Design of flat slabs by IS: 456-2000.

The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops, supported generally
without beams, by columns with or without flared column heads.
A flat slab may be solid slab or may have recesses formed on the soffit so that the soffit
comprises a series of ribs in two directions.
The recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.
Design of exterior panel:
Components of flat slab design:
A) Column strip:
Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 I, but not greater than 0.25 1, on each
side Of the column centre-line, where I, is the span in the direction moments are being
determined, Measured centre to centre of supports and 1, is the -span transverse to 1,, measured
centre to centre of Supports.
b) Middle strip:
Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its opposite sides by the column strip.
c) Panel:
Panel means that part of a slab bounded on-each of its four sides by the centre -line of columns
or center-lines of adjacent-spans.











Division into column and middle strip along:

Longer span

Shorter span

L1=6.6 m, L2=6.6 m

Column strip =0.25 L2 =1.65 m

But not greater than 0.25L1 =1.65 m

Middle strip = 6.6 (1.65 + 1.65) = 3.3 m

L1=6.6 m, L2=6.6 m

Column strip =0.25 L2 =1.65 m

But not greater than 0.25L1 =1.65 m

Middle strip = 6.6 (1.65 + 1.65) = 3.3 m


The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in each direction not
less than one- third of the panel length in that direction. For exterior panels, the width of drops at
right angles to the non- continuous edge and measured from the centre -line of the columns shall
be equal to one half the width of drop for interior panels.
Since the span is large it is desirable to provide drops



Drop dimensions along:

Longer span

Shorter span

L1 = 6.6 m , L2 = 6.6 m

Not less than L1/3 = 2.2 m

L1 = 6.6 m , L2 = 6.6 m

Not less than L1/3 = 2.2 m

Hence provide a drop of size 2.2 m x 2.2 m i.e. in column strip width.
Depth of drop = to
=1/4x240 = 60 mm











Depth of flat slab:
From the consideration of deflection control IS 456-2000 specifies minimum thickness in terms of span
to effective depth ratio. For this purpose larger span is to be considered. If drop as specified in 1.2.1 is
provided, then the maximum value of ratio of larger span to thickness shall be
= 40, if mild steel is used
= 32, if Fe 415 or Fe 500 steel is used

If drops are not provided or size of drops do not satisfy the specification 1.2.1, then the ratio shall not
exceed 0.9 times the value specified above i.e.,
= 40 x 0.9 = 36, if mild steel is used.
= 32 x 0.9 = 28.8, if HYSD bars are used
It is also specified that in no case, the thickness of flat slab shall be less than 125 mm

Depth of flat slab:
Considering the flat slab as a continuous slab over a span not exceeding 10 m
L/d = 32 d = L/32
Depth considering along both spans:
L1 = 6.6 m L2 = 6.6 m
d = L1/32 d = 6600/32 =206.25 mm.
Taking effective cover of 30 mm
Say overall depth D = 240 mm

Estimation of load acting on the slab:
Dead load acting on the s lab = 0.240 x 25 = 6 kn/sq.m
Floor finishes etc. load on slab = 1. kn/sq.m
Live load on slab = 4.0 kn/sq.m
Total dead load = 7 kn/sq.m

The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.
Check 4.0 /7 = 0.5714 < 3 o.k.
Total design load = 7 + 4.0 = 11 Kn/sq.m
ULTIMATE LOAD =1.5X11=16.5 Kn/sq.m
Total Design Moment for a Span
The absolute sum of the positive and average and is given by negative bending moments in each
direction shall be taken as:
M = W ln / 8
M= total moment.
W = design load on an area L1 & L2
Ln= clear span extending from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or walls, but not less
than 0.65L1

L1= length of span in the direction of M
L2 = length of span transverse to L2

Size of columns = 0.6m 0.6 m

Clear span along long span = Ln = 6.6 0.6 = 6m > 0.65 L1 o.k.

Total design load:
W = 16.56.66 = 653.4 Kn.

The absolute sum of ve and +ve moment in a panel
M = 653.46/8 =490.05 KN /Sq.m

Negative and Positive Design Moments:
The negative design moment shall be at the face of rectangular supports, circular supports being
Treated as square supports having the same 31.4.5.1 Columns built integrally with the slab
system area. Shall be designed to-resist moments arising from loads.
In an interior span, the total design moment M
Shall be distributed in the following proportions:

Negative design moment 0.65
Positive design moment 0.35
In an end span, the total design moment M shall be distributed in the following proportions:

Interior negative design moment: 0.75 - 0.10
(1+ 1/c)
Positive design moment: 0.63 0.28
(1+1/c)
Exterior negative design moment: 0.65 / (1+ 1/c).

c = Is the ratio of flexural stiffness of the exterior columns to the flexural stiffness of the slab at
a joint taken in the direction moments are being determined and is given by:
c = EKc/Ks

Kc = sum of the flexural stiffness of the columns meeting at the joint.

Ks = flexural stiffness of the slab, expressed as moment per unit rotation

It shall be permissible to modify these design moments by up to 10 percent, so long as the total
design moment M for the panel in the direction considered is not less than that required by:

M = W Ln
8

The negative moment section shall be designed to resist the larger of the two interior negative
Design moments determined for the spans framing into a common support unless an analysis is
Made to distribute the unbalanced moment in accordance with the stiffness of the adjoining
parts.

Column strip: Negative moment at an interior support: At an interior support, the column strip
shall be designed to resist 75 percent of the total negative moment in the panel at that support.
Negative moment at an exterior support:
a) At an exterior support, the column strip shall be designed to resist the total negative moment
in the panel at that support.
b) Where the exterior support consists of a column or a wall extending for a distance equal to or
Greater than three-quarters of the value of l2. The length of span transverse t o the direction
Moments are being determined, the exterior negative moment shall be considered to be
uniformly distributed across the length l2.

Positive moment for each span: For each span, the column strip shall be designed to resist 60
Percent of the total positive moment in the panel.

Moments in the middle strip
a) That portion of-the design moment not resisted by the column strip shall be assigned to the
Adjacent middle strips.
b) Each middle strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two
half middle strips. Cl the middle strip adjacent and parallel to an edge supported by a wall shall
be proportioned, to resist twice the moment assigned to half the middle strip corresponding to the
first row of interior columns.

Stiffness calculation:
Let the height of the floor =3.0 m
Clear height of the column = height of floor depth of drop thickness of slab
= 3000 160- 240
=2600 mm
Effective height of column = 0.8 x2600
= 2080 mm

(Assuming one end hinged and other end fixed)

c = EKc/Ks = sum of flexural stiffness o f column a c t i n g a t t h e j o i n t
Flexural stiffness of t h e s la b

Kc = (4EI/L) top + (4EI/L) bottom
= 2 (4EI/L)
= 2 (4E/260) (6060^3/12)
= 33230.76E.

Ks = (4EI/L)
= (4E66021^3)/ (66012)
= 3087E.

c = 33230.76E./ 3087E.
= 10.76

c > c min ok.
Hence the correction for pattern loading in the direction of short span is not required.

Distribution of bending moment across the panel width:

It is an exterior panel.
Column strip
-ve B.M at exterior support = (- 0.65M/ (1+1/ c))1.0
= (-0.65490.05)/(1+1/10.76)
= -291.446 Kn-m

+ve span BM = (0.63-(0.28/(1+1/ c)) M0.6
= (0.63-(0.28/(1+1/10.76))0.6490.05
=109.91 Kn-m

-ve span BM at interior support = - (0.75- (0.1/ (1+1/ c)) M0.75
=- (0.75 (0.1/ (1+1/10.76))490.050.75
= -242.02 Kn-m.

Middle strip:

-ve BM at exterior support = (-0.65M/ (1+1/ c) 0.0
= 0.0Kn-m.

+ve span BM = (0.63 (0.28/ (1+1/ c)) M0.4
= (0.63 (0.28/ (1+1/10.76)490.050.4
= 73.274 Kn-m

-ve BM at interior support = - (0.75 (0.1/ (1+1/ c)) M0.25
= - (0.75 (0.1/ (1+1/10.76))490.050.25
= - 80.67 Kn-m.
EXTERIER PANEL
STRIPS
NEGATIVE MOMENT
POSITIVE
MOMENT
INTERIER
SUPPORT
EXTERIER
SUPPORT
COLUMN
STRIP
-242.02 -291.446 109.91
MIDDLE STRIP -80.67 0 73.274


Effective depth of the slab:
Thickness of the slab, from consideration of maximum negative moment anywhere in the slab.
Maximum -ve BM occurs in the column strip =-291.45 KN-m


Mu = 0.138fckbd^2
d = (291.45*10^6/ (0.138203300)^0.5
d = 178.7 mm.
Using 12 mm (diameter) main bars.
Overall thickness of slab = 180+ 25+6 = 211mm.

Shear in Flat Slab:
The critical section for shear shall be at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the
column/capital/drop panel, perpendicular to the plane of the slab where d is the effective depth of
the section.
Check for shear stress developed in slab:

The critical section for shear for the slab will be at a distance d/2 from the face of drop.
Perimeter of critical section = 4 x 2320 = 9280 mm.
Vo = 1.511 [L1L2-(2.322.32)]
= 1.511 [6.66.6-(2.322.32)].
= 629.9Kn.
Nominal shear stress v = Vo/bd = 629.91000/ (9280X210)
=0.323 N/mm^2
Permissible shear stress = v Ksc
Ks = (0.5+ c) c =1
Ks = 1.5>1 Ks = 1
c = 0.25fck = 0.2520 =1.118 N/mm^2
c > v therefore design safe in shear.
Check for shear in drop:
bo = [ 0.6 + 0.2]4 = 3.2m.

Nominal shear Vo = 1.511[6.66.6-(0.80.8) = 708.18 Kn.
Nominal shear stress v = 708.181000/ (3200270) = 0.8196 < 1.118 N/mm^2.
Therefore design safe in shear.


Design of interior panel:
Column strip width = 1.65m.
Middle strip width = 3.3 m.
Size of drops = 2.2 2.2 m.
Depth of slab = 240 mm.
Total design load = 11 Kn/m^2.
Total design moment (Mo) = 490.05 Kn-m.

Negative and positive design moment:
In an interior span, the total design moment
Mo shall be distributed in the following proportions:
Negative design moment 0.65
Positive design moment 0.35
Total negative moment in panel =0.65 Mo = 0.65 490.05 = 318.5 Kn-m.
Total positive moment in panel = 0.35 Mo = 0.35 490.05 =171.52 Kn-m.

Column strip: Positive moment for each span For each span, the column strip shall be designed
to resist 60 percent of the total positive moment in the panel.

Moments in the middle strip:
The middle strip shall be designed on the following bases:
a) That portion of-the design moment not resisted by the column strip shall be assigned to the
adjacent middle strips.
b) Each middle strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two
half middle strips.
C) The middle strip adjacent and parallel to an edge supported by a wall shall be proportioned, to
resist twice the moment assigned to half the middle strip corresponding to the first row of interior
columns.


Moments in column strip and middle strip:
Negative moment in column strip = 0.75 0.65490.05 =238.89 Kn-m.
Negative moment in middle strip = 0.25 0.65490.05 =79.633 Kn-m.

Positive moment in column strip = 0.6 0.35490.05 =102.91 Kn-m.
Positive moment in middle strip = 0.4 0.35490.05 =68.607 Kn-m.
INTERIER PANEL
STRIPS
NEGATIVE
MOMENT
POSITIVE
MOMENT
COLUMN
STRIP
-238.89 102.91
MIDDLE
STRIP
-79.633 68.607


Effective depth of the slab:
Thickness of the slab, from consideration of maximum negative moment anywhere in the slab.
Maximum -ve BM occurs in the column strip =-238.89 KN-m

Effective depth d = [238.89*10^6/ (2.763300)] = 161.95 mm.

EXTERIER PANEL
STRIPS
NEGATIVE MOMENT
POSITIVE
MOMENT
INTERIER
SUPPORT
EXTERIER
SUPPORT
COLUMN
STRIP
-242.02 -291.446 109.91
MIDDLE STRIP -80.67 0 73.274

INTERIER PANEL
STRIPS
NEGATIVE
MOMENT
POSITIVE
MOMENT
COLUMN
STRIP
-238.89 102.91
MIDDLE
STRIP
-79.633 68.607

.