THE HANDBOOK OF HYDRAULIC FILTRATION

The Handbook of Hydraulic Filtration is intended to familiarize the user with all aspects of hydraulic and lubrication filtration from the basics to advanced technology.

It is dedicated as a reference source with the intent of clearly and completely presenting the subject matter to the user, regardless of the individual level of expertise.

The selection and proper use of filtration devices is an important tool in the battle to increase production while reducing manufacturing costs. This Handbook will help the user make informed decisions about hydraulic filtration.

Table of Contents
SECTION Contamination Basics PAGE 2

Contamination Types and Sources

Fluid Cleanliness Standards

12

Filter Media Types and Ratings

16

Filter Media Selection

20

Filter Element Life

22

Filter Housing Selection

24

Types and Locations of Filters

28

Fluid Analysis

32

Appendix

34

Contamination Basics

Filtration Fact
Properly sized, installed, and maintained hydraulic filtration plays a key role in machine preventative maintenance planning.

Contamination Causes Most Hydraulic Failures

The experience of designers and users of hydraulic and lube oil systems has verified the following fact: over 75% of all system failures are a direct result of contamination! The cost due to contamination is staggering, resulting from: M Loss of production (downtime)
M Component M Frequent M Costly

Filtration Fact
The function of a filter is not to clean oil, but to reduce operating costs.

If any one of these functions is impaired, the hydraulic system will not perform as designed. The resulting downtime can easily cost a large manufacturing plant thousands of dollars per hour. Hydraulic fluid maintenance helps prevent or reduce unplanned downtime. This is accomplished through a continuous improvement program that minimizes and removes contaminants.

replacement costs

Contaminant Damage
M Orifice

fluid replacement overall maintenance costs scrap rate

blockage wear of rust or other oxidation of additives growth

disposal

M Component M Formation M Chemical M Depletion M Biological

M Increased M Increased

compound formation

Functions of Hydraulic Fluid

Contamination interferes with the four functions of hydraulic fluids: 1. To act as an energy transmission medium. 2. To lubricate internal moving parts of components. 3. To act as a heat transfer medium. 4. To seal clearances between moving parts.

Hydraulic fluid is expected to create a lubricating film to keep precision parts separated. Ideally, the film is thick enough to completely fill the clearance between moving parts. This condition results in low wear rates. When the wear rate is kept low enough, a component is likely to reach its intended life expectancy, which may be millions of pressurization cycles.

Actual photomicrograph of particulate contamination (Magnified 100x Scale: 1 division = 20 microns) 2

Contamination Basics
The actual thickness of a lubricating film depends on fluid viscosity, applied load, and the relative speed of the two surfaces. In many components, mechanical loads are to such an extreme that they squeeze the lubricant into a very thin film, less than 1 micrometer thick. If loads become high enough, the film will be punctured by the surface roughness of the two moving parts. The result contributes to harmful friction.

Typical Hydraulic Component Clearances

Component Microns Anti-friction bearings 0.5 Vane pump (vane tip to outer ring) 0.5-1 Gear pump (gear to side plate) 0.5-5 Servo valves (spool to sleeve) 1-4 Hydrostatic bearings 1-25 Piston pump (piston to bore) 5-40 Servo valves flapper wall 18-63 Actuators 50-250 Servo valves orifice 130-450

Micrometer Scale

Relative Sizes of Particles

Substance Microns Grain of table salt 100 Human hair 70 Lower limit of visibility 40 Milled flour 25 Red blood cells 8 Bacteria 2 Inches .0039 .0027 .0016 .0010 .0003 .0001

Particle sizes are generally measured on the micrometer scale. One micrometer (or micron) is one-millionth of one meter, or 39 millionths of an inch. The limit of human visibility is approximately 40 micrometers. Keep in mind that most damage-causing particles in hydraulic or lubrication systems are smaller than 40 micrometers. Therefore, they are microscopic and cannot be seen by the unaided eye.

Contamination Types and Sources

Filtration Fact
New fluid is not necessarily clean fluid. Typically, new fluid right out of the drum is not fit for use in hydraulic or lubrication systems.

Types of Contamination
1. Particulate Silt (0-5um) Chips (5um+)

Silt

Flow 2. Water (Free & Dissolved)

Filtration Fact
Additives in hydraulic fluid are generally less than 1 micron and are unaffected by standard filtration methods.

3. Air

Particulate Contamination
Types
Particulate contamination is generally classified as silt or chips. Silt can be defined as the accumulation of particles less than 5m over time. This type of contamination also causes system component failure over time. Chips on the other hand, are particles 5m+ and can cause immediate catastrophic failure. Both silt and chips can be further classified as:

Hard Particles L Silica

L Carbon L Metal

Soft Particles L Rubber

L Fibers L Micro

organism

Contamination Types and Sources

Damage
If not properly flushed, contaminants from manufacturing and assembly will be left in the system. These contaminants include dust, welding slag, rubber particles from hoses and seals, sand from castings, and metal debris from machined components. Also, when fluid is initially added to the system, contamination is introduced. During system operation, contamination enters through breather caps, worn seals, and other system openings. System operation also generates internal contamination. This occurs as component wear debris and chemical byproducts react with component surfaces to generate more contamination.

A. Three-body mechanical interactions can result in interference. B. Two-body wear is common in hydraulic components.

Stress raisers caused by particle collisions

C. Hard particles can create three-body wear to generate more particles. D. Particle effects can begin surface wear.

Sources
M Built-in

during manufacturing and assembly processes. with new fluid.

M Ingested

from outside the system during operation. generated during operation (see chart below).

M Added

M Internally

Generated Contamination
Abrasive WearHard particles bridging two moving surfaces, scraping one or both. Cavitation WearRestricted inlet flow to pump causes fluid voids that implode causing shocks that break away critical surface material. Fatigue WearParticles bridging a clearance cause a surface stress riser that expands into a spall due to repeated stressing of the damaged area. Erosive WearFine particles in a high speed stream of fluid eat away a metering edge or critical surface. Adhesive WearLoss of oil film allows metal to metal contact between moving surfaces. Corrosive WearWater or chemical contamination in the fluid causes rust or a chemical reaction that degrades a surface.

Contamination Types and Sources

Filtration Fact
System Contamination Warning Signals
Solenoid burn-out. Valve spool decentering, leakage, chattering. Pump failure, loss of flow, frequent replacement. Cylinder leakage, scoring. Increased servo hysteresis.

External Contamination Sources

Filtration Fact
Most system ingression enters a system through the old-style reservoir breather caps and the cylinder rod glands.

Ingression Rates For Typical Systems

Mobile Equipment 108-1010 per minute*

Manufacturing Plants 106-108 per minute* Assembly Facilities 105-106 per minute*

* Number of particles greater than 10 microns ingressed into a system from all sources.

Prevention
M Use

spin-on filters for reservoir air breathers. all systems before initial start-up. rod wipers and replace worn actuator seals.

M Flush

M Specify M Cap

off hoses and manifolds during handling and maintenance. all new fluid before it enters the reservoir.

M Filter

Contamination Types and Sources

Water Contamination
Types
There is more to proper fluid maintenance than just removing particulate matter. Water is virtually a universal contaminant, and just like solid particle contaminants, must be removed from operating fluids. Water can be either in a dissolved state or in a free state. Free, or emulsified, water is defined as the water above the saturation point of a specific fluid. At this point, the fluid cannot dissolve or hold any more water. Free water is generally noticeable as a milky discoloration of the fluid.

Typical Saturation Points

Fluid Type
Hydraulic Fluid Lubrication Fluid Transformer Fluid

PPM
300 400 50

%
.03% .04% .005%

Visual Effects Of Water In Oil

50 PPM

250 PPM

2000 PPM

Contamination Types and Sources

Filtration Fact
A simple crackle test will tell you if there is free water in your fluid. Apply a flame under the container. If bubbles rise and crackle from the point of applied heat, free water is present in the fluid.

Damage
M Corrosion

of metal surfaces abrasive wear

M Accelerated M Bearing M Fluid

fatigue variance in electrical conductivity

additive breakdown

ability to hold water. As the freezing point is reached, ice crystals form, adversely affecting total system function. Operating functions may also become slowed or erratic. Electrical conductivity becomes a problem when water contamination weakens the insulating properties of a fluid, thus decreasing its dielectric kV strength.

M Viscosity M Increase

Filtration Fact
Hydraulic fluids have the ability to hold more water as temperature increases. A cloudy fluid may become clearer as a system heats up.

Anti-wear additives break down in the presence of water and form acids. The combination of water, heat and dissimilar metals encourages galvanic action. Pitted and corroded metal surfaces and finishes result. Further complications occur as temperature drops and the fluid has less

Typical results of pump wear due to particulate and water contamination

Contamination Types and Sources

Effect Of Water In Oil On Bearing Life
250

% Bearing Life Remaining

200 150 100 50 0

0.0025% 0.01% 0.05% 0.10% 0.15% 0.25% 0.50%

= = = = = = =

25 ppm 100 ppm 500 ppm 1000 ppm 1500 ppm 2500 ppm 5000 ppm

0.0025 0.01

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.25

0.50

% Water In Oil
Effect of water in oil on bearing life (based on 100% life at .01% water in oil.)
Reference: Machine Design July 86, How Dirt And Water Effect Bearing Life by Timken Bearing Co.

Sources
M Worn

actuator seals opening leakage

M Reservoir

M Condensation M Heat

exchanger leakage

Fluids are constantly exposed to water and water vapor while being handled and stored. For instance, outdoor storage of tanks and drums is common. Water may settle on top of fluid containers and be drawn into the container during temperature changes. Water may also be introduced when opening or filling these containers.

Water can enter a system through worn cylinder or actuator seals or through reservoir openings. Condensation is also a prime water source. As the fluids cool in a reservoir or tank, water vapor will condense on the inside surfaces, causing rust or other corrosion problems.

Contamination Types and Sources

Filtration Fact
Free water is heavier than oil, thus it will settle to the bottom of the reservoir where much of it can be easily removed by opening the drain valve.

Prevention
Excessive water can usually be removed from a system. The same preventative measures taken to minimize particulate contamination ingression in a system can be applied to water contamination. However, once excessive water is detected, it can usually be eliminated by one of the following methods: into standard filter housings and are generally used when small volumes of water are involved.

Centrifugation
Separates water from oil by a spinning motion. This method is also only effective with free water, but for larger volumes.

Filtration Fact
Absorption filter elements have optimum performance in low flow and low viscosity applications.

Absorption
This is accomplished by filter elements that are designed specifically to take out free water. They usually consist of a laminant-type material that transforms free water into a gel that is trapped within the element. These elements fit

Vacuum Dehydration
Separates water from oil through a vacuum and drying process. This method is also for larger volumes of water, but is effective with both the free and dissolved states.

Vacuum dehydration system

10

Contamination Types and Sources

Air Contamination
Types
Air in a liquid system can exist in either a dissolved or entrained (undissolved, or free) state. Dissolved air may not pose a problem, providing it stays in solution. When a liquid contains undissolved air, problems can occur as it passes through system components. There can be pressure changes that compress the air and produce a large amount of heat in small air bubbles. This heat can destroy additives, and the base fluid itself. If the amount of dissolved air becomes high enough, it will have a negative effect on the amount of work performed by the system. The work performed in a hydraulic system relies on the fluid being relatively incompressible, but air reduces the bulk modulus of the fluid. This is due to the fact that air is up to 20,000 times more compressible than a liquid in which it is dissolved. When air is present, a pump ends up doing more work to compress the air, and less useful work on the system. In this situation, the system is said to be spongy.

Damage
M Loss

Sources
M System M

of transmitted power pump output operating temperature fluid foaming reactions of lubrication

leaks fluid turbulence

M Reduced M Loss

Pump aeration

M Reservoir

M Increased M Reservoir M Chemical

Prevention
M System

air bleeds suction pump reservoir design line diffusers

M Flooded

Air in any form is a potential source of oxidation in liquids. This accelerates corrosion of metal parts, particularly when water is also present. Oxidation of additives also may occur. Both processes produce oxides which promote the formation of particulates, or form a sludge in the liquid. Wear and interference increases if oxidation debris is not prevented or removed.

M Proper M Return

11

Fluid Cleanliness Standards

Filtration Fact
Knowing the cleanliness level of a fluid is the basis for contamination control measures.

Filtration Fact
The ISO code index numbers can never increase as the particle sizes increase (Example: 18/20/22).

In order to detect or correct problems, a contamination reference scale is used. Particle counting is the most common method to derive cleanliness level standards. Very sensitive optical instruments are used to count the number of particles in various size ranges. These counts are reported as the number of particles greater than a certain size found in a specified volume of fluid.

The ISO 4406 (International Standards Organization) cleanliness level standard has gained wide acceptance in most industries today. A widely-used modified version of this standard references the number of particles greater than 2, 5, and 15 micrometers* in a known volume, usually 1 milliliter or 100 milliliters. The number of 2+ and 5+ micrometer particles is used as a reference point for silt particles. The 15+ size range indicates the quantity of larger particles present which contribute greatly to possible catastrophic component failure.

ISO CODE Particles > 2 microns

18 / 16 / 13

Particles > 15 microns Particles > 5 microns

An ISO classification of 18/16/13 can be defined as:

Range Number
18 16 13

Micron
2+ 5+ 15+

Actual Particle Count Range (per ml)

1,300 - 2,500 320 - 640 40 - 80

12

*The ISO codes described here are for the 2, 5, 15 micron format. A 5, 15 micron format which currently meets the ISO standard, may still be used in some publications (Example: an ISO code of 16/13 would reference particles in the 5 + and 15 + micron ranges only).

Fluid Cleanliness Standards

ISO 4406 Chart
Range Number
24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

Number of particles per ml More than Up to and including 160,000 80,000 80,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 2,500 2,500 1,300 1,300 640 640 320 320 160 160 80 80 40 40 20 20 10 10 5 5 2.5 2.5 1.3 1.3 .64 .64 .32

ISO 21/19/17 fluid (magnification 100x)

ISO 16/14/11 fluid (magnification 100x)

13

Fluid Cleanliness Standards

Filtration Fact
Most machine and hydraulic component manufacturers specify a target ISO cleanliness level to equipment in order to achieve optimal performance standards.

Component Cleanliness Level Requirements

Many manufacturers of hydraulic and load bearing equipment specify the optimum cleanliness level required for their components. Subjecting components to fluid with higher contamination levels may result in much shorter component life. In the table below, a few components and their recommended cleanliness levels are shown. It is always best to consult with component manufacturers and obtain their written fluid cleanliness level recommendations. This information is needed in order to select the proper level of filtration. It may also prove useful for any subsequent warranty claims, as it may draw Fluid Cleanliness Required for the line between norTypical Hydraulic Components mal use and excessive or abusive operation. ISO Components Code

Filtration Fact
Color is not a good indicator of a fluids cleanliness level.

Servo control valves Proportional valves Vane and piston pumps/motors Directional & pressure control valves Gear pumps/motors Flow control valves, cylinders New unused fluid

16/14/11 17/15/12 18/16/13 18/16/13 19/17/14 20/18/15 20/18/15

14

Fluid Cleanliness Standards

Cleanliness Level Correlation Table

ISO Code 23/21/18 22/20/18 22/20/17 22/20/16 21/19/16 20/18/15 19/17/14 18/16/13 17/15/12 16/14/12 16/14/11 15/13/10 14/12/9 13/11/8 12/10/8 12/10/7 12/10/6 Particles/Millilitre NAS 1638 Disavowed SAE >2 Micrometers >5 Micrometers >15 Micrometers (1964) Level (1963) 12 80,000 20,000 2,500 40,000 10,000 2,500 11 40,000 10,000 1,300 40,000 10,000 640 10 20,000 5,000 640 9 10,000 2,500 320 6 8 5,000 1,300 160 5 7 2,500 640 80 4 6 1,300 320 40 3 640 160 40 5 640 160 20 2 4 320 80 10 1 3 160 40 5 0 2 80 20 2.5 40 10 2.5 1 40 10 1.3 40 10 .64

15

Filter Media Types and Ratings

Filtration Fact
Surface media can be cleaned and re-used. An ultrasonic cleaner is usually the best method. Depth media typically cannot be cleaned and it is not re-usable.

The filter media is that part of the element which removes the contaminant. Media usually starts out in sheet form, and is then pleated to expose more surface area to the fluid flow. This reduces pressure differential while increasing dirt holding capacity. In some cases, the filter media may have multiple layers and mesh backing to achieve certain performance criteria. After being pleated and cut to the proper length, the two ends are fastened together using a special clip, adhesive, or other seaming mechanism. The most common media include wire mesh, cellulose, fiberglass composites, or other synthetic materials. Filter media is generally classified as either surface or depth.

Depth Media
For depth type filter media, fluid must take indirect paths through the material which makes up the filter media. Particles are trapped in the maze of openings throughout the media. Because of its construction, a depth type filter media has many pores of various sizes. Depending on the distribution of pore sizes, this media can have a very high captive rate at very small particle sizes. The nature of filtration media and the contaminant loading process in a filter element explains why some elements last much longer than others. In general, filter media contain millions of tiny pores formed by the media fibers. The pores have a range of different sizes and are interconnected throughout the layer of the media to form a tortuous path for fluid flow.

Surface Media
For surface type filter media, the fluid stream basically has a straight through flow path. Contaminant is captured on the surface of the element which faces the fluid flow. Surface type elements are generally made from woven wire. Since the process used in manufacturing the wire cloth can be very accurately controlled, surface type media have a consistent pore size. This consistent pore size is the diameter of the largest hard spherical particle that will pass through the media under specified test conditions. However, the build-up of contaminant on the element surface will allow the media to capture particles smaller than the pore size rating. Likewise, particles that have a smaller diameter, but may be longer in length (such as a fiber strand), may pass downstream of a surface media.

74 m

Surface Media

16

Filter Media Types and Ratings

Flow Direction

Depth Media

The two basic depth media types that are used for filter elements are cellulose and fiberglass.
Typical coarse fiberglass construction (100X) Typical fine fiberglass construction (100X)

The pores in cellulose media tend to have a broad range of sizes and are very irregular in shape, due to the irregular size and shape of the fibers. In contrast, fiberglass media consist of various size fibers that are very uniform in size and shape. The fibers are generally thinner than cellulose fibers, and have a uniform circular cross section. These typical fiber differences account for the performance advantage of fiberglass media. Thinner fibers mean more actual pores in a given space. Furthermore, thinner fibers can be arranged closer together to produce smaller pores for finer filtration. Dirt holding capacity, as well as filtration efficiency, are improved as a result.

General Comparison Of Filter Media

Media Material Fiberglass Dirt Capture Holding Differential Life In a Efficiency Capacity Pressure System High High Moderate High High Low Moderate Overall Cost Moderate to High Low

Cellulose (paper) Moderate Moderate Wire Mesh Low Low

Moderate Moderate to High

17

Filter Media Types and Ratings

Filtration Fact
Filter media ratings expressed as a Beta Ratio indicate a medias particle removal efficiency.

The Multipass Test

Multipass Test

Filtration Fact
Multipass test results are very dependent on the following variables: Flow rate Terminal pressure differential Contaminant type

The filtration industry Contaminant uses the ISO 4572 Downstream Sample Multipass Test Flow Meter Procedure to evaluate filter element performance. This procedure Test P Gauge Filter is also recognized by ANSI* and NFPA**. Reservoir During the Multipass Test, fluid is circulated Variable Speed Pump Upstream through the circuit Sample under precisely controlled and monitored As an example of how a Beta Ratio is conditions. The differential pressure derived from a Multipass Test. Assume across the test element is continuously that 50,000 particles, 10 micrometers recorded, as a constant amount of conand larger, were counted upstream taminant is injected upstream of the (before) of the test filter and 10,000 element. On-line laser particle sensors particles at that same size range were determine the contaminant levels counted downstream (after) of the test upstream and downstream of the test filter. The corresponding Beta Ratio element. This performance attribute would equal 5, as seen in the following (The Beta Ratio) is determined for example: several particle sizes. Three important element performance characteristics are a result of the Multipass Test: 1. Dirt holding capacity. 2. Pressure differential of the test filter element. 3. Separation or filtration efficiency, expressed as a Beta Ratio.

Bx =

# of particles upstream # of particles downstream

x is at a specific particle size

Beta Ratio
The Beta Ratio (also known as the filtration ratio) is a measure of the particle capture efficiency of a filter element. It is therefore a performance rating.

B10 =

50,000 =5 10,000

* ANSI American National Standards Institute ** NFPA National Fluid Power Association

18

Filter Media Types and Ratings

The example would read Beta ten equal to five. Now, a Beta Ratio number alone means very little. It is a preliminary step to find a filters particle capture efficiency. This efficiency, expressed as a percent, can be found by a simple equation: So, in the example, the particular filter tested was 80% efficient at removing 10 micrometer and larger particles. For Beta Ratios/Efficiencies every 5 particles Beta Ratio Capture Efficiency introduced to the (at a given particle size) (at same particle size) filter at this size 1.01 1.0% range, 4 were 1.1 9.0% trapped in the filter 1.5 33.3% media. The Beta 2.0 50.0% Ratio/ Efficiencies 5.0 80.0% table shows some 10.0 90.0% common Beta Ratio 20.0 95.0% numbers and their 75.0 98.7% 100 99.0% corresponding 200 99.5% efficiencies.
1000 99.9%

Efficiencyx = (1- 1 ) 100 Beta Efficiency10 = (1- 1 ) 100 5 = 80%

Beta Ratio
Downstream Particles Upstream Particles
50,000 100,000 50,000 100,000 5,000 100,000 1,333 100,000 1,000 100,000 500 100,000 100

Beta Ratio (x) Efficiency (x)

= = = = = = 2 50.0%

5,000 1,333
100,000 > (x) microns

20 75 100 200 1000

95.0% 98.7% 99.0% 99.5% 99.9%

1,000 500 100

19

Filter Media Selection

Filtration Fact
There is no direct correlation between using a specific media and attaining a specific ISO cleanliness classification. Numerous other variables should be considered, such as particulate ingression, actual flow through filters, and filter locations.

TABLE A
Pressure and Duty Cycles
(To take account of the normal operating pressure and its severity of change, both in magnitude and frequency.) Pressure: Select operating pressure Duty: LIGHT Continuous operation at rated pressure or lower. MEDIUM Medium pressure changes up to rated pressure. HEAVY Zero to full pressure. SEVERE Zero to full pressurewith transients at high frequency (0.6Hz) (e.g. power unit supplying a punching machine). Select weighting from table below:

TABLE E
Component Economic Liability
To account for the cost of component replacement.
Examples Weighting Very High Large piston pumps, large high torque low speed motors. 4 High Cylinders, servo valves, piston pumps. 3 Average Line mounted valves. 2 Low Subplate mounted valves, inexpensive gear pumps. 1
Weighting No.______

TABLE F
Operational Economic Liability
To account for the cost of downtime.
Examples Weighting Very High Very expensive downtime of certain paper, steel mill equipment and automotive equipment. 5 High High volume production equipment. 3 Average Critical, but non-production equipment. 2 Low Equipment not critical to production. 1
Weighting No.______

Pressure PSI 0-1015 1015-2175 2175-3625 3625-5075 5075+ Bar 0-70 70-150 150-250 250-350 350+

Duty Lt. Med. Hvy. Sev. 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 5 2 3 4 6 3 5 6 7 4 6 7 8

Weighting No.______

TABLE B
Environment
Examples Weighting Good Clean areas, laboratories. 0 Average General machine shops, assembly plants. 1 Poor Mobile, mill (metal and paper). 2 Hostile Foundries, also where ingression of contaminant is expected to be very high 3
Weighting No.______

TABLE G
Safety Liability
To account for the need for additional safety of operation.
High Examples Weighting Mine winding gear braking systems 3 Average Where failure is likely to cause a hazard. 1 Low Some hydraulic component test stands; negligible hazard. 0
Weighting No.______

TABLE C
Component Sensitivity
Examples Weighting Very High High performance servo valves. 8 High Industrial servo valves. 6 Above Piston pumps, proportional Average valves, compensated flow controls. 4 Average Vane pumps, spool valves. 3 Below Gear pumps, manual and Average poppet valves. 2 Minimal Ram pumps and cylinders. 1
Weighting No.______

Total Weighting of All Tables _________ After you obtain the total weighting, by adding the seven individual weightings from Tables A through G, find that number on the vertical axis located on the total weighting graph. Draw a horizontal line from the total weighting number so that it intersects the rating range band at two points. Read these points on the horizontal axis for the media ratings.

TABLE D
Life Expectancy
Service life required for components.
Hours 0-1,000 1,000-5,000 5,000-10,000 10,000-20,000 20,000+ Weighting 0 1 2 3 5
Weighting No.______

20

Filter Media Selection

A number of interrelated system factors determines the most suitable filter media for a particular application. The following media selection method was developed by the British Fluid Power Association (B.F.P.A.) This media selection process uses a weighting system based upon the relative importance of major system factors. Simply add the individual weighting factors from the seven (7) system parameter tables. Then, consult the Total Weighting Graph to find the appropriate rating range of suitable media. This rating range is based upon media ratings, where the Beta Ratio is equal to or greater than 75 (98.7% capture efficiency). It must be emphasized that the rating range obtained can only be considered as an approximation. Precise operating parameters are often difficult to quantify by both users and makers of filtration equipment.

Total Weighting Graph

26 25 24 23 22 21

Ra

tin

Total Weighting Factors

gR

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 2

a ng

EXAMPLE (see below)

10

15

20

25

30

40

50

65

Filter Beta Ratio (Bx > 75)

Example
Consider a large hydraulic excavator operating in a quarry. The hydraulic system includes pressure compensated piston pumps and very large lift cylinders. Operating Pressure and Duty Cycle (Table A) The system operates with extremes of both flow and pressure fluctuations in a cycle that is repeated approximately four times every minute. For this reason it is considered to be heavy. WEIGHTING = 4 Environment (Table B) The environment in which this machine is working can, in dry weather, be very dirty. Ingression is likely to be high. WEIGHTING = 2

Component Sensitivity (Table C) Although the majority of the components are considered to be of average sensitivity, the pumps are above average. WEIGHTING = 4 Life Expectancy (Table D) The annual usage is about 2000 hours and component life is expected to be about 4 years; hence 8000 hours and a WEIGHTING = 2 Economic Liabilities (Components) (Table E) Components such as lift cylinders and variable piston pumps are quite expensive for the end user to purchase. Component costs are high, hence WEIGHTING = 3

Economic Liabilities (Operational) (Table F) Economic liabilities caused by downtime vary depending upon the specific quarry situation, but the high capital cost of the system puts it in the HIGH category and a WEIGHTING = 3 Safety Liabilities (Table G) No additional weighting for safety is required. Total Weighting (Sum of individual Weightings) = 18 The rating selected is in the range of 4 to 13 microns. The media selected should have a minimum Beta Ratio of B13 = 75 (98.7% efficient).

21

Filter Element Life

Filtration Fact
As an element loads with contamination, the differential pressure will increase over time; slowly at first, then very quickly as the element nears its maximum life.

Contaminant Loading
Contaminant loading in a filter element is simply the process of blocking the pores throughout the element. As the filter element becomes blocked with contaminant particles, there are fewer pores for fluid flow, and the pressure required to maintain flow through the media increases. Initially, the differential pressure across the element increases very slowly because there is an abundance of media pores for the fluid to pass through, and the pore blocking process has little effect on the overall pressure loss. However, a point is reached at which successive blocking of media pores significantly reduces the number of available pores for flow through the element. At this point the differential pressure across the element rises exponentially. The quantity, size, shape and arrangement of the pores throughout the element accounts for why some elements last longer than others. For a given filter media thickness and filtration rating, there are fewer pores with cellulose media than fiberglass media. Accordingly, the contaminant loading process would block the pores of the cellulose media element quicker then the identical fiberglass media element. The multilayer fiberglass media element is relatively unaffected by contaminant loading for a longer time. The element selectively captures the various size particles, as the fluid passes through the element. The very small pores in the media are not blocked by large particles. These downstream small pores remain available for the large quantity of very small particles present in the fluid.

Element Contamination Loading Curve

Differential Pressure

Incremental Life

Time
22

Filter Element Life

Filter Element Life Profile
Every filter element has a characteristic pressure differential versus contaminant loading relationship. This relationship can be defined as the filter element life profile. The actual life profile is obviously affected by the system operating conditions. Variations in the system flow rate and fluid viscosity affect the clean pressure differential across the filter element and have a well-defined effect upon the actual element life profile. The filter element life profile is very difficult to evaluate in actual operating systems. The system operating versus idle time, the duty cycle and the changing ambient contaminant conditions all affect the life profile of the filter element. In addition, precise instrumentation for recording the change in the pressure loss across the filter element is seldom available. Most machinery users and designers simply specify filter housings with differential pressure indicators to signal when the filter element should be changed. The Multipass Test data can be used to develop the pressure differential versus contaminant loading relationship, defined as the filter element life profile. As previously mentioned, such operating conditions as flow rate and fluid viscosity affect the life profile for a filter element. Life profile comparisons can only be made when these operating conditions are identical and the filter elements are the same size. Then, the quantity, size, shape, and arrangement of the pores in the filter element determine the characteristic life profile. Filter elements that are manufactured from cellulose media, single layer fiberglass media and multilayer fiberglass media all have a very different life profile. The graphic comparison of the three most common media configurations clearly shows the life advantage of the multilayer fiberglass media element.

Element Types Life Comparison

100

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (PSI)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

5 4 3 2 1

CAPACITY (GRAMS)
23

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (bar)

90

Cellulose

Single Layer Fiberglass

Multilayer Fiberglass

Filter Housing Selection

Filtration Fact
Always use an element condition indicator with any filter, especially those that do not have a bypass valve.

Filter Housings
The filter housing is the pressure vessel which contains the filter element. It usually consists of two or more subassemblies, such as a head (or cover) and a bowl to allow access to the filter element. The housing has inlet and outlet ports allowing it to be installed into a fluid system. Additional housing features may include mounting holes, bypass valves and element condition indicators.
Visual/electrical element condition indicator

Pressure Ratings
Location of the filter in the circuit is the primary determinant of pressure rating. Filter housings are generically designed for three locations in a circuit: suction, pressure, or return lines. One characteristic of these locations is their maximum operating pressures. Suction and return line filters are generally designed for lower pressures up to 500 psi (34 bar). Pressure filter

Filtration Fact
An element loading with contaminant will continue to increase in pressure differential until either: The element is replaced. The bypass valve opens. The element fails.

Bypass valve assembly

Inlet port Outlet port

Pressure housing

Filter element

The primary concerns in the housing selection process include mounting methods, porting options, indicator options, and pressure rating. All, except the pressure rating, depend on the physical system design and the preferences of the designer. Pressure rating of the housing is far less arbitrary. This should be determined before the housing style is selected.

locations may require ratings from 1500 psi to 6000 psi (103 bar to 414 bar). It is essential to analyze the circuit for frequent pressure spikes as well as steady state conditions. Some housings have restrictive or lower fatigue pressure ratings. In circuits with frequent high pressure spikes, another type housing may be required to prevent fatigue related failures.

24

Filter Housing Selection

The Bypass Valve
The bypass valve is used to prevent the collapse or burst of the filter element when it becomes highly loaded with contaminant. It also prevents pump cavitation in the case of suction line filtration. As contaminant builds up in the element, the differential pressure across the element increases. At a pressure well below the failure point of the filter element , the bypass valve opens, allowing flow to go around the element. Some bypass valve designs have a bypass to-tank option. This allows the unfiltered bypass flow to return to tank through a third port, preventing unfiltered bypass flow from entering the system. Other filters may be supplied with a no bypass or blocked 12 bypass option. This prevents any unfiltered flow from going 10 downstream. In filters with no bypass valves, higher collapse 8 strength elements may be required, especially in high 6 pressure filters. Applications 4 for using a no bypass option include servo valve and other 2 sensitive component protection. When specifying a 0 non-bypass filter design, make sure that the element has a differential pressure rating close to maximum operating pressure of the system. When specifying a bypass type filter, it can generally be assumed that the manufacturer has designed the

Effective Filtration Ratio B10

d ea St

kage o Lea N w lo e ady F Leakag Unste dy Flow10% a Unste e 20% Leakag Unsteady Flow e kag Lea 40% w Unsteady Flo

lo yF

N w

e oL

ag ak

Beta Lost by Cyclic Flow

10

12

B10 From Multipass Test

Beta Performance Lost by Cyclic Flow and Bypass Leakage.

element to withstand the bypass valve differential pressure when the bypass valve opens. After a housing style and pressure rating are selected, the bypass valve setting needs to be chosen. The bypass valve setting must be selected before sizing a filter housing. Everything else being equal, the highest bypass cracking pressure available from the manufacturer should be selected. This will provide the longest element life for a given filter size. Occasionally, a lower setting may be selected to help minimize energy loss in a system, or to reduce back-pressure on another component. In suction filters, either a 2 or 3 psi (0.14 bar or 0.2 bar) bypass valve is used to minimize the chance of potential pump cavitation.

Bypass Filter

Blocked Bypass Filter

Bypass valve 50 psi setting (3.4 bar)

950 psi (66 bar)

0 psi (0 bar)

Filter (Elements Blocked) 1000 psi (69 bar) 1000 psi (69 bar)

Flow

25

Filter Housing Selection

Filtration Fact
Always consider low temperature conditions when sizing filters. Viscosity increases in the fluid may cause a considerable increase in pressure differential through the filter assembly.

Element Condition Indicators

The element condition indicator signals when the element should be cleaned or replaced. The indicator usually has calibration marks which also indicates if the filter bypass valve has opened. The indicator may be mechanically linked to the bypass valve, or it may be an entirely independent differential pressure sensing device. Indicators may give visual, electrical or both types of signals. Generally, indicators are set to trip anywhere from 5%-25% before the bypass valve opens. For example, the graph on the next page illustrates the type of catalog flow/pressure differential curves which are used to size the filter housing. As can be seen, the specifier needs to know the operating viscosity of the fluid, and the maximum flow rate (instead of an average) to make sure that the filter does not spend a high portion of time in bypass due to flow surges. This is particularly important in return line filters, where flow multiplication from cylinders may increase the return flow compared to the pump flow rate.

Filtration Fact
Pressure differential in a filter assembly depends on: 1. Housing and element size 2. Media grade 3. Fluid viscosity 4. Flow rate

Housing And Element Sizing

The filter housing size should be large enough to achieve at least a 2:1 ratio between the bypass valve setting and the pressure differential of the filter with a clean element installed. It is preferable that this ratio be 3:1 or even higher for longer element life.

Filter Element Sizing

Differential Pressure

LIFE

Filter Bypass Cracking Pressure 3:1 Optimum Ratio

Clean Element P

26

Filter Housing Selection

Typical Flow/Pressure Curves For A Specific Media
1.75 1.5 1.25 1. 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 (PSI) Differential Pressure (Bar) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0 10 25 50 20 30 40 (GPM) 50 Flow 60 70 (LPM) 80 90 100
200 SUS 100 SUS

75 100 125 150 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375
Most standard filter assemblies utilize a bypass valve to limit the maximum pressure drop across the filter element. As the filter element becomes blocked with contaminant, the pressure differential increases until the bypass valve cracking pressure is reached. At this point, the flow through the filter assembly begins bypassing the filter element and passes through the bypass valve. This action limits the maximum pressure differential across the filter element. The important issue is that some of the system contaminant particles also bypass the filter element. When this happens, the effectiveness of the filter element is compromised and the attainable system fluid cleanliness degrades. Standard filter assemblies normally have a bypass valve cracking pressure between 25 and 100 PSI (1.7 and 6.9 bar). The relationship between the starting clean pressure differential across the filter element and the bypass valve pressure setting must be considered. A cellulose element has a narrow region of exponential pressure rise. For this reason, the relationship between the starting clean pressure differential and the bypass valve pressure setting is very important. This relationship in effect determines the useful life of the filter element. In contrast, the useful element life of the single layer and multilayer fiberglass elements is established by the nearly horizontal, linear region of relatively low pressure drop increase, not the region of exponential pressure rise. Accordingly, the filter assembly bypass valve cracking pressure, whether 25 or 75 PSI (1.7 or 5.2 bar), has relatively little impact on the useful life of the filter element. Thus, the initial pressure differential and bypass valve setting is less a sizing factor when fiberglass media is being considered.

If the filter described in the graph was fitted with a 50 psi (3.4 bar) bypass valve the initial (clean) pressure differential should be no greater than 25 psi (1.7 bar) and preferably 16 23 psi (1.1 bar)or less. This is calculated from the 3:1 and 2:1 ratio of bypass setting and initial pressure differential.

3:1 RATIO
M 50/3 = 16 23

psid (1.1 bar)

2:1 RATIO
M 50/2 = 25 psid (1.7 bar) M At 200 sus fluid, the maximum flow

range would be between 42 gpm and 54 gpm (159 lpm and 204 lpm)

27

Types & Locations of Filters

Filtration Fact
Suction strainers are often referred to by mesh size: 6560 mesh = 238 micron 100 mesh = 149 micron 200 mesh = 74 micron

Filter Types and Locations

M Suction M Pressure M Return M Off-line

Suction Filters
To System Suction filters serve to protect the pump from fluid Suction contamination. They are Filter located before the inlet port of the pump. Some may be inlet strainers, submersed in the fluid. Others may be externally mounted. In either case, they utilize relatively coarse elements, due to cavitation limitations of pumps. For this reason, they are not used as primary protection use of a suction filter. Always consult against contamination. Some pump the pump manufacturer for inlet manufactures do not recommend the restrictions.

Filtration Fact
The use of suction filters and strainers has greatly decreased in modern filtration.

Pressure Filters
Pressure filters are located downstream from the system pump. They are designed to handle the system pressure and sized for the specific flow rate in the pressure line where they are located.
To System

Pressure Filter

Pressure filters are especially suited for protecting sensitive components directly downstream from the filter, such as servo valves. Located just downstream from the system pump,
28

they also help protect the entire system from pump generated contamination.

Types & Locations of Filters

Return Line Filters
Cylinder has 2:1 ratio piston area to rod diameter.

line flow rate may cause the filter bypass valve to open, allowing unfiltered flow to pass downstream. This may be an undesirable condition and care should be taken in sizing the filter. Both pressure and return filters can commonly be found in a duplex version. Its most notable characteristic is continuous filtration. That is, it is made with two or more filter chambers and includes the necessary valving to allow for continuous, uninterrupted filtration. When a filter element needs servicing, the duplex valve is shifted, diverting flow to the opposite filter chamber. The dirty element can then be changed, while filtered flow continues to pass through the filter assembly. The duplex valve typically is an open cross-over type, which prevents any flow blockage.

33 gpm (125 lpm) Return line filter is sized for 66 gpm (250 lpm). Pressure is generally less than 25 psi (1.7 bar).

Return Filters
When the pump is a sensitive component in a system, a return filter may be the best choice. In most systems, the return filter is the last component through which fluid passes before entering the reservoir. Therefore, it captures wear debris from system working components and particles entering through worn cylinder rod seals before such contaminant can enter the reservoir and be circulated. Since this filter is located immediately upstream from the reservoir, its pressure rating and cost can be relatively low.

In some cases, cylinders with large diameter rods may result in flow multiplication. The increased return

Duplex Filter Assembly

29

Types & Locations of Filters

Filtration Fact
Rule of thumb: size the pump flow of an off-line package at a minimum of 10% of the main reservoir volume .

Off-Line Filtration
Also referred to as recirculating, kidney loop, or Air breather auxiliary filtration, this filtration system is totally independent of a machines main hydraulic system. Off-line filtration consists of a pump, filter, electrical motor, and the appropriate hardware connections. These components are installed offOptional Cooler line as a small subsystem separate from the working lines, or included in a fluid cooling loop. Fluid is pumped out of the reservoir, through the filter, and back to the reservoir in a continuous fashion. With this polishing effect, off-line filtration is able to maintain a fluid at a constant contamination level. As with a return line filter, this type of system is best suited to maintain overall cleanliFlow Rate Effect on Off-Line Filtration Performance
Number of particles upstream per millilitre greater than reference size

Off-Line Filter
Existing Hydraulic or Lube System

Pump

Filtration Fact
The cleanliness level of a system is directly proportional to the flow rate over the system filters.

Off-Line Filter

10 6 10 5 10 4

ness, but does not provide specific component protection. An off-line filtration loop has the added advantage that it is relatively easy to retrofit on an existing system that has inadequate filtration. Also, the filter can be serviced without shutting down the main system. Most systems would benefit greatly from having a combination of suction, pressure, return, and off-line filters. The table to the right may be helpful in making a filtration location decision.

23/21/18
1G PM 10 (3 100 GPM .8 lp m) (38 GP M (38 lpm) 0 lp m)

10 2 10 1 .1 .01

18/16/13 16/14/12 15/13/10

For beta rated filters with a minimum rating of beta (10) = 75

10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 11 10 12
Ingression rate
(Number of particles > 10 micron ingressing per minute)

Source based on Fitch, E.C., Fluid Contamination Control, FES, Inc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1988.

30

ISO Correlation

10 3

20/18/15 19/17/14

Types & Locations of Filters

Comparison of Filter Types and Locations
Filter Location Suction (Externally Mounted) Advantages Last chance protection for the pump. Disadvantages Must use relatively coarse media,and/or large housing size, to keep pressure drop low due to pump inlet conditions. Cost is relatively high. Does not protect downstream components from pump wear debris. May not be suitable for many variable volume pumps. Minimum system protection. Housing is relatively expensive because it must handle full system pressure. Does not catch wear debris from downstream working components.

Much easier to service than a sump strainer.

Pressure

Specific component protection Contributes to overall system cleanliness level. Can use high efficiency, fine filtration, filter elements. Catches wear debris from pump Catches wear debris from components, and dirt entering through worn cylinder rod seals before it enters the reservoir. Lower pressure ratings result in lower costs. May be in-line or in-tank for easier installation.

Return

No protection from pump generated contamination. Return line flow surges may reduce filter performance. No direct component protection. Relative initial cost is high.

Off-Line

Continuous polishing of the main system hydraulic fluid, even if the system is shut down. Servicing possible without main system shut down. Filters not affected by flow surges allowing for optimum element life and performance. The discharge line can be directed to the main system pump to provide supercharging with clean, conditioned fluid. Specific cleanliness levels can be more accurately obtained and maintained. Fluid cooling may be easily incorporated.

Relative initial cost is high. Requires additional space. No direct component protection.

31

Fluid Analysis

Filtration Fact
The only way to know the condition of a fluid is through fluid analysis. Visual examination is not an accurate method.

Fluid Analysis Methods

M Patch

Test Particle Counter Analysis

M Portable

M Laboratory

content, and compared to known ISO standards. By using this comparison, the user can get a go, no-go estimate of a systems cleanliness level. Another lesser-used deviation of the patch test would be the actual counting of the particles seen under the microscope. These numbers would then be extrapolated into an ISO cleanliness level. The margin of error for both of these methods is relatively high due to the human factor.

Filtration Fact
Any fluid analysis should always include a particle count and corresponding ISO code.

Fluid analysis is an essential part of any maintenance program. Fluid analysis ensures that the fluid conforms to manufacturer specifications, verifies the composition of the fluid, and determines its overall contamination level.

Patch Test
A patch test is nothing more than a visual analysis of a fluid sample. It usually involves taking a fluid sample and passing it through a fine media patch. The patch is then analyzed under a microscope for both color and

Patch test kit

32

Fluid Analysis
There is a National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) standard for extracting fluid samples from a reservoir of an operating hydraulic fluid power system.(NFPA T2.9.1-1972). There is also the American National Standard method (ANSI B93.13-1972) for extracting fluid samples from the lines of an operating hydraulic fluid power system for particulate contamination analysis. Either extraction method is recommended. In any event, a representative fluid sample is the goal. Sampling valves should be opened and flushed for at least fifteen seconds. The clean sample bottle should be kept closed until the fluid and valve is ready for sampling. The system should be at operating temperature for at least 30 minutes before the sample is taken. A complete procedure follows in the appendix.

Portable particle counter

Portable Particle Counter

A most promising development in fluid analysis is the portable laser particle counter. Laser particle counters are comparable to full laboratory units in counting particles down to the 2 + micron range. Strengths of this recent technology include accuracy, repeatability, portability, and timeliness. A test typically takes less than a minute. Laser particle counters will generally give only particle counts and cleanliness classifications. Water content, viscosity, and spectrometric analysis tests would require a full laboratory analysis.

M Viscosity M Neutralization M Water

number

content counts

M Particle

M Spectrometric

analysis (wear metals and additive analysis reported in parts per million, or ppm) graphs micrograph

M Trending M Photo

M Recommendations

Laboratory Analysis
The laboratory analysis is a complete look at a fluid sample. Most qualified laboratories will offer the following tests and features as a package:

In taking a fluid sample from a system, care must be taken to make sure that the fluid sample is representative of the system. To accomplish this, the fluid container must be cleaned before taking the sample and the fluid must be correctly extracted from the system.

Laboratory Analysis

33

Appendix
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Obtaining a fluid sample for particle counts and/or analysis involves important steps to make sure you are getting a representative sample. Often erroneous sampling procedures will disguise the true nature of system cleanliness levels. Use one of the following methods to obtain a representative system sample. valve: in-tank and in the line. The procedure for both follows: A. In the Tank Sampling l. Operate the system for a least 1/2 hour. 2. Use a small hand-held vacuum pump bottle thief or basting syringe to extract sample. Insert sampling device into the tank to one half of the fluid height. You will probably have to weight the end of the sampling tube. Your objective is to obtain a sample in the middle portion of the tank. Avoid the top or bottom of the tank. Do not let the syringe or tubing came in contact with the side of the tank. 3. Put extracted fluid into an approved, pre-cleaned sample bottle as described in the sampling valve method above. 4. Cap immediately. 5. Tag with information as described in sampling valve method. B. In-Line Sampling 1. Operate the system for a least 1/2 hour. 2. Locate a suitable valve in the system where turbulent flow can be obtained (ball valve is preferred). If no such valve exists, locate a fitting which can be easily opened to provide turbulent flow (tee or elbow). 3. Flush the valve or fitting sample point with a filtered solvent. Open valve or fitting and allow adequate flushing. (Take care to allow for this step. Direct sample back to tank or into a large container. It is not necessary to discard this fluid.)

I. For systems with a sampling valve

A. Operate system for a least 1/2 hour. B. With the system operating, open the sample valve allowing 200 ml to 500 ml (7 to 16 ounces) of fluid to flush the sampling port. (The sample valve design should provide turbulent flow through the sampling port.) C. Using a wide mouth, pre-cleaned sampling bottle, remove the bottle cap and place in the stream of flow from the sampling valve. Do NOT rinse out the bottle with initial sample. Do not fill the bottle more than one inch from the top. D. Close the sample bottle immediately. Next, close the sampling valve. (Make prior provision to catch the fluid while removing the bottle from the stream.) E. Tag the sample bottle with pertinent data: include date, machine number, fluid supplier, fluid number code, fluid type, and time elapsed since last sample (if any.)

II. Systems without a sampling valve

There are two locations to obtain a sample in a system without a sampling

34

Appendix
Sample Multipass Lab Report
4. Place in an approved and pre-cleaned sample bottle under the stream of flow per sampling valve methods above. 5. Cap sample bottle immediately. 6. Tag with important information per the sampling valve method. Note: Select a valve or fitting where the pressure is limited to 200 PSIG (14 bar) or less. Regardless of the method being used, observe common sense rules. Any equipment which is used in the fluid sampling procedure must be washed and rinsed with a filtered solvent. This includes vacuum pumps, syringes and tubing. Your goal is to count only the particles already in the system fluid. Dirty sampling devices and non-representative samples will lead to erroneous conclusions and cost more in the long run.
Model Element Flow Fab.Int. Fluid xxxx xx 30 Gpm 10 In Water Mil-H-5606/Shell Asa-3 98/102F;14.77-15.3 C Lab Report Date Tested By Acftd Batch Counts xxxx xx xxx xxx On-Line

Anti-static Additive In Test Fluid Element Pressure Drop At Test Termination

Diff. Press. (PSID) Terminal 235.0 Clean Assy 5.0 Initial Housing 3.2 Final Element 1.8 Average NET 233.2 System Gravimetrics (MG/L): Base: 5.0 Final: 11.8
% Net Time

INJECTION FLUID Grav (MG/L) Flow (L/Min) 1226.8 7 Point 1279.4 Average 1253.1 0.453

Test Point Information % of Net Psi Duration of Test (Minutes)

Assembly Psi

Element Psi Cumulative Capacity (Grams) Injection Flow (Liters/Min)

Delta P. Grams Inject. Particle Distribution Analysis-Part./H Size Assy Added Flow (Up/Down/Beta) Particle Size Elemt 2 3 5 7 10 12 Clean 4.89 2.22 1.11 0.89 0.22 0.00 Fluid 8.32 1.75 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.5 25.4 10.8 14.4 0.451 13,178.00 6,682.00 2,678.00 1,382.00 643.30 436.10 7.6 10,168.00 2,863.00 340.30 39.55 3.18 0.23 1.30 2.33 7.85 34.9 200 1,900 5 31.1 16.7 17.7 0.455 14,060.00 7,214.00 2,822.00 1,427.00 673.00 463.20 13.5 11,056.03 3,391.00 406.48 35.91 1.59 0.23 1.27 2.13 6.94 39.7 420 2,000 10 35.8 28.3 20.3 0.455 13,900.00 7,207.00 2,817.00 Upstream Particle Count 25.1 10,590.00 3,274.00 395.30 1.31 2.20 7.13 20 39.0 51.6 22.1 0.453 14,950.00 7,833.00 3,201.00 Downstream Particle Count 48.4 9,496.00 2,869.00 375.00 1.57 2.73 8.54 Test Point Beta Ratio 40 42.6 98.3 24.2 0.455 12,410.00 6,696.00 2,857.00 1,495.00 700.70 474.68 95.1 7,843.00 2,277.83 380.58 38.83 1.82 0.46 1.58 2.94 9.51 49.8 390 1,000 80 45.1 191.6 25.6 0.453 11,420.00 6,299.00 2,768.00 1,456.00 681.10 469.30 188.4 6,152.00 1,709.00 234.30 32.28 5.46 2.50 1.86 3.69 11.8 45.1 120 190 100 45.9 238.2 26.1 0.451 11,130.00 6,136.00 2,717.00 1,427.00 669.40 460.90 235.0 6,013.00 1,690.00 262.50 41.14 8.87 5.23 1.85 3.63 10.4 34.7 75.5 88.1 Minimum Beta: Ratios 1.27 2.13 6.94 32.6 75.5 88.1 Time Avg. Beta Ratios 1.36 2.42 7.97 37.2 220 800

Final Capacity (Grams): Apparent: 26.1 Retained: 25.8 Minimum Beta Ratio For Particle Size During Test Weighted Avg Beta Ratio For Particle Size Over Test Duration Cumulative Dirt Added During Test Calculated Amount Of Grams Retained

35

Appendix
Viscosity Conversion Chart
cSt (Centistokes) SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds)* 10 46 20 93 25 116 30 139 32.4 150 40 185 50 232 70 324 90 417 Comparisons are made at 100 F (38 C). For other viscosity conversion approximations, use the formula: cSt = SUS 4.635
* NOTE: Saybolt universal seconds may also be abbreviated SSU.

M e t r i c C o n v e r s i o n Ta b l e
TO CONVERT Inches Millimeters Gallons Liters Pounds Kilograms PSI Bar Centigrade Fahrenheit Microns Microns INTO Millimeters Inches Liters Gallons Kilograms Pounds Bar PSI Fahrenheit Centigrade Inches Meters MULTIPLY BY 25.40 .03937 3.785 .2642 .4536 2.2046 .06804 14.5 (C x 95) +32 (F - 32) /1.8 .000039 .000001

36

Appendix

Temperature C
-18 -7 4 16 27 38 38 66 93 121 149 204 260 10,000 5,000 1,000 500 250 100

-51

-40

-29

2000 1000 500

200 100

Viscosity vs. Temperature

50

S SAE Bu nk SA AE 6 70 er E 5 0 SA SAE SA "C" & 0 E 1 20 SA E 4 SA 0 E3 0 E5 0 0

20

10 8

No Di . 2 F es u el el Fu el J Ke P-5 ros en e

AN M H -0- IL- ydra 9 G L-7 u rad 80 lic Flu No 8 id M e No . 4 IL-O . 3 Fue 1010 -56 Fu l 06 el

50 40 35

Av 2 iatio n

JP -4 Av era ge

ViscositySaybolt Universal Seconds

Kinematic ViscosityCentistokes
0 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300

1.5

Ga so lin e Av era ge

.9

.8

.7 350 400 500

.6

-60

-40

-20

Temperature F

37

Parker Hannifin Corporation Hydraulic Filter Division 16810 Fulton County Road #2 Metamora, OH 43540 USA (419) 644-4311
HTM-1 Printed in USA

Parker Hannifin plc Filter Division Peel Street, Morley Leeds LS27 8EL England (44) (113) 253-7921