Lab Group 6 Jake Solberg Emily Suppes Max Kraus

Unit Cell Modeling Due 9/18/13 Objective: Model simple cubic (SC), body centered (BCC), face centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close packed (HCP) crystal structures, then use the model to visualize and calculate different parameters for each crystal structure. Procedure: You will be provided foam balls and toothpicks. Use these materials to construct models of the aforementioned crystal structures. Take pictures of your models and use them to help explain your analysis in your report. Analysis/ Questions: 1. The lattice constant is the constant distance between unit cells in crystal lattices. Some examples for a lattice constant for a simple cubic structure, a=2r. The definition of planar density is the number of atoms inside an area per area as a function of radius. An example of this would for a FCC structure with 2 atoms per 8R^2 . Linear Density is the number of atoms per length as a function of radius. One example would be for a FCC cell with a slip direction of 110 would result in a linear density of 2/ a. The slip system accounts for all three factors in determining the slip direction of the unit cell. The lattice constant determines the directions of the slip system and the two densities determine the coordinates of the slip plane. 2. Mathcad attachment 3. For a FCC cell the slip system is {111}, {110} they occur in the close packed plane. This can be calculated by the equation b= a/2 <110> = a/ . For planar density (4r)*(4r) =8r^2 which is area then use the equation 2 atom/8r^2= 1/4r^2. For linear density 2 atoms/ 4r= 1/2r. The slip direction for planar would be (0, 1, 0) and for linear (1, 0, 1). 4. IRON: BCC Accepted density=7.874 g/ Theoretical density: = =
(

=7.90g/

This value is really close to the accepted density, but not quite exact.

ALUMINUM: FCC Accepted density=2.70 g/ Theoretical density: = =

( )

=2.71 g/

Again, the theoretical density is very close to the accepted density, but off by .01. TITANIUM: HCP Accepted density=4.54 g/ Theoretical density: = =
( )

=4.55 g/

When our values are this close, usually error of .01 is just due to rounding. 5. Polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure. It is related to allotropy which is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms. One example of this is iron which is BCC crystal form at standard room temperature and changes to FCC at 910 Celsius. The Atomic packing factor difference of the two crystal structures is using the Mathcad results 0.74FCC- 0.68BCC= 0.06. The theoretical density difference is calculated by this equation = =
( )

= 68.77g/cm^3 FCC and

= 84.23 g/cm^3 BCC the difference of the two

being 84.23 68.77= 15.46 6. (110) BCC plane Planar Density= =

7. High temperature Austenitic iron (FCC) allows enough space for carbon atoms to squeeze in between the iron atoms. Iron atoms maintain their place on the lattice and carbon atoms become interstitials. The Ferritic (BCC) structure has no room for the carbon atoms. When cooling, the first metal to reach the transformation temperature (1555F for 1020 steel), transforms to ferrite and expels the interstitial carbon atoms into remaining portions of austenite. At the lower end of the transformation

temperature range, remaining austenitic iron transforms into ferritic iron and FE3C, cementite. The rate of cooling varies the amount of carbon atoms expelled from the FCC structure. If cooled at a fast enough rate, the carbon atoms become trapped in the BCC structure creating body-centered tetragonal structure in which the carbon atom is an interstitial member.