Digital Communication System

Chapter 5 : Synchronization
Lecture 1: Introduction & Receiver
Synchronisation
Introduction
Definition
Cost-Benefit Issues
Approach & Assumptions
Receiver Synch
Frequency & Phase Synch
Lecture 2: Receiver Synch (contd)
Costas Loops
High-Order Suppressed Carrier
Loops
Acquisition
Phase Tracking Errors &
Performance
Spectrum Analysis Techniques
Symbol Synch Discrete Case
Lecture 3: Receiver Synch (contd)
Synch with CPM
Data-Aided Synch
Non-Data-Aided Synch
Frame Synch
Lecture 4: Network Synch
Open-Loop Transmitter
Synch
Closed-Loop Transmitter
Synch
Conclusion
Synchronization Defined
Phase synchronization.
Symbol Synchronization.
Frame Synchronization.
Frequency Synchronization.
Network Synchronization.
Tradeoff
There are added cost to receiver design due to
the implementation of acquisition and tracking
circuits.
Time required for synchronization to be
achieved.
Energy expended, for instance on pilot signals,
for the purpose of synchronization.
Complexity due to error control.
Frame, block, message synchronization.
Complexity due to spread spectrum technique.
PN sequence synchronization.
Receiver Synchronization.
All digital communication receivers require
some degree of synchronization to the
incoming signal.
Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
A Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) is at the heart
of nearly all synchronization circuits.

Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
PLL are servo-control loops, whose
controlled parameter is the phase of a
locally generated replica of the incoming
carrier signal.
Components of a PLL:
A phase detector
A loop filter
A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).
Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
A phase detector determines the difference in phase
between the incoming signal and the reference signal.
The loop filter controls the response of the PLL to the
error signal.
The VCO is an oscillator whose output frequency is a
linear function of its voltage over some range of input
and output.
+ve signal increase frequency beyond the uncontrolled value.
-ve signal reduce frequency below the uncontrolled value.


Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
For a normalized
input signal of the
form:


Consider a
normalized VCO
output of the form:

)] ( cos[ ) (
0
t t w t r u + =
)] (

sin[ 2 ) (
0
t t w t x u + =
Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
Output error signal at
the phase detector
output:



If the filter output is
low-pass, we will
have
)] (

) ( 2 sin[ )] (

) ( sin[
)] ( cos[ )] (

sin[ 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
0
0 0
t t t w t t
t t w t t w t r t x t e
u u u u
u u
+ + + =
+ + = =
)] (

) ( sin[ ) ( t t t y u u =
Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
The low pass filter produces an output that is
solely the function of difference in phase between
the two signals.
The VCO output will be a linear function of y(t).
Deviation in frequency is given as
) ( * )] (

) ( [ ) ( * ) (
) (
)] (

[
) (
t f t t K t f t e K
t y K
dt
t d
t
o o
o
u u
u
e
~ =
= = A
Gain of the VCO
Loop filter impulse response
Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
The Fourier transform of the difference equation


leads to


Reorganizing, we have
) ( * )] (

) ( [ ) ( * ) (
) (
)] (

[
) (
t f t t K t f t e K
t y K
dt
t d
t
o o
o
u u
u
e
~ =
= = A
) ( )] (

) ( [ ) ( w F K j
o
e e e e O O = O
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (

e
e e
e
H
w F K j
w F K
o
o
=
+
=
O
O
Closed-loop transfer function
Frequency and Phase
Synchronization.
The order of the PLL is the order of the
highest term in jwin the denominator of
H(w).

Steady state tracking Characteristic
of the PLL.
The expression for the Fourier transform of the
phase error can be given as:


The steady-state error is the residual error after all
transients have died away.

) (
) (
) ( )) ( 1 ( ) (

) ( )} ( { ) (
w F K j
j
H t e F E
o
+
O
= O = O O = =
e
e e
e e e e e
) (
) ( ) (
)} ( { ) (
2
0
lim lim
w F K j
j
t e F j t e
o
j t
+
O
= =

e
e e
e
e
Performance in noise
The input might be noisy, as is the case in many
communication systems.


n(t) can be expanded into quadrature
components.
) ( ] cos[ ) (
0
t n t w t r + + = u
t w t n t w t n t n
s c 0 0
sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( + =
Performance in noise
The output of the phase detector can be written as

The loop filter eliminates the high-frequency components. We
are then left with
Let us denote the variance of n
/
(t) by
n
.
It can be shown that the variance of the output phase is:

For the special case of white noise


This is related to the

frequency) carrier the at twice terms ( ]

cos[ ) ( ]

sin[ ) ( ]

sin[ ) ( ) ( ) ( + + + = = u u u u t n t n t r t x t e
c s
]

cos[ ) ( ]

sin[ ) ( ]

sin[ ) ( u u u u t n t n t n
c s
+ + = '
e e e
t
o
u
d H G
2 2

| ) ( | ) (
2
1
}

=
e e
t
o
u
d H
N
o
2 2

| ) ( |
2
}

=
L o
B N 2
2

=
u
o
Acqusition.
Acquisition is the process of getting the
PLL to lock with the incoming signal.
Aided acquisition
With the aid of external circuits.
Self-acqusition
Without the aid of extrnal signals
Symbol synchronization.
Symbol synchronization is needed in order to achieve
optimum demodulation.
Non-Data Aided (NDA).
Data Aided (DA).

Open-loop symbol synchronization.
Closed-loop symbol
synchronization.
Closed-loop symbol
synchronization.
Frame Synchronization