Research project Masters

Information and communication technology in power system - technology review

Date of submission: Student Name: Student %D: (irth: Super.isors: 45aminer:

20 March 2014 Wasim M. 204&'1 12.10.1&)&* $a+a,-a"estine M.Sc. (art"omiej !rendars/i Dr.#%n0. -r+em1s"a2 3omarnic/i -rof. Dr.#%n0. 6bi0nie2 !. St1c+1ns/i . !"#$hafir

Table of Contents
7ist of 8i0ures......................................................................................................................... i 7ist of 9ab"es.......................................................................................................................... ii 1. %N9R:D;<9%:N.............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 -o2er 0rid................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 4"ectrica" distribution in po2er s1stems........................................................................................... 1

2. <:MM;N%<!9%:N %N8R!S9R<;9R4.........................................................................2
2.1 <onceptua" reference mode".................................................................................................... 2 2.2 9he use of communication techno"o0ies ............................................................................... =

=. <:MM;N%<!9%:N <:N<4-9S....................................................................................4
=.1 Data f"o2 map............................................................................................................................ 4 =.2 <ommunication re>uirements.................................................................................................. ? =.= <ha""en0es of communication techno"o0ies........................................................................... '

4. W%R4D %<9........................................................................................................................ )
4.1 -o2er 7ine <ommunication @-7<A.......................................................................................... )
4.1.1 Narro2band -7<................................................................................................................................. ) 4.1.2 (roadband -7<.................................................................................................................................... & 4.1.= !pp"ications in the 0rid........................................................................................................................ & 4.1.4 Standards........................................................................................................................................... 11

4.2 8iber optics <ommunication................................................................................................... 11

4.2.1 !pp"ications in the 0rid..................................................................................................................... 11 4.2.2 Standards........................................................................................................................................... 12

4.= Di0ita" Subscriber 7ine@5DS7A................................................................................................ 12

4.=.1 !pp"ications in the 0rid..................................................................................................................... 1= 4.=.2 Standards........................................................................................................................................... 1=

4.4 <onc"usion................................................................................................................................ 1=

B. W%R474SS %<9............................................................................................................... 14
B.1 %444 )02.11 @W7!N or Wi8iA................................................................................................. 14
B.1.1 !pp"ications in the 0rid..................................................................................................................... 1B

B.1.2 Standards........................................................................................................................................... 1?

B.2 %444 )02.1? @WiM!CA............................................................................................................ 1?

B.2.1 !pp"ications in the 0rid..................................................................................................................... 1' B.2.2 Standards........................................................................................................................................... 1'

B.= $SM, $-RS............................................................................................................................. 1'

B.=.1 !pp"ications in the 0rid..................................................................................................................... 1) B.=.2 Standards........................................................................................................................................... 1)

B.4 %444 )02.1B.4 @6i0beeA.......................................................................................................... 1)

B.4.1 !pp"ications in the 0rid..................................................................................................................... 1& B.4.2 Standards........................................................................................................................................... 1&

B.B <onc"usion................................................................................................................................ 1&

?. S9!ND!RDS !ND -R:9:<:7S................................................................................1&

?.1 S<!D!...................................................................................................................................... 1& ?.2 $enera" standards................................................................................................................... 21
?.2.1 %4< ?1)B0........................................................................................................................................... 2= ?.2.2 %4< ?1&'0........................................................................................................................................... 24

?.= -rotoco"s................................................................................................................................... 24
?.=.1 9<-,%-................................................................................................................................................. 2B ?.=.2 4thernet............................................................................................................................................... 2?

'. -R%:R%9%6!9%:N :8 <:MM;N%<!9%:N D!9! 87:W 8:R D%884R4N9 D:79!$4 74D47S............................................................................................................ 2' ). S;MM!RE !ND <:N<7;S%:NS................................................................................=2 &. R484R4N<4S................................................................................................................ =B

List of Figures
8i0ure 1.1: $rid structure...............................................................................................1 8i0ure 2.2.1: Smart 0rid architecture.............................................................................= 8i0ure =.=.1: Substation architecture.............................................................................? 8i0ure 4.1.=: ("oc/ dia0ram of -7< modem..................................................................& 8i0ure 4.2.1: 8iber optics communication s1stem.......................................................12 8i0ure ?.1.1: S<!D! architecture...............................................................................21 8i0ure ?.2.1: %4< ?1)B0 substation architecture.........................................................2= 8i0ure ?.=.1: :peration of t2o %- hosts.......................................................................2? 8i0ure '.1: <ommunication techno"o0ies distribution* units* 2or"d mar/ets...............................................................................................................2& 8i0ure '.2: Different .o"ta0e "e.e" standards @toda1 and futureA.................................=1

List of Tables
9ab"e =.=.1: 8"o2s of data.............................................................................................B 9ab"e B.1: %444 )02.11 - E.......................................................................................1B 9ab"e B.=.1: Specifications of $SM,$-RS..................................................................1) 9ab"e ?.2.1: :.er.ie2 of po2er 0rid standards...........................................................22 9ab"e ?.=.1: 9<- descriptions.....................................................................................2B 9ab"e '.1: -enetration of communication techno"o0ies in po2er 0rid.........................2) 9ab"e '.2: communication 9echno"o0iesF specifications in po2er 0rid........................=0

ii

1. Introduction
1.1 Power grid

!n e"ectrica" 0rid is an interconnected net2or/ of used to de"i.er the e"ectricit1 from the 0eneration side to the consumption side as sho2n in 8i0ure 1.1. 9he 0rid consists of 0eneration stations that 0enerate e"ectricit1 at i0h Do"ta0e @ DA* sometimes it is needed to increase the .o"ta0e "e.e" to be connected to the 0rid* for that step up transformers are used then transmission "ines de"i.er the po2er from one side to another side. 9he transmission net2or/ can transfer po2er to a "on0 distance* sometimes across countries. 9he ne5t sta0e is in the substation 2here step do2n transformers are used to step do2n the po2er from the transmission "e.e" to the distribution "e.e" .o"ta0e. %n the fina" sta0e the po2er is sometimes further stepped# do2n from the distribution "e.e" to the re>uired ser.ice "e.e".

9he po2er 0rid has been a0in0 and some of its components can cause prob"ems in the near future in the 0rid due to the deterioration of materia"s. No2ada1s the demand for hi0h >ua"it1 e"ectricit1 has increased o.er the past 1ears.

8i0ure 1.1: $rid structure* G2H

1.1.1

lectrical distribution in power systems

9he distribution s1stemFs net2or/ is responsib"e for carr1in0 the e"ectricit1 from the transmission s1stem and "o2erin0 the .o"ta0e "e.e" from Medium Do"ta0e @MDA to 7o2 Do"ta0e @7DA* to the costumer usin0 step#do2n transformers. 9he distribution 0rid consists of transmission "ines* transformers inside the substation and 2irin0* etc. 9oda1Fs e"ectric po2er distribution net2or/ is .er1 comp"e5 s1stem and does not satisf1 the needs of the modern "ife re>uirements* due to its prob"ems such asI "ac/ of automated ana"1sis* poor .isibi"it1* mechanica" s2itches causin0 s"o2 response times* "ac/ of situation a2areness* etcG=H. 9hose prob"ems caused b"ac/outs* "oss of e"ectricit1 around the 2or"d* so the need of a ne2 infrastructure has emer0ed* usin0 the ne2 /no2"ed0e and ne2 techno"o0ies of the 21 st centur1.

!. Communication infrastructure
%n the "ast decades* the de.e"opments in computer and communication techno"o0ies ha.e affected the po2er 0rid in both positi.e and ne0ati.e 2a1. 9he positi.e side can be summari+ed as: the increase the efficienc1 of the 0rid* more secure and re"iab"e operation of the s1stem. :n the other hand* the ne0ati.e side is summari+ed as: the 0rid can be more comp"e5 and needs to be monitored for fau"ts 2hich can affect the de"i.er1 of e"ectricit1 to the consumer* and in some techno"o0ies the securit1 can be an issue. %nformation and <ommunication 9echno"o0ies @%<9A are the techno"o0ies used in manipu"ation* processin0 data and transferrin0 it from one side to another usin0 a medium of some sort.

!.1

Conceptual reference model

Different conceptua" mode"s and architectures ha.e been proposed to imp"ement the %<9 in the 0rid as sho2n in 8i0ure 2.2.1. %n 8i0ure 2.2.1 the smart 0rid architecture* 2here the communication infrastructure connectin0 a"" the components of the 0rid the modern 0rid does not on"1 consider e"ectricit1 "ines* it a"so consider the communication "ines 2hich can be imp"emented into the transmission "ines @e.0. -o2er 7ine <ommunicationA or it can ha.e separate 2

"ines. ! hi0h re"iab"e and secure t2o end communication in the modern 0rid to so".e the issues of the o"d po2er 0rid and de"i.ers the modern consumerFs needs.

8i0ure 2.2.1: Smart 0rid architecture* G1H

!.!

The use of communication technologies

9hese are techno"o0ies used to communicate bet2een t2o de.ices or more* in po2er 0rids* %<9 are used for data transmission from the monitored de.ice or e"ement to the operator for dia0nosis* monitorin0* contro" and protection of the s1stem* in a more re"iab"e* secure* efficient en.ironmenta"#friend"1* safe and stab"e 2a1. !"so %<9s ha.e made communication bet2een mar/ets possib"e 2hich he"ped on the demand and supp"1 process.

". Communication concepts

9here are some re>uirements to be considered to imp"ement %<9 into the modern 0rid. %n this section the re>uirements and the cha""en0es of %<9 2i"" be discussed.

".1

#ata flow map

9he data bein0 transmitted b1 the communication techno"o0ies are cate0ori+ed into four c"asses: Ra2 data -re#processed data from substation as reports istorica" data

9he ra2 data is co""ected b1 substationFs Super.isor1 <ontro" !nd Data !c>uisition @S<!D!A at the substation* usin0 the substationFs %nte""i0ent 4"ectronic De.ices @%4DSA before sendin0 to its centra"i+ed s1stem. 9he ra2 data is not direct"1 used in app"ications other than for archi.in0. JSubstation massa0e contains information about <ircuit (rea/er @<(A status* po2er f"o2 measurements* a"arms* re"a1 operation reports* s1nchroni+ed samp"es* rea"#time "oad and connecti.it1 information. 9hese reports 0enerated b1 different app"ications and e5chan0ed amon0 .arious users in the contro" center.K.G4H

9ab"e =.=.1 sho2s the f"o2 of data specifications @t1pe* path* .o"ume and c"assA and re>uirements for different paths in the substation. %f the re>uirements are met for different paths then the messa0es 2ou"d be transmitted and recei.ed 2ithout errors.

9ab"e =.=.1: 8"o2s of data*G4H

$o #ata From To Class stimated #ata %olume &e'uirements

1 ! "

<( status :.er current !"arm Re"a1 :peration Report -o2er 8"o2 Data istorian 4.ent fi"es S1stem info. Re>uest

Substation Substation Substation

!"arm processin0 !"arm processin0 !"arm processin0

2 2 2

10/b 10/b 10/b

Rea"#9ime Rea"#9ime Rea"#9ime

( ) * + ,

Substation Database Substation Substation 8au"t

8au"t 7ocation 8au"t 7ocation 8au"t 7ocation 8au"t 7ocation Database

2 4 2 2 ##

100/b 100/b#1Mb 100/b 100/b 10/b

Rea"#9ime :ff"ine Rea"#9ime Rea"#9ime ##

7ocation

1. 11 1!

S1nchroni+ed Samp"es -o2er 8"o2 Data S1stem %nfo. 4.ent 8i"es

Substation Substation Substation Substation

<ascadin0 !na"1sis <ascadin0 !na"1sis <ascadin0 !na"1sis <ascadin0 !na"1sis

2 2 2 2

100/b 100/b 100/b 100/b

S1nchroni+ation Rea"#9ime Rea"#9ime Rea"#9ime

8i0ure =.=.1 is a dia0ram of the communication paths. !rro2s represent the direction of the data f"o2* and the numbers on the paths are consistent 2ith the numberin0 of data in 9ab"e =.=.1.G4H

8i0ure =.=.1: Substation architecture* G4H

".!

Communication re'uirements

9he re>uirements of the techno"o01 used in the po2er 0rid* can be different from s1stem to s1stem and from techno"o01 to techno"o01* the communication re>uirements inc"ude: 9he amount of data to be transferred 2ith this techno"o01 and ho2 often and speed of transfer. ?

%f it is needed to transfer the data s1nchronous"1 or as1nchronous"1 Whether the f"o2 is uni# or bidirectiona" What "e.e" of securit1 and error#contro" are needed 9he "ocation of the app"ication @recei.erA on the communication infrastructure

9he fo""o2in0 is a 0enera" description of the re>uirements in .arious paths: /ubstations and I #s0 Data must be in broadcast#subscription mode. Some re>uirements inc"ude the data rate of se.era" 3bps to se.era" Mbps* dependin0 of the characteristics of the %4Ds. Control center and substation0 data must be in point#to#point mode. Data rates

up to se.era" Mbps. 1mong 1pplications0 Data must be in point#to#point mode. Data rates of se.era"

Mbps up to $bps to hand"e the "ar0e data f"o2.G4H

"."

Challenges of communication technologies

%<9s ha.e man1 ad.anta0esI ho2e.er there are some disad.anta0es and cha""en0es 2hich did not e5ist or 2as not consider important before or after usin0 %<9 in po2er 0rid.

%<9 opened possibi"ities to securit1 prob"ems and c1ber attac/sI it can a"so increase the cost of the in.estment on the 0rid. Some of the cha""en0es in the e5istin0 communication infrastructure are mentioned be"o2:

2andwidth Most of the communication net2or/s used in the modern po2er 0rid are "o2# band2idth net2or/ techno"o0ies. %f ne2 data is needed to be co""ected* e5tra band2idth 2ou"d be needed for the e5tra "ar0e data si+e* so if the communication '

de.ice cannot hand"e that* it 2ou"d be needed to be rep"aced 2hich is e5tra cost for the s1stem.

Latency 7atenc1 is decide b1 the transfer data and number of s2itches the data passes throu0h 2hi"e transferred* in some app"ications 2hich intended to support the contro" and operation of the s1stem* "atenc1 becomes the most important prob"em. 9he most important re>uirement comes from the cascadin0 e.ent detection* 2here the data shou"d be transferred 2ithin fe2 mi""iseconds.

#ata compression 8or the e.ents that are stab"e 2ithout much chan0e in the 2a.eforms and measurement* data compression is used to he"p time"1 transfer of information and impro.e efficienc1 and reduce "atenc1.

Congestion management ;nder the condition of hea.1 traffic in the communication channe"* the /e1 prob"ems in the con0estion mana0ement are data c"assification and prioriti+ed communication channe".G4H

(. 3ired ICT
%n the fo""o2in0 section* a re.ie2 on the %<9 that in.o".e 2ires,cab"es in the transfer of data and their standards and app"ications 2i"" be presented. )

(.1

Power Line Communication 4PLC5

:ne of the o"dest techno"o0ies used in the po2er 0rid. %t in.o".es introduction of a modu"ated carrier si0na" o.er the e5istin0 po2er "ine cab"es for t2o 2a1 communication. -7< is c"assified into t2o major t1pes: Narro2band -7< and (roadband -7<.GBH

(.1.1 $arrowband PLC

9his t1pe of -7< has an operatin0 fre>uenc1 of =#B00 3 +. %t is more suitab"e for sensin0 and communication purposes and "o2 band2idth app"ications.GBH

Low data rate $arrowband PLC

9he "o2 data rate Narro2band -7< is a sin0"e carrier based techno"o01* 2ith data rate up to 103bps.

6igh data rate $arrowband PLC

9he hi0h data rate Narro2band -7< is a mu"ti#carrier techno"o01 2ith data rate "ess than 1 Mbps.

(.1.! 2roadband PLC

9he operatin0 fre>uenc1 ran0e in this techno"o01 is 2#2B0 M + 2ith data rates up to hundreds Mbps* it is more suited for end#user and internet app"ications due to the hi0h speed.

(.1." 1pplications in the grid

(efore discussin0 the possib"e app"ications of -7< in the po2er 0rid* the -7< modem that is used to connect the de.ice to the po2er "ine shou"d be discussed. 8i0ure 4.1.= sho2s the concept of -7< modem and ho2 it is connected to the transmission "ine. &

8i0ure 4.1.=: ("oc/ dia0ram of -7< modem* G'H

-o2er 7ine <ommunication is one of the "eadin0 techno"o0ies for 0rid app"ications that need "o2 fre>uenc1 band2idth communication @Narro2band -7<A such as smart meterin0* "i0htin0 contro"* so"ar* p"u0#in e"ectrica" .ehic"e* and securit1 .G'H 8or these app"ications* -7< p"a1s an ad.anta0eous ro"e* in terms of band2idth* po2er and cost needs. De.e"opin0 an efficient -7< is not an eas1 tas/* consideration of some cha""en0es shou"d be ta/in0 into account due to the fact that po2er "ines ha.e inherent"1 nois1 channe"* and re>uire a robust desi0n to ensure the re"iabi"it1 re>uirement* a"so e.er1 app"ication is different and de.e"opers need to optimi+e the desi0ns 2ith .ariet1 of factors.

Some of the /e1 app"ications of -o2er 7ine <ommunication in.o".e automation of the Medium Do"ta0e @MDA 0rids and substations. 9he tas/s in.o".es here are "ocation* iso"ation and fau"t restoration 2hich need a "o2 data rates for communication.GBH

10

9he automatic,!d.ance Meterin0 %nfrastructure @!M%A is another app"ication 2hich re>uires re"ati.e"1 "o2 data rates* so the Narro2band -7< is suited for this purpose. 9he ad.anta0e of usin0 "o2 data rate Narro2band -7< is that the "o2 fre>uenc1 si0na"s pass easi"1 throu0h the MD,7D transformers as compared to the hi0h fre>uenc1 si0na"s due to the inducti.e nature of the transformer GBH. 9his can be so".ed b1 the use of coup"ers but the cost 2i"" increase.

!nother app"ication is in p"u0#in e"ectrica" .ehic"e communication* S!4 L2=&=19M specifies the communication protoco"s for .ehic"e char0in0 app"ications.G)H ! cha""en0e in this app"ication is tempora" and spatia" .ariation of the input impedance* adapti.e impedance matchin0 circuit is needed for such a desi0n.

Some of the recent app"ications in MD distribution 0rids: Monitorin0: measurements on de.ices and net2or/ e"ements. :perationa" ser.ices: remote contro"* emer0enc1 si0na"s* securit1 s1stems* messa0in0. Net2or/#mana0ement optimi+ation: minimi+in0 the effects of fau"ts,net2or/ maintenance on the s1stem.G&H

(.1.( /tandards
%n this section* the standards 2hich define and re0u"ate the data f"o2 in -7< techno"o01 2i"" be discussed. Some of the standards are:

11

7o2 data rate Narro2band -7<: standards of %4< 14&0)#= @7on Wor/sA* %4< 14B4=#=#B @3NC* (;SA* <4!M?00.=1 @<4(usA* %4< ?1==4#=#1 @D7MSA* %4< ?1==4#B#1.GBH

i0h data rate Narro2band -7<: standards and recommendation de.e"oped b1 %444 1&01.2* %9;#9 $.henm* -R%M4 and $=#-7<.GBH

(roadband -7<: 9he standards de.e"oped for this inc"udes %444 1&01* 9%!M 111=* @ ome-"u0 1.0A* %9;#9 $.hn @$.&&?0,$.&&?1A* D#-7< G?H.

(.!

Fiber optics communication

J8iber optics communication is a method of transmittin0 data from one p"ace to another b1 sendin0 pu"ses of "i0ht throu0h an optica" fiberKG&H. !t rates up to 400 $bit,s* but t1pica" 10 or 40 $bpsG10H.

9he bi00est ad.anta0e of fiber optics that* it is the most effecti.e so"ution for transferrin0 the data in a fast 2a1 and in a "on0 distance communication 2ith minimum po2er "oss* a"so the nature of the die"ectric in the fiber cab"es* ma/e it near"1 impossib"e to remote"1 detect the si0na" passin0 2ithin the cab"e.

(.!.1 1pplications in the grid

!s mentioned before fiber optics has hi0h data rates* so it can be imp"emented 2here.er a hi0h band2idth needed e.0. in transmissions .o"ta0e "e.e"* a"so it can be imp"emented instead of -7< techno"o01* but it 2i"" cause an increase of cost due to the fact that fiber opticsF cab"es need to be bou0ht and insta""ed.

8i0ure 4.2.1 sho2s the use of fiber optics cab"es in substation communication instead of po2er "ines* as it is /no2n the faster the data %s recei.ed to ana"1+e* the faster the response 2ou"d be* so usin0 fiber optics for protection of de.ices 2ou"d be the optimum app"ication. 12

8i0ure 4.2.1: 8iber optics communication s1stem.G11H

9he modern substation automation re>uires contro" of man1 de.ices 2ithin the net2or/ such as circuit brea/s and s2itchin0 re"a1s.G11H

(.!.! /tandards
Standards of fiber optics communications 2i"" be presented in this section. %9;#9 $.?B1.1 N<haracteristics of a B0,12B Om mu"timode 0raded inde5 optica" fiber cab"eJ. %9;#9 $.?B2* N<haracteristics of a sin0"e#mode optica" fiber cab"eJ. !"so /no2 as standard SM8 @Sin0"e#Mode 8iber opticsA is most common used standard for fiber optics communication.

(."

#igital /ubscriber Line 47#/L5

Di0ita" Subscriber 7ines @DS7sA are hi0h#speed di0ita" data transmission techno"o01 that uses the t2isted pairs 2ires of the .oice te"ephone net2or/.G1H %t can ha.e fre>uencies hi0her than 1 M + in !DS7 @!s1mmetric Di0ita" Subscriber 7ineA enab"ed te"ephone "ine. 5DS7 refers to man1 t1pes of DS7 techno"o0ies such as 1=

!DS7@up"oad rate: up to 2 Mbps* do2n"oad: up to 2B? 3bpsA.etc. 9he "atest techno"o01 is S DS7 @Standard for Sin0"e#-air i0h#speed Di0ita" Subscriber 7ineA 2hich supports e.en hi0her than 4.? Mbps o.er "on0er distances. 9he e5istence of phone "ines reduces the insta""ation cost* but sometimes a contract bet2een the consumer and the te"ephone compan1 is needed to enab"e that ser.ice on the phone "ine. !nother reason or ad.anta0e can be the 2idespread a.ai"abi"it1 as no2ada1s a"most e.er1 house has a te"ephone "ine* a"so the hi0h band2idth data transmissions. 9hese reasons are the most important for ma/in0 the DS7 techno"o01 the first choice for e"ectricit1 supp"iers to imp"ement smart meters. customer and insta""ation cost in rura" areas.G12H o2e.er* 5DS7 faces some cha""en0es in terms of access "ine re0u"ation* dependence on the

(.".1

1pplication in the grid

<ompared to fiber optics* DS7 techno"o01 has a "o2er insta""ation cost and "o2er band2idth. Smart Meterin0 %nfrastructure: <ompared to -7<* 5DS7 2ou"d ha.e hi0her insta""ation cost* because usua""1* the cab"es infrastructure 2i"" need another "in/ @2ired or 2ire"essA to the smart meter 2hich needs permission from the consumer. !"so 5DS7 is used instead of po2er "ine communication in the "o2 fre>uenc1 app"ications of -7<* but it depends on the re0ion and the distance bet2een the transmittin0 and recei.in0 sides.G12H

(.".!

/tandards

Standards of 5DS7 2i"" be presented in this section. 9hese are a 0roup of standards from different 5DS7 techno"o0ies* %9; $.&&2.5* 2here 5 is from 1 to B . (etter /no2n as $.dmt for !DS7

(.(

Conclusion
14

9o conc"ude* 2ired communication techno"o0ies* such as -7<* 5DS7 and fiber optics are cost"1 for 2ide area dep"o1ments but the1 are used to increase the re"iabi"it1* communication capacit1* and securit1. So it is a trade off* bet2een cost and re"iabi"it1* capacit1 and securit1. :n the other hand* 2ire"ess communication techno"o0ies can reduce the cost but pro.ide "o2er band2idth and securit1 issues* 2hich 2i"" be discussed in the fo""o2in0 chapter.G1H

). 3ireless ICT
).1 I ,.!.11 43L1$ or 3iFi5

Wire"ess 7oca" !rea Net2or/ @W7!NA or Wi#8i is the most famous amon0 the other 2ire"ess standardsI it 2as de.e"oped b1 Wi#8i a""iance under the %444 )02.11 standards. 9he ph1sica" and Media !ccess <ontro" @M!<A "a1ers a"so 2ere de.e"oped under the same standards. Most popu"ar amon0 these .ersions are %444 )02.11b and )02.110* the ne2est is %444 )02.11n. J;n"i/e the ce""u"ar and WiM!C net2or/s* the )02.11 W7!Ns operate so"e"1 on un"icensed spectrum at 2.4 $ + and B $ +K G1=H.

%444 )02.11 standard defines a M!< "a1er and a ph1sica" "a1er. %n the ph1sica" "a1er* the t1pe of modu"ation* ma5imum indoor,outdoor ran0e and operatin0 fre>uenc1 are defined. 9here are four t1pes of ph1sica" "a1ers that are 2ide"1 in use: )02.11b 2.4 $ +* )02.110 2.4 $ +* )02.11a B $ + and )02.11n @draftA 2.4 and B $ + - E.G1=H

9he M!< "a1er pro.ides: Media access contro" .ia carrier sense mu"tip"e access,co""ision a.oidance @<SM!,<!A. -rioriti+ation for up to ei0ht priorities. <onfidentia"it1 and inte0rit1 .ia encr1ption and messa0e di0estsI 8ra0mentation and reassemb"1.G1=H 1B

J%444 )02.11n @draftA modifies the )02.11 standard to add support for pac/in0 of mu"tip"e upper "a1er protoco" pac/ets into a sin0"e %444 )02.11 frame to impro.e throu0hputK.G1=H

9ab"e B.1 presents a summar1 of the different - E specifications current"1 in use. %t comes to concern that usin0 different modu"ation* the data rates chan0es and the throu0hput a"so.

9ab"e B.1 %444 )02.11 - E G<isco S1stems 200&aH

P68 type 1pproval date 9perating fre'uency :odulation Typical throughput $et bit rate ,.!.11b 1&&& ,.!.11a 1&&& 2.4 $ + B$ + 2.4 $ + 2.4,B $ + DSSS :8DM :8DM :8DM 2ith M%M: B#' Mbps 2B#14 Mbps 14 Mbps 100 Mbps 11 Mbps B4 Mbps B4 Mbps 1B0 Mbps :a7 indoor range 4ft5 100 B0 100 =00 :a7 outdoor range 4ft5 =00 100 =00 ?00

,.!.11g 200= ,.!.11n 200&

Wi8i pro.ides robust performance in a shared spectrum and nois1 Radio 8re>uenc1 @R8A channe" en.ironment. %t a"so supports a"" %nternet -rotoco" @%-A protoco"s* a"so 2ide ran0e of data rates 2ith point to point and point to mu"tipoint communications. Securit1 features for secure and authentic data communication are a"so imp"emented* ma/in0 it stron0 net2or/ so"ution for 0rid app"ications.GBH 1? o2e.er* the %nterference*

re"iabi"it1 and a.ai"abi"it1 of industria" 0rade W7!N,W%8% e>uipment* and short co.era0e and short distances are major dra2bac/s of W7!N.

).1.1

1pplication in the grid

!utomatic Meterin0 %nfrastructure @!M%A: %n.o".e re"a1in0 information from the ener01 meters bac/ to the uti"it1 centra" database. ! scenario 2here there are man1 meters* this in.o".es Nei0hborhood !rea Net2or/ @N!NA 2hich re"a1s the information to the nearest co""ector station @access pointsA in their re0ion.GBH ;sin0 that* W7!N reduced the operationa" costs b1 e"imination the need of human readers.

Remote s1stem monitorin0 and e>uipment fau"t dia0nostics @remote sensin0A: %n po2er s1stems no2ada1s* safet1 and re"iabi"it1 ha.e become one of the most critica" tas/s. S1stem brea/do2ns caused b1 component fau"ts* en.ironmenta" factors* cou"d cause hu0e "osses both in the economica" and pub"ic concern.G14H Man1 of the s1stem ma"functions can be a.oided if the s1stem is 2e""#monitored and the e"ements are better coordinated. Wire"ess sensor is imp"emented for that case* to monitor e"ements of the s1stem* such as .o"ta0e* current* 0enerator rotationa" speed etc. Wire"ess Super.isor1 <ontro" !nd Data !c>uisition @S<!D!A techno"o01: Man1 of the 2ire"ess S<!D! s1stems operate in a Jbroadcast mode 2here there is a point to mu"tipoint communication bet2een the de.ices on a particu"ar channe"* meanin0 that a"" de.ices can communicate 2ith each other and an1 messa0e sent can be recei.ed b1 a"" others on the channe".G1=H

).1.!

/tandards

9he standards used to re0u"ate the communication in W7!N are: %444 )02.11a,0,n,b 2here @a,0,n,bA is the ph1sica" "a1er t1pe.

1'

).!

,.!.1* 43i:1;5
%nteroperabi"it1 for Micro2a.e !ccess @WiM!CA is a 2ire"ess

Wor"d2ide

communication techno"o01 de.e"oped usin0 the %444 )02.1? standards for 2ire"ess broadband.GBH %444 )02.1? specifies the ph1sica" and M!< "a1ers. 9he ph1sica" "a1er in.o".es the si0na" modu"ation* :rtho0ona" 8re>uenc1#Di.ision Mu"tip"e !ccess @:8DM!A 2ith other features inc"udin0 Mu"ti#%nput#Mu"ti#:utput @M%M:A based on the antenna s1stems used in Non#"ine of Si0ht @NoSA capabi"it1.GBH :n the other hand* M!< "a1er incorporates the po2er sa.in0 techni>ues such as s"eep mode* id"e mode* etc. WiM!C is specifica""1 desi0ned for point#to#mu"tipoint communications 2ith data rates up to '0 Mbps and "on0 distance up to B0/mI it has t2o fre>uenc1 bands* one for "ine#of#si0ht @11#?? $ +A and the other for non#"ine of#si0ht @2#11 $ +AGBH. WiM!C pro.ides re"iab"e bac/#end communication "in/ @hi0h data rates and point to mu"tipoint capabi"it1A* and "o2 o.era"" insta""ation cost and "ar0e co.era0e area.

).!.1

1pplication in the grid

!utomatic Meterin0 %nfrastructure @!M%A. Dideo sur.ei""ance: %n this case it is used for securit1 reasons* due to the hi0h data ratesI it can be an ad.anta0e to use WiM!C to obser.e some critica" e"ements in the s1stem such as substations. Rea"#time communication "in/: used in case of rea" time protection of re"a1s* and sendin0,recei.in0 rea" time si0na"s from the s1stem operators for e5amp"e.

).!.!

/tandards

9he standards fami"1 of WiM!C is: %444 )02.1?d,e,m 2here @d,e,mA are the ph1sica" "a1er t1pe 2hich chan0es the operatin0 ran0e and data rates. 1)

)."

</:= <P&/

$SM @$"oba" S1stem for Mobi"eA is the most popu"ar ce""u"ar net2or/ dep"o1ed a"" o.er the 2or"d. $enera" Packet Radio Service @$-RSA emp"o1s pac/et based transfer of data o.er the circuit s2itched $SM net2or/.GBH $SM architecture consists of four components @mobi"e handset* base station subs1stem* net2or/ s2itchin0 substation and operation support substationA. %t is considered amon0 the most secure communication net2or/s used no2ada1s. !mon0 the reasons of usin0 such techno"o01 are: $SM is mature Wide co.era0e* it is a"most co.erin0 the 2ho"e 2or"d %t has "ess deterioration of si0na" inside bui"din0s Repeaters can be used to amp"if1 the si0na"

:n the other hand there are some "imitations to $SM: Pua"it1 of Ser.ice @PoSA is a serious prob"em in cases 2here abso"ute re"iabi"it1 of communication is re>uired such as in substation protection* remote monitorin0* etc. 9he uti"ities do not ha.e direct contro" o.er the communication net2or/I it is the job of the pro.ider compan1 to contro" that.GBH %t has "o2 data rates as sho2n in 9ab"e B.=.1 in the ne5t section 9he amount of traffic on the ser.ice can affect the >ua"it1 of the si0na"

).".1

1pplication in the grid

9ab"e B.=.1 summari+es the specifications* app"ications and some of the "imitations of $SM. 9ab"e B.=.1 Specifications of $SM,$-RS.GBH

1&

Technology

/pectrum

#ata rate ;p to 2'0 3bps

Coverage range

1pplications !M%* substation automation

Limitations

</:

&00#1)00 M +

and protection* transmission 1#10 /m "ine monitorin0 and protection 7o2 data rates

<P&/

&00#1)00 M +

;p to 2'0 3bps 1#10 /m

!M%* substation automation and protection* transmission "ine monitorin0 and protection 7o2 data rates

o !M%: S%M @Subscriber Messa0e Ser.iceA cards are embedded in the meters and the recorded data is re"a1ed to the database .ia $-RS or SMS.GBH o Substation automation and protection purposes* it can a"so be used to monitor distributed ener01 resources as 2e"".GBH

).".!

/tandards

$SM standard de.e"oped b1 4uropean 9e"ecommunications Standards %nstitute @49S%A 2hich defines ho2 the data shou"d be formatted to be transmitted.

).(

,.!.1).( 4>igbee5

6i0bee is a 2ire"ess techno"o01 that has "o2 po2er usa0e* data rates* comp"e5it1 and cost that made it suited for "o2 ener01 app"ications* such as automatic meter readin0* ener01 monitorin0* etc. 6i0bee has 1? channe"s of BM + each in the 2.4 $ + band. Data rates up to 2B0 3b,s and ran0e =0#B0m. :n the other hand* there are some constraints in the practica" imp"ementation* such as "o2 processin0 capabi"it1* sma"" memor1 si+e* sma"" de"a1 re>uirements* short ran0e and bein0 subject to interference 2ith other app"iances.GBH 20

).(.1 1pplication in the grid

!M%: readin0 the meters. Monitorin0 ener01 consumption.

).(.! /tandards
9he standard used to re0u"ate and mana0e the data f"o2 in 6i0bee
%444 )02.1B.4

).)

Conclusion

%n this chapter* .arious 2ire"ess communication techno"o0ies 2hich are used in po2er 0rids 2ere presented* their ad.anta0es,disad.anta0es and their app"ications in the 0rid. Wire"ess techno"o0ies ha.e in common is that the1 reduce the insta""ation cost* but pro.ide constrained band2idth and securit1 issues 2hich shou"d be considered before usin0 them in the po2er 0rid.

*. /tandards and protocols

*.1 /C1#1

JSuper.isor1 contro" and data ac>uisition @S<!D!A s1stem for a po2er distribution app"ication is a -<#based soft2are pac/a0eK.G24H Data is co""ected from the e"ectrica" distribution s1stem 2hich most"1 ori0inated at substations. ! substation has .ar1in0 numbers of contro""ers and operator interface points dependin0 on the si+e and comp"e5it1 of the data.G24H S<!D! distin0uished itse"f from other contro" s1stems b1 bein0 a "ar0e#sca"e process that can inc"ude mu"tip"e sites* and "ar0e distances.G1BH

21

Common system components0 &emote Terminal ?nits 4&T?s5 connect to sensors in the process and con.ert the sensor si0na" @ana"o0ueA to di0ita" data. R9;s often ha.e some embedded contro" capabi"ities to achie.e the boo"ean "o0ic operations.

Programmable Logic Controllers 4PLCs5 <onnected to sensors in the process and con.ert the si0na" to di0ita" data. -7< has more sophisticated contro" capabi"ities* and one or more pro0rammin0 "an0ua0e* than R9;s. Telemetry system %t is used to connect -7<s and R9; 2ith the contro" center* it is the media used to transfer the data* it can be te"ephone "ines or others net2or/s. #ata ac'uisition server %t is the soft2are ser.ice 2hich uses the industria" protoco"s to estab"ish a connection bet2een the R9; and -7< to the contro" centers .ia the te"emetr1 s1stem. 6uman@:achine Interface46:I5 %t is the de.ice that presents the processed data to the s1stem operator* throu0h itI the s1stem operator can monitor and interact 2ith the process. 6istorian %t is the soft2are responsib"e to process the data and create the .isib"e 0raphs on the M% throu0h boo"ean e.ents* and other a"0orithms and processin0 procedures. /upervisory 4computer5 system <o""ectin0 the data on the process and sendin0 the contro" si0na"s to the process.

22

 Communication infrastructure0 9he communication techno"o01 used to connect the super.isor1 s1stem to the R9;s.G1BH %n t1pica" substation* one or more -ro0rammab"e <ontro""ers @-<sA are "ocated at different contro" and monitorin0 points. 9he "in/s bet2een those -<s and the centra" -< is 0enera""1 4thernet#based that uses intranet.G2=H S<!D! does not on"1 co""ect data* it a"so a""o2 commands to be issued from centra" contro" and monitorin0 points to substations if desired situation a""o2 that* such commands can enab"e a fu"" remote contro" of the substation .G24H

(enefits of %mp"ementin0 S<!D! s1stems for e"ectrica" distribution: Q %ncreases re"iabi"it1 Q 4"iminates the need for manua" data co""ection Q 8ast detection of error b1 monitorin0 the s1stem Q -rotectin0 the 2or/ers* b1 fast detection and addressin0 of the prob"em Q Detect future prob"emsI pro.ide better routine maintenance of e>uipment and spot areas for impro.ement Q Darious 2a1s of .ie2in0 the data in istorian* 2hich impro.e efficienc1.G24H 8i0ure ?.1.1 sho2s the main components of S<!D! s1stems* the operator uses to .ie2 the data and ma/e the decision about prob"ems. M%

8i0ure ?.1.1: S<!D! architecture* G1?H

2=

*.!

<eneral standards

%n the fo""o2in0 section* 0enera" standards of %<9 2i"" be presented as sho2n in 9ab"e ?.2.1* and some of the important standards 2i"" be discussed.

%n the pre.ious chapters of %<9 2ired or 2ire"ess techno"o0ies* standards for specific techno"o01 2ere presented. %n this section* standards for .arious %<9 2i"" be sho2n. 9hese standards 0i.e the specifications and mode"s of ho2 the data shou"d f"o2 in the s1stem and defines the c1ber securit1 for communication techno"o0ies. 9ab"e ?.2.1 sho2s the common standards no2ada1s* the app"ications of these standards and a short detai" on 2hat these standards are* respecti.e"1. 9ab"e ?.2.1: :.er.ie2 of po2er 0rid standards.G1H
/tandard I C *1-+.= I C *1-*I C *1,). #etails -ro.ides <ommon %nformation Mode" @<%MA: %4< ?1&'0 2or/s in transmission domain and %4< ?1&?& 2or/s in distribution domain 8"e5ib"e* future proofin0* open standard* communication bet2een de.ices in substation automation s1stems* transmission* and distribution I C *.,+.-* I C *!")1 part 1-, <"-PLC I P1-.1 -ro.ides interoperabi"it1* c1ber securit1* and robustness i0h speed -o2er 7ine <ommunications <ontain the ph1sica" and data "in/ "a1ers specifications :pen standard for 2ire"ess s1stems 8"e5ib"e meterin0 mode" for common data structures and industr1 J.ocabu"ar1K for meter data communications 1$I C1!.!! :-2?/ /1 A!!-" /1 A!,"* Data net2or/ communications are supported and <12.1& 9ab"es are transported 4uropean standard and pro.idin0 the re>uirements for remote"1 readin0 a"" /inds of uti"it1 meters Standard for the e"ectrica" ener01 transfer from e"ectric uti"it1 to 4"ectric Dehic"es@4DA Supportin0 use cases for p"u0#in 4"ectric Dehic"es 4"ectric Dehic"e supp"1 e>uipment 4"ectric Dehic"e !M% !M% Data e5chan0e bet2een uti"it1 contro" centers* uti"ities po2er poo"s* re0iona" contro" centers Defines c1ber securit1 for the communication protoco"s %nter#contro" center communication %nformation securit1 s1stems !M% -7< app"ications: !M% IT?-T <.--))=<.--)* I/11...11a 1$I C1!.1Distribution automation* !M% %ndustria" automation !M% Substation automation 1pplication 4ner01 Mana0ement S1stems@4MSA

24

communication /1 A!,(+ Supports communication messa0es bet2een -4Ds and 0rid components 4"ectric Dehic"e

*.!.1 I C *1,).
! standard from the %nternationa" 4"ectro#technica" <ommission @%4< ) that defines the communication bet2een de.ices in transmission* distribution and substation automation s1stems.G1H %t defines the 0enera" and specific functiona" re>uirements for communication in substations. 9hese re>uirements are used as forcin0 functions to he"p in the identification of the ser.ices and data mode"s* app"ication protoco"* and the under"1in0 transport* net2or/* data "in/* and ph1sica" "a1ers that 2i"" meet the o.era"" re>uirements.G1'H %4< ?1)B0 is f"e5ib"e* open standard* compatib"e 2ith <ommon %nformation Mode" @<%MA used in monitorin0* protection and contro" app"ications. %4< ?1)B0 does not on"1 specif1 the protoco" e"ements @ho2 the b1tes are transmittedA* it a"so pro.ides a suitab"e mode" sho2in0 ho2 to or0ani+e the data in po2er s1stem de.ices in such a 2a1 that is consistent in a"" the de.ices in the manner of t1pes and brands. 9his he"p in e"imination of the tedious non#po2er s1stem settin0 efforts.G2=H 8i0ure ?.2.1 sho2s an e5amp"e of substationFs %4< ?1)B0 architecture 2ith the use of 4thernet.

8i0ure ?.2.1: %4< ?1)B0 substation architecture* G2=H 2B

9en parts of this standard are no2 %nternationa" Standards. 9his standard addresses man1 of the di0ita" 2or"dFs issues* especia""1* standardi+ation of data names* creation of a comprehensi.e set of ser.ices* imp"ementation o.er standard protoco"s and hard2are* and definition of a process bus. :n0oin0 researches are discussin0 the uti"i+ation of %4< ?1)B0 as substationFs contro" center communication protoco". Soon %4< ?1)B0 2i"" become the choice for net2or/ so"utions in the substations and be1ond.G2=H

*.!.! I C *1-+.
%4< ?1&'0 and %4< ?1&?) t2o standards* that pro.ide 2hat is ca""ed a <ommon %nformation Mode" @<%MA* 2hich is important for e5chan0in0 the data bet2een net2or/s and de.ices in the 0rid. %4< ?1&'0 2or/s in the transmission "e.e" and it dea"s 2ith the app"ication pro0ram interfaces for 4ner01 Mana0ement S1stems @4MSA. %t pro.ides 0uide"ines that faci"itate.G1)H: 9he inte0ration of app"ication de.e"oped b1 different supp"iers. 9he e5chan0e of information to s1stems e5terna" to the contro" center en.ironment. 9he pro.ision of interfaces for data e5chan0e across ne2 s1stems.

%4< ?1&'0#=01 represents the main part of this standard series and inc"udes most of the objects re>uired to mode" po2er net2or/s. !"so the %4< ?1&'0 contains the <omponent %nterface Specifications @<%SA 2hich define ho2 to combine the p"atform independent data mode"s and the 0eneric interfaces to be used 2ith communication standards as 2e"" as the $eneric %nterface Definitions @$%DA focusin0 on the status of e5chan0ed data and its use comp"iant to <%M semantics. :ne of the main tas/s of the <%M is to pro.ide a p"atform independent data mode". Mappin0s to speciRc techno"o0ies order* "i/e Resource Description 8rame2or/ @RD8A* 45tensib"e Mar/up 7an0ua0e @CM7A* and Web :nto"o01 7an0ua0e @:W7A are specified to ma/e these mode"s app"icab"e.G2BH

2?

*."

Protocols

%nteroperabi"it1 of %<9 has impro.ed b1 use of a functiona""1 "a1ered protoco" in accordance 2ith the internation o0rani+ation for standardi+ation @%S:A and other protoco"s such as 9<-,%-* 4thernet. %n this section* a re.ie2 on the important protoco"s used to re0u"ate the data f"o2 in the communication techno"o0ies 2i"" be discussed.

*.".1 TCP=IP
9he 9ransmission <ontro" -rotoco" @9<-A is one of the bases protoco"s of the %nternet -rotoco" suite @%-A* and it is usua" that the entire suite is ca""ed 9<-,%-.G21H 9<-,%specifies ho2 data shou"d be formatted* addressed* transmitted* routed and recei.ed at the recei.er side.G22H 9<-,%- is or0ani+ed into four abstraction "a1ers 2hich are used to or0ani+e re"ated protoco"s accordin0 to the net2or/. 9he "a1ers from the "o2est to the hi0hest are: LinB layer0 containin0 communication techno"o0ies for a sin0"e net2or/ se0ment @"in/A Internet layer0 connectin0 independent net2or/s* so it estab"ishes internet2or/in0 Transport layer0 hand"in0 process#to#process communication 1pplication layer: interfaces to the user and pro.ides support ser.ices.G22H

9ab"e ?.=.1 summari+es the descriptions of 9<-. %n respect of transmission speed* retransmission abi"it1* and data interface to app"ication. 9ab"e ?.=.1: 9<- descriptions*G22H

2'

#escription 9ransmission speed Retransmission

TCP i0h

De"i.er1 of a"" data is mana0ed* and the "ost data is retransmitted automatica""1

Data interface to Stream#basted* data is sent 2ith app"ication no particu"ar structure.

9he "a1ers near the top @i.e app"ication "a1erA are "o0ica""1 c"oser to the user app"ication* 2hi"e bottom "a1ers are c"oser to the ph1sica" transmission of the data. G21H* the fo""o2in0 8i0ure ?.=.1 sho2s the operation bet2een t2o %- hosts and the "a1ers of the protoco".

8i0ure?.=.1: :peration of t2o %- hosts* G22H 2)

*.".!

thernet

4thernet is one of the 2ide"1 accepted standards no2ada1s. 9he main idea that t2o peers communicate b1 a cab"e not necessar1 in a direct cab"e be2teen them* peers communicate 2ith a s2itch and the s2itch for2ard the messa0e to the destination. 9he 4thernet standards consist of se.era" 2irin0 and .ariab"es of the :peration S1stem %nterfaceSs @:S%A ph1sica" "a1er in use 2ith 4thernet. %ndustria" 4thernet is inc"uded in %4< ?1)B0 and it has the fo""o2in0 specifics: Q 100 mbps band2idth. Q Non#b"oc/in0 s2itchin0 techno"o01. Q -riorit1 ta00in0 for important messa0es. Q 9ime s1nchroni+ation. ;sin0 4thernet#based strate01 in substation net2or/ has man1 ad.anta0es such as hi0h capacit1* f"e5ibi"it1 to support more than one app"ication at the same time e.en if the app"ications are different.

8i0ure ?.2.1 sho2s the substation architecture usin0 4thernet strate01. JDirtua" 7!N a""o2s the 4thernet s2itch to de"i.er datasets to on"1 those s2itch ports,%4Ds that ha.e subscribed to the data.KG2=H

+. PrioritiCation of communication data flow for different voltage levels

!fter ma/in0 a re.ie2 on the techno"o0ies used in modern po2er 0rid* the >uestion comes to mind is 2hich %<9 so"utions are used in different .o"ta0e "e.e"s @i.e. 0eneration* distribution* transmission* and consumption "e.e"sA and reasons for one techno"o01 to be dominant in that .o"ta0e "e.e". %n this chapter a re.ie2 on techno"o0ies used in different .o"ta0e "e.e"s and percenta0e use of techno"o0ies around the 2or"d 2i"" be discussed. 2&

9ab"e '.1 summari+e the communication techno"o0ies used and so"ution that can be de.e"oped* a"so it re.ea"s the app"ications and current status of these techno"o0ies for different .o"ta0e "e.e"s. %n 0eneration: $SM,$-RS has penetration for the communication there. :ther communication techno"o0ies find it hard to penetrate that "e.e" of .o"ta0e. Due to robust nature of $SM based so"utions. !"so Wi8i and WiM!C based communication so"ution* ha.e 0ood potentia" to be de.e"oped for this domain. %n transmission and distribution: -7< based communication so"utions ha.e more penetration for information sharin0. 9hose so"utions are >uite mature and cou"d be consider amon0 the o"dest so"utions. !fter -7<* $SM,$-RS is the second most penetrati.e techno"o01 in this .o"ta0e "e.e" and it poses a competition to the -7< based so"utions especia""1 in the substation app"ications @automation* protection* monitorin0* etc.A. !"so 6i0bee based so"utions are bein0 de.e"oped 2hich 2i"" 0i.e it a stron0 competition amon0 the other techno"o0ies in those app"ications. 8iber optics used 2here hi0h speed communication needed to monitor and protect transmission "ines. 9ab"e '.1: -enetration of communication techno"o0ies in po2er 0rid.GBH
<eneration
<on.entiona" 0eneration Distributed rene2ab"e ener01 based 0eneration

Transmission
9ransmission protection %nsu"ator monitorin0 8!<9s monitorin0 T contro"

#istribution
Substation automation T protection Distribution "ine monitorin0 T protection 4>uipment monitorin0 T protection ome automation T contro"

Consumption
%ndustria" automation T contro" !utomatic Meterin0 Readin0 - 4Ds

ICT

"ine monitorin0 T

PLC

=0

Fiber optics >igbee 3L1$

W W W W

W W U W

V U W W

V U U U

V U W U

V W V W

V W U U

V W V U

U V V U

U V V U

U V V W

U W W U

3i:1; </: D <P&/

V: %n use* some mature so"utions a.ai"ab"e. W: :n#0oin0 research* some so"ution a.ai"ab"e but under testin0. U: Not current"1 in use* so"ution can be de.e"oped.

%n consumption: $SM,$-RS has the most penetration in this area* due to the hi0h amount of research done on usin0 this techno"o01. -7< is the other most"1 common used techno"o01 for !utomatic Meterin0 %nfrastructure @!M%A. !"so 6i0bee and Wi8i are the other competitors in this domain* but current"1* the amount of researches bein0 done on 6i0bee is much more than on Wi8i. 8i0ure '.1 sho2s the percenta0e of each %<9 used in po2er 0rids. %t is noticed that the Narro2band -7< techno"o01 is the dominantI a"so %444 )02.1B.4@6i0beeA has a 0ood situation no2 due to its ad.anta0es* and "o2 po2er app"ications as mentioned before.

=1

8i0ure '.1: <ommunication 9echno"o0ies distribution* units* 2or"d mar/ets*G1&H

9ab"e '.2 sho2s the specifications of %<9 such as operatin0 ran0e @spectrumA* data rates* co.era0e ran0e* app"ications and "imitation in po2er 0rids. %t is noticed that in sense of data rates the fiber optics is the hi0hest techno"o01* but due to the cost* it is not .er1 used 2here the cost is an issue but it has mature so"utions in transmission "ines monitorin0 and protections. -7< and WiM!C are the dominants in sense of data rates* but their "imitations shou"d be considered 2hi"e ma/in0 the net2or/. 6i0bee is used for !M% 2hich is "o2 po2er app"ication and does not need much data rates* a"so $SM,$-RS used in !M% but it has "o2er data rates than 6i0bee but it is more 2idespread than $SM,$-RS.

9ab"e '.2: <ommunication techno"o0iesF specifications in po2er 0rid.GBH*G1H

/pectrum Technology #ata rate Coverage range 1pplications Limitations

=2

</: =<P&/ &00#1)00 M +

;p to 2'0 3bps

1#10 /m

!M%* demand response*

7o2 data rates

2.B $ +* =.B 3i:1; $ +* B.) $ +

10#B0 ;p to '0 Mbps 3m@7:SA 1#B 3m @N7:SA !M%* fraud detection arsh* nois1 channe",en.iro# nment 7o2 data rate* Short ran0e <ost"1* re>uire re0u"ar maintenance !M%* demand response Not 2idespread

PLC

1#=0 M +

2#= Mbps 1#= 3m

>igbee

2.4 $ +* )?) #&1B M +

=00 3bps =0#B0 m

!M%* !N

Fiber 9ptics

B00#1000 M +

;p to 400 ;p to 240 $bps 3m

Sensors* !M%

8i0ure '.2 sho2s the .arious protoco"s for different .o"ta0e "e.e"s. %n the same .o"ta0e "e.e" there are .arious techno"o0ies 2hich communicate 2ith the s1stem operator usin0 different protoco"s* respecti.e"1. <ommunication bet2een different .o"ta0e "e.e"s uses different protoco" than the techno"o0ies in these .o"ta0e "e.e"s 2hich 2i"" 0enerate more comp"e5it1 in the s1stem.

==

8i0ure '.2: Different .o"ta0e "e.e" standards @toda1 and futureA

Due to the increase of comp"e5it1 of the 0rid* researches are made to unif1 the standards and protoco"s in a"" .o"ta0e "e.e"s 2hich 2i"" impro.e the operation of the s1stem 2ith the respect of monitorin0* protection* and contro". ;nification of standards and protoco"s can he"p s1stem operators at a .o"ta0e "e.e" to detect an1 fau"t or monitor the s1stem at a different .o"ta0e "e.e"* due to the fact that the techno"o0ies ha.e the same standards in a"" .o"ta0e "e.e"s* and simp"1 connectin0 the sensors

=4

,. /ummary and conclusions

! re.ie2 on used <ommunication 9echno"o0ies and their app"ications in the po2er 0rid and some concepts re"ated to it such as standards and protoco"s 2as presented in this research report. %n the first three chapters* an introduction about the po2er 0rid* the ad.anta0es and reasons of imp"ementin0 communication techno"o0ies in po2er 0rids communication* communication infrastructure* re>uirements and cha""en0es of the techno"o0ies used no2ada1s in po2er 0rids around the 2or"d 2as discussed. %n chapter four* a re.ie2 on 2ired %nformation and <ommunication 9echno"o0ies @%<9A 2as presented i.e.* techno"o0ies such as: -o2er 7ine <ommunication @-7<A* 8iber optics* Di0ita" Subscriber 7ine @5DS7A. 9he most famous one is Narro2band# -7< 2hich is used for "o2 fre>uenc1 app"ications and fiber optics used 2here a .er1 hi0h data rates needed* e.0.* in rea"#time communication for substation protection or in transmission "inesF protection and monitorin0. DS7 techno"o01 a"so is used for "o2 fre>uenc1 app"ication* but sometimes the cost is hi0her than -7< s1stem* e.0.* in !M% another "in/ @2ired or 2ire"essA shou"d be estab"ished for the smart meter to be connected to the data co""ectin0 station* 2hich needs permission from the consumer. %n conc"usion the 2ired communication techno"o0ies are cost"1 compared to the 2ire"ess techno"o0ies but offer a hi0her capacit1 of data transfer so"ution 2ith a more re"iab"e s1stem. %n the fifth chapter* a re.ie2 on 2ire"ess %<9* their ad.anta0es* app"ications and "imitations 2as presented. 9he dominant of the 2ire"ess techno"o0ies for the "o2 po2er app"ications is 6i0bee* a"so W7!N and WiM!C are used in urban areas or 2here the ph1sica" connection is not possib"e or cost"1. $SM,$-RS is used for "o2 data rates app"ications such as !M% and substation automation and protection purposes. %n conc"usion* the 2ire"ess %<9s are main"1 cheaper than 2ired %<9 but the1 offer "imited band2idth and securit1 issues 2hich did not e5ist before usin0 them.

=B

%n the si5th chapter* a summar1 on the standards and protoco"s used in mana0in0 the data f"o2 in the %<9 of the po2er 0rid 2as presented. S<!D! is one of the important contro" and data ac>uisition s1stems especia""1 in distribution 0rids. %t increases the s1stem re"iabi"it1* e"iminates the need for manua" data co""ection* and detects future prob"ems etc. !"so there are some other standards 2hich 2ere de.e"oped for %<9 net2or/s. 9hese standards 0i.e the specifications and mode"s of ho2 the data shou"d f"o2 in the s1stem and defines the c1ber securit1 for communication techno"o0ies. 9he important standards such as %4< ?1)B0 and %4< ?1&'0 2ere short"1 discussed. %4< ?1)B0 defines the 0enera" and specific re>uirements for communication in substations* a"so it pro.ides a suitab"e mode" sho2in0 ho2 or0ani+in0 the data in po2er s1stem de.ices in a consistent manner. %4< ?2&'0 pro.ides a <ommon %nformation Mode" @<%MA 2hich is important for e5chan0in0 the data bet2een net2or/s. %t he"ps the inte0ration of app"ication de.e"oped b1 different supp"iers in the po2er s1stem* a"so the e5chan0e of information to e5terna" s1stems. %n the se.enth chapter* .arious %<9 so"utions for different .o"ta0e "e.e"s 2ere discussed and pointin0 out the dominant of these techno"o0ies in different .o"ta0e "e.e"s. %n 0eneration* $SM,$-RS is the dominant %<9 due to the robust nature of that techno"o01. %n transmission and distribution* -7< is dominant and $SM,$-RS is competin0 to be dominant. 6i0bee based so"utions are bein0 de.e"oped and it cou"d be a competitor in the future. %n consumption* $SM,$R-S has the most penetration in this "e.e". !"so the percenta0e of different %<9 use 2as sho2n in 8i0ure '.1* it is noticed that Narro2band -7< is dominant no2 and in the future around the 2or"d a"so 6i0bee has a 0ood percenta0e due to the hu0e amount of researches to use it in po2er 0rids. %n conc"usion* for a more re"iab"e and secure s1stem is re>uiredI the use of h1brid net2or/ of .arious %<9 2ou"d be a suitab"e so"ution more than the use of a sin0"e %<9 net2or/. 9a/in0 one techno"o01Fs ad.anta0es and tr1in0 to suppress the "imitations of that techno"o01 usin0 another techno"o01. 9he future research 2ou"d de"i.er a more efficient so"ution* a"so a ne2 concept has emer0ed Jsmart 0ridK @a smart 0rid is a moderni+ed e"ectrica" 0rid that uses %<9 to 0ather and process information to =?

impro.e the efficienc1* re"iabi"it1* and sustainabi"it1 of the production one of its tas/s is to unif1 the standards and protoco"s in a"" .o"ta0e "e.e"s amon0 man1 other tas/s. %n the near future* the so"utions of e5istin0 techno"o0ies 2i"" be de.e"oped so the "imitations of those techno"o0ies 2ou"d be suppressed in a h1brid net2or/ or in different manner. %f fiber optics so"utions become cheaper* due to decrease in manufacturin0 cost* it 2ou"d be a more suitab"e so"ution than -7< and it 2i"" ta/e o.er -7< app"ications. 9he fast de.e"opment in communication techno"o0ies 2i"" he"p the po2er 0rid to be more re"iab"e and secure a0ainst c1ber attac/s such as data minin0.

='

-.
G1H
%444.

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