CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

1.0

SUMMARY

Compressor is used to take a definite quantity of fluid which is usually a gas or air and deliver it at a required pressure. In other words, the job of a compressor is to increase the pressure of the incoming fluid. Choice of centrifugal compressors is determined by their characteristics curves based on the pressure required and the amount of input of mechanical work that is power input. From the result that we obtain, the highest efficiency of compressor was running with the speed 1 speed 1 !he lowest was at speed 1 rpm. !he efficiency at rpm higher than others and it only produced lower flow rate than other. rpm curve that in unstable condition. For all the speeds

measurement, the inlet temperature values were almost similar. !he most important are the outlet temperature values. "hile doing the e#periment, the butterfly valve is very difficult to handle. !he computer that we used also have problem because the software that been used sometimes detect faster sometimes slower so the value that we need is not accurate. For the conclusion, the highest was at speed 1 produce lower flow rate than other speeds. rpm but it

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2.0

OBJECTIVE;

!o study the characteristics curves of a centrifugal compressor.

3.0

INTRODUCTION Compressor is a part of a system that used conservation of energy to change the

energy from one to another. It is used in many mechanical systems such as power plant, refrigerator and jet engines to increase the pressure of the fluid. &everal types of compressor are used such as a#ial compressor and centrifugal compressor. ' compressor is called a#ial compressor when the air is turned perpendicular to the a#is of rotation from left to right, whereas it is called centrifugal compressor as the flow through the compressor is turned perpendicular to the a#is of rotation spin around the shaft. In general, the compressor consists of two main parts( blades and shaft. !he fluid can be air or gas flows through the moving and fi#ed blades. !he work input to the shaft is transferred by the moving blades to the air. ' centrifugal compressor is made up of an impeller with a series of curved radial vanes. 'ir is drawn in near the hub, called the impeller eye and is spin round at high speed by the vanes on the impeller as the impeller rotates at high rotational speed. !he static pressure of the air increases from the eye to the tip of the impeller. Centrifugal compressors or blowers are used for a wide range in engineering and there is no basic difference in the design for any of the different applications. )1*

Figure 1; a centrifugal compressor [2]

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Centrifugal compressors are widely being used for many applications such as in pipeline transport of natural gas to move the gas from the production site to the consumer, in oil refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical and chemical plants, in air separation plants to manufacture purified end product gases, in refrigeration and air conditioner equipment refrigerant cycles and also in industry and manufacturing to supply compressed air for all types of pneumatic tools. ),*

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4.0

THEORY !he performance of the compressor is characteri-ed by the pressure ratio across

the compressor .C$/0, the rotational speed of the shaft necessary to produce the pressure increase and an efficiency factor that indicates how much additional work is required relative to an ideal compressor. )1* $+, !+ .e#it0 1 out "in

$1, !1 .enter0 Figure 2: schematic diagram of typical compressor !he increase of the pressure is measured by C$/. !his is the ratio of the air total pressure, pt e#iting the compressor to the air pressure flowing in the compressor. !his C$/ number must be always greater than 1. . )1* C$/ 2 $t+ 3 $t1 or $ e#it 3 $ enter

In order to produce the increase in pressure, the compressor must perform work on the flow. !he shaft turns the blades at a high rate of speed. &everal stages are usually employed to produce a high C$/, with each stage producing a small pressure increase. In the centrifugal compressor, additional pressure increase is obtained from turning the flow radically, radiating from or converging to a common center. &ince no e#ternal heat is being added from the compressor during the pressure increase, the process is isentropic. !he total temperature ratio across the compressor is related to the pressure ratio by the isentropic flow equations. )1*

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!otal temperature ratio

!t+ !t1

$t+ $t1

561 5

"here, 5 is the ratio of specific heats. "ork must be done to turn the shaft on which the compressor is mounted. From the conservation of energy, the compressor work per mass of airflow C" is equal to the change in specific enthalpy, ht of the flow from the entrance to the e#it of the compressor. C" 2 ht+ 6 ht1

!he term specific means per mass of airflow. !he enthalpy at the entrance and e#it is then can be related to the total temperature, !t by the equation( C" 2 Cp+!t+ 6 Cp1!t1

"here Cpi is the specific heat at each particular point. $erforming rearrangement, the equation of compressor work per mass of airflow can be written( C" 2 Cp!t1 .C$/.561035 610 7C !his equation relates the work required to turn the compressor to the compressor pressure ratio, the incoming total temperature, some properties of gas and an efficiency factor, 7 C. !he efficiency factor is included to account for the actual performance of the compressor as opposed to the ideal isentropic performance of the compressor. In an ideal performance, th value of the efficiency would be 1. . 8owever, in reality, the value is always less than 1. . &o, additional work is needed to overcome the inefficiency of the compressor to produce a preferred C$/. !he work is provided by the power turbine

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which is connected to the compressor by the central shaft. It is worth to note that the C$/ is related to the total temperature ratio across the compressor. &ince the C$/ is always greater than 1. and the value of the ratio of specific heats is about 1.4 for air, the total temperature ratio is also greater than 1. . It means air heats up as it passes through the compressor. !he efficiency of a compressor can also be improved by carrying out the compression in several stages. !his is called multistage compression. )1* :olumetric flow rate, 1 2 ; d+ +.1 4 "here( >iameter, d 2 = . 44m 1.+1 kg3m, 0 <p .,= 0

?oth at + @C and 1 1, mbar and the pressure drop <p at the no--le in mbar. 7 2 Phyd 1 Pel "here Phyd can be calculated from the total pressure head and the flow rate. Phyd = 1 ,= .dp1 B dp+0 1 A

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5.0 5.1

METHODOLOGY App ! "#$ !wo stage compressor !ransparent intake &haped inlet for good flow ' protective plate !ransparent outlet ?utterfly valve $ressure measuring point Clectric motor in the housing ' speed adjuster 'n optical sensor 8ousings

5.2

P!%&'(#!'$ 1. !he windows and the analysis software is being start. +. !he actual measure values is being display by choosing the command system diagram on the menu ,. !he measure data has been record in an '&CII file. 4. Cvery time the save measurement button is click is will be save into the previously into the '&CII file. !he data that have been recorded consists of .a0 !ime .b0 :olumetric flow rate .c0 &peed DnE of the compressor .d0 Clectrical power .e0 Cfficiency D7E .f0 >ifferential pressure 1st stage dp1 .g0 >ifferential pressure +nd stage dp+ .h0 Compressor total pressure .i0 Inlet temperature !in

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.j0 Gutlet temperature !out 9. !he compressor characteristic curves is being recorded .a0 !he interface module is being switch on .b0 !he power meter at the switch on the rear is being switch on .c0 !he butterfly valve is being close completely .d0 !he speed of the compressor is being set by the speed adjuster .e0 !he butterfly valve is being opened a little and the flow rate for the first measurement point is being set .f0 "henever the flow rate is being dropped the speed need to be adjust .g0 !he measurement is being recorded when it is in steady state .h0 !he process is being repeat until the butterfly valve is fully open =. !he pressure6flow rate characteristic curve was recorded for 4 different speeds which are 1 rpm, 11 rpm, 1+ rpm and 1, rpm.

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).0

RESULTS

T *+' 1, !#- 1 " $p''( 10000!p. F+%/ 0.312 . . 14.+HH1 , .1+1% 91.F,=1 F+.=%%4 ,4.,F9 H=.,HF9 ,4.,F9 %9.=1 9 1 .%1% F 1 9.4+= H 4 .H+ , ,4.,F9 4 .H+ , ,4.,F9 4 .H+ , 4 .F++F T0- 0('34C ,4.+FF , ,4.+FF , ,4.+FF , ,4.+FF , ,4.+FF , ,4.,F9 T%#" 0('34C ,%.=4H4 ,%.=4H4 ,%.=4H4 ,%.F4=1 4 .,,+ 4 .=+9 ++. F , +1. 44 % 1%.F+= = 1%.1H% 9 1%.,H4 H (p1 0.* ! ,1.+%H H +H.+++ F +4.,=9 + +4.F99 % +,.+%1 (p2 0.* ! 1%.=FF F 1%.14 = 1H.+1+ % 1H.=9+ , 1H.H4F F 1%. %1 H 1%.+HF 1 1%.4,, = 1%.9,1 , 1%.H+4 + P%/'! 0- 5 %%.= %4 %1.F%=% %,.F9 1,=.F1H H 1H1.=4 = +++.=9= , +4 .+,4 4 +4=. %, H +44.14 = +99.H9% 4 E660&0'-&7 0- 8 . . F.F1 4 11.419, 14.%1+ 1F.,19F 1%.+=99 + .%F+H ++.4+== ++.=% 9 (p"%" + .* ! 9 .%F== 4F.,=,, 4+.9FH1 4,.4 H+ 4+.1,HF 41.1=+1 4 .,,+ ,%.1= + ,H.F+ F ,%.+ % P27( 5 . . P'+ 5 . .

1=.H%H% +1%.1=H% ,=.,+ 9 ,1H.1F9, = .99H1 4 =.1 ,, H,.1+,% 4H . 4%1 %=.FH+% 1 4. , 4 1 H.94= F 114.H+4 4 9 +.,=,9 4%9.H%F9 4H4. HH

9 =. 4=%

T *+' 2, !#- 2 " $p''( 11000!p.

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F+%/ 0.312 . . 1+.= %

T0- 0('34C ,,.4%= 1 ,,.4%= 1 ,,.4%= 1 ,,.4%= 1 ,,.4%= 1 ,,.=%1 4 ,,.9%, H ,,.9%, H ,,.9%, H ,,.9%, H

T%#" 0('34C ,=.9+, 4 ,=.=+1 1 ,=.F1H H ,=.%14 1 ,F.=%9 , ,H. H9 % ,H.+H1 , ,H.+H1 , ,H.,FH % ,H.,FH %

(p1 0.* ! ,4.1, % ,1.94, , . FH 1 +%.1%% + +H.+++ F +=.+=% 9 +4.,=9 + +,. %9 F ++.99H = ++.,=, ,

(p2 0.* ! 1%.9H 1 1%.,H4 H 1H.%49 , 1%.,,9 % 1%.FF9 4 + .99= = + .+=, F + .9 F H + .41 + + .41 +

P%/'! 0- 5 11F.1HF 9 11F.1HF 9 1,H.=F1 % 1H,.9%, H +=,.=F1 % ,+4.+1H H ,,+. ,1 , ,,+. ,1 , ,,,.%H4 4 ,,9.%,F 9

E660&0'-&7 0- 8 . . 4.FH+ %.+4+4 11.%H%1 14.99+H 1=. =F1 1F.=FF+ 1H.9FF9 1%. F1H

(p"%" + .* ! 9,.F11 9 .%+FH 4%. +,4 4H.9,91 4F.%%H1 4=.H+=1 44.=+H% 4,.= ,9 4+.%=HH 4+.FF,9

P27( 5

P'+ 5

,1.9%++ 9F.94F% H+.=+%F %4.FF=9 1 ,. ,+ % 1 %.4,H 4 11,. F 9

1F.19%4 , 4+.9%+4 9 F=.F+F4 F 1 F.4FH 9 11F.4%, = 1+4.F%4 , 1, .=+, , 1,4.+F 1

,9H.H,11 4= .H,H, =,%.%F4F F,H.9,%% F,1.+=HF F 9.%=14 F ,.1+9H F 4. +,+

T *+' 3, !#- 3 " $p''( 12000!p. F+%/ 0.312 . . 14.+HH1 ,H.1 1= =9.%%,% HF.H1%H T0- 0('34C T%#" 0('34C (p1 0.* ! (p2 0.* ! P%/'! 0- 5 E660&0'-&7 0- 8 . . 4.++1H F.=%F, 11.14 4 1,.,HF% 14.F+9+ 19.H 9= 1=.=14, 1F.=+ % (p"%" + .* ! 9%.F=9= 9F.,+4+ 9F.,+4+ 9H.44F, 99.%9F 9,.1+9 P27( 5 . . P'+ 5 . . 4

,,.FH%1 ,F.=%9, ,H.4+FF +1.,,F% 1=+.1 %4 ,,.FH%1 ,F.=%9, ,=.4+9H + .H%H4 1==. 19= ,,.=%14 ,F.F%, ,=.1,+H +1.1%14 1%%.+1HH , .FH1, ,,.HH=F ,H.1H,= ,=.9F+, +1.HF9

++.F919 9,H.%

=1.H9%+ H ,.=4%% 1 +.9FH, %+ .FH % 1+%.9%9+ %=H. 4,

,,.HH=F ,H.%=4H ,,.=4+= ++.,149 ,=F.1HF9 ,,.HH=F ,%.49,1 , .=19+ ++.9 %H 41 .19=,

1 1.%+=+ ,,.%H44 ,%.=4H4 +%.1 1= ++.F9,% 4,F.9 11+., +F +%.HH+H ,%.H4,H +F.+%4% ++.+=9= 4,%.49,1 11F.9,,9 ,,.HH=F ,%.H4,H +=.91,F ++.,=,, 4,%.49,1 1+1.4+94 ,,.HH=F ,%.H4,H +=.1F1% ++.F9,% 4,9.94=%

91.H999 14=.H1F9 %%F. 4%, 4%.9= 9 194.= 91 %FH.1=H= 4H.HFF 19%.9F44 %= .4=41 4H.%+9H 1=9. +,1 %,=.91%,

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T *+' 4, !#- 4 " $p''( 13000!p. F+%/ 0.312 . . 1%.=,F1 ,F.1%FH F1.1+++ %1.H9%= T0- 0('34C T%#" 0('34C (p1 0.* ! (p2 0.* ! P%/'! 0- 5 E660&0'-&7 0- 8 . . 4.%1F% =.%%4% %.= = 11.=,,% 1,.9=H9 14.9F,9 19.4 1+ 19.H,4% (p"%" + .* ! F1.14+= =H. 1F= =+.9 =9.4FH9 P27( 5 . . ,4. %++ =F.=9F+ P'+ 5 . . =%,.+,14 %=F.+,49

,,.%H44 ,H.=F1% 4F.+1=H +,.%+9H +++.=9=, ,,.%H44 ,H.=F1% 44.=+H% +,.,HHF ++=.9=+9 ,,.%H44 ,H.F=%9 4 .1,=F ++.,=,, +4H. 4=% ,,.%H44 ,%. =+9 41.%4,4 +,.9,9+ ,4F.=9=, ,4. H+ ,4. H+ 4 . ,%1 4+.,H+H +9.,41H 9+1.4H44 4 .4+%F ,=.9+,4 +4.F99% 94+.%=HH 4 .%1H ,+.1FFF +4.F F , .%9F 9F+.+=9=

=F.F+4= 1,,.F%F% 1,%,.=,%4 =1.+F%, 19=.,=,= 1,44. ,91 9H.194, 1H1.+9 , 1,,9.H+14 9=.HH4H 1%+. 19H 1,1F.9=H1 99.=19+ 1%F.4+HH 1+H1.% ,= 99.+F,4 1%%.H= = 1+=+.14%,

11+.+ 1F ,4.1F%F 4 .H+ , ,,.4%=1 +4.=9H+ 9==.4 =, 1+1.91HH ,4. H+ 1+F.F%== ,4.1F%F 4 .%1H +4.=9H+ 9=H.,9%4

1, .1F F ,4.1F%F 41. 19= , .4=HH +4.H 4F 9==.4 =,

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).1

T2' p!'$$#!'96+%/ ! "' &2 ! &"'!0$"0& "'.p'! "#!' &#!:' 6%! (066'!'-" $p''($

&#!:';

'660&0'-&7

&#!:'

-(

Efficiency vs. Flowrate

25.0000

20.0000

15.0000
10000 rpm 11000 rpm 12000 rpm 13000 rpm

) % ( y n e c i f E

10.0000

5.0000

0.0000 0.0000 20.0000 40.0000 60.0000 80.0000 100.0000 120.0000 140.0000 Flowrate (m 3 /hr)

F03#!' 3; 3! p2 %6 E660&0'-&7 :$. F+%/! "'

dP Total vs. Flowrate
55.0000

50.0000

dP Total (mbar)

45.0000 10000 11000 12000 13000 40.0000 rpm rpm rpm rpm

35.0000

30.0000 0.0000

20.0000

40.0000

60.0000

80.0000

100.0000

120.0000

140.0000

Flowrate (m3/hr)

F03#!' 4; 3! p2 %6 (P T%" + :$. F+%/! "'

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Temperature n vs. Flowrate

35.0000

34.0000

33.0000 Temperature (!)

32.0000

10000 11000 12000 13000

rpm rpm rpm rpm

31.0000

30.0000

29.0000 0.0000

20.0000

40.0000

60.0000

80.0000

100.0000

120.0000

140.0000

Flowrate (m3/hr)

F03#!' 5; 3! p2 %6 T'.p'! "#!' 0- :$. F+%/! "'

Temperature "ut vs. Flowrate
41.5000 41.0000 40.5000 40.0000 Temperature "ut (!) 39.5000 39.0000 38.5000 38.0000 37.5000 37.0000 36.5000 36.0000 0.0000 10000 rpm 11000 rpm 12000 rpm 13000 rpm

20.0000

40.0000

60.0000

80.0000

100.0000

120.0000

140.0000

Flowrate (m3/hr)

F03#!' ); 3! p2 %6 T'.p'! "#!' %#" :$. F+%/! "'

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).2

T2' ('"'!.0- "0%- %6 . <0.#. '660&0'-&7 -( "2' 6+%/ ! "' 6%! ' &2 $p''(. !he ma#imum efficiency and the Flow rate for each speed areI Sp''( 10;000 !p., Ja#imum efficiency I ++.=% 9 Ja#imum Flowrate I 1 9.4+=H Sp''( 11;000 !p., Ja#imum efficiency I 1%. F1H Ja#imum Flowrate I 11,. Sp''( 12;000 !p., Ja#imum efficiency I 1F.=+ % Ja#imum Flowrate I 1+1.4+94 Sp''( 13;000 !p., Ja#imum efficiency I 19.H,4% Ja#imum Flowrate I 1, .1F F F9

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).3

S .p+' & +&#+ "0%-; rpm at 14.+HH1 m,3h Flowrate. d$1

>

For reading 1 , T%" + (P; =p 2

d$+ B 1H.+1+%

+4.,=9+ 42.5?@1 .* !

>

V%+#.'"!0& 6+%/ ! "'; A B"2'%!'"0& +C

2 2

; d+ +.1 4

0 <p .,=

0 0

; . . 44m0+ +.1 4

0 .=.19+,0 .,= 1.+1 kg3m,

1?4.55?) .312!

Phyd B"2'%!'"0& ++7C

= 2 2

1 1

.dp1 B dp+0 1 ,=

.4+.9FH10 .1F4.99F= m,3hr0 ,= 20).453) 5 1 1 .dp1 B dp+0 1 ,=

Phyd B6!%. '<pC

= 2 2

.4+.9FH10 .14.+HH1m,3hr0 ,= 1).@D@D 5

Pel

= 2 2

Phyd 1

A A

7 .1=.H%H% m,3hr0 # 1 .F.F1 4 m,3hr0 21D.1?02 5

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?.0

DISCUSSION !his e#periment is carried out to study the characteristics of a centrifugal

compressor. !he e#periment was performed in varying speed at appo#imately 1 11 rpm, 1+ rpm and 1, rpm.

rpm,

>uring the e#periment five parameters has been recorded. !hat are flow rate in unit m,3hr, temperature in unit @C, pressure in unit mbar, power in unit "att and also percentage of efficiency. From the result that we obtain, we observe that the highest efficiency of compressor when running with the speed 1 rpm, 1+ rpm and lastly 1, rpm. Follow by the speed 11 .!his is because at this speed, the compressor

running better than others speed condition. 't his speed also give better performance than the others. ?y referring the graphs efficiency vs. flow rate, we can see that the efficiency at speed 1 rpm higher than others and it only produced lower flow rate than other. rpm, the curve show that it is in stable condition. Cven it and 1+ rpm, Jeanwhile at speed 1,

efficiency lower but it can produce higher flow rate. For speed 11 both of them are in the medium condition.

?y referring the graphs total pressure vs. flow rate, the speed 1, flow rate than other. !he lowest was at speed 1 condition.

rpm

required more pressure than other. It also in the stable condition and produce more rpm curve that in unstable

?y referring the graphs temperature of inlet and outlet vs. flow rate( we also observe that the highest outlet temperature is at speed 1, 1 rpm and the lowest at rpm speed. !his is because of the compressor produce more energy at the high

speed than the inlet temperature. For all the speeds measurement, the inlet temperature

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values were almost similar .!he most important are the outlet temperature values. Gur opinion is the speed 1 rpm is the stable condition to running the

compressor. !o produce more flow rate and high temperature the more speed is much better. ?ut, the compressor cannot be operates at high speed to avoid the compressor from damage. "hile doing the e#periment we notice that many problems have occurred. !he problem is mostly because of the equipment. "e notice that the butterfly valve is very difficult to handle. "henever we increase the angle of the butterfly valve the speed of the equipment will decrease most of the time so it is difficult to maintain the average speed. !he butterfly valve itself have problem because the holder of the valve is loose so it is impossible to control. !he computer that we used also have problem because the software that been used sometimes detect faster sometimes slower so the value that we need is not accurate.

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@.0

RECOMMENDATION

>uring do the e#periment, we face some problem while handling the equipment. !he problem is when we handle the butterfly valve. "hen we increase the speed of the butterfly valve, it becomes hard to adjust. It was also not tight enough so we cannot set the valve accurately. &o it needs to be tight so it will not move when we adjust it. !he computer needs to be upgrade into a newer model because the capacity of the ram is low so sometimes the computer will be lagging for a number of times.

D.0

CONCLUSION

!he objective of this e#periment is to study the characteristics of a centrifugal compressor. ?y doing this e#periments, now we know how to operate the centrifugal compressor properly at different speed. From the e#periment that has been performed, it can be said that the e#periment was successfully done at different speed to get the most efficient speed of the centrifugal compressor and we learn and study the characteristic curves of a centrifugal compressor for different speed which were at 1 1+ , and 1, condition to operated the compressor at the speed 1 efficiency better than others. &o, we know which speed give best efficiency. Gf course at speed 1 rpm but , 11 , rpm. 'nd from our observation, we determined that the stable rpm. !his is because of its

it produce lower flow rate than other speeds. 't this speed, it also produces lowest outlet temperature than others. !his condition suitable for operation and avoid the compressor from any damage.

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10.0

REFERENCES anual !a" #Experiment $% &entrifugal

1. Jiss &uhaini Jamat, the Experiment &ompressor'(

+. httpI33www.fscconline.com3A++$assingA+ KasA++article3Centrifugal A+ Compressor.gif ,. httpI33en.wikipedia.org3wiki3CentrifugalLcompressor

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