The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 1. Explain the process of unification of Italy?

Ans: - Italy was formally united into a nation in 1861. The greatest problem in the unification of Italy
was its fragmentation into several political units, each under a different authority. Italy, before its unification, was divided into seven states: Sardinia-Piedmont, ruled by an Italian princely house; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Papal state; Lombardy and Venetia, ruled by Austrians; Tuscany, Modena and Parma. Sardinia-Piedmont took the responsibility of uniting Italy under its ruler, King Victor Emmanuel II and Chief Minister Count Cavour. Italian states had to fight several wars against Austria, Spain and France to drive them out of Italy.

2. Explain any three steps taken by the French to develop cultivation in the Mekong Delta?
Question: 1 - Write a note on:

(a) Guiseppe Mazzini

Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. When he was 24 years old, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. After that, he founded two more underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic instead of being a patchwork of small state kingdoms. Following in the footsteps of Mazzini, many secret societies were set up Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. The Conservatives feared Mazzini. (b) Count Camillo de Cavour Answer: Count Camillo de Cavour was the leading figure in the movement towards unification of Italy. He was the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He was like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite. He too was more fluent in French than in Italian. He made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and thus succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, many armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. They succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants and drove out the Spanish rulers. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy in 1861. Cavour became the first Prime Minister of the unified Italy.
(c) The Greek war of independence

Answer: The Greek war of independence mobilized the nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. The struggle for independence among the Greeks began in 1821. The

nationalists in Greece got support from many Greeks who were living in exile. Moreover, they also got support from many West Europeans who sympathized with the ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists mobilized public opinion to support this struggle against the Muslim empire. It is important to note that Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation. (d) Frankfurt parliament Answer: In German regions, there were a large number of political associations whose members were middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans. They came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives took out a festive procession to take part in the Frankfurt parliament which was convened in the Church of St. Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation. This German nation was to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia was offered the crown on these terms. But he rejected the offer and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

Answer: Women also participated in large numbers in the liberal movement. In spite of that, they were denied the voting rights during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were allowed only as observers to stand in the visitors gallery. Question: 2 - What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? Answer: The French revolutionaries took many steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. They took the recourse to romanticism. Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists usually criticized the glorification of reason and science. They focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. They tried to create a sense of collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. They focused on promoting the local culture to connect to the masses. Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. French was promoted as the main language in France to create a sense of single nation. In Poland, the Polish language was used to show rebellion to the Russian dominance. Question: 3 - Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? Answer: Marianne was the name given to the French nation; which was projected as the female figure. Similarly, Germania was the name given to the German motherland. Marianne is a popular Christian name for a woman. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic; the red cap, the tricolor, the cockade. Her statues were erected in public squares and her images were marked on coins and stamps; to persuade the people to identify with it. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves. The German oak stands for heroism.

Question: 4 - Briefly trace the process of German unification. Answer: During the Vienna Congress in 1814, Germany was identified as a loose confederation of 39 states. This confederation was earlier set by Napoleon. In May 1848, various political associations convened the Frankfurt parliament. They drafted a constitution for a German nation. This German nation was to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Otto von Bismarck; the chief minister of Prussia, was the main architect of German unification. He took the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy in his endeavour. Three wars were fought over seven years; with Austria, Denmark and France. The wars ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871. Question: 5 - What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him? Answer: Napoleon brought following changes to make an efficient administrative system:

The Civil Code of 1804; which is commonly known as the Napoleonic Code abolished all privileges based on birth. It also established equality before the law and secured the right to property. Even in those territories which came under his control; Napoleon began to introduce many reforms as he did in France. He simplified the administrative divisions in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. He abolished the feudal system and peasants could be freed from serfdom and manorial dues. Guild restrictions were removed in towns. Transport and communication systems were improved.

Question: 6 - Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? Answer: Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. For the new middle classes; freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law were the bases of idea of liberalism. Political & Social Perspective: From the political perspective, the idea of liberalism emphasized the concept of government by consent. Liberalism also meant an end of autocracy and clerical privileges. Further, it meant the need of a constitution and a representative government. Inviolability of private property was also emphasized by the nineteenth century liberals. Economic Perspective: Economic liberalization was another hallmark of the Napoleonic Code. The emerging middle class was also in favour of economic liberalization. Multiple currencies, units of weight and measurement and tariff barriers worked as obstacles for economic activities. The new commercial class was demanding a unified economic territory so that there could be unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.

Question: 7 - Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe. Answer: In case of France, promoting a single language helped in creating a sense of common identity among people of France. In case of Poland, use of Polish language was a means to show resistance towards Russian domination. In Germany, the revolutionaries promoted the folk culture to create a sense of common identity among the people. These examples show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe. Question: 8 - Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century. Answer: Italy became a nation because of efforts of Cavour. He made strategic alliances with France to defeat the Austrian forces. After several wars, the unification of Italy could become a possibility and it emerged as a nation state. Greece proclaimed independence from Ottoman Empire by citing its ancient culture which was entirely different from the Muslim Ottoman Empire. Many Greek who were in exile also supported this movement. These examples show that various factors were at work towards development of nation states over the nineteenth century. In most of the cases, a history of shared culture, repression of the poor at the hands of the powerful and the origin of liberalism were the catalyst which worked towards developing the sense of nationalism among people. Question: 9 - How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? Answer: The evolution of nationalism in Britain was a different case compared to the rest of Europe. The British isles were divided into four main ethnic nationalities, viz. the English, the Scottish, the Welsh and the Irish. England was emerging as an economic powerhouse because of industrialization. Due to its financial muscle, England was able to dominate the other nationalities of the British Isles. This resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in which England was the dominant partner and people of other ethnicities were subdued by the English culture. Question: 10 - Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

3. Answer: A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. This was
the period of disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans. These developments made this region very explosive. All through the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire tried to strengthen itself through modernization and internal reforms. But it could not achieve much success. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control one by one and declared independence. The Balkans used history and national identity to claim their right of independence. While the Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an

area of intense conflict. In the process, the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
Q-1 When was the customs union known as 'Zollverin' formed and with what purpose? Ans. The Zollverein was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and Joined by almost all German states. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.

Q-2 What is meant by Liberalism? Ans. The Word 'liberalism', derived from the Latin word 'libes' stands for the end of aristocratic and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Q-3 What were the immediate results of the Revolution of 1830 in France? Or When and Under whom was constitutional monarchy set up in France? Ans. As a result of the Revolution of 1830, the Bourbon Kings who had been restored to power by the Congress of Vienna were overthrown by the revolutionaries and constitutional monarchy established with Louis Phillipe as its head. Q-4 Artist of the French Revolution Personified liberty by symbols. Give two such symbols. Ans. Symbols -: (1) Torch of Enlightenment (2) Charter of Rights of Man Q-5 Name one artist whose name is associated with visual representation of nationalism? Ans. Frederic Sorrieu Q-6 Give two measures adopted by the French Revolutionaries to forge a sense of Collective identity? Ans. Measures-: (1) Through ideas of 'la patrie' (the fatherland) and 'le citoyen' (the citizen). (2) Replacing the Standard royal flag by the new French tricolour flag. (3) Composition of new hymns and commemoration of martyrs. (4) Formulation uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. (Any two) Q-7 Name the architects of the Italian nation. Ans. Names: (1) Count Camillo de Cavour, (2) Guiseppe Garibaldi (3) Guiseppe Mazzini Q-8 What were the allegory of the German Nation and republic of France known as? Ans. The main architects were: (1) The empire established by Turkey is known as the Ottoman Empire. (2) The Prussian King William 1. Q-10 What is meant by the Ottoman Empire? Ans. The empire established by Turkey is known as the Ottoman Empire. Q-11 Lists names of any three Balkan states which earlier constituted a part of the Ottoman Empire. Ans. States were: (1) Bulgaria, (2) Greece and (3) Romania Q-12 Nationalism aligned with which factor led Europe to disaster in 1914.

Ans. Imperialism. Q-13 What factors gave rise to spirit of nationalism? Ans. Various factors such as common race, language, religion, aims and aspirations, culture and Shared past gave rise to nationalism. Q-14 Who was the main architects of the established of nation-state in England? Ans. The English Parliament which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 was the main architect, through which a nation-states with England at its centre came into being. Q-15 When was the Act of Union passed and with what results? Ans. The Act of Union between England and Scotland took place in 1701. It led to the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Q-16 Name the Leader and the states which gave leadership i n Italian unification? Ans. Victor Emmanuel 2 the King of Piedmont and Sardinia gave leadership in Italian unification. Q-17 Mention 2 ways in which Europe benefited from French rule? Ans. In the areas occupied by Napoleon the feudal system was abolished, uniform laws and standardised weights and measures were introduced. Q-18 Mention 2 territorial changes that occurred due to the Congress of Vienna? Ans. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon and the Kingdom of Netherlands which include Belgium was created. Q-19 How did France benefited from the Revolution? Ans. France benefited form the Revolution: (1) it become a republic, (2) right to vote was given to all adults males, and (3) right to work was guaranteed to all. Q-20 Name the Famous hall when Otto von Bismarck gathered to proclaim the German Empire headed by Kaiser William? Ans. The Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles Q-21 When were United Kingdom and Ireland united and with what results? Q-22 By the 1790s, the french armies marched into which countries? Q-23 By which name is the Civil Code of 1804 of France known? Q-24 The Habsburg empire ruled over which area? Q-25 Who were called the serfs? Q-26 Where and when did the industrial revolution begin in Europe? Q-27 Where and by whom and why was the Congress of Vienna held? Q-28 Where and when was the Frankfurt Parliament held? Q-29 The advantages of the administrative changes brought about by Napoleon were outweighed by which things? Mention 2 such factors. II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 marks; 60-80 Words) 01. 'The initial enthusiasm towards the French armies soon turned to hostility'. Give reasons.

02. In Europe of min-eighteenth century there were no nation-states'. Comment. 03. How did revolutionary ideas spread to other countries? 04. Growth of Industrialisation changed the social and political equation in Europe. Discuss. 05. (a) What was the Zolleverin? (b) Under whose initiative was it formulated? (c) What were its wider implications?

III. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 Marks; 125 Words) 01. Metternich once remarked "When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches a cold." Discuss this statement in reference to the July revolution of 1830. 02. Distinguish between Revolutions of 1830 and 1848. 03. Compare the positions on the question of women's rights voiced by the three writers cited. What do they reveal about liberal ideology? 04. Describe the 4 stages of unification of Germany. 05. Briefly trace the process of Italian unification. 06. Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity. 07. Give four important factors which led to the growth of nationalism in nineteenth century in Europe. 08. How has French artist Fredric Sorvien visualised in his first print, of the aeries of 4 prints, his dream of a world made up of "democratic and secular republic". Explain. 09. Describe the cause of the Silesian Weavers uprising. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist. 10. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nation in Europe? Justify the statement with 4 examples. 11. The Treaty if Vienna gave a setback to the process of nationalism. Justify the statement with examples. 12. Justify how the history of development of nationalism in England different from the rest of Europe. 13. The French Revolution signified the first clear expression of nationalism in France. Justify the statement. 14. Why do you think Metternich made the remark. When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches a cold. Justify the statement in the light of July Revolution (1830). IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 01. Which of the following artists depicted a world made up of 'democratic and social Republics'? (a) Karl Kaspar Fritz (b) Eugene Delacroix (c) Frederic Sorrieu (d) Lorenz Clasen 02. What was the end result of 19th century nationalism? (a) Emergence of nation states (b) Modern state (c) Multidynastic empires (d) Absolutist monarchies 03. Which of the following was not among the measures adopted by French revolutionaries to create a collective identity? (a) Ideas of 'la patrie' and 'le citoyen'

(b) Tricolour flag (c) Regional dialects were composed (d) Hymns composed 04. The Habsburg's were rulers of (a) Austria-Hungary (b) Dutch Republic (c) Germany (d) Switzerland 05. Which of the following was not a feature of liberal ideology in the political sphere? (a) Freedom of the individual (b) Equality of all before the law (c) Government by consent (d) Violability of private property 06. Liberalism in the economic sphere did not entail (a) freedom of markets (b) abolition of state imposed restrictions on good (c) abolition of restrictions on movement of capital (d) feudal privileges 07. Customs union formed in 1834 (a) Collectivization (b) Zolleverein (c) European Economic Union (d) Napoleonic Code ANSWERS 01. (c) Frederic Sorrieu 02. (a) Emergence of nation states 03. (c) Regional dialects were composed 04. (a) Austria-Hungary 05. (d) Violability of private property 06. (d) feudal privileges 07. (b) Zolleverein