ch promote the wel-are o- other!> to a& e&r%chme&t o- our pr%5ate co&!c%ou! l%5e!6

't ca& hardly be de&%ed that a! compared w%th the do ma! a a%&!t wh%ch %t reacted there %! a& eleme&t o- truth %& Dp%curea&%!m. 't !tro5e to ce&ter atte&t%o& upo& what %! actually w%th%& co&trol a&d to -%&d the ood %& the pre!e&t %&!tead o- %& a co&t%& e&t u&cer7

<292= 7ta%& -uture. /he trouble w%th %t l%e! %& %t! accou&t o- pre!e&t ood. 't -a%led to co&&ect th%! ood w%th the -ull reach o- act%5%t%e!. 't co&templated ood o- w%thdrawal rather tha& o- act%5e part%c%pat%o&. /hat %! to !ay> the object%o& to Dp%curea&%!m l%e! %& %t! co&cept%o& o- what co&!t%tute! pre!e&t ood> &ot %& %t! empha!%! upo& !at%!-act%o& a! at pre!e&t. /he !ame remark may be made about e5ery theory wh%ch reco &%Be! the %&d%5%dual !el-. '- a&y !uch theory %! object%o&able> the object%o& %! a a%&!t the character or 1ual%ty a!!% &ed to the !el-. C- cour!e a& %&d%5%dual %! the bearer or carr%er oeAper%e&ce. *hat o- that6 D5eryth%& depe&d! upo& the k%&d o- eAper%e&ce that ce&ter! %& h%m. .ot the re!%de&ce o- eAper%e&ce cou&t!> but %t! co&te&t!> what?! %& the hou!e. /he ce&ter %! &ot %& the ab!tract ame&able to our co&trol> but what ather! about %t %! our a--a%r. *e ca&?t help be%& %&d%5%dual !el5e!> each o&e o- u!. '- !el-hood a! !uch %! a bad th%& > the blame l%e! &ot w%th the !el- but w%th the u&%5er!e> w%th pro5%de&ce. But %& -act the d%!t%&ct%o& betwee& a !el-%!h&e!! w%th wh%ch we -%&d -ault a&d a& u&!el-%!h&e!! wh%ch we e!teem %! -ou&d %& the 1ual%ty o- the act%5%t%e! wh%ch proceed -rom a&d e&ter %&to the !el-> accord%& a! they are co&tract%5e> eAclu!%5e> or eApa&!%5e outreach%& . Mea&%& eA%!t! -or !ome !el-> but th%! tru%!t%c -act doe!&?t -%A the 1ual%ty o- a&y part%cular mea&%& . 't may be !uch a! to make the !el- !mall> or !uch a! to eAalt a&d d% &%-y the !el-. 't %! a! %mpert%&e&t to decry the worth o- eAper%e&ce becau!e %t %! co&&ected w%th a !el- a! %t %! -a&ta!t%c to

< 293= %deal%Be per!o&al%ty >ju!t a! per!o&al%ty a!%de -rom the 1ue!t%o& what !ort o- a per!o& o&e %!. Cther per!o&! are !el5e! too. '- o&e?! ow& pre!e&t eAper%e&ce %! to be deprec%ated %& %t! mea&%& becau!e %t ce&ter! %& a !el-> why act -or the wel-are o- other!6 $el-%!h&e!! -or !el-%!h&e!!> o&e %! a! ood a! a&other@ our ow& %! worth a! much a! a&other?!. But the reco &%t%o& that ood %! alway! -ou&d %& a pre!e&t rowth o- !% &%-%ca&ce %& act%5%ty protect! u! -rom th%&k%& that wel-are ca& co&!%!t %& a !oup7k%tche& happ%&e!!> %& plea!ure! we ca& co&-er upo& other! -rom w%thout. 't !how! that ood %! the !ame %& 1ual%ty where5er %t %! -ou&d> whether %& !ome other !el- or %& o&e?! ow&. 3& act%5%ty ha! mea&%& %& the de ree %& wh%ch %t e!tabl%!he! a&d ack&owled e! 5ar%ety a&d %&t%macy oco&&ect%o&!. 3! lo& a! a&y !oc%al %mpul!e e&dure!> !o lo& a& act%5%ty that !hut! %t!elo-- w%ll br%& %&ward d%!!at%!-act%o& a&d e&ta%l a !tru le -or compe&!atory ood!> &o matter what plea!ure! or eAter&al !ucce!!e! accla%m %t! cour!e. /o !ay that the wel-are o- other!> l%ke our ow&> co&!%!t! %& a w%de&%& a&d deepe&%& othe percept%o&! that %5e act%5%ty %t! mea&%& > %& a& educat%5e rowth> %! to !et -orth a propo!%t%o& o- pol%t%cal %mport. /o 9make other! happy 9 eAcept throu h l%berat%& the%r power! a&d e& a %& them %& act%5%t%e! that e&lar e the mea&%& o- l%-e %! to harm them a&d to %&dul e our!el5e! u&der co5er o- eAerc%!%& a !pec%al 5%rtue. Cur moral mea!ure -or e!t%mat%& a&y eA%!t%& arra& eme&t or a&y propo!ed re-orm %! %t! e--ect upo&

<29E= %mpul!e a&d hab%t!. Doe! %t l%berate or !uppre!!> o!!%-y or re&der -leA%ble> d%5%de or u&%-y %&tere!t6 '! percept%o& 1u%cke&ed or dulled6 '! memory made apt a&d eAte&!%5e or &arrow a&d d%--u!ely %rrele5a&t6 '! %ma %&at%o& d%5erted to -a&ta!y a&d compe&!atory dream!> or doe! %t add -ert%l%ty to l%-e6 '! thou ht creat%5e or pu!hed o&e !%de %&to peda&t%c !pec%al%!m!6 /here %! a !e&!e %& wh%ch to !et up !oc%al wel-are a! a& e&d oact%o& o&ly promote! a& o--e&!%5e co&de!ce&!%o&> a har!h %&ter-ere&ce> or a& olea %&ou! d%!play o- complace&t k%&dl%&e!!. 't alway! te&d! %& th%! d%rect%o& whe& %t %! a%med at %5%& happ%&e!! to other! d%rectly> that %!> a! we ca& ha&d a phy!%cal th%& to a&other. /o -o!ter co&d%t%o&! that w%de& the hor%Bo& o- other! a&d %5e them comma&d o- the%r ow& power!> !o that they ca& -%&d the%r ow& happ%&e!! %& the%r ow& -a!h%o&> %! the way o- 9 !oc%al 9 act%o&. Ctherw%!e the prayer o- a -reema& would be to be le-t alo&e> a&d to be del%5ered> abo5e all> -rom 9 re-ormer! 9 a&d 9 k%&d 9 people. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_2F.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9Moral! are huma&>9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 29F73"2.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part % Conclusion (ection II 'orals are hu#an
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

$%&ce moral! %! co&cer&ed w%th co&duct> %t row! out o- !pec%-%c emp%r%cal -act!. 3lmo!t all %&-lue&t%al moral theor%e!> w%th the eAcept%o& o- the ut%l%tar%a&> ha5e re-u!ed to adm%t th%! %dea. )or +hr%!te&dom a! a whole> moral%ty ha! bee& co&&ected w%th !uper&atural comma&d!> reward! a&d pe&alt%e!. /ho!e who ha5e e!caped th%! !uper!t%t%o& ha5e co&te&ted them!el5e! w%th co&5ert%& the d%--ere&ce betwee& th%! world a&d the &eat %&to a d%!t%&ct%o& betwee& the actual a&d the %deal> what %! a&d what !hould be. /he actual world ha! &ot bee& !urre&dered to the de5%l %& &ame> but %t %! treated a! a d%!play o- phy!%cal -orce! %&capable o- e&erat%& moral 5alue!. +o&!e1ue&tly> moral co&!%derat%o&! mu!t be %&troduced -rom abo5e. (uma& &ature may &ot be o--%c%ally declared to be %&-ected becau!e o- !ome abor% %&al !%&> but %t %! !a%d to be !e&!uou!> %mpul!%5e> !ubjected to &ece!!%ty> wh%le &atural %&tell% e&ce %! !uch that %t ca&&ot r%!e abo5e a recko&%& o- pr%5ate eAped%e&cy. But %& -act moral! %! the mo!t huma&e o- all !ubject!. 't %! that wh%ch %! clo!e!t to huma& &ature@ %t %! %&erad%cably emp%r%cal> &ot theolo %cal &or metaphy!%cal &or mathemat%cal.

$%&ce %t d%rectly co&cer&! huma& &ature> e5eryth%& that ca& be k&ow& o- the huma& m%&d a&d body %& phy!%olo y> med%c%&e> a&thro7

<29H= 7polo y> a&d p!ycholo y %! pert%&e&t to moral %&1u%ry. (uma& &ature eA%!t! a&d operate! %& a& e&5%ro&me&t. 3&d %t %! &ot 9 %& 9 that e&5%ro&me&t a! co%&! are %& a boA> but a! a pla&t %! %& the !u&l% ht a&d !o%l. 't %! o- them> co&t%&uou! w%th the%r e&er %e!> depe&de&t upo& the%r !upport> capable o- %&crea!e o&ly a! %t ut%l%Be! them> a&d a! %t radually rebu%ld! -rom the%r crude %&d%--ere&ce a& e&5%ro&me&t e&%ally c%5%l%Bed. (e&ce phy!%c!> chem%!try> h%!tory> !tat%!t%c!> e& %&eer%& !c%e&ce> are a part od%!c%pl%&ed moral k&owled e !o -ar a! they e&able u! to u&der!ta&d the co&d%t%o&! a&d a e&c%e! throu h wh%ch ma& l%5e!> a&d o& accou&t o- wh%ch he -orm! a&d eAecute! h%! pla&!. Moral !c%e&ce %! &ot !ometh%& w%th a !eparate pro5%&ce. 't %! phy!%cal> b%olo %cal a&d h%!tor%c k&owled e placed %& a huma& co&teAt where %t w%ll %llum%&ate a&d u%de the act%5%t%e! o- me&. /he path o- truth %! &arrow a&d !tra%te&ed. 't %! o&ly too ea!y to wa&der beyo&d the cour!e -rom th%! !%de to that. '& a react%o& -rom that error wh%ch ha! made moral! -a&at%c or -a&ta!t%c> !e&t%me&tal or author%tat%5e by !e5er%& them -rom actual -act! a&d -orce!> theor%!t! ha5e o&e to the other eAtreme. /hey ha5e %&!%!ted that &atural law! are them!el5e! moral law!> !o that %t rema%&!> a-ter &ot%& them> o&ly to co&-orm to them. /h%! doctr%&e o- accord w%th &ature ha! u!ually marked a tra&!%t%o& per%od. *he& mytholo y %! dy%& %& %t! ope& -orm!> a&d whe& !oc%al l%-e %! !o d%!turbed that cu!tom a&d trad%t%o& -a%l to !upply the%r wo&ted co&trol> me& re!ort to .ature a! a &orm.

<29I= /hey apply to .ature all the eulo %!t%c pred%cate! pre5%ou!ly a!!oc%ated w%th d%5%&e law@ or &atural law %! co&ce%5ed o- a! the o&ly true d%5%&e law. /h%! happe&ed %& o&e -orm %& $to%c%!m. 't happe&ed %& a&other -orm %& the de%!m o- the e% htee&th ce&tury w%th %t! &ot%o& o- a be&e5ole&t> harmo&%ou!> wholly rat%o&al order o- .ature. '& our t%me th%! &ot%o& ha! bee& perpetuated %& co&&ect%o& w%th a la%!!eB7-a%re !oc%al ph%lo!ophy a&d the theory o- e5olut%o&. (uma& %&tell% e&ce %! thou ht to mark a& art%-%c%al %&ter-ere&ce %- %t doe! more tha& re %!ter -%Aed &atural law! a! rule! o- huma& act%o&. /he proce!! o- &atural e5olut%o& %! co&ce%5ed a! the eAact model o- huma& e&dea5or. /he two %dea! met %& $pe&cer. /o the 9 e&l% hte&ed 9 o- a -ormer e&erat%o&>. $pe&cer?! e5olut%o&ary ph%lo!ophy !eemed to a--ord a !c%e&t%-%c !a&ct%o& -or the &ece!!%ty o- moral pro re!!> wh%le %t al!o pro5ed> up to the h%lt> the -ut%l%ty o- del%berate 9 %&ter-ere&ce 9 w%th the be&e5ole&t operat%o&! o- &ature. /he %dea o- >ju!t%ce wa! %de&t%-%ed w%th the law o- cau!e a&d e--ect. /ra&! re!!%o& o- &atural law wrou ht %& the !tru le -or eA%!te&ce %t! ow& pe&alty o- el%m%&at%o&> a&d co&-orm%ty w%th %t brou ht the reward o- %&crea!ed 5%tal%ty a&d happ%&e!!. By th%! proce!! e o%!t%c de!%re %! radually com%& %&to harmo&y w%th the &ece!!%ty o- t%lt? e&5%ro&me&t> t%ll at la!t the %&d%5%dual automat%cally -%&d! happ%&e!! %& do%& what the &atural a&d !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t dema&d!> a&d !er5e! h%m!el- %& !er5%& other!. )rom th%! po%&t o- 5%ew> earl%er 9 !c%e&t%-%c 9 ph%lo!opher! made a m%!take> but

< 29J= o&ly the m%!take o- a&t%c%pat%& the date o- complete &atural harmo&y. 3ll that rea!o& ca& do %! to ack&owled e the e5olut%o&ary -orce!> a&d thereby re-ra%& -rom

retard%& the arr%5al o- the happy day o- per-ect harmo&y. Mea&t%me ju!t%ce dema&d! that the weak a&d % &ora&t !u--er the e--ect o- 5%olat%o& o- &atural law> wh%le the w%!e a&d able reap the reward! o- the%r !uper%or%ty. /he -u&dame&tal de-ect o- !uch 5%ew! %! that they -a%l to !ee the d%--ere&ce made %& co&d%t%o&! a&d e&er %e! by percept%o& o- them. 't %! the -%r!t bu!%&e!! o- m%&d to be 9 real%!t%c>9 to !ee th%& ! 9 a! they are.9 '-> -or eAample> b%olo y ca& %5e u! k&owled e othe cau!e! o- compete&cy a&d %&compete&cy> !tre& th a&d weak&e!!> that k&owled e %! all to the ood. 3 &o&!e&t%me&tal moral! w%ll !eek -or all the %&!truct%o& &atural !c%e&ce ca& %5e co&cer&%& the b%olo %cal co&d%t%o&! a&d co&!e1ue&ce! o- %&-er%or%ty a&d !uper%or%ty. But k&owled e o- -act! doe! &ot e&ta%l co&-orm%ty a&d ac1u%e!ce&ce. /he co&trary %! the ca!e. Percept%o& o- th%& ! a! they are %! but a !ta e %& the proce!! omak%& them d%--ere&t. /hey ha5e already be u& to be d%--ere&t %& be%& k&ow&> -or by that -act they e&ter %&to a d%--ere&t co&teAt> a co&teAt o- -ore!% ht a&d jud me&t o- better a&d wor!e. 3 -al!e p!ycholo y o- a !eparate realm o- co&!c%ou!&e!! %! the o&ly rea!o& th%! -act %! &ot e&erally ack&owled ed. Moral%ty re!%de! &ot %& percept%o& o- -act> but %& the u!e made o- %t! percept%o&. 't %! a mo&!trou! a!!umpt%o& that %t! !ole u!e %! to utter be&ed%ct%o&! upo& -act a&d %t!

<299= o--!pr%& . 't %! the part o- %&tell% e&ce to tell whe& to u!e the -act to co&-orm a&d perpetuate> a&d whe& to u!e %t to 5ary co&d%t%o&! a&d co&!e1ue&ce!. 't %! ab!urd to !uppo!e that k&owled e about the co&&ect%o& betwee& %&-er%or%ty a&d %t! co&!e1ue&ce! pre!cr%be! adhere&ce to that co&&ect%o&. 't %! l%ke !uppo!%& that k&owled e o- the co&&ect%o& betwee& malar%a a&d mo!1u%toe! e&jo%&! breed%& mo!1u%toe!. /he -act whe& %t %! k&ow& e&ter! %&to a &ew e&5%ro&me&t. *%thout cea!%& to belo& to the phy!%cal e&5%ro&me&t %t e&ter! al!o %&to a med%um o- huma& act%5%t%e!> o- de!%re! a&d a5er!%o&!> hab%t! a&d %&!t%&ct!. 't thereby a%&! &ew pote&c%e!> &ew capac%t%e!. 2u&powder %& water doe! &ot act the !ame a! u&powder &eAt a -lame. 3 -act k&ow& doe! &ot operate the !ame a! a -act u&perce%5ed. *he& %t %! k&ow& %t come! %&to co&tact w%th the -lame o- de!%re a&d the cold bath o- a&t%pathy. N&owled e o- the co&d%t%o&! that breed %&capac%ty may -%t %&to !ome de!%re to ma%&ta%& other! %& that !tate wh%le a5ert%& %t -or o&e?! !el-. Cr %t may -all %& w%th a character wh%ch -%&d! %t!elblocked by !uch -act!> a&d there-ore !tr%5e! to u!e k&owled e o- cau!e! to make a cha& e %& e--ect!. Moral%ty be %&! at th%! po%&t o- u!e o- k&owled e o- &atural law> a u!e 5ary%& w%th the act%5e !y!tem o- d%!po!%t%o&! a&d de!%re!. '&tell% e&t act%o& 1! &ot co&cer&ed w%th the bare co&!e1ue&ce! o- the th%& k&ow&> but w%th co&!e1ue&ce! to be brou ht %&to eA%!te&ce by act%o& co&d%t%o&ed o& the k&owled e. Me& may u!e the%r k&owled e to %&duce co&-orm%ty or eAa erat%o&> or to e--ect cha& e a&d abol%t%o& oco&7

<3""= 7d%t%o&!. /he 1ual%ty o- the!e co&!e1ue&ce! determ%&e! the 1ue!t%o& o- better or wor!e. /he eAa erat%o& o- the harmo&y attr%buted to .ature arou!ed me& to &ote %t! d%!harmo&%e!. 3& opt%m%!t%c 5%ew o- &atural be&e5ole&ce wa! -ollowed by a more ho&e!t> le!! roma&t%c 5%ew o- !tru le a&d co&-l%ct %& &ature. 3-ter (el5et%u! a&d Be&tham came Malthu! a&d Darw%&. /he problem o- moral! %! the problem o- de!%re

a&d %&tell% e&ce. *hat %! to be do&e w%th the!e -act! o- d%!harmo&y a&d co&-l%ct6 3-ter we ha5e d%!co5ered the place a&d co&!e1ue&ce! o- co&-l%ct %& &ature> we ha5e !t%ll to d%!co5er %t! place a&d work%& %& huma& &eed a&d thou ht. *hat %! %t! o--%ce> %t! -u&ct%o&> %t! po!!%b%l%ty> or u!e6 '& e&eral> the a&!wer %! !%mple. +o&-l%ct %! the ad-ly o- thou ht. 't !t%r! u! to ob!er5at%o& a&d memory. 't %&!t% ate! to %&5e&t%o&. 't !hock! u! out o- !heep7l%ke pa!!%5%ty> a&d !et! u! at &ot%& a&d co&tr%5%& . .ot that %t alway! e--ect! th%! re!ult@ but that co&-l%ct %! a sine qua non o- re-lect%o& a&d %& e&u%ty. *he& th%! po!!%b%l%ty o- mak%& u!e o- co&-l%ct ha! o&ce bee& &oted> %t %! po!!%ble to ut%l%Be %t !y!temat%cally to !ub!t%tute the arb%trat%o& o- m%&d -or that o- brutal attack a&d brute collap!e. But the te&de&cy to take &atural law -or a &orm o- act%o& wh%ch the !uppo!edly !c%e&t%-%c ha5e %&her%ted -rom e% htee&th ce&tury rat%o&al%!m lead! to a& %deal%Bat%o& othe pr%&c%ple o- co&-l%ct %t!el-. 't! o--%ce %& promot%& pro re!! throu h arou!%& %&tell% e&ce %! o5erlooked> a&d %t %! erected %&to the e&erator o- pro re!!. Narl MarA borrowed -rom the d%alect%c o- (e el the %dea o- the

<3"1= &ece!!%ty o- a &e at%5e eleme&t> o- oppo!%t%o&> -or ad5a&ce. (e projected %t %&to !oc%al a--a%r! a&d reached the co&clu!%o& that all !oc%al de5elopme&t come! -rom co&-l%ct betwee& cla!!e!> a&d that there-ore cla!!7war-are %! to be cult%5ated. (e&ce a !uppo!edly !c%e&t%-%c -orm o- the doctr%&e o- !oc%al e5olut%o& preache! !oc%al ho!t%l%ty a! the road to !oc%al harmo&y. 't would be d%--%cult to -%&d a more !tr%k%& %&!ta&ce o- what happe&! whe& &atural e5e&t! are %5e& a !oc%al a&d pract%cal !a&ct%-%cat%o&. Darw%&%!m ha! bee& !%m%larly u!ed to ju!t%-y war a&d the brutal%t%e! o- compet%t%o& -or wealth a&d power. /he eAcu!e> the pro5ocat%o&> thou h &ot the ju!t%-%cat%o& -or !uch a doctr%&e %! -ou&d %& the act%o&! o- tho!e who !ay peace> peace> whe& there %! &o peace> who re-u!e to reco &%Be -act! a! they are> who procla%m a &atural harmo&y o- wealth a&d mer%t> ocap%tal a&d labor> a&d the &atural ju!t%ce> %& the ma%&> o- eA%!t%& co&d%t%o&!. /here %! !ometh%& horr%ble> !ometh%& that make! o&e -ear -or c%5%l%Bat%o&> %& de&u&c%at%o&! ocla!!7d%--ere&ce! a&d cla!! !tru le! wh%ch proceed -rom a cla!! %& power> o&e that %! !e%B%& e5ery mea&!> e5e& to a mo&opoly o- moral %deal!> to carry o& %t! !tru le -or cla!!7power. /h%! cla!! add! hypocr%!y to co&-l%ct a&d br%& ! all %deal%!m %&to d%!repute. 't doe! e5eryth%& wh%ch %& e&u%ty a&d pre!t% e ca& do to %5e color to the a!!ert%o&! otho!e who !ay that all moral co&!%derat%o&! are %rrele5a&t> a&d that the %!!ue %! o&e obrute tr%al o- -orce! betwee& th%! !%de a&d that. /he alter&at%5e> here a! el!ewhere> %! &ot betwee& de&y%&

< 3"2= -act! %& behal- o- !ometh%& termed moral %deal! a&d accept%& -act! a! -%&al. /here rema%&! the po!!%b%l%ty o- reco &%B%& -act! a&d u!%& them a! a challe& e to %&tell% e&ce to mod%-y the e&5%ro&me&t a&d cha& e hab%t!.

7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_2H.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as
8oh& Dewey. 9*hat %! )reedom69 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 3"37313.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part % Conclusion III ,hat is +reedo#5
Table of Contents | Next | Pre)ious

/he place o- &atural -act a&d law %& moral! br%& ! u! to the problem o- -reedom. *e are told that !er%ou!ly to %mport emp%r%cal -act! %&to moral! %! e1u%5ale&t to a& abro at%o& o-reedom. )act! a&d law! mea& &ece!!%ty we are told. /he way to -reedom %! to tur& our back upo& them a&d take -l% ht to a !eparate %deal realm. D5e& %- the -l% ht could be !ucce!!-ully accompl%!hed> the e--%cacy o- the pre!cr%pt%o& may be doubted. )or we &eed -reedom %& a&d amo& actual e5e&t!> &ot apart -rom them. 't %! to be hoped there-ore that there rema%&! a& alter&at%5e@ that the road to -reedom may be -ou&d %& that k&owled e o- -act! wh%ch e&able! u! to employ them %& co&&ect%o& w%th de!%re! a&d a%m!. 3 phy!%c%a& or e& %&eer %! -ree %& h%! thou ht a&d h%! act%o& %& the de ree %& wh%ch he k&ow! what he deal! w%th. Po!!%bly we -%&d here the key to a&y -reedom. *hat me& ha5e e!teemed a&d -ou ht -or %& the &ame o- l%berty %! 5ar%ed a&d compleAK but certa%&ly %t ha! &e5er bee& a metaphy!%cal -reedom o- w%ll. 't !eem! to co&ta%& three eleme&t! o- %mporta&ce> thou h o& the%r -ace &ot all o- them are d%rectly compat%ble w%th o&e a&other. <%= 't %&clude! e--%c%e&cy %& act%o&> ab%l%ty to carry out pla&!> the ab!e&ce o- cramp%& a&d thwart%& ob!tacle!. <%%= 't al!o %&clude! capac%ty to

<3"E= 5ary pla&!> to cha& e the cour!e o- act%o&> to eAper%e&ce &o5elt%e!. 3&d a a%& <%%%= %t !% &%-%e! the power o- de!%re a&d cho%ce to be -actor! %& e5e&t!. )ew me& would purcha!e e5e& a h% h amou&t o- e--%c%e&t act%o& alo& de-%&%te l%&e! at the pr%ce o- mo&oto&y> or %- !ucce!! %& act%o& were bou ht by all aba&do&me&t oper!o&al pre-ere&ce. /hey would probably -eel that a more prec%ou! -reedom wa! po!!e!!ed %& a l%-e o- %ll7a!!ured object%5e ach%e5eme&t that co&ta%&ed u&dertak%& or%!k!> ad5e&tur%& %& &ew -%eld!> a p%tt%& o- per!o&al cho%ce a a%&!t the odd! o- e5e&t!> a&d a m%Ature o- !ucce!! a&d -a%lure!> pro5%ded cho%ce had a career. /he !la5e %! a ma& who eAecute! the w%!h o- other!> o&e doomed to act alo& l%&e! predeterm%&ed to re ular%ty. /ho!e who ha5e de-%&ed -reedom a! ab%l%ty to act ha5e u&co&!c%ou!ly a!!umed that th%! ab%l%ty %! eAerc%!ed %& accord w%th de!%re> a&d that %t! operat%o& %&troduce! the a e&t %&to -%eld! pre5%ou!ly u&eAplored. (e&ce the co&cept%o& o- -reedom a! %&5ol5%& three -actor!. :et e--%c%e&cy %& eAecut%o& ca&&ot be % &ored. /o !ay that a ma& %! -ree to choo!e to walk wh%le the o&ly walk he ca& take w%ll lead h%m o5er a prec%p%ce %! to !tra%& word! a! well a! -act!. '&tell% e&ce %! the key to -reedom %& act. *e are l%kely to be able to o

ahead pro!perou!ly %& the de ree %& wh%ch we ha5e co&!ulted co&d%t%o&! a&d -ormed a pla& wh%ch e&l%!t! the%r co&!e&t%& cooperat%o&. /he ratu%tou! help o- u&-ore!ee& c%rcum!ta&ce we ca&&ot a--ord to de!p%!e. ;uck> bad %- &ot ood> w%ll alway! be w%th u!. But %t ba! a way

<3"F= o- -a5or%& the %&tell% e&t a&d !how%& %t! back to the !tup%d. 3&d the %-t! o-ortu&e whe& they come are -leet%& eAcept whe& they are made taut by %&tell% e&t adaptat%o& o- co&d%t%o&!. '& &eutral a&d ad5er!e c%rcum!ta&ce!> !tudy a&d -ore!% ht are the o&ly road! to u&%mpeded act%o&. '&!%!te&ce upo& a metaphy!%cal -reedom o- w%ll %! e&erally at %t! mo!t !tr%de&t p%tch w%th tho!e who de!p%!e k&owled e o- matter!7o-7-act. /hey pay -or the%r co&tempt by halt%& a&d co&-%&ed act%o&. 2lor%-%cat%o& o- -reedom %& e&eral at the eApe&!e o- po!%t%5e ab%l%t%e! %& part%cular ha! o-te& character%Bed the o--%c%al creed o- h%!tor%c l%beral%!m. 't! outward !% & %! the !eparat%o& o- pol%t%c! a&d law -rom eco&om%c!. Much o- what %! eA%led the 9%&d%5%dual%!m9 o- the early &%&etee&th ce&tury ha! %& truth l%ttle to do w%th the &ature o- %&d%5%dual!. 't oe! back to a metaphy!%c! wh%ch held that harmo&y betwee& ma& a&d &ature ca& be take& -or ra&ted> %- o&ce certa%& art%-%c%al re!tr%ct%o&! upo& tha& are remo5ed. (e&ce %t &e lected the &ece!!%ty o- !tudy%& a&d re ulat%& %&du!tr%al co&d%t%o&! !o that a &om%&al -reedom ca& be made a& actual%ty. )%&d a ma& who bel%e5e! that all me& &eed %! -reedom -rom oppre!!%5e le al a&d pol%t%cal mea!ure!> a&d you ha5e -ou&d a ma& who> u&le!! he %! merely ob!t%&ately ma%&ta%&%& h%! ow& pr%5ate pr%5%le e!> carr%e! at the back o- h%! head !ome her%ta e o- the metaphy!%cal doctr%&e o- -ree7w%ll> plu! a& opt%m%!t%c co&-%de&ce %& &atural harmo&y. (e &eed! a ph%lo!ophy that reco &%Be! the object%5e character o-reedom a&d %t! depe&de&ce upo& a co& ru%ty o- e&5%ro&7

< 3"H= 7me&t w%th huma& wa&t!> a& a reeme&t wh%ch ca& be obta%&ed o&ly by pro-ou&d thou ht a&d u&rem%tt%& appl%cat%o&. )or -reedom a! a -act depe&d! upo& co&d%t%o&! owork wh%ch are !oc%ally a&d !c%e&t%-%cally buttre!!ed. $%&ce %&du!try co5er! the mo!t per5a!%5e relat%o&! o- ma& w%th h%! e&5%ro&me&t> -reedom %! u&real wh%ch !loe! &ot ha5e a! %t! ba!%! a& eco&om%c comma&d o- e&5%ro&me&t. ' ha5e &o de!%re to add a&other to the cheap a&d ea!y !olut%o&! wh%ch eA%!t o- the !eem%& co&-l%ct betwee& -reedom a&d or a&%Bat%o&. 't %! rea!o&ably ob5%ou! that or a&%Bat%o& may become a h%&dra&ce to -reedom@ %t doe! &ot take u! -ar to !ay that the trouble l%e! &ot %& or a&%Bat%o& but %& o5er7or a&%Bat%o&. 3t the !ame t%me> %t mu!t be adm%tted that there %! &o e--ect%5e or object%5e -reedom w%thout or a&%Bat%o&. 't %! ea!y to cr%t%c%Be the co&tract theory o- the !tate wh%ch !tate! that %&d%5%dual! !urre&der !ome at lea!t o- the%r &atural l%bert%e! %& order to make !ecure a! c%5%l l%bert%e! what they reta%&. .e5erthele!! there %! !ome truth %& the %dea o- !urre&der a&d eAcha& e> 3 certa%& &atural -reedom %! po!!e!!ed by ma&. /hat %! to !ay> %& !ome re!pect! harmo&y eA%!t! betwee& a ma&?! e&er %e! a&d h%! !urrou&d%& ! !uch that the latter !upport a&d eAecute h%! purpo!e!. '& !o -ar he %! -ree> w%thout !uch a ba!%c &atural !upport> co&!c%ou! co&tr%5a&ce! o- le %!lat%o&> adm%&%!trat%o& a&d del%berate huma& %&!t%tut%o& o- !oc%al arra& eme&t! ca&&ot take place. '& th%! !e&!e &atural -reedom %! pr%or to pol%t%cal -reedom a&d %! %t! co&d%t%o&. But we ca&&ot tru!t wholly to a -ree7

< 3"I= 7dom thu! procured. 't %! at the mercy o- acc%de&t. +o&!c%ou! a reeme&t! amo& me& mu!t !uppleme&t a&d %& !ome de ree !uppla&t -reedom o- act%o& wh%ch %! the %-t o- &ature. '& order to arr%5e at the!e a reeme&t!> %&d%5%dual! ha5e to make co&ce!!%o&!. /hey mu!t co&!e&t to curta%lme&t o- !ome &atural l%bert%e! %& order that a&y o- them may be re&dered !ecure a&d e&dur%& . /hey mu!t> %& !hort> e&ter %&to a& or a&%Bat%o& w%th other huma& be%& ! !o that the act%5%t%e! o- other! may be perma&e&tly cou&ted upo& to a!!ure re ular%ty o- act%o& a&d -ar7reach%& !cope o- pla&! a&d cour!e! oact%o&. /he procedure %! &ot> %& !o -ar> u&l%ke !urre&der%& a port%o& o- o&e?! %&come %& order to buy %&!ura&ce a a%&!t -uture co&t%& e&c%e!> a&d thu! to re&der the -uture cour!e o- l%-e more e1uably !ecure. 't would he -olly to ma%&ta%& that there %! &o !acr%-%ce@ we ca& howe5er co&te&d that the !acr%-%ce %! a rea!o&able o&e> ju!t%-%ed by re!ult!. ,%ewed %& th%! l% ht> the relat%o& o- %&d%5%dual -reedom to or a&%Bat%o& %! !ee& to be a& eAper%me&tal a--a%r. 't %! &ot capable o- be%& !ettled by ab!tract theory. /ake the 1ue!t%o& o- labor u&%o&! a&d the clo!ed or ope& !hop. 't %! -olly to -a&cy that &o re!tr%ct%o&! a&d !urre&der! o- pr%or -reedom! a&d po!!%b%l%t%e! o- -uture -reedom! are %&5ol5ed %& the eAte&!%o& o- th%! part%cular -orm o- or a&%Bat%o&. But to co&dem& !uch or a&%Bat%o& o& the theoret%cal rou&d that a re!tr%ct%o& o- l%berty %! e&ta%led %! to adopt a po!%t%o& wh%ch would ha5e bee& -atal to e5ery ad5a&ce !tep %& c%5%l%Bat%o&> a&d to e5ery &et a%& %& e--ect%5e

< 3"J= -reedom. D5ery !uch 1ue!t%o& %! to be jud ed &ot o& the ba!%! o- a&tecede&t theory but o& the ba!%! o- co&crete co&!e1ue&ce!. /he 1ue!t%o& %! to the bala&ce o-reedom a&d !ecur%ty ach%e5ed> a! compared w%th pract%cable alter&at%5e!. D5e& the 1ue!t%o& o- the po%&t where member!h%p %& a& or a&%Bat%o& cea!e! to be a 5olu&tary matter a&d become! coerc%5e or re1u%red> %! al!o a& eAper%me&tal matter> a th%& to be dec%ded by !c%e&t%-%cally co&ducted !tudy o- co&!e1ue&ce!> o- pro! a&d co&!. 't %! de-%&%tely a& a--a%r o- !pec%-%c deta%l> &ot o- whole!ale theory. 't %! e1ually amu!%& to !ee o&e ma& de&ou&c%& o& rou&d! o- pure theory the coerc%o& o- worker! by a labor u&%o& wh%le he a5a%l! h%m!el- o- the %&crea!ed power due to corporate act%o& %& bu!%&e!! a&d pra%!e! the coerc%o& o- the pol%t%cal !tate@ a&d to !ee a&other ma& de&ou&c%& the latter a! pure tyra&&y> wh%le laud%& the power o- %&du!tr%al labor or a&%Bat%o&!. /he po!%t%o& o- o&e or the other may be ju!t%-%ed %& part%cular ca!e!> but ju!t%-%cat%o& %! due to re!ult! %& pract%ce &ot to e&eral theory. Cr a&%Bat%o& te&d!> howe5er> to become r% %d a&d to l%m%t -reedom. '& add%t%o& to !ecur%ty a&d e&er y %& act%o&> &o5elty> r%!k> cha& e are %& red%e&t! o- the -reedom wh%ch me& de!%re. ,ar%ety %! more tha& the !p%ce o- l%-e@ %t %! lar ely o- %t! e!!e&ce> mak%& a d%--ere&ce betwee& the -ree a&d the e&!la5ed. '&5ar%a&t 5%rtue appear! to be a! mecha&%cal a! u&%&terrupted 5%ce> -or true eAcelle&ce cha& e! w%th co&d%t%o&!. 0&le!! character r%!e! to o5ercome !ome &ew d%--%culty or co&1uer !ome temptat%o& -rom a& u&eApected 1uarter

< 3"9= we !u!pect %t! ra%& %! o&ly a 5e&eer. +ho%ce %! a& eleme&t %& -reedom a&d there ca& be &o cho%ce w%thout u&real%Bed a&d precar%ou! po!!%b%l%t%e!. 't %! th%! dema&d -or e&u%&e co&t%& e&cy wh%ch %! car%catured %& the orthodoA doctr%&e o- a -reedom o%&d%--ere&ce> a power to choo!e th%! way or that apart -rom a&y hab%t or %mpul!e> w%thout e5e& a de!%re o& the part o- w%ll to !how o--. $uch a& %&determ%&at%o& o- cho%ce

%! &ot de!%red by the lo5er o- e%ther rea!o& or eAc%teme&t. /he theory o- arb%trary -ree cho%ce repre!e&t! %&determ%&ate&e!! o- co&d%t%o&! ra!ped %& a 5a ue a&d laBy -a!h%o& a&d harde&ed %&to a de!%rable attr%bute o- w%ll. 0&der the t%tle o- -reedom me& pr%Be !uch u&certa%&ty o- co&d%t%o&! a! %5e del%berat%o& a&d cho%ce a& opportu&%ty. But u&certa%&ty o- 5ol%t%o& wh%ch %! more tha& a re-lect%o& o- u&certa%&ty o- co&d%t%o&! %! the mark o- a per!o& who ha! ac1u%red %mbec%l%ty o- character throu h perma&e&t weake&%& o- h%! !pr%& ! o- act%o&. *hether or &ot %&determ%&ate&e!!> u&certa%&ty> actually eA%!t! %& the world %! a d%--%cult 1ue!t%o&. 't %! ea!%er to th%&k o- the world a! -%Aed> !ettled o&ce -or all> a&d ma& a! accumulat%& all the u&certa%&ty there %! %& h%! w%ll a&d all the doubt there %! %& h%! %&tellect. /he r%!e o- &atural !c%e&ce ha! -ac%l%tated th%! dual%!t%c part%t%o&%& > mak%& &ature wholly -%Aed a&d m%&d wholly ope& a&d empty. )ortu&ately -or u! we do &ot ha5e to !ettle the 1ue!t%o&. 3 hypothet%cal a&!wer %! e&ou h. ' - the world %! already do&e a&d do&e -or> %- %t! character %! e&t%rely ach%e5ed !o that %t! beha5%or %! l%ke that oa ma& lo!t %& rout%&e> the& the o&ly -ree7

< 31"= 7dom -or wh%ch ma& ca& hope %! o&e o- e--%c%e&cy %& o5ert act%o&. But %- - cha& e %! e&u%&e> %- accou&t! are !t%ll %& proce!! o- mak%& > a&d %- object%5e u&certa%&ty %! the !t%mulu! to re-lect%o&> the& 5ar%at%o& %& act%o&> &o5elty a&d eAper%me&t> ha5e a true mea&%& . '& a&y ca!e the 1ue!t%o& %! a& object%5e o&e. 't co&cer&! &ot ma& %& %!olat%o& -rom the world but ma& %& h%! co&&ect%o& w%th %t. 3 world that %! at po%&t! a&d t%me! %&determ%&ate e&ou h to call out del%berat%o& a&d to %5e play to cho%ce to !hape %t! -uture %! a world %& wh%ch w%ll %! -ree> &ot becau!e %t %! %&here&tly 5ac%llat%& a&d u&!table> but becau!e del%berat%o& a&d cho%ce are determ%&%& a&d !tab%l%B%& -actor!. 0po& a& emp%r%cal 5%ew> u&certa%&ty> doubt> he!%tat%o&> co&t%& e&cy a&d &o5elty> e&u%&e cha& e wh%ch %! &ot mere d%! u%!ed repet%t%o&> are -act!. C&ly deduct%5e rea!o&%& -rom certa%& -%Aed prem%!!e! create! a b%a! %& -a5or o- complete determ%&at%o& a&d -%&al%ty. /o !ay that the!e th%& ! eA%!t o&ly %& huma& eAper%e&ce &ot %& the world> a&d eA%!t there o&ly becau!e o- our 9 -%&%tude 9 %! da& erou!ly l%ke pay%& our!el5e! w%th word!. Dmp%r%cally the l%-e o- ma& !eem! %& the!e re!pect! a! %& other! to eApre!! a culm%&at%o& o- -act! %& &ature. /o adm%t % &ora&ce a&d u&certa%&ty %& ma& wh%le de&y%& d%em to &ature %&5ol5e! & cur%ou! dual%!m. ,ar%ab%l%ty> %&%t%at%5e> %&&o5at%o&> departure -rom rout%&e> eAper%me&tat%o& are emp%r%cally the ma&%-e!tat%o& o- a e&u%&e &%!u! %& th%& !. 3t all e5e&t! %t %! the!e th%& ! that are prec%ou! to u! u&der the &ame o-reedom. 't %! the%r el%m%&at%o& -rom the l%-e o- a

<311= !la5e wh%ch make! h%! l%-e !er5%le> %&tolerable to the -reema& who ha! o&ce bee& o& h%! ow&> &o matter what h%! a&%mal com-ort a&d !ecur%ty. 3 -reema& would rather take h%! cha&ce %& a& ope& world tha& be uara&teed %& a clo!ed world. /he!e co&!%derat%o&! %5e po%&t to the th%rd -actor %& lo5e o- -reedom: the de!%re to ha5e de!%re cou&t a! a -actor> a -orce. D5e& %- w%ll choo!e! u&accou&tably> e5e& %- %t be a capr%c%ou! %mpul!e> %t doe! &ot -ollow that there are real alter&at%5e!> e&u%&e po!!%b%l%t%e!> ope& %& the -uture. *hat we wa&t %! po!!%b%l%t%e! ope& %& the world &ot %& the w%ll> eAcept a! w%ll or del%berate act%5%ty re-lect! the world. /o -ore!ee -uture object%5e alter&at%5e! a&d to be able by del%berat%o& to choo!e o&e o- them a&d thereby

we% ht %t! cha&ce! %& the !tru le -or -uture eA%!te&ce> mea!ure! our -reedom. 't %! a!!umed !omet%me! that %- %t ca& be !how& that del%berat%o& determ%&e! cho%ce a&d del%berat%o& %! determ%&ed by character a&d co&d%t%o&!> there %! &o -reedom. /h%! %! l%ke !ay%& that becau!e a -lower come! -rom root a&d !tem %t ca&&ot bear -ru%t. /he 1ue!t%o& %! &ot what are the a&tecede&t! o- del%berat%o& a&d cho%ce> but what are the%r co&!e1ue&ce!. *hat do they do that %! d%!t%&ct%5e6 /he a&!wer %! that they %5e u! all the co&trol o- -uture po!!%b%l%t%e! wh%ch %! ope& to u!> 3&d th%! +o&trol %! the cruA o- our -reedom. *%thout %t> we are pu!hed -rom beh%&d. *%th %t we walk %& the l% ht. /he doctr%&e that k&owled e> %&tell% e&ce rather tha& w%ll> co&!t%tute! -reedom %! &ot &ew. 't ha! bee&

<312= preached by moral%!t! o- ma&y a !chool. 3ll rat%o&al%!t! ha5e %de&t%-%ed -reedom w%th act%o& ema&c%pated by %&!% ht %&to truth. But %&!% ht %&to &ece!!%ty ha! by them bee& !ub!t%tuted -or -ore!% ht o- po!!%b%l%t%e!. /ol!to% -or eAample eApre!!ed the %dea o$p%&oBa a&d (e el whe& he !a%d that the oA %! a !la5e a! lo& a! he re-u!e! to reco &%Be the yoke a&d cha-e! u&der %t> wh%le %- he %de&t%-%e! h%m!el- w%th %t! &ece!!%ty a&d draw! w%ll%& ly %&!tead o- rebell%ou!ly> he %! -ree. But a! lo& a! the yoke %! a yoke %t %! %mpo!!%ble that 5olu&tary %de&t%-%cat%o& w%th %t !hould occur. +o&!c%ou! !ubm%!!%o& %! the& e%ther -atal%!t%c !ubm%!!%5e&e!! or coward%ce. /he oA accept! %& -act &ot the yoke but the !tall a&d the hay to wh%ch the yoke %! a &ece!!ary %&c%de&t. But %- the oA -ore!ee! the co&!e1ue&ce! o- the u!e o- the yoke> %- he a&t%c%pate! the po!!%b%l%ty o- har5e!t> a&d %de&t%-%e! h%m!el- &ot w%th the yoke but w%th the real%Bat%o& o- %t! po!!%b%l%t%e!> he act! -reely> 5olu&tar%ly. (e ha!&?t accepted a &ece!!%ty a! u&a5o%dable@ he ha! welcomed a po!!%b%l%ty a! a de!%rab%l%ty. Percept%o& o- &ece!!ary law play!> %&deed> a part. But &o amou&t o- %&!% ht %&to &ece!!%ty br%& ! w%th %t> a! !uch> a&yth%& but a co&!c%ou!&e!! o- &ece!!%ty. )reedom %! the 9truth o- &ece!!%ty9 o&ly whe& we u!e o&e 9&ece!!%ty9 to alter a&other. *he& we u!e the law to -ore!ee co&!e1ue&ce! a&d to co&!%der how they may be a5erted or !ecured> the& -reedom be %&!. Dmploy%& k&owled e o- law to e&-orce de!%re %& eAecut%o& %5e! power to the e& %&eer. Dmploy%& k&owled e o- haw %& order to !ubm%t to %t w%thout -urther act%o& co&7

< 313= 7!t%tute! -atal%!m> &o matter how %t be dre!!ed up. /hu! we recur to our ma%& co&te&t%o&. Moral%ty depe&d! upo& e5e&t!> &ot upo& comma&d! a&d %deal! al%e& to &ature. But %&tell% e&ce treat! e5e&t! a! mo5%& > a! -rau ht w%th po!!%b%l%t%e!> &ot a! e&ded> -%&al. '& -oreca!t%& the%r po!!%b%l%t%e!> the d%!t%&ct%o& betwee& better a&d wor!e ar%!e!. (uma& de!%re a&d ab%l%ty cooperate! w%th th%! or that &atural -orce accord%& a! th%! or that e5e&tual%ty %! jud ed better. *e do &ot u!e the pre!e&t to co&trol the -uture. *e u!e the -ore!% ht o- the -uture to re-%&e a&d eApa&d pre!e&t act%5%ty. '& th%! u!e ode!%re> del%berat%o& a&d cho%ce> -reedom %! actual%Bed. 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1922/Dewey1922_2I.html [Bajado el 23 de a o!to de 2"11#

&riginally published as 8oh& Dewey. 9Moral%ty %! $oc%al9 Human /ature and Conduct0 An Introduction to ,ocial sychology. .ew :ork: Moder& ;%brary <1922=: 31E7332.

Human Nature and Conduct

Part % Conclusion I/ 'orality is (ocial
Table of Contents | Pre)ious

'&tell% e&ce become! our! %& the de ree %& wh%ch we u!e %t a&d accept re!po&!%b%l%ty -or co&!e1ue&ce!. 't %! &ot our! or% %&ally or by product%o&. 9 't th%&k! 9 %! a truer p!ycholo %cal !tateme&t tha& 9 ' th%&k.9 /hou ht! !prout a&d 5e etate@ %dea! prol%-erate. /hey come -rom deep u&co&!c%ou! !ource!. 9 ' th%&k 9 %! a !tateme&t about 5olu&tary act%o&. $ome !u e!t%o& !ur e! -rom the u&k&ow&. Cur act%5e body o- hab%t! appropr%ate! %t. /he !u e!t%o& the& become! a& a!!ert%o&. 't &o lo& er merely come! to u!. 't %! accepted a&d uttered by u!. *e act upo& %t a&d thereby a!!ume> by %mpl%cat%o&> %t! co&!e1ue&ce!. /he !tu-- o- bel%e- a&d propo!%t%o& %! &ot or% %&ated by u!. 't come! to u! -rom other!> by educat%o&> trad%t%o& a&d the !u e!t%o& o- the e&5%ro&me&t. Cur %&tell% e&ce %! bou&d up> !o -ar a! %t! mater%al! are co&cer&ed> w%th the commu&%ty l%-e o- wh%ch we are a part. *e k&ow what %t commu&%cate! to u!> a&d k&ow accord%& to the hab%t! %t -orm! %& u!. $c%e&ce %! a& a--a%r o- c%5%l%Bat%o& &ot o- %&d%5%dual %&tellect. $o w%th co&!c%e&ce. *he& a ch%ld act!> tho!e about h%m re7act. /hey !hower e&coura eme&t upo& h%m> 5%!%t h%m w%th appro5al> or they be!tow -row&! a&d rebuke. *hat other! do to u! whe& we act %! a! &atural a co&!e1ue&ce o- our act%o& a! what the -%re doe!

<31F= to u! whe& we plu& e our ha&d! %& %t. /he !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t may be a! art%-%c%al a! you plea!e. But %t! act%o& %& re!po&!e to our! %! &atural &ot art%-%c%al. '& la& ua e a&d %ma %&at%o& we rehear!e the re!po&!e! o- other! ju!t a! we dramat%cally e&act other co&!e1ue&ce!. *e -orek&ow how other! w%ll act> a&d the -orek&owled e %! the be %&&%& o- jud me&t pa!!ed o& act%o&. *e k&ow w%th them @ there %! co&!c%e&ce. 3Ae a!!embly %! -ormed w%th%& our brea!t wh%ch d%!cu!!e! a&d appra%!e! propo!ed a&d per-ormed act!. /he commu&%ty w%thout become! a -orum a&d tr%bu&al w%th%&> a jud me&t7!eat o- char e!> a!!e!!me&t! a&d eAculpat%o&!. Cur thou ht! o- our ow& act%o&! are !aturated w%th the %dea! that other! e&terta%& about them> %dea! wh%ch ha5e bee& eApre!!ed &ot o&ly %& eApl%c%t %&!truct%o& but !t%ll more e--ect%5ely %& react%o& to our act!. ;%ab%l%ty %! the be %&&%& o- re!po&!%b%l%ty. *e are held accou&table by other! -or the co&!e1ue&ce! o- our act!. /hey 5%!%t the%r l%ke a&d d%!l%ke o- the!e co&!e1ue&ce! upo& u!. '& 5a%& do we cla%m that the!e are &ot our!@ that they are product! o- % &ora&ce &ot de!% &> or are %&c%de&t! %& the eAecut%o& o- a mo!t laudable !cheme. /he%r author!h%p %! %mputed to u!. *e are d%!appro5ed> a&d d%!appro5al %! &ot a& %&&er !tate o- m%&d but a

mo!t de-%&%te act. Cther! !ay to u! by the%r deed! we do &ot care a -% whether you d%d th%! del%berately or &ot. *e %&te&d that you !hall del%berate be-ore you do %t a a%&> a&d that %- po!!%ble your del%berat%o& !hall pre5e&t a repet%t%o& o- th%! act we object to. /he re-ere&ce %& blame a&d e5ery u&-a5or7

< 31H= 7able jud me&t %! pro!pect%5e> &ot retro!pect%5e. /heor%e! about re!po&!%b%l%ty may become co&-u!ed> but %& pract%ce &o o&e %! !tup%d e&ou h to try to cha& e the pa!t. 3pprobat%o& a&d d%!approbat%o& are way! o- %&-lue&c%& the -ormat%o& o- hab%t! a&d a%m!@ that %!> o- %&-lue&c%& -uture act!. /he %&d%5%dual %! held accou&table -or what he ha! do&e %& order that he may be re!po&!%5e %& what he %! o%& to do. 2radually Per!o&! lear& by dramat%c %m%tat%o& to hold them!el5e! accou&table> a&d l%ab%l%ty become! a 5olu&tary del%berate ack&owled me&t that deed! are our ow&> that the%r co&!e1ue&ce! come -rom u!. /he!e two -act!> that moral jud me&t a&d moral re!po&!%b%l%ty are the work wrou ht %& u! by the !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t> !% &%-y that all moral%ty %! !oc%al@ &ot becau!e we ou ht to take %&to accou&t the e--ect o- our act! upo& the wel-are o- other!> but becau!e o- -act!. Cther! do take accou&t o- what we do> a&d they re!po&d accord%& ly to our act!. /he%r re!po&!e! actually do a--ect the mea&%& o- what we do. /he !% &%-%ca&ce thu! co&tr%buted %! a! %&e5%table a! %! the e--ect o- %&teract%o& w%th the phy!%cal e&5%ro&me&t. '& -act a! c%5%l%Bat%o& ad5a&ce! the phy!%cal e&5%ro&me&t et! %t!el- more a&d more huma&%Bed> -or the mea&%& o- phy!%cal e&er %e! a&d e5e&t! become! %&5ol5ed w%th the part they play %& huma& act%5%t%e!. Cur co&duct t %! !oc%ally co&d%t%o&ed whether we perce%5e the -act or &ot. /he e--ect o- cu!tom o& hab%t> a&d o- hab%t upo& thou ht %! e&ou h to pro5e th%! !tateme&t. *he& we

<31I= be %& to -oreca!t co&!e1ue&ce!> the co&!e1ue&ce! that mo!t !ta&d out are tho!e wh%ch w%ll proceed -rom other people. /he re!%!ta&ce a&d the cooperat%o& o- other! %! the ce&tral -act %& the -urthera&ce or -a%lure o- our !cheme!. +o&&ect%o&! w%th oar -ellow! -ur&%!h both the opportu&%t%e! -or act%o& a&d the %&!trume&tal%t%e! by wh%ch we take ad5a&ta e o- opportu&%ty. 3ll o- the act%o&! o- a& %&d%5%dual bear the !tamp o- h%! commu&%ty a! a!!uredly a! doe! the la& ua e he !peak!. D%--%culty %& read%& the !tamp %! due to 5ar%ety o- %mpre!!%o&! %& co&!e1ue&ce o- member!h%p %& ma&y roup!. /h%! !oc%al !aturat%o& %!> ' repeat> a matter o- -act> &ot o- what !hould be> &ot o- what %! de!%rable or u&de!%rable. 't doe! &ot uara&tee the r% ht&e!! o- ood&e!! o- a& act@ there %! &o eAcu!e -or th%&k%& o- e5%l act%o& a! %&d%5%dual%!t%c a&d r% ht act%o& a! !oc%al. Del%berate u&!crupulou! pur!u%t o- !el-7%&tere!t %! a! much co&d%t%o&ed upo& !oc%al opportu&%t%e!> tra%&%& a&d a!!%!ta&ce a! %! the cour!e o- act%o& prompted by a beam%& be&e5ole&ce. /he d%--ere&ce l%e! %& the 1ual%ty a&d de ree o- the percept%o& o- t%e! a&d %&terdepe&de&c%e!@ %& the u!e to wh%ch they are put. +o&!%der the -orm commo&ly a!!umed today by !el-7!eek%& @ &amely comma&d o- mo&ey a&d eco&om%c power. Mo&ey %! a !oc%al %&!t%tut%o&@ property %! a le al cu!tom@ eco&om%c opportu&%t%e! are depe&de&t upo& the !tate o- !oc%ety@ the object! a%med at> the reward! !ou ht -or> are what they are becau!e o- !oc%al adm%rat%o&> pre!t% e> compet%t%o& a&d power. 'mo&eymak%& %! morally ob&oA%ou! %t %! becau!e o- the way the!e

< 31J= !oc%al -act! are ha&dled> &ot becau!e a mo&ey7mak%& ma& ha! w%thdraw& -rom !oc%ety %&to a& %!olated !el-hood or tur&ed h%! back upo& !oc%ety. (%! 9 %&d%5%dual%!m 9 %! &ot -ou&d %& h%! or% %&al &ature but %& h%! hab%t! ac1u%red u&der !oc%al %&-lue&ce!. 't %! -ou&d %& h%! co&crete a%m!> a&d the!e are re-leAe! o- !oc%al co&d%t%o&!. *ell7 rou&ded moral object%o& to a mode o- co&duct re!t! upo& the k%&d o- !oc%al co&&ect%o&! that -% ure> &ot upo& lack o- !oc%al a%m. 3 ma& may attempt to ut%l%Be !oc%al relat%o&!h%p! -or h%! ow& ad5a&ta e %& a& %&e1u%table way@ he may %&te&t%o&ally or u&co&!c%ou!ly try to make them -eed o&e o- h%! ow& appet%te!. /he& he %! de&ou&ced a! e o%!t%c. But both h%! cour!e o- act%o& a&d the d%!appro5al he %! !ubject to are -act! within !oc%ety. /hey are !oc%al phe&ome&a. (e pur!ue! h%! u&ju!t ad5a&ta e a! a !oc%al a!!et. DApl%c%t reco &%t%o& o- th%! -act %! a prere1u%!%te o- %mpro5eme&t %& moral educat%o& a&d o- a& %&tell% e&t u&der!ta&d%& o- the ch%e- %dea! or 9 cate or%e! 9 o- moral!. Moral! %! a! much a matter o- %&teract%o& o- a per!o& w%th h%! !oc%al e&5%ro&me&t a! walk%& %! a& %&teract%o& o- le ! w%th a phy!%cal e&5%ro&me&t. /he character o- walk%& depe&d! upo& the !tre& th a&d compete&cy o- le !. But %t al!o depe&d! upo& whether a ma& %! walk%& %& a bo or o& a pa5ed !treet> upo& whether there %! a !a-e uarded path !et a!%de or whether he ha! to walk am%d da& erou! 5eh%cle!. '- the !ta&dard o- moral! %! low %t %! becau!e the educat%o& %5e& by the %&teract%o& o- the %&d%5%dual w%th h%! !oc%al e&7

<319= 75%ro&me&t %! de-ect%5e. C- what a5a%l %! %t to preach u&a!!um%& !%mpl%c%ty a&d co&te&tme&t o- l%-e whe& commu&al adm%rat%o& oe! to the ma& who 9 !ucceed! 9 K who make! h%m!el- co&!p%cuou! a&d e&5%ed becau!e o- comma&d o- mo&ey a&d other -orm! o- power6 '- a ch%ld et! o& by pee5%!h&e!! or %&tr% ue> the& other! are h%! accompl%ce! who a!!%!t %& the hab%t! wh%ch are bu%lt up. /he &ot%o& that a& ab!tract ready7made co&!c%e&ce eA%!t! %& %&d%5%dual! a&d that %t %! o&ly &ece!!ary to make a& occa!%o&al appeal to %t a&d to %&dul e %& occa!%o&al crude rebuke! a&d pu&%!hme&t!> %! a!!oc%ated w%th the cau!e! o- lack o- de-%&%t%5e a&d orderly moral ad5a&ce. )or %t %! a!!oc%ated w%th lack o- atte&t%o& to !oc%al -orce!. /here %! a pecul%ar %&co&!%!te&cy %& the curre&t %dea that moral! ought to be !oc%al. /he %&troduct%o& o- the moral 9 ou ht 9 %&to the %dea co&ta%&! a& %mpl%c%t a!!ert%o& that moral! depe&d upo& !ometh%& apart -rom !oc%al relat%o&!. Moral! are !oc%al. /he 1ue!t%o& o- ou ht> !hould be> %! a 1ue!t%o& o- better a&d wor!e %& !oc%al a--a%r!. /he eAte&t to wh%ch the we% ht o- theor%e! ha! bee& throw& a a%&!t the percept%o& o- the place o- !oc%al t%e! a&d co&&ect%o&! %& moral act%5%ty %! a -a%r mea!ure o- the eAte&t to wh%ch !oc%al -orce! work bl%&dly a&d de5elop a& acc%de&tal moral%ty. /he ch%e- ob!tacle -or eAample to reco &%B%& the truth o- a propo!%t%o& -re1ue&tly !et -orth %& the!e pa e! to the e--ect that all co&duct %! pote&t%al> %- &ot actual> matter o- moral jud me&t %! the hab%t o- %de&t%-y%& moral jud me&t w%th pra%!e a&d blame. $o reat %! the %&7

<32"=7-lue&ce o- th%! hab%t that %t %! !a-e to !ay that e5ery pro-e!!ed moral%!t whe& he lea5e! the pa e! o- theory a&d -ace! !ome actual %tem o- h%! ow& or other!? beha5%or> -%r!t or 9 %&!t%&ct%5ely 9 th%&k! o- act! a! moral or &o&7moral %& the de ree %& wh%ch they are eApo!ed to co&dem&at%o& or appro5al. .ow th%! k%&d o- jud me&t %! certa%&ly &ot o&e wh%ch could pro-%tably be d%!pe&!ed w%th. 't! %&-lue&ce %! much &eeded. But the te&de&cy to e1uate %t w%th all moral jud me&t %! lar ely re!po&!%ble -or the curre&t %dea

that there %! a !harp l%&e betwee& moral co&duct a&d a lar er re %o& o- &o&moral co&duct wh%ch %! a matter o- eAped%e&cy> !hrewd&e!!> !ucce!! or ma&&er!. Moreo5er th%! te&de&cy %! a ch%e- rea!o& why the !oc%al -orce! e--ect%5e %& !hap%& actual moral%ty work bl%&dly a&d u&!at%!-actor%ly. 8ud me&t %& wh%ch the empha!%! -all! upo& blame a&d approbat%o& ha! more heat tha& l% ht. 't %! more emot%o&al tha& %&tellectual. 't %! u%ded by cu!tom> per!o&al co&5e&%e&ce a&d re!e&tme&t rather tha& by %&!% ht %&to cau!e! a&d co&!e1ue&ce!. 't make! toward reduc%& moral %&!truct%o&> the educat%5e %&-lue&ce o- !oc%al op%&%o&> to a& %mmed%ate per!o&al matter> that %! to !ay> to a& adju!tme&t o- per!o&al l%ke! a&d d%!l%ke!. )ault7-%&d%& create! re!e&tme&t %& the o&e blamed> a&d appro5al> complace&cy> rather tha& a hab%t o- !crut%&%B%& co&duct object%5ely. 't put! tho!e who are !e&!%t%5e to the jud me&t! o- other! %& a !ta&d%& de-e&!%5e att%tude> treat%& a& apolo et%c> !el-7accu!%& a&d !el-7eAculpat%& hab%t om%&d whe& what %! &eeded %! a& %mper!o&al

<321= %mpart%al hab%t o- ob!er5at%o&. 9 Moral 9 per!o&! et !o occup%ed w%th de-e&d%& the%r co&duct -rom real a&d %ma %&ed cr%t%c%!m that they ha5e l%ttle t%me le-t to !ee what the%r act! really amou&t to> a&d the hab%t o- !el-> blame %&e5%tably eAte&d! to %&clude other! !%&ce %t %! a hab%t. .ow %t %! a whole!ome th%& -or a&y o&e to be made aware that thou htle!!> !el-7 ce&tered act%o& o& h%! part eApo!e! h%m to the %&d% &at%o& a&d d%!l%ke o- other!. /here %! &o o&e who ca& be !a-ely tru!ted to be eAempt -rom %mmed%ate react%o&! o- cr%t%c%!m> a&d there are -ew who do &ot &eed to be braced by occa!%o&al eApre!!%o&! o- appro5al. But the!e %&-lue&ce! are %mme&!ely o5erdo&e %& compar%!o& w%th the a!!%!ta&ce that m% ht be %5e& by the %&-lue&ce o- !oc%al jud me&t! wh%ch operate w%thout accompa&%me&t! o- pra%!e a&d blame@ wh%ch e&able a& %&d%5%dual to !ee -or h%m!elwhat he %! do%& > a&d wh%ch put h%m %& comma&d o- a method o- a&alyB%& the ob!cure a&d u!ually u&a5owed -orce! wh%ch mo5e h%m to act. *e &eed a permeat%o& ojud me&t! o& co&duct by the method a&d mater%al! o- a !c%e&ce o- huma& &ature. *%thout !uch e&l% hte&me&t e5e& the be!t7%&te&t%o&ed attempt! at the moral u%da&ce a&d %mpro5eme&t o- other! o-te& e5e&tuate %& tra ed%e! o- m%!u&der!ta&d%& a&d d%5%!%o&> a! %! !o o-te& !ee& %& the relat%o&! o- pare&t! a&d ch%ldre&. /he de5elopme&t there-ore o- a more ade1uate !c%e&ce o- huma& &ature %! a matter o-%r!t7rate %mporta&ce. /he pre!e&t re5olt a a%&!t the &ot%o& that p!y7

<322= 7cholo y %! a !c%e&ce o- co&!c%ou!&e!! may well tur& out %& the -uture to be the be %&&%& o- a de-%&%t%5e tur& %& thou ht a&d act%o&. (%!tor%cally there are ood rea!o&! -or the %!olat%o& a&d eAa erat%o& o- the co&!c%ou! pha!e o- huma& act%o&> a& %!olat%o& wh%ch -or ot that 9 co&!c%ou! 9 %! a& adject%5e o- !ome act! a&d wh%ch erected the re!ult%& ab!tract%o&> 9 co&!c%ou!&e!!>9 %&to a &ou&> a& eA%!te&ce !eparate a&d complete. /he!e rea!o&! are %&tere!t%& &ot o&ly to the !tude&t o- tech&%cal ph%lo!ophy but al!o to the !tude&t o- the h%!tory o- culture a&d e5e& o- pol%t%c!. /hey ha5e to do w%th the attempt to dra real%t%e! out o- occult e!!e&ce! a&d h%dde& -orce! a&d et them %&to the l% ht o- day. /hey were part o- the e&eral mo5eme&t called phe&ome&al%!m> a&d o- the row%& %mporta&ce o- %&d%5%dual l%-e a&d pr%5ate 5olu&tary co&cer&!. But the e--ect wa! to %!olate the %&d%5%dual -rom h%! co&&ect%o&! both w%th h%! -ellow! a&d w%th &ature> a&d

thu! to create a& art%-%c%al huma& &ature> o&e &ot capable o- be%& u&der!tood a&d e--ect%5ely d%rected o& the ba!%! o- a&alyt%c u&der!ta&d%& . 't !hut out -rom 5%ew> &ot to !ay -rom !c%e&t%-%c eAam%&at%o&> the -orce! wh%ch really mo5e huma& &ature. 't took a -ew !ur-ace phe&ome&a -or the whole !tory o- !% &%-%ca&t huma& mot%5e7-orce! a&d act!. 3! a co&!e1ue&ce phy!%cal !c%e&ce a&d %t! tech&olo %cal appl%cat%o&! were h% hly de5eloped wh%le the !c%e&ce o- ma&> moral !c%e&ce> %! backward. ' bel%e5e that %t %! &ot po!!%ble to e!t%mate how much o- the d%--%cult%e! o- the pre!e&t world !%tuat%o& are due to the

<323= d%!proport%o& a&d u&bala&ce thu! %&troduced %&to a--a%r!. 't would ha5e !eemed ab!urd to !ay %& the !e5e&tee&th ce&tury that %& the e&d the alterat%o& %& method! ophy!%cal %&5e!t% at%o& wh%ch wa! the& be %&&%& would pro5e more %mporta&t tha& the rel% %ou! war! o- that ce&tury. :et the war! marked the e&d o- o&e era@ the daw& ophy!%cal !c%e&ce the be %&&%& o- a &ew o&e. 3&d a tra%&ed %ma %&at%o& may d%!co5er that the &at%o&al%!t%c a&d eco&om%c war! wh%ch are the ch%e- outward mark o- the pre!e&t are %& the e&d to be le!! !% &%-%ca&t tha& the de5elopme&t o- a !c%e&ce o- huma& &ature &ow %&choate. 't !ou&d! academ%c to !ay that !ub!ta&t%al better%& o- !oc%al relat%o&! wa%t! upo& the rowth o- a !c%e&t%-%c !oc%al p!ycholo y. )or the term !u e!t! !ometh%& !pec%al%Bed a&d remote. But the -ormat%o& o- hab%t! o- bel%e-> de!%re a&d jud me&t %! o%& o& at e5ery %&!ta&t c%&der the %&-lue&ce o- the co&d%t%o&! !et by me&?! co&tact> %&tercour!e a&d a!!oc%at%o&! w%th o&e a&other. /h%! %! the -u&dame&tal -act %& !oc%al l%-e a&d %& per!o&al character. 't %! the -act about wh%ch trad%t%o&al huma& !c%e&ce %5e! &o e&l% hte&me&tK a -act wh%ch th%! trad%t%o&al !c%e&ce blur! a&d 5%rtually de&%e!. /he e&ormou! role played %& popular moral! by appeal to the !uper&atural a&d 1ua!%7ma %cal %! %& e--ect a de!perate adm%!!%o& o- the -ut%l%ty o- our !c%e&ce. +o&!e1ue&tly the whole matter o- the -ormat%o& o- the pred%!po!%t%o&! wh%ch e--ect%5ely co&trol huma& relat%o&> !h%p! %! le-t to acc%de&t> to cu!tom a&d %mmed%ate per!o&al l%k%& !> re!e&tme&t! a&d amb%t%o&!. 't %! a com7

<32E= 7mo&place that moder& %&du!try a&d commerce are co&d%t%o&ed upo& a co&trol ophy!%cal e&er %e! due to proper method! o- phy!%cal %&1u%ry a&d a&aly!%!. *P ha5e &o !oc%al art! wh%ch are comparable becau!e we ha5e !o &early &oth%& %& the way op!ycholo %cal !c%e&ce. :et throu h the de5elopme&t o- phy!%cal !c%e&ce> a&d e!pec%ally o- chem%!try> b%olo y> phy!%olo y> med%c%&e a&d a&thropolo y we &ow ha5e the ba!%! -or the de5elopme&t o- !uch a !c%e&ce o- ma&. $% &! o- %t! com%& %&to eA%!te&ce are pre!e&t %& the mo5eme&t! %& cl%&%cal> beha5%or%!t%c a&d !oc%al <%& %t! &arrower !e&!e= p!ycholo y. 3t pre!e&t we &ot o&ly ha5e &o a!!ured mea&! o- -orm%& character eAcept crude de5%ce! o- blame> pra%!e> eAhortat%o& a&d pu&%!hme&t> but the 5ery mea&%& o- the e&eral &ot%o&! o- moral %&1u%ry %! matter o- doubt a&d d%!pute. /he rea!o& %! that the!e &ot%o&! are d%!cu!!ed %& %!olat%o& -rom the co&crete -act! o- the %&teract%o&! o- huma& be%& ! w%th o&e a&otherK a& ab!tract%o& a! -atal a! wa! the old d%!cu!!%o& ophlo %!to&> ra5%ty a&d 5%tal -orce apart -rom co&crete correlat%o&! o- cha& %& e5e&t! w%th o&e a&other. /ake -or eAample !uch a ba!%c co&cept%o& a! that o- L% ht %&5ol5%&

the &ature o- author%ty %& co&duct. /here %! &o &eed here to rehear!e the mult%tude oco&te&d%& 5%ew! wh%ch %5e e5%de&ce that d%!cu!!%o& o- th%! matter %! !t%ll %& the realm o- op%&%o&. *e co&te&t our!el5e! w%th po%&t%& out that th%! &ot%o& %! the la!t re!ort othe a&t%7emp%r%cal !chool %& moral! a&d that %t pro5e! the e--ect o- &e lect o- !oc%al co&d%t%o&!.

<32F= '& e--ect %t! adhere&t! ar ue a! -ollow!: 9;et u! co&cede that co&crete %dea! about r% ht a&d wro& a&d part%cular &ot%o&! o- what %! obl% atory ha5e row& up w%th%& eAper%e&ce. ? ut we ca&&ot adm%t th%! about the %dea o- L% ht> o- Cbl% at%o& %t!el-. *hy doe! moral author%ty eA%!t at all6 *hy %! the cla%m o- the L% ht reco &%Bed %& co&!c%e&ce e5e& by tho!e who 5%olate %t= %& deed6 Cur oppo&e&t! !ay that !uch a&d !uch a cour!e %! w%!e> eAped%e&t> better. But why act -or the w%!e> or ood> or better6 *hy &ot -ollow our ow& %mmed%ate de5%ce! %- we are !o %&cl%&ed6 /here %! o&ly o&e a&!wer: *e ha5e a moral &ature> a co&!c%e&ce> call %t what you w%ll. 3&d th%! &ature re!po&d! d%rectly %& ack&owled me&t o- the !upreme author%ty o- the L% ht o5er all cla%m! o%&cl%&at%o& a&d hab%t. *e may &ot act %& accorda&ce w%th th%! ack&owled me&t> but we !t%ll k&ow that the author%ty o- the moral law> althou h &ot %t! power> %! u&1ue!t%o&able. Me& may d%--er %&de-%&%tely accord%& to what the%r eAper%e&ce ha! bee& a! to ju!t what %! L% ht> what %t! co&te&t! are. But they all !po&ta&eou!ly a ree %& reco &%B%& the !upremacy o- the cla%m! o- whate5er %! thou ht o- a! L% ht. Ctherw%!e there would be &o !uch th%& a! moral%ty> but merely calculat%o&! o- how to !at%!-y de!%re. 2ra&t the -ore o%& ar ume&t> a&d all the apparatu! o- ab!tract moral%!m -ollow! %& %t! wake. a remote oal o- per-ect%o&> %deal! that are co&trary %& a whole> !ale way to what %! actual> a -ree w%ll o- arb%trary cho%ce@ all o- the!e co&cept%o&! ba&d them!el5e! to@ether w%th that o- a &o&7emp%r%cal author%ty o- L% ht

<32H= a&d a &o&7emp%r%cal co&!c%e&ce wh%ch ack&owled e! %t. /hey co&!t%tute %t! ceremo&%al or -ormal tra%&. *hy> %&deed> ack&owled e the author%ty o- L% ht6 /hat ma&y per!o&! do &ot ack&owled e %t %& -act> %& act%o&> a&d that all per!o&! % &ore %t at t%me!> %! a!!umed by the ar ume&t. 8u!t what %! the !% &%-%ca&ce o- a& alle ed reco &%t%o& o- a !upremacy wh%ch %! co&t%&ually de&%ed %& -act6 (ow much would be lo!t %- %t were dropped out> a&d we were le-t -ace to -ace w%th actual -act!6 '- a ma& l%5ed alo&e %& the world there m% ht be !ome !e&!e %& the 1ue!t%o& 9 *hy be moral6 9 were %t &ot -or o&e th%& : .o !uch 1ue!t%o& would the& ar%!e. 3! %t %!> we l%5e %& a world where other per!o&! l%5e too. Cur act! a--ect them. /hey perce%5e the!e e--ect!> a&d react upo& u! %& co&!e1ue&ce. Becau!e they are l%5%& be%& ! they make dema&d! upo& u! -or certa%& th%& ! -rom u!. /hey appro5e a&d co&dem&K &ot %& ab!tract theory but %& what they do to u!. /he a&!wer to the 1ue!t%o& 9*hy &ot put your ha&d %& the -%re6 9 %! the a&!wer o- -act. '- you do your ha&d w%ll be bur&t. /he a&!wer to the 1ue!t%o& why ack&owled e the r% ht %! othe !ame !ort. )or L% ht %! o&ly a& ab!tract &ame -or the mult%tude o- co&crete dema&d! %& act%o& wh%ch other! %mpre!! upo& u!> a&d o- wh%ch we yre obl% ed> %- we would l%5e> to take !ome accou&t. 't! author%ty %! the eA% e&cy o- the%r dema&d!> the e--%cacy o- the%r %&!%!te&c%e!. /here may be ood rou&d -or the co&te&t%o& that %& theory the %dea o- the

r% ht %! !ubord%&ate to that o- the ood> be%& a !tateme&t o- the cur!e proper to atta%& ood. But %& -act %t

< 32I= !% &%-%e! the total%ty o- !oc%al pre!!ure! eAerc%!ed upo& u! to %&duce u! to th%&k a&d de!%re %& certa%& way!. (e&ce the r% ht ca& %& -act become the road to the ood o&ly a! the eleme&t! that compo!e th%! u&rem%tt%& pre!!ure are e&l% hte&ed> o&ly a! !oc%al relat%o&!h%p! become them!el5e! rea!o&able. 't w%ll be retorted that all pre!!ure %! a &o&7moral a--a%r partak%& o- -orce> &ot o- r% ht@ that r% ht mu!t be %deal. /hu! we are %&5%ted to e&ter a a%& the c%rcle %& wh%ch the %deal ha! &o -orce a&d !oc%al actual%t%e! &o %deal 1ual%ty. *e re-u!e the %&5%tat%o& becau!e !oc%al pre!!ure %! %&5ol5ed %& our ow& l%5e!> a! much !o a! the a%r we breathe a&d the rou&d we walk upo&. '- we had de!%re!> jud me&t!> pla&!> %& !hort a m%&d> apart -rom !oc%al co&&ect%o&!> the& the latter would be eAter&al a&d the%r act%o& m% ht be re arded a! that o- a &o&moral -orce. But we l%5e me&tally a! phy!%cally o&ly %& a&d because oour e&5%ro&me&t. $oc%al pre!!ure %! but a &ame -or the %&teract%o&! wh%ch are alway! o%& o& a&d %& wh%ch we part%c%pate> l%5%& !o -ar a! we partake a&d dy%& !o -ar a! we do &ot. /he pre!!ure is &ot %deal but emp%r%cal> yet emp%r%cal here mea&! o&ly actual. 't call! atte&t%o& to the -act that co&!%derat%o&! o- r% ht are cla%m! or% %&at%& &ot out!%de o- l%-e> but w%th%& %t. /hey are 9 %deal 9 %& prec%!ely the de ree %& wh%ch we %&tell% e&tly reco &%Be a&d act upo& them> ju!t a! color! a&d ca&5a! become %deal whe& u!ed %& way! that %5e a& added mea&%& to l%-e. 3ccord%& ly -a%lure to reco &%Be the author%ty o- r% ht mea&! de-ect %& e--ect%5e apprehe&!%o& o- the real7

<32J= 7%t%e! o- huma& a!!oc%at%o&> &ot a& arb%trary eAerc%!e o- -ree w%ll. /h%! de-%c%e&cy a&d per5er!%o& %& apprehe&!%o& %&d%cate! a de-ect %& educat%o&K that %! to !ay> %& the operat%o& o- actual co&d%t%o&!> %& the co&!e1ue&ce! upo& de!%re a&d thou ht o- eA%!t%& %&teract%o&! a&d %&terdepe&de&c%e!. 't %! -al!e that e5ery per!o& ha! a co&!c%ou!&e!! othe !upreme author%ty o- r% ht a&d the& m%!co&ce%5e! %t or % &ore! %t %& act%o&. C&e ha! !uch a !e&!e o- the cla%m! o- !oc%al relat%o&!h%p! a! tho!e relat%o&!h%p! e&-orce %& o&e?! de!%re! a&d ob!er5at%o&!. /he bel%e- %& a !eparate> %deal or tra&!ce&de&tal> pract%cally %&e--ectual L% ht %! a re-leA o- the %&ade1uacy w%th wh%ch eA%!t%& %&!t%tut%o&! per-orm the%r educat%5e o--%ce the%r o--%ce %& e&erat%& ob!er5at%o& o- !oc%al co&t%&u%t%e!. 't %! a& e&dea5or to 9rat%o&al%Be9 th%! de-ect. ;%ke all rat%o&al%Bat%o&!> %t operate! to d%5ert atte&t%o& -rom the real !tate o- a--a%r!. /hu! %t help! ma%&ta%& the co&d%t%o&! wh%ch created %t> !ta&d%& %& the way o- e--ort to make our %&!t%tut%o&! more huma&e a&d e1u%table. 3 theoret%cal ack&owled me&t o- the !upreme author%ty o- L% ht> o- moral law> et! tw%!ted %&to a& e--ectual !ub!t%tute -or act! wh%ch would better the cu!tom! wh%ch &ow produce 5a ue> dull> halt%& a&d e5a!%5e ob!er5at%o& o- actual !oc%al t%e!. *e arc &ot cau ht %& a c%rcle@ we tra5er!e a !p%ral %& wh%ch !oc%al cu!tom! e&erate !ome co&!c%ou!&e!! o- %&terdepe&de&c%e!> a&d th%! co&!c%ou!&e!! %! embod%ed %& act! wh%ch %& %mpro5%& the e&5%ro&me&t e&erate &ew percept%o&! o- !oc%al t%e!> a&d !o o& -ore5er. /he relat%o&!h%p!> the %&teract%o&! are -or7

< 329= 7e5er there a! -act> but they ac1u%re mea&%& o&ly %& the de!%re!> jud me&t! a&d purpo!e! they awake&. *e recur to our -u&dame&tal propo!%t%o&!. Moral! %! co&&ected w%th actual%t%e! oeA%!te&ce> &ot w%th %deal!> e&d! a&d obl% at%o&! %&depe&de&t o- co&crete actual%t%e!. /he -act! upo& wh%ch %t depe&d! are tho!e wh%ch ar%!e out o- act%5e co&&ect%o&! o- huma& be%& ! w%th o&e a&other> the co&!e1ue&ce! o- the%r mutually %&tertw%&ed act%5%t%e! %& the l%-e o- de!%re> bel%e-> jud me&t> !at%!-act%o& a&d d%!!at%!-act%o&. '& th%! !e&!e co&duct a&d (e&ce moral! are !oc%al: they are &ot ju!t th%& ! wh%ch ou ht to be !oc%al a&d wh%ch -a%l. to come up to the !cratch. But there are e&ormou! d%--ere&ce! o- better a&d wor!e %& the 1ual%ty o- what %! !oc%al. 'deal moral! be %& w%th the percept%o& o- the!e d%--ere&ce!. (uma& %&teract%o& a&d t%e! are there> are operat%5e %& a&y ca!e. But they ca& be re ulated> employed %& a& orderly way -or ood o&ly a! we k&ow how to ob!er5e them. 3&d they ca&&ot be ob!er5ed ar% ht> they ca&&ot be u&der!tood a&d ut%l%Bed> whe& the m%&d %! le-t to %t!el- to work w%thout the a%d o- !c%e&ce. )or the &atural u&a%ded m%&d mea&! prec%!ely the hab%t! o- bel%e-> thou ht a&d de!%re wh%ch ha5e bee& acc%de&tally e&erated a&d co&-%rmed by !oc%al %&!t%tut%o&! or cu!tom!. But w%th all the%r adm%Ature o- acc%de&t a&d rea!o&able&e!! we ha5e at la!t reached a po%&t where !oc%al co&d%t%o&! create a m%&d capable o- !c%e&t%-%c outlook a&d %&1u%ry. /o -o!ter a&d de5elop th%! !p%r%t %! the !oc%al obl% at%o& o- the pre!e&t becau!e %t %! %t! ur e&t &eed.

< 33"= :et the la!t word %! &ot w%th obl% at%o& &or w%th the -uture. '&-%&%te relat%o&!h%p! o- ma& w%th h%! -ellow! a&d w%th &ature already eA%!t.. /he %deal mea&!> a! we ha5e !ee&> a !e&!e o- the!e e&compa!!%& co&t%&u%t%e! w%th the%r %&-%&%te reach. /h%! mea&%& e5e& &ow attache! to pre!e&t act%5%t%e! becau!e they are !et %& a whole to wh%ch they belo& a&d wh%ch belo& ! to them. D5e& %& the m%d!t o- co&-l%ct> !tru le a&d de-eat a co&!c%ou!&e!! %! po!!%ble o- the e&dur%& a&d comprehe&d%& whole. /o be ra!ped a&d held th%! co&!c%ou!&e!! &eed!> l%ke e5ery -orm o- co&!c%ou!&e!!> object!> !ymbol!. '& the pa!t me& ha5e !ou ht ma&y !ymbol! wh%ch &o lo& er !er5e> e!pec%ally .!%&ce me& ha5e bee& %dolator! wor!h%p%& !ymbol! a! th%& !. :et w%th%& the!e !ymbol! wh%ch ha5e !o o-te& cla%med to be real%t%e! a&d wh%ch ha5e %mpo!ed them!el5e! a! do ma! a&d %&tolera&ce!> there ha! rarely bee& ab!e&t !ome trace o- a 5%tal a&d e&dur%& real%ty> that o- a commu&%ty o- l%-e %& wh%ch co&t%&u%t%e! o- eA%!te&ce are co&!ummated. +o&!c%ou!&e!! o- the whole ha! bee& co&&ected w%th re5ere&ce!> a--ect%o&!> a&d loyalt%e! wh%ch are commu&al. But !pec%al way! o- eApre!!%& the commu&al !e&!e ha5e bee& e!tabl%!hed. /hey ha5e bee& l%m%ted to a !elect !oc%al roup@ they hale harde&ed %&to obl% atory r%te! a&d bee& %mpo!ed a! co&d%t%o&! o- !al5at%o&. Lel% %o& ha! lo!t %t!el- %& cult!> do ma! a&d myth!. +o&!e1ue&tly the o--%ce o- rel% %o& a! !e&!e o- commu&%ty a&d o&e?! place %& %t ha! bee& lo!t. '& e--ect rel% %o& ha! bee& d%!torted %&to a po!!e!!%o& K or burde&K o- a l%m%ted part o-

<331= huma& &ature> o- a l%m%ted port%o& o- huma&%ty wh%ch -%&d! &o way to u&%5er!al%Be rel% %o& eAcept by %mpo!%& %t! ow& do ma! a&d ceremo&%e! upo& other!@ o- a l%m%ted cla!! w%th%& a part%al roup@ pr%e!t!> !a%&t!> a church. /hu! other od! ha5e bee& !et up be-ore the o&e 2od. Lel% %o& a! a !e&!e o- the whole %! the mo!t

%&d%5%dual%Bed o- all th%& !> the mo!t !po&ta&eou!> u&de-%&able a&d 5ar%ed. )or %&d%5%dual%ty !% &%-%e! u&%1ue co&&ect%o&! %& the whole. :et %t ha! bee& per5erted %&to !ometh%& u&%-orm a&d %mmutable. 't ha! bee& -ormulated %&to -%Aed a&d de-%&ed bel%e-! eApre!!ed %& re1u%red act! a&d ceremo&%e!. '&!tead o- mark%& the -reedom a&d peace othe %&d%5%dual a! a member o- a& %&-%&%te whole> %t ha! bee& petr%-%ed %&to a !la5ery othou ht a&d !e&t%me&t> a& %&tolera&t !uper%or%ty o& the part o- the -ew a&d a& %&tolerable burde& o& the part o- the ma&y. :et e5ery act may carry w%th%& %t!el- a co&!ol%& a&d !upport%& co&!c%ou!&e!! o- the whole to wh%ch %t belo& ! a&d wh%ch %& !ome !e&!e belo& ! to %t. *%th re!po&!%b%l%ty -or the %&tell% e&t determ%&at%o& o- part%cular act! may o a joy-ul ema&c%pat%o& -rom the burde& -or re!po&!%b%l%ty -or the whole wh%ch !u!ta%&! them> %5%& them the%r -%&al outcome a&d 1ual%ty. /here %! a co&ce%t -o!tered by per5er!%o& o-. rel% %o& wh%ch a!!%m%late! the u&%5er!e to our per!o&al de!%re! @ but there %! al!o a co&ce%t o- carry%& the load o- the u&%5er!e -rom wh%ch rel% %o& l%berate! u!. *%th%& the -l%cker%& %&co&!e1ue&t%al act! o- !eparate !el5e! dwell! a !e&!e o- the whole wh%ch cla%m! a&d d% &%-%e! them

< 332= '& %t! pre!e&ce we put o-- mortal%ty a&d l%5e %& the u&%5er!al. /he l%-e o- the commu&%ty %& wh%ch we l%5e a&d ha5e our be%& %! the -%t !ymbol o- th%! relat%o&!h%p. /he act! %& wh%ch we eApre!! our percept%o& o- the t%e! wh%ch b%&d u! to other! are %t! o&ly r%te! a&d ceremo&%e!.