Literature Review Terms: Basketball sneakers technology and design: With the development of new technology and science,

more and more great, new technologies were used in basketball shoes which really improve the basketball players performance. Compared with basketball games in 1950s, modern basketball emphasi es speed and efficiency. !o shoes" companies pay attention to research and development new material that can use on shoes. #asically, shoes" technologies and designs can be divided to three ma$or parts% shoe upper, midsole and outsole. Shoe upper: &he term 'upper' refers to the part or parts of a shoe that cover the toes, the top of the foot, the sides of the foot, and the back of the heel (( it is attached to the outsole of a shoe. )epending on the style of the shoe, the upper of a shoe can be cut from a single piece, or can be comprised of many pieces stitched together. *arts of a shoe+s upper can include the vamp, the back, the tongue, the ,uarter, and the lining. -ppers can be made from a variety of materials, with the most popular being leather, satin, suede, and canvas. )uring the early period of basketball game, players $ust wore normal sport shoes that were made of canvas or cloth. &hose kinds of materials were easily deformed and it can not give player"s both foot and ankle enough support, so it easily cause in$ury. )uring 19.0s, leather, nylon and cotton started to made shoe upper. &he most clear characteristics of basketball shoes of this period was firm. /irm shoes provided perfect protection for players but it was heavy and poor permeability.

0s 11st century was coming, more light and strong material were produced and used on basketball shoes like flywires and foamposite. &he height of shoes" upper also had more choice like low, mid and high, which provided more choices for different position of players. 0ccording to the research of 2estor W. !herman and 3ike )aniela, the high(top shoes decreased the total amount of inversion by 4.5 degree, decreased the ma5imum amount of inversion by 100.1 degree per second, and decreased the average amount of inversion by .6 degree per second, so it showed that high(top shoes can significantly reduce the risk of ankle inversion and provided better protection for basketball players. 7 can use these data to compare the effects of different height collar of basketball shoes. 810019

Midsole: &he midsole is the layer in between the outsole and the insole, typically there for shock absorption. !ome types of shoes, like running shoes, have additional material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel of the foot, where one puts the most pressure down. &he first basketball shoes" midsole was made by rubber which can provide some cushion but not enough. !o more new materials were used in midsole with 11st century coming like :;0, phylon and lunarlon. 0ll of those kinds of material were soft and elastic which can give more feedback force and ,uick speed and reaction. With more tech used in basketball shoes, another important opinion was created( air cushioning. &he first air cushioning was created by 2ike. 2ike 0ir is pressuri ed air inside a tough, yet fle5ible bag. &he 0ir !ole units are located in the midsole beneath the heel, forefoot or in both areas. &he 0ir !ole units in

2ike 0ir shoes compress to reduce the force of impact. &he 0ir !oles then immediately recover to original shape and volume, ready for the ne5t impact. 2ike air have different branches such as, air sole, air ma5, air sho5 and oom air. :ach of them had their special characteristic and you can choice you favorite by you personal circumstance. &o test the effect on basketball shoes cushion, several research were found that the cloth sport shoes has 1.55 #W of impact force but basketball shoes only has 1.6. #W of impact force.8/ong, )aniel &ik(*ui, <ong =oulian, and >i ?ing @ian. 100.. 9 !econd research show that 0 combination of landing in shoes of 6 midsole densities 8soft, normal, hard9 from each of 6 landing potential energy8*:9 levels8 low, median, high9. Around reaction forces 8AB/9, acceleration 80CC9 of the tibia and forehead, and sagittal kinematic data were sampled simultaneously. &he AB/ results showed that the forefoot peak AB/ in the normal and hard midsoles was significantly greater than the soft midsole at the low and median *:s. Bearfoot peak AB/ was significantly greater for the hard midsole than for the soft and normal midsoles at the median and high *:s, respectively. 8!ongning, Chang, Durt Clowers, Charles Dohstall, and =u =eon(?oo. 10059.

Outsole: &he outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. )ress shoes often have leather or resin rubber outsolesE casual or work(oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic material like polyurethane. &he outsole may comprise a single piece, or may be an assembly of separate pieces, often of different materials. Fn some shoes, the heel of the sole has a rubber plate for durability and

traction, while the front is leather for style. !peciali ed shoes will often have modifications on this design% athletic or so called cleated shoes like soccer, rugby, baseball and golf shoes have spikes embedded in the outsole to improve traction. 2ow more and more outsole used bionics to find the foot pressure image to design the outsole which can give players more traction. &h research show that &hree test playing surfaces% clean hardwood, dusty hardwood, and clean artificial flooring, each appro5imately 1G in. &he results indicated that in basketball the magnitude of the resistance forces and tor,ue are influenced by the outsole material and outsole hardness of the shoes, the playing surface and player weights.8)F20>) B<:72!&:72, C<0-2C:= 0. 3FB:<F-!:, #:270372 W. 27:#:>.9 0nother research show that a stipple pattern is a generally added to a basketball shoe outsole for cosmetic reasons, however, it appears that if the stipples are lager and both in translation as well as in rotation, by varying that si e, location, and orientation of the stipple pattern on the outsole, the ability to reduce free moments of rotation may be regulated to some e5tent.8Aordan, ;aliant9