Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
To examine the changes in flow properties across a normal shock wave To understand how velocity can be measured in a compressible flow
HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
MACE 31321
( + 1) M 12 2 u = 1 = 1 u2 2 + ( 1) M 12
p2 2 = 1+ M 12 1 +1 p1
Assumptions:
The flow is steady and 1D. The flow is adiabatic. There are no viscous effects on the sides of the CV
1u1 = 2u2
2 p1 + 1u12 = p2 + 2u2
2 + ( 1) M 12 T2 2 M 12 1 = 1 + 2 T1 +1 ( + 1) M 1
x Fluid element with actual p1, T1, M1 , s1 Imaginary state 1a where the fluid element has been brought to rest isentropically. P0,1, T0,1, s1 Fluid element with actual p2, T2, M2 , s2 Imaginary state 2a where the fluid element has been brought to rest isentropically. P0,2, T0,2, s2
M1 M2<1 p1 p2
1
T1
2
T2
CHANGES IN ENTROPY ACROSS A NORMAL SHOCK Entropy change across the shock
T2 p2 s2 s1 = C p ln R ln T p 1 1
p2 2 = 1+ M 12 1 p1 +1
M1 M2
Substituting
)
(
&
2 + ( 1) M 2 T2 M 12 1 = 1 + 2 T1 +1 ( + 1) M 1
2 1
Gives
2 + ( 1) M 12 2 2 s2 s1 = C p ln 1 + M 12 1 M 12 1 R ln 1 + 2 ( + 1) M 1 +1 + 1
= 0, M 1 = 1 s2 s1 = > 0, M 1 > 1
VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Low-speed incompressible flow
From Bernoulli Equation:
x
p1
u12 p0 = 2
u1 =
2( p0 p1 )
u1
1
T1
2
T2
Pitot-Static probe s1 s2
10 11
VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Subsonic compressible flow
No shock waves and the flow is regarded as isentropic
p0,1 1 2 1 M1 = 1 + 2 p1
VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Supersonic flow
A shock wave forms in front of the probe The total pressure read by the probe is not equal to that of incoming flow, i.e. p0,1 p0,2 .
1 p 2 0 ,1 2 M1 = 1 1 p 1
p01
1 2a12 p0,1 u = 1 1 p 1
2 1
12
13
VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Rayleigh Pitot-tube formula
p2 2 = 1+ M 12 1 p1 +1
QUESTION
A Pitot tube is inserted into an airflow where the static pressure is 1atm. Calculate the flow Mach number when the Pitot measures
a) 1.276atm b) 2.714atm
p0 , 2
p p = 0, 2 2 p1 p2 p1
p0 , 2
1 2 1 M2 = 1 + 2 p2
(Isentropic relation)
1 ( 1) M 12 2 2 M2 = 1 M 12 ( 1) 2 1+
p0 , 2
( 1)2 M 12 1 1 + 2 M 12 = +1 p1 4 M 12 2( 1)
SOLUTION
Determine firstly if the incoming flow is likely to be subsonic or supersonic.
If M1=1, we have For Reading 1
REFERENCES
In Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by Andersons, 2nd edition.
Chapter 8, p.443-450.
p0, 2 = 1.893 p1
Table B, M1 = 1.3.
17 18