CHAPTER-VII TAIL GEOMENTRY

7.1 INTRODUCTION Our aircraft has a T-tail configuration, chosen for several reasons. Despite the T-tail's typical disadvantage of adding to aircraft weight (due to required extra structural strengthening), its advantages of the T-tail outweigh the disadvantages. One such advantage is that the T-tail puts the horizontal tail clear of wing wake and engine exhaust. Another is its aesthetically-pleasing design. Overall, however, the T-tail results in higher efficiency and a smaller tail than would be possible if it were of a different design. Depicted below is our T-tail design

Figure 12.1 T-tail 7.2 HORIZONTAL TAIL GEOMETRY The sweep of the horizontal tail's leading edge has been set to 25 degrees. This value was obtained from historical data; a trend in past aircraft has been to sweep the horizontal tail 5 further than the wings. This increase

in sweep angle ensures that the tail stalls later than the wing, important to maintaining control and maneuverability in adverse conditions. An increase in tail sweep angle also increases its critical Mach number relative to the wing; this prevents the loss of elevator effectiveness in case of shock formation.

7.2.1 TAIL AIRFOIL NACA 23021

Figure 12.2 TAIL AIRFOIL

Thickness Camber Trailing edge angle Lower flatness Leading edge radius Max CL Max CL angle Max L/D Max L/D angle Max L/D CL Stall angle Zero-lift angle

: 21.0% : 1.9% :28.3o : 22.2% : 6.2% : 1.244 : 15.0 : 25.219 : 7.0 : 0.873 : 3.0 : -1.0

Figure 12.3 Aero dynamic Characteristics 7.2.2 Lift to drag ratio of NACA 23021 = 0 CL =0.1 (from above fig.) CD =0.007 (from above fig.) = = 6 CL =0.7 (from above fig.) CD =0.0085 (from above fig.) = = 12 CL =0.75 (from above fig.) CD =0.0087 (from above fig.) = = 86.206 = 82.35 = 14.28

7.2.3 Horizontal Tail Pitching Moment co-efficient Cmowf + CL (h h0) t vt Clt = 0 Cmowf = Cmaf x + 0.01 (t) (7.1) (7.2)

Cmaf for NACA 23021 is 0 From, Equation (7.2) wing pitching moment co-efficient is Cmowf = 0.12 From, Equation (7.1) Tail lift co-efficient is Clt = 0.095 7.2.4 Horizontal Tail Area To calculate the initial size of the horizontal tail, the following equation was used: SHTAIL = CW VHT Swing / Lopt (7.6) (7.5) (7.4)

where Swing = area of wing, CW =mean chord length of wing, CHT =tail volume coefficient and LHT = length between wing and horizontal tail. Our value for the tail volume coefficient was taken from historical data; this value is 1.1. St = 10.96 m2 7.2.5 Tail Aspect Ratio ARt = 2/3 x ARW ARt = 5 7.2.6 Tail Wing Span Wing Span b2 = AR x St Wing Span b = 7 m2 7.2.6 Horizontal Tail Root Chord and Tip Chord 7.2.6.1 Tail Root Cord Taper Ratio of tail section t = 0.26 Crt = (2 x St ) / (bt x (1+)) Croot = 2.22 m (7.12) (7.13) (7.10) (7.11) (7.8) (7.9) (7.7)

7.2.6.2 Tail Tip Chord Ctip = x Croot Ctip = 0.58 m 7.2.7 Horizontal tail sweep angle The sweep of the horizontal tail's leading edge has been set to 25 degrees. This value was obtained from historical data; a trend in past aircraft has been to sweep the horizontal tail 5 further than the wing s Sweep Angle = 25 7.2.8 Horizontal tail Mean aerodynamic chord (7.16) (7.14) (7.15)

Ct = 1.56 7.3 VERTICAL TAIL GEOMETRY

(7.17)

The sweep of the vertical tail has been set to 30 degrees, again obtained using historical data that indicates that vertical tails are swept 5-10 degrees further than the horizontal tail. The increase in the sweep angle once again also increases the tail's critical Mach number relative to the wing, preventing loss of critical yaw control during turbulence. The taper ratio of the vertical tail has been set to 0.7, based on historical data for Ttails; T-tail vertical surface taper ratios are in the range of 0.5 to 1.0, to provide adequate chord for the attachment of the horizontal tail and associated control linkages. 7.3.1 Vertical Tail Area To calculate the initial size of the vertical tail, the following equation was used: St = b.s.vv / ll St = 6.04 (7.18) (7.19)

Using a vertical tail volume coefficient taken from historical data (0.09)

7.3.2 Vertical tail wing span bv2 = AR x St Aspect Ratio for vertical tail is AR = 1.7 b = 3.20 7.3.3 Vertical Tail Chords 7.3.3.1 Vertical tail root chord Taper Ratio of tail section t = 0.31 Crt = (2 x Sv ) / (bv x (1+)) Croot = 2.88 m 7.3.3.2 Vertical tail tip chord Ctip = x Croot Ctip = 0.893 7.3. 4 Horizontal tail Mean aerodynamic chord (7.24) (7.25) (7.22) (7.23) (7.21) (7.20)

The value of mean aerodynamic chord is 2.06