ISA STS 5000 Application

DATE: 04/02/2014
DOC.MIE12175
Rev 1.0.6
STS FAMILY APPLICATION GUIDE
MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6
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REVISIONS N PAGE 1.0.1 1.0.3 1.0.4 1.0.6 All All 258-267
SUMMARY DATE 20/09/2013 18/12/2013 03/01/2014 04/02/2014 Issued Complete Revision New STS PRO features References to TD 5000 Minor corrections
VISA Meneghin Meneghin Meneghin Meneghin
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SHORT FOREWORD..................................................................................... 10 1 SAFETY AT WORK ............................................................................................ 11 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 11 1.2 PRIOR TO TESTING ............................................................................................. 12 1.3 SHORT-CUT PUSHBUTTONS .................................................................................. 13 1.4 THE KEYPAD...................................................................................................... 14 1.5 SAFETY SYMBOLS ............................................................................................... 15 1.6 POWER-ON AND OFF .......................................................................................... 16 1.7 RISKY SITUATIONS .............................................................................................. 17 1.8 HIGH VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TESTS ...................................................................... 18 2 FILES MANAGEMENT AND COMMON SELECTIONS .......................... 19 2.1 MAIN WINDOW ................................................................................................ 20 2.1 SAVE HEADER ................................................................................................... 21 2.2 CREATE TEST PLAN ............................................................................................ 22 2.3 RUN TEST PLAN ................................................................................................. 24 2.4 SAVE TEST PLAN ................................................................................................ 25 2.4.1 Save test plan in the STS memory .......................................................... 26 2.4.2 Save test plan in the USB memory ......................................................... 27 2.5 OPEN TEST PLAN................................................................................................ 27 2.5.1 Open test plan from the STS memory .................................................... 28 2.5.2 Open test plan from the USB memory ................................................... 29 2.6 TEST WINDOWS COMMON SELECTIONS .................................................................. 30 2.6.1. Upper part of the window .................................................................... 30 2.6.2 Left side of the window ......................................................................... 32 2.6.3 Bottom side of the window.................................................................... 32 2.6.4 Test Evaluation ...................................................................................... 33 2.7 SAVE RESULTS ................................................................................................. 34 2.7.1 Save Results in STS memory .................................................................. 35 2.7.2 Save result in the USB memory.............................................................. 36 2.8 OPEN RESULTS .................................................................................................. 36 2.8.1 Open result from STS memory ............................................................... 37 2.8.2 Open result from USB memory .............................................................. 38 2.9 VIEW TEST RESULTS ............................................................................................ 39 2.10 DELETE TEST RESULTS ....................................................................................... 39 2.11 TRANSFER TEST RESULTS TO PC .......................................................................... 39 3 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS HEADERS ............................................... 40 3.1 CT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................... 42 3.2 CT NOMINALS .................................................................................................. 43 3.2.1 CT nominal values.................................................................................. 43
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3.2.2 CT Taps settings ..................................................................................... 45 3.3 CT TOLERANCES......................................................................................... 46 3.4 TEST PROGRAMMING ......................................................................................... 48 4 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS TESTS EXECUTION .............................. 49 4.1 MANUAL MEASURE ........................................................................................... 49 4.1.1 Safety of the Manual measure .............................................................. 49 4.1.2 The CT Manual measure test window ................................................... 50 4.1.3 Connection for Manual Measure ........................................................... 52 4.1.4 Test execution........................................................................................ 52 4.1.5 CT Manual measure: step by step example ........................................... 54 4.2 CT RATIO POLARITY AND BURDEN (CURRENT METHOD) ........................................... 56 4.2.1 Safety of the CT Ratio Polarity and Burden test .................................... 56 4.2.2 The CT Ratio Polarity and Burden test window ..................................... 56 4.2.3 CT connection for Ratio Polarity and Burden......................................... 62 4.2.4 CT Ratio Polarity and Burden automatic test execution ........................ 63 4.2.5 CT Ratio Polarity and Burden manual test execution ............................ 64 4.2.6 CT Ratio Polarity and Burden: step by step example ............................. 65 4.3 CT BURDEN SECONDARY SIDE .............................................................................. 67 4.3.1 Safety of the CT Burden Secondary Side test ......................................... 67 4.3.2 The CT Burden Secondary Side test window .......................................... 68 4.3.3 CT connection for CT Burden Secondary Side test ................................. 71 4.3.4 CT Burden Secondary Side automatic test execution ............................ 72 4.3.5 CT Burden Secondary Side manual test execution................................. 72 4.3.6 CT Burden Secondary Side: step by step example ................................. 74 4.4 CT EXCITATION CURVE ........................................................................................ 76 4.4.1 Safety of the CT Excitation curve test .................................................... 77 4.4.2 The CT Excitation Curve test window..................................................... 77 4.4.3 CT connection for Excitation Curve test ................................................. 82 4.4.4 CT Excitation Curve test execution ........................................................ 82
4.4.4.1 Graph test .................................................................................................... 83 4.4.4.2 Table test ..................................................................................................... 85
4.4.5 CT Excitation Curve test: step by step example ..................................... 88 4.5 CT WINDING OR BURDEN RESISTANCE .................................................................. 90 4.5.1 Safety of the CT Winding or Burden resistance test .............................. 90 4.5.2 The CT Winding or Burden resistance test window ............................... 91 4.5.3 CT connection for Winding or Burden Resistance test ........................... 94 4.5.4 CT Winding or Burden Resistance test execution .................................. 95 4.5.5 CT Winding or Burden Resistance: step by step example ...................... 97 4.6 CT VOLTAGE WITHSTAND .................................................................................... 99 4.6.1 Safety of the voltage withstand test ..................................................... 99 4.6.2 The CT voltage withstand test window ............................................... 100
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4.6.3 CT connection for Voltage Withstand test........................................... 103 4.6.4 CT Voltage Withstand automatic test execution ................................. 103 4.6.5 CT Voltage Withstand manual test execution ..................................... 105 4.6.5 CT voltage withstand: step by step example ....................................... 106 4.7 CT POLARITY CHECK......................................................................................... 108 4.7.1 Safety of the CT Polarity Check test ..................................................... 108 4.7.2 The CT Polarity check window ............................................................. 108 4.7.3 CT connection for the Polarity Check test ............................................ 110 4.7.4 PLCK Polarity Checker option............................................................... 111 4.7.5 CT Polarity Check test execution.......................................................... 111 4.7.6 CT Polarity Check test: step by step example ...................................... 112 4.8 CT RATIO AND POLARITY VOLTAGE MODE ............................................................ 114 4.8.1 Safety of the CT Ratio and Polarity Voltage mode test ....................... 114 4.8.2 The CT Ratio Polarity Voltage mode test window ............................... 114 4.8.3 CT connection for Ratio and Polarity Voltage mode............................ 118 4.8.4 CT Ratio and Polarity Voltage mode automatic test execution ........... 119 4.8.5 CT Ratio Polarity Voltage mode manual test execution ...................... 119 4.8.6 CT Ratio Polarity Voltage mode: step by step example ....................... 121 4.9 CT ROGOWSKI (RATIO) ..................................................................................... 123 4.9.1 Safety of the CT Rogowski test ............................................................ 124 4.2.2 The CT Rogowski test window ............................................................. 124 4.9.3 CT connection for Rogowski test ......................................................... 127 4.9.4 CT Rogowski automatic test execution................................................ 127 4.9.5 CT Rogowski manual test execution .................................................... 128 4.9.6 CT Rogowski: step by step example ..................................................... 129 4.10 CT LOW POWER (RATIO) ................................................................................. 131 4.10.1 Safety of the CT Low power test ........................................................ 131 4.10.2 The CT Low power test window ......................................................... 132 4.10.3 CT connection for Low power test ..................................................... 135 4.10.4 CT Low power automatic test execution ........................................... 136 4.10.5 CT Low power manual test execution................................................ 136 4.10.6 CT Low power: step by step example ................................................ 138 5 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS HEADERS ............................................. 140 5.1 VT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................. 142 5.2 VT NOMINAL VALUES. ...................................................................................... 143 5.3 VT TOLERANCES. ............................................................................................. 144 6 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS TESTS EXECUTION ............................ 146 6.1 MANUAL MEASURE ......................................................................................... 146 6.2 VT RATIO....................................................................................................... 147
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6.2.1 Safety of the VT Ratio test ................................................................... 147 6.2.2 The VT Ratio test window .................................................................... 148 6.2.3 Connection for the VT Ratio test.......................................................... 151 6.2.4 VT Ratio automatic test execution ...................................................... 152 6.2.4 VT Ratio manual test execution........................................................... 153 6.2.6 VT Ratio: step by step example ........................................................... 154 6.3 VT RATIO, ELECTRONIC ..................................................................................... 156 6.3.1 Safety of the VT Ratio electronic test .................................................. 156 6.3.2 The VT Ratio electronic test window ................................................... 156 6.3.3 Connection for the VT Ratio electronic test ......................................... 160 6.3.4 Electronic VT ratio automatic test execution....................................... 161 6.3.5 Electronic VT ratio manual test execution ........................................... 162 6.3.6 Electronic VT Ratio test: step by step example .................................... 163 6.4 VT BURDEN IMPEDANCE ................................................................................... 165 6.4.1 Safety of the VT Burden test ................................................................ 165 6.4.2 The VT Burden test window ................................................................. 166 6.4.3 VT connection for Burden test ............................................................. 168 6.4.4 VT Burden automatic test execution ................................................... 169 6.4.5 VT Burden manual test execution........................................................ 170 6.4.6 VT Burden resistance: step by step example ....................................... 171 6.5 VT VOLTAGE WITHSTAND ................................................................................. 173 6.5.1 Safety of the VT Voltage Withstand test ............................................. 173 6.5.2 The VT voltage withstand test window ............................................... 174 6.5.3 VT connection for Voltage Withstand test .......................................... 177 6.5.4 VT Voltage Withstand automatic test execution................................. 178 6.5.5 VT Voltage Withstand manual test execution ..................................... 179 6.5.5 VT voltage withstand: step by step example ....................................... 180 6.6 VT POLARITY CHECK TEST.................................................................................. 182 6.6.1 Safety of the VT Polarity Check test..................................................... 182 6.6.2 The VT Polarity Check test window...................................................... 182 6.6.3 VT connection for Polarity Check test .................................................. 184 6.6.4 VT Polarity Check test execution ......................................................... 185 6.6.5 VT Polarity Check test: step by step example ...................................... 186 7 POWER TRANSFORMERS HEADERS ................................................. 188 7.1 PT DESCRIPTION. ............................................................................................ 190 7.2 PT NOMINAL VALUES........................................................................................ 191 7.2.1 Windings .............................................................................................. 191
7.2.1.1 Phases and windings number .................................................................... 191 7.2.1.2 Nominal Power, Rated Voltages and Vector Group ................................... 192 7.2.1.3 PT tangent .............................................................................................. 192 7.2.1.4 PT leakage reactance ................................................................................. 193
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7.2.2 Bushings .............................................................................................. 194 7.2.3 OLTC .................................................................................................... 195 7.2.4 DETC .................................................................................................... 197 7.2.5 Oil ........................................................................................................ 198 7.3 PT TOLERANCES. ............................................................................................. 199 8 POWER TRANSFORMERS TESTS EXECUTION ................................ 200 8.1 MANUAL MEASURE ......................................................................................... 200 8.2 PT RATIO ....................................................................................................... 201 8.2.1 Safety of the PT Ratio test ................................................................... 201 8.2.2 The PT Ratio test window .................................................................... 202 8.2.3 PT connection for Ratio test (manual mode) ....................................... 204 8.2.4 PT Ratio test execution (manual mode) .............................................. 205 8.2.5 PT Ratio: step by step example (manual mode) .................................. 206 8.3 PT WINDING RESISTANCE .................................................................................. 208 8.3.1 Safety of the PT winding resistance test .............................................. 208 8.3.2 PT winding resistance test window ..................................................... 209 8.3.3 PT winding resistance test connection ................................................ 212 8.3.4 PT Winding Resistance test execution ................................................. 213 8.3.5 PT Winding Resistance: step by step example ..................................... 215 8.4 PT VOLTAGE WITHSTAND .................................................................................. 217 8.4.1 Safety of the voltage withstand test ................................................... 217 8.4.2 The PT voltage withstand test window ............................................... 218 8.4.3 PT connection for the voltage withstand test...................................... 220 8.4.4 PT Voltage Withstand automatic test execution ................................. 220 8.4.5 PT Voltage Withstand manual test execution ..................................... 222 8.4.5 PT voltage withstand: step by step example ....................................... 223 8.5 PT SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE .......................................................................... 225 8.5.1 Safety of the PT short circuit impedance test ...................................... 225 8.5.2 The PT short circuit impedance test window ....................................... 226 8.5.3 PT short circuit impedance test connection ......................................... 232 8.5.4 PT short circuit impedance test execution ........................................... 234 8.5.5 PT Short Circuit Impedance test: step by step example ....................... 235 9 CIRCUIT BREAKER HEADERS ......................................................................... 237 10 CIRCUIT BREAKER TESTS EXECUTION .......................................................... 240 10.1 MANUAL MEASURE ....................................................................................... 240 10.2 RESISTANCE - ........................................................................................... 240 10.2.1 Safety of Resistance - test ............................................................ 240 10.2.1 Resistance - test window ............................................................. 241 10.2.2 Connections for Resistance - test ................................................. 243
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10.2.3 Resistance - automatic test execution ......................................... 245 10.2.4 Resistance - automatic manual execution ................................... 246 10.2.5 Resistance - : step by step example ............................................. 247 11 TEST SHORTCUTS........................................................................................ 249 11.1 CONTROL & MEASUREMENT ................................................................... 249 11.2 MICRO OHMMETER ...................................................................................... 250 11.3 TANGENT DELTA & CAPACITANCE .................................................................... 250 12 SETTINGS .................................................................................................... 251 12.1 HARDWARE INFO ........................................................................................... 251 12.2 DIAGNOSTICS ................................................................................................ 252 12.3 SOFTWARE SETTINGS...................................................................................... 253 12.3.1 General .............................................................................................. 253 12.3.2 Network ............................................................................................. 254 12.3.3 Tandelta ............................................................................................ 254 12.3.4 Log ..................................................................................................... 254 12.4 UPGRADE ..................................................................................................... 255 13 STS PRO SOFTWARE ........................................................................... 258 13.1 STS PRO INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 258 13.2 STS PRO USE: START-UP ................................................................................ 258 13.3 STS PRO: MENU BAR AND TOOLBAR ................................................................ 260 13.3.1 File ..................................................................................................... 260
13.3.1.1 Open ........................................................................................................ 260 13.3.1.2 Save ......................................................................................................... 262 13.3.1.3 Print ......................................................................................................... 262
13.3.2 Test Control ....................................................................................... 264 13.3.3 Tools .................................................................................................. 265 13.3.4 Window ............................................................................................. 266 13.3.5 Language ........................................................................................... 266 13.3.6 Help ................................................................................................... 267 APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................... 268 1 TRANSFORMER TURN RATIO: CONNECTIONS TABLE ................................................... 268 1.1 How to read Transformer Turn Ratio connection table .......................... 287
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Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to make this material complete, accurate, and up-to-date. In addition, changes are periodically added to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated into new editions of the publication. ISA S.R.L reserves the right to make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this document without notice, and shall not be responsible for any damages, including but not limited to consequential damages, caused by reliance on the material presented, including but not limited to typographical errors.
Copies, reprints or other reproductions of the content or of parts of this publication shall only be permitted with our prior written consent. All trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Copyright 2012 ISA S.R.L. Italy All rights reserved.
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SHORT FOREWORD
Dear STS family user, I often wondered why user manuals are not very much used, even if they include valuable information. As me too I am a user of such manuals, the answer I have given myself is that valuable information are concealed somewhere in the thick thing, and I do not have time to waste to find it. So, either the manual is actually of help, or I ignore it. This is why I decided to split the STS XXXX manual in three: the specification, with all performance details, this application manual, with instructions about how to use it once its operation is understood; the introductory guide, with the device description and basic information. The idea is that you may read once the device description, while you need application examples more than once; so, why not to split the manual in three? Have a good work with STS test sets! Luca Biotti Q&A Manager
NOTE: WINDOWS is a trademark of MICROSOFT inc.
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1 SAFETY AT WORK
1.1 Introduction
The Product STS XXXX hereafter described is a part of a family of products, including: STS 5000, STS 4000, and STS 3000. There are some options which can be connected to the Product, in particular, TD 5000, STCS and BUX 3000, which are powered by STS XXXX via a connection called Booster cable. The following notes apply to STS XXXX alone or together with its options. STS XXXX is manufactured and tested according to the specifications, and when used for normal applications and within the normal electrical and mechanical limits, it will not cause hazard to health and safety, provided that all standard engineering rules are observed, and that it is used by trained personnel only. The User should carefully read the instructions and the examples of this manual prior to operate the test set. This application manual is published by the Seller, to be used together with STS XXXX, as described in the corresponding introductory manual. The Seller reserves the right to modify the guide without warning, for any reason. This includes also, but not only, the adoption of more advanced technological solutions and modified manufacturing procedures, and also the addition of other features, not available in the first release. The Seller declines any difficulties arising from unknown technical problems. The Seller declines also any responsibility in case of modification of STS XXXX, or of any intervention not authorized by the Seller in writing. The warranty includes the repair time and the materials necessary to restore the complete efficiency of STS XXXX; so, it does not include other burdens, such as the transport and customs fee. Under no circumstances the warrantee includes any cost that the User may have suffered because of STS XXXX unavailability and downtime. STS XXXX is CE marked, and has been tested to operate according to EN 61010-1, with the following operating conditions: . Pollution degree 2: normally, non-conductive pollution occurs;
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. Measurement category 2, for measurement inputs; . Altitude: less than 2000 m; . Operating temperature: - 10 to 55 C; storage: -20 C to 70 C; . Relative humidity: 5 to 95 %, without condensing; . Inputs/outputs protection: IP 2X: IEC 60529, for all but high voltage outputs; IP4X for high voltage outputs; . The test set is portable, using the handles. Would STS XXXX be used beyond these limits, the safety of the test set could be impaired, and the Seller would be liable for any occurring problem. STS XXXX has been tested to match the EMI/RFI standards, as requested by the European Directive 2004/108/EC; Applicable Standard : EN61326 : 2006. However, the User should not carry a pacemaker.
1.2 PRIOR TO TESTING

STS XXXX generates voltages and currents that may be lethal to the unadvertised user. ATTENTION DONT TOUCH the terminals for any reason, while the test is in progress. The problem with HV is clear, but also current outputs are dangerous! If you touch both terminals with a metal object, such as a ring or bracelet, because of the high current, it would heat up or even melt very quickly, causing a severe injury! In order to avoid any danger in case of fault inside STS XXXX, the device under test should have the following characteristics: . Connection cables must be those provided with the test set; . Connection points must be isolated and not accessible; . Input circuits must have an isolation degree at least equal to the one of the product. . The test area should be clean of loose metal items. . When performing HV tests, we recommend isolating the area, so that nobody could accidentally touch the test item. For added safety, we suggest to use the optional warning strobe light: it will keep on flashing until the test is over. Anyway, the test set can be programmed to generate a buzz.
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. When performing HV test, an additional precaution is to drive the START/STOP using the optional remote safety switch: with its 20 m long cable, you can stay apart from STS XXXX and from the test item.
. The use of isolation gloves is highly recommended. . Prior to connect, make sure that there is no voltage on the terminals you are about to use. . All connections to the mains of the test target should be removed. . Perform all connections to the test item before powering-on the test set. . At the end of tests, power-off and then disconnect the test set. ATTENTION: NEVER connect or disconnect the test target while STS XXXX is powered-on! In case of doubt, press the EMERGENCY button! Further safety instructions are provided in the manual, for each test to be performed. Before operating, read them carefully!
1.3 SHORT-CUT PUSHBUTTONS

To the left and to the right of the display are located 10 pushbuttons. The five to the left are dedicated to the following functions; those to the right change their function, as explained in the operation windows. In the following are shown the short-cut pushbuttons located to the left. Help. Pressing it, the screen displays the information related to the test you are performing. Open file. This button allows you to access the list of saved test results: it can be located in the internal memory or on the USB key. The operation is explained in the following. Save file. This button allows you to save the test result. Pressing it, you access the list of saved test results: it can be located in the internal memory or on the USB key. The operation is explained in the following. Increment and decrement buttons. When you have to input a value, you have to select the field, and then: o Key in the desired value, via the keypad; o Increment or decrement the value, pressing the above pushbuttons; o Rotate the knob clockwise (increment) or anti-clockwise (decrement);
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Press the keyboard up key to increment, and the keyboard down key to decrement. The amount of the increment or decrement is: ten units, for the plus and minus keys; one unit, for the knob, and one tenth, for the up down arrows.
1.4 THE KEYPAD

The front panel keypad is the following one.
The operation is as follows. The twelve buttons to the right behave as a portable phone. When you are in a text context, if you press a button, for instance abc1, you get, in order: A, B, C, a, b, c, 1. If the context is numeric (for instance, test values), pressing the key you get the digit. ENTER confirms what you have edited. DEL. o If the field is numeric, it deletes the first digit to the left. You cannot select the digit you want to delete: as you touch the wheel, the digit changes. o If the field is alphabetic, you can use the knob to reach for the letter to be deleted: the deleted letter is the one to the left with respect to the cursor; if the cursor is completely to the left, DEL deletes the letter to the right. As explained above the arrows, when the context is numeric, increment or decrement the value; if you are in a selection page, they allow you to move around.
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1.5 SAFETY SYMBOLS

The following symbols, located on the test set, are used to alert the operator about dangerous points.
The symbol is related to dangerous input or outputs, and is located close to the following points: - By the side of the START / STOP push-button; - By the side of the lights telling which one is the active output; - By the side of the AC voltage output sockets (up to 140 V); - On the connectors panel, by the side of the high DC and AC current sockets, of the mains supply re-trigger fuses, of the HV connectors and of the Booster connector; - On the TD 5000 connectors panel, by the side of the voltage input sockets, of the HV connector, and of the voltage Booster connector.
. The symbol is related to the HV generation, up to 2000 V. It is located by the side of the safety key which enables HV tests. It turns on during HV operation.
. Also this symbol is related to HV generation, or to HV danger. - One of them is located by the side of the lights telling which one is the active output: it turns on during HV tests. - The second one is located by the side of the DC current sockets. When the light is ON, this means that there is voltage applied: see the winding resistance tests. - On the connectors panel, the symbol is located by the side of the HV connectors; - On the TD 5000 connectors panel, the symbol is located by the side of the HV connector.
is located on the connectors panel, close to the green. The symbol yellow socket, and also on the TD 5000 connectors panel.
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1.6 POWER-ON AND OFF

If you are to operate the TD 5000 booster, before power-on, connect STS XXXX to TD 5000 by means of the booster cable, which carries all the power to TD 5000, and also the Ext. devices connectors. As you power-on STS XXXX, also TD 5000 is powered-on. If you are to operate the BUX 3000 booster, connect the booster cable before power-on. For other connections, see the BUX 3000 paragraph. The STCS external module is powered by STS XXXX, via the Ext. devices cable. As you power-on STS XXXX, also STCS is powered-on. In the mains supply cable there is also the ground connection. For an increased safety, connect the ground connection cable to the yellow/green socket. As soon as the test set is connected to the mains, the power supply goes to a stand-by mode, a diagnostic runs, and, in a couple of seconds, the test set can be powered-on. The two LEDs by the side of the ON/OFF button are OFF.
Perform all test set connections before powering it on. Once connections are performed, it is possible to power-on STS XXXX. Pressing the ON/OFF button powers-on the test set; pressing it again, the test set is turned off. NOTE. At power-on, no USB key should be inserted; else, the Operating System program would look for instructions on the key, and the test set would not start. After power-on, the test set will perform first a self-diagnostic sequence, during which all LEDs on the front panel should turn on (please, check). Then, the messages: Service check-up, Hardware check-up, and Starting up are displayed on the screen. In few seconds, the main menu is displayed, with all the icons which allow selecting the desired test. At the end of all tests, power-off STS XXXX: the display disappears; tests are over. You may leave the test set connected to the mains; however, just in case, it is better to disconnect it.
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NOTE. The power supply and power generator of the test set is protected against external or internal problems. When it enters in protection, it latches this mode, and does not operate any more. The mode is alerted to the operator with alarm messages such as No response from the Variac. Even the power-off and on of the test set does not re-set the situation, because the module is always powered. When the situation is recognized, the only way out is to remove the power supply plug during 30 s. After this period, connect again, power-on and generate: if the problem was a transient one, the test set will operate normally.
1.7 RISKY SITUATIONS

The following table lists a number of situations that are potentially hazardous to the user and/or to the test set. Please consider this list, and check the situation in case of doubt. SITUATION Feeding the transformer during the test CAUSE OF RISK CONTROL The device must be OUT OF SERVICE!
In this situation very high currents or voltages could be applied to the test set, that could be severely damaged; also the operator would be exposed to a high risk Disconnecting the A very high voltage can be transformer during generated by the inductance of the the test transformer under test. Filtered mains Using an inverter, the AC voltage can be a squared waveform rather than sinusoidal; the test set operates at the minimum supply level, with low efficiency. Connection to a live The connection can be dangerous to wire the user, to the test set and even the plant.
Limit the access to the test area.
Use true sinusoidal waveform inverters only.
Test before connecting
Of these points, the first two are very hazardous, both for the user and the test set. THESE TYPES OF FAULT ARE NOT COVERED BY THE WARRANTY.
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The first hazard is very clear: while STS XXXX is connected to the transformer to be tested, there must be no connection of the transformer itself to a voltage or current source. STS XXXX outputs are protected against transient spikes, but not against such a situation. Also the second hazard can be very dangerous: especially in DC current tests, because of the large winding inductance, the cumulated energy causes high voltage spikes when it is sharply interrupted. In case of doubt, please contact your Seller. The Seller, and Manufacturer, declines any and all responsibility due to improper usage, or any usage outside the specified limits.
1.8 HIGH VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TESTS

High voltage tests are always risky, because of the high voltage involved. This is why, when we perform high voltage tests in manual mode, you have to keep the START button pressed; if you release the button, the high voltage is immediately removed. This is a safety precaution. The same precaution exists when you perform high current manual tests: you must keep the START button pressed. For automatic tests, as they may last some time, keeping the START button pressed would not be practical; so, they are performed normally. For this reason, we suggest to perform first a manual test, and then to go to the automatic mode.
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2 FILES MANAGEMENT AND COMMON SELECTIONS
IN THIS SECTION ALL PICTURES AND PROCEDURES REFER TO THE CTs TESTS; THESE DESCRIPTIONS ARE VALID FOR VTs, PTs AND CBs TOO.
The STS XXXX firmware allows to prepare and save three different types of data structure: Header, Test Plan and Result. The hierarchy is the following:
HEADER
TEST PLAN
RESULT
When a Result file is saved, it contains all the tests sequence (Test Plan) and the corresponding tests Header. If there is not the possibility to execute real tests but the user knows all Header data and the tests sequence to be performed, with STS is possible to save a Test Plan file and execute it in another day. Since even Header can be a complex structure, it can be saved as a separated file. There is full compatibility for all files prepared with any device of the STS XXXX family; if a Test Plan contains a not executable test, a warning message will appear on the screen.
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2.1 MAIN WINDOW
The various icons allow opening the list of tests available for each device. Move the wheel to reach the test you want to perform, and press it to enter the device; then, proceed with the test set-up data. Some parts of the test set-up are common to all tests. Here we explain these parts, while we describe the specific parts separately for each test.
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2.1 SAVE HEADER

The first time you enter in a test section, or pressing the following window appears: ,
Once all field you need are completed, press the save left of the screen, the following window will appear:
button located to the
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Is possible to save the Header file in STSs memory or in a USB flash drive. Pressing the open a saved header file. button located to the left of the screen, is possible to open
2.2 CREATE TEST PLAN

For the tests of: CTs, VTs, PTs and CBs, the normal testing procedure is to create a test plan, which collects all tests you want to perform, and can be run with a single command. Before to start any test, headers must be defined (see sections 3,5 and 7); the first time you enter in a test section, header window appears. Once the Description, Nominal and Tolerances windows have been edited, you can proceed pressing the Test shortcut. The following window refers to CT tests: for VT and PT, tests are different, but the test plan creation procedure is the same.
To the left, you have the list of the tests you can perform on the CT (or VT, PT, CB). In the middle, you have the summary of tests to be performed, with the indications of: test type, Tap no., Executed, and Pass/Fail only: test values are available in the test window.
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To the right, you have up to six different shortcuts:
Add to Test Plan. Highlight a test type and press this shortcut: the test of all defined taps is added to the test list. Another way to include a test in the test plan is highlight a test type and press the knob; through the dedicated combo-box decide which tap you want to
include and press Add tap to Test Plan . You can program all tests you want to perform, without actually performing them; this helps you avoiding to forget tests. The test values programming is performed entering the test windows, which are described in the followings. As you program, for CT tests, the window will show you the following.
NOTE: every time you perform a test and you get some results, this test will be automatically included in the test plan. For example, if you never press any of Add to Test Plan, Add Tap to Test Plan or Add Test to Test Plan and you perform a CT Ratio test on tap 2 and 3, you will find these two tests included in the Test Plan / Results table. Run Test Plan. See section 2.2.
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Delete Step. Highlight a test in the table and press this button in order to remove the highlighted test from the test plan. Open test plan. See section 2.4. Save Test Plan. See section 2.3. Exit CTs. Back to main screen.
In the example, we have programmed all possible tests; note that for Ratio Polarity and Burden only tap number 2 and 4 are included in the test plan.
2.3 RUN TEST PLAN

Once Test Plan creation is finished, you can press the button Run test plan: the program runs the test plan from the highlighted test in the table, with the first tap (if any). Perform the connections for the test, then press the START/STOP pushbutton on the test set: the first test will actually be executed. Before test execution, fields Exe and Pass/Fail are empty; when tests are finished, Exe will be filled, and Pass/Fail will turn green if all results are within the specs; else, it will turn yellow or red. The window will displays test results. You can review them, give your assessment, change the tap or the test and perform the connections for the next tap or test; then, press START again. You will continue this way until the last test is finished. See section 2.5.1 for more details.
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2.4 SAVE TEST PLAN

As you press the button Save test Plan, the following window is opened.
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The first line allows selecting where to save the plan: in the STS memory, or in the USB key. To the right, you can edit the name of your test plan.
2.4.1 Save test plan in the STS memory

In order to save a Test Plan file, its enough edit the files name and press Save New File. The program confirms the file saving.
Test plans are stored in a fixed structure based on header data, the user cannot change it. All test plan files are grouped with the following priority: Substation, Bay, Serial Number, Test date. For instance, if you save many files with just two different substation names, youll see something like in the following picture.
To see test plan files contained in a specific directory, each structure node must be highlighted and press the knob in order to expand it.
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2.4.2 Save test plan in the USB memory

As you select the USB memory, the display shows you USB disk. If you select and click, you can reach for the desired directory. As you are there, press button: the same message as above confirms you that the file was actually saved.
2.5 OPEN TEST PLAN

As you press the button , the following window is opened.
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The first line allows selecting from where you can open the Test Plan: STS memory, or USB key.
2.5.1 Open test plan from the STS memory

With this selection, the program proposes you the available directories. For instance, we have two substations. You have to enter it, and click until you reach the list of saved files.
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Select the desired file, then press the Load file button: the program confirms the operation.
Note that here you can delete a file, pressing the button Delete the selected file.
2.5.2 Open test plan from the USB memory

As you select the USB memory, the display shows you USB disk. If you select and press the knob, you can reach the desired directory: the file you have saved is displayed. As you are there, press the Load file button: the same message as above confirms you that the file was actually loaded. Note that here you can delete a file, pressing the button Delete the selected file.
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2.6 TEST WINDOWS COMMON SELECTIONS

Test windows change with the type of test, as the test parameters also change. However, some parts of them are the same; so, instead of repeating their meanings for all tests, we are summarizing them here.
2.6.1. Upper part of the window

See picture below:
The first line tells what kind of test you are performing (in the example, Ratio Polarity and burden Current Method). The second line allows selecting the tap number of the object under test. Clicking on it, the color becomes red. Rotating the knob, the tap number is incremented or decremented by one.
If the tap is NOT defined inside headers, its represented as the tap is defined inside headers, its represented as .
. If
When you select the tap number, also the corresponding nominal values are selected: you can proceed with the test.
The icon tells you if the test has been performed, using the following color coding: o Gray: test not executed; o Green: test executed.
The icon color coding: o o
shows your assessment about test results, using the following
Gray : assessment not performed; Green : Test result is OK;
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o o
Yellow : not completely OK; Red: fail, out of tolerances.
To the right, once you have performed the test of the first tap, the selection allows you changing to the next programmed tap. Of course, before proceeding with next test, you have to change the secondary connection. NEVER change it unless the test is stopped, and the primary current is taken to zero! Once a Test Plan is ready to be executed, is possible to press the Run Test Plan button. In this case the second line becomes as in the following picture:
Some new icons have been added; their function is the following. Go to the previous step of the Test plan backwards. The text your test plan. Stop the execution of the test plan plan execution; after confirmation . You can move one step
tells you where are you in . Pressing it, you leave the test
you come back to the Current Transformers tests page.
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Go to the next step of the test plan forwards.
. You can move one step
2.6.2 Left side of the window

To the left, the window explains the meaning of the next horizontal parts; they have different colors. These descriptions change with the test, but (almost) all of them have the following selections.
Nominal. In this line are input the nominal values for the test to be executed. These data come from header it there is one.
Test Values. This indication is telling the test set the value to be generated; however, the test set will actually generate these values with some amount of error. This is why, in the next (Measures) part of the screen, some of the nominal values are repeated, with their actual generation value. The test set result is computed taking into account actual values. After having input the nominal values, the test is ready to be performed. See in the following the other instructions.
Measured. Here the test set displays the actually generated values, and the performed measurements.
Results. Here are displayed the computed values (ratio, burden..), derived from the measured values. Nominal values, measured values and Results make the test result data.
2.6.3 Bottom side of the window

In the bottom there are the following fields.
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To the left you find the messages the test set provides to ease the understanding of the parameters, or to tell which is the next operation. Read it before proceeding! Auto stays for the automatic execution of the test. Note that not all tests have this check-box; if its not present, the test is automatic. When Auto is checked, the applied parameters are ramped, kept at their value and decreased in a way which is pre-defined by the test set, and which ensures the best response of the test set and of the target device. After test start, while the test set is generating, it is possible to modify the test value, by rotating the knob, and to input the new test value, pressing the knob. The keyboard is not available. The generation will ends pressing STOP button (results will NOT be stored) or function key (results will be stored).
To the right, the shortcut is . Pressing the push-button you leave the test page, and come back to the test selection window. As you press the button, if you have performed tests, the test set automatically saves them into its temporary memory.
2.6.4 Test Evaluation

When its possible, the assessment can be done automatically by STS or it can be user defined; you can even manually change the assessment previously done by STS. Pressing the button , the following window appears:
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In the field Evaluate Test you find the automatic assessment, in the field User Notes you can insert a note editing it with the keyboard. If you change the automatic assessment, for example changing from message appears: to , a warning
After confirmation, the assessment is changed.
2.7 SAVE RESULTS

Test results are saved using the button , located to the left of the screen. Once the test is completed, press the button: the following window is displayed.
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The first line allows selecting where to save the plan: in the STS memory, or in the USB key. To the right, you can name your test plan.
2.7.1 Save Results in STS memory

In order to save a Results file, its enough edit the files name and press Save New File. The program confirms the file saving.
Results files are stored in a fixed structure based on header data, the user cannot change it. All results files are grouped with the following priority: Substation, Bay, Serial Number, Test date. For instance, if you save many files with just two different substation names, youll see something like in the following picture.
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2.7.2 Save result in the USB memory

As you select the USB memory, the display shows you USB disk. If you select and click, you can reach for the desired directory. As you are there, press the Save new file button: the same message as above confirms you that the file was actually saved. NOTE: the button , pressed when Test Plan / Results table is visible, will save a file who contains all results of all tests included in the visible Test Plan. If the button is pressed when a specific test window is opened, for example the Ratio, Polarity and Burden Current Method, it will save a file who contains results of this specific test type only.
2.8 OPEN RESULTS

Test Results can be opened using the button , located to the left of the screen. The file open has to be performed after selecting the type of transformer. As you press the button, the following window is opened.
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The first line allows selecting where to open the file: in the STS memory, or in the USB key.
2.8.1 Open result from STS memory

With this selection, the program proposes you the available directories. For instance, we have two substations. You have to enter it, and click until you reach the list of saved files.
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Select the desired file, then press the Load File button: the program confirms the operation.
Note that here you can delete a file, pressing the button Delete the selected File.
2.8.2 Open result from USB memory

As you select the USB memory, the display shows you USB disk. If you select and click, you can reach for the desired directory: the file you have saved is displayed. As you are there, press the Load File button: the same message as above confirms you that the file was actually loaded. Furthermore, you can delete a file pressing the button Delete the selected file.
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2.9 VIEW TEST RESULTS

To view test results, after the test plan has finished or after loading a result, go to the test plan summary, and select the test you want to view.
For instance, now the selection is on CT current ratio. As you press, the program displays the corresponding test window, with all results.
2.10 DELETE TEST RESULTS

Test results are deleted by selecting them and pressing the Delete selected File pushbutton. You can delete a set of tests of the test plan, or open a set of tests, and delete a specific test, for instance of some tap.
2.11 TRANSFER TEST RESULTS TO PC

Test results are transferred to the PC via Ethernet cable or saving the files on a USB flash drive. The operation of the STS PRO program, which is included in TDMS suite, is explained in section 13.
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3 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS HEADERS

The first time you enter in this test section, or pressing , the following window appears:
The program starts asking: CT description, Nominal Values, Tolerances. These values will be taken into account during the test, and will be part of the test report. The selection is displayed on the first line.
If you rotate the knob, you can reach the various parameters. As you are there, pressing the knob you enter the field, which is highlighted in red, and you can modify it. In alternative, you can use the shortcut buttons located to the right of the screen. The operation of these buttons is described on the right side of the screen: the description changes according to the context. For instance, in this moment you have the following shortcuts available:
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it.
Modify. Select a specific field, press this button in order to modify
Set as default header. The current header is saved in a read-only memory sector; the operation is confirmed with the message:
Reload Default Header. The default header, if any, is recalled and displayed. Test. You proceed with tests selection.
When you enter a field to edit it, shortcuts change as follows. Options are the followings:
Clear text. The present text is cleared; Discard change. You can discard your changes, this restores the former text.
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3.1 CT DESCRIPTION
In this window you can input the references for the CT location and installation. Dont forget fields such as Manufacturer and serial number, as they will be used to recover test results in the TDMS software data base.
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3.2 CT NOMINALS
Pressing Nominals, the following window is displayed.
The window is divided in two: Nominal values and Taps settings.
3.2.1 CT nominal values

In this part it is possible to input the settings which will be used by the program to execute the selected test.
Parameters are: Secondary current, I secondary, in A. Reference Standard, IEC or ANSI.
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NOTE. For this parameter we have three choices: ANSI-IEEE 1 (no gap see std. C.57.13.1, paragraph 9); ANSI-IEEE 2 (gap; same standard) or IEC 60044-1, as they have the following definitions of the knee point. . ANSI 1: In a log-log diagram, the knee point is the one where the curve has a tangent at 45. This refers to gapless CTs. . ANSI 2: In a log-log diagram, the knee point is the one where the curve has a tangent at 30. This refers to gapped CTs. . IEC: the knee is the point of the curve where a 10% increase of the voltage causes a 50% increase of the current. Measuring or Protection. The selection refers to the application of CT: for measurements or for protections. The accuracy class of a measuring CT is better than the one of the Protection CT. Accuracy Class: depending on the selected standard and the selected application (Measuring or Protection), it represents the maximum error under overload. NOTE. There are very many differences between the two CT types, measuring or protection: see IEC standard 60044-1. CTs VA rating (at the nominal current), in VA. Accuracy Limiting Factor, ALF : the CT does not have to saturate for overloads up to ALF times the nominal current. For measuring CTs, this parameter is called ISF (Instrument Safety Factor). Power factor: it is the minimum acceptable power factor of the burden. C1 (HV-capacitive tap). We refer to the nominal values of the capacitance Cn and of the tan(), Tn, measured between the input and the measurement tap. C2 (Capacitive tap - ground). We refer to the nominal values of the capacitance Cn and of the tan(), Tn, measured between the measurement tap and the ground. For the last parameters, see the following schematic. H = high voltage terminal. Test tap = test terminal. G = Ground. C1 (HV Capacitive tap): parasitic capacitance between High voltage and the Test Tap. C2 (Capacitive tap-Ground): parasitic capacitance between the Test Tap and Ground.
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For more details, please refer to MIE13175_TD5000 APPLICATION GUIDE.
3.2.2 CT Taps settings

In this table must be indicated all taps characteristics: Name: input the tap name as indicated in the schemes I prim(A): nominal primary current value Nom Ik (A): nominal knee point current Nom Vk (V): nominal knee point voltage
You can select this line, and press the knob: the following window is displayed.
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Here you can input all taps settings. When any row of Taps Settings table is highlighted, the shortcut icons to the right show two more selections.
Add Tap. Pressing it, a new line is added to the list. Pressing the knob, you see the parameters of the new tap. From the second line on, you should compute the nominal Ik, which is the current at the knee point, and the knee voltage Vk. Delete tap: you can remove the selected tap from the list.
3.3 CT
TOLERANCES
Pressing Tolerances, the following window is displayed.
In this window it is possible to program the tolerances of all parameters relevant to CT testing. Once tolerances are programmed, in the Test window, the program computes the test result percentage error. The test assessment will be Pass if the computed error is less than the tolerance.
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If you check All tolerances , then all tolerances will be selected. If you dont check all tolerances, you can enter the tolerance of the parameters you want to test. Parameters are the followings. Ratio: it is the Primary to Secondary ratio. Polarity, in degrees. Purpose of the test is to verify that the phase is not reversed: it is OK if the measured angle is within the specified limits. An error of 15 is adequate. Burden, in VA. The measured burden is accepted if it is less than the CT specified VA rating, as programmed in the Nominal values table. NOTE: we refer to the actual burden, and we compare it to the corresponding CT parameter: the measured burden must be less than the limit accepted by the CT. Burden (cos ) that is, burden power factor. The measured cos is accepted if it is more than the CT specified PF rating, as programmed in the Nominal values table. NOTE: we refer to the actual PF or cos , and we compare it to the corresponding CT parameter: the measured burden must be more than the limit accepted by the CT (that is, more resistive or less inductive). Current clamp error, in percentage. If the ratio measurement is performed using a current clamp, it is necessary to input here the clamp measurement error. NOTE: The program adds the clamp error to the ratio error to decide whether the test result is within the tolerances. Measured Vk, knee voltage: it is accepted if it is more than the computed knee voltage. NOTE: a value less than the nominal implies that the CT cannot held the specified overload. Ie @ nom Vk; measured knee current: it is accepted if it is less than the specified knee current. Measured Resistance: it is accepted if it is less than the specified value. NOTE: while all other parameters have been input in the Nominal values table, the resistance is specified in the test. The following two parameters refer to tangent(delta) measurements. Capacitance: the tolerance refers to all capacitance measurements (primary to secondary, primary to ground, secondary to ground). Tangent delta (or Dissipation Factor). This is a Multiplication Factor; the measured value must be within (Tn Multiplication Factor).
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3.4 TEST PROGRAMMING

Once the Description, Nominal and Tolerances windows have been edited, you can proceed pressing the Test shortcut. The following window is displayed.
To the left, you have the list of the tests you can perform on the CT. Selections in the middle and to the right allow creating the test plan, as explained in section 2.1.
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4 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS TESTS EXECUTION

4.1 MANUAL MEASURE
Purpose of the selection is to allow generating any output and performing any desired measurement, outside the schemes corresponding to a selected test. With this window it is also possible to test a protection relay, measuring its intervention delay, or, also to test the timing of a MV Circuit Breaker, and measuring the time from when the current is generated to when the CB opens.
4.1.1 Safety of the Manual measure

In this test we can connect any output; so, the precautions change according to the type of test. Remember the following: High current output. These connections are not dangerous; however, take care of the high current. High voltage output. If we use the HV generator, remember that the connection is very dangerous, as a high voltage (up to 2,000 V) is involved. HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm from all conductive surfaces, so to avoid discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button , and power-off STS XXXX before getting close to HV connections. For all tests, make sure that the test is finished, and that there is no current or voltage!
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4.1.2 The CT Manual measure test window

Once selected, the following window is opened.
On the Settings line, you can select among the output generators. Entering the window, you have available the following choices: o AC 800A: high AC current; o DC 400A: high DC current; o AC 2kV, AC 1kV, AC 500V: high AC voltage; o AC 70V, AC 140V: low level AC voltage; o EXT 3kA: very high AC current (BUX 3000 option). If you press the Modify button, you come back to the output selection. As you see, in the list are missing the low-level AC currents, 3 A or 6 A. All you have to do is to connect the current measurement in series to the voltage output, and to measure it. As soon as you have selected the output, the screen changes as follows.
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You can program the test frequency, and the output value. They can be modified rotating the knob, or via keypad. After the output selection, the LEDs on the front will turn on accordingly. You are displayed: o On the Active output, the outputs located on the side panel; o The Low level voltage and current outputs, when selected; o The measurement inputs which could be used during the test, according to your selection in the Measurements line. On the Trigger line, you can select if you want to perform a time test; in this case the digital input on the front panel is available. When you select it, the window changes as follows.
New parameters are: o Max time: it is the maximum test duration; after this time has elapsed, the time is no more counted and the generation stops. o Binary, two choices: the contact can be Normally Open or Normal Close. With the Normally Open selection, the time is measured as soon as the input closes (dry input) or as the voltage exceeds the selected voltage threshold (wet input). Note that, if you select N.Open and the contact is closed at test start, the time measurement would be zero and the test would be immediately stopped. o Type of input, five choices: dry, or, if wet, 5 V; 24 V; 48 V; > 110 V. The threshold serves to avoid stopping on spikes. On the Measurements line, you can prepare a table with the measurements you want to perform during the test. On the first two table measurement columns, you have the following choices: o High voltage input: 300 V AC, 300 V DC; o Very low voltage input: 3 V AC;
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o o
Current inputs: I AC, I DC; Low voltage input: 10 V AC, 10 V DC;
The next selections are referred to internal measurement of STS XXXX generators: o o o o o OUT VAC: high AC voltage output; OUT IAC: high AC current output; OUT IAC 2kV: high AC voltage outputs current; Out IAC 3kA: very high AC current output (BUX 3000 option); Out IDC: high current output.
On the next table measurement selections you can select a measurement which is related to what you selected on the first two columns. The relation is the following one. FIRST COLUMN AC V SECOND COLUMN AC I SELECTIONS Trigger; Z, ; R, X P, cos() Q, cos(); S, Trigger; R; P Trigger; RATIO:1 RATIO:5 Trigger
DC V
DC I
AC V AC I DC V DC I OTHERS
AC V AC I DC V DC I OTHERS
4.1.3 Connection for Manual Measure

There is no specific schematic, just remember to observe the safety precautions.
4.1.4 Test execution

Having selected the measures to save, go to the test value adjustment and input the first value. Then, press the START button: the output is generated, and on the measures table you can read the values.
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NOTE: unlike the automatic tests, for High Voltage tests, you have to keep the START button pressed: as soon as you release it, the generation is stopped. If you want to interrupt the test, press STOP (or release the button, in HV tests), in this case you dont store any measurement. If you want to store the measurement in the table, you must press the button Keep Values . In case of any TRIGGER condition is selected, this button doesnt appear because the test is automatically stopped (and measures stored) when the trigger condition is satisfied. During the test execution, as with all other tests, a flashing arrow reminds you that the test is in progress: dont touch!
This is how the window looks like at the end of the test.
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4.1.5 CT Manual measure: step by step example

The following guide refers to the case when you want to measure the secondary current sink at a given voltage, as a point of the saturation curve. Test parameter is the high voltage (500 V range); measurement is the HV current; compute the corresponding impedance. Please refer to this scheme:
1. Main page. Select Current Transformer.
2. CT tests. Select Manual Measure.
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3. Test Parameters. In the example, the test is a point of the saturation curve: you should program the output AC voltage, the output 2 kV AC current and the computed impedance.
Output: AC voltage, 500 V
Measure: AC voltage
Measure: HV current
Compute Impedance
4. Input here the desired test voltage.
5. Test start. Press the button. 6. Read the HV current and the corresponding impedance and press Keep Values . If you want, modify the test voltage and press START again. 7. Save. Test is over. NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with manual test results only.
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4.2 CT RATIO POLARITY AND BURDEN (CURRENT METHOD)

Purpose of the test is to measure the actual CT ratio, to verify its polarity, and to measure the burden in terms of VA at the nominal current. This test is performed applying current to the primary side, and measuring the secondary current (and voltage for the burden test). By burden we mean the series of all the wires and all the devices connected to the CT secondary, as measured at the feet of the CT itself. The measurement is the impedance of the burden: if you want to know the burden resistance, please select the Winding or Burden Resistance test. The selection is available on the STS 5000 model, or also on the other models, provided that they are used togheter with BUX 3000 option. If you dont have BUX 3000, on STS 4000 you may as well perform the ratio and polarity test selecting Ratio and polarity voltage mode, which is not available with STS 3000. On STS 4000 you can perform also the Burden secondary side test: also this is not available with STS 3000.
4.2.1 Safety of the CT Ratio Polarity and Burden test

In this test we connect the STS 5000 high current output (or the BUX 3000 high current output) to the CT primary side, and the CT secondary side to the STS 5000 current meter. These connections are not dangerous; however, take care of the high current. When you change the tap connection, make sure that the test is finished, and that there is no primary current! The secondary voltage of an open CT can be very high, and dangerous for the operator!
4.2.2 The CT Ratio Polarity and Burden test window

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The window is divided into a number of lines. a) Nominal values On the Nominal values line you find the following parameters.
The primary and secondary current, in A, are the values corresponding to the tap you have selected, as programmed in the CT heading. You may change them; however, it is better to correct the nominal test table. CT ratio: it is computed by the program from the above parameters. These data come from the nominal setting table: in case, modify the table, and not these data.
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b) Test values
Output range: is 800 A. Test current. As we are to perform a ratio test, it is not necessary at all to use as test current the CT primary current, or the maximum current. In fact, the ratio error depends upon the secondary current to be measured. If you consider the case on the screen, testing at 200 A, the nominal current, generates a secondary current of 2 A, which is easy to measure. If the CT ratio was 2000 // 5, testing at 200 A would generate 0.5 A at the secondary, which is also accurately measured. Test frequency: usually, 50 or 60 Hz.
It is possible to perform the test using a current clamp: this avoids opening the CT secondary side, and reduces the chances of error. The decision depends upon the additional measurement error caused by the clamp: the total of current clamp error + test set error must be maximum 50% of the difference between taps. Example: o Test set maximum error: 0.2%; o Current clamp error: 2%; o Total error: 2.2%; o Taps: 750 A, 800 A, 850 A primary side, versus 5 A; o Taps difference, in percentage: 6%; o Conclusion: it is possible to use the clamp. To use the clamp, go to the following line.
Setting parameters are the followings. Current clamp: check it. Ratio: The current clamp to be used has to be of the type that converts current into current or voltage. Input the primary current, and the corresponding output current or voltage. Input: you can select the voltage input for the clamp output connection. The test set has two AC voltage meters, with different ranges: 3 V or 300
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V. The default is 10 A. If the clamp converts from current to voltage, then the secondary unit changes from A (or mA) to V (or mV). c) Measured values On the Measured values line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. Primary current actually generated during the test; Corresponding secondary current. If you have used a current clamp, the clamp secondary voltage is transformed into secondary current. The icon tells that you have connected the secondary current to the test set. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be, you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as follows . This means that now the Secondary current field is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation. The phase shift between the secondary current and the primary current, the primary current being the reference for the phase angle measurement. The angle range is from 0 to 360: a negative angle (inductive burden) ranges from 270 to 360.
d) Results On the Results line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. Corrected I secondary. This is the value of the secondary current when the primary one is exactly the nominal one. This is why this value differs from the one in the Measured values. This value does not change very much when changing the test current.
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Polarity: it tells OK if the angle error is within the defined tolerance; else, it tells Fail. If the polarity is wrong, verify that connections are correct! Ratio: it is the ratio of the primary and secondary currents, as displayed in the measured values. Ratio % error. It is the above error, expressed in percent. The test set ratio percentage errors are reported in the following table, as a function of the ratio value. RATIO RANGE 0.8 to 166 167 to 1666 1667 to 9999 ACCURACY, TYPICAL 0.2% 0.25% 0.3% ACCURACY, MAXIMUM 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
A ratio error beyond the maximum accuracy error shows an error; the typical reason is the wrong connection to the tap. If not, the most common problem is that the CT is overloaded. Last possibility: there is a fault in the CT under test; typically, an internal short-circuit. e) Burden test The burden is tested leaving the secondary current to flow into the circuitry, and measuring the voltage drop across the CT secondary connections. On the Burden line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. Measure burden: check it to perform the test. Secondary voltage: it is the voltage measured across the burden. The phase angle, in degrees, of the measured voltage with respect to the secondary current, having the current as the phase reference. Usually this angle will be negative, because the burden is inductive; The burden, in VA, at the nominal current IN. The secondary current generated during the test is usually less than the nominal secondary current; the VA measurement at the test current would be useless. So, the program computes the ratio of test voltage and test current (the
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burden impedance), and multiplies it by the square of the nominal current. You will note that this measurement will not change very much with the test current, and this is because the burden is fixed. The corresponding power factor.
f) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection : Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result. Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
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4.2.3 CT connection for Ratio Polarity and Burden

The connection diagram is the following.
BURDEN
In the schematic, the CT secondary is opened at S1; dashed lines are for the burden test. Look carefully at the colours of the cables. The red high current cable is connected to P1; after opening, the output S1 is connected to the red current measurement socket. For burden measurement, the same S1 output is connected to the red voltage measurement socket. In case of current clamp is used for secondary current measurement, connect its output to the selected measurement input; ATTENTION: do not leave CT secondary side opened! The ratio test, performed as shown in the schematic, measures the CT error with the burden. It is possible to measure the ratio error of the CT alone by disconnecting also S2. For the primary side connection, use the two high current connection cables, 6 m long, with spring-loaded clamps. 2 For the secondary side connection, use a pair of 2.5 mm cables, one red and one black; if necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided.
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2
For the voltage measurement connection, use a second pair of the 2.5 mm cables, one red and one black; if necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided. If you use the optional clamp (not shown), use the shielded cable with connector to the 3 V AC input.
4.2.4 CT Ratio Polarity and Burden automatic test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test is executed. The following is a typical result page.
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. If you have not tested all taps, change the tap number, modify the CT secondary connection, and then press again the START/STOP button : the new test will be started; at the end, the corresponding test results will be displayed.
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WHEN YOU DISCONNECT THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CONSIDER THE CURRENT TEST VALUE AND THE TEST DURATION. IF EITHER ARE HIGH, CONNECTION CLAMPS CAN BE VERY HOT: USE PROTECTION GLOVES!
4.2.5 CT Ratio Polarity and Burden manual test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the current is generated, and the secondary current measured. The window is the following one.
When you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep Values : as you do, the values are stored, and the test is stopped.
You can, as usual, start a new test, or clear the result, or save it.
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4.2.6 CT Ratio Polarity and Burden: step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case, when you want to measure the ratio opening the CT secondary side. 1. Main page. Select Current Transformer.
2. CT tests. Select Ratio Polarity and Burden.
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3. Test parameters. Select the tap number, and the test current.
4. Test start. Press the 5. Save. Test is over.
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Ratio Polarity and Burden test results only.
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4.3 CT BURDEN SECONDARY SIDE

Purpose of the test is to measure the burden, in terms of VA at the nominal current. This test is performed disconnecting the CTs secondary side, applying current to the burden, and measuring the voltage across it. With burden we mean the series of all the wires and all the devices connected to CT secondary, as measured at the feet of the CT itself. The measurement is the impedance of the burden: if you want to know the burden resistance, please select the Winding or Burden Resistance test. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models. Unlike the previous test, the current source for this test is the low voltage output, which is not regulated in current. The procedure to obtain the desired test current is explained in the Introductory manual. The output current is metered connecting the voltage output in series to the test set AC/DC current meter.
4.3.1 Safety of the CT Burden Secondary Side test

In this test we connect the test set 140 V AC voltage output in series to the test set AC current meter, and then to the CT burden. The voltage across the burden is taken back to the test set voltage meter. These connections are not dangerous; however, take care of the voltage, which could be 140 V maximum.
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4.3.2 The CT Burden Secondary Side test window

They come from the nominal settings, and should not be changed; in case, modify the nominal settings. b) Test values On the Test values line you find the following parameters.
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Test parameters are: The output range: 6A. The test current. You can program the nominal current, or a fraction of it: for instance, 0.5 A for a nominal current of 1 A, and 3 A for a nominal current of 5 A. Test frequency: usually, 50 or 60 Hz. c) Measured values On the Measured values line you find the following parameters.
Secondary current actually generated during the test. Secondary voltage, measured on the burden. The icon tells that you have connected the secondary current to the test set. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be, you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as follows . This means that now the Secondary current field is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation. The phase shift between the secondary voltage and the secondary current, where the voltage is the reference for the phase angle measurement. The angle range is from 0 to 360: a negative angle (inductive burden) ranges from 270 to 360.
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The screen displays the following parameters. The VA burden, in VA, at the nominal current IN. The secondary current generated during the test is usually less than the nominal secondary current; the VA measurement at the test current would be useless. So, the program computes the ratio of test voltage and test current (the burden impedance), and multiplies it by the square of the nominal current. You will note that this measurement will not change very much with the test current, and this is because the burden is fixed. The corresponding power factor. e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection : Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result. Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
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4.3.3 CT connection for CT Burden Secondary Side test

The connection diagrams are the following, using the 300V or the 3V voltage measurement input respectively:
BURDEN
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If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided. In the schematic, the CT secondary is opened at S1: dont leave the CT secondary side connected to the burden, else the measurement would be wrong!
4.3.4 CT Burden Secondary Side automatic test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test is executed. This is how the window looks like.
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. Then, it is possible to save the result, by pressing the save button, as explained.
4.3.5 CT Burden Secondary Side manual test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel:
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the current is generated, and the voltage drop measured. The window is the following one.
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4.3.6 CT Burden Secondary Side: step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case. 1. Main page. Select Current Transformer.
2. CT tests. Select Burden Secondary side.
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3. Test parameters. Program the test current.
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Burden Secondary Side test results only.
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4.4 CT EXCITATION CURVE

Purpose of the test is to verify that the CT saturation occurs at a value higher than the one specified in the label, and with a measured current less than the specified current in the label. CTs are subject to short-circuit currents, whose value is much higher than the nominal operating current. The high secondary current, multiplied by the burden impedance, causes the increase of the secondary voltage, and this increase can be such to cause the saturation of the iron core. When this occurs, also the secondary current is heavily distorted. Protection devices have problems in the correct measurement of the distorted current, in amplitude and phase: this is why all CTs have a specified degree of over-load, for which no distortion should occur. The test is performed applying voltage to the secondary side, and measuring the secondary current. There are three ways you can perform the test. Manual. You can program the test voltage, start the test, read the corresponding test current, save the result. Then, perform other tests with another voltages; in the end, you have the saturation curve, but no indication about the measured knee point. Automatic (Table Test). This way of testing allows you to verify the characteristic table of the transformer. You can input the test voltages and the corresponding nominal currents, without performing the test; then, as you start the test, voltages and the measured currents are shown in the table: you can check if currents are within the specified tolerance. Automatic (Graph Test). This way of testing allows you to find the actual voltage and current knee. The detail is explained in the following. The knee voltage ranges from rather low (100 V) to quite high, such as 1 kV; as the test must reach a voltage greater than the knee, the test is performed using the High Voltage output of the test set. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models, as they have this output, that is not available on STS 3000. NOTE. We have been asked why the saturation test is not performed injecting primary current. The answer is simple: take, for instance, the case of a transformer rated 800/5, 20 VA, with an overload factor of 20. In this instance, we should inject 20*800 = 16,000 A on the primary, at the power of 20^2*20 = 8,000 VA!
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4.4.1 Safety of the CT Excitation curve test

In this test we connect the test set AC voltage output to the CT secondary winding. The connection is very dangerous, as a high voltage (up to 2,000 V) is involved. This is the sole connection to be performed. HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm from all conductive surfaces, so to avoid discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button XXXX before getting close to HV connections. , and power-off STS
In this test we saturate the CT magnetic material; so, after the knee has been recognized, the test set automatically slowly decreases the voltage to zero: this action de-magnetizes the core. If the return to zero is too fast, the CT core would have a magnetic remanence: when the CT is set back in service, there would be some distorted cycles. If, for any reason, it was necessary to stop the test while the voltage was applied, then the test has to be repeated, in order to ensure the core demagnetization.
4.4.2 The CT Excitation Curve test window

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The screen has to the left some parameters, and to the right a diagram, with coordinates Current and Voltage. a) Nominal values On the Nominal values line you find the following parameters.
The first selection checkbox refers to how to perform the test. Automatic (default). With this selection, after test start, the test is performed automatically. At the end, the program applies the standard definition to compute the knee voltage, and displays it with all tests performed. Manual. Removing Auto selection, you can manually set the test points: the program generates the selected test voltage, and displays the corresponding current, showing it on the diagram. You can perform other tests, changing the test voltage. The program does not compute the knee point.
Nominal values come from the Header nominal values page. They should not be changed; in case, modify the nominal settings. b) Result Test results are: The measured knee voltage, computed from tests results applying the standard definition. The corresponding knee current. The current at the nominal knee voltage. c) Test values and limits In this area you can input other test parameters.
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Test voltage. During the manual test automatic execution, it displays the voltage of the test being generated. Test frequency. NOTE: knee voltage is a function of the test frequency. If your CT is rated at 50 Hz, and you test at 60 Hz, the nominal voltage knee would be 1.2 times bigger than the one at 50 Hz. Vmax. It is the maximum test voltage, not to be exceeded during any test. If Vmax is smaller than the actual Vk, the automatic test will be stopped. Imax. It is the maximum test current, , not to be exceeded during any test. If the measured current is greater than Imax, the automatic test will be stopped.
d) Other selections Above the excitation curve are displayed the following selections.
Graph test or table test. With graph test you have the current versus voltage diagram; the automatic test is performed in an automatic way. At the end of the test, the knee point is displayed. With table test, you can program a table with the test voltages and the nominal currents. At the end of the test, you have on the table the actual currents, and you may have the current deviation from the nominal value. Measure error. This selection is used with the table test: when checked, the table displays the percentage error between the measured current and the nominal one. Excitation curve or test table This s selection is independent from the one above: graph test or table test, test and it is to decide how to view test results. . For both of them, the test result can be seen as a diagram or as the table of preformed tests. When you are displaying the diagram, the icon is this: ; that is, if you press the icon, you can select the ;
table. Otherwise, , when you have the table on the display, the icon is this:
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when you press it, you select the diagram. In conclusion, the icon shows the opposite with respect to the display. e) The central part of the window When you select to perform the Excitation curve test, , the display looks like this. this
Coordinates are: current and voltage; the representation is log-log. log Red square dots are the test points; the red line is connecting nnecting them. The blue cross the computed knee. is
If you select the diagram with the knob, it is possible to reach for the single points of the diagram. Click on the diagram: a couple of cursors are displayed.
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Of the selected point are shown the test voltage and the corresponding current. Moving the knob, all points can be reached. When you select to perform the Table test, the display looks like this.
You can input the test voltage, and the corresponding nominal current.
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4.4.3 CT connection for Excitation Curve test

In the schematic, the CT secondary is opened at S1 and S2: : dont leave the burden connected to the CT during the test, else the HV would be applied to the connected equipment! If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided, taking care about the isolation distances. In this test, the cables colour coding is not relevant. Connections are performed using the two HV connection cables. .
4.4.4 CT Excitation Curve test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: as the test is performed at high voltage, the following message will be displayed.
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You have to turn ON the HV key , and press START again: the following message reminds you that you are operating with high voltage: take care!
During the test, on the display is shown the saturation curve, or the corresponding table, according to test selections. By the side, the display shows the Test underway alarm icon The test is performed as follows. 4.4.4.1 Graph test : dont touch!
With this selection
, the test set behaves as following.
The voltage knee is measured with a number of separate tests. The test set applies a voltage, and then measures the corresponding current. Once finished a step, it proceeds with the next test point. The curve is a collection of steps; the program decides automatically the voltage increments: they are smaller as it approaches the saturation knee, in order to guarantee a proper evaluation accordingly with the specified standard. Considering Vmax, the program decides the test voltages during the first saturation step. The voltage is increased and the corresponding current is measured. At the moment of saturation, the current has a remarkable increase, which tells that the saturation has been reached. The transition is smooth, but the convention is to define a single point, named voltage knee, which marks the passage between the not saturated and the saturated operation. The IEC and the ANSI standards define the voltage knee in different ways, but, of course, the knee value does not change
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very much. When it is found, the knee is temporarily displayed on the screen, by a blue cross. When the knee is recognized, the voltage increase is reduced. This is the first part of the test; however, the knee has to be found while decreasing the voltage; so, these preliminary results are discarded. Now, the voltage is decreased, with smaller decrements: this is when the program computes the actual knee voltage value. The voltage is decreased, in steps, until the first test voltage is reached: at this moment, the test is stopped, and the test result is displayed. You may notice that, after the last point, the High Voltage icon stays there for a while. During this time, the program very slowly decreases to zero the applied voltage: thanks to this, no magnetic energy remains in the core. The program interpolates test points in order to get the mathematical function who represents the excitation curve. Once the function is interpolated, is possible to add other points to the curve (see picture below): insert a voltage value, the corresponding current value is computed and pressing measured curve. button, the point will be added to the
Note that this behaviour follows the selection Graph test: the performance is the same also if you have selected to display the table. The following is the table display of a graph test.
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The table displays all tests executed during the voltage decrease. 4.4.4.2 Table test
With this selection
, the test set behaves as following.
The test starts with the first selected value; the corresponding current is measured, but it is displayed on the table after the last test. The next test voltage is generated; the process continues until the last test is performed. As the test is finished, you can add other points to your table: as you press START, only these points will be tested. If you want to repeat the test, press the Reset execution button: all test results are cleared. Then, press START: the test will be repeated. You may notice that, after the last point, the High Voltage icon stays there for a while. During this time, the program very slowly decreases to zero the applied voltage: thanks to this, no magnetic energy remains in the core. You can check the Error before test start: the table displays the percentage current deviation with respect to the nominal current value.
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In the example, four points have been tested; the evaluation is OK. The same result can be seen as a diagram.
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When test is over, the START/STOP
button turns OFF.
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. For the voltage knee, the usual criteria is that the measured knee should be more than the nominal value. Then, it is possible to save the result. If the test is stopped pressing the STOP button during the execution, the voltage is very slowly reduced to zero. This is not performed if the EMERGENCY button is pressed: in this situation, some remanence can be left in the CT. Dont forget to perform another test, so that the remanence is nulled!
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4.4.5 CT Excitation Curve test: step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case, when you want to find the characteristic curve. 1. Main page. Select Current Transformer.
2. CT tests. Select Excitation Curve.
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3. Test parameters. Program the tap number and the maximum test current and voltage (1.5 or 2 times the nominal knee Vk).
Select the tap
Input Vmax and Imax
4. Test start. Press the the test is over. 5. Save. Test is over.
button. The program will proceed automatically, until
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Excitation Curve test results only.
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4.5 CT WINDING OR BURDEN RESISTANCE

Purpose of the test is to measure the resistive component of the CT secondary winding impedance or of the burden impedance. This test is performed applying DC current to the test item (winding or burden), and measuring the corresponding voltage drop. With burden we mean the series of all the wires and all the devices connected to the CT secondary, as measured at the feet of the CT itself. The measurement is the burden resistance (Ohm): if you want to know the burden impedance (VA), please select the CTs Burden Secondary Side test. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models.
4.5.1 Safety of the CT Winding or Burden resistance test

In this test we connect the test set 6 A DC current output in series to the test set current meter, and then to the CT secondary winding or to the burden. The voltage across the CT secondary winding or the burden is taken back to the test set voltage meter. The test current is not dangerous; however, there is a problem which could cause a severe shock hazard. The problem comes from the fact that the test of the CT secondary winding is performed applying a DC current; as the CT has a residual inductance, there is a magnetic energy cumulated into the CT core. Once the test is performed, THE CURRENT IS DECREASED TO ZERO, so that the accumulated energy can be dissipated. If the current flow is stopped by accident, for instance opening the circuit during the test, the energy accumulated into the inductance would cause a high voltage spike, that could be dangerous for the operator and the test set. After the test, the presence of a residual energy is alerted by the light shown below.
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RESIDUAL ENERGY SENSED! DONT REMOVE CONNECTIONS UNTIL THE LIGHT IS OFF
DO NOT REMOVE THE CONNECTION UNTIL THE LIGHT TURNS OFF! If you do it, the residual energy would cause a high voltage spike on the conductor you are removing. The test of the burden does not have these problems, as the inductance is very small.
4.5.2 The CT Winding or Burden resistance test window

The window is divided into a number of lines. a) Nominal values
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The nominal winding (or burden) resistance: this parameter serves to verify if the measurement is within the tolerance.
b) Test values and limits
DC current output range: it is 6 A. Test current. Resistance limits. Based on the voltage input accuracy and the test current, the measurable resistance range is computed accordingly.
c) Measured values On the Measured values line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. Actual test DC current; Voltage drop across the resistance. From these values, the test set computes the resistance. d) Temperature Compensation The CT winding resistance is generated by the copper or aluminum resistivity, which is very much temperature depending (4.2 %/C for copper). Because of this
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fact, the resistance can be not well defined; this is why, often, the CT resistance value is referred to a given temperature; for instance, 40 C, as this is the typical copper temperature during operation. During the test, the CT winding temperature can be far from the reference one; so, the program allows to transform the measured resistance into the resistance at the reference temperature. The programming window for the temperature compensation is the following one.
The screen displays the following parameters. Temperature compensation. If not checked, the resistance is the one at the test ambient temperature; else, the compensation is performed. The temperature can be C or F. Material: you can select copper (Cu) or aluminum (Al. In the Ambient temperature, you should input the CT temperature during the test. In the Reference temperature, you should input the CT reference temperature, as indicated by the CT manufacturer. e) Results On the Results line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. The measured resistance, that is, the resistance at the temperature of the test; The compensated resistance, if the temperature compensation was checked: usually, it is greater than the measured resistance. Test time: the total time length (hh:mm).
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Deviation. The displayed resistance is the average of many measurements in one second: the deviation shows how much measurements is stable. The parameter is relevant because, as explained, the current changes during the test as the consequence of the inductance.
4.5.3 CT connection for Winding or Burden Resistance test

The following is the connection diagram.
The CT secondary is disconnected. The DC current output is connected to the test set current meter, and then to the winding (as shown) or to the burden. Remember to disconnect the CT to burden connection, else the result would be wrong! If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided. In this test, there is no problem about polarity. 2 Connections are performed using two pairs of the 2.5 mm cables.
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4.5.4 CT Winding or Burden Resistance test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP the test is executed. button on the test set front panel:
As explained before, the CT residual inductance opposes to the current flow. During the test, the test set measures and displays the amount of variation in the time as Deviation. The following is an example of test result.
Once the result is achieved, a discharge sequence is performed. As shown in the picture below, on the screen is possible to see the amount of current is flowing during the discharge; the discharge ends when the current is less than 100 mA.
NOTE: the discharge sequence starts automatically when the result is achieved,
and it starts if the test is stopped with the START/STOP EMERGENCY button . button or the
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In the end verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance, then express your assessment as explained in section 2.5.4.
Then, it is possible to save the result.
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4.5.5 CT Winding or Burden Resistance: step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case, when you want to measure the CT secondary resistance. 1. Main page. Select Current Transformer.
2. CT tests. Select Winding or Burden resistance test.
3. Test Parameters. Program the nominal resistance, and the test current. In the example, the test current is 5 A; multiplied by 0.1 Ohm, the voltage drop is 0.5 V. With resistances such as 1 Ohm or more, the test current can be less: for instance, 2 A, in the 3 A range.
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4. Test start. Press the button. 5. Wait for the complete discharge. 5. Save. Test is over.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Winding or Burden Resistance test results only.
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4.6 CT VOLTAGE WITHSTAND

Purpose of the test is to verify the voltage withstand, with respect to the ground, of: The CT secondary itself; The CT secondary wiring; The test set measures also the corresponding leakage current (typically capacitive). NOTE. This test is performed with AC voltage; so, it is not an isolation test as per IEEE 62-1995, where the test is performed with DC voltage. This test is performed applying the high voltage between the secondary cablings and the ground, and measuring the corresponding current sink. NOTE. It is also possible to test the withstand between primary and secondary, and between primary and ground; however, as STS XXXX reaches only 2000 V, the test voltage is normally much less than the nominal voltage rating, so the test is not very useful. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models. The output current is metered by the test set, with no other connections.
4.6.1 Safety of the voltage withstand test

In this test we connect the test set AC voltage output to the CT connections. The test is very dangerous, not only because a high voltage (up to 2,000 V) is involved, but also because one of the HV terminals is solid grounded. In fact, for tests such as the saturation curve, the HV output is isolated from the ground; so, touching only one wire is not very dangerous. Here, instead, touching one wire means to be submitted to the whole voltage. Besides, the HV goes from the CT under test to the place where relays are located, and this can be hundreds of meters away. Make sure to protect all connected devices against accidental touch! HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm from all conductive surfaces, so to avoid
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discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button XXXX before getting close to HV connections. , and power-off STS
4.6.2 The CT voltage withstand test window

The window is divided into a number of lines.
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a) Nominal values On the Nominal values line you find the following parameters.
In order to avoid damaging the connected device, it is possible to program the current, Max IAC, which should not be exceeded during the test. If this occurs, i.e. if the load sinks a current more than Max IAC, the test is automatically interrupted, and the operator alerted by a message. The test time, that sets the test duration (for instance, 60 s). When the time reaches the maximum, the test is automatically interrupted, and the test is finished.
b) Test values
Output range: the test set has three ranges: 500 V AC, 1000 V AC, 2000 V AC. Select the closest one to the test voltage, in order to reduce the maximum voltage and the associated danger. Test voltage: the nominal test voltage. Test frequency: usually, 50 or 60 Hz.
The screen displays the following parameters. The measured leakage current, generated during the test; The actual test voltage.
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The screen displays the following parameters. The maximum current measured during the test. If a flashover occurs, the peak current will be reported. The isolation impedance, that is the ratio of the above measured voltage and current: the main component is the stray capacitance. NOTE: we measure an impedance, and not a resistance, as we apply an AC voltage. The test duration. e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection : Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result. Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
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4.6.3 CT connection for Voltage Withstand test

BURDEN
Connect the red HV cable to the transformers secondary winding, and the black HV cable to earth and to the neutral transformers primary winding. The burden must be disconnected,. The earth connection of the secondary winding must be removed. Connections are performed using the HV cables. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided; however, take care of the insulation distances!
4.6.4 CT Voltage Withstand automatic test execution

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The screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding leakage current. The display shows also the test elapsed time.
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4.6.5 CT Voltage Withstand manual test execution

In the manual mode, having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel, and keep it pressed. After the same messages as the automatic mode, the screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding leakage current. The display shows also the test elapsed time.
When you want to stop, just release the START button: the test terminates. If, during the test, the programmed maximum current is exceeded, the test is stopped. Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment, as explained. Then, it is possible to save the result.
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4.6.5 CT voltage withstand: step by step example

2. CT tests. Select Voltage Withstand.
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3. Test parameters. In the example setting parameters are: Max IAC 10 mA, test time 60 s, test voltage 2 kV.
Program 10 mA
Test voltage: 2 kV
Duration: 60 s
4. Test start. Press the time. 5. Save. Test is over.
button. The test ends after the programmed test
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Voltage Withstand test results only.
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4.7 CT POLARITY CHECK

Purpose of the test is to measure the CT polarity. The selection is available on STS 5000 model.
4.7.1 Safety of the CT Polarity Check test

In this test we connect STS 5000 high current output to the CT primary side, and the CT secondary must be left connected to its place in the plant: the secondary voltage of an opened CTs secondary side can be very high, and dangerous for the operator!
4.7.2 The CT Polarity check window

a) Test values
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On the Test values line you find the following parameters.
The output range is 800 A. Amplitude: this is the peak value of a special saw-tooth waveform. The Detection must be performed with the PLCK Polarity Checker option. Timing. The output is generated intermittently. You can program the ON duration, and the OFF duration.
b) Measured values On the Measured values line you find the following window.
There are three input areas. Location: input the test point name. Note: this is an editable note field. Eval: during the generation you can highlight a location and do your assessment with the two buttons Pass and Fail.
If you want to add a new location in the table, press the Add test point button. Highlight the new line and press the knob: the Edit row window allows you to input the test location, and a note. Continue until you have programmed all locations you are about to test.
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4.7.3 CT connection for the Polarity Check test

The connection diagram can be the following:
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4.7.4 PLCK Polarity Checker option

The PLCK Polarity Checker has tree colored LEDs: Pass (GREEN). Indicates the right polarity Fail (RED). Indicates the wrong polarity Low Battery (BLUE). If it blinks, the battery has reached the first low voltage threshold; the fixed light indicates the second low voltage threshold, in this case the battery should be changed. The detection range of thePLCK Polarity Checker is from 50 mV to 300 V. If a low or distorted signal is detected, both Pass and Fail LEDs blink. If you want to check the polarity on a very low impedance (e.g. the current terminals of a numeric relay), is possible that the voltage drop is much less than 50 mV even when you are generating the maximum possible current; in this case you have to check the polarity including the connection cables from the relay to the first available terminals in order to increase the voltage drop.
4.7.5 CT Polarity Check test execution

Having programmed the test locations, and performed all connections, select the first test of your list, then press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test set starts generating the output waveform.
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The waveform generation will continue until you press the START/STOP button. Once the generation is stopped, you can evaluate or change the evaluation done before (during the generation) per each location. Then, it is possible to save the result.
4.7.6 CT Polarity Check test: step by step example

2. CT tests. Select Polarity Check test.
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3. Test parameters. Program the test current, the ON OFF duration, and input the location description. 4. Test generation. Press the button.
5. With PLCK, move to the points to be tested and verify the polarity. 6. Input the evaluations. 7. Stop generation. Press the 8. Save. Test is over. button
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Polarity Check test results only.
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4.8 CT RATIO AND POLARITY VOLTAGE MODE

Purpose of the test is to measure the actual CT ratio and to verify its polarity. This test is called voltage mode because these parameters are verified by connecting the main AC voltage output (high or low) to the CT secondary, and measuring the corresponding voltage at the primary side. These parameters could be measured also generating current; however, with this connection it is also possible to test the excitation curve. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models.
4.8.1 Safety of the CT Ratio and Polarity Voltage mode test

In this test we connect the STS 5000 high voltage output to the CT secondary side, and the CT primary side to the STS 5000 voltage meter. The test voltage is usually not very high; however, take care! When you change the tap connection, make sure that the test is finished, and that there is no primary voltage!
4.8.2 The CT Ratio Polarity Voltage mode test window

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The primary current, in A. The secondary current, in A. CT ratio: it is computed by the program from the above parameters. These data come from the nominal setting table: in case, modify the table, and not these data. b) Test values
Test voltage. It is important not to get close to the knee voltage, else the error would significantly increase. The CT Header reports the nominal knee voltage:
Program half (or less) of the knee voltage. Test frequency: usually, 50 or 60 Hz.
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The screen displays the following parameters. Voltage to Secondary Side: the voltage actually applied during the test (connected to the secondary side). Voltage from Primary Side (measured at the CT primary side). The icon tells that you have connected the voltage to the test set. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be, you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as follows . This means that now the Voltage from Primary field is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation. The current generated during the test. The phase shift between the voltage output and the applied voltage, the latter being the reference for the phase angle measurement. The angle range is from 0 to 360: a negative angle (inductive burden) ranges from 270 to 360.
The screen displays the following parameters. Actual I secondary. This is the value of the secondary current when the primary one is exactly the nominal one. This value does not change very much when changing the test voltage. Polarity: it tells Pass if the angle error is within 15; else, it tells Fail. If the polarity is wrong, verify that connections are correct! Ratio: it is the ratio of the primary and secondary currents, as displayed in the measured values. Ratio % error. It is the above error, expressed in percent. The maximum test set ratio percentage measurement errors are reported in the following table, as a function of the ratio value.
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RATIO RANGE 0.8 to 166 167 to 1666 1667 to 9999
ACCURACY, TYPICAL 0.2% 0.25% 0.3%
ACCURACY, MAXIMUM 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
A ratio error beyond the maximum accuracy error shows an error; the typical reason is the wrong connection to the tap. Last possibility: there is a fault in the CT under test; typically, an internal short-circuit. e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection : Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result. Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
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4.8.3 CT connection for Ratio and Polarity Voltage mode

In the schematic, the CT secondary is opened at S1, so the burden is disconnected. Look carefully at the colours of the cables. The red high voltage cable is connected to S1; the primary P1 and P2 are connected to the red and black ends of the shielded cable. For the connection to the CT secondary side, use the two high voltage connection cables, 6 m long. For the connection to the CT primary side, use the shielded cable 6 m long. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided, taking care of the isolation distances. NOTE: if the CT is located on the primary side (or on the secondary side) inside a power transformer, the test of the CT ratio can be performed with the voltage mode, as follows: . Connect the CT secondary to the test set voltage output; . Connect the PT winding on which the CT is inserted to the low voltage measurement input. Through PT winding any current flows, so the secondary voltage can be measured on the PT terminals (primary or secondary).
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4.8.4 CT Ratio and Polarity Voltage mode automatic test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test lasts few seconds; at the end test result is displayed.
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. Then, it is possible to save the result.
4.8.5 CT Ratio Polarity Voltage mode manual test execution

In the manual mode, having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel, and keep it pressed. After the same messages as the automatic mode, the screen displays the voltage applied to the secondary winding, and the corresponding primary winding voltage.
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If you want to stop, discarding the result, just release the START button: the test terminates. When you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep Values : as you do, the values are stored, and the test is stopped.
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4.8.6 CT Ratio Polarity Voltage mode: step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case, when you want to measure the ratio opening the CT secondary side. 1. Main page. Select Current Transformer.
2. CT tests. Select Ratio Polarity Voltage Mode.
3. Test parameters. The primary and secondary currents are programmed in the nominal values; so, select the tap number, and program the test voltage.
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Tap number
Test voltage: < Vknee/2
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Ratio and Polarity Voltage Mode test results only.
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4.9 CT ROGOWSKI (RATIO)

Purpose of the test is to measure the actual CT ratio and polarity of a Rogowski coil CT. The test is performed applying current to the primary side, and measuring the secondary voltage. The Rogowski coil CT is completely unlike conventional CTs because it doesnt have an iron core. The reason why it is used is that standard CTs exhibit saturation ion when the current is high: this means, when the monitoring relay needs to meter at best, because there is an heavy short circuit to be cleared, the standard CT provides a very poor secondary signal, distorted and with an heavy DC component. In comparison, the Rogowski coil CT never saturates: it is available to measure from few mA up to the MA range. The Rogowski coil is just a coil wound on a plastic support. If you wind the support on a conductor, the coil spires are linked to the flux of the magnetic field induction; ; as the flux changes at the mains frequency, the flux variation induces a voltage given by the following formula.
Where:
V is the induced voltage; The minus sign is because the voltage opposes to the flux change; A is the spire area; N is the number of turns; l is the coil length; o is the magnetic constant of vacuum; dI/dt is the current rate of change.
The formula tells one of the problems of the Rogowski coil CT: the current must be computed by integrating the voltage over the time. The other drawback is that the voltage is quite small, and can be carried only with shielded cables. Yet, the advantage of no saturation, along with the reduced cost, make the device more and more used. The selection is available on the STS 5000 model.
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4.9.1 Safety of the CT Rogowski test

In this test we connect the STS 5000 high current output (or the BUX 3000 high current output) to the CT primary side, and the CT secondary side to the STS 5000 voltage meter. These connections are not dangerous; however, take care of the high current.
4.2.2 The CT Rogowski test window

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The primary current, in A. The secondary voltage at the primary current, in V. The nominal frequency: 50 or 60 Hz. These data come from the nominal setting table: in case, modify the table, and not these data. b) Test values
Output range: is 800 A. Test current. You can program the nominal current if it is less than 400 A, or 400 A for greater values. If possible, avoid testing at 800 A: there could be problems caused by the burden. Test frequency, which can differ from the nominal frequency. Given the measurement principle, the output voltage follows the test frequency: in case of difference with respect to the nominal one, the test set takes care of nulling the error.
The screen displays the following parameters. Primary current actually generated during the test. Corresponding secondary voltage. Phase angle between secondary and primary voltage: the primary voltage is the phase reference. The icon tells that you have connected the secondary voltage to the test set. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be, you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as
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follows . This means that now the Secondary Voltage is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation. d) Results On the Results line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. Corrected ratio: it is the actual ratio of the primary current and secondary voltage, but referred to the nominal primary current. Voltage % error. It is the above error, expressed in percent. The maximum test set ratio percentage errors are reported in the following table, as a function of the ratio value. RATIO RANGE 0.8 to 166 167 to 1666 1667 to 9999 ACCURACY, TYPICAL 0.2% 0.25% 0.3% ACCURACY, MAXIMUM 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
Polarity: it tells Pass if the angle error is within 15; else, it tells Fail. If the polarity is wrong, verify that connections are correct!
e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection : Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result. Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
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4.9.3 CT connection for Rogowski test

In the schematic, the CT secondary is connected to the 3 V test set input by the shielded measurement cable. Look carefully at the colours of the cables. The red high current cable is connected to P1; the output S1 is connected to the red connection cable conductor. For the primary side connection, use the two high current connection cables, 6 m long, with spring-loaded clamps. For the secondary side connection, use the shielded, two wire cable, with connector. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided.
4.9.4 CT Rogowski automatic test execution

Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained.
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Then, it is possible to save the result. WHEN YOU DISCONNECT THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CONSIDER THE CURRENT TEST VALUE AND THE TEST DURATION. IF EITHER ARE HIGH, CONNECTION CLAMPS CAN BE VERY HOT: USE PROTECTION GLOVES!
4.9.5 CT Rogowski manual test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP the current is generated. button on the test set front panel:
When you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep values : as you do, the values are stored, and the test is stopped.
You can, as usual, start a new test, or clear the result, or save it. WHEN YOU DISCONNECT THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CONSIDER THE CURRENT TEST VALUE AND THE TEST DURATION. IF EITHER ARE HIGH, CONNECTION CLAMPS CAN BE VERY HOT: USE PROTECTION GLOVES!
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4.9.6 CT Rogowski: step by step example

2. CT tests. Select Rogowski coil.
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3. Test parameters. Input the test current.
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Ratio Rogowski Coil test results only.
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4.10 CT LOW POWER (RATIO)

Purpose of the test is to measure the actual CT ratio and polarity of a Low power CT. The test is performed applying current to the primary side, and measuring the secondary voltage. The Low power CT is a standard, iron core CT, which incorporates a shunt resistor: the output is voltage, and not current. The device is described in the IEC 6044-8 Standard. The benefits of the arrangement are: The CT power is much less than the one of a conventional CT. Let us consider a conventional CT with: IN = 5 A; power rating 20 VA (maximum burden 0.8 Ohm); overload factor = 10. The CT power during overload is 10*10*20 = 2000 VA. In a low power CT, the secondary current is 1 A, the burden is 0.1 Ohm, and the nominal voltage is 0.1 V. If the overload factor is 10, during the overload the power dissipated into the shunt is 10*10*0.1 = 10 VA, that is, 200 times less than the conventional CT. So, the weight, size and cost of the Low power CT is very much reduced with respect to conventional CTs. Standard CTs exhibit saturation when the current is high: this means, when the monitoring relay needs to meter at best, because there is an heavy short circuit to be cleared, the standard CT provides a very poor secondary signal, distorted and with an heavy DC component. The Low power CT does not saturate, provided that the overload rating is not exceeded. The selection is available on STS 5000 model.
4.10.1 Safety of the CT Low power test

In this test we connect the STS 5000 high current output (or the BUX 3000 high current output) to the CT primary side, and the CT secondary side to the STS 5000 voltage meter. These connections are not dangerous; however, take care of the high current.
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4.10.2 The CT Low power test window

The primary current, in A. The secondary voltage at the primary current, in V. The nominal ratio, in A/V. These data come from the nominal setting table: in case, modify the table, and not these data.
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b) Test values
The current output range: is 800 A. The test current. You can program the nominal current if it is less than 400 A, or 400 A for greater values. If possible, avoid testing at 800 A: there could be problems caused by the burden. The test frequency.
The screen displays the following parameters. The primary current actually generated during the test. The corresponding secondary voltage. Phase angle between secondary and primary voltage: the primary voltage is the phase reference. The icon tells that you have connected the secondary voltage to the test set. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be, you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as follows . This means that now the Secondary Voltage is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation.
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Corrected secondary voltage. This is the value of the secondary voltage, when the primary current is exactly the nominal one. This value does not change very much when changing the test current. Ratio: it is the actual ratio of the primary current and secondary voltage. Ratio % error. It is the above error, expressed in percent. The maximum test set ratio percentage errors are reported in the following table, as a function of the ratio value. RATIO RANGE 0.8 to 166 167 to 1666 1667 to 9999 ACCURACY, TYPICAL 0.2% 0.25% 0.3% ACCURACY, MAXIMUM 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
Polarity: it tells Pass if the angle error is within 15; else, it tells Fail. If the polarity is wrong, verify that connections are correct! Phase shift: it tells the actual phase shift between the primary current, taken as a reference, and the secondary voltage. Ratio percentage error: it is the percentage error of the ratio.
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4.10.3 CT connection for Low power test

P2
S2 S1
P1
In the schematic, the CT secondary is connected to the 3 V test set input by the shielded measurement cable. Look carefully at the colours of the cables. The red high current cable is connected to P1; the output S1 is connected to the red connection cable conductor. For the primary side connection, use the two high current connection cables, 6 m long, with spring-loaded clamps. For the secondary side connection, use the shielded, two wire cable, with connector. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided.
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4.10.4 CT Low power automatic test execution

Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. Then, it is possible to save the result. WHEN YOU DISCONNECT THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CONSIDER THE CURRENT TEST VALUE AND THE TEST DURATION. IF EITHER ARE HIGH, CONNECTION CLAMPS CAN BE VERY HOT: USE PROTECTION GLOVES!
4.10.5 CT Low power manual test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the current is generated, and the secondary voltage measured.
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You can, as usual, start a new test, or clear the result, or save it. WHEN YOU DISCONNECT THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CONSIDER THE CURRENT TEST VALUE AND THE TEST DURATION. IF EITHER ARE HIGH, CONNECTION CLAMPS CAN BE VERY HOT: USE PROTECTION GLOVES!
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4.10.6 CT Low power: step by step example

2. CT tests. Select Low power.
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3. Test parameters. Program the test current.
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CT Ratio Low Power test results only.
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5 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS HEADERS

The program starts asking: VT description, Nominal Values and Tolerances. These values will be taken into account during the test, and will be part of the test report. The selection is displayed on the first line.
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it.
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5.1 VT
DESCRIPTION
In this window you can input the references for the VT location and installation. Dont forget fields such as Manufacturer and serial number, as they will be used to recover test results in the TDMS software data base.
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5.2 VT NOMINAL VALUES.
In this part it is possible to input the settings which will be used by the program to execute the selected test. Nominal parameters are: The nominal primary voltage, in kV. The nominal primary voltage can be Line to Line or Line to Neutral. The nominal secondary voltage, in V. The nominal secondary voltage can be: Line to Line, Line to Neutral or Open Delta. The power, rated in VA. The minimum Power Factor of the burden. The capacitance, primary to secondary. The tangent delta. For more details, please refer to MIE13175 TD 5000 APPLICATION GUIDE.
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5.3 VT TOLERANCES.
In this part of the window it is possible to program the tolerances of all parameters relevant to VT testing.
Once tolerances are programmed, in the Test window the program computes the test result percentage error. The test assessment will be Pass if the computed error is less than the tolerance. If you check All tolerances , then all tolerances will be selected. If you dont check all tolerances, you can enter the tolerance of the parameters you want to test. Parameters are the followings. Ratio: it is the Primary to Secondary ratio Polarity, in degrees. Purpose of the test is to verify that the phase is not reversed; so, an error of 15 is adequate. Burden, in VA. It is the maximum CT burden, at nominal voltage. Burden PF, in units. It is the minimum power factor of the burden: a value of 0.500 means that all PF between 0.500 and 1.000 are OK. Current clamp, in percentage.
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The following parameters refer to tangent (delta) measurements. Capacitance: the tolerance refers to all capacitance measurement. Tangent delta (or Dissipation Factor): This is a Multiplication Factor, the measured value must be within (Tn Multiplication Factor).
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6 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS TESTS EXECUTION

Select the desired test: they are explained in the following sections.
6.1 MANUAL MEASURE

This window, and the associated tests, is identical to the one explained in section4.1; please refer to it.
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6.2 VT RATIO
Purpose of the test is to measure the actual VT ratio and to verify its polarity. This test is performed applying voltage to the primary side, and measuring the secondary voltage. The connection to the loads can be open or closed, in order to verify the accuracy error caused by the burden; however, as the test is performed at a fraction of the nominal voltage, the influence of the burden is very limited. The selection is available on STS 5000 and STS 4000 models.
6.2.1 Safety of the VT Ratio test

In this test we connect the test set AC voltage output to the VT primary side. The test is very dangerous, not only because a high voltage (up to 2,000 V) is involved, but also because the VT neutral is solid grounded: touching one wire means to be submitted to the high voltage. HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm from all conductive surfaces, so to avoid discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button XXXX before getting close to HV connections. , and power-off STS
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6.2.2 The VT Ratio test window

Nominal primary voltage, in kV, that can be Line to Line or Line to Neutral. Nominal secondary voltage, in V, that can be: Line to Line, Line to Neutral or Open Delta.
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The program displays the nominal ratio, given the primary and secondary voltages. These data come from the nominal setting table: in case, modify the table, and not these data. b) Test values
Test set voltage output range: 500 V, 1 kV or 2 kV. Test voltage: for MV and HV VTs, select 2 kV. Test frequency: usually, 50 or 60 Hz. Secondary voltage connection: two ranges are available, 300 V or 3 V. The 3 V range provides accurate measurements, but you have to be sure that the 3 V value is not trespassed during the test. As a rule of thumb, use the 3 V input only if the primary voltage is 100 kV or more; else, use the 300 V input.
Primary voltage actually generated during the test; Corresponding secondary voltage; The phase shift between the secondary and the primary voltage, the latter being the reference for the phase angle measurement. The angle range is from 0 to 360: a negative angle (inductive burden) ranges from 270 to 360. The icon tells that you have connected the secondary voltage to the test set. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be,
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you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as follows . This means that now the Secondary Voltage field is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation.
The screen displays the following parameters. Corrected V secondary. This is the value of the secondary voltage when the primary one is exactly the nominal one. This is why this value differs from the one in the measured values. This value does not change very much when changing the test voltage. Polarity: it tells Pass if the angle error is within 15; else, it tells Fail. If the polarity is wrong, verify that connections are correct! Ratio: it is the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages, as displayed in the measured values. Ratio % error. It is the above error, expressed in percent. The maximum test set ratio percentage errors are reported in the following table, as a function of the ratio value. RATIO RANGE 0.8 to 166 167 to 1666 1667 to 9999 ACCURACY, TYPICAL 0.2% 0.25% 0.3% ACCURACY, MAXIMUM 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
A ratio error beyond the maximum accuracy error shows an error; the typical reason is the wrong connection to the VT. Last possibility: there is a fault in the VT under test; typically, an internal short-circuit of some turns.
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6.2.3 Connection for the VT Ratio test

Connection diagrams are the following:
BURDEN
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In the schematic, the VT secondary is connected to the burden. Use the 300 V voltage input if the secondary voltage is greater than 3 V; in alternative, use the 3 V voltage with proper shielded cable. Look carefully at the colours of the cables. The red high voltage cable is connected to P1; the output S1 is connected to the red voltage measurement socket. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided. The ratio test, performed as shown in the schematic, meters the VT error with the burden. It is possible to meter the ratio error of the VT alone by opening S1. For the primary side connection, use the two high voltage connection cables, 6 m long. 2 For the secondary side connection, use a pair of the 2.5 mm cables, one red and one black, or the shielded cable with connector.
6.2.4 VT Ratio automatic test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test is executed, and stops automatically in few seconds. The following is a test result window.
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Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. BEFORE DISCONNECTING THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CHECK THAT THE TEST SET IS NOT GENERATING ANY MORE!
6.2.4 VT Ratio manual test execution

In the manual mode, having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel, and keep it pressed. The screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding secondary voltage.
When you want to stop, if you want to discard the result, just release the START button: the test terminates. If you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep Values test is stopped. : as you do, the values are stored, and the
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6.2.6 VT Ratio: step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case, when you want to measure the ratio opening the VT secondary side. 1. Main page. Select Voltage Transformer.
2. VT tests. Select Ratio.
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3. Test parameters. Program the test voltage.
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with VT Ratio test results only.
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6.3 VT RATIO, ELECTRONIC

Purpose of the test is to measure the actual VT ratio and to verify its polarity. This test is performed applying voltage to the primary side, and measuring the secondary voltage. The difference between a standard VT and an electronic VT is that the latter has a much reduced secondary voltage, in the range of few volts. The selection is available on STS 5000 and STS 4000 models.
6.3.1 Safety of the VT Ratio electronic test

6.3.2 The VT Ratio electronic test window

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The nominal primary voltage, in kV, that can be Line to Line or Line to Neutral. The nominal secondary voltage, in V, that can be: Line to Line, Line to Neutral or Open Delta. The program displays the nominal ratio, given the primary and secondary voltages. These data come from the nominal setting table: in case, modify the table.
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b) Test values
Test set voltage output range: 500 V, 1 kV or 2 kV. Test voltage: for MV and HV VTs select 2 kV. Test frequency: usually, 50 or 60 Hz. NOTE: in this test, the secondary voltage is connected to the 3 V input. c) Measured values On the Measured values line you find the following parameters.
Primary voltage actually generated during the test; Corresponding secondary voltage; The phase shift between the secondary and the primary voltage, the latter being the reference for the phase angle measurement. The angle range is from 0 to 360: a negative angle (inductive burden) ranges from 270 to 360. The icon tells that you have connected the secondary voltage to the test set. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be, you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as follows . This means that now the Secondary Voltage field is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation.
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The screen displays the following parameters. Corrected V secondary. This is the value of the secondary voltage when the primary one is exactly the nominal one. This is why this value differs from the one in the measured values. This value does not change very much when changing the test voltage. Polarity: it tells Pass if the angle error is within 15; else, it tells Fail. If the polarity is wrong, verify that connections are correct! Ratio: it is the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages, as displayed in the measured values. Ratio % error. It is the above error, expressed in percent. The maximum test set ratio percentage errors are reported in the following table, as a function of the ratio value. RATIO RANGE 0.8 to 166 167 to 1666 1667 to 9999 ACCURACY, TYPICAL 0.2% 0.25% 0.3% ACCURACY, MAXIMUM 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
A ratio error beyond the maximum accuracy error shows an error; the typical reason is the wrong connection to the VT. Last possibility: there is a fault in the VT under test; typically, an internal short-circuit of some turns. e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection : Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result.
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Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
6.3.3 Connection for the VT Ratio electronic test

Electronic Voltage Transformer
In the schematic, the VT secondary is connected to the 3 V input, shown in blue. Look carefully at the colours of the cables. The red high voltage cable is connected to P1; the output S1 is connected to the red voltage measurement socket. For the primary side connection, use the two high voltage connection cables, 6 m long. For the secondary side connection, use the shielded cable with connector. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided.
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6.3.4 Electronic VT ratio automatic test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test is executed. The following is a test result window.
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. BEFORE DISCONNECTING THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CHECK THAT THE TEST SET IS NOT GENERATING ANY MORE!
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6.3.5 Electronic VT ratio manual test execution

In the manual mode, having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel, and keep it pressed. After the same messages, as the automatic mode, the screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding secondary voltage.
When you want to stop, if you want to discard the result, just release the START button: the test terminates. If you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep values test is stopped. : as you do, the values are stored, and the
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6.3.6 Electronic VT Ratio test: step by step example

2. VT tests. Select Ratio Electronics.
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button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with VT Ratio Electronic test results only.
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6.4 VT BURDEN IMPEDANCE

Purpose of the test is to measure the impedance of the burden. This test is performed applying AC voltage to the test item (winding or burden), and measuring the corresponding current. By burden we mean the series of all the wires and all the devices connected to the VT secondary, as measured at the feet of the VT itself. The measurement is the burden impedance (VA). The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models. The current source for this test is the 70 or 140 V AC voltage output, which is not regulated. The procedure used by the test set to obtain the desired test voltage is explained in the Introductory manual. The output voltage is metered connecting the voltage output to the test set AC/DC voltage meter. The output current is metered connecting the voltage output in series to the test set AC/DC current meter.
6.4.1 Safety of the VT Burden test

In this test we connect the test set 140 V AC output in series to the test set current meter, and then to the VT burden. The test voltage is not very dangerous; anyway, take care.
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6.4.2 The VT Burden test window

Input in the screen the following parameters. The nominal secondary voltage. The voltage definition: Line-Line, Line-Neutral, Open delta. These data come from the nominal setting table: in case, modify the table.
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b) Test values
Output range: 70 V or 140 V. Test voltage. You can program the nominal voltage, or a fraction of it; not more. Test frequency: usually, 50 or 60 Hz.
Test voltage. Test current. Phase shift of the current with respect to the voltage, which is the phase reference.
The burden, in VA, at the nominal voltage. The burden Power Factor.
e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection :
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Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result. Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
6.4.3 VT connection for Burden test

The VT secondary is disconnected. The AC voltage output is connected to the test set current meter, and then to the burden. Remember to disconnect the VT to the winding connection, else the result would be wrong! Connections are performed using two pairs of the 2.5 mm cables, one red and one black. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided.
2
BURDEN
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6.4.4 VT Burden automatic test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP the test is executed. The following is an example of test result. button on the test set front panel:
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained. Then, it is possible to save the result.
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6.4.5 VT Burden manual test execution

In the manual mode, having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel. The screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding current.
When you want to stop, if you want to discard the result, press the START button: the test terminates. If you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep values stopped. : as you do, the values are stored, and the test is
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6.4.6 VT Burden resistance: step by step example

2. VT tests. Select Burden test.
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button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with VT Burden test results only.
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6.5 VT VOLTAGE WITHSTAND

Purpose of the test is to verify the voltage withstand, with respect to the ground, of: The VT secondary itself; The VT secondary wiring; The test set measures also the corresponding leakage current (typically capacitive). NOTE. This test is performed with AC voltage; so, it is not an isolation test as per IEEE 62-1995, where the test is performed with DC voltage. This test is performed applying the high voltage between the secondary cablings and the ground, and measuring the corresponding current sink. NOTE. It is also possible to test the voltage withstand between primary and secondary, and between primary and ground; however, as STS XXXX reaches only 2000 V; the test voltage is normally very much less than the nominal voltage rating, so the test is not very useful. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models. The output current is metered by the test set, with no further connections.
6.5.1 Safety of the VT Voltage Withstand test

In this test we connect the test set high AC voltage output to the VT connections. The test is very dangerous, not only because a high voltage (up to 2,000 V) is involved, but also because one of the HV terminals is solid grounded. In fact, for tests such as the saturation curve, the HV output is isolated from the ground; so, touching only one wire is not very dangerous. Here, instead, touching one wire means to be submitted to the whole voltage. Besides, the HV goes from the VT under test to the place where relays are located, and this can be hundreds of meters away. Make sure to protect all connected devices against accidental touch! HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm with respect to all conductive surfaces, so to
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avoid discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button STS XXXX before getting close to HV connections. , and power-off
The HV is generated only while the START button is kept pressed: this is an additional safety feature. The operator will have an hand occupied; however, this is much safer than starting the HV generation, and then forgetting it in the ON state.
6.5.2 The VT voltage withstand test window

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In order to avoid damaging a connected device, it is possible to program the current that should not be exceeded during the test. If this occurs, i.e. if the load sinks a current more than Max IAC, the test is automatically interrupted, and the operator alerted by a message. The situation is usually caused by a short-circuit: check the connections! The test time, that sets the test duration (for instance, 60 s). When the time reaches the maximum, the test is automatically interrupted.
b) Test values
The screen displays the following parameters.
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The measured leakage current, generated during the test; The actual test voltage.
The screen displays the following parameters. The maximum current measured during the test. If a flashover occurs, the peak current will be reported. The isolation impedance, that is the ratio of the above measured voltage and current: the main component is the stray capacitance. NOTE: we measure an impedance, and not a resistance, as we apply an AC voltage. The test duration. e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection : Automatic. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and automatically stopped when STS XXXX get the result. Manual. With this selection, after test start, the test is performed and the user can stop STS XXXX when he is satisfied pressing the button Keep Values .
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6.5.3 VT connection for Voltage Withstand test

A a
BURDEN
n N
Connect the red HV cable to the transformers secondary winding, and the black HV cable to earth and to the neutral transformers primary winding. The burden must be disconnected,. The earth connection of the secondary winding must be removed. Connections are performed using the HV cables. If necessary, use the small crocodile clamps provided, taking care of the isolation distances.
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6.5.4 VT Voltage Withstand automatic test execution

The screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding leakage current. The display shows also the test elapsed time: usually, one minute. The following is the example of a test result.
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6.5.5 VT Voltage Withstand manual test execution

In the manual mode, having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel, and keep the button pressed. After the same messages as the automatic mode, the screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding leakage current. The display shows also the test elapsed time.
When you want to stop, release the START button: the test terminates, and results are discarded. If, during the test, the programmed maximum current is exceeded, the test is stopped. If you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep Values : as you do, the values are stored, and the test is stopped. Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment, as explained. Then, it is possible to save the result.
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6.5.5 VT voltage withstand: step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case. 1. Main page. Select Voltage Transformer.
2. VT tests. Select Voltage Withstand.
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3. Test parameters. Program the maximum test current (10 mA are safe), the test duration and the test voltage.
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with VT Voltage Withstand test results only.
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6.6 VT POLARITY CHECK TEST

Purpose of the test is to measure the VT polarity. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models.
6.6.1 Safety of the VT Polarity Check test

6.6.2 The VT Polarity Check test window

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The window is divided into a number of lines. 1. Test values On the Test values line you find the following parameters.
The output range can be selected among 500 V, 1 kV, 2 kV. Amplitude: this is the peak value of a special saw-tooth waveform. The Detection must be performed with the PLCK Polarity Checker option. Timing. The output is generated intermittently. You can program the ON duration, and the OFF duration.
2. Test points On the Measured values line you find the following window.
There are three input areas. Location: input the test point name. Note: this is an editable note field. Eval: during the generation you can highlight a location and do your assessment with the two buttons Pass and Fail.
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If you want to add a new location in the table, press the Add test point button. Highlight the new line and press the knob: the Edit row window allows you to input the test location, and a note. Continue until you have programmed all locations you are about to test.
6.6.3 VT connection for Polarity Check test

A a
n N
See section 4.7.4 for more details about the PLCK Polarity Checker option.
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6.6.4 VT Polarity Check test execution

Having programmed the test locations, and performed all connections, select the first test of your list, then press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test set starts generating the output waveform.
The waveform generation will continue until you press the START/STOP button. Once the generation is stopped, you can evaluate or change the evaluation done before (during the generation) per each location. Then, it is possible to save the result.
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6.6.5 VT Polarity Check test: step by step example

The following guide refers to the test of one connection. 1. Main page. Select Voltage Transformer.
2. VT tests. Select Polarity Check test.
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3. Test parameters. Program the test current, the ON OFF duration, and input the location description. 4. Start generation. Press the button.
5. With PLCK, move to the points to be tested and verify the polarity. 6. Input the evaluations. 7. Stop generation. Press the 8. Save. Test is over. NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with VT Polarity Check test results only. button
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7 POWER TRANSFORMERS HEADERS

The program starts asking: PT description, Nominal Values and Tolerances. These values will be taken into account during the test, and will be part of the test report. The selection is displayed on the first line.
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it.
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7.1 PT
DESCRIPTION.
Pressing Header, the following window is displayed.
In this window you can input the references for the PT location and installation. Dont forget fields such as Manufacturer and serial number, as they will be used to recover test results in the TDMS software data base.
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7.2 PT NOMINAL VALUES.

Pressing Nominals, the following window is displayed.
To the left of the central window, there are five selections: Windings, Bushings, OLTC, DETC, and Oil.
7.2.1 Windings
In this part it is possible to input all parameters of the PT: phases and windings number, nominal power and rated voltages, vector group, Tangent , and Leakage Reactance. 7.2.1.1 Phases and windings number The PT under test can be: 3-Phase , 2 windings 3-Phase , 3 windings 3-Phase , Auto 3-Phase , Auto W/ Tert 1-phase , 2 windings 1-phase , 3 windings
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1-phase , Auto 1-phase , Auto W/ Tert
7.2.1.2 Nominal Power, Rated Voltages and Vector Group
Nominal power. As you input large figures, the unit becomes kVA Primary voltage. Primary phase to phase voltage Secondary voltage. Secondary phase to phase voltage Tertiary voltage (3 windings). Tertiary phase to phase voltage Vector group. You can set the PT under test vector group
NOTE 1: in case of 1-phase (single phase) PT, vector group is not available. NOTE 2: in the software and in this document, Primary Side always corresponds to HV Side, and Secondary Side always corresponds to LV Side. 7.2.1.3 PT tangent The tangent measurement has the purpose to verify the quality of the isolation dielectric. In the years, the dielectric loses its isolation characteristics, for many reasons: pollution, water contamination and so on. The capacitance and tangent measurements tell how much is the degradation, and when a preventive maintenance is necessary; for instance, oil replacement. Here are input all data referring to the PT tangent characteristics. They are: The capacitance, between: primary (HV) and secondary (LV); primary (HV) and ground (GND); secondary (LV) and ground (GND). In case of tree windings, we have three more selections: primary (HV) and third (T); secondary (LV) and third (T); third (T) and ground (GND). The corresponding tangent , between the same points.
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For more details, please refer to MIE13175 TD 5000 APPLICATION GUIDE. 7.2.1.4 PT leakage reactance In the ideal transformer all magnetic flux is linked from the primary to the secondary side: the transformer impedance is infinite. In the actual PT there is some amount of magnetic flux which does not link; this is particularly true when the winding is mechanically distorted, because of the very high mechanical stress caused by short-circuit situations. Purpose of the test is to watch these geometrical distortions, by the comparison of the leakage reactance with respect to the same parameter on the nameplate. Here are input all data referring to the PT leakage reactance. They are the followings. Three-phase equivalent: percent impedance and power loss, in W. Per-phase: percent impedance and power loss, in W.
NOTE: W loss cannot be greater than Nominal P * Z% (see section 8.5.4).
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7.2.2 Bushings
With this selection, the following window is displayed.
Bushings are very important devices on a TP: their task is to take the high voltage into the TP protecting frame, which is grounded, and vice versa to take out the medium voltage to the line. In order to avoid to concentrate the very high electric field on a single insulator, bushings are made of a number of layers, which distribute the field on many insulators. Each layer has a capacitance; the series of the capacitances is the capacitance between the central conductor and the ground. The connection to ground is performed on a point, called measuring tap. The ground connection is removed during tests, so that it is possible to verify if the total capacitance is changing over the time. The deviation of the capacitance with respect to its initial nominal value is a sign of degradation of the insulation layers: the preventive replacement of the bushing may be necessary. Consider that bushings failure is a relevant part (10%) of the total PT faults. There are two measurements to perform: from the center conductor to the measuring tap electrode, and from the tap electrode to ground. Parameters are the followings.
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S/N: bushing serial number. C1n: central conductor to measuring tap capacitance, in F. T1n: corresponding tangent , in %. C2n: measuring tap to ground capacitance, in F. T2n: corresponding tangent , in %.
For more details, please refer to MIE13175 TD 5000 APPLICATION GUIDE.
7.2.3 OLTC
Purpose of OLTC (and of DETC) is to regulate the voltage of the HV or LV side. Consider the case of a long line feed by the LV side: the load current may produces a large voltage drop across the line, as the current grows, also the voltage drop increases and this means a voltage reduction at the line end. To solve the problem, the PT has a number of taps, for example 10 taps on LV side. The voltage between taps differs by some percent, for instance 2%. When the current increases, if you increase the voltage on LV side, you can manage to correct the voltage drop, and to keep the users voltage (almost) stable.
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OLTC and DETC differ for the way how they operate. The On Line Tap Changer performs the tap change without stopping the energy flow, while the DeEnergized Tap Changer operates without current. It is apparent that the OLTC performance is much better than the one provided by DETC; on the other side, also the size, weight and cost of OLTC is greater than DETC. Consider that OLTC cause more than 30% of PT faults; so, it is very important to check them. OLTC operates with a sequence of steps, because the change between the voltage at tap N and at tap N+1 cannot be performed neither opening the circuit nor short-circuiting the taps. As very high energy is involved in the switch, the moving diverter switch deteriorates with time. The test is performed measuring the primary (secondary) resistance, which is the winding resistance plus the tap changer resistance. The test can be static, but also dynamic, that is performed while the switch is operating. For such devices, the software provides the following fields:
Present: enable OLTC settings. HV side: select if OLTC is mounted on HV side. LV side: select if OLTC is mounted on LV side. Serial number. Manufacturer. Model. Switch Time. Nominal time for a complete tap-change operation. Its important for the dynamic test. OLTC Taps. For each tap, input its name and the corresponding voltage.
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7.2.4 DETC
For such devices, the software provides the following fields:
Present: enable DETC settings. HV side: select if DETC is mounted on HV side. LV side: select if DETC is mounted on LV side. Serial number. Manufacturer. Model. Switch Time. Nominal time for a complete tap-change operation. Its important for the dynamic test. DETC Taps. For each tap, input its name and the corresponding voltage.
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7.2.5 Oil
Selection parameters are the followings. Type of oil. BDV. Nominal capacitance. Corresponding tangent .
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7.3 PT TOLERANCES.
Pressing Tolerances, the following window is displayed.
Once tolerances are programmed, in the Test window the program computes the test result percentage error. The test assessment will be Pass if the computed error is less than the tolerance. If you check All tolerances , then all tolerances will be selected. If you dont check all tolerances, you can enter the tolerance of the parameters you want to test. Parameters are the followings. Ratio: it is the transformer turn ratio; Resistance, in percentage. This is the result of the coil resistance measurement. The following parameters refer to tangent () measurements. Capacitance: the tolerance refers to all capacitance measurements (primary to secondary, primary to ground, secondary to ground). Tangent delta (or Dissipation Factor). This is a Multiplication Factor; the measured value must be within (Tn Multiplication Factor).
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8 POWER TRANSFORMERS TESTS EXECUTION

Select the desired test: they are explained in the following sections.
8.1 MANUAL MEASURE

This window, and the associated tests, are identical to the ones explained in section 4.1: please, refer to them.
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8.2 PT RATIO
Purpose of this test is to measure the actual turn ratio and to verify its polarity. The test is performed applying voltage to HV side, and measuring the relative voltage across LV side. If this test is performed on a PT already installed in a plant, during the test all loads must be disconnected. NOTE: in the software and in this document, Primary Side always corresponds to HV Side, and Secondary Side always corresponds to LV Side. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models.
8.2.1 Safety of the PT Ratio test

In this test we connect the test set AC voltage output to the PT primary side. The test is very dangerous, not only because a high voltage (up to 2,000 V) is involved, but also because the PT neutral is solid grounded: touching one wire means to be submitted to the high voltage. The danger comes also from the PT secondary side. If we would like to test, for instance, at 2 kV, and the PT ratio is 380 kV//130 kV, at the secondary side we would have 684 V. This is why the common practice is to perform the test at rather low voltages, no more than 200 V, on the high voltage side. HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm from all conductive surfaces, so to avoid discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button XXXX before getting close to HV connections. , and power-off STS
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8.2.2 The PT Ratio test window

a) Tap Selection and Nominal values On this line you find the following parameters.
HV tap number (see section 2.5). LV tap number (see section 2.5). The nominal primary phase-to-phase voltage. This value changes with the HV tap number selection (see sections 7.2.3 and 7.2.4), if any. The nominal secondary phase-to-phase voltage (and also Tertiary, if any). This value changes with the HV tap number selection (see sections 7.2.3 and 7.2.4), if any.
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Vector group (in case of 3-phase PT). Computed Nominal Turn Ratio (see Appendix 1).
b) Test values
c) STCS
Test voltage. The program limits the test voltage to a maximum of 500 V. Test frequency. Usually the PT rated frequency.
This part is dedicated to the test with the optional STCS automatic selector switches. d) Results On the Results line you find the following table.
The first column shows the test already performed (green check). The second column indicates the PT phases under test and relative connections; they depend upon the vector group (see Appendix 1). Vn HV (V). The nominal Test Voltage applied to HV side. I HV (A). The measured output current from the High Voltage Output. I HV (). Phase shift between voltage and current generated from the High Voltage Output. V LV (V). The measured LV side voltage. V LV (). Phase shift between the generated HV side voltage and the measured LV side voltage. Ratio. The measured turn ratio. % error. The computed percentage turn ratio error.
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RATIO RANGE 0.8 to 166 167 to 1666 1667 to 9999
ACCURACY, TYPICAL 0.2% 0.25% 0.3%
ACCURACY, MAXIMUM 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
A ratio error beyond the maximum accuracy error shows an error; the typical reason is the wrong connection to the PT tap. In alternative, there is a fault in the PT under test. The last column is the assessment (see section 2.5.4).
NOTE: use buttons
to scroll the Results table.
8.2.3 PT connection for Ratio test (manual mode)

H1
X1
X0
H0
X2 X3
H2
H3
In the scheme, PT is YNyn0. In case of other vector groups, please see Appendix 1. Look carefully at the colours of the cables. The red high voltage cable is connected to H1; the corresponding X1 is connected to the red voltage measurement socket. This test measures turn ratio in all possible combinations of taps per each proper A-B-C connection (see Appendix 1).
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When all tests are performed for a certain tap combination, you should manually issue a switch command to the tap changer, and select the new tap combination in the program; then the test can be started again. For HV side connections, use the two high voltage connection cables, 6 m long. 2 For LV side connection, use a pair of the 2.5 mm cables, one red and one black.
8.2.4 PT Ratio test execution (manual mode)

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, select the first taps and the first phases combination, and then press once START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test is executed. This is the typical window during the test.
Voltage generation will continue until you press the button Save Phase Results ; results will be stored. Next, select the other two phases combination and perform two more tests. Then select all taps one by one, and all proper phases combination, until all tests are finished.
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When you have to change the phase connection, BEFORE DISCONNECTING THE PRIMARY CABLES, PLEASE CHECK THAT THE TEST SET IS NOT GENERATING ANY MORE! Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, give your assessment as explained in section 2.5.4.
8.2.5 PT Ratio: step by step example (manual mode)

1. Main page. Select Power Transformer.
2. PT tests. Select Ratio.
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3. Test parameters. Select the taps combination, the test voltage and the phases combination.
Tap combination
Test voltage
3. Phase combination under test
4. Test start. Press the
button.
5. Press Save phase result . 6. Change phases combination on the same tap, and repeat operations 4 and 5. 7. Repeat operations from 3 to 6 for all taps and phases combinations 8. Save. Test is over.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with PT Ratio per Tap test results only.
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8.3 PT WINDING RESISTANCE

Purpose of the test is to measure the PT winding resistance (not impedance). This test is performed applying DC current to the winding under test, and measuring the corresponding voltage drop. All loads are disconnected. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models.
8.3.1 Safety of the PT winding resistance test

In this test we can choose to connect the 6 A DC current output in series with the 10 A current measurement input and with the PT winding, or to connect the 400 A DC current output in series with the PT winding. The voltage across the PT winding is taken back to the test set voltage meter. The test current is not dangerous; however, there is a problem which could cause a severe shock hazard. The problem comes from the fact that the test of the PT winding is performed applying a DC current; as the PT may have a big residual inductance, there is a magnetic energy cumulated into the PT core. Once the test is performed, THE CURRENT IS DECREASED TO ZERO, so that the accumulated energy can be dissipated, and the core completely de-magnetized. If the current flow is stopped by accident, for instance opening the circuit during the test, the energy accumulated into the inductance would cause a high voltage spike, that could be dangerous for the operator and the test set. After the test, we dont generate any more, but the presence of a residual energy is alerted by the light shown below.
RESIDUAL ENERGY SENSED! DONT REMOVE CONNECTIONS UNTIL THE LIGHT IS OFF
DO NOT REMOVE THE CONNECTION UNTIL THE LIGHT TURNS OFF! If you do, the residual energy would cause a high voltage spike on the conductor you have in your hands!
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8.3.2 PT winding resistance test window

The following is the test window.
The nominal winding resistance: this parameter is used to verify if the measurement is within the tolerance.
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b) Test values
DC current output range: it is 6 A or 400 A. Test current. Resistance limits. Based on the voltage input accuracy and the test current, the measurable resistance range is computed accordingly.
Actual DC test current. Voltage drop across the resistance.
d) Temperature Compensation The PT winding resistance is generated by the copper resistivity, which is very much temperature depending (4.2 %/C). Because of this fact, the resistance can be not well defined; this is why, often, the PT resistance value is referred to a given temperature; for instance, 70 C, as this is the typical copper temperature during operation. During the test, the PT winding temperature can be far from the reference one; so, the program allows to transform the measured resistance into the resistance at the reference temperature. The programming window for the temperature compensation is the following one.
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The screen displays the following parameters. Temperature compensation. If not checked, the resistance is the one at the test ambient temperature; else, the compensation is performed. The temperature can be C or F. Material: copper (CU) or aluminum (ALU). In the Ambient temperature, you should input the CT temperature during the test. In the Reference temperature, you should input the CT reference temperature, as indicated by the CT manufacturer. e) Results On the Results line you find the following parameters.
The measured resistance, that is, the resistance at the test temperature. The compensated resistance, if the temperature compensation is checked: usually, it is greater than the measured resistance. Test time: the time of test (hh:mm). Deviation. The displayed resistance is the average of many measurements in one second: the deviation shows how much measurements is stable. The parameter is relevant because, as explained, the current changes during the test as the consequence of the inductance.
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8.3.3 PT winding resistance test connection

The connection diagrams are the following; the drawings refer to a primary winding resistance test. A) Output range 6 A DC
H1
X1 X0
H0
X2 X3
H2
H3
The PT secondary and the other two primary windings are not connected. The DC current output is connected to the test set current meter, and then to the winding (as shown). Also the voltage input is connected to PT bushings; to avoid disturbances, use the shielded cable. In this test, there is no problem about polarity.
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B) Output range 400 A DC
H1
X1 X0
H0
X2 X3
H2
H3
8.3.4 PT Winding Resistance test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel.
As explained before, the PT inductance opposes to the current flow. During the test, the test set measures and displays the amount of variation in time as Deviation. The following is an example of test result.
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Once the result is achieved, a discharge sequence is performed. As shown in the picture below, on the screen is possible to see the amount of current is flowing during the discharge; the discharge ends when the current is less than 100 mA.
NOTE: the discharge sequence starts automatically when the result is achieved,
and it starts if the test is stopped with the START/STOP EMERGENCY button . button or the
In the end verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance, then express your assessment as explained in section 2.5.4.
Then, it is possible to save the result.
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8.3.5 PT Winding Resistance: step by step example

1. Main page. Select Power Transformers.
2. PT tests. Select Winding resistance test.
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3. Test parameters. Program the nominal resistance and the test current.
4. Test start. Press the button. 5. Wait for the complete discharge. 6. Save. Test is over. NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with PT Winding Resistance test results only.
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8.4 PT VOLTAGE WITHSTAND

Purpose of the test is to verify the voltage withstand, with respect to the ground, of: The PT secondary, if appropriate; All the connected devices. The test set measures also the corresponding leakage current (typically capacitive). NOTE. This test is performed with AC voltage; so, it is not an isolation test as per IEEE 62-1995, where the test is performed with DC voltage. This test is performed applying the high voltage between the secondary cablings and the ground, and measuring the corresponding current sink. NOTE. It is also possible to test the withstand between primary and secondary, and between primary and ground; however, as STS XXXX reaches only 2000 V, the test voltage is normally much less than the nominal voltage rating, so the test is not very useful. The selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models. The output current is metered by the test set, with no further connections.
8.4.1 Safety of the voltage withstand test

In this test we connect the test set AC voltage output to the PT connections. The test is very dangerous, because a high voltage (up to 2,000 V) is involved. HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm from all conductive surfaces, so to avoid discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button XXXX before getting close to HV connections. This is the sole connection to be performed. , and power-off STS
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8.4.2 The PT voltage withstand test window

In order to avoid damaging the connected device, it is possible to program the current, Max IAC, that should not be exceeded during the test. If this occurs, i.e. if the load sinks a current more than Max IAC, the test is automatically interrupted, and the operator alerted by a message. The test time, that sets the test duration. When the test time reaches the maximum, the test is automatically interrupted, and the test is finished.
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b) Test values
The screen displays the following parameters. The measured leakage current, generated during the test; The actual test voltage. d) Results On the Results line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. The maximum current measured during the test. If a flashover occurs, the peak current will be reported. The isolation impedance, that is the ratio of the above measured voltage and current: the main component is the stray capacitance. NOTE: we measure an impedance, and not a resistance, as we apply an AC voltage. The test duration.
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e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection . The modes of operation are explained in the following sections.
8.4.3 PT connection for the voltage withstand test

H1
X1
X0
H0
X2 X3
H2
H3
Connections are performed using the HV cables.
8.4.4 PT Voltage Withstand automatic test execution

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The screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding leakage current. The display shows also the test elapsed time.
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8.4.5 PT Voltage Withstand manual test execution

In the manual mode, having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press the START/STOP button on the test set front panel, and keep it pressed. After the same messages as the automatic mode, the screen displays the applied voltage and the corresponding leakage current. The display shows also the test elapsed time.
When you want to stop, release the START button: the test terminates, and results are discarded. If, during the test, the programmed maximum current is exceeded, the test is stopped. If you are pleased with the values you are reading, press the button Keep Values : as you do, the values are stored, and the test is stopped. Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment, as explained. Then, it is possible to save the result.
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8.4.5 PT voltage withstand: step by step example

1. Main page. Select Power Transformer.
2. PT tests. Select Voltage Withstand.
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3. Test parameters. Program as follows.
4. Test start. Press the time. 5. Save. Test is over.
button. The test ends after the programmed test
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with PT Voltage Withstand test results only.
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8.5 PT SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE

Purpose of the test is to measure the PT leakage inductance, which is caused by the leakage flux; that is, the magnetic flux inside the PT which does not link with windings. An increase of the leakage flux is coming from windings movements caused by the mechanical stress, especially when the load is faulty. The impedance is measured applying voltage to some windings, and shortcircuiting other windings. The selection criteria is explained hereafter. The test is performed applying AC to the windings under test, short-circuit the corresponding ones, measuring the current flow, and computing the corresponding resistance, reactance, inductance and impedance. This selection is available on the STS 5000 and STS 4000 models. NOTE: two short-circuit impedance values can be compared only if the test setup in the two cases is the same. Usually the nameplate value is measured using a three-phases generator; STS is a single-phase generator so the measured values can be slightly different.
8.5.1 Safety of the PT short circuit impedance test

In this test we connect the test set AC voltage output to the PT connections. The test is very dangerous, because a high voltage (up to 500 V) is involved. HV cables shall be connected while STS XXXX is powered-off. HV clamps shall have a minimum distance of 20 mm from all conductive surfaces, so to avoid discharges during operation. After connections, the area around the HV clamps shall be isolated, so that no accidental contact can occur. If something goes wrong for any reason, press the EMERGENCY button XXXX before getting close to HV connections. , and power-off STS
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8.5.2 The PT short circuit impedance test window

The following is the test window.
The window is divided into a number of lines. a) Windings selection The first line allows the selection of windings under test. With a two windings transformer, the only selection is With a three windings transformer, selections are and b) Tap Changers On the Tap Changers line you can select the tap combination. . . ,
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c) Test values
AC voltage range. We have two selections: 70V, 140 V or 500 V. o With 70V or 140 V, the output is connected in series to the current meter; voltage is measured from the 300 V measurement input. o With 500 V, just connect the HV output to the selected windings. AC voltage test value. Maximum test current. The voltage output is adjusted in order to guarantee . Nominal PT frequency: usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Test frequencies. The Short Circuit Impedance test performed at various frequencies is called FRSL (Frequency Response of Stray Losses). This special test gives additional information about mechanical problems. When you highlight the test frequencies table, the window is the following.
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To the left, there are four short-cuts: Add Freq. Add a new test frequency Delete Freq. Remove a test frequency Highlight a test frequency and press the knob, the following Edit row window is displayed.
You can enter the desired frequency. d) Temperature Compensation The test measures the impedance; so, the resistance is a part of the measurement. The PT winding resistance come from the material resistivity (copper or aluminum), which is very much temperature depending (4.2 %/C for the copper). Due to this fact, the resistance is not well defined; thats why the PT resistance value is referred to a given temperature; for instance, 70 C. During the test, the PT winding temperature can be far from the reference one; so, the program allows to transform the measured resistance into the resistance at the reference temperature. The programming window for the temperature compensation is the following one.
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The screen displays the following parameters. Temperature compensation. If not checked, the resistance is the one at the test ambient temperature; else, the compensation is performed. Material: copper (CU) or aluminum (ALU). T meas: you should input the PT temperature during the test. T Ref: you should input the PT reference temperature, as indicated by the PT manufacturer. K. This coefficient is used inside the correction formula of measured resistance. e) Per-phase or 3-phase equivalent. With the following line is possible to select the test method and phases connections:
The Per-phase test measures, per each A B C phase to neutral connection, the short circuit impedance value of the connected phase-winding; the corresponding other side winding (accordingly with Windings Selection combo-boxes) must be short-circuited. The 3-phase equivalent test measures, per each A-B B-C C-A phase to phase connection, the short circuit impedance value of the connected phase-windings; all the corresponding other side windings (accordingly with Windings Selection combo-boxes) must be short-circuited. See section 8.5.3 for some connection examples. In literature this test can be called as Short circuit voltage because, from another point of view, the goal is to find the voltage which allows the other side nominal current to flow.
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f) Measures When you highlight the measures table, the window is the following one.
Test results are the organized as follow: #. Test number f (Hz). Test frequency V (V). Nominal test voltage Imax (A). Maximum test current Vmeas (V). Applied test voltage V (). Phase shift of the voltage with respect to the current Imeas (A). Measured test current Loss (W). Power losses Zk (). Phase impedance Rk (). Phase resistance Xk (). Phase reactance Lk (H). Phase inductance On the line below, are displayed the following parameters (these values are calculated with Nominal Frequency measurements only).
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Zk % meas. Measured percentage impedance; the percentage impedance is computed from the following formulas o Per-phase: % o 3-phase equivalent: % 60 10
Zk% Nom. Nominal percentage impedance Dev Zk%. Calculated percentage error Xk % meas. Measured percentage reactance Xk % Nom. Nominal percentage reactance Dev Xk%. Calculated percentage error
Highlight the table and press the Add tests button: the display shows a number of lines to be performed, one per each test frequency.
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8.5.3 PT short circuit impedance test connection

The following example are valid for a YNyn0 vector group. a) Per-phase method, phase combination A (HV output):
H1
X1 X0
H0
X2 X3
H2
H3
b) Per-phase method, phase combination B (LV output):
H1
X1 X0
H0
X2
X3
H2
H3
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c) 3-phase equivalent method, phase combination A-B (HV output):
H1
X1
X0
H0
X2 X3
H2
H3
d) 3-phase equivalent method, phase combination B-C (LV output):
H1
X1
X0
H0
X2 X3
H2
H3
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In these tests, there is no problem about polarity.
8.5.4 PT short circuit impedance test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel the test is performed at the frequency no.1 first; then, it prosecutes with next frequencies, until all frequencies are testes. After this, the test stops automatically. The following is the example of a test result.
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment as explained in section 2.5.4. Press the button Scroll and rotate the knob to scroll the Results table.
Then, it is possible to save the result. NOTE: if in the column Xk % Nom you find the indication >Zk%, it means that inside headers the field W Loss is wrong (see section 7.2.1.4). If in the columns Xk % meas and Dev Xk % you find the indication error, it means that the applied calculation returns not valid numbers.
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8.5.5 PT Short Circuit Impedance test: step by step example

1. Main page. Select Power Transformers.
2. PT tests. Select Short-Circuit Impedance test.
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3. Test parameters. Program the tap combination, the voltage range, the test voltage and the test frequencies. Then, Add tests.
Voltage range Tap Combination
Test frequencies
Test voltage
Max Test Current
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with PT Short-Circuit Impedance test results only.
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9 CIRCUIT BREAKER HEADERS

The program starts asking: CB References, Tandelta Nominal Values, Tolerances. These values will be taken into account during the test, and will be part of the test report. The selection is displayed on the first line. If you rotate the knob, you can reach the various parameters. As you are there, pressing the knob you enter the field, which is highlighted in red, and you can modify it. Located to the right of the screen you find some buttons. The operation of these buttons is described on the right side of the screen: the description changes according to the context. For instance, in this moment you have the following shortcuts available:
it.
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Once the headers have been edited, you can proceed pressing the Test shortcut. The following window is displayed.
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To the left, you have the list of the tests you can perform on the CB. Selections in the middle and to the right allow creating the test plan, as explained in section 2.1.
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10 CIRCUIT BREAKER TESTS EXECUTION

10.1 MANUAL MEASURE
This window, and the associated tests, is identical to the one explained in section 4.1; please refer to it.
10.2 RESISTANCE -
Purpose of this test it to measure the contact resistance of a circuit breaker. Its important that the resistance value is very low, hundreds microohms or less, because the heat produced from the load current must be as less as possible.
10.2.1 Safety of Resistance - test

In this test we connect the STS 5000 high DC current output to the main circuit breaker contact, and the voltage drop across it is measured with one of the voltage input. These connections are not dangerous; however, take care of the high current.
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10.2.1 Resistance - test window

a) Nominal Value In the Nominal Resistance field must be entered the reference resistance value, it will be used for the automatic assessment (see point d). b) Test values
Output Range: 6 A , 400 A , VDC (2 wire). Test current. Resistance limits. Based on the voltage input accuracy and the test current, the measurable resistance range is computed accordingly.
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NOTE: using the output range VDC (2 wire), resistance limit will not be shown; use this option if you need to measure resistances of some kiloohms. c) Measured values On the Measured values line you find the following parameters.
The screen displays the following parameters. The voltage measurement input used. Actual test DC current; Voltage drop across the resistance. The icon tells that you are using a test sets voltage input. In some cases, the connection is impossible, while, may be, you have the measurement available on another meter with just a display: in this case, reach the icon and press the knob: it changes as follows . This means that now the Voltage DC field is editable: at the end of test you can type the read value during the generation.
From these values, test set computes the measured resistance (see point d). d) Results On the Results line you find the following parameters.
The Measured Resistance come from the measured Voltage and Current DC (see point c), the Error % is calculated using the Nominal Resistance.
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e) Automatic or manual test On the bottom of the page you can find the automatic or manual test selection . The modes of operation are explained in the following sections.
10.2.2 Connections for Resistance - test

a) Output range 400 A DC:
ATTENTION: you are measuring a very small resistance, the connection of the voltage measurement must be as close as possible to the circuit breaker main contact, otherwise you will measure even the resistance of other conductors connected in series to the main contact who can be bigger than main contact resistance only. The 400 A DC current clamps must be very well connected on a cleaned surface in order to ensure a proper generation of such high current.
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b) Output range 6 A DC:
c) Output range V DC (2 wire):
In this case the VDC voltage input works as a DC current generator and DC voltage measurement unit at the same time; current magnitude is internally measured.
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10.2.3 Resistance - automatic test execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the test is executed. This is how the window looks like.
Once the result is achieved, verify if it is in the limits of the tolerance; then, express your assessment (see section 2.5.4). Then, it is possible to save the result, by pressing the save button (see section 2.6).
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10.2.4 Resistance - automatic manual execution

Having programmed the test values in the window, and performed all connections, press once the START/STOP button on the test set front panel: the current is generated, and the voltage drop measured. The window is the following one.
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10.2.5 Resistance - : step by step example

The following guide refers to the most common case. 1. Main page. Select Circuit Breaker
2. CB tests. Select Resistance-
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3. Test parameters. Set the nominal resistance, output range, test current and the voltage input.
button.
NOTE: save button pressed when you are inside this test window, will produce a file with CB Resistance- test results only.
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11 TEST SHORTCUTS
On the main window you can find two icons that give the possibility to execute simple tests in case you dont need to link them to a specific test area like CTs, VTs, PTs, or CBs.
11.1 CONTROL & MEASUREMENT
When you select this icon and press the knob, you open the Manual Measure test window (see section 4.1 for use instructions). Since no headers are defined for these tests, STS cannot store results in any result structure; all saved results will be stored in a separated directory called Generic Tests (see section 2):
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11.2 MICRO OHMMETER
When you select this icon and press the knob, you open the Micro Ommeter test window (see section 10.2 for use instructions). Results management is the same explained in section 11.1.
11.3 TANGENT DELTA & CAPACITANCE
Please refer to MIE13175-TD 5000 Application Guide.
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12 SETTINGS
When you select this icon and press the knob, you have access to an area where you can read information about STS, prepare some general settings and do STS upgrade.
12.1 HARDWARE INFO
In this area following information are available:
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a) Configuration Model. STS XXXX model DSP. DSP firmware version VARIAC. Amplifier firmware version U14. U14 FPGA revision U5. U5 FPGA revision b) Options Indication of which options are connected to STS XXXX. c) Times ON. How long STS XXXX is powered on Generate. How long STS XXXX has generated in all its life. d) Instrument Boards Information about each board inside STS XXXX.
12.2 DIAGNOSTICS
In this area many internal controls are displayed: temperatures, boards supply voltages and error history.
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12.3 SOFTWARE SETTINGS
12.3.1 General
Language. STS XXXX interface language Line frequency. Set Line frequency equal to network frequency in your country, nominal tests frequency will change accordingly Phase Notation. Set Phase Notation with the one you prefer, phases name will change in the software accordingly Temperature given in. Date Format. Date and time. Warnings. Enable external warnings devices during the execution of the test: buzzer, siren or strobe light.
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12.3.2 Network
To establish the communication with PC, the proper Network Parameters must be applied. When at least one parameter has been changed, the button Apply Network Changes will appear. The reboot of the software is needed, it will be done after confirmation.
12.3.3 Tandelta
Please refer to MIE13175-TD 5000 Application Guide.
12.3.4 Log
Here is possible to see detailed information about the operation of the instrument, very useful to understand if there may be an internal fault or any other error that may occur during the operation.
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12.4 UPGRADE
Firmware upgrades are freely available in the ISA WEB site, at the address www.isatest.com In the site, select the DOWNLOAD AREA; then, enter your test set serial number; last, select Test Set Upgrades: here you find the list of ISA test sets. Select Firmware STS 5000, download STSFW_1_x_x.exe (i.e. STSFW_1_0_4.exe ) in a temporary directory and execute it, following the instruction messages: the program extracts some files into the selected directory. The upgrade of STS 5000 is performed using an USB key; so, copy the extracted files in a folder on a USB flash drive, and insert it into an STS FLASH DISK connector.
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Highlight the folder with the extracted upgrade files in File Explorer tree and press the Select files button:
Press the knob on the file you want to select: it is checked.
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If you want to select all files, press the Select all button selected. The arrow button
: all files are
allows coming back to the File explorer tree.
Press the Start upgrade button: all selected files will be installed; when the upgrade procedure is finished, TURN OFF THE INSTRUMENT. NOTE: before starting the upgrade process, please check if the selected files have the correct version number. NOTE. If the file STS5000_variac_xx.bin is upgraded, after the upgrade proceed as follows: Remove the USB drive pen; Power-off the test set; Remove the power supply plug, for at least 30 s; Plug-in the supply; Wait at least one minute before powering-on again. NOTE. Dont power-on STS with the USB pen inserted: the Operating System would search on it its instructions. VERY IMPORTANT. The upgrade process is a critical operation, because we are replacing in the test set the instructions which make it to operate! Actually, the program has a core which allows the upgrade operation, and is not over-written during the upgrade. The upgrade operation does not take a long time; so, usually there is no problem. However, if, unfortunately, the power supply fails while the upgrade is executed, the test set is no more capable to perform a new upgrade. For this unlucky case we have provided an USB key, which is clearly marked to be the recovery key. So, if you have lost the power during the upgrade operation: Power-off the test set; Insert the recovery key and power-on; Wait until the usual screen is displayed; Power-off and remove the key. At this moment, the firmware is not upgraded; so, you can start the upgrade procedure from the beginning.
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13
STS PRO SOFTWARE
13.1 STS PRO INTRODUCTION

The STS PRO software is a powerful application that provides connectivity with the instruments of the STS XXXX family: STS 5000, STS 4000, STS 3000. These devices allow performing tests of: CTs, VTs, PTs, CBs and almost all other power devices of a substation. The software performs various tasks, such as: Download stored test results via Ethernet cable Open and save results in the PC memory Print test results If necessary, edit the test headers. This program runs under Windows environment.
Note: Windows and Access are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
13.2 STS PRO USE: START-UP

STS PRO is a part of the TDMS suite. When you receive the test set, you receive also TDMS disk. The procedure for TDMS installation is explained in user manual MSE10015 TDMS.
After installation, click on the TDMS icon displayed.
: the following window is
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Click on the program description:
The following window is opened.
The central part of the screen will hosts the test settings and results. Above it, you can find the Menu bar and the toolbar.
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13.3 STS PRO: MENU BAR AND TOOLBAR

On the top of the window, the following list of commands are displayed:
13.3.1 File
Pressing File, the following window is opened.
13.3.1.1 Open The selection corresponds to the icon in the toolbar. The program opens the standard dialog window: it is possible to select the file to be opened.
It is possible to load previously saved test results. Test results have the extension *.STS . A result file contains the appropriate set of results performed with the instrument.
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The following is the example of opening a CT test result:
With the two icon above the tests list (see picture below) is possible to visualize either Headers or Results
The program displays the same windows as they appear on the test sets screen. Also the selections available on the program are the same; so, please refer to the proper sections to know the meaning of each field. NOTE: if you open a result obtained with Test Shortcuts (see section 11), the Headers icon allows to edit the test headers.
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13.3.1.2 Save The selection corresponds to the icon in the toolbar. Once pressed, the program opens the standard dialog window: it is possible to select the directory where the file will be save. When you press save, the file is saved, with the extension *.STS. The file can be opened again, for further examination.
13.3.1.3 Print The selection corresponds to the icon the following window is opened: in the toolbar; click on the icon and
Print date and time of the test. STS XXXX stores date and time of each test, select this check-box to include these information in the report. Include Notes Page. If you need to add some comments to the final test report, select this check-box and write the comment in the text box. Change Report Logo. The selection allows selecting the logo to be used on the print report. You can browse and find the desired logo. Note that, in C:\XTEST\LOGO, you can find many companies logos.
Press Print Preview and the following window is opened:
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This is the print preview of all results of the test plan. On the top is shown the following toolbar.
The first icon, , allows exporting the test report. Available file formats: Chrystal report .rpt, Adobe acrobat .pdf, Excel .xls, Excel data only .xls, MS word .doc, Rich test format .RTF. The second icon, , is the actual print command. The program opens the printer selection window; after performed the selection, you can print. The other four icons, , allow moving through the document pages. o First icon: go to the beginning; o Second icon: move one page backwards; o Third icon: move one page forwards; o Last icon: go to the end. Next icon, Last icon, , allows going to a specified page of the test report. , allows zooming or un-zooming the image.
For each test of the plan is shown the result, table and diagram.
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13.3.2 Test Control
The selection corresponds to the icon in the toolbar; pressing either Connect or the icon, the instrument will be connected to the PC (see section 13.3.3 for further details). When the communication is established, the window become as follow:
Now is possible to download or delete the results stored in the STS memory. Selecting Download the following window appears:
Select one or more files an press Download in order to visualize them on the PCs screen. Download and Delete correspond to the icons in the toolbar. NOTE: the function Delete will remove the selected results from STS XXXX memory.
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13.3.3 Tools
Pressing Settings, you access the test plan settings. The same access is obtained pressing the icon . In the window four tabs are available:
General Settings. Here you can find information about which STS XXXX and which options has been used to do measurements. Line Frequency, Phase notation, PF naming and PF value depend on the selections in the SETTINGS SOFTWARE SETTINGS section in the STS XXXX firmware (see section 12.2).
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Advanced Settings. Set the IP address according to the one in STS XXXX firmware (default address is shown in the following picture). NOTE: a direct (not crossed) Ethernet cable must be used.
13.3.4 Window
This is the list of the window which are currently opened: you can select the one you want to bring to front.
13.3.5 Language
You can select the language of your country; if it is not available, the language is English.
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13.3.6 Help
Pressing the question mark, the following window is opened.
ISA Web site allows you to open the ISA window. There, you can verify if the firmware revision of your test set is the most updated one, verify the software revision level, download the users manual. About STS Pro opens the following window.
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APPENDIX 1
1 TRANSFORMER TURN RATIO: CONNECTIONS TABLE
Depending upon power transformer vector group, the turn ratio must be measured applying the test voltage to HV side and measuring the induced LV side (or Tertiary) voltage using a proper setup connection; connections per each vector group are listed in the table below. Vector Group
Meas.
WINDING CONNECTIONS HV (V OUT) LV (V INPUT)

H2
KTR
X2
A
H1
H2
1
H3
X1
X2
X3
Dd0
B
H1 H3
1
X1 X3
H2
X2
C
H1 H3
1
X1 X1 X3 X2
H2
A Dd2 B
H1 H3
X3
1
H1 H2 H3
X1
X3
X2
Pag. 269 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2 X1 X2
KTR
C
H1
H2
1
H3 X3 X1
A
H1 H3
1
X3 X2
H2
X1
Dd4
B
H1 H2 H3
1
X3 X1 X2
C
H1 H3
1
X3 X3 X2 X1
H2
A
H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1
Dd6
B
H1
H2
1
H3 X3 X2 X1
C
H1 H3
1
X2 X3
H2
Dd8
A
H1 H3 X2 X1
Pag. 270 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X3
B
H1 H3
1
X2 X3 X1
H2
C
H1 H3 X2 X1
H2
X2
X3
A
H1 H3
1
X1 X2 X3
H2
Dd10
B
H1 H2 H3 X2 X1 X3
C
H1 H2 H3 X1
X2 X1 X0 X3
X2 X1 X0 X3 X2 X1 X0 X3
A
H1 H2 H3
Dyn1
B
H1 H2 H3
C
H1 H3
Pag. 271 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X2 X1
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X3 X2
Dy1
B
H1 H2 H3
X1 X3 X2 X1
H1
H2
3/2
C
H3
3/2
X3 X1
A
H1 H3
X3
X0 X2
H2
X1 X3 X0 X2 X1 X3 X0 X2
X1 X3
Dyn5
B
H1 H3
H2
C
H1
H2
H3
A Dy5 B
H1 H3 H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X1
X3 X2
3/2
Pag. 272 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X1 X3
C
H1
H2
3/2
X2
H3
X3 X0 X1
A
H1 H2 H3
X2
X3 X0 X1
Dyn7
B
H1 H3
X2 X3 X0 X1
H2
C
H1
H2
H3
X2 X3 X1
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X3 X1
Dy7
B
H1 H3
3/2
X2 X3 X1
H2
C
H1
H2
3/2
H3
X2 X2 X0 X3
Dyn11
A
H1 H3
X1
Pag. 273 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X2 X0 X3
B
H1 H3
X1 X2 X0 X3
H2
C
H1
H2
H3
X1 X2 X3
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X1 X2 X3
Dy11
B
H1 H3
3/2
X1 X2 X3
H2
C
H1
H2
3/2
H3
X1
X2 X0
A
H1 H2 H3
1.5
X3
X1
X2
Dzn0
B
X0
1.5
H1
H2
H3
X1 X2 X0
X3
C
H1 H3 X1
1.5
X3
Pag. 274 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
X2
KTR
A
H1 H2 H3
X1
X2
Dz0
B
H1
H2
1
H3
X1 X3
X2
C
H1 H3
1
X1
X1 X0
X3
X2
H2
A
H1
H2
1.5
H3
X1
X3 X2
Dzn2
B
H1 H2 H3
X0
1.5
X3 X1 X0 X2
C
H1 H2 H3 X1
1.5
X3 X2
A Dz2 B
H1 H3 X3 H1 H2 H3 X1 X3 X2
Pag. 275 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2 X1 X2
KTR
C
H1 H2 H3 X3 X1
A
H1 H2 H3 X3
X0 X2
1.5
X1
Dzn4
B
H1 H2 H3
X0 X3 X1 X0
H1 H3
1.5
X2
C
X3
1.5
X2
H2
X1
A
H1 H2 H3 X3 X1 X2
Dz4
B
H1
H2
1
H3 X3 X1 X2
C
H1 H3
1
X3 X3 X0 H1 H3 X2 X2 X1
H2
Dzn6
1.5
Pag. 276 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
X3 X0 X1
KTR
B
H1
H2
1.5
H3
X3 X0 H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1 X2 X1
1.5
A
H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1
Dz6
B
H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1
C
H1 H2 H3 X2 X3
A
H1 H2 H3 X2
X0 X1 X3
1.5
Dzn8
B
H1 H2 H3 X2
X0 X1 X3 X0 H1 H3 X2 X1
1.5
1.5
Pag. 277 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2 X3
KTR
A
H1 H2 H3 X2 X3 X1
Dz8
B
H1 H2 H3 X2 X3 X1
C
H1 H2 H3 X2 X2 X0 X1 X3
A
H1 H2 H3 X2
1.5
X1 X3 X0
Dzn10
B
H1 H2 H3 X2 X0 H1 H2 H3 X2 X1 X3 X1 X3
1.5
1.5
A Dz10 B
H1 H3 H1 H2 H3 X1
X2
X3
1
X1
Pag. 278 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2 X2 X3
KTR
C
H1
H2
1
H3 X1
X2 X0 H3 X1 X3
A
H1
H0
H2
X2
YNyn0
B
H0 H1 H2 H3 X1 X2 X0 H3 H2 X1 X2 X3 X0 X3
C
H1
H0
A
H1
H0 H3 H2 X1 X2 X3
YNy0
B
H0 H1 H2 H3 X1 X2 X3
C
H1
H0 H3 H2 X1 X2 X0 H1 H3 X1 X3 X3
Yyn0
Pag. 279 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2 X2 X0 H1 H2 H3 X1 X2 X0 H1 H2 H3 X1 X2 X3 X3
KTR
A
H1 H2 H3 X1 X2 X3
Yy0
B
H1 H2 H3 X1 X2 X3
C
H1 H2 H3 X1 X3 X0 H3 H2 X3 X0 X2 X1 X3 X1
A
H1
H0
YNyn6
B
H0 H1 H2 H3 X3 X0 H3 X2 X2 X1
C
H1
H0
Pag. 280 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2 X3 X1
KTR
A
H0 H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1
YNy6
B
H0 H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1
C
H1
H0 H3 H2 X3 X0 H1 H2 H3 X3 X0 X2 X1 X2 X1
Yyn6
B
H1 H2 H3 X3 X0 H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1 X2 X1
A Yy6 B
H1 H3 X2 H1 H2 H3 X3 X2 X1
Pag. 281 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2 X3 X1
KTR
C
H1 H2 H3 X2
X2 X1 X0 X3
A
H1 H2 H3
X2 X0 X1 X3 X2 X1 X0 X3 X2 X1
Yzn1
B
H1 H2 H3
C
H1 H2 H3
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X3 X2
Yz1
B
H1 H2 H3
X1 X3 X2 X1
H1 H2 H3
3/2
3/2
X3
X1 X3 X0 X2
Yzn5
A
H1 H3
Pag. 282 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X1 X3 X0 X2 X1 X3 X0 X2 X1 X3
B
H1 H2 H3
C
H1 H2 H3
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X1
Yz5
B
H1 H2 H3
X3 X2 X1 X3
H1 H2 H3
3/2
3/2
X2
X3 X0 X1
A
H1 H2 H3
X2
X3 X1 X0
Yzn7
B
H1 H2 H3
X2 X3 X0 X1
C
H1 H3
X2
Pag. 283 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X3 X1
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X3 X1
Yz7
B
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2
X3 X1
C
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2
X2 X0 X1 X3
A
H1 H2 H3
X2 X3 X0
Yzn11
B
H1 H2 H3
X1 X2 X3 X0
C
H1 H2 H3
X1 X2 X3
A Yz11 B
H1 H3 H1 H2 H3
3/2
X1 X2 X3 X1
3/2
Pag. 284 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X2 X3
C
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X1
X2 X1
A
H1
H0 H3 H2
3
X3
X2 X1
YNd1
B
H0 H1 H2 H3
3
X3 X2
C
H1
H0 H3 H2
X1 X3 X2 X1
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X3 X2
Yd1
B
H1 H2 H3
X1 X3 X2 X1
H1 H2 H3
3/2
3/2
X3
X1 X3
H3
YNd5
A
H1
H0
1/3
Pag. 285 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X1 X3
B
H0 H1 H2 H3
1/3
X2 X1
C
H1
H0 H3 H2
X3 X2
1/3
X1 X3
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X1 X3
Yd5
B
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X1
C
H1 H2 H3
X3 X2
3/2
X3 X1
H3
A
H1
H0
1/3
X2
X3 X1
H2
YNd7
B
H0 H1 H2 H3
1/3
X2 X3 X1
C
H1
H0 H3
1/3
X2
Pag. 286 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X3 X1
A
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X3 X1
Yd7
B
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X3 X1
C
H1 H2 H3
3/2
X2 X2 X3
A
H1
H0 H3 H2
1/3
X1 X2 X3
YNd11
B
H0 H1 H2 H3
1/3
X1
X2 X3
H3
C
H1
H0
1/3
X1
X2 X3
H2
A Yd11 B
H1 H3 H1 H2 H3
3/2
X1 X2 X3 X1
3/2
Pag. 287 of 288
Vector Group
Meas.

H2
KTR
X2 X3
C
H1 H3
3/2
X1
1.1 How to read Transformer Turn Ratio connection table

a) Vector Group Choose the vector group accordingly with PT under test b) Meas. Rows A,B and C correspond to PT Ratio test window (see section 8.2.2)
c) Winding Connection: HV (V out) , LV (V input) YNd11 Meas. C example:
H2 H0 H1 H3
X2 X3 X1
Pag. 288 of 288
Yd11 Meas A example:
Short Circuit
H2
X2 X3
H1
H3
X1
d) KTR This coefficient is applied for the correct turn ratio measurement. The formula is:

ISA STS 5000 Application

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DATE: 04/02/2014

STS FAMILY APPLICATION GUIDE

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

REVISIONS N PAGE 1.0.1 1.0.3 1.0.4 1.0.6 All All 258-267

VISA Meneghin Meneghin Meneghin Meneghin

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

NOTE: WINDOWS is a trademark of MICROSOFT inc.

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

1.2 PRIOR TO TESTING

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

1.3 SHORT-CUT PUSHBUTTONS

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

1.4 THE KEYPAD

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

1.5 SAFETY SYMBOLS

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

1.6 POWER-ON AND OFF

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

1.7 RISKY SITUATIONS

Limit the access to the test area.

Use true sinusoidal waveform inverters only.

Test before connecting

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

1.8 HIGH VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TESTS

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2 FILES MANAGEMENT AND COMMON SELECTIONS

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.1 MAIN WINDOW

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.1 SAVE HEADER

button located to the

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.2 CREATE TEST PLAN

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

To the right, you have up to six different shortcuts:

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.3 RUN TEST PLAN

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.4 SAVE TEST PLAN

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.4.1 Save test plan in the STS memory

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.4.2 Save test plan in the USB memory

2.5 OPEN TEST PLAN

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.5.1 Open test plan from the STS memory

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.5.2 Open test plan from the USB memory

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6

2.6 TEST WINDOWS COMMON SELECTIONS

2.6.1. Upper part of the window

The icon color coding: o o

shows your assessment about test results, using the following

Gray : assessment not performed; Green : Test result is OK;

MIE12175 STS FAMILY Application Guide Rev 1.0.6