IL N('~)VO CIMENTO

VOL. XVI, N. 2

16 Aprile 1960

On the Symmetries ol Strong and Weak Interactions (*).

F. G{'~RSEY (**)

Brookbacet~ Xatio~al Laboratory . Uptott, N . Y .

(ricevuto il 17 Settembre 1959)

Summary.

-A model of strong ingeraetions is proposed which admits a group (G,~ H) in the limit of a suitably defined doublet approximation, G4 being a 4-dimensional extension of the isotopic spin group and H the hypercharge gauge group. Weak interactions having phenomenological chirality invariance properties or obeying the A I = ~ rule are shown to be iuvariant under an unitary subgroup of the group ((;4>:H).

i.

Introduction.

R.eeently p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n f o r m s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d t o t a k e into a c c o u n t t h e r a t h e r i n t r i c a t e s y m m e t r y properties of the w e a k i n t e r a c t i o n s of stron~o'ly i n t e r a c t i n g particles (,-a). The empirical rules s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t e d b y e x p e r i m e n t are the A I = rule (~.5) a n d an e x t e n s i o n of t h e 7~ i n v a r i a n e e w h i c h will allow only left handed, fields in A d e c a y , b u t b o t h left h a n d e d a n d

(*) Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy (!ommission and the International Cooperation Administration. (**) On leave from the University of Istanbul. Now at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. (1) 1~. ])'ESPAt/NAT and J. PRENTKI: N~t('[. Phys., 11, 700 (1959); Phys. Rec., 114 1366 (1959). (2) B. T. FELD: Hypero~ decays at~d symm.etry properties o] the weak 5tteraetio~s, preprint. (a) ,~. C. PATI and S. O_N'EDA:An attempt at uttiversal ]our-fermio,t interactiotb preprint. (4) R. L. COOL, B. CORK, J. W. ('no~-ix and ~V. A. ~\ E~'ZEL: Phys. Rev., 119, 912 (1959). (5) F. S. CRAWFORD, 5[. (!RESTI, ]~. L. DOU(~LAS, 3[. L. Goom G. R. KALBFLFISCH, M. L. STEVENSON and H. K. T~CHO: t'hys, i?ec. Lett., 2, 266 (1959).

ON T I l E S Y M M E T R I E S OF STRON(4 AND W E A K I N T E R A C T I O N S

231

right handed fields in E dee~y (~). Since ys invariance is known to hold rigorously in pure leptonic processes and a p p r o x i m a t e l y when strongly interacting p a r t M e s are present, higher s y m m e t r i e s for the latter h a v e been invoked (see IleL (l-a)) to allow some of the s y m m e t r i e s of weak processes to smwive in b a r y o n and meson decays. I n the present note we would like to draw a t t e n t i o n to a possible 4-dimensional extension Ga of the isotopic spin group Ga, such t h a t (~,, together with the h y p e r c h a r ~ e gauge group H contains charge independence, strangeness selection rules and the empirical s y m m e t r i e s of weak interactions as various subgroups. I-Ience, if (~ is a p p r o x i m a t e l y valid for stronR' interactions, one m a y hope t h a t renormMization effects will be smM1 for a n y interaction inv a r i a n t under a, subgroup of G~ and especially for weak interactions. The modal t r e a t e d here shouht be regarded as an illustration of the possibility t h a t the s y m m e t r i e s of weak interactions m a y be essentially contained in those of stron,,," interactions and certainly not as a definite proposal for a t h e o r y of e l e m e n t a r y particles. To facilitate the discussion of the invariance properties, we divide the strong L a g r a n g i a n into a p a r t L rigorously i n v a r i a n t under G4 and a p a r t L ' i n v a r i a n t only under Ga and which acts as a p e r t u r b a t i o n on L. We call it (I) P) for <(doublet p e r t u r b a t i o n ,> since it will be seen t h a t G~ invariance implies a < < doublet a p p r o x i m a t i o n > >(DA) for the b a r y o n s (equal masses a n d same sps, cetime s t r u c t u r e for A and X which allows reshuffling of their c o m p o n e n t s into two doublets 2V~ and ~%). This is hardly surprising since PAlS (7) has shown t h a t the weakest s y m m e t r y b e y o n d charge independence m u s t i m p l y the (DA) (global s y m m e t r y is not assumed). However, a (DP) m u s t also exist in order to avoid a n y contradiction with e x p e r i m e n t (s). The difference with the 4-dimensional group considered b y PArs is t h a t G~ affects the nucleon states (and also the cascade particle states). In Section 2 we show t h a t for a certain class of non-linear meson-nucleon int~ra(,tions, the pion-nuclear s y s t e m possesses 4-dimensionM s y m m e t r y which includes the },~ t r a n s f o r m a t i o n us a subgroup. I n Se(.tion 3, the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n l)i'Ol)erties of all b a r y o n s ~md the K - m e s o n s under the g'roup G~ are defined. Se~'tion 4 deals with some specific weak interactions which are shown to be i n v a r i a n t raider an u n i t a r y subgroup of (14 and the h y p e r e h a r g e .group H, provided the A [ - - 1 rule and the phenomenological ?% inwtriance properties are satisfied.

(~) S. A. BLUDMAN: t'henome~tologieal attalysis ,] hyperoJt decay rates and (rsym metries. Gatlinburg Conference on Weak Interactions (Oct. 1958); BM1. Am. Phys. Nm,., 9, 83 (1959); Mso Phys. Rer., 115, 468 (1959). (;) A. PALS: Phys. Rec., ti0, 1480 (1958). (~) A. PALa: Phys. Ree., 110, 574 (1958); 112, 624 (1958).

232

~'. ~;OgsEY

2. - 4-dimensional symmetry of the =-vV system in the doublet approximation.

The only new r o t a t i o n o'roup t h a t can be defined for the r:-,J~~ s y s t e m (excluding t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s t h a t mix nucleons and antinucleons) is the following t r a n s f o r m a t i o n for the nucleon o p e r a t o r ~0:

(1)

G3:

Y' .~exp[iysx.to]~p.

"

This group has the s~me f o r m ,~s the D y s o n - F o l d y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n "rod does not leave the free nucleon e q u a t i o n i n v a r i a n t unless m = 0. The e q u a t i o n t r a n s f o r m e d with the v a l u e e o ' - - a of the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s will r e a d

(2)
Now, following the m e t h o d Nishijima ('~) devised in order to ensm'e the ~,,.~ gauge invariance, we replace the p a r a m e t e r s a in (2) b y a dynami('al field b y puttin~o'

(:~)

a =/qo

-- g q~/2m,

where f is a univers~l length and g a dimensionless constant. powers of [ we obtain the equation (4) y ~ , y ~ = m exp [2i]7~,x.~] ~0 = m~v + igy(r. ~yJ

Exp~mding in

(g~q:~-/2m)y~ + ... ,

qo is pseudoscalar, has isotopic spin 1 ;rod can be identified with the pion field. ] is t h e n the p s e u d o v e c t o r coupling constant. The interaction (4) which is related to the non-linear f o r m of the p s e u d o v e c t o r interaction (after the D y s o n F o l d y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n has been performed) h,~s been considered b y GLaUUER (10) in connection with multiple meson production, a n d its m a t h e m a t i c a l s t r u c t u r e which implies an inherent non locality associated with the length / has been investigated b y m a n y authors (~-14).

(9) (lo) (11) (12~ (~a) (14)

K. R. R. j. j. W.

NISnIJIMA: Nuovo Cimento, 11, 910 (1959). J. GLAUBER: Phys. Rev., 84, 395 (1951). ARNOWITT and S. DESEX: Phys. Rev., 100, 349 (1955). S. R. CmsltoL)i: Phil. Mag., 1, 338 (1956). S. R CHISHOLM and G. M. D I x o N : Nuovo CimeMo, 9, 125 (1958). (~iTTTINGER: N?loco ~ime~do, 10, 1 (1958).

ON

TIlE

S~MMIgTP~IES

(IF

STR()NG

AND

WEAK

INTEhIACTI()NS

");~,~

E q u a . t i o n (4) ma.y aim) b e w r i t t e n

in t h e f o r m

(5)
where

{
[ ~, ~#',,o,~ ~ m~V,,: " ,

(~;) and
(7)

[ q0 - exp [ 2 i / x . q ~ ] ,

(P
go R

exp I

:~i/w.~],

1~1 -- ),:,)~t, ,

(/a(/) -- ~ q~ :

1 .

N o w a . l - d i m e n s i o n M ~ntern:tl vota.tion g r o u p G4 a r i s e s f r o n t t h e p o s s i l l i l i t y of p e r f o r m i n g i n d e p e n d e | l t handed ('ommute nueleons i s o t o p i c s p i n r o t e t i ( m s on t h e l e f t h a n d e d a n d rig'ht These tw(t 3 - d i n m n s i o n a l g'roups o b v i l , u s l y independently.

a n d t h e y a r e d e f i n e d by

(s)
and

q~ - ~ e x p [

ix.B],

(9)

,{'a~. 'a

V'~ -" e x p [i':.v]ya,~ ,

q~ ~ e x p [ i T . v ] ( ] ) ,

~,,. ~ ~v,. ,

so t h a t the whole g'roup m a y I)e written as

(lO)

(14: ~0,__:exp i{1 ,7~.~.tt tj 1- '2 )'a x.v }] ~ , ~

( P ' = e x p [ i ( 2 / - z . ~ ' ) ] :: e x p [ i ' z . v ] ( P e x p [ ix.pt].

W e note t h a t the p s c u d o s c a l a r m~ture of the pion a n d 4-dimensiomll inv a r i a n c e are i n t i m a t e l y related, since only in this ease we can c o n s t r u c t a unit a r y m a t r i x q~ as a f u n c t i o n of ~ , such t h a t it is t r a n s f o r m e d into a n o t h e r nnit,:~ry ma.trix b y m e a n s of 4-dimensional r o t a t i o n s ('"). T h e isotopic spin g r o u p
(Jr,) The Kl'oup I4 has been previously introduced by the a u t h o r : F. (;i)Rs~:'t-: Bull. Am. l'hy.s'. Noe., 3, 10, 245 (1958); also Nuel. Phys., 8, 675 (1958). I1 arose as a natural generalization of tlle l'auli t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s studied in F. (jiil~SEY: NItoCO (!ime~do, 7, 411 (195S). The subgroup G~1) has been considered by S. A. BLUII~IAN: NUOVO (!imeMo, 9. 433 (1958) in connection with weak interactions. It. should not l)e ('onl'used ~xith the. rota.lion grmu~

V' .aq'-{

I,~t,a.

((a)~ (b)~ : 1),

t,hat mixes mwleot> and antinueleons. The l a t t e r unlike ~1(~ ~, leaves lhe free nlwle,m equation invariant, but is v i o l a t e d by local piml-nueleon intera,etions. It, was introduced by 1). tIARA, Y. F g . m and Y. O l l x u c I [t'rogr. Tbeor. Phys., 19, 129 (1958)11 and further discussed by B. TOUSCnEK [Nuoro (~inte,to, 8, 181 (195S)], A. (;AXZBA and E. ('. G. SI.IDARSIIAN [N~ot'o *imento, 10, 4()7 (1958)] and E. ,[. St:HREMP [Ph~lg. Rev., 113, 936 (1959)1.

234

F. (;t'msEY

G3 b'. o b t M n e d b y t a k i n g ix--~ to a n d the s u b g r o u p G'3 of eq. (1) c o r r e s p o n d s to the case ~ ,~ = co'. H o w e v e r , unlike ~a(~(1)a n d (;'3 "~ the r o t a t i o n a l subg r o u p s G3 a n d G'3 do n o t c o m n m t e . W e ~lso observe at this p o i n t t h a t G3 c o n m m t e s w i t h C P , C a n d P , b u t t h e s u b g r o u p s G3 ~ a n d G~"'~ sepa.rately comm u t e only w i t h C P a n d n o t w i t h C or P. Now, t h e pion kinetic e n e r g y t e r m in tile s t r o n g LaoTangian can also be m a d e inw~riant u n d e r G~ if we m a k e the s u b s t i t u t i o n
m

(11) The first t e r m in the e x p a n s i o n in powers of ] is the usual pion k i n e t i c energy. The a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s r e p r e s e n t p i o n - p i o n interactions. H o w e v e r , t h e pion bare m a s s t e r m in the L a o ' r a n g i a n c a n n o t be m a d e i n v a r i a n t u n d e r G4. I t n m s t arise as the result of a (DP) referred to above. Since the (DP) is i n v a r i a n t u n d e r Ga it will g e n e r a t e a pion mass t e r m which will be s t r o n g l y r e n o r m a l i z e d b y the pion-pion interactions. Therefore a sizable r e n o r m M i z e d pion mass is n o t i n c m n p a t i b l e w i t h a (DP). Since the (DP) n m s t also give rise to the A - - Z mass difference b, in our d o u b l e t a p p r o x i m a t i o n n o t only ~ b u t also the p i o n mass relative to the masses of o t h e r s t r o n g l y i n t e r a c t i n g particles m u s t be ne~'leeted. T h e ),~ t r a n s f o r m a t i o n arises n a t u r a l l y in this model. L e t us consider t h e discrete s u b g r o u p of (;~ b y t a k i n g ~'a ~, v, ~., 0 in (I~ ~ as defined b y eq. (9). W e o b t a i n (12) ~ --> 75~o , ~ -+ ~b .

H e n c e t h e c h a n g e of sign in m c o n t e m p l a t e d in the mass reversal t r a n s f o r mati(m (16) iS here t r a n s f e r r e d to the m a t r i x ~b, while m r e m a i n s u u c h a n g e d . The t r a n s f o r m a t i o n (l 2) unlike the mass reversal is a u n i t a r y t r ~ m s f o r m a t i o n (*). Since in the (DA) other s t r o n g i n t e r a c t i o n s will n o t d i s t u r b G~ i n v a r i a n c e , t h e 7~ i n v a r i a n e c as defined b y (12) will also r e m a i n valid in this a.pproximation.

(16) j. j. SAKUI~,AI: ~7~0'~!0 Cime,Mo, 7, 649 (1958). (*) Note added i~t. proof. - The unitary character of the general transformation (10) is <:lear for V'L and +i'R. To see that it is true for the pion field, we use tile operator identity given in Ref. (10) and in the appendix of a paper by G. BAa~ON [Nuovo Cime~tto: 13, 363 (1959)], namely, (exp [~])(exp [~3) -- exp [~ + ~] exp

[?, (~, ~)],

which is walid when [a,/3] commutes with ~ and /3. Now introduce two sets of commuting Pauli operators ~ and 1~ and define s = (p -~ "~). Further put qo -- qo(x) and t~'-- ~(x'). Then assume cominutation relations of the usual form for free particles so that [,,,, :] = i,L,, D'(* - - x ' ) ,

ON

TIlE

SYMMETRIES

OF

STRONG

AND

WEAK

INTERACTIONS

~35

H e n c e ~ 7 ~ - i n v a r i a n t w e a k L~'ran.g:ian will rema, in so in p r e s e n c e of s t r o n g i n t e r a c t i o n s in t h e l i m i t of (1)A). H o w e v e r t h e ( D P ) will i n d u c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a p i o n m a s s , a s h i f t of t h e b ~ r y o n m a s s e s , a s e p a r a t i o n of t h e A - E s y s t e m a n d ~'orrections t o t h e ( l ' - - A ) f o r m of t h e w e a k i n t e r a c t i o n s . Before concluding this section, the remark should be nmde that the l-dim e n s i o n a l s y m m e t r y we h ~ v e c o n s i d e r e d is n o t d e p e n d e n t on t h e f o r m of t h e t m i t a l y 2 ,~, 2 matri,~: q) of ~q. (5). W e ('an t a k e in ~'enerr, l

(13)

q) = 1~,(2/v. q~),

wl)ere h!),) is r~ d i f f e r e n t i a b l e f u n c t i o n of t h e v a r i a b l e 2, su('h t h a t (14) h(O) - - h'(o) =- 1 and hh* = 1 (h* h(-2)) .

St)c(.ial cases of i n t e r e s t are h ( 2 ) - - e x p [/;t], w h i c h b a d s t o eq, (6) a.nd

(15)

h ( } 0 - - (! ,'--/2)(1 __i~) 1,

w h i c h l e a d s to a, n o n - l i n e a r i ) i o n - n u e l e o n i n t e r a c t i o n c o n s i d e r e d b y ,%'rEC'H, ROLLNIK a n d KRAMEt~ (17) in com~e('tion w i t h 7~ i n v a r i a n e e (*).

3. - Group representations of strange particles.

T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of G, c a n be l a b e l l e d b y t w o n u m b e r s m -~nd n a c e o r d i n v to t h e i r t m n s f o r m a . t i o n p r o p e r t i e s u n d e r ~3'~(*) ( p a r a m e t e r s Ex) a n d a (~) (pa.ra--3 m e t e r s ~) of eq. (8), (9). Since t h e left h a n d e d a n d riR'ht l m n d e d s p i n e t fields

D'(,,' ./) being a ~'-number which vanishes for space-like separation of x and / . These are equivalent to tile explicitly eovariant equation

Under G4, the left hand side behaves like a self dual antisymmetrieal tensor since if gets multiplied to the left by exp [is.ha ] and Io the right b y exp [ i s ' ~ ) . The exponential factor containing D'(,r ,~ ) is invariant under G~. (1;) B. STEC~, H. ROLLNIK and B. gTECH: Zeit.s. /. Phys., 159, 564 (1959). (*) Note added i~ "proof. -- Another choice is It().) / 1 - . 2 2 4-i),. I n this ease the traeeless part of the matrix q~ is just proportional to the pion field, so t h a t that part of the interaction is a Yukawa coupling. Note, however, that the usual commutation relations for ~ exhibit four dimensional s y m m e t r y only to the order /a. In general four dimensional invarianee requires modification of the commutation relations for the 0 field. If we do no~ explicitly relate q~ to ~b, we can write invariant commulalim~ relations directly for the free ~ field, namely [qg(j.), q5 (a.,)] .= ie~,,.D(:; .-.r') wilh the subsidiary condition ~q),.rP,. 1 ) I T . - 0 for all states.
r

236

~. Gi2~snY

belong to different r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s we shall consider s e p a r a t e l y the representations of the 8 left h a n d e d and the 8 right h a n d e d b a r y o n s in the corresponding internal space E~. We h a v e (1~) (17) ~f~ "(, 0 ) , (p 9 , ' ( 0 , 1), (1 ),

so t h a t the left handed a n d r i g h t h a n d e d nucleons are respectively spinors of the first and second kind and the 4 c o m p o n e n t s of q), n a m e l y Tr q5 ,,nd Tr (r,~b) form a 4-vector in Ed. For the cascade doublet we t a k e (18) =~ = (0, ), =% = (, 0). = interacts with the pion according to

This r e p r e s e n t a t i o n implies t h a t the equation (19)

~,t~,yJz

m= exp [ - - 2iS~,a'" ~]~va .

Now, in the (DA) the A and v hyperol)s f o r m a degenerate multiplet. We assume t h a t t h e y belong to tensor r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of (i~ a.nd ma.ke the assignments

(20) (21)

~ A~ = (0, 0),

(~, ), Z~-- (o, 1).

Y~ is a 4-vector the 4-th c o m p o n e n t of which is z'lL while the r e m a i n i n g c o m p o n e n t s represent ~'L. A G,-invaria.nt h y p e r o n - p i o n eqm~tion c~m e~sily be written in terms of the matrices (22) Y~ = A L + i , r . Z L , ~l~= A~,+ i ~ ' Z R ,

which t r a n s f o r m according to (23) 5~ -+ exp [ix. [z] 5~ exp [ - - ix. v ] , iI~ -> exp [ix.v] X~ exp [ ix. v] .

Hence the following e q u a t i o n of motion is i n v a r i a n t under (Jd:

(24)

where ~ is defined b y (6). I t m a y be noted t h a t the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n h~w for

ON

TIIF

SYMMETRIES

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STRON(~

AND

WEAK

INTERACTIONS

~37

the m a t r i x (~.5) is (~)

l, t t ,. ~- exp [i~. v] YL exp [

]", . . . . "1~

"ix. Z z ,

i~.[x]

The m a t r i x 3"'R similarly defined t ransforlns like ]~ . For the K - m e s o n doublet we take (27) t; = (o, ~).

We have not. assumed reflection invarianee in E~. This corresponds to the fact t h a t the representations (, 0) for bosons and (1, 0) for b a r y o n s are missing. There is an anMogous situation in Space-Time where the (, 0) representation of the Lorentz group eorresponds to the neutrino, b u t the representt~tion (0, 1) with the same lepton n u m b e r is missing. In the (DA) the hyperons A~., E~, and Ye m u s t h a v e the sanw mass m~., otherwise p a r i t y would be violated. W h e n the (DP) is switched on, invarianee remains only with respect to the hyperchar~,e gauge group 'rod to the isotopic spin group aa which b o t h comn m t e with the p a r i t y operation. T h e n the A-E mass is split. The f o r m of possible K - b a r y o n interactions i n v a r i a n t under G4 will be studied in a separat." publication We simply r e m a r k here t h a t the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a d o p t e d a b o v e i m p l y t h a t if the Y-A~-K interaction is non derivative t h e n the Y-7~-K interaction m u s t be derivative in order to preserve invariance under G4 (*). However, linear inter~etions in ~ m u s t be non derivative and this, in the (DA), implies separate C and P (,onservation if ( ' P i.* e(ms:.rved ('*) in pionic interaction. The hyper('harge gauge t r a n s f o r m a t i o n (28) H: ~o -~ exp [iu]F , S -~ exp [ iu]~, K --~ exp [ i u ] K ,

with the other fields mlehantsed, is k n o w n to be a consequence of the (;onservation of charge a n d the third (.omponent of the isotopic spin. A l t e r n a t i v e l y we m a y derive the existence of such a gauge ,o'roup~ assuming like 1)"EsPA(;NAT a n d PRENTK[ (19), interactions linear in b, and G3 invarianee for strongly interacting particles. D[enee we can enlaxge the ~'roup (~4 to (14 H as the group of strong interactions in the (DA).

(*) Note added in l ) r o o [ . motion for the nucleon is:

~,~

In this case a 4-dimensionally invariant equation of

= exp [2if7~,.~] [m~, + i qK;,5 YK].

(~s) G. F~INBER(~ and F. Gi~RS~;Y: Phys. Rev., 11~, 1153 (1959). (:9) B. D'EseaGNA~ and J. PREN~'I<I: Nucl. Pt~ys., i, 33 (1956).

238 4. - W e a k interactions.

g. GiJ~s~Y

We recall t h a t the full group (G~ H ) admits H, Ga, G~1) ~nd ~a (;(~> ~8 subgroups. The" first two c o m m u t e with C ~nd P unlike the other two whieh c o m m u t e only with CP. W h e n the (DP) is switehed on G, inv~rianee is lost and we require strong interactions to be invariant under H ~nd G~. I n t e r actions invariant under ~ (g~) or ~ G(~) only, necessarily violate p~ri~y. I-Ienee we 3 m~y t r y to describe we~k interactions b y me~ns of these two groups. Two kinds of weak interaetions m a y exist : Class I is inv~ri~nt under ~ (~(~ (eq. ( 8 ) ) a n d Class i I is i n w r i a n t under ~a "~(~) (eq. (9)). Since charge must ~lso be conserved ,z~ to 4-paraill each e~se we can enlarge the 3 - p ~ m m e t e r groups a(~) s3 ~nd '~(~) meter unit~ry groups which will ~lso describe charge eonservt~tion. I n the. first e~se we consider the u n i t a r y subgroup U (" of (G~ / / ) obtained b y takinR" ~,~ = v~ -- 0, v~ = u. Then the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n properties of various field~ u n d e r
.

U ~" are given b y U('): y~, ~- exp

[iu] exp [ i x - I , q ~ ,
_~ -> exp I--flu] exp [ix. ~ ] ~

(29)
Y~-> exp [iT~'~] Y~ exp [-iT~V]. (~ -+ exp [i~" p.] ~ exp [ - - i ~ U ] , K -~ exp

[iu] exp [ i r c e ] K ,

8 , namely Similarly, we ean define ,~uother u n i t a r y group associated with G ,(2) U':): F~ =~ exp [i(1 + v3)u]y~L , yJ~ -+ [exp [iu] exp [ix. ~]FR,

(30)

~ -~ exv [i-~-+~] Y~ exp [-~'c.~],

G -+ exv [i~-~] G exp [ - i-c ~].

-+ exp [i%u] ~ exp [ - - i ~ ' ~ ] , K -+ exp [iu] exp [i~-~] . To inelude leprous ill the scheme we m a y define the tr~.nsformation properties of the lepton eurrent (31)
~S

j = ~ ff # ) y v = (~ + #)y,(1 + 7 ~ ) v ,

(32)

U(':

j, -+ exp

[2iu]j,.

Tllis can be justified b y remarking t h a t the transformation for ~/'L is e(luivalent ~'.) ,~ charge g a u g e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n with 2u ~s the gauge p a r a m e t e r .

ON T I I E S Y M M E T R I E S OF S T R O N G AND "~VEAK I N T E R A C T I O N S

2~{9"

An e x a m p l e of ('lass I interaction is the d e c a y of the K - m e s o n into pions. ~Noticing t h a t under U ") the nm.trix
(33) 0 = K: K + ix.K,

obeys the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n l~w (3~) U(": 0 -~ exp[i-c3u]O e x p [ - - iv~'u] , U (') b y

we can i m m e d i a t e l y construct an interaction t e r m i n v a r i a n t under taking

(35) L~ c,a l - ~

Tr{i~#~,[~.0 + ~o(~,)]} + r~.(,.,

where , is a dimensionless coupling (.onstant and G the F e r m i eon.~tant. Expandiilg ~b we h a v e ~ p p r o x i m a t e / y

(36)

Lx:~4~G[ ~ [ K ( ~ , q ~ ) - "

~/

'@,K).(?q~)--(?K).(~.~q~)+
+ ~f(~,, K)'(~, ~ 0 # ~ - - 2 ~ 0,,-')].

The first and fourth terms of (36) lead re.~pcctively to the 2-pion de('ay of K~ and the 3-pion decay cf K~ and K ~. The A I - - ~ rule is seen to hold for K decay in the ([)A) since L x t r a n s f o r m s like an isotopic spinor. H y p e r o n deca.ys b~volving ~ and Fn m a y be al,so regarded t~s belon~in-' to Class I. I n fact we can describe the pionic decay of the hyperons A and E b y requiring iuvarian(,e under U (~). Such an interaction is (37) Lv =- a'a] ~ Tr ( ~ 3/, ~ ) I ~

(: 0) (2;) (;0)
7# +

+ 1",~

Y#/ + H.('.

Again a' is a dimensionless coupling constant. The ('ontpatibility of (37) with the A I = o ~- rule can be seen b y comparino' it with the general inter,tction obeying t h a t rule and written in m a t r i x form ('~"). T h a t the ~tsymmetries are correctly described m~)~y be seen b y writing out explicitly the interaction (37). We obtain on exp~mding q) in powers of [, (38)

L ~ 4a'G]-2{(V'~L71, AL~#~

~ 9, llz~ ~,, )

(20) See for instance, K..NAKAOAWA: Nucl. Pky.~., 10, 20 (1959) and t e l (").

240

F. GURSEY

This gives V - - A interaction fol A decay and also for the ~o mode of E + decay, V for the T:+ mode of E + and A for the E - decay. The universality of the weak interactions (equality of the coupling constants) and the possible forms of the interaction arising from the p r o d u c t of a curreut with itself will be discussed in a separate paper.

I n conclusion the author would like to t h a n k Prof. A. PAIS, Dr. G. lq'EINBEnG, Dr. R.. BEttREI~I)S alld Prof. . NA~mr for stimulating discussions. He would also like to express his sincere thanks to Dr. S. A. GOUDSMIT for hospitality at the B r o o k h a v e n National L a b o r a t o r y . His thanks are also due to Prof. I{. J. OPPENHEIMEg for hospitality at the I n s t i t u t e where this work was initiated and a grant from the National Science F o u n d a t i o n is gratefully ack nowledR'ed.

RIASgUNTO

(*)

Si propone per le interazioni forti un modello ehe, nei limiti di un'approssimazione di doppietto opportunamente definita, ammette un grupl)o (G,;<H), essendo (~4 una estensione quadridimensionale del gruppo di spin isotopieo e H il gruppo di gauge dell'ipereariea. Si dimostra ehe le interazioni deboli, ehe abbiano propriet/~ fenomenologielm d'invarianza della ehiralith o obbediseano alla. regola AI--~, sono invarianti ri~petto a un so~togruppo unitario del grulopo (G.~ :..~.Ii).

(*) T r a d u z i o n e

a cura

della l~edazione.