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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

1. CONTENTS

1.CONTENTS 2.INTRODUCTION 3.REVIEW OF EVOLUTION OF BRACKETS AND BRACKET SYSTEMS 4.PARTS OF A BRACKET 5.BUCCAL TUBES 6.MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF BRACKETS 7.CLASSIFICATION OF BRACKETS

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

2. INTRODUCTION %t is difficu&t to imagine that there 'as a period in orthodontics (efore the in)ention of (rackets. *et this 'as the situation 'hen +d'ard ,art&ey -ng&e de)e&oped and perfected treatment procedures 'ith his .+. arch/ 'hich e0panded the denta& arches. During this time he a&so ad)ocated the pretreatment e0traction of teeth and de)ised methods to c&ose e0traction spaces sans (rackets. Brackets had a modest (eginning in the form of the 1i((on -rch (racket designed (y -ng&e. The introduction of (rackets sa' a ne' era in orthodontics. 2ith time (oth the 3rthodontist and the manufacturers started shou&dering the responsi(i&ities for arri)ing at ne' (racket designs and different (racket system. The 'a)e of design changes continued to mount 'ith contri(utions from -ng&e/ Steiner/ ,o&da'ay/ 4ara(ack/ 5i66e&&/ ricketts/ t'eed and many others/ 'hich &ed to the introduction of the standard +dge-'ise (racket 'hich 'as a&so ca&&ed as the siamese or t'in (racket. The tota& incorporation of in-out/ tip and tor7ue 81st/ $nd and 9rd order tooth mo)ements: into the (rackets 'as ad)ocated (y -ndre's 'ho de)e&oped the so-ca&&ed straight 'ire app&iance. This app&iance has (ecome so popu&ar that peop&e started referring to a&& pre ad;usted (racket systems as straight 'ire systems. -s Dr.1ona&d ,. 1oth once said if imitation is the highest form of f&attery then -ndre's shou&d (e p&eased Dr.+., introduced the term <Bracket= 'hen he de)ised the ri((on arch app&iance. Thro'
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page $ 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

defines (racket as an orthodontic attachment secured to a tooth for the purpose of engaging an arch'ire. 1enfroe defines (rackets as a de)ice that pro;ects hori6onta&&y to support something. %n orthodontics a&& the de)ices that pro;ect hori6onta&&y to support an arch'ire cou&d (e ca&&ed (rackets. ,o'e)er/ due to differences in design and app&ication/ the term is used on&y 'hen referring to those de)ices that are open on one side usua&&y the )ertica& or hori6onta& p&ane.Tu(es are those de)ices that are c&osed in on four sides and open at either ends. They may (e either rectangu&ar/ round or s7uare in cross section.

3. REVIEW OF EVOLUTION OF BRACKETS AND BRACKET SYSTEMS 3.1 Ba !"#"$$" P#a$"% %n &ate 1#"">s Pierre 5auchard achie)ed e0pansion of denta& arches (y &igating the teeth 'ith (rass or si&)er &igature 'ire to crude meta& p&ates/ 'hich he ca&&ed as (ande&ette p&ates 3.2 T&" E'A()& A**#+a )" %n 1?"@ -ng&e de)e&oped the +--rch -pp&iance. Bands 'ere p&aced on mo&ars. ,ea)y &a(ia& arch 'ire 'ith threaded ends is so&dered to the mo&ar (ands. Sma&& nut 'as p&aced on the threaded portion/ 'hich cou&d (e ad;usted to increase or decrease the arch perimeter. Teeth 'ere &igated to the arch. +--rch 'ith hooks 'as used to uti&i6e interma0i&&ary e&astics and Baker>s anchorage. This app&iance de&i)ered hea)y interrupted force and emp&oyed cro'n tipping. But precise positioning of tooth 8a0ia& re&ationship: 'as not possi(&e 'ith this app&iance. ,e a&so ad)ocated the pretreatment e0traction of teeth and de)ised methods to c&ose e0traction space (y dista& cro'n tipping of canine.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Appliance suggested by E. H. Angle in 1907 to close first premolar extraction space by free distal crown tipping of the canine. 3.3 P+ a ! T,-" A**#+a )" The pin and tu(e app&iance introduced (y -ng&e in 1?1"/ o)ercame the 'eak point in his + arch/ the &ack of a0ia& contro&. The c&ose fit (et'een the pin on the arch 'ire and the )ertica& tu(e on the (and pro)ided a0ia& contro& in a&& directions (ut permitted on&y &imited mesio dista& cro'n disp&acement. So&dering the )ertica& spur 8pin:/ 'hich had to (e shifted periodica&&y a&ong the arch 'ire to c&ose or open space/ ta0ed the ski&& of e)en the most gifted operator. Aost of the teeth 'ere (anded/ Bertica& tu(es/ the fore runner of modern (rackets 'ere so&dered to the (ands 'ith their &ong a0is para&&e& to the &ong a0is of the cro'n. The pins 'ere so&dered to the arch'ire and inserted into the tu(e and repositioned at each appointment to accomp&ish tooth mo)ement.

Bodi&y mo)ement cou&d (e achie)ed 'ith this app&iance 'ith proper a0ia&contro&.But it demanded a high degree of ski&& to o(tain proper para&&e&ism (et'een the pin and tu(e.So&dering and unso&dering pins at each ad;ustment 'as time consuming and tedious.1otationa& mo)ements 'ere a&so difficu&t to o(tain.
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

3.4 R+--. A()& A**#+a )" The ri((on arch app&iance 'as designed (y -ng&e in 1?1C/ to o)ercome the t'o main disad)antages of the pin and tu(e app&iance/the arch 'ire p&acement and mesiodista& mo)ement of the teeth.This 'as the first app&iance to use a true (racket on indi)idua& tooth.The ri((on arch 'as he&d in the occ&usa&&y facing )ertica& s&ots of the (rackets 'ith the he&p of &ock pins.

1otations/ contro&&ed (ucco&ingua& and occ&usogingi)a& mo)ements 'ere readi&y accomp&ished 'ith this app&iance. Aesiodista& tipping 'as difficu&t to o(tain. Premo&ars cou&d not (e (odi&y mo)ed and ri((on arch (rackets did not a&&o' generation of moments necessary to tor7ue the roots into ne' position.

3.5 E!/"0+%" -(a)1"$%. - so&ution to a&& these pro(&ems 'as offered (y -ng&e in his .&atest and (est orthodontic mechanism/. 'hich he introduced in 1?$D/ present&y referred to as the edge'ise (racket or app&iance. This nomenc&ature origina&&y 'as intended on&y to designate the ne' hori6onta& p&ane of insertion of the rectangu&ar arch 'ire. The (rackets 'ere referred initia&&y as .open face. or .tie (rackets..

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Evolution of orthodontic brackets by E. H. Angle.

A, Pin and

tube appliance, 1910. B and C, Transformation of pin and tube into ribbon arch appliance by ingenious removal of portions of tube and separation of pin from arch wire, 1916. D through F, Creation of "tie bracket" by minor alteration of ribbon arch bracket and rotation of ribbon arch to "edgewise" position, 1925.

The main ad)antages of the edge'ise (racket 'ere its re&ati)e ease of manipu&ation as compared 'ith (oth the pin and tu(e and ri((on arch app&iances/ and its positi)e contro& of the positions of teeth in a&& three p&anes of space. This ne' app&iance faci&itated the mo)ement of a&& ma&posed teeth into their correct a0ia& inc&inations in the .&ine of occ&usion.. -t this time -ng&e 'as ad)ocating none0traction treatment. Aissing teeth 'ere artificia&&y rep&aced and there 'as no need to mo)e teeth great distances for retraction or to c&ose spaces. -ng&e intended +dge'ise app&iance to (e used on&y for none0traction treatment.

The rectangu&ar s&ot 'hose origina& si6e 'as "."$$. 0 "."$#./ rectangu&ar 'ires of )arious dimensions 'hich 'as inserted into the (racket 'ith its &onger dimension hori6onta&/ instead of )ertica& as in ri((on arch/ hence the name +dge'ise app&iance. %t 'as a(&e to mo)e the teeth in a&& three p&anes of space. This app&iance design pro)ided more efficient tor7uing mechanism. The use of rectangu&ar arch 'ires can contro& arch
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

'idth/ arch form/ (ucco&ingua& cro'n inc&inations/ a0ia& root inc&inations and incisor cro'n and root tor7ue. 3)er the years so many changes and modifications ha)e (een made in the (asic app&iance and (racket design. *et the (asic concept/ of the edge'ise (rackets remain as the cornerstone of modern 3rthodontics. 3.6 La-+. L+ /,a# A**#+a )" 4ohn Aershon de)e&oped this system in 1?$C.Bands 'ere p&aced on first mo&ars. ,ea)y &a(ia& and &ingua& arch 'ires 'ere attached to the mo&ar (ands. 5inger springs 'ere so&dered to the arch 'ires to mo)e the teeth. The arch a&so ser)es as a (ase for e&astic traction and ser)es as a space maintainer. 3.6 U +2"(%a# A**#+a )" The Eni)ersa& app&iance introduced (y Spencer -tkinson in 1?9D can (e descri(ed as a mu&ti(anded app&iance/ ha)ing (rackets and (ucca& and &ingua& sheaths as its principa& attachments. The (racket is designed to produce tooth mo)ement in the three p&anes of space 'ith considera(&e ease of manipu&ation. This (racket has t'o openingsFhe incisa& or occ&usa&/ 'hich &ies para&&e& to the &ong a0is of the tooth/ and the gingi)a& opening/ 'hich is at right ang&es to this a0is. The (racket 'i&& recei)e ri((on arches as &arge as a "."1D (y "."$# inch in the occ&usa& opening and Ep to "."1D inch round 'ire in the gingi)a& s&ot. %n actua& practice/ a "."1$ (y "."$#-inch ri((on arch 'ire and a "."1 inch round 'ire are used to reduce any unnecessary friction of the 'ires 'ithin the (rackets. %n themse&)es/ the (rackets are passi)e. The mo)ement of the teeth takes p&ace (y the force de&i)ered to the (racket 'hen the arch 'ires are p&aced into them and secured 'ith &ock pins.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

T&" !+33"(" $ $4*"% .3 U +2"(%a# -(a)1"$%. -/ .Dou(&e-action. typeF B/ .root-tor7ue. typeF C/ . cur)e . typeF D/ dou(&e (ucca& &ong-channe& &ugF +/ hori6onta& type of &ingua& sheathF 5/ dou(&e (ucca& &ong channe& 'ith round tu(e to accommodate e0traora& app&iances. Tooth rotations 'ith the Eni)ersa& (racket are accomp&ished easi&y (ecause of the nature of the (racket itse&f. 5or added &e)erage the .dou(&e-action. type of Eni)ersa& (racket has ta(s or 'ings (et'een the occ&usa& and gingi)a& 'ire s&ots. The so-ca&&ed .root-tor7uing type= has these ta(s e0tending out'ard to permit e0tra &igation for e0cessi)e rotations and to pro)ide e0tended &e)erage for the mesiodista& a0ia& uprighting of teeth. Sing&e (rackets are used on a&& the teeth e0cept the ma0i&&ary centra& incisors/ in 'hich case t'o .cur)ed. Eni)ersa& (rackets are used as if they 'ere t'ins." The dou(&e (ucca& sheaths on the mo&ars are designed to recei)e ri((on arch 'ires of a ma0imum dimension measuring "."1D inch 8dou(&e: (y "."$# inch in the occ&usa& opening and a "."1D inch round 'ire in the gingi)a& s&ot. The hori6onta& &ingua& sheaths are p&aced on the &ingua& surfaces of the mo&ars and ha)e an interna& dimension designed to recei)e a "."9C inch round arch.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

M.!+3+"! R+--. A()& B(a)1"$% 5B"//6 %n 1?$#/ P. 1. Begg of -de&aide/ South -ustra&ia/ a former student at the -ng&e Schoo& of 3rthodontia o(ser)ed that many of the patients he had treated 'ith e0pansion using edge'ise app&iance e0perienced co&&apse of their occ&usions at the end of retention andGor had unaccepta(&e soft-tissue profi&es. To e&iminate these pro(&ems/ he (egan to e0tract teeth in se&ected cases (efore treatment (ased on the concept of Stone age manHs attritiona& occ&usion. Begg soon rea&i6ed it 'as ad)antageous to c&ose spaces (y tipping the cro'ns to'ard their fina& positions and re)erted to ri((on arch (rackets in the ear&y 1?9"s. ,e modified the ri((on arch (racket (y reducing the s&ot si6e to impro)e rotationa& contro& 'ith "."1Cinch arch 'ires and (y facing the arch 'ire s&ot gingi)a&&y

P. 1. Begg>s modification of the ri((on arch (racket to faci&itate treatment 'ith sma&& round 'ires. 2idth of arch 'ire s&ot 'as reduced to "."1C inch 8". "C mm: and the (racket rotated 1#"I to face the s&ot gingi)a&&y. Both tipping and (odi&y mo)ement 'as possi(&e 'ith this app&iance/can (e used in e0traction as 'e&& as non e0traction cases.&ight forces 'ere generated 'ith this app&iance that does not damage root or tooth in)esting tissues. ,e emp&oyed au0i&iaries to contro& the root position. T0+ 0+(" a$$a)&7" $ .
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

4oseph 4ohnson &ate 1?9">s Four Stage light wire appliance Thompson T0""! ' M"((+3+"#! E!/"0+%" A**#+a )" Char&es h. T'eed ga)e the four o(;ecti)es of orthodontic treatment 'ith emphasis and concern for facia& esthetics 'hich inc&udes concept of uprighting teeth o)er (asa& (one 'ith emphasis on mandi(u&ar incisors/ +0traction of teeth for orthodontic reasons 81?9C:/ diagnostic facia& triang&e 81?D : and anchorage preparation 81?D :. T'eed a&ong 'ith Aerrifie&d 'ho ad)ocated se7uentia& app&iance p&acement/ tooth mo)ement and se7uentia& mandi(u&ar anchorage preparation de)e&oped the T'eed Aerrifie&d app&iance system. This app&iance system consists of (rackets 'ith "."$$= J "."$#= S&ot "."$$= (ucca& tu(es. The se7uence of 'ires used 'ere "."1@= 0 "."$$=/ "."1#= 0 "."$D=/ "."1?=0 "."$D=/ "."$"= 0 "."$D=/ and"."$1= 0 "."$#= rectangu&ar 'ires. 5irst/ second and third order (ends 'ere incorporated into the arch'ire Modificatons Of Edgewise Brackets -&e0ander S)ed (e&ie)ed that the edge'ise (racket 'as too restricti)e and pro)ided &itt&e inter(racket distance for arch 'ire f&e0ing. ,e remo)ed a&& mesiodista& angu&ar contro& from the arch 'ire s&ot in 1?9@

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Aodification of edge'ise arch 'ire s&ot (y -. S)ed in 1?9@. -/ -&& four corners of the arch 'ire s&ot 'ere a&tered to increase inter(racket distance. B/ 1esu&ting (racket permitted free mesiodista& tipping (ut pro)ided no fina& tip contro&. S. ,. Stein reported treatment procedures 'ith S)ed-type (rackets that inc&uded the use of stap&es and stee& &igature ties to contro& mesiodista& tipping. The (racket ne)er (ecame popu&ar/ no dou(t (ecause it had comp&ete&y &ost its .edge.. Su(se7uent modifications of the edge'ise (racket ha)e (een in the opposite directionK to'ard more and finer contro&. 2ide 8Siamese: (rackets and preangu&ated arch 'ire s&ots ha)e increased contro& and e&iminated or minimi6ed the need for second- and third-order arch 'ire (ends. The use of round arch 'ires permits free &a(ia&-&ingua& tippingF ho'e)er/ mesiodista& tipping is undu&y &imitedK e)en 'ith an undersi6ed arch 'ire. Therefore/ anterior retraction must inc&ude (odi&y tooth mo)ements that often re7uire e0traora& anchorage for )ertica& andGor hori6onta& contro&. %n 1?D$ 1eed ,o&da'ay angu&ated (rackets on the (and strip materia& to o(tain correct mesiodista& positioning of the tooth.%)an Lee introduced the mi&&ing of tor7ue into the face of (racket s&ot.%n 1?D@ 4oseph 1.;ara(ak incorporated (oth angu&ation and tor7ue in edge'ise (rackets 4ohn.;. Stifter in 1?D#/ designed an edge'ise (rackets 'hich (asica&&y contains $ parts. 3ne part 'as attached to the tooth/ 'hich is designed to recei)e the other component 'ith )arious com(inations of inc&ination/ angu&ation and prominence. S$(a+/&$ 0+(" a**#+a )"
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Lawrence.F.Andrews

established

the

need

for

fully

programmed appliances from a series of 5 studies. In 1960 he examined a number of post treatment dental casts, and naturally occurring optimal occlusion in 1964 from 120 study models collected over a period of 4 years. In 1972 he established the six keys to optimal occlusion based on the 6 characters that were consistently present in 120 models and gave the measurements made in 120 samples that Supplied the data for the design of new appliance system. During the period of 19651975 he compared the post treatment sample with untreated Optimal sample and confirmed the need for a fully adjusted appliance system. He developed the pre adjusted appliance system that eliminated the need for complex wire bending. Evolution of contemporary pre adjusted edgewise system.

1ona&d.,. 1oth/ (ased on his functiona& occ&usion goa&s that are simi&ar to the C keys of occ&usion (y -ndre's (ut not identica&/ made certain changes in the prescription to (rig the tooth into s&ight&y o)er corrected treatment positions/ to compensate for the re&apse after app&iance remo)a&. ,is goa& 'as more in &ine 'ith (ioesthetic occ&usion goes de)e&oped (y 1o(ert.L.Lee. ,e made certain changes in the prescription to (rig the tooth into s&ighting o)er corrected treatment positions/ to compensate for the re&apse after app&iance remo)a&. %n 1?@C Cra)en Mur6 de)e&oped the first &ingua& app&iance and (racket system that is (onded on the &ingua& side of the tooth. in 1?@# 2ick -&e0ander designed an app&iance system intended to (e used 'ith his treatment phi&osophyF Bari Simp&e0 discip&ine.1ickets/ Bench ,i&gers
Sangeetha Duraisamy

ga)e the Bio progressi)e therapy/ a treatment


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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

phi&osophy that re7uired specia& kind of attachments on mo&ars %n 1?#9 Terre&. L. 1oot proposed the Le)e& -nchorage system. Peter.C. Mes&ing in 1?#C introduced the Tip +dge (rackets that he used in his Differentia& straight arch techni7ue. During ear&y 1??"Hs -anthony.D. Bia6is introduce the Triangu&ar Bioefficient (racket systemand 4ohn.C. Bennet/ )ersati&e system 4.PARTS OF A BRACKET -n edge'ise or a pread;usted edge'ise (racket in its simp&est form can ha)e the fo&&o'ing parts. Aain Parts 'hich inc&udes the Base/ stem/ S&ot and the tie 'ings.. rotation contro& and (racket %dentification system Aisce&&aneous 1ichard.P.Ac&augh&in/ ,ugo.4. Tre)ise ga)e the ABT

Parts inc&ude the -u0i&iary s&ots/,ook/ Po'er arm for engagement of e&astics/2ings for

T&" -(a)1"$ -a%" The (ase of a (racket is the part that is intended to (e attached to the tooth
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

surface. %t can either ha)e a 'e&ding ta( /so&der or a (onding mesh for attachment to tooth surface a p&ain surface to (e attached to the (and.The shape of a (racket may (e rectangu&ar as in the case of standard edge'ise app&iance or rhom(oid to a&&o' proper p&acement of the (racket ena(&ing the mesia& and dista& (orders of (racket to (e p&aced para&&e& to pro0ima& surface of the cro'n. The (ases are cur)ed to fit the contour of the facia& surface of the teeth. Compound contoured (ases sho' contouring (oth occ&usogingi)a&&y and mesiodista&&y that aid in proper p&acement of tooth especia&&y in canines and premo&ars

Tapered (racket (ases on &o'er incisors can he&p in p&a7ue contro& that is difficu&t in this area. Lo'er premo&ar (rackets may (e offset on specia&&y designed (ases/ to increase (ond strength and reduce the risk of (ond fai&ure. Bases can a&so ha)e tor7ue )a&ue in (ui&t in them. Aode of retention of (racket (ases may (e 7")&a +)a# ("$" $+. 1. Perforations in (racket (ases. These kind of (ases are no more used as they retain p&a7ue/ &ess retenti)e and esthetica&&y not p&easing. The perforated (racket (ases ha)e (een rep&aced in recent years (y foi&-mesh (racket (ases/ since the &atter retain &ess p&a7ue and gi)e stronger (onds $.5oi& mesh (ases that are die cut from &aminates made of a fine mesh/ pressed under heat to a foi& that can ha)e )arious thicknesses. These preformed pads are then spot 'e&ded or &aser to the (ases/ or (ra6ed or &aminated to the (racket (ase. one piece (rackets 'ith (ui&t in mesh are a&so manufactured. Aesh si6es ranges from "/ D"/ C"/ #"/ 1"" etc. Grading of the mesh is done (y the num(er of openings per &inear inch

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

1"" gauge foi& mesh 'ith 1"" foi& mesh Sing&e mesh (ase

Super mesh $"" gauge foi& mesh co)ered

Dou(&e mesh (ase

The preformed foi& mesh (ra6ed to the (racket (ody/ &eads a four-part system 8mesh/ foi&/ (ra6e &ayer/ (racket: that is not on&y e0pensi)e to manufacture (ut a&so su(;ect to human error. %mproper (ra6ing &eads to poor ;oining/ s&ot or under-tie-'ing area c&ogging/ as 'e&& as to incorrect (racket )ersus pad positioning. Nonmesh (ases/ such as those o(tained through chemica& etching/ sand(&asting/ or undercut mi&&ing/ are not as 'ide&y accepted and are a&most as e0pensi)e. - recent ne' approach/ the mu&ti&ayered mesh pad/.Super-Aesh. a&so increases the manufacturing cost 'ithout additiona& (enefits.

Comparison studies of shear and tensi&e (ond strengths of stain&ess stee& orthodontic app&iances ha)e sho'n the foi&-mesh 8gau6e: (ase to (e superior to (ases 'ith undercuts or perforations. 5urther studies indicated that sma&&er foi& mesh (ases cou&d (e used
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

'ithout significant&y sacrificing shear strength and fine foi& mesh (racket (ase a&&o's the (est resin penetration and the strongest (ond. 2e&d spots reduce the a)ai&a(&e retenti)e surface 'hich may (ecome critica& in the )ery sma&& (racket (ases and 'e&d spots on the margins of the (racket (ases may cause )oids 'hich may predispose to &oss of (ond and potentia& &eakage. 9. Sintered BasesF Stain&ess stee& (rackets 'ith p&ain (ases 'ere pro)ided 'ith increased mechanica& retention (y fusing spherica& or irregu&ar&y shaped/ stain&ess stee& or co(a&t chromium (eads of )arious si6es/ onto the (ases at appro0imate&y 1/1""oC for an inert atmosphere. .Brackets 'ith undercuts mi&&ed or casted into the (ase This resu&ts in good mechanica& inter&ocking and further the (racket and the (ase are a sing&e unit 'hich is more sta(&e and pre)ents distortion. hours in

M+)(.7")&a +)a# ("$" $+.

1.

Laser etched stain&ess stee& (racket (ases.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

$. Through protruding po&ycrysta&s in po&ycrysta&&ine ceramic (rackets (ases.

9. stain&ess stee& po'der consisting of partic&es sma&& enough to pass through a

mm

screen are fused (y a specia& sintering process to one another and to (racket (ase to create strong&y cohesi)e coatings rough&y ".""D inch thick. The manner in 'hich the partic&es are ;oined creates high&y irregu&ar pores )arying in si6e up to 1"" mm across their ma;or dimension 'hich pro)ides micro mechanica& retention.

C&"7+)a# A!&"%+. Because of the inert composition of the a&uminum o0ide ceramic (rackets/ chemica& cohesion (et'een the ceramic (ase and the adhesi)e resin is impossi(&e. Conse7uent&y/ the ear&y ceramic (rackets used a si&ane-coup&ing agent re7uired to act as a chemica& mediator (et'een the ceramic (racket (ase and the diacry&ic or acry&ic adhesi)e resin. Chemica& retention resu&ts in an e0treme&y strong (ond that may cause the ename&adhesi)e interface to (e stressed during de(onding. 1ecent&y/ manufacturers ha)e emp&oyed different mechanisms to decrease the (ond strength of ceramic (rackets/ inc&uding )arious designs of groo)es or patterns cut into the (racket (ases to increase surface area and a&&o' mechanica& inter&ocking of the (racket and resin.

Today there are three different retention mechanisms that are a)ai&a(&e (y 'hich the (ase of the ceramic (racket can (e made to adhere to the adhesi)e/ name&y/ 81: chemica&/ 8$: mechanica&/ and 89: a com(ination of (oth. M")&a +)a# ("$" $+. a ! )&"7+)a# a!&"%+.
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Gro)es are cut in the (ase for mechanica& &ocking and then si&ane coating is done to impro)e adhesion. A!&"%+2" *(").a$"! -(a)1"$% %n an attempt to sa)e chairside time during (onding/ orthodontists are using ceramic and meta& (rackets that ha)e (een precoated 'ith the adhesi)e materia&. The adhesi)e used on the precoated (rackets is simi&ar in composition to that used for (onding uncoated (racketsF the differences are essentia&&y in the percentages of the different ingredients incorporated in the adhesi)e. -dhesi)e precoated 8-PC: ceramic and meta& (rackets offers se)era& ad)antages o)er pre)ious &ight-curing and direct(onding methods. Consistent 7ua&ity and 7uantity of &ight-cured adhesi)e on the (racket (ase/ since it is app&ied (y the manufacturer. Aore consistent (racket positioning/ due to (oth the &ight-curing method and the consistent 7uantity of adhesi)e. 5aster (onding procedures. -rch'ire can (e p&aced immediate&y. +asier c&eanup (ecause of minima& amounts of f&ash. Less 'aste of materia&/ 'ith the e&imination of mi0ing pads/ syringes/ and other dispensers. +asier identification of indi)idua& (rackets (y chair side assistants (ecause of proper orientation in the package. %mpro)ed asepsis/ since each (racket is packaged separate&y in (&ister 'rap for &ight protection T&" S#.$ S&ot is that part of the (racket 'hich recei)es the arch'ire/ hence (ringing a(out the tooth mo)ement in 9 p&anes of space. The s&ot is usua&&y hori6onta&&y p&aced in edge'ise and pread;usted edge'ise (rackets/ un&ike the Begg (racket 'here it is )ertica&&y p&aced. The s&ot has $ components. 3ne is height of the s&ot and the other is depth of the s&ot. The s&ot dimensions )ary 'ith different (rackets a&though the origina& 8straight'ire: (racket had a dimension of "."$$. 0 "."$#. 8".DC 0 ".@1mm: 'herein "."$$ is the height and "."$# is the depth.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Page 1#

1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

The s&ot in the (racket may not run uniform&y. They are usua&&y angu&ated in $ p&anes. 3cc&usogingi)a& angu&ation in the p&ane of the face of the (racket that 'i&& inf&uence mesio- dista& tipping of the tooth. Bucco&ingua& angu&ation of the s&ot 8so that a rectangu&ar 'ire 'i&& enter the s&ot in some ang&e other than perpendicu&ar to the face: that 'i&& affect (ucco&ingua& tipping 8tor7ue: of the tooth. Aany (racket systems 'ith )aried s&ot dimensions are a)ai&a(&e. The mast popu&ar one is the "."1#= 0 "."$D=.The ad)antages of "."1#. 0 "."$D. S&ot o)er "."$$. 0 "."$#. areNBrackets and tu(es ha)e ".""9. &ess depthF there is &ess mo&ar rotation or ro&& out 'hen the same si6e arch 'ires are used and inter or intra arch mechanics used..The (rackets and tu(es ha)e "."" . Less height gi)ing (etter $nd and 9rd order tooth contro&. The intra arch and inter arch mechanics can (e initiated ear&ier in treatment 'ithout the &oss of )ertica& tooth position and contro& of archform .The "."1# 0 "."$D. can more effecti)e&y (ring a(out forgoing effect. The forces of these 'ires are decreased and the range of 'ire acti)ation increased as compared to "."$1 0 ".$D. arch 'ire.The friction (et'een the 'ire and s&ot in the ear&y stage is increased (ecause freedom of mo)ement is &ess 'hich is an inherent disad)antage of an "."1# 0 "."$D. s&ot (racket system. A()& 0+(" -(a)1"$ %#.$ *#a4 -rch 'ire (racket s&ot p&ay is regarded as the range of free tipping mo)ement of a 'ire in a (racket s&ot during 'hich no force is e0erted. P&ay is e0pressed as an angu&ar measurement of this range. This p&ay is the center for a &oss of force at the arch 'ire (racket interface/ 'hich can resu&t in de&i)ered tor7ue (eing significant&y &ess than the designated tor7ue in the (racket s&ot. P&ay (et'een the arch 'ire and the arch 'ire s&ot is re7uired if arch 'ires are to (e remo)ed and reinserted. - precise "."1# 0"."$D-inch arch 'ire is a )ery tight fit in a precise "."1# O "."$D-inch s&ot. The 'ire cou&d not (e inserted or remo)ed (y hand. 'ires and s&ots cannot (e made precise&y e)ery time. Aanufacturing to&erances resu&t in "."1#inch s&ots ranging from "."1#$ to "."1?$ inches/ and "."$$-inch s&ots ranging from
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page 1? 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

"."$$" to "."$9" inches. The "."1#-inch dimension in arch 'ires is actua&&y "."1@# inches. -s a resu&t/ an "."1# O "."$D-inch arch 'ire in an "."1# O "."$D-inch s&ot/ and an "."$1D O "."$#-inch arch 'ire in an "."$$ O "."$#-inch s&ot ha)e a(out 9I of tor7uing p&ay in each direction from para&&e& / i.e./ CI tota& p&ay. This means that su(stantia& p&ay e0ists 'ith .fu&&-si6ed. arch 'ires/ (ut it a&so insures that they are consistent&y easy to insert and remo)e. The p&ay (et'een an arch 'ire and a (racket s&ot depends on a: (: C&earance (et'een the arch 'ire and the (racket s&ot The distance (et'een the (earing points at 'hich they contact.

P#a4 + $&" 3a)+.'#+ /,a# *#a " affects (oth incisor and mo&ar tor7ue. 5or e0amp&e an arch si6e "."1? 0 "."$D. in a "."$$ 0 "."$#. s&ot has @.$ " of p&ay. %n an upper centra& incisor (racket 'ith a 1$" &a(ia& cro'n tor7ue/ the effect of p&ay 'ou&d (e to reduce the tor7ue to .#""/ in an upper mo&ar tu(e 'ith - 1 this to - C.#". -rch 'ire (racket p&ay in 5.L.p&ance 8arch 'ires in four si6es in a (racket 'ith 8".$$ 0 "."$#.:. -rch 'ire si6e 8inch: "."1@ 0 "."$D "."1? 0 "."$D "."$1 0 "."$D "."$1D 0 "."$# 5.L.P&ay 8degrees: 1$.D" @.$" $.9" 1.""
"

tor7ue/ the effect of p&ay 'ou&d reduce

The greatest amount of p&ay in an edge'ise app&iance is in the tor7uing p&ane. Tor7uing p&ay depends on the si6e of the rectangu&ar arch 'ire re&ati)e to the si6e of the rectangu&ar arch 'ire s&ot. Aost prescriptions ha)e e0cessi)e &ingua& root tor7ue in the ma0i&&ary anterior (rackets that may de&i)er ade7uate &ingua& root tor7ue for retraction mo)ements using &ess than fu&&-si6ed arch 'ires. This compensates for p&ay/ (ut on&y during retraction
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page $" 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

mo)ements. Brackets 'ith these e0cessi)e tor7ues are incapa(&e of de&i)ering &a(ia& root tor7ue during protraction mo)ements 'ithout e0tensi)e re)erse tor7uing (ends in the arch 'ire

- +ffect of tor7uing p&ay. -n "."1C O "."$$-inch arch 'ire is in an "."1# O "."$Dinch ma0i&&ary centra& incisor (racket 'ith a 1$I tor7ued s&ot. Tor7uing p&ay is 11.#I. -/ The arch 'ire s&ot is para&&e& to the arch 'ire. The (onding (ase 8the cro'n of the incisor: is 1$I to a perpendicu&ar to the arch 'ire p&ane. B/ 2ith retraction mo)ement/ the incisor 'i&& .tuck under. unti& it reaches a tor7ue of ".$I 8tor7ue in the s&ot minus tor7uing p&ay:. -t this point the arch 'ire 'i&& (egin to de&i)er &ingua& root tor7ue. C/ 2ith protraction or depression mo)ements/ the incisor 'i&& proc&ine unti& it reaches a tor7ue of $9.#I 8tor7ue in the s&ot p&us tor7uing p&ay:. -t this point the arch 'ire 'i&& (egin to de&i)er &a(ia& root tor7ue.

,eight or )ertica& p&ay )aries according to the si6e of the arch 'ire re&ati)e to the si6e of the arch 'ire s&ot. -n "."1$-inch stain&ess stee& 'ire of s&ight&y greater stiffness than an "."1#-inch nicke& titanium 'ire 'i&& not achie)e the same toothto-tooth &e)e&ing as the "."1#-inch 'ire (ecause of arch'ireGs&ot p&ay

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Page $1

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

P&ay in )ertica& p&ane resu&ts in incomp&ete (racket-to-(racket &e)e&ing. P#a4 + $&" $+**+ / *#a " depends on the si6e of the arch 'ire/ si6e of the arch 'ire s&ot/ and o)era&& 'idth of the s&ot$9 . ,o'e)er/ tipping p&ay is much &ess than tor7uing p&ay. -n "."1C-inch 'ire in an "."1# 0O "."$D-inch narro' sing&e (racket has on&y a(out 9I p&ay that reduces to &ess than 1I 'ith an "."1#-inch 'ire. %f tor7uing p&ay is minimi6ed (y increasing arch 'ire si6e re&ati)e to s&ot si6e/ then tipping p&ay 'i&& (e minimi6ed regard&ess of the 'idth of the (racket. P&ay in the mesiodista& p&ane particu&ar&y in the (ucca& segments/ significant&y affects anchorage contro& and root para&&e&ing capa(i&ities. But interesting&y the A.D. p&ay is proportiona&&y &ess in dou(&e and siamese t'in (rackets (ecame there is greater distance (et'een the (earing points.

P&ay in tipping p&ane approaches "I for a&& (racket 'idths as si6e of arch 'ire approaches si6e of s&ot. 1otationa& p&ay depends on the &ength of the rotationa& &e)er arm and the 7ua&ity of the &igation techni7ue to keep the arch 'ire seated in the (ottom of the s&ot. Ligation force necessary to seat an arch 'ire increases as the stiffness of the arch 'ire increases or as the
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page $$ 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

&ength of the rotationa& &e)er arm decreases. Le)er arms of ".1"" inch 8&o'er anteriors: re7uire tight &igation in rectangu&ar arch 'ires to keep rotationa& p&ay to a minimum. Le)er arms &ess than a(out "."@D inch ha)e e0cessi)e p&ay and need some type of rotating au0i&&ary to accomp&ish and maintain rotations. P&ay can ne)er (e e&iminated/ (ut it can (e minimi6ed in the tipping/ tor7uing/ and )ertica& p&anes (y .fi&&ing. the s&ot as much as possi(&e. 1otationa& p&ay is minimi6ed (y using (rackets 'ith ade7uate rotationa& &e)er arm &engths and &igating 'ith sufficient force to keep the arch 'ire seated in the (ottom of the s&ot. A,8+##a(4 3"a$,("% .3 %#.$ 1ounded e&e)ations may (e incorporated into the 'a&&s andGor f&oor of the s&ot.These e&e)ations decrease the surface contact of 'ire a&ong the mesio dista& f&ares of (racket (o0. This he&ps to decrease the friction at (racket-'ire interface and decrease the (inding during s&ding mechanics.S&ot (&ockers for pre)enting the arch'ire from escaping the (racket 8in acti)e se&f &igating (rackets: e)en if the arch'ire is not comp&ete&y seated in the s&ot. Bertica&-u0i&iary s&ot can (e used 'ith uprighting and rotation springs or 'ith segment arch'ires. L+/a$,(" W+ /% .( T+" W+ /% Ligature 'ings on edge'ise (rackets shou&d (e 'ide and deep 'ith amp&e c&earance (et'een the 'ing and the (racket (ase. S4 "(/4 -(a)1"$% . They ha)e C tie 'ings/9 'ings on each side of the s&ot.Latera& 'ings may (e inc&uded in &igation for correct in of rotation of teeth.3n&y centra& 'ings may (e &igated during s&iding mechanics to decrease the force of &igation thus the tie 'ings can accept either a minimum-friction or con)entiona& &igation. They ha)e C tie 'ings/9 'ings on each side of the s&ot.Latera& 'ings may (e inc&uded in &igation for correct in of rotation of teeth.3n&y centra& 'ings may (e &igated during s&iding mechanics to decrease the force of
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page $9 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

&igation. Ne' Aini-Taurus Synergy edge'ise (racket. -. Bertica& section at mid&ine of s&ot f&oor. B. Ainimum-friction &igation. C. Con)entiona& &igation.

B(a)1"$ +!" $+3+)a$+. S4%$"7 Distogingi)a& raised dot Numerica& identification system Co&our coded distogingi)a& dot

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Page $

1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

5.BUCCAL TUBES These are (asica&&y mo&ar attachments. The inside dimensions ordinari&y match those used for the (racket s&ot either "."1#D 0 "."$D. or "."$$ 0 "."$#. a&though an o)er si6e &umen can (e used to ad)antage in some situations. Length is a critica& factor that )aries o)er a (road range.%t is e0treme&y important to ade7uate&y contro& tipping and rotation. it pro)ides the same ad)antage in rotation and tipping contro& as is pro)ided (y (racket 'idth/ so contro& in these functions is direct&y proportiona& to tu(e &ength. Esua&&y mo&ar tu(es can come as sing&e tu(es/ dou(&e or trip&e tu(es. They a&so may come 'ithG'ithout hooks. -n e0traora& attachment faci&&ing in the form of a headgear tu(e may (e present. This may &ie either gingi)a& or occ&usa& to the rectangu&ar tu(e. ,ooks are norma&&y present on the (ucca& tu(es and they ser)e as attachments for &igature 'ires/ springs/ e&astics for interma0i&&ary and intra ma0i&&ary traction.

-d)antages of Ao&ar tu(es 1.%t simp&ifies arch'ire p&acement in the most dista& tooth (y e&iminating the &igature tie/ 'hich can (e cum(ersome and difficu&t.3nce the 'ire is in the tu(e/ the tu(e keeps the arch'ire sta(&e/ making &&igation into the other (rackets easier. $.The smooth (ucca& surface of the tu(e protects the mucosa from the sharp end of the 'ire. 9.Less friction occurs (et'een the arch'ire in the tu(e than in a con)entiona& (racket G &igature com(ination/ 'hich a&&o's the arch to s&ide smooth&y through the tu(e 'hen the arch &ength is condensed.
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page $D 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

C. 2"($+-#" B(a)1"$%

%t is a t'in (racket 'ith a con)erti(&e sheath/designed to (e used on ma0i&&ary and mandi(u&ar first mo&ars.%t acts as a (ucca& tu(e.The con)erti(&e sheath can (e remo)ed 'hen second mo&ars are (anded con)erting the attachment to a t'in (racket.

6. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF BRACKETS The different processes of manufacturing of meta& (rackets inc&udes Ai&&ing/ Casting/ Sintering/ Aeta& in;ection mo&ding 8A%A:/ and Stamping. M+##+ /9 This process in)o&)es carefu& machining/ of the (rackets from s7uare 'ire (&ank and then ;oining the (racket and the (ase. This &eads to an increase in the cost factorF and (rackets are prone to human error. 2hen a mi&&ed (racket is heated 8recyc&ing: the chromium car(ide precipitate tends to (e more uniform&y distri(uted throughout the meta& grains and not &oca&i6ed at the grain (oundary regions as in casted (rackets. Thus mi&&ed (rackets are more resistant to corrosion. The 91C L stee& cannot (e mi&&ed as it is hard. Ca%$+ /9 This is a one step method and is &ess &a(orious than mi&&ing/ hence cost effecti)e. The cast process of manufacturing (rackets 'ith on&y the s&ot mi&&ed resu&ted in &ess )ariation than the more common&y used manufacturing method of mi&&ing the (rackets from a s7uare 'ire (&ank.

S+ $"(+ /N %t in)o&)es fusion of meta& partic&es together at a higher temperature. Sintering


Sangeetha Duraisamy Page $C 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

a&&o's each indi)idua& (racket to (e premo&ded in a smooth stream&ined manner. The stain&ess stee& partic&es are then compressed in a contoured/ smooth/ rounded shape as opposed to casting procedures 'here the mi&&ing or cutting process may &ea)e sharp angu&ar (rackets that are more (u&ky and rough. Comparisons of the frictiona& forces produced (y stain&ess stee& orthodontic 'ires in sintered and cast stain&ess stee& (rackets ha)e indicated that the 'ires in the sintered (rackets produced 9#P to P &ess frictiona& resistance than cast (rackets. The differences in frictiona& forces (et'een the t'o types of (rackets may (e attri(uted to the surface te0ture of the (racket. The scanning e&ectron micrographs of the sintered (rackets demonstrated a smoother (racket surface afforded (y the sintering process. M"$a# + :")$+. 7.#!+ /N 2hi&e sintering uses on&y meta& po'ders/ 'hich are me&ted as such in mo&ds/ A%A adds to these )arious thermop&astic po&ymers/ &u(ricants/ and other additi)es/ 'hich are su(se7uent&y pyro&y6ed and gasified. To compensate for the shrinking that occurs/ the mo&ds ha)e to (e &arger than the partsF the operation is 7uite sophisticated and re7uires the use of computer-aided design/ a&ong 'ith computernumerica& contro&&ed machines too&s. The resu&ting (ui&t-in accuracy and microstructura& homogeneity/ if not p&agued (y pores/ &eads to app&iances ha)ing superior mechanica& and chemica& properties . S$a7*"! -(a)1"$%9 Stamped (rackets are fa(ricated from 9" stee& and hence deform easi&y. 7.CLASSIFICATION OF BRACKETS Brackets can (e grouped into )arious types (ased on 1. $. 9. . D. Their 'idth and si6e/ Type of rotation contro& 'ings/ Aode of &igation 8&igation capa(i&ities:/ S&ot dimensions/ Configuration of (ase/
Page $@ 1 !"#!"$

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

C. @. #.

Bracket materia&/ Prescription/ Brackets used on specia& techni7ues .

B(a)1"$ )#a%%+3+)a$+. -a%"! . 0+!$& .3 -(a)1"$9 1.Sing&e (rackets. $. Q Q Q Q 9. T'in (rackets 8Dua&/ dou(&e or Siamese (rackets: 4unior t'in or Aini T'in %ntermediate T'in Standard T'in +0tra'ide T'in Trip&e (rackets

S+ /#" B(a)1"$ They are of t'o types/ narro' 'idth sing&e (rackets "."D". 'ide 81.$Dmm: for anterior teeth and 'ide 'idth posterior (rackets 8".1"". 'ide: used on mo&ars.. Because of narro' 'idth/ the (racket 'as ineffecti)e for tooth rotation. T0+ B(a)1"$% T'in (rackets are formed (y t'o narro' 'idth (racket p&aced on the same (ase 'ith "."D". spacing/ that is space (et'een $ (rackets is e7ua& to the 'idth of a sing&e (racket. The t'in (rackets effects tooth rotation/ Aaintain tooth in o)er corrected positions/ Pre)ents rotation of unrotated tooth during retraction procedures. They are a&so )ery effecti)e in contro&&ing mesio - dista& inc&ination. But the inter (racket span of arch'ire is decreased due to the increased 'idth of the (rackets. This increases the stiffness of arch'ire and decreases the f&e0i(i&ity and range of action of the arch'ire. 1esi&iency 1 RR S 1ange of action
Sangeetha Duraisamy

8Length of inter (racket span of arch'ire: 9

8Length:$
Page $# 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

T(+*#" B(a)1"$% They ha)e the inherent ad)antage of contro& of rotation and tipping. - fine contro& o)er correction can (e achie)ed (y se&ecti)e&y tying one or t'o t'inges. Ba%"! . (.$a$+. ). $(.# 0+ /% To o)ercome the disad)antage of t'in (rackets due to decreased inter(racket span of arch'ire/ +ye&ets 'ere so&dered to the sing&e 'idth (rackets for rotationa& contro&. Ligature 'ire/ 'ire tied from the eye&et to the arch'ire to rotate the teeth and to maintain the teeth in o)er corrected positions. 1otation contro& 'ings are added to the edge'ise (rackets to maintain the sing&e 'idth. The 'ings offered a &e)er arm to def&ect the arch'ire and rotate the teeth. The 'ings do not interfere 'ith the occ&usogingi)a& def&ection of arch'ire. So do not decrease the inter(racket span of arch'ire. They do not interfere 'ith acti)ation of c&osing &oops. Second order (ends and other arch'ire (ends s&ide free&y past the rotation 'ings.1""P desired tooth rotation is readi&y o(tained. %t is a&so possi(&e to o)ercorrect the tooth position (y (ending the rigid 'ings. S&ight errors made in p&acement of (racket on teeth can (e corrected (y se&ecti)e (ending of the 'ings. T4*"% .3 R.$a$+. a# ). $(.# 0+ /% a. 5&at 'ings 8Lang (rackets:

(.

upset 'ings 8Le'is (rackets:

c. a.

Epset and cur)ed 1igid 'ings


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Sangeetha Duraisamy

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

c.

5&e0i(&e 'ings 8Steiner (rackets:

a. (.

Long 'ings 8for upper centra& incisors: Short 'ings 8for &o'er anteriors:

C#a%%+3+)a$+. -a%"! . #+/a$+. )a*a-+#+$+"% C. 2" $+. a##4 #+/a$+ / -(a)1"$% These (rackets ha)e tie 'ings/ that can recei)e stain&ess stee& &igature or e&astomeric ties/ to retain the arch 'ire in the s&ot. S"#3 #+/a$+ / -(a)1"$% Stain&ess stee& &igatures app&y high force/ and e&ectrometric &igatures app&y- )ery high forces resu&ting in high friction (et'een the arch'ire and the (racket s&ot. This increases the resistance to tooth mo)ement during s&iding mechanics 'ith con)entiona&&y &igated (rackets. Se&f-&igating (rackets (y minimi6ing the norma& force caused (y &igation decreases the resistance to s&iding. Se&f-&igating (rackets are of t'o types -cti)e and Passi)e. -cti)e se&f-&igating (rackets acti)e&y app&y a spring force on the arch'ire/ unti& the arch'ire is comp&ete&y seated in the s&ot./ 'hich is referred to as ,oming action of the
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page 9" 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

spring (y ,anson. SP++D/ Sigma/ and Time (rackets ha)e acti)e c&ips The aim of acti)e &igation is to seat the arch'ire against the (ack of the (racket s&ot for rotation and tor7ue contro&. Passi)e se&f-&igating (rackets passi)e&y restrain the arch'ire in the s&ot. Damon SL/ +dgeLok/ and 2i&dman T'inLock are se&f-&ocking (rackets 'ith passi)e s&ides. 2hen the s&ide is c&osed/ the &umen of the s&ot is fu&&-si6e %n acti)e se&f-&igation/ the energy to contro& rotations is primari&y deri)ed from the c&ipF in passi)e se&f-&igation/ the energy is stored and e0pressed in the high-tech 'ires. The first se&f-&igating (racket/ the 1usse&& attachment/ 'as de)e&oped (y a Ne' *ork orthodontic pioneer/ Dr. 4aco( Sto&6en(erg/ in the ear&y 1?9"s. This (racket had a f&athead scre' seated snug&y in a circu&ar/ threaded opening in the face of the (racket . 5or the orthodontist/ arch'ire changes 'ere 7uick and simp&e. The hori6onta& scre' cou&d (e &oosened or tightened 'ith a sma&& 'atch-repair scre'dri)er to o(tain the desired tooth mo)ement. Loosening a&&o'ed (odi&y trans&ation on a round 'ire/ 'hi&e tightening faci&itated root tor7uing 'ith a rectangu&ar or s7uare 'ire. Perhaps (ecause Dr. Sto&6en(erg 'as ahead of his time/ the concept of se&f-&igating (rackets fe&& more or &ess into o(scurity unti& the ear&y 1?@"s.

1usse&& attachment 8-:.opened 8B: c&osed positions %n 1?@1/ Dr. 4im 2i&dman of +ugene/ 3regon/ de)e&oped the +dge&ok (racket/ 'hich had a round (ody 'ith a rigid &a(ia& s&iding cap . - specia& opening too& 'as used to mo)e the s&ide occ&usa&&y for arch'ire insertion. 2hen the cap 'as c&osed o)er the
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

arch'ire 'ith finger pressure/ the (racket s&ot 'as con)erted to a tu(e. The rigidity of this outer fourth 'a&& rendered the (racket <passi)e= in its interp&ay 'ith the arch'ire. Passi)e (rackets are inherent&y imprecise in their a(i&ity to contro& tooth mo)ements (ecause of their tota& re&iance on the fit (et'een the arch'ire and the (racket s&ot. This means that tooth contro& is compromised 'hen undersi6e 'ires are used/ a&though nicke& titanium 'ires can (e more accurate than stain&ess stee&. The +dge&ok 'as the first passi)e se&f-&igating (racket/ and the first t o en;oy any sort of commercia& success.

+dge&ok app&iance 8-:.opened 8B: c&osed positions. - simi&ar (racket/ designed (y Dr. 5ran6Sander of E&m/ Germany/ 'as introduced t'o years &ater. The Ao(i&-&ock re7uired a specia& too& to rotate the semicircu&ar &a(ia& disk into the open or c&osed position. -s 'ith the +dge&ok/ the passi)e outer 'a&& transformed the (racket s&ot into a tu(e that &oose&y contained the arch'ire. Perhaps (ecause of the simu&taneous introduction of e&astomeric &igatures/ ho'e)er/ neither the +dge&ok nor the Ao(i&-&ock gained much of a fo&&o'ing.

Ao(i&-&ock 8-:opened 8B: c&osed positions


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Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

-t a(out the same time/ Dr. ,er(ert ,anson of ,ami&ton/ 3ntario/ 'as creating prototypes of a se&f-&igating (racket that (y 1?@C (ecame the (asic speed design. The speed (racket features a cur)ed/ f&e0i(&e <Super-+&astic Spring C&ip= that 'raps occ&usogingi)a&&y around a miniaturi6ed (racket (ody . The c&ip is mo)ed occ&usa&&yusing either a uni)ersa& sca&er at the gingi)a& aspect of the (racket (ody or a cur)ed e0p&orer inserted into the &a(ia& 'indo' to permit arch'ire p&acement/ then seated gingi)a&&y 'ith finger pressure. The &a(ia& arm of the Spring C&ip/ 'hich forms the f&e0i(&e fourth 'a&& of the (racket s&ot/ not on&y constrains the arch'ire/ (ut interacts 'ith the arch'ire. This sets the speed 8Spring &oaded/ precision/ edge'ise/ energy and de&i)ery system: apart from a&& other current&y a)ai&a(&e se&f-&igating (rackets as the on&y <acti)e= design. The Spring C&ip/ through e&astic def&ection/ gent&y imparts a &ight/ continuous &e)e& of force on the arch'ire/ resu&ting in precise and contro&&ed tooth mo)ement. ,anson descri(es this as the <homing action of the spring=Kthe a(i&ity of the speed (racket to reorient itse&f three-dimensiona&&y unti& the arch'ire is fu&&y seated in the s&ot. -ny su(se7uent rotation/ tipping/ or tor7uing/ during tooth mo)ement of any kind/ resu&ts in a &a(ia& def&ection of the spring that reacti)ates this homing (eha)ior.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Department of orthodontics

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speed (racket 8-:opened 8B: c&osed positions

%n 1?#C/ the se&f-&igating -cti)a (racket / designed (y Dr. +r'in P&etcher/ offered another a&ternati)e. The -cti)a (racket had an inf&e0i(&e/ cur)ed arm that rotated occ&usogingi)a&&y around the cy&indrica& (racket (ody. The arm cou&d (e mo)ed into a <s&ot-open= or <s&ot c&osed=position 'ith finger pressure a&oneF once c&osed/ the rigid outer
'a&& of the mo)a(&e arm con)erted the (racket s&ot into a tu(e. -s 'ith the +dge&ok (racket/ the passi)e configuration of the -cti)a (racket &imited its interp&ay 'ith the arch'ire. Dra'(acks such as the ease 'ith 'hich patients cou&d open the (racket and a &arge mesiodista& (racket 'idth e)entua&&y &ed to its commercia& demise

-cti)a (racket 8-:opened 8B: c&osed positions %n 1??D/ another se&f-&igating mode& entered the marketp&ace. Designed (y Dr. 2o&fgang ,eiser of %nns(ruck/ -ustria/ the Time (racket is simi&ar in appearance to the SP++D (racket (ut its design and mode of action are significant&y different. -(out
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

the si6e of a con)entiona& (racket/ the Time features a rigid/ cur)ed arm that 'raps occ&usogingi)a&&y around the &a(ia& aspect of the (racket (ody. - specia& instrument is used to pi)ot the arm gingi)a&&y into the s&ot-open position or occ&usa&&y into the s&otc&osed position. The stiffness of the (racket arm pre)ents any su(stantia& interaction 'ith the arch'ire/ there(y rendering Time a passi)e (racket.

Time (racket 8-:opened 8B: c&osed positions

3pening of spring c&ip of a time Se&f-&igating (racket 'ith a specia& instrument. The T'inLock (racket / a second endea)or (y Dr. 4im 2i&dman/ 'as introduced in 1??#. %ts f&at/ rectangu&ar s&ide/ housed (et'een the tie 'ings of an edge'ise t'in (racket/ is mo)ed occ&usa&&y into the s&ot-open position 'ith a uni)ersa& sca&er. %t then s&ides gingi)a&&y 'ith finger pressure to entrap the arch'ire in a passi)e configuration.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

T'inLock (racket 8-:opened 8B: c&osed positions Simi&ar se&f-&igating (racket designs 'ere introduced in 1??C and 1??? (y Dr. D'ight Damon of Spokane/ 2ashington. The Damon SL % and the Damon SL %% are (oth edge'ise t'in (racketsF the difference (et'een these t'o generations is that the first featured a &a(ia& co)er that stradd&ed the tie 'ings/ 'hi&e the second incorporates a f&at/ rectangu&ar s&ide (et'een the tie 'ings. %n (oth )ersions/ the s&ide mo)es incisa&&y on the ma0i&&ary (rackets and gingi)a&&y on the mandi(u&ar (rackets. Specia& opening and c&osing p&iers are re7uired to mo)e the s&ide. Both the Damon SL % and the Damon SL %% form rectangu&ar edge'ise tu(es (y means of a so&id outer 'a&&.

Damon SL (racket. -. 3pen. B. C&osed. +sthetic se&f &igating (racket

A!2a $a/"% .3 %"#3'#+/a$+ / -(a)1"$% 1.Decreased resistance to s&iding decreases the o)era&& treatment time. $.Ainimi6es chair side time due to &ess time-consuming arch'ire changes. 9.Precise contro& of tooth trans&ation.
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Department of orthodontics

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.Greater inter(racket span of arch'ire a)ai&a(&e 'ithout (inding of &igature 'ires or e&astomeric modu&es. D.,ygienic 82ing&ess design easy to c&ean: C.+sthetic and comforta(&e to the patient @.Ligation sta(i&ity retains the origina& form throughout the treatment. #.Some se&f &igating (racket designs permits significant miniaturi6ing of (racket si6e.

C#a%%+3+)a$+. -a%"! . -(a)1"$ 7a$"(+a# 1: Stain&ess stee& $: Commercia&&y pure titanium 9: Ceramic (rackets Po&ycrysta&&ine -&umina Aonocrysta&&ine -&umina. Po&ycrysta&&ine Tirconia : Ceramic (rackets 'ith meta& s&ots D: P&astic (rackets 8Po&ycar(onates/ Po&y su&fones: C: Ceramic reinforced composite po&ymer @: G&ass fi(re reinforced composite po&ymer. #: P&astic (rackets 'ith meta& s&ots ?: Composite (rackets 8P&astic (racket U ceramic fi&&ers U Aeta& inserts:
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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10)

Go&d coated stain&ess stee& (rackets

11: magnetic (rackets S$a+ #"%% %$""# -(a)1"$% The meta& (rackets are a&most made of stain&ess stee& comprised according to the -merican %ron and Stee& %nstitute 8-%S%: in the c&asses in the c&asses 9"9/9" / 91" and 91CL. %ncrease in the num(er/ more a&&oying meta&s are added to iron 'hi&e its car(on content is &o'ered. The addition of &etter .L. to the num(er indicates a further reduction in the car(on content. The 9" stain&ess stee& contains 1#-$"P chromium and nicke& 'ith some amount of manganese and si&icon and &o' car(on content that is &ess than ".1P. 'hi&e the 91C L has 1@P chromium/ 19P NN $.DP Ao and "."$P C. Stee& 'ith &o'er -%S% num(er are soft and easier to mi&&/ (ut their corrosion resistance is &o'. The use of higher grade stee&s impro)es the corrosion resistance/ (ut at the same time increases hardness. To cut harder stee&s/ e)en harder cutting too&s ha)e to (e used/ considera(&y increasing the machining difficu&ties. 3ne of the highest grades/ 91CL/ is considered too hard to (e mi&&ed. %t is &ike&y that (y &aunching their .Aini-Diamond. and the .Ainiaturi6ed. series using the precipitation hardening stee& P, 1@- 8-%S% C9":/ 3rmco and Enitek ha)e reached the &imits for (oth t'in (racket machining and for the se&ection of the stain&ess stee&s. C"(a7+) B(a)1"$% Superior esthetics resists staining or disco&ouration stain&ess stee&: Sangeetha Duraisamy

Disad)antage Britt&e/ &o'er fracture toughness 8$"- " times &ess than +)en sma&& surface f&a's can propagate readi&y.
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Department of orthodontics

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anchorage &oss.

,igh friction during s&iding mechanics can &ead to

Type

Ceramic orthodontic (rackets 'ere first introduced in 1?#@ as a more esthetic a&ternati)e to the traditiona& stain&ess stee& (rackets. Aost of the ear&y nonmeta& orthodontic attachments 'ere po&ycar(onate p&astic. They had the disad)antages of im(i(ition of 'ater and f&o' properties that &ed to distortion/ disco&oration and fracture. ceramic (rackets 'ere introduced to e&iminate the pro(&em of the unaesthetic appearance of stain&ess stee& (rackets 'ithout the disad)antages of p&astic (rackets. Properties of ceramic (rackets Ceramic (rackets ha)e compressi)e strengths and hardnesses greater than those of stain&ess stee& (rackets.The &imiting physica& property of ceramic (rackets is fracture toughness/ the a(i&ity of a materia& to resist fracture. -n a&umina ceramic (racket has a fracture toughness of 9." to D.9 Apa compared to a stain&ess stee& (racket has a fracture toughness of #" to ?" Apa Ceramic (rackets e0hi(it a (ond strength significant&y higher than that of stain&ess stee& (ecause of the si&ane coup&ing agents are used as mo&ecu&ar (ridges to enhance the (ond strengths of many po&ycrysta&&ine ceramic (rackets. The high (ond strengths of ceramic (rackets can a&so (e re&ated to increased rigidity and decreased distortion and to the &ack of pee&ing of the (racket from the adhesi)e during de(onding. %f the (ond (et'een the adhesi)e and the ename& is stronger than the ename& itse&f/ the ename& 'i&& fracture 'ith de(onding. 1ecent&y/ manufacturers ha)e emp&oyed different mechanisms to decrease the (ond strength of ceramic (rackets/ inc&uding )arious designs of groo)es or patterns cut into the (racket (ases to increase surface area and a&&o' mechanica& inter&ocking of the (racket and resin.
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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There are $ types of ceramic (rackets 1. $. Po&ycrsta&&ine monocrysta&&ine a&umina - composed of ??P a&uminium o0ide.

Aonocrysta&&ine ceramic (rackets are manufactured (y heating a&uminum o0ide to temperatures in e0cess of $1""I C. The mo&ten mass is coo&ed s&o'&y/ and the (racket is machined from the resu&ting crysta&. Po&ycrysta&&ine (rackets are manufactured 'ith a sintering process. By (&ending a&uminum o0ide partic&es 'ith a (inder/ the mi0ture can (e formed into a shape from 'hich a (racket can (e machined. The (racket is then heat treated to remo)e surface imperfections and re&ie)e stresses created (y the cutting operation.. -n a&ternati)e method of making po&ycrysta&&ine (rackets is in;ection mo&ding. This process does not re7uire the (rackets to (e machined and thus e&iminates structura& imperfections created (y the cutting process. 8more c&earer than po&ycrysta&&ine a&umina

The most apparent difference (et'een po&ycrysta&&ine and monocrysta&&ine (rackets is their optica& c&arity. Sing&e crysta& (rackets is their optica& c&arity. Po&ycrysta&&ine (rackets/ 'hich tend to (e trans&ucent. 5ortunate&y/ (oth (rackets types resist staining and disco&oration. Ceramics are rene'ed for their hardness and their resistance to high temperatures and to chemica& degradation. The atomic structure that imparts these ad)antages a&so accounts for the most g&aring fau&t of ceramics their (ritt&eness. Ceramics used in orthodontic (rackets ha)e high&y &oca&i6ed directiona& atomic (onds. This o0idi6ed atomic &attice does not permit shifting of (onds and redistri(ution of stress as in meta&s. 2hen stresses reach critica& &e)e&/ the inter atomic (onds (reak and materia& fai&ure occurs. This is ca&&ed .(ritt&e fai&ure.. But as compared to the meta&&ic
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page " 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

(rackets/ they do not ha)e this property. They ha)e a e&ongation of a(out $"P 'hen it fina&&y fai&s. The e&ongation of the ceramic at fai&ure is &ess than 1P making these app&iances more (ritt&e. - sha&&o' scratch on the surface of the ceramic 'i&& drastica&&y reduce the &oad re7uired for fracture 'hereas the same scratch on a meta& surface 'i&& ha)e &itt&e if any effect on a meta&&ic (racket. Current&y a)ai&a(&e ceramic (rackets Po&ycrysta&&ine G-C - -&&ure %%%/ Lancer-%ntri7ue/ 3rtho organi6er-i&&usion/ 1ocky mountain Vuasar/ Enitek - Transcend. Sing&e Crysta& .-. company starfire ormoc gen. Bonding of ceramic (rackets 1. (racket (ase. $. Chemica& (onding using an adhesi)e intermediate. %n 8a:/ the (onding Pro)iding mechanica& retention )ia indentations andGor undercuts in the

strengths are compensati)e&y &ess than foi&Gmesh (rackets. 8(: %nc&udes g&ass that is added to the a&uminium o0ide (ase and treated 'ith

a si&ane coup&ing agent. The si&ane (onds 'ith the g&ass and has a free end of its mo&ecu&es that 'i&& react 'ith any of the acry&ic (onding materia&s. The same chemica& (onding mechanism is used for porce&ain cro'ns and restorations. ,ere if the (racket to adhesi)e (ond is strong/ then fai&ure can occur 'ithin the ceramic/ 'ithin the adhesi)e or 'ithin the ename&. This is no &onger used as there 'ere &ot of pro(&ems encountered in de (onding
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page 1 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

of these (rackets. Present&y they are using 6irconium o0ide for (onding. Comparison of friction (et'een stee& and ceramic (rackets -.4.%re&and conducted an in)itro study on this. Consideration of sing&e (rackets sho'ed po&ycrysta&&ine (rackets to e0hi(it significant&y &ess WWWWWWWWWiction 'ith a&& type and si6es of 'ire than did the sing&e stain&ess stee& (rackets. Sing&e (rackets 'ere tested on&y under dry conditions. ,o'e)er/ 'hen frictiona& forces 'ere compared (et'een the (ucca& segment mode&s of $ ceramic (rackets and one stee& tu(e/ and $ stee& (rackets and one stee& tu(e/ there 'as no significant difference (et'een their )a&ues under dry conditions 'ith "."1?. 0 "."$D. 'ires/ a&though 'ith "."1@. 0 ".$D. 'ire/ the ceramic mode&s sho'ed significant&y more friction. 2ith sing&e (rackets/ it 'as interesting that ceramic appears to offer &ess frictiona& resistance than stee& and yet 'hen p&aced in series 'ith a (ucca& tu(e and 'ith the e0ception of the sma&&er dimension 'ires/ there 'as &itt&e difference (et'een the ceramic and stee& mu&ti (racket systems under dry conditions. %t 'ou&d seem from this 'ork that 'ith stee& attachments/ friction is not additi)e/ 'hi&st 'ith ceramic it is in other 'ords/ friction 'i&& increase as the num(er of ceramic attachments is increased. This phenomenon is difficu&t to e0p&ain. 5riction is not on&y dependent upon norma& force/ (ut a&so on the materia&s in contact. The ans'er to the conf&icting sing&e and mu&ti(racket resu&ts (et'een stee& and ceramic attachments must therefore &ie some'here in the comp&e0 interp&ay of (racket materia&/ 'ire materia&/ surface topographs of each/ the num(er of attachments thought 'hich the 'ire is passing/ the &igationa& forces and the &igature materia&. P#a%$+) -(a)1"$% They 'ere introduced in the ear&y @">s. The p&astic (rackets consist of acry&ics/ ny&ons/ e0po0ies po&ysu&fones/ po&ypheny&ene o0ides and po&ycar(onates. The unfi&&ed po&ycar(onates are most app&ica(&e as orthodontic attachment 'hi&e the g&ass reinforced
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page $ 1 !"#!"$

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Department of orthodontics

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po&ycar(onates are (ritt&e. These (rackets are inferior to meta& (rackets in a. (. c. They ha)e poor mechanica& properties 8&o' hardness )a&ue/ &o' teni&e strength:. They degrade chemica&&y and a(sor( 'ater 'hich contri(utes to staining and softening of the materia&. Disco&our 5orce generated (y rectangu&ar 'ire tend to deform these (rackets as the &oad increases. 5urther they ha)e a tendency to creep 'hen su(;ected to tor7uing &oad o)er a period of time. This com(ined effect indicated that p&astic (rackets 'ou&d (e of &imited user 'hen transmitting a tor7uing force as much of this force 'ou&d (e dissipated in distortion of the (racket. ,ence some (rackets ha)e meta& s&ot insets and other ha)e ceramic fi&&es that gi)e them impro)ed dura(i&ity. Po&ycar(onate (rackets They too (e&ong to the fami&y of p&astic (rackets. The ad)antages of these po&ycar(onate 8unfi&&ed: areF 1. $. 9. . D. C. @. Le0an po&ycar(onate is a non to0ic materia&. %t is re&ati)e&y easy to fa(ricate 8that is in;ection mo&d: into precision sma&& parts such as (rackets. Po&ycar(onate has sho'n good a(rasion resistance. %t has high impact strength. %t has good optica& c&arity and co&ora(i&ity. Po&ycar(onate has no odor or (ad taste. %t is resistant to creep and deformation under &oad. 5i&ed po&ycar(onate (rackets are a&so a)ai&a(&e (ut g&ass reinforced they are (ritt&e and unsatisfactory.
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page 9 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Ma/ "$+) -(a)1"$% Terushige Ma'ata et a& in 1?#@ designed a ne' edge'ise magneti6ed edge'ise. 2hen this (racket 'as used 'ith traditiona& edge'ise orthodontic mechanotherapy/ it 'as o(ser)ed that the teeth cou&d (e retracted rapid&y 'ithout discomfort.The magnet app&y force that is 'e&& adapted to the (iophysica& system of tooth and (one interre&ationships. Therefore/ it 'orks effecti)e&y/ gi)es &ess discomfort/ and produces &ess stress for the patient. The ne' magnetic app&iance pro)ides a force system that approaches the idea& orthodontic re7uirements. Bio&ogic concept of magnetic force in orthodontics Traditiona& orthodontic app&iances/ such as meta& 'ire/ coi& springs and e&astics/ ha)e one common characteristicXthat of mechanica& resi&iency. %t is 'e&& kno'n/ ho'e)er/ that the resi&ient force 'eakens as the o(;ect of that force reco)ers from the initia& distortion. Therefore/ 'hen this kind of force is app&ied to tooth mo)ement/ it e0erts great force in the initia& stage and (ecomes progressi)e&y 'eaker as the mo)ement of the teeth progresses. Aagnetic force fo&&o's Cou&om(>s &a' and is in)erse&y proportiona& to the s7uare of the distance. Such an attracti)e magnetic force/ 'hen app&ied to tooth mo)ement/ is )ery &ight at first and after the tooth (egins to mo)e increases as the distance (et'een the magnets decreases. -fter the magnets contact/ the force (et'een the t'o magnets 'i&& not 'ork to mo)e teeth. This magnetic force in 'hich the air gap is 6ero 'orks as a retaining force. Property of magnetic (rackets The samarium-co(a&t magnetic (rackets 'ere prepared (y attaching an edge'ise (racket to the surface of the magnet and p&ating it 'ith chromium to pre)ent corrosion of the
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page 1 !"#!"$

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Department of orthodontics

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magnet and 'ith nicke& to so&der the (racket to the surface. The &ayer of nicke& a&&o'ed the edge'ise (racket to (e so&dered to the surface (e&o' D""I C. 5ina&&y/ a mesh (ase 'as so&dered onto the rear of the magnetic (racket/ a&&o'ing the (racket and magnet com(ination to (e (onded to the surface of the teeth (y means of a direct (onding system. The magnetic (rackets 'ere designed to form an idea& arch in (oth the ma0i&&a and mandi(&e on the comp&etion of treatment The edge'ise (racket chosen 'as a traditiona& one 'ith an "."1#-inch s&ot 'idth. Progressed ma0i&&ary magnetic (rackets designed for this study to form an idea& denta& arch 8fronta& )ie':.

1ear )ie' of ma0i&&ary magnetic (rackets.

The si6e of the magnetic (racket )aries as fo&&o'sN 81: the mesia& dista& &ength of the mandi(u&ar incisor (racket is mm/ the )ertica& 'idth is 9.D mm/ and the &a(io&ingua& thickness is 9 mmF 8$: the mesia& dista& &ength of the ma0i&&ary incisor (racket is @ mm/ the )ertica& 'idth is 9.D mm/ and the &a(io&ingua& thickness is 9 mm. Because of the tooth si6e/ the mesia&-dista& &ength is the )aria(&e. Three kinds of 'ires are used "."1 / "."1C/ and "."1# inch. - "."1 -inch 'ire is p&aced for initia& &e)e&ing and canine retraction. %f the "."1 -inch round 'ire is too &ight to &e)e&
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page D 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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the cro'ded denta& arch/ then a "."1C-inch 'ire can (e su(stituted. 2ith this arrangement/ each (onded (racket can (e used for mesiodista& magnetic force. ,o'e)er/ if the distance (et'een the ma&positioned teeth is o)er 9 mm and the magnetic force is thus not sufficient to retract these teeth/ a po'er chain can (e added to assist the magnetic force in the initia& stage. 2hen these teeth come c&oser together/ that is/ 'ithin 9 mm/ the po'er chain is remo)ed and the additiona& retraction can (e done through the a)ai&a(&e magnetic force. This procedure has reduced treatment time as compared 'ith traditiona& methods.

C&assification (ased on Brackets system and Phi&osophy 1. EN%B+1S-L B1-CM+TS - SP+NC+1 -TM%NS3N Q Q Q Com(ination of edge'ise and ri((on arch attachment . 3cc&usa& s&ot 'hich is para&&e& to &ong a0is of the tooth Gingi)a& s&ot 'hich is perpendicu&ar to the &ong a0is of

recei)es ri((on arches as &arge as "."1D. 0 "."$#. tooth recei)e upto "."1DN round 'ire. Dou(&e action (rackets Q ,as ta( or 'ings (et'een the occ&usa& and gingi)a& s&ots for additiona& &e)erage. 1oot Tor7uing type Q Ta(s e0tending out'ard for e0tra&igation to achie)e rotation and to pro)ide &e)erage for mesiodista& uprighting of teeth.s
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Possi(&e com(inations of Eni)ersa& attachment $. Dou(&e round 'ire in &o'er s&ot Sing&e rectangu&ar 'ire in &o'er s&ot 1ound 'ire in &o'er s&ot and rectangu&ar 'ire in upper s&ot.

T2%N 2%1+ B1-CM+TS 4honson>s Phi&osophy %f t'o &ight 'ires are p&aced in the same (racket/ more physio&ogic tooth mo)ement cou&d (e o(tained than 'ith one hea)y 'ire. -d)antage 1apid correction of rotations Disad)antage Q Q correction Q Basica&&y non-e0tracting oriented and greater difficu&ty in contro&&ing teeth and achie)ing tor7ue 'hen teeth has (een remo)ed. -nchorage pro(&ems Lack of contro& of canine and premo&ars after rotation

9.

Bo'&es Au&tiphase Bracket 81?D9: Designed to (e used 'ith edge'ise/ T'in arch'ire and Eni)ersa& techni7ues interchangea(&y. . BE1ST3N+>S B1-CM+T - TEB+ C3AB%N-T%3NS Q Q Esed in Burstone>s segmented arch techni7ue ,e modified canine (racket (y adding a )ertica& tu(e for

engagement of retraction assem(&ies.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Page @

1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

D.

C3NB+1T%BL+ B1-CM+TS Q Q mo&ars. Q Q %t acts as a (ucca& tu(e The con)erti(&e sheath can (e remo)ed 'hen second T'in (racket 'ith a con)erti(&e sheath Designed to (e used on ma0i&&ary and mandi(u&ar first

mo&ars are (anded con)erting the attachment to a t'in (racket. C. B13ESS-1D B1-CM+TS 8G-1531D B13ESS-1D: Q Q Q Esed in Broussard techni7ue - modification of edge'ise (racket 'ith a "."1#D. 0

%t is a&so a com(ination (racket "." C. )ertica& s&ot to accept a dou(&ed "."1#. au0i&iary 'ire. L%NGE-L B1-CM+TS

Designed 'ith smooth e0terior surface and a &o' profi&e to increase comfort and to a&&o' norma& tongue acti)ity.Brackets ha)e 1.D-$mm c&earance (et'een the (ase and gingi)a& margin to (e more se&f c&eaning.Lo' profi&e gingi)a& hooks to a)oid ca&cu&us (ui&d up.Contoured (ase to adapt to the &ingua& surface.-ddition of anterior inc&ined p&ane to the ma0i&&ary (rackets con)ert the shearing force produced (y the mandi(u&ar incisors/tha are responsi(&e for high (ond fai&ure to compressi)e force app&ied in &a(ia& and intrusi)e direction/ 'hich 'i&& aid in o)er(ite correction. Bite p&ane incorporated in ma0i&&ary anterior (rackets.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Prototype &ingua& (rackets 'ith antero posterior arch 'ire insertion

1eciproca& tip and tor7ue )a&ues 'ere used to esta(&ish the prescription 8Based on -ndre's prescription:.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

)ii.

Bertica& s&ot is present to aid in arch'ire engagement in

cro'ded dentition. G+N+1-T%3NS 35 L%NGE-L B1-CM+TS 1st Generation Q Q Q %nc&ined p&ane in ma0i&&ary anterior (rackets Lo' profi&e and ha&f round mandi(u&ar anterior and No hooks on any (rackets

premo&ar (rackets.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Page D"

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

$nd Generation ,ooks 'ere added to a&& canine (rackets

9rd Generation ,ooks added to a&& anterior/ premo&ar and 1st mo&ar (rackets.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Page D1

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Phase %B -pp&iance 'ith tapered cuspid (ite p&ane.

Dth Generation Q Q Q
Sangeetha Duraisamy

Aore pronounced anterior inc&ined p&ane %ncreased &a(ia& tor7ue in ma0i&&ary anterior region
Page D$ 1 !"#!"$

,ooks optiona&

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Q premo&ar: Q (racket.

Bi(e&&ed inc&ined p&ane 8to a&&o' intercuspation of

ma0i&&ary canine cusp in the em(rasure (et'een mandi(u&ar canine and Pro)ision for attachment of transpa&ata& (ar in first mo&ar

Cth Generation Q Q Q Q ,ooks 'ere on a&& (rackets ,ooks on anterior sand premo&ars e&ongated %nc&ined p&ane (ecame more s7uare Transpa&ata& (ar attachment on first mo&ar (ecame optiona&.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

@th Generation -nterior inc&ined p&ane (ecame heart shaped.Short hooks 'ith greater recess for &igation.Lo'er anterior (rackets 'ith &arge inc&ined p&aneAesio dista&&y 'idened premo&ar (rackets for rotation contro&.Ao&ar (rackets 'ith &unge cap or termina& sheath to a&&o' case of arch'ire manipu&ation.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

#.

T1%-NGEL-1 B%3+55%C%+NT B1-CM+TS

8-nthony D. Bia6is: The triangu&ar (racket 'as designed to pro)ide the first differentia& stiffness (racket to accommodate the ne'/ differentia& - force supere&astic 'ire. 8Ne' 5&e0i(&e heat acti)ated Ni Ti 'ires:.%t is a t'in (racket 'ith sing&e s&ot.The s&ot is e&e)ated so that during the arch'ire insertion the inter(racket span of 'ire is more/ 'hich a&&o's for easier 'ire insertion.Since the s&ot is e&e)ated/ 'ire may come in contact 'ith the side e&(o' e0tensions thus pro)iding the differentia& stiffness during tooth mo)ement.Considering the %nteres&ot distance of a T'in (racket is 0 /that of a Triangu&ar (racket 'ith sing&e s&ot Y 1.D0.The arch'ire (et'een the s&ots of t'o triangu&ar (rackets 'ou&d ha)e 9.9@ times &ess stiffness and $.$D times more acti)ation Because 1 Stiffness S RRR 09 1ange S
Sangeetha Duraisamy

0$
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

3n insertion of the 'ire/ the &arge interes&ot distance a&&o's from ma0imum 'ire f&e0i(i&ity 8&o' stiffness: on ma0imum mo)ement/ especia&&y in the direction opposite to the ad;acent teeth/ the sma&& intere&(o' distance ensures minimum f&e0i(i&ity of the same arch'ire high stiffness: for immediate contro&.Thus triangu&ar (rackets a&&o' for easier 'ire insertion than a t'in (racket and (etter contro& of tooth mo)ement. i.e./ they pro)ide .Differentia& stiffness. of same initia& arch'ire.

B1-CM+T S*ST+AS 1: a: (: c: -ndre'>s systemN This 'as introduced (y L.5. -ndre's in the year 1?@". -&though -ndre's descri(ed the three systems. Non programmed Part&y programmed 5u&&y programmed ,ere % sha&& ta&k the fu&&y programmed (racket system as it represents a true pread;usted app&iance system. But (efore descri(ing the straight 'ire app&iance. Let me first gi)e some definitions of certain terms name&y. C&inica& cro'nN The amount of tooth materia& )isi(&e in the &ate mi0ed dentitions and adu&t dentitions 'ith gingi)a that is hea&thy and not recessed. or(an has defined the c&inica& cro'n as the anatomica& cro'n height minus 1.# mm. Cro'n -ngu&ationN The ang&e formed (y the facia& a0is of the c&inica& cro'n 85-CC: and a &ine perpendicu&ar to the occ&usa& p&ane. -ngu&ation is considered positi)e 'hen the occ&usa& portion of the 5-CC is mesia& to the gingi)a& portion/ negati)e 'hen dista&. Cro'n inc&ination N The ang&e (G' a &ine perpendicu&ar to the occ&usa& p&ane and a &ine that is para&&e& and tangent to the 5-CC as its mid point 85- point:. Cro'n inc&ination is determined from the mesia& or dista& perspecti)e. %t is sometimes ca&&ed
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page DC 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

tor7ue 'hich means a t'isting force. C&inica& inc&ination is considered positi)e if the occ&usa& portion of the cro'n/ tangent &ine or 5-CC is facia& of its gingi)a& portion/ negati)e if &ingua&. 5acia& a0is of c&inica& cro'n 85-CC:N 5or a&& teeth e0cept mo&ars/ the most prominent portion of the centra& &o(e on each tooth. 5or mo&ars/ it is the (ucca& groo)e. 5acia& a0is pointN The point on the facia& a0is that separates the gingi)a& ha&f on the c&inica& cro'n from the occ&usa& ha&f. -ndre'>s p&ane N The surface or p&ane on 'hich the mid trans)erse p&ane of e)ery cro'n in an arch 'i&& fa&& 'hen the teeth are optima&&y positioned. -u0i&iary features N - design feature that contri(utes to the (io&ogica& aspect of treatment/ (ut is not in)o&)ed in targeting the s&ot. Con)enience featureN - design feature that faci&itates use (y the orthodontist or promotes comfort for the patient (ut does not contri(ute to the (io&ogic aspects of treatment or to targeting the s&ot. %nc&ined (aseN - (racket (ase that in angu&ated more or &ess than ?" to the mid trans)erse p&ane of the (racket stem. S&ot pointN The ;unction of the mid trans)erse mid sagitta& and mid fronta& p&anes of (racket s&ot. S&ot site N The are that the (racket s&ot must occupy if it is to passi)e&y recei)e a fu&& si6e and un(ent 'ire 'hen a tooth is optima&&y p&aced. The concept of programming tooth guidance into the (racket rather than into the 'ire is (ased on the recognition that e0tensi)e simi&arities pre)ai& in the morpho&ogy of norma& tooth types and in their positions 'hen they are optima&&y occ&uded. - fu&&y programmed app&iance puts these simi&arities to 'ork/ accomp&ishing a&& or near&y a&&
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page D@ 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

tooth guidance 'ith f&e0ed (ut un(ent arch 'ires. The app&iance system consists of $ series of (racket system. 1: $: Standard that do not re7uire trans&ation. Trans&ation series. There is one standard (racket for each tooth type e0cept for the incisors and ma0.mo&ars. To e&iminate arch 'ire (ending/ more s&ot sitting features are re7uired than ;ust the correct amount of s&ot angu&ation/ inc&ination and facia& prominence. Brackets 'ith on&y these features are on&y part&y programmed. Brackets 'ith on&y these features are on&y part&y programmed. To e0p&ain the design of fu&&y programmed standard (rackets/ the fo&&o'ing features shou&d (e kno'n. Design featuresN These inc&ude s&ot sitting features/ con)enience features and au0i&iary features. S&ot sitting features N They are descri(ed in 9 p&anes of space. a: i: ii: it is ?" . iii: The (ase of each (racket must (e contoured to match the mesiodista& Aid trans)erse p&aneN The mid sagitta& p&ane of the s&ot/ stem and the cro'n must (e the same. The p&ane of the (racket (ase as its (ase point must (e identica& to the

facia& p&ane of the cro'n at the 5- point. %n ma0 mo&ars it is 1"" / for rest to the teeth/

radius of the areas of the cro'n it is designed to fit. i): The )ertica& components/ i/e./ the mesia& and dista& (orders of he (racket

stem and tie 'ings are designed to para&&e& one another. This shou&d then para&&e& the )ertica& &andmark of the cro'n - 5-CC.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

The hori6onta& components 8Superior and inferior edge of the (racket stem: shou&d (e e7uidistant from the cro'ns gingi)a& and the cusp tip or incisa& edge. c: Aid fronta& p&aneN -&& the s&ot points must ha)e the same distance (et'een

them and the cro'n eem(rasure &ine. The distance (et'een the s&ot points and the face of each cro'n is indirect&y proportiona& to the facia& prominence of the tooth. Thus the stem of the (rackets must accommodate for )arying cro'n prominence. Con)enience factors N These features make the app&iance easier for the orthodontist to use and sometimes more comforta(&e for the patient. 1: Gingia& tie 'ings on posterior (rackets are designed to e0tend &atera&&y.

This faci&itates &igation and e&iminates gingi)a& impingement. $: Since the (ases are inc&ined/ the stem and tie 'ings of mandi(u&ar

premo&ars and mo&ars are directed more gingi)a&&y. This e&iminates occ&usa& interferences. 9: The facia& surfaces of incisor and canine (rackets are designed to para&&e&

their (ases 'hich in turn para&&e& the cro'n>s faces. This enhances &ip comfort. : %dentification.

-u0i&iary featuresN These contri(ute to the (io&ogic aspects of treatment. +0amp&es are po'er arms/ hooks/ face (o' tu(es/ uti&ity tu(es and rotation 'ings. -nterior teethN Three designs 'ith )arying inc&inations )a&ues are a)ai&a(&e for the upper and &o'er incisors depending on the different ske&eta& (ase re&ations. 1: Category 1N 5or c&ass %% cases in 'hich the upper incisors are kept s&ight&y

retroc&ined. The tor7ue )a&ues for the centra& incisor is U$ . 5or the &atera& incisor -$ . Aandi(u&ar incisors are proc&ined minima&&y 'ith a tor7ue )a&ue of . $: Category $N 5or c&ass % cases 'here upper centra&s are idea&&y inc&ined
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Sangeetha Duraisamy

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

'ith tor7ue of - @ . - 9 for upper &atera&s and -1 for &o'er incisors. 9: Category 9N 5or c&ass %%% 'ith mi&d&y proc&ined upper incisor/ tor7ue

)a&ues of U1$ / a # for upper &atera&s and -C for &o'er incisors. Posterior teethN 3ne standard (racket is used for each tooth types e0cept for the mo&ars. Ao&ars re7uire any one of the $ tu(es depending on the c&inica& situation. a: (: C&ass % inter arch re&ation in 'hich the standard mo&ar tu(es are used. C&ass %% inter arch re&ationship in 'hich t'o premo&ars are e0tracted from

the upper arch on&y. 5or c&ass % re&ation/ the 5-CC of ma0i&&ary mo&ar is D to the &ine perpendicu&ar to the occ&usa& p&ane. 2hereas for c&ass %% it is " as the disto(ucca& cusp articu&ates 'ith the mandi(u&ar first mo&ars mesi(ucca& groo)e instead of the disto(ucca& groo)e. The mesi(ucca& groo)e is p&aced further occ&usa&&y. - dista& offset of 1" is (ui&t into the tu(e of c&ass % upper mo&ar and a c&ass %% mo&ar has " of set. 5u&&y programmed trans&ation (racketsN 2hen (odi&y mo)ement of teeth are re7uired into the e0traction spaces/ pro(&ems &ime mesiodista& tip and rotation of the teeth ad;acent to the e0traction site has to (e tack&ed. -&so in the upper mo&ars (ecause of the prominent pa&ata& root/ (ucco &ingua& tip a&so has to counteracted. ,ence additiona& s&ot features had to (e incorporated into the standard (racket. These 'ere done (y -ndre's in 1?@$. The trans&ation series 'ere su( di)ided into 9 c&asses (ased on the amount of trans&ation re7uired. a: Ainima& trans&ation (rackets - 'hen the tooth has to (e trans&ated &ess
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Sangeetha Duraisamy

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

than $ mm. (: Aedium trans&ation (racket - The distance to (e mo)ed is more than $mm

(ut &ess than mm. c: mm. -dditiona& s&ot featuresN 1: Counter rotationN This factor is (ui&t (y rotating the s&ot around its )ertica& Aa0imum trans&ation (racket - The distance to (e mo)ed is more than

a0is in the direction it has to (e trans&ated. This features counteracts tooth rotation caused (y mesia& or dista& force. The rotation is o)er corrected 'hen the trans&ation is comp&ete. 5or an efficient transfer of force from the (racket s&ot to the center of the cro'n for rotationa& contro&/ the mesiodista& &ength of the (racket shou&d (e e7ua& to the distance from the s&ot point to the tooth>s )ertica& a0is. -ndre'>s considers this distances as mm. Aore the trans&ation/ more is the counter rotation factor. Ainimum trans&ation (racket - -$ Aedium trans&ation (racket -- Aa0imum trans&ation (racket - -C Counter mesio-dista& tip N 2hen a mesia& or a dista& force is app&ied/ the cro'n tends to precede the roots in the direction of force app&ied. To pre)ent this effect trans&ation (rackets are designed 'ith the counter tip feature. This is done (y increasing or decreasing the angu&ation of the s&ot. Ainimum trans&ation (racket - -$ Aedium trans&ation (racket - -9 Aa0imum trans&ation (racket - - 5or effecti)e trans&ation/ the moment producing mesiodista& tip shou&d (e counteracted (y a (a&anced counter moment. The counter mesiodista& tip of the (racket
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page C1 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

'i&& not (e sufficient to (ring a(out this (a&ance as the mesiodista& 'idth of the (racket is not e7ua& to the distance from the s&ot point to the centre of resistance of the tooth. Thus a gingi)a& e0tension 8po'er arm: is essentia& to make up for the deficient &ength of the (racket. The &ength of the po'er arm 'i&& )ary 'ith the &ength of the tooth. 5or canine/ the po'er arm 'i&& (e Dmm. 5or mo&ar/ the mesio-dista& 'idth of the tu(e is more and the centre of resistance of the tooth is more occ&usa& than that of canine. Counter (ucco-&ingua& tipN This features is added on&y to the ma0i&&ary mo&ar trans&ation (rackets. -s the mo&ar trans&ates mesia&&y due to the presence of the prominent pa&ata& root/ it tips (ucca&&y thus orienting the (ucca& cusps more gingi)a&&y and &ingua& cusps more occ&usa&&y. This effect is reso&)ed (y counter (ucco-&ingua& tip feature added to the (racket i.e./ the (ucca& root tor7ue is increased. Ainimum Aedium Aa0imum tor7ue D tor7ue C tor7ue 13T, B1-CM+T S*ST+A %n 1?@"/ -ndre's introduced his straight 'ire app&iance and in 1?@C/ 1oth pu(&ished a report entit&ed .5i)e year c&inica& e)a&uation of the -ndre's star&ight 'ire app&iance.. %n it/ he discussed his e0perience 'ith the -ndre's standard (racket set up/ the disad)antages of non angu&ated (rackets/ tor7ue/ in the (racket (ase compared to that in the face/ etc./ %n 1?@?/ 1oth introduced a (racket set up containing modifications of the tip/ tor7ue/ rotations and in out mo)ements of the -ndre'>s standard set up (racket. Phi&osophyN The purpose of the 1oth set up 'as to pro)ided o)er corrected tooth positions prior to app&iance remo)a& that 'ou&d a&&o' the teeth in most instances to sett&e to 'hat 'as found in non-orthodontic norma&s studied (y -ndre's. The assumption 'ereF 1: 2ith app&iance in p&ace/ it is )irtua&&y impossi(&e (ecause of (racket
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Sangeetha Duraisamy

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

interference to position the teeth precise&y into the occ&usion sho'n (y the non orthodontic norma& samp&e. $: -fter app&iance remo)a&/ no matter ho' 'i&& treated the patient may (e/

the teeth 'i&& shift s&ight&y from the position they occupied at the time the app&iances 'ere remo)ed. ,ence 1oth a&tered the prescription of the -ndre'>s (racket in a&& 9 p&anes of space/ (ut not so far o)er corrected that the teeth 'ou&d not sett&e into an idea&i6ed position. Bracket typeN 1oth uses t'in (racket on a&& the teeth 'ith tip/ tor7ue and rotation (ui&t into the (rackets. Bracket heightN Aa0i&&ary Centra& Laterna& Canine %st premo&ar %%nd premo&ar 1st mo&ar %%nd mo&ar 1: treatment. $: P&acing (icuspid (rackets ".Dmm gingi)a&&y to the mo&ar attachments 9.D 9.D ." 9.D 9.D 9." $.D Aandi(u&ar 9.D 9.D ." 9.D 9.D 9.D 9.D

P&acing a&& upper incisors at the same height o)er corrects o)er(ite and

impro)es anterior contacts during function. The centra&s 'i&& sett&e s&ight&y &onger after

usua&&y &e)e&s margina& ridges 7uite 'e&&. 9: gingi)a&&y.


Sangeetha Duraisamy Page C9 1 !"#!"$

2ith open (ite pro(&ems/ anterior (rackets may (e p&aced farther

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

: a(o)e.

2ith &ong c&inica& cro'ns/ a&& (rackets may (e p&aced farther gingi)a&&y

'ith use of a uniform increase for each that is consistent 'ith the (racket heights &isted

-ccurate (racket p&acement is important 'ith any fi0ed app&iances/ (ut offers a uni7ue ad)antage 'ith the 1oth set up (ecause as pre)ious&y discussed/ the tip/ tor7ue/ rotation and in out mo)ements (ui&t into the (racket s&ot are designed not on&y to correct (ut a&so o)er correct and to do so 'ith fe' or no (ends in the arch 'ire. The ad)antages of the 1oth set up are in direct proportion to the accuracy of (racket p&acement accuracy are reduced as p&acement accuracy are reduced. -s 1oth says .-t the heart of e)ery e0ce&&ent treatment resu&t &ies a 'e&& p&aced app&iance/ regard&ess of the app&iance that is used.. PrescriptionN The increased upper incisor tor7ue of the 1oth set up tended to create a s&ight o)er;et that appeared gradua&&y as the tor7ue inf&uence of the hea)y 'ire in the (racket s&ot 'as e0pressed. Lingua& cro'n tip of the upper cuspids and &a(ia& prominence of the roots 'as caused (ecause of a 1D tor7ue differentia& (G' the &atera& and canine in -ndre's. to a)oid this/ tor7ue of the upper cuspids 'as reduced to -$ so that their cro'ns 'ere tipped out to a more near&y )ertica& inc&ination. The D tor7ue increase for the upper incisors. a: (: c: %mpro)ed esthetics Pro)ided more space for &o'er anterior teeth there(y aiding c&ass % intercuspation. +nhanced a genti&e rise and reduced facio-&ingua& stress in function. The ? tor7ue decrease for the upper cuspid 8-@ to -$ : has reduced the

&a(ia& root tip and reciproca& &ingua& cro'n tip. The o)er rotation (racket s&ots are mi&&ed at an ang&e to produce either a mesia&&y or dista&&y directed o)er rotation or offset simi&ar to that in the (ucca& segment (rackets.
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page C 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

3)er rotation (rackets are p&aced at the (eginning and remain throughout treatment. They permit ma&rotated uG1 incisors to (e o)er corrected ear&y and then to (e maintained unti& the end of treatment. +&imination of the mesia& tip on a&& (ucca& segment teeth strengthened anchorage contro& significant&y. 9: : D: Bicuspid (rackets ha)e (ucca&&y e0tending tie 'ings. These ? ginigi)a& Lo'er anteriors ha)e (rackets 'ith chamfered incisa& tie 'ings. Lo'er anteriors 'ith " angu&ation ha)e (oth gingi)a& tie 'ing co&ored

(&ack. -&& (rackets are interchangea(&e.

B-1% S%APL+J D%SC%PL%N+ This system 'hich is (ased on edge'ise phi&osophy 'as de)e&oped (y Dr.1.G. 2ick -&e0ander 'ith (asic goa&s of high-7ua&ity resu&ts/ patient comfort/ and reduced chair time..Bari. refers to the )ariety of (racket types used and .simp&e0. re&ates to the kiss princip&e 8keep it simp&e sir:. .Discip&ine. 'as chosen rather than app&iance to ref&ect the idea& that the orthodontist must (e )ery kno'&edgea(&e in edge'ise mechanics and must p&ay an acti)e ro&e in the app&ication of proper forces to meet each patient>s needs. Phi&osophy of the )ari-simp&e0 discip&ine Bracket Se&ection +ach tooth has a particu&ar (racket that is most effecti)e. T'in Brackets
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page CD 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

T'in (rackets 8Diamond (rackets: are used on &arge/ f&at-surfaced teethK ma0i&&ary centra& and &atera& incisors. The Diamond (racket is designed so that a&& the hori6onta& &ines are p&aced para&&e& to the incisa& edge of the tooth/ and the rhom(oid design makes it possi(&e to a&ign the )ertica& &ines para&&e& to the &ong a0is of the tooth. The f&at surfaces of ma0i&&ary centra&s and &atera&s permit fu&& arch'ire engagement in the t'in (rackets. The accessi(i&ity of these teeth negates the usua& difficu&ty in tying t'in (rackets. -&so/ t'in (rackets on the incisors a&&o' D-Cmm of inter(racket 'idth/ 'hich is sufficient for f&e0i(i&ity/ rotationa& contro&/ and tor7uing a(i&ity.

Diamond t'in (racket.

-s the ma0i&&ary &atera& incisors erupt/ they fre7uent&y remain high re&ati)e to the norma& position of the centra&s/ presenting a significant incisogingi)a& inter(racket discrepancy. T'in (rackets on these teeth pro)ide additiona& tie 'ings for easy initia& 'ire p&acement/ 'hereas the rotation 'ing of a sing&e-'idth (racket might cause interference 'ith the arch'ire. T'in (rackets a&so a&&o' additiona& hand&es for p&acing po'er chains/ &igating anterior teeth together/ and p&acing hooks for e&astics 85ig. $:. - fina& factor is patient comfort. T'in (rackets are smooth and minimi6e irritation of &a(ia& tissue. Lang Brackets
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page CC 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Lang (rackets 'ere in)ented (y Dr. ,o'ard Lang. 2e use these (rackets 'ith the Diamond design on &arge/ round-surfaced teeth at the corners of the archK ma0i&&ary and mandi(u&ar cuspids The pad is contoured so that this (racket fits (eautifu&&y on most cuspids. The straight 'ing of the Lang (racket e&iminates interference 'ith comp&ete arch'ire engagement at this most cur)ed position in the arch The sing&e (racket a&&o's for easy &igation and increased inter(racket 'idth. The 'ing can easi&y (e acti)ated for rotationa& contro&. %n e0traction cases/ the cuspids can (e retracted on round 'ire 'ith )ery &itt&e tipping or rotation. Lang Bracket

2hen a Le'is or Steiner (racket is comp&ete&y tied into a cuspid/ there is a tendency to f&atten the cur)ature of the arch'ire. B. - Lang (racket a)oids this effect/ 'hi&e retaining the rotation 'ing capa(i&ity.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

Page C@

1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

T'in (rackets on cuspids decreasesinter(racket 'idth/ making it more difficu&t to &igate and to contro& rotations. %t is often impossi(&e to get fu&& (racket engagement 'ith a t'in (racket on a round-surfaced tooth. -&so/ the dista& 'ing of a t'in (racket on a mandi(u&ar cuspid can interfere 'ith the ma0i&&ary cuspid in occ&usion/ and sometimes causes attrition of the ma0i&&ary cuspid cusp tip

Le'is Brackets

Le'is (rackets are used on &arge round surfaced teeth that the not at the cur)e of the arch/ the ma0i&&ary and mandi(u&ar (icuspids. They are a&so used on sma&& f&at surfaced teeth/ the mandi(u&ar incisor. The (racket is designed 'ith a 'edge shape/ 'hich p&aces the tie 'ing c&ose to the tooth occ&usa&y and further a'ay gingi)a&&y. This makes the (racket easy to &igate and to keep c&ean. The gingi)a& 'ing can (e used as a hook for e&astics.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

The Le'is (racket is a fi0ed 'ing sing&e (racket that produces sufficient inter(racket 'idth to maintain re7uired contro&. The 'ings pro)ide e0ce&&ent rotationa& contro& and can (e acti)ated for additiona& rotation. -n additiona& (enefit offered (y the sing&e (racket 'ith 'ings is that or a tooth that is (ad&y rotated/ the 'ing in the direction of the rotation can (e remo)ed. The (racket can then (e positioned c&oser to the center of the tooth 'ith the remaining 'ing ser)ing to rotate the tooth 'ith the 'ing need ne)er (e rep&aced during treatment since some o)er rotation is desired. Removing the interfering wing of Lewis bracket on badly rotated tooth permits proper bracket placement.

T'in (rackets 'ith a con)erti(&e sheath T'in (rackets 'ith a con)erti(&e sheath are used on ma0i&&ary and mandi(u&ar first mo&ars / 'hich are usua&&y (anded. The con)erti(&e sheath is easi&y remo)ed 'hen second mo&ars are (anded/ con)erting the attachment to a (racket. ,eadgear tu(es are p&aced occ&usa&&y on the ma0i&&ary first mo&ars . This position makes it easier to see and to use themF it minimi6es food traps/ ora& hygiene pro(&ems/ and gingi)a& impingementF and it e&iminates
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

(&ockage 'hen omega stops are used. Twin bracket with convertible sheath on molar.

Bracket positionN Bracket height is e0treme&y important in the design of a fu&&y acti)ated app&iance. +ach (racket is p&aced at a predetermined position on each tooth re&ati)e to the other teeth. P&acing a (racket higher or &o'er affects the amount of tor7ue and angu&ation/ and the incisogingi)a& position of the tooth. Bracket height 'i&& )ary to fit the c&inica& cro'ns. %f incisors ha)e chipped edges or mamme&ons/ the teeth shou&d (e recontoured or the (racket height ad;usted (efore (racket p&acement. 3n f&at surfaced teeth it is important to position the (rackets in the mesiodista& centers. 3n cuspids and (icuspids it is necessary to p&ace the (rackets at the crest of the contour on their (ucca& surfaces so that the rotating 'ing 'i&& (e a(&e to function optima&&y. Bicuspid (racket height is the key 8J on the chart (e&o': (ecause its c&inica& cro'n height is so )aria(&e. %ts norma& height is .Dmm. The other (racket heights are ca&cu&ated in re&ation to J/ as sho'n on the chart.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Aa0i&&ary arch

mandi(u&ar arch

-n o()ious de)iation from these measurements 'ou&d (e in an open (ite case. Since the treatment p&an 'ou&d (e to intrude the posterior teeth and e0trude the anterior teeth/ 'e 'ou&d increase the (racket height on anterior teeth (y ".Dmm and decrease the (racket height on posterior teeth (y ".Dmm.

Bracket -ngu&ation 8Tip or Second 3rder Bends: The o(;ecti)e is to position the teeth in the most idea& a0ia& inc&inations. This a&&o's the roots to (e para&&e& to each other and the cro'ns to (e p&aced in their most esthetic and functiona& positions. Diamond (racket 'ith angu&ations measured to the &ong a0is of the cro'n/ simp&ifies (onding p&acement and assures accuracy. The hori6onta& incisa& and gingi)a& portions of the (racket are para&&e& to the incisa& edge and the )ertica& portions are para&&e& to the &ong a0is of the cro'n.
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

2hen (anding/ the (and is p&aced para&&e& to the incisa& edge or occ&usa& p&ane of the tooth/ and the (racket is angu&ated on the (and. T'o sets of measurements are sho'n on the angu&ation chart/ depending on 'hether the incisa& edge reference is used for (anding or the &ong a0is reference is used for (onding Diamond (rackets.2hen (anding (icuspids in e0traction cases/ the (and is seated more gingi)a&&y on the side to'ard the e0traction site/ it is no &onger necessary to angu&ate the (racket. This pro)ides ade7uate tip of the (icuspid root into the e0traction site/ 'hich/ com(ined 'ith the CI tip in the cuspid/ is sufficient to para&&e& the roots. The mandi(u&ar first mo&ars ha)e a - CI tip(ack (ui&t in to promote &e)e&ing and to gain arch &ength.. There is "I angu&ation on the mandi(u&ar second mo&ars/ these teeth rare&y need to (e uprighted e0cessi)e&y. %f necessary/ they can (e uprighted (y p&acing a tip(ack (end in the arch'ire 'hen (ending the omega stop. Bracket Tor7ue 8Third 3rder Bends: This system is designed so that the (est resu&ts are achie)ed 'hen an ."1@. O ."$D. arch'ire is used to fi&& the ."1#. (racket s&ots. This &ea)es enough p&ay to permit easy arch'ire engagement to the (ase of the (racket s&ot/ 'hich increases patient comfort. The
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

ru&e of thum( is that .""1. of p&ay e7ua&s a(out I of tor7ue/ so each of the tor7ues &isted (e&o' shou&d (e considered to (e p&us or minus I due to p&ay. Bracket Tor7ues

These measurements differ from common&y used tor7ues in three ma;or respects. The -9I tor7ue on ma0i&&ary cuspidsK compared to e0tremes of U @I to - @I in other app&iancesK e&iminates the need for ad;usting the tor7ue &ater in treatment. No tor7ue is p&aced in the mandi(u&ar second mo&ar tu(es. - DI of &ingua& cro'n tor7ue or &a(ia& root tor7ue in the mandi(u&ar incisors. They do not cause &ingua& tipping of mandi(u&ar incisors and a&&o' them to stay in the same (asic &ocation / so that additiona& space gain in the arch &ength ena(&es (order &ine cases to (e treated on non e0traction (asis. %n none0traction cases/ 'here the mandi(u&ar incisors are tipped &ingua&&y (efore treatment. the standard "I tor7ue shou&d (e su(stituted for the - DI tor7ue. %n e0traction cases the -DI tor7ue can (e used if 'e desire the mandi(u&ar incisors to stay in the same (asic &ocation. 2hen -CI tip is p&aced in the (racket/ 'ith on&y the arch 'ire tied in and 'ith no C&ass %%% e&astics or headgear to the mandi(u&ar arch/ the mandi(u&ar first mo&ars uprighted and $mm of arch &ength 'as gained. This reinforces Dr. T'eed>s concept of upright mandi(u&ar incisors and first mo&ars.
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page @9 1 !"#!"$

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Bracket %n 3ut 85irst 3rder Bends: The fifth component of the Bari-Simp&e0 Discip&ine is (racket in-out. The app&iance incorporates a system of interre&ated/ compensating (racket (ase thicknesses to rep&ace the usua& first-order (ends or offsets.

B%3P13G1+SS%B+ S*ST+A Bioprogressi)e therapy has (een a stap&e of orthodontics for more than $" years. %ts originators/ Drs. 1o(ert 1icketts and 1ue& Bench/ com(ined contemporary edge'ise
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Department of orthodontics

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mechanics 'ith so&id diagnostic princip&es and an inno)ati)e approach to sectiona& mechanics. There are 9 com(inations from 'hich the operator may choose. 1: Standard progressi)e set up N %n this/ tongue is (ui&t into the upper

incisors and a&& four canines. 3rigina&&y the tor7uing of the &o'er (ucca& segment and step (ends in the arch for the premo&ars and mo&ars 'ere re&egated to the arch 'ires. Aany c&inicians sti&& en;oy this set up (ecause a series of preformed arches 'ere designed 'hich 'hen p&aced into in)entory cou&d (e app&ied in the indi)idua& situation. $: 5u&& tor7ue (ioprogressi)e set up F ,ere a&ong 'ith tor7ue in the

upper incisors and canines/ the tor7ue 'as incorporated to other teeth as 'e&&. 1otation tu(es 'ere p&aced on the &o'er mo&ars a&so. 5irst order pro)isions ha)e (een a)oided (ecause of the need for (u&king up of the (rackets/ the danger of esthetics and hygienic comp&ications and the need to pre)ent &e)er action against the (and itse&f. 9: Trip&e action (ioprogressi)e set up N This is the pre ad;usted app&iance

in the purest form. Prescription N %ncisiors N Some (e&ie)e that $$ tor7ue on the upper centra& incisor is

e0cessi)e. ,o'e)er/ a study of pro(&ems in initia& arch p&acement in ma0i&&ary protrusion cases sho's that 1st arch p&acement may &ead to for'ard root mo)ement. 2ith the $$ (racket/ tor7ue is automatica&&y treated if the s7uare or rectangu&ar 'ires is used throughout treatment. 3)er treatment is most often desira(&e especia&&y in c&ass %% di)ision $ cases and inter incisa& ang&es at 1$D gro'th ad;ustments 'ithout (ite c&osure.
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page @D 1 !"#!"$

or &ess ha)e (een found to ho&d most

successfu&&y. This &o' ang&e a&so seems to a&&o' for post treatment physio&ogic and

Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Canines studies. 1: noted. $:

N The @

tor7ue for the canines 'ere introduced fo&&o'ing

Thinning of &a(e& tissue o)er the canines if negati)e tor7ue on canines

'ere used. Some ear&y recession of gingi)a and roots that appeared too prominent 'ere

This positi)e tor7ue resu&ted in a 19" - 1 " inter canine ang&e 'hich

is simi&ar to that found in norma& dentitions. 9: The pa&ata& or &ingua& p&acement of the canine tooth in the &o'er arch

p&aces them in the cance&&ous (one/ hence impro)ing anchorage resu&ts. : The &o'er canines 'ere inc&ined s&ight&y out and for'ard. Thus they

recei)ed stress do'n their &ong a0is and support the corners of the mouth (etter. %n this (racket system/ the s&ot dimensions are "."1#D. 0 "."9". compared 'ith the standard ."1#. 0 "."$D. 8sma&&: edge 'ise s&ot. The s&ight&y &arge and deeper s&ot has particu&ar (enefit in the ear&y stages of treatment a&&o'ing a&most immediate engagement of "."1C. 0 "."1C. or "."1C. 0 "."$$. 'ire and the piggy (acking of sma&& super e&astic 'ires for (racket &e)e&ing/ canine intrusion and a&so arch &e)e&ing in the &ater stages. Esing mathematica& formu&ae/ theoretica&&y 9.D of tor7ue is &ost if a "."1@. 0 "."$D. finishing arch 'ire is p&aced in a (io-progressi)e (racket 'hereas $.C is &ost in a standard "."1# 0 "."$D. (racket. So a&though an e0tra degree of tor7ue is &ost due to p&ay of the arch 'ire/ the system is theoretica&&y sti&& capa(&e of producing 1#.D of tor7ue in the ma0 centra& incisors. %f the finishing arch 'ires are a&&o'ed ma0imum e0pression/ the ma0i&&ary incisor segment 'i&& (e &eft 'ith e0cessi)e third order o)er correction. This 'i&& &ead to .'agon 'hee& effect.. The B.P. perception has no pre ad;usted tip for the ma0centra& incisior 'hich &eads to )ery upright ma0 centra& incisors in addition to the root cro'ding. The tor7ue and tip 'ou&d appear to (e a(out right for the ma0 &atera& incisor.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

L+B+L -NC,31-G+ S*ST+A This system 'as propounded (y Turre&. L.1oot. The app&iance is a comp&ete&y ne' fu&&y pre ad;usted app&iance for automatic correction of tip/ tor7ue/ offset/ inset/ height and rotations. %t is a)ai&a(&e for either (onding or (anding. Phi&osophy N This app&iance design is (ased on ma&occ&usion records of o)er

9""" cases. The anchorage a)ai&a(&e to treat a ma&occ&usion is to (e measured. The anchorage re7uired to reach a pre determined goa& has a&so (een measured. -n ana&ysis chart has (een prepared that (a&ances anchorage re7uirements against anchorage a)ai&a(&e. This ana&ysis he&ps esta(&ish a definiti)e step (y step treatment p&an. By use of these same records the time re7uirement for each step 'as determined. - se&f check system has (een 'ritten so that the orthodontist can proceed on a step (y step path to the pre determined goa&. Bracket type N The &e)e& anchorage system has t'in (rackets for upper centra&

incisors and sing&e (racket 8Le'is rotation (rackets: for the other teeth. 5or the (racket and tu(e height/ the mandi(u&ar $nd premo&ar (racket shou&d measure D mm (e&o' the occ&usa& surface of the tooth. The centre of the mandi(u&ar 1st mo&ar (racket is mm (e&o' the occ&usa& surface of the mo&ar. The mesia& opening of the mandi(u&ar $nd mo&ar tu(e is on&y 9 mm (e&o' the occ&usa& surface of the teeth. This p&acement he&ps maintain margina& ridge integrity as anchorage is (eing prepared. Since the mesia& of the ma0i&&ary $nd mo&ar tu(e is on&y 9 mm from the occ&usa& surface/ it he&ps e&iminate e0trusion of that mo&ar and su(se7uent (ite opening. Depending on the se)erity of ma&occ&usion 'hich is determined (y the ana&ysis chart/ there are t'o choices of dista& cro'n tip for the mandi(u&ar (ucca& teeth. 1egu&ar anchorage for cases 'ith a&most norma& -NB and ma;or anchorage for cases 'ith se)ere -NB. PrescriptionN
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Department of orthodontics

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Tip )a&uesN 5or regu&ar anchorage Lo'er (icuspid- 1st mo&ar $nd mo&ar Bracket heightN Aandi(u&ar Centra& Latera& Canine 1st premo&ar 1st mo&ar $nd mo&ar mm .D mm .D mm mm Latera& Canine 1st premo&ar Aa0i&&ary Centra& mm D mm mm mm 9.D mm 9 mm .D mm -C 1" 5or ma;or anchorage Lo'er (icuspid- C 1st mo&ar $nd mo&ar - 1" -1D

$nd premo&ar - D mm

$nd premo&ar mm to centre 1st mo&ar 9 mm to mesia&$nd mo&ar

The &e)e& anchorage system cou&d (e descri(ed as uti&i6ing a straight 'ire app&iance 'ith anchorage preparation as descri(ed (y ,o&da'ay. C3AB%N-T%3N -NC,31-G+ T+C,N%VE+ 8C-T: The system 'as designed (y 2i&&iam. 4.Thompson in the year 1?#1. The origina& concept of the C-T 'as to use a &ight 'ire app&iance system to esta(&ish the ear&y organisation of the ma&occ&usion and then to finish the treatment 'ith a more rigid and precise straight 'ire app&iance. 2ith com(ination treatment/ it is possi(&e to use &ight 'ire mechanics at their optimum for rapid anterior a&ignment/ ma0imum retraction of incisors and super( (ite opening. -t the desired point in treatment/ the anchorage resistance can (e a&tered (y changing s&ots/ 'ire si6e and friction to produce ma0imum edge 'ise contro& and resistance in a specific area of the app&iance.
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

To optimi6e the capa(i&ity of the com(ination treatment it is essentia& that the com(ination anchorage (rackets (e designed to produce optimum &ight 'ire andGor optimum straight 'ire tooth mo)ements. The gingi)a& s&ot pro)ides the most effecti)e &ight force tipping mo)ement (ecause it c&ose&y resem(&es a true Begg ri((on arch (racket. %t produces ma0imum/ speed/ ma0 tipping/ minimum pain/ the &east amount of friction and ma0imum effecti)eness for au0i&iary up righting and tor7uing springs. %n contrast/ the design of the edge'ise part of the (racket must faci&itate optimum 9 dimensiona& edge'ise treatment. The origina& C-T (rackets pro)ed to (e (u&ky/ 'eak and aesthetica&&y unattracti)e. -&though capa(&e of Begg and straight 'ire mechanics/ design deficiencies made them &ess effecti)e than typica& Begg or edge'ise (rackets. Pro(&ems 'ith pinning/ rotation/ s&ot c&osure and occ&usa& interference 'ere chronic irritations and 'ere e&iminated in the design of the ne' com(ination (racket. The C-T (racket is comforta(&e and aesthetica&&y p&easing to the patient. %t has a "."$$. J "."9D. gingi)a& or ri((on arch s&ot and either "."1#. 0 "."$D. or "."$$. 0 "."$#. straight 'ire edge'ise s&ot. -n enc&osed )ertica& s&ot a&so is incorporated into the (racket for use 'ith uprighting or rotating springs c&astics/ hooks/ etc./ -&& (rackets are identified (y co&or coding dots at the distogingi)a& aspect. Aa0i&&ary are red and mandi(u&ar are (&ue. Bracket si6e and contour ha)e (een reduced/ gingi)a& e0tension of a&& pads and (racket has (een reduced to make p&acement more accurate and occ&usa& interference &ess &ike&y. Ao&ar attachments no' a)ai&a(&e ha)e con)erti(&e dou(&e tu(es to faci&itate e0tending the straight 'ire into $nd mo&ar tu(es. Bracket and tu(e p&acement N The techni7ue for p&acement of the com(ination (rackets is simi&ar to that used for a&& straight 'ire app&iances. The &ong a0is of the (racket shou&d para&&e& the &ong a0is of the cro'n. 2hen the (rackets are positioned at
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the correct height and centered mesiodista&&y on the &ong a0is of the cro'n/ proper use of the edge'ise s&ot shou&d position most teeth in the deri)ed positions 'ithout recourse to other than minor (ending. 5or mo&ars/ it is norma&&y recommended that the rectangu&ar tu(e (e 9.D mm from the mo&ar cusp tip. -&& other teeth shou&d (e at the same &e)e& as the mo&ars e0cept canines and upper &atera& incisors. These are a&tered to pro)ide c&earance during mandi(u&ar e0cursions. The edge'ise s&ot shou&d (e &ocated mm from the cusp tip on canines and 9 mm on the ma0i&&ary &atera& incisors. ,o'e)er mo&ar occ&usion shou&d (e the determining factor for the choice of the tu(e height. The usua& 9.D mm measurement may ha)e to (e reduced to keep the ma0i&&ary mo&ars from interfering in static andGor functiona& occ&usion. %n non e0traction cases the mandi(u&ar 1st premo&ar (racket can a&so (e positioned at mm (ecause of the unusua& cusp &ength of many of these teeth. 2hen the edge 'ise s&ots are &e)e&ed 'ith a continuous straight 'ire/ it is important that the canines (e s&ight&y e0truded and &atera&s s&ight&y intruded. These positions 'i&& esta(&ish optimum canine rise and protect the sma&&er &atera& incisors during &atera& and protrusi)e e0cursions. Prescription N The ma0i&&ary canine tor7ue has (een reduced to " to produce &ess prominence of the canine roots on the &a(ia& p&ane and it positions the &ingua& surface for a gent&e rise in &atera& e0cursions as desired 'ith mutua&&y protecti)e occ&usion. Tor7ue on the &o'er premo&ar has (een changed from -1@ on the 1st premo&ar and -$" on the $nd premo&ar to a standard of 1? for (oth. This change reduces in)entory re7uirements and identification pro(&ems and does not ad)erse&y affect positioning or intercuspation. 53E1 ST-G+ -PPL%-NC+ The com(ination of &ight 'ire and edge'ise techni7ues has undergone a significant e)o&ution in orthodontics. The treatment descri(ed herein represents the
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Department of orthodontics

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successfu& efforts of these practitioners to use a com(ination of Begg and straight 'ire mechanics that takes fu&& ad)antage of the (eneficia& features of (oth. This app&iance 'as introduced (y Dr. Thompson in 1?@#. +ach stage of treatment incorporates uni7ue anchorage characteristics/ app&iance design features and )arying force &e)e&s. -d)antages of four stage app&iance N 1: $: 9: : D: C: @: #: ?: 1": 11: 1$: Light optimum force &e)e&s 8C"-?" g:. 1e&ati)e&y continuous force app&ication. Ainima& friction of 'ires in (rackets and 'ires. 1apid a&ignment/ &e)e&ing and rotation of anterior teeth. 1apid o)er(ite correction. Simu&taneous cro'n tipping retraction of a&& anterior teeth. 1e&ati)e&y continuous&y para&&e&ing of roots at e0traction sites (y springs. +0traora& force unnecessary e0cept 'ith e0treme anchorage pro(&em. Precise contro& of premo&ar and mo&ar tor7ue. Bi&atera& symmetry of arch form. Ese of straight arch 'ires 'ith fe' or no (ends. Precise contro& of finishing. ,ere the treatment mechanism are di)ided into four stages the 1st three stages (y &ight 'ire and the &ast stage (y straight 'ire. The four stage (racket has a gingi)a& or ri((on arch s&ot designed to permit ma0imum cro'n and root tipping mo)ements/ the edge'ise s&ot is designed for precise fina& detai&ing. The (racket differs from other com(ination attachments in that the gingi)a& s&ot permits unrestricted tipping and the edge'ise s&ot incorporates preangu&ation/ pre tor7ue/ and in out correction. The (ase of the four stage (racket is (e)e&ed to reduce the possi(i&ity of friction or (inding 'ith the arch 'ire.
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Begg s&ot - "."$". +dge'ise s&ot - "."1#. 0 "."$D. or "."$$. 0 "."$#. Thompson uses "."1# (ecause of the a)ai&a(i&ity of resi&ient 'ires. Ao&ar tu(es N gingi)a& p&aces "."9C. round tu(e "."1#. 0 "."$D. or "."$$. 0 "."$#. inch tu(e. The tu(es ha)e @ offset. T%P +DG+ B1-CM+T S*ST+A This 'as introduced (y Dr. Peter C. Mes&ing 81?##:.

De)e&opment of Tip-edge (racket. -/ +dge'ise (racket 'ith con)entiona& arch 'ire s&ot. B/ Diagona&&y opposed corners of the s&ot are remo)ed to permit mesiodista& tipping in predetermined direction. C/ Tip-edge (racket s&ot has a(i&ity to contro& desired tip ang&e through hori6onta& surfaces and tor7ue from a rectangu&ar 'ire (et'een centra& ridges or pi)ots.

%n the past/ the ri((on arch type (racket pro)ided the range of free mesio-dista& tipping re7uired for differentia& tooth mo)ement. ,o'e)er/ the )ertica&&y facing arch 'ire s&ots of these (rackets and their re&ated &ock pins ha)e pro)ing to (e deterrents to &earning and using the differentia& Begg techni7ue. The idea& (racket shou&d offer the ad)antage of edge'ise (rackets inc&uding a
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Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

&a(ia&y facing arch 'ire s&ot and the ease of &igation 'ith e&astomeric rings. %t shou&d a&&o' root tor7uing and mesio-dista& uprighting using au0i&&aries in con;unction 'ith re&ati)e&y stiff/ passi)e/ round arch 'ires. Predetermined tip and tor7ue contro& shou&d (e a)ai&a(&e 'hen re7uired through rectangu&ar arch 'ires. The tip edge (racket makes a&& the a(o)e possi(&e and permits differentia& tooth mo)ement 'ith straight arch 'ires/ therefore the name differentia& straight arch techni7ue. ,ere the important stress is &aid on the fact that it is essentia& for each tooth to tip free&y either mesia&&y or dista&&y/ not in (oth directions. This is true in the correction of a&& ma&occ&usion 'ith or 'ithout pre-treatment e0traction. +ach tooth tips dista&&y e0cept those dista& to the e0traction sites 'hich tips miser&y. -nchor mo&ars shou&d remain upright through out treatment. 2ith these thoughts in mind and ne' technica& ad)ances at hand/ the Tip edge (racket has (een designed to pro)ide a&& the (enefits and ad)antages of differentia& tooth mo)ement and pre determined degrees of fina& cro'n tip and tor7ue. The face of the edge'ise (racket has (een changed to permit free cro'n tipping fo&&o'ed (y contro&&ed root uprighting. Latera& e0tensions of the (racket (ehind the arch 'ire pro)ide ma0imum

rotationa& contro& e)en 'hen the tooth is tipped. Therefore the (racket (ody can (e narro' for ma0imum esthetics. The 'ings are &ingua& to the arch 'ire and therefore not )isi(&e. +ach (racket has a )ertica& s&ot to accept rotating or uprighting springs/ po'er pins and ;igs for accurate direct (onding. The s&ot is rectangu&ar 8"."$". 0 "."$": 'ith (oth the gingi)a& and incisa& ends chamfered to faci&itate the insertion of au0i&aries from either direction. %t a&so can (e used to accept a &igature on a &ingua&&y disp&aced tooth. -d)antages of Tip edge o)er origina& edge 'ise (rackets
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

1.

-rch 'ire s&ots of tip edge (rackets can present the creation of undesira(&e fore coup&e on anterior teeth caused (y con)entiona& edge 'ise s&ots.

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-nchorage pro(&ems are easi&y so&)ed as spaced are c&osed 'ith re&ati)e&y &ight forces and minima& arch 'ire def&ection.

9. .

%ncreased )ertica& contro& The 'ire s&ots of tip edge permit free cro'n tipping in the proper directions to a&&o' differentia& tooth mo)ement in a&& types of ma&occ&usions.

-d)antages of Tip edge o)er Begg 1. The in-out compensations (ui&t in tip edge (rackets e&iminates the need for mo&ar or any other offsets. $. ,ori6onta&&y facing arch 'ire s&ots faci&itate initia& arch 'ire engagement especia&&y on rotated teth. +&astomeric ties pro)ide a degree of f&e0i(i&ity or .cushion. that does not e0ist 'hen using Begg (ranckets. This enhances patient comfort. 9. . Less chances of (ond fai&ure. %t can percent free cro'n tipping at a pre determined ang&e and concurrent&y increases the anterior anchorage to encourage the misia& mo)ement of posteterior teeth. Design and si6e of arch 'ire s&ots 'hi&e the primary design feature of the >prope&&er. arch 'ire s&ot is to permit cro'n tipping in one direction fo&&o'ed (y contro&&ed root uprighting in the other/ it a&so pro)ides ease of arch 'ire engagement. 5or these reasons s&ots in tip edge (rackets are opened to a greater ang&e that 'ou&d norma&&y (e necessary or reposition teeth thought
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

cro'n tipping and root uprighting. Therefore the initia& "."1C. arch 'ires ar a&most a&'ays a(&e to (e comp&ete&y seated in the arch 'ire s&ots of e)en the most se)ere&y tipped teeth. The tip edge (racket s&ot is "."$$. 'ide (et'een the centra& ridges. This faci&itates fu&&/ yet passi)e/ engagement of the initia& "."1C. found 'ires in (rackets on teeth that are origina&&y tipped mesiodista&. The uprighting surface of the arch 'ise s&ot determined the fina& tip angu&ation reached 'ith an uprighting spring. Eni)ersa& premo&ar tip edge (rackets are p&aced 'ith arro's pointing in the direction of initia& cro'n tipping desired. Norma&&y arro's point dista&&y on premo&ars e0cept 'hen a 1st premo&ar has (een e0tract. %n such a case the arro' on the $nd premo&ar shou&d point mesia&&y.

Tip-edge (rackets for ma0i&&ary right canine. %nterna& components of the .prope&&or. s&ot inc&udeN - and -/ cro'n tipping contro& surfacesF B and B/ root uprighting contro& surfacesF C/ )ertica& and tor7ue contro& ridges or pi)otsF D/ rotationa& contro& surface.

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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Changing re&ationships (et'een Tip-edge s&ot and straight arch 'ire during retraction of upper right canine. -/ %nitia& (ite-opening action p&aces "."1C %nch 8". "C mm: round arch 'ire against gingi)a& ridge or pi)ot. B/ -t the end of retraction/ tipping contro& surfaces in contact 'ith "."$" inch 8".9"# mm: arch 'ire. C/ Spring causes root uprighting contro& surfaces to strike arch 'ire/ thus pre)enting o)ertipping.

Tip-edge arch 'ire s&ots designed to permit dista& cro'n tipping during none0traction treatment 'ith Begg tooth mo)ement. S&ot design automatica&&y faci&itates correction of C&ass %% or C&ass &&& interarch discrepancies (y permitting dista& tipping in one arch and enhancing anchorage in the other (y pre)enting free mesia& tipping from interma0i&&ary e&astic forces. The simu&tanious retraction of the anterior teeth in (oth denta& arches 'ith four mo&ars as anchorage is a&so possi(&e. B/ Tip-edge s&ot configurations to permit Begg type tooth mo)ement in a four-firstZ premo&ar e0traction case. The arch 'ire s&ots in a&& (rackets meda& to the e0traction sites permit dista& cro'n tipping. S&ots in the second
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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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premo&ar (rackets 8teeth dista& to the e0traction sites: are designed to permit free mesisa& cro'n tipping to faci&itate space c&osure. Bucca& tu(es 'ith tor7uing f&aps To take ad)antage of Begg tooth mo)ement/ it is necessary to permit free s&iding of the arch 'ires through re&ati)e&y &arge mo&ar tu(es. Begg referred to such tu(es as .safety )a&)es. that faci&itate the retraction of anterior teeth or the mesia& mo)ement of the anchor mo&ars/ depending on the needs of each case. % ha)e de)e&oped .tor7uing f&aps. that can (e (ent ?"I to co)er the mesia& ends of "."9C inch 8".?1 mm: round mo&ar tu(es and there(y automatica&&y pro)ide predetermined (ucco&ingua& tor7ue contro& from a rectangu&ar arch 'ire These f&aps e&iminate the need for dou(&e tu(es and permit the use of straight arch 'ires 8round or rectangu&ar: 'ith reduced need for )ertica& mo&ar offset (ends.

Tor7uing f&ap permits mo&ar tor7ue contro& from a rectangu&ar arch 'ire in a round tu(e 'hen desired. -/ 5&ap in passi)e/ nonfunctiona& position &ies gingi)a& to mesia& end of round mo&ar tu(e. B/ 5&ap fo&ded o)er end of tu(e in functiona& positionF pro)ides rectangu&ar opening to accept edge'ise arch 'ire Bracket p&acement Esua&&y the distance from the arch 'ire s&ots to the incisa& edges or cusp tips is mm. %f this distance is &ess/ the chances for occ&usa& interferences and G or (racket
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Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

disp&acement increase. %f this distance increases and the (rackets are p&aced further gingi)a&&y/ there 'i&& (e &ess room for tor7ue spurs and other au0i&iaries.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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-DB-NC+S %N B1-CM+TS Dua& en)ironment (rackets N George.5.Shudy This ne' (rackets has a &arge outer s&ot for ma0imum arch 'ire f&e0i(i&ity in the initia& phase/ and a sma&& inner s&ot that accepts sma&& rectangu&ar 'ires for ma0imum contro& &ater in treatment. The outer s&ot measures ." ". for t'in (rackets and "."9". for sing&e (rackets. The inner s&ot is either ."1C. or ."1#.. The f&e0i(i&ity of the outer s&ot in some cases a&&o's the use of a fu&& si6e ."1C. 0 "."$$. initia& arch 'ire/ e)en 'ith a great dea& of irregu&arity. The inner s&ot is used after rotations ha)e (een partia&&y corrected and )ertica& a&ignment has (een accomp&ished. The same fu&& si6e 'ire can then (e seated in the sma&&er s&ot. This ne' (racket a&&o's the teeth to ad;ust comforta(&y during the initia& phase of treatment. Therefore patients e0perience &itt&e discomfort 'hen the 'ire is seated in the inner precision s&ot after $- 'eeks. Preprimed (rackets %t refers to a (racket 'hose (ase has (een primed 'ith an adhesi)e component. The de)e&opment of these (rackets ha)e simp&ified the (onding procedure considera(&y. The (racket (ase is co)ered 'ith the PAA- po'der primer. 2hen undergoing (onding the (ase is dipped into resin monomer for $-9 seconds and mere&y pressed into p&ace on the etched surface. The ad)antages of these 'ere
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Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

1. $. 9. . D. C. @.

Simp&ification of (onding procedure Less chance of contamination of supp&y Ainima& 'aste No air pockets in adhesi)e -ccuracy and consistency Better penetration and stronger (ond +ffecti)eness 'ith (oth meta& and p&astic.

The ad)antages of dua& en)ironment (racket 1. 5aster &e)e&ing of arches 'ith fe'er arch changes. The &arge posterior

intra(racket space a&&o's &ess friction 'ith 'orking arches/ permitting the teeth to mo)e more easi&y (oth )ertica&&y and hori6onta&&y. $. +asier tor7uing of teeth 'ith &ess discomfort. Tor7uing efficiency is

direct&y proportiona& to the &ength of the 'ire and in)erse&y proportiona& to stiffness. 9. 5e)er permanent sets in arch 'ires due to mastication.The 'orking arch is

not c&ose&y he&d in the posterior (rackets/ it f&e0es 'ithin the s&ots and acts as a shock a(sor(er to pre)ent strain on the 'ire from che'ing.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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CONCLUSION The pre-ad;usted app&iance systems definite&y ha)e made a (ig impact in the fie&d of orthodontia and they are here to stay. %t (ogg&es the human mind 'hen one thinks a(out the ad)ances in (rackets. %n 'hat areas might the ad)ances in (rackets come ne0t[ Perhaps 'ith impro)ements in the p&astic &ike materia&s/ there 'i&& (e a de)e&opment of a (racket of sufficient strength 'hich 'i&& (etter 'ithstand the forces app&ied (y &igatures and 'iresF Perhaps p&astic 'ires rather than meta& 'ires 'i&& (e used and &ight force app&ications of great range 'i&& (e possi(&eF There cou&d (e in)ention of certain (racket s&ot coatings 'hich cou&d drastica&&y cut do'n frictionF %t 'ou&d (e possi(&e to ha)e (rackets 'hich cou&d (e ad;usted once they ha)e (een attached to the teeth. Not 'ithstanding a&& this/ the (asic fact remains that the person uti&ising pre ad;usted (racket systems shou&d ha)e a c&ear understanding of the system/ 3n&y then can (e do ;ustice to his profession. %n conc&usion/ % 'ou&d consider it apt to end my seminar 'ith a phraseF ,ence he 'ho practices orthodontics 'ithout kno'ing (racket features is &ike a pi&ot 'ho goes into a ship 'ithout a rudder or a compass and ne)er has any certainty 'here he is going.

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

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BIBLIOGRAP;Y

1. -ndre's L.5.N The straight 'ire - The concept and app&iance 8C.B. Aos(y Co.:. $. -ndre's L.5. 81??":N 4C3 inter)ie's/ 4C3 $ / ?9-D"#. 9. -&e0ander. 1.G. 81?#C:N The -&e0ander discip&ine. 8G&endora/ 3rmco Corporation:. . -&(ert. ,.3'en 81??1:N Tor7ue in the (ase )s tor7ue in the face. 4C3 $D/ C"#C1". D. Bernhard Sch'aninger 81?@#:N +)a&uation of the straight 'ire concept. -43/ Bo&.@ / 1##-1?C. C. Bonham Aagness 2. 81?#@:N The Straight 'ire concept/ -43/ Bo&.@9/ D 1-DD". @. !Bednar 4.1. et a& 81??1:N - compariti)e study of frictiona& forces (et'een orthodontic (rackets and arch 'ire. -43 1""/ D19-D$$. #. D.4. ,o'e&&s 81?#C:N The straight 'ire app&iance 9C@-9@C. ?. +a)&. 2.1enfroeN +dge'ise 8Lea and 5e(iger 1?@D:. 1". 5oge&&. A.S./ magi&&/ 4.A. 81?C9:N The com(ination techni7ue. -43/ ?/ #"1-#$9. 11. 5ranck C.-./ Niko&ai 1.4. 81?#":N - comparati)e study of frictiona& resistances (et'een orthodontic (racket and 'ire. -43 @#/ D?9-C"9. 1$. George. 5.Schudy 81??":N Bracket design and 'ire f&e0i(i&ity. 4C3 $ / 1"C-11 . 19. ,er(ert ,anson 81?#C:N Speed (racket. 4C3/ $"/ No.9/ 1#9-1#?. 1 . ,anson G.,. 81?#9:N Bonding (ases coated 'ith porous meta&. - comparision 'ith foi& mesh. -43 #9/ 1- . 1D. Smith D.C. and Aai;er 1. 81?#9:N %mpro)ements in (racket (ase design/ -43 #9/ $@@-$#1. 1C. %re&and et a& 81??1:N +ffect of (racket and 'ire composition on frictiona& forces. +43 F19/ 9$$-9$#. 1@. Samir +. Bishara/ Comparisons of shear (ond strength of precoated and uncoated (rackets -m 4 3rthod Dentofac 3rthop 1??@F11$NC1@-$1.: 1#. 1.G. -&e0ander/ The Bari-Simp&e0 Discip&inePart 1 Concept and -pp&iance
Sangeetha Duraisamy Page ?$ 1 !"#!"$

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Brackets & chennai Bracket systems.

Department of orthodontics

TNGDC-

Design 4C3 1?#9 4un 89#" Z 9?$ 1?. 4ames 4. ,i&gers/Bioprogressi)e Simp&ified Part $FThe Linear Dynamic System 4C3 Bo&ume 1?#@ 3ct8@1C - @9 :N $". Damon/ The Damon Lo'-5riction BracketN - Bio&ogica&&y Compati(&e Straight2ire System Bo&ume 1??# No) 8C@" - C#":. $1. ,a;ime Suyama/ Ma6uhiko ,igashi/ Shunsuke Nak/.Ne' +dge'ise Bracket 'ith 1ounded S&ot and Baria(&e Ligation 4C3 F1??D 4un89?# - "$:. $$. Cuca&onF C&inica& app&ication of the uni)ersa& app&ianceF -43-D3 1?CD 4an 8$C D@:. $9. 1etenti)e shear strengths of )arious -43-D3 Bo&ume 1?#" 4un 8CC? - C@#: (onding attachment (ases. $ . Bordeau0/ Aoore and Bag(yF Ceramic (racket (ase design -43-D3 Bo&ume 1?? 4un 8DD$ - DC":. $D. Samir +. Bishara/ +)a&uation of de(onding characteristics of a ne' co&&apsi(&e ceramic (racket F -43- Bo&ume 1??@ No) 8DD$ - DD?: $C. ,i0son/ Brant&ey/ Pincsa Changes in (racket s&ot to&erance fo&&o'ing recyc&ing of direct-(ond meta&&ic orthodontic app&iances. The -43-D3 Bo&ume 1?#$ 4un 8 @ Z D $@. 1anda&& ,F 5rictiona& resistances in stain&ess stee& (racket-'ire com(inations 'ith effects of )ertica& def&ectionsF -43- Bo&ume 1??C Aay 8D9D - D $:N 28. ,anson/ Gi((on/ and Shimi6uFBonding (ases coated 'ith porous meta& po'der FJO-DO Volume 1?#9 4an 81 - :. $?. Aatasa F Direct (onding meta&&ic (racketsF -43-D3Bo&ume 1??$ Dec 9". C&inica& characteristics and properties of ceramic (racketsN - comprehensi)e re)ie' -ndreas Maramou6os/ C&inica& characteristics and properties of ceramic (racketsN - comprehensi)e re)ie' -43-D3 Bo&ume 1??@ 4u& 89 - ": 91. Creekmore and Munik. Straight 'ireN The ne0t generation F-m 4 3rthod Dentofac 3rthop 1??9F1" N#-$".: 9$. Berger FSe&f-Ligation in the *ear $"""F 4C3Gfe(ruary $""" @#

Sangeetha Duraisamy

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