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INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE,
TERMINOLOGY & AVAILABLE
RESOURCES
Matthew E. Meyer, P.E.
Principal
ACIP PILE APPLICATIONS
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ACIP PILE APPLICATIONS
ACIP PILE APPLICATIONS
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ACIP PILE APPLICATIONS
ACIP PILE APPLICATIONS
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ACIP PILE APPLICATIONS
EARLY U.S. DEVELOPMENT
1950-1960
Cast-in-place piles grew out of pressure-
grouting processes at Intrusion-Prepakt
Patent granted to Raymond Patterson for
construction of cast-in-place piles by pumping
grout through a hollow-stem auger.
Licenses granted to Lee Truzillo and Charles
Berkel
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Augers advanced by power units that developed
+/- 15,000 ft-lbs
On-site grout batching using bagged cement, fly
ash and grouting agent, and masonry sand (to
allow grout to be pumped by pneumatic powered
piston pumps)
Consistent production of 3000 psi grout was a
challenge (fine masonry sand)
Installation of 500 linear feet of piling in a single
day was considered a great accomplishment.
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
EARLY 1960s
Deep foundations for most major structures are
either driven piles or drilled shafts
Raymond Concrete Pile Company has offices
throughout the U.S.
STATE OF THE DEEP FOUNDATION
INDUSTRY
EARLY 1960s
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Screw pile technology emerges
Gaspar Coelius granted patent for cast-in-place
screw pile in 1960
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS
1960s
DRILLED AND SCREWED PILE
ANALOGY
Drilled Screwed
From De Cock and Imbo, Transportation Research Record 1447
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Augers advanced by power units that developed
+/- 30,000 ft-lbs
ASTM C-33 sand used in grout mixes.
Higher volume, more powerful pumps are
available.
Redi-mix grout common.
Original patent for ACIP piles expires. New
installers enter the market.
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
1970s
Application of Atlas and Fundex screw piles
Development of CFA (continuous-flight-auger)
Piles
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS
1970s
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Continued advancement of installation platforms
and grout delivery systems
ACIP industry is relatively mature. Substantial
knowledge base in the Geotechnical Community
Raymond Pile Driving in decline
Oil field pipe less plentiful
Miami Rapid Transit System-Piles in soft/weakly
cemented limestone
Georgia World Congress Center-Piles in partially
weathered rock
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
1980s
Gaspar Coelius granted patent for a full
displacement pile in 1985 (De Waal Pile)
Installation of Screw Piles is common in Europe
European CFA Piles gain broader acceptance
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS
1980s
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ACIP industry is well established across the
nation in favorable subsurface conditions
DFI Publishes Cast-In-Place Pile Manual
Drilled Displacement Piles enter the U. S.
market
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
1990s
Drilled Displacement Pile processes well
established in the deep foundation market
Systems incorporating European CFA
technology introduced into the market
AASHTO/FHWA technology scan tour to
Europe, 2002
FHWA GEC #8 (published in 2007)
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
2000+
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Some Examples of Markets with Experience within US
Florida ACIP piles bearing within soil and/or limestone, Drilled Displacement piles
in appropriate subsurface conditions
Georgia ACIP piles bearing within partially weathered rock and/or installed to
competent bedrock
California ACIP and Drilled Displacement piles in appropriate subsurface
conditions
Texas ACIP piles within weathered shale
Louisiana and Alabama ACIP piles in coastal soils
South Carolina ACIP piles bearing within Cooper Marl formation or coastal soils
New York & New Jersey ACIP piles with Drilled Displacement piles utilized in
appropriate subsurface conditions
Nevada ACIP piles within valley soils and cemented materials of Las Vegas
Northern Virginia/Washington, DC ACIP piles in the Coastal Soils of region
Ohio River Valley & Pennsylvania ACIP piles in various soil and rock conditions
Missouri, Wyoming, North Dakota ACIP piles
Caribbean Islands ACIP piles
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
2000+
APPLICATION OF ACIP AND DD PILES
IN TRANSPORTATION MKT
MORE RECENT
Soundwalls in numerous states
Excavation support (secant pile walls)
Approximately 20 State DOTs & the FHWA Federal Lands Highway Dept. have
approved CFA Piles on a project-specific basis
FHWAs GEC #8 (April 2007) provides a technical guideline providing minimum
recommendations for design & construction of CFA Piles
Bridge Support To Date For FHWA/DOTs
I-135 in Salina, Kansas
I-135 in Wichita, Kansas
153
rd
Street Bridge in Seattle, Washington
NC Highway 96S in Meadow, North Carolina
Guilford County Bridge in Greensboro, North Carolina
Krenek Bridge Site in Texas
State Highway 7 Bridge in Houston County, Texas
Bridge Widening at Ronald Reagan National Airport, Arlington, VA
Replacement Structure, District of Columbia
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Evolution of current US Practice--Cast-in-place piles
installed by single-pass, rotary drilling processes
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
Continuous Flight Auger
European Screw Piles
ACIP, aka
Augercast,
APG Piles
CFA
Intermediate (Partial) Displacement
Drilled Displacement Pile
TERMINOLOGY
Basically, any system for installing cast-in-place piles by a single-pass, rotary drilling
process is a CFA pile.
GEC #8
DFI
Augered-Cast-in-Place (ACIP) Piles, a.k.a. Augercast, Auger Pressure-Grouted Piles-
Piles installed by single-pass, rotary drilling processes where the tooling includes a
continuous flight auger.
Drilled Displacement (DD) Piles, Propriety names Berkel Displacement Piles, DeWaal,
Omega-Piles installed by single-pass, rotary drilling processes where the tooling
includes a displacing element that creates a cylindrical pile of more or less uniform
diameter.
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Local applicable building code or IBC
DFI ACIP pile committee publications
DFI Specialty ACIP pile seminars
DFI ACIP and DD Pile short courses
DFI Annual Conference proceedings and J ournal
Geotechnical Engineering Circular #8
Design Methodologies summarized in GEC #8
Originally published in various resource
documents
Local ACIP and DD pile contractors
AVAILABLE RESOURCES