Youth Camp

YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS 1
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PIease address correspondence In reIatIon to thIs report to:
commentsmdgyouthpaper.org

YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS v
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MeIanIe Ashton (AustraIIa) Earth Charter Youth nItIatIve (CoordInator oI the
WorkIng Croup)
RIchard 8artIett (UnIted KIngdom) UnIted NatIons Youth and Student AssocIatIon
]ames 8radIIeId Moody (AustraIIa) ExecutIve Secretary, Task Force 10 oI the
MIIIennIum Project
LuIs DavIIa-Ortega (VenezueIa) CIobaI Youth ActIon Network
AmIr Farmanesh (ran) MaxweII SchooI, Syracuse UnIversIty
EmIIy Freeburg (USA) Lutheran WorId FederatIon; ChaIr, NCO CommIttee on Youth
(ExecutIve Secretary oI the WorkIng Croup)
CatherIne KampIng (PhIIIppInes) ChaIr, CommIssIon on SustaInabIe DeveIopment
Youth Caucus
DabesakI Mac-kemenjIma (NIgerIa) DeveIopment PartnershIp nternatIonaI
SoIange Marquez (MexIco) MexIcan Youth AIIIance, MIsIon Rescate: PIaneta TIerra
MexIco, A.C.
NIck MoraItIs (AustraIIa ] Canada) TakIngTCIobaI
Cameron NeII (AustraIIa) CEO, nternatIonaI Young ProIessIonaIs FoundatIon; Youth
EmpIoyment SummIt AustraIIan Country Network FacIIItator
Robert Sagun (PhIIIppInes) PhIIIppIne Resources Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment, nc.;
PoIIcy CoordInator oI the UN WorId SummIt on the nIormatIon SocIety (WSS) Youth
Caucus
1

The vIews expressed do not necessarIIy reIIect those oI the organIzatIons InvoIved,
but rather those oI the partIcIpants.

vI YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS

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8rIttany CIeIxner, Lutheran WorId FederatIon
]III MIIIs, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network
SamIra AIzaII, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network
Sarah VaIk, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network
VIdar Ekehaug, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network
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Andrew WIIIIs, TakIngTCIobaI
ConaII Stewart, TakIngTCIobaI
FranzIska SeeI, TakIngTCIobaI
kiisrs
8enjamIn QuInto, ExecutIve DIrector, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network
Dato Lee Yee Cheong, WorId FederatIon oI EngIneerIng OrganIzatIons
The Ad Hoc WorkIng Croup on Youth and the MDCs wIshes to thank the UnIted
NatIons Programme on Youth In the Department oI EconomIc and SocIaI AIIaIrs (DESA)
Ior theIr assIstance In preparIng thIs report.

YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS vII
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The IIrst draIt oI the report was reIeased In November 2004 Ior revIew by
youth organIzatIons and others. At thIs tIme the report was aIso presented to the
team at the MIIIennIum Project as Input Into theIr report, "nvestIng In DeveIopment".
DurIng the revIew perIod between November and March 2005, the InterIm draIt was
downIoaded more than 24,000 tImes, and more than 200 comments were receIved vIa
an onIIne survey Iorm Iocated at www.mdgyouthpaper.org.
The Ad Hoc WorkIng Croup wouId IIke to thank the IoIIowIng peopIe, as weII as
many others, Ior theIr heIp In revIewIng and provIdIng research Ior the report. The
response to thIs eIIort has been tremendous and encouragIng, and the Ad Hoc group
Is both deepIy apprecIatIve and InspIred.
AbIgaII FaIIk, NetAId,
Adedayo Thomas, NIgerIan PopuIar Theatre AIIIance
AIgassImo 8a, YES CuInea 8Issau
AIphonso K. Weah, Youth Ior CommunIty AcademIc and DeveIopment servIces
(YOCADS)
Andrew Hayes, ATD Fourth WorId Movement (USA)
Audrey E. Codera, Youth EmpIoyment SummIt
AyodejI T. AdewunmI, FMSA SCOPH MaIarIa CampaIgn
8Ih LInda Taku, Cameroon AssocIatIon oI VoIunteers Ior Youth PromotIon
8IaIr MIIIer, WorId Youth AIIIance
8rett AIessI, nnovatIons In CIvIc PartIcIpatIon
CandIdo da ConceIcao, USAD
DavId Robert TayIor, PeopIe & PIanet
DuIaI 8Iswas, NatIonaI FederatIon oI Youth OrganIzatIons In 8angIadesh
Dyanna SmIth-McCue, AdeIaIde
Edward KrayewskI, Newark PubIIc SchooIs
EIIjah Mangwengwende, Youth In ActIon ZImbabwe
EIIzabeth Coombs, Crupo FARO - FoundatIon Ior the Advancement oI ReIorms and
OpportunItIes
EIIzabeth DowIIng, magIneNatIons Croup
EmIIy Regan WIIIs, Women's nternatIonaI League Ior Peace and Freedom
EmmanueI DennIs Ngongo, Kenya AIIIance Ior Advancement oI ChIIdren
ErIc SchneIder, nternatIonaI HoIIstIc TourIsm EducatIon (HTEC)
ErIca LewIs, YWCA AustraIIa
FemI AIna FasInu, Youth DIgnIty nternatIonaI
FrancIsco Freyre, MIsIon Rescate MexIco
Frans Rameckers and Cerard Lommerse, Our WorId Croup
vIII YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
HeIIen Tombo, Kenya Youth EducatIon & CommunIty DeveIopment Programme
drIssa 8adjI, OCN ADF
]acqueIIne Croth, UNESCO SectIon Ior Youth
]anet FeIdman, KAPPC
]ankI Prasad Saroj, LUCKNOW (ndIa)
]ohn MIchaeI 8aIonze, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network (France)
]onah WIttkamper, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network (8razII)
]oya 8anerjee, CIobaI Youth ADS CoaIItIon, UNFPA
]ustIn Sykes, LO-YEN
KarthIk 8aIasubramanIan, AmerIcan Red Cross NatIonaI Youth CouncII
KayIey HarrIngton, Advocates Ior Youth
KwabIa 8oateng, EconomIc CommIssIon Ior AIrIca
LeontIen Peeters, Youth DeIegate to the 57th SessIon oI the CeneraI AssembIy, The
NetherIands, 8oard Member, UN AssocIatIon oI HoIIand
Lokwa Mbunzama NarcIsse, nIogroupe nternatIonaI
LorraIne Corner
Mads Sorensen, OIIIce oI the UN ResIdent CoordInator ] UNDP
MarIe-CIaude ]uIsaInt, WorId YWCA
MarIje Rhebergen, FaIrtrade LabeIIIng OrganIsatIons nternatIonaI
MawuII Dake
Mayowa ]oeI, Youth ActIon Rangers oI NIgerIa
May MIIIer-DawkIns, OxIam nternatIonaI Youth ParIIament
MIIa CorokhovIch, Student CIobaI ADS AIIIance
MnIca Marquez, MIsIon Rescate, PIaneta TIerra MexIco
Mohammed AI-ChanIm, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network
Moses Zobon Tucker, SocIety AgaInst EnvIronmentaI DegradatIon (SAED)
Muhammad Khuram CuII, nternatIonaI Scouts and CuIdes FederatIon
Muhammad TaImur AII Khan, Young Water ActIon Team
Noor Mosawy and NshemereIrwe Peruth, UnIted NatIons AssocIatIon oI Uganda
PascaI Renaud, WorId Youth CItIzens
Rebecca FowIes and RobInson Abuyeka, Youth Rock FoundatIon
RIchard CurtaIn, CurtaIn ConsuItIng
Robert LeIgh, SenIor PoIIcy SpecIaIIst, UnIted NatIons VoIunteers
S. AnanthakrIshnan, UN-HA8TAT
SaeI AouI Mohamad, MedIcaI SchooI oI 8aghdad
SeIene 8IIII, nternatIonaI Youth ParIIament
SImbowo Antony, Creen HIII Women Croup
Suzan KrIkorIan, UNDP Amman,
ThIrza 8ronner, CHOCE Ior Youth and SexuaIIty
TomIsIav TomasevIc, FrIends oI the Earth CroatIa
VIrgInIa SaIz, UnIted NatIons AssocIatIon oI UnIted KIngdom
YES TanzanIa Youth CommIttee
Zeoha Festus OkIke, AI NIgerIan UnIted NatIons Youth and Students AssocIatIon

YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS Ix
x YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
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NTRODUCTON NTRODUCTON NTRODUCTON NTRODUCTON................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................................. ............................. ............................. ............................. 1 11 1
PART : EXSTNC YOU PART : EXSTNC YOU PART : EXSTNC YOU PART : EXSTNC YOUTH PARTCPATON N TH PARTCPATON N TH PARTCPATON N TH PARTCPATON N DEVELOPMENT POLCY DEVELOPMENT POLCY DEVELOPMENT POLCY DEVELOPMENT POLCY................. ................. ................. ................. 5 55 5
A. YOUTH AND NATONAL COVERNMENTS ................................................................5
Youth PoIIcy................................................................................................5
8. YOUTH COUNCLS, PARLAMENTS AND RECONAL PLATFORMS....................................6
C. YOUTH AND THE UNTED NATONS......................................................................7
Youth DeIegates to the CeneraI AssembIy...................................................8
Youth DeIegates to UN CommIssIons..........................................................9
Youth and UN AgencIes ..............................................................................9
Youth and SustaInabIe DeveIopment.........................................................10
D. YOUTH AND MULTLATERAL NSTTUTONS ..........................................................11
E. YOUTH ORCANZATONS .................................................................................12
F. YOUTH AND NON-COVERNMENTAL ORCANZATONS.............................................13
PART : YOUTH AND T PART : YOUTH AND T PART : YOUTH AND T PART : YOUTH AND THE MLLEN HE MLLEN HE MLLEN HE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COA NUM DEVELOPMENT COA NUM DEVELOPMENT COA NUM DEVELOPMENT COALS LS LS LS....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... 14 14 14 14
COAL 1: ERADCATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNCER...............................................14
ntroductIon..............................................................................................14
ncreasIng the AvaIIabIIIty oI Data on Youth and Poverty ..........................15
Youth Engagement In Poverty ReductIon Strategy Processes (PRSPs) .........17
Youth and RuraI DeveIopment...................................................................19
Youth In Urban SIums and PopuIatIon Management ..................................20
Youth VIgIIance In CombatIng CorruptIon.................................................22
ConcIusIon................................................................................................23
COAL 2: ACHEVE UNVERSAL PRMARY EDUCATON..................................................24
ntroductIon..............................................................................................24
EncouragIng SchooI PartIcIpatIon..............................................................24
Young PeopIe as Students and Teachers ...................................................26
CurrIcuIum................................................................................................27
ConcIusIon................................................................................................28
COAL 3: PROMOTE CENDER EQUALTY AND EMPOWER WOMEN....................................29
ntroductIon..............................................................................................29
ExpandIng and SupportIng the EducatIon oI Young Women and CIrIs.......30
EmpowerIng Young Women to mprove theIr SItuatIon ThemseIves and to
zxzxzzxHeIp Others.............................................................................................32
ConcIusIon................................................................................................34
COAL 4: REDUCE CHLD MORTALTY .....................................................................35

YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS xI
ntroductIon ............................................................................................. 35
TraInIng Youth In HeaIth Care ServIces..................................................... 36
Youth Advocacy and MobIIIzIng Ior VaccInatIon agaInst nIectIous
IdIdsIsIDIseases................................................................................................... 37
Youth ActIons Ior SaIe Water and SanItatIon to Promote PubIIc HeaIth ..... 38
ConcIusIon ............................................................................................... 39
COAL 5: MPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH .................................................................. 40
ntroductIon ............................................................................................. 40
ComprehensIve ReproductIve HeaIth and SexuaI EducatIon...................... 41
PreventIng AdoIescent Pregnancy Ior the HeaIth oI Mothers..................... 42
Young PeopIe PreventIng HarmIuI CuIturaI PractIces ................................ 43
ConcIusIon ............................................................................................... 45
COAL 6: COM8AT HV]ADS, MALARA AND OTHER DSEASES................................... 47
ntroductIon ............................................................................................. 47
EducatIon and Awareness on PreventIng the Spread oI HV]ADS and
dIdsIsdIMaIarIa.................................................................................................... 48
Peer-to-Peer EducatIon............................................................................ 49
Youth TraIned In HV]ADS and MedIcaI Treatment as Part oI Youth
dIsdIsdEmpIoyment StrategIes............................................................................. 50
Youth TackIIng HV]ADS through Advocacy and NetworkIng................... 51
EngagIng HV-PosItIve Youth In DecIsIon-MakIng Processes .................... 53
LIItIng Up Youth VoIces ............................................................................ 53
ConcIusIon ............................................................................................... 54
COAL 7: ENSURE ENVRONMENTAL SUSTANA8LTY .................................................. 56
ntroductIon ............................................................................................. 56
. Youth and nternatIonaI and NatIonaI SustaInabIe DeveIopment Processes57
NatIonaI PartIcIpatIon In SustaInabIe DeveIopment................................... 59
. YOUTH AT THE CRASSROOTS LEVEL................................................................... 62
Young PeopIe as Leaders oI SocIaI and EnvIronmentaI EnterprIses ........... 62
Young PeopIe WorkIng Ior CIean Water .................................................... 64
Young PeopIe WorkIng Ior SaIe Water and RenewabIe Energy................... 65
Young PeopIe WorkIng For SustaInabIe ConsumptIon............................... 66
Young PeopIe PromotIng SustaInabIe UnIversItIes .................................... 67
ConcIusIon ............................................................................................... 69
COAL 8: DEVELOP A CLO8AL PARTNERSHP FOR DEVELOPMENT.................... 70
ntroductIon ............................................................................................. 70
Youth at the ForeIront oI FaIr Trade ......................................................... 71
Youth EmpIoyment ................................................................................... 72
ncubatIng Youth EntrepreneurshIp.......................................................... 75
Youth and nIormatIon and CommunIcatIon TechnoIogIes (CTs) ............. 78
CTs OIIer HoIIstIc SoIutIons to DeveIopment ChaIIenges......................... 81
ConcIusIon ............................................................................................... 82
PART : QUCK WNS PART : QUCK WNS PART : QUCK WNS PART : QUCK WNS................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ .................................................... .................... .................... ....................83 83 83 83
LInkIng OptIons Ior ActIon wIth QuIck WIns ............................................. 83
Youth AssIstIng In the MDC QuIck WIns ................................................... 83
xII YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
Youth-Focused QuIck WIns .......................................................................86
PART V: CROSSCUTTN PART V: CROSSCUTTN PART V: CROSSCUTTN PART V: CROSSCUTTNC RECOMMENDATONS AN C RECOMMENDATONS AN C RECOMMENDATONS AN C RECOMMENDATONS AND FUTURE STEPS D FUTURE STEPS D FUTURE STEPS D FUTURE STEPS................ ................ ................ ................ 87 87 87 87
A. Advocacy and Awareness: Young PeopIe In the MIIIennIum CampaIgn..87
8. PoIIcIes: Young PeopIe In the MDC 8usIness PIan..................................88
C. ActIon: Young PeopIe mpIementIng the MDCs.....................................89
D. NetworkIng and CoIIaboratIon: Young PeopIe WorkIng Together to
sdIdIsdIsImpIement the MDCs ............................................................................90
APPENDX A: ML APPENDX A: ML APPENDX A: ML APPENDX A: MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT LENNUM DEVELOPMENT LENNUM DEVELOPMENT LENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS COALS COALS COALS................................ ................................ ................................ .......................................... .......... .......... .......... 91 91 91 91
APPENDX 8: MLLENN APPENDX 8: MLLENN APPENDX 8: MLLENN APPENDX 8: MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS UM DEVELOPMENT COALS UM DEVELOPMENT COALS UM DEVELOPMENT COALS PRORTY COUNTRES PRORTY COUNTRES PRORTY COUNTRES PRORTY COUNTRES.......... .......... .......... .......... 92 92 92 92
APPENDX C: LST OF APPENDX C: LST OF APPENDX C: LST OF APPENDX C: LST OF OPTONS FOR ACT OPTONS FOR ACT OPTONS FOR ACT OPTONS FOR ACTON FROM PART ON FROM PART ON FROM PART ON FROM PART ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ 93 93 93 93
APPENDX D: SELECTED APPENDX D: SELECTED APPENDX D: SELECTED APPENDX D: SELECTED 88LOCRAPHY AND YO 88LOCRAPHY AND YO 88LOCRAPHY AND YO 88LOCRAPHY AND YOUTH DECLARATONS UTH DECLARATONS UTH DECLARATONS UTH DECLARATONS.............. .............. .............. .............. 97 97 97 97
APPENDX E: USEFUL R APPENDX E: USEFUL R APPENDX E: USEFUL R APPENDX E: USEFUL RESOURCES & CUDELNE ESOURCES & CUDELNE ESOURCES & CUDELNE ESOURCES & CUDELNES RELATN S RELATN S RELATN S RELATNC TO COAL 8 C TO COAL 8 C TO COAL 8 C TO COAL 8 ........... ........... ........... ........... 99 99 99 99
APPENDX F: 8OCRAPH APPENDX F: 8OCRAPH APPENDX F: 8OCRAPH APPENDX F: 8OCRAPHES ES ES ES................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ .......................................... .......... .......... .......... 101 101 101 101
APPENDX C: REFERENC APPENDX C: REFERENC APPENDX C: REFERENC APPENDX C: REFERENCES ES ES ES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ .......................................... .......... .......... .......... 105 105 105 105

YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS xIII
|is !triis
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1: :: : UNDP NATONAL HUMAN UNDP NATONAL HUMAN UNDP NATONAL HUMAN UNDP NATONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT W DEVELOPMENT REPORT W DEVELOPMENT REPORT W DEVELOPMENT REPORT WRTTEN 8Y RTTEN 8Y RTTEN 8Y RTTEN 8Y
CROATAN YOUTH CROATAN YOUTH CROATAN YOUTH CROATAN YOUTH ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ......................................... ......... ......... .........16 16 16 16
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 2 TUDY 2 TUDY 2 TUDY 2: :: : PHLPPNE'S NATONA PHLPPNE'S NATONA PHLPPNE'S NATONA PHLPPNE'S NATONAL YOUTH COMMSSON L YOUTH COMMSSON L YOUTH COMMSSON L YOUTH COMMSSON DENTFES STUATON DENTFES STUATON DENTFES STUATON DENTFES STUATON OF OF OF OF
YOUTH YOUTH YOUTH YOUTH ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ......................................................... ......................... ......................... .........................16 16 16 16
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 3 TUDY 3 TUDY 3 TUDY 3: :: : UNESCO 8RAZL'S UNESCO 8RAZL'S UNESCO 8RAZL'S UNESCO 8RAZL'S YOUTH DEVELOPMENT N YOUTH DEVELOPMENT N YOUTH DEVELOPMENT N YOUTH DEVELOPMENT NDEX DEX DEX DEX ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................16 16 16 16
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 4 TUDY 4 TUDY 4 TUDY 4: :: : YOUTH PARTCPATON YOUTH PARTCPATON YOUTH PARTCPATON YOUTH PARTCPATON N THE CONSULTATON N THE CONSULTATON N THE CONSULTATON N THE CONSULTATON PROCESS OF POVERTY PROCESS OF POVERTY PROCESS OF POVERTY PROCESS OF POVERTY
REDUCTON STRATECES REDUCTON STRATECES REDUCTON STRATECES REDUCTON STRATECES................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. .. .19 19 19 19
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 5 TUDY 5 TUDY 5 TUDY 5: :: : LFE SKLLS FOR RURA LFE SKLLS FOR RURA LFE SKLLS FOR RURA LFE SKLLS FOR RURAL YOUNC WOMEN (NEPAL L YOUNC WOMEN (NEPAL L YOUNC WOMEN (NEPAL L YOUNC WOMEN (NEPAL, 8ANCLAD , 8ANCLAD , 8ANCLAD , 8ANCLADESH, ESH, ESH, ESH,
PAKSTAN AND NDA) PAKSTAN AND NDA) PAKSTAN AND NDA) PAKSTAN AND NDA) ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ .................................... .... .... ....20 20 20 20
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 6 TUDY 6 TUDY 6 TUDY 6: :: : YOUTH HELPNC YOUTH YOUTH HELPNC YOUTH YOUTH HELPNC YOUTH YOUTH HELPNC YOUTH N UR8AN POOR COMMUN N UR8AN POOR COMMUN N UR8AN POOR COMMUN N UR8AN POOR COMMUNTES TES TES TES.................... .................... .................... ....................21 21 21 21
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 7 TUDY 7 TUDY 7 TUDY 7: :: : 8ULDNC MECHANSMS 8ULDNC MECHANSMS 8ULDNC MECHANSMS 8ULDNC MECHANSMS FOR YOUTH ENCACEMENT FOR YOUTH ENCACEMENT FOR YOUTH ENCACEMENT FOR YOUTH ENCACEMENT TO ERADCATE TO ERADCATE TO ERADCATE TO ERADCATE
CORRUPTON N ZAM8A CORRUPTON N ZAM8A CORRUPTON N ZAM8A CORRUPTON N ZAM8A................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. .. .23 23 23 23
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 8 TUDY 8 TUDY 8 TUDY 8: :: : YOUTH ENCACNC YOUTH YOUTH ENCACNC YOUTH YOUTH ENCACNC YOUTH YOUTH ENCACNC YOUTH N EDUCATONAL OPPO N EDUCATONAL OPPO N EDUCATONAL OPPO N EDUCATONAL OPPORTUNTES RTUNTES RTUNTES RTUNTES ............ ............ ............ ............25 25 25 25
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 9 TUDY 9 TUDY 9 TUDY 9: :: : YOUTH WORKNC TO ERA YOUTH WORKNC TO ERA YOUTH WORKNC TO ERA YOUTH WORKNC TO ERADCATE LLTERACY N DCATE LLTERACY N DCATE LLTERACY N DCATE LLTERACY N NDA NDA NDA NDA ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................27 27 27 27
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 10 00 0: :: : YWCA OF 8ELZ YWCA OF 8ELZ YWCA OF 8ELZ YWCA OF 8ELZE AND 8ANCLADESH CLO E AND 8ANCLADESH CLO E AND 8ANCLADESH CLO E AND 8ANCLADESH CLOSNC CENDER CAP N SNC CENDER CAP N SNC CENDER CAP N SNC CENDER CAP N
SECONDARY EDUCATON SECONDARY EDUCATON SECONDARY EDUCATON SECONDARY EDUCATON................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................31 31 31 31
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 11 11 1: :: : YOUNC WOMEN N AFRC YOUNC WOMEN N AFRC YOUNC WOMEN N AFRC YOUNC WOMEN N AFRCA MO8LZNC AROUND A MO8LZNC AROUND A MO8LZNC AROUND A MO8LZNC AROUND THE HV]ADS THE HV]ADS THE HV]ADS THE HV]ADS
PANDEMC PANDEMC PANDEMC PANDEMC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................................... ..................... ..................... .....................33 33 33 33
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 12 22 2: :: : NCU8ATNC WOMEN AND NCU8ATNC WOMEN AND NCU8ATNC WOMEN AND NCU8ATNC WOMEN AND YOUTH RESO YOUTH RESO YOUTH RESO YOUTH RESOURCE CENTER N A CON URCE CENTER N A CON URCE CENTER N A CON URCE CENTER N A CONFLCT FLCT FLCT FLCT
ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................................. ............................. ............................. .............................33 33 33 33
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 13 33 3: :: : TRANNC YOUTH N TH TRANNC YOUTH N TH TRANNC YOUTH N TH TRANNC YOUTH N THE PREVENTON OF TEEN E PREVENTON OF TEEN E PREVENTON OF TEEN E PREVENTON OF TEEN PRECNANCY N CHLE PRECNANCY N CHLE PRECNANCY N CHLE PRECNANCY N CHLE
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................... ..... ..... .....36 36 36 36
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 14 44 4: :: : US YOUTH ADVOCACY AN US YOUTH ADVOCACY AN US YOUTH ADVOCACY AN US YOUTH ADVOCACY AND FUNDRASNC TO PRE D FUNDRASNC TO PRE D FUNDRASNC TO PRE D FUNDRASNC TO PREVENT MEASLES VENT MEASLES VENT MEASLES VENT MEASLES .... .... .... ....37 37 37 37
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 15 55 5: :: : YOUTH ADDRESSNC LOC YOUTH ADDRESSNC LOC YOUTH ADDRESSNC LOC YOUTH ADDRESSNC LOCAL HEALTH PRO8LEMS AL HEALTH PRO8LEMS AL HEALTH PRO8LEMS AL HEALTH PRO8LEMS N 8HUTAN N 8HUTAN N 8HUTAN N 8HUTAN............ ............ ............ ............38 38 38 38
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 16 66 6: :: : YOUTH SERVCE DAY N YOUTH SERVCE DAY N YOUTH SERVCE DAY N YOUTH SERVCE DAY N T8LS ON APRL 18 T8LS ON APRL 18 T8LS ON APRL 18 T8LS ON APRL 18, 2004 , 2004 , 2004 , 2004 ......................... ......................... ......................... .........................38 38 38 38
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 17 77 7: :: : MPROVNC MPROVNC MPROVNC MPROVNC YOUTH SEXUAL AND REP YOUTH SEXUAL AND REP YOUTH SEXUAL AND REP YOUTH SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTVE HEALTH (SR RODUCTVE HEALTH (SR RODUCTVE HEALTH (SR RODUCTVE HEALTH (SRH) N H) N H) N H) N
8OSNA AND HERZECOV 8OSNA AND HERZECOV 8OSNA AND HERZECOV 8OSNA AND HERZECOVNA NA NA NA................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................................ ............................ ............................ ............................39 39 39 39
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 18 88 8: :: : YOUTH NTATVE ON YOUTH NTATVE ON YOUTH NTATVE ON YOUTH NTATVE ON THE PREVENTON OF AD THE PREVENTON OF AD THE PREVENTON OF AD THE PREVENTON OF ADOLESCENT PRECNANCY OLESCENT PRECNANCY OLESCENT PRECNANCY OLESCENT PRECNANCY
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................... ..... ..... .....43 43 43 43
CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 19 99 9: :: : YOUTH TRANNC AND A YOUTH TRANNC AND A YOUTH TRANNC AND A YOUTH TRANNC AND AWAR WAR WAR WARENESS THROUCH MEDA ENESS THROUCH MEDA ENESS THROUCH MEDA ENESS THROUCH MEDA N SOMALA N SOMALA N SOMALA N SOMALA... ... ... ...45 45 45 45
xIv YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 20 TUDY 20 TUDY 20 TUDY 20: :: : YOUTH ACTVSM TO EN YOUTH ACTVSM TO EN YOUTH ACTVSM TO EN YOUTH ACTVSM TO END VOLENCE ACANST W D VOLENCE ACANST W D VOLENCE ACANST W D VOLENCE ACANST WOMEN OMEN OMEN OMEN................... ................... ................... ................... 46 46 46 46
CASE STUDY CASE STUDY CASE STUDY CASE STUDY 2 22 21: 1: 1: 1: YOUTH ORENTED HV P YOUTH ORENTED HV P YOUTH ORENTED HV P YOUTH ORENTED HV PREVENTON N RURAL S REVENTON N RURAL S REVENTON N RURAL S REVENTON N RURAL SECONDARY SCHOOLS ECONDARY SCHOOLS ECONDARY SCHOOLS ECONDARY SCHOOLS
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................... ..... ..... ..... 49 49 49 49
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 22 TUDY 22 TUDY 22 TUDY 22: :: : STUDENTS RASNC AWA STUDENTS RASNC AWA STUDENTS RASNC AWA STUDENTS RASNC AWARENESS A8OUT MALARA RENESS A8OUT MALARA RENESS A8OUT MALARA RENESS A8OUT MALARA........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 50 50 50 50
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 23 TUDY 23 TUDY 23 TUDY 23: :: : YOUTH COM8ATNC HV] YOUTH COM8ATNC HV] YOUTH COM8ATNC HV] YOUTH COM8ATNC HV]ADS N PAPUA NEW CU ADS N PAPUA NEW CU ADS N PAPUA NEW CU ADS N PAPUA NEW CUNEA NEA NEA NEA..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 51 51 51 51
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 24 TUDY 24 TUDY 24 TUDY 24: :: : HARNESSNC THE POWER HARNESSNC THE POWER HARNESSNC THE POWER HARNESSNC THE POWER OF STUDEN OF STUDEN OF STUDEN OF STUDENTS AS ADVOCATES, STU TS AS ADVOCATES, STU TS AS ADVOCATES, STU TS AS ADVOCATES, STUDENT DENT DENT DENT
CLO8AL ADS CAMPACN CLO8AL ADS CAMPACN CLO8AL ADS CAMPACN CLO8AL ADS CAMPACN................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 53 53 53 53
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 25 TUDY 25 TUDY 25 TUDY 25: :: : UNFPA YOUTH ADVSORY UNFPA YOUTH ADVSORY UNFPA YOUTH ADVSORY UNFPA YOUTH ADVSORY COMMTTEE COMMTTEE COMMTTEE COMMTTEE ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................................... ........... ........... ........... 54 54 54 54
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 26 TUDY 26 TUDY 26 TUDY 26: :: : ASA & PACFC YOUTH ASA & PACFC YOUTH ASA & PACFC YOUTH ASA & PACFC YOUTH PROCRAM PROCRAM PROCRAM PROCRAM................................ ................................ ................................ .................................................. .................. .................. .................. 60 60 60 60
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUD TUD TUD TUDY 27 Y 27 Y 27 Y 27: :: : YOUTH VERSON OF CLO YOUTH VERSON OF CLO YOUTH VERSON OF CLO YOUTH VERSON OF CLO8AL ENVRONMENT OUTL 8AL ENVRONMENT OUTL 8AL ENVRONMENT OUTL 8AL ENVRONMENT OUTLOOK (CEO) OOK (CEO) OOK (CEO) OOK (CEO).......... .......... .......... .......... 61 61 61 61
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 28 TUDY 28 TUDY 28 TUDY 28: :: : ASAN AND EUROPEAN Y ASAN AND EUROPEAN Y ASAN AND EUROPEAN Y ASAN AND EUROPEAN YOUTH PROMOTE YOUTH OUTH PROMOTE YOUTH OUTH PROMOTE YOUTH OUTH PROMOTE YOUTH NVOLVEMENT N NVOLVEMENT N NVOLVEMENT N NVOLVEMENT N
SUSTANA8LE DEVELOPM SUSTANA8LE DEVELOPM SUSTANA8LE DEVELOPM SUSTANA8LE DEVELOPMENT ENT ENT ENT................................ ................................ ................................ .......................................................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 62 62 62 62
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 29 TUDY 29 TUDY 29 TUDY 29: :: : CASE STUDY 29: NT CASE STUDY 29: NT CASE STUDY 29: NT CASE STUDY 29: NTECRATED SOL MANACEM ECRATED SOL MANACEM ECRATED SOL MANACEM ECRATED SOL MANACEMENT THROUCH YOUNC ENT THROUCH YOUNC ENT THROUCH YOUNC ENT THROUCH YOUNC
FARMER FELD SCHOOL FARMER FELD SCHOOL FARMER FELD SCHOOL FARMER FELD SCHOOL................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ .................................. .. .. .. 64 64 64 64
CASE STUDY 30 CASE STUDY 30 CASE STUDY 30 CASE STUDY 30: :: : KLAMPUN CONSERVATON KLAMPUN CONSERVATON KLAMPUN CONSERVATON KLAMPUN CONSERVATON CORPS N PAPA NEW C CORPS N PAPA NEW C CORPS N PAPA NEW C CORPS N PAPA NEW CUNEA UNEA UNEA UNEA ................. ................. ................. ................. 64 64 64 64
CASE STUDY 31 CASE STUDY 31 CASE STUDY 31 CASE STUDY 31: :: : YOUTH WORKNC TOCETH YOUTH WORKNC TOCETH YOUTH WORKNC TOCETH YOUTH WORKNC TOCETHER AT CLO8AL AND LOC ER AT CLO8AL AND LOC ER AT CLO8AL AND LOC ER AT CLO8AL AND LOCAL LEVEL AL LEVEL AL LEVEL AL LEVELS ON S ON S ON S ON
WATER ACTON TEAMS WATER ACTON TEAMS WATER ACTON TEAMS WATER ACTON TEAMS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. .. . 65 65 65 65
CASE STUDY 32 CASE STUDY 32 CASE STUDY 32 CASE STUDY 32: :: : SOLAR POWERED SYSTEM SOLAR POWERED SYSTEM SOLAR POWERED SYSTEM SOLAR POWERED SYSTEMS TO SUPPLY WATER S TO SUPPLY WATER S TO SUPPLY WATER S TO SUPPLY WATER ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 66 66 66 66
CASE STUDY 33 CASE STUDY 33 CASE STUDY 33 CASE STUDY 33: :: : NATONAL YOUTHXCHANC NATONAL YOUTHXCHANC NATONAL YOUTHXCHANC NATONAL YOUTHXCHANCE PROCRAMME N KOREA E PROCRAMME N KOREA E PROCRAMME N KOREA E PROCRAMME N KOREA ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 68 68 68 68
CASE STUD CASE STUD CASE STUD CASE STUDY 34 Y 34 Y 34 Y 34: :: : NETWORK LOOKNC FOR NETWORK LOOKNC FOR NETWORK LOOKNC FOR NETWORK LOOKNC FOR SUSTANA8LE UNVERS SUSTANA8LE UNVERS SUSTANA8LE UNVERS SUSTANA8LE UNVERSTES TES TES TES ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 69 69 69 69
CASE STUDY 35 CASE STUDY 35 CASE STUDY 35 CASE STUDY 35: :: : UNTED STUDENTS FOR UNTED STUDENTS FOR UNTED STUDENTS FOR UNTED STUDENTS FOR FAR TRADE FAR TRADE FAR TRADE FAR TRADE................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................... ............... ............... ............... 73 73 73 73
CASE STUDY 36 CASE STUDY 36 CASE STUDY 36 CASE STUDY 36: :: : YOUTH YOUTH YOUTH YOUTH- -- -LED CVL SOCETY ME LED CVL SOCETY ME LED CVL SOCETY ME LED CVL SOCETY MECHANSMS FOR ADDRESS CHANSMS FOR ADDRESS CHANSMS FOR ADDRESS CHANSMS FOR ADDRESSNC YOUTH NC YOUTH NC YOUTH NC YOUTH
EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................... ............... ............... ............... 75 75 75 75
CASE STUDY 37 CASE STUDY 37 CASE STUDY 37 CASE STUDY 37: :: : PROVDNC CREDT FOR PROVDNC CREDT FOR PROVDNC CREDT FOR PROVDNC CREDT FOR YOUNC ENTREPRENEURS YOUNC ENTREPRENEURS YOUNC ENTREPRENEURS YOUNC ENTREPRENEURS .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 77 77 77 77
CASE STUDY 38 CASE STUDY 38 CASE STUDY 38 CASE STUDY 38: :: : ENTERPRSNC YOUTH A ENTERPRSNC YOUTH A ENTERPRSNC YOUTH A ENTERPRSNC YOUTH AROUND THE WORLD ROUND THE WORLD ROUND THE WORLD ROUND THE WORLD ................................ ................................ ................................ .................................. .. .. .. 78 78 78 78
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 39 TUDY 39 TUDY 39 TUDY 39: :: : THE CLO8AL KNOWLEDCE THE CLO8AL KNOWLEDCE THE CLO8AL KNOWLEDCE THE CLO8AL KNOWLEDCE P PP PARTNERSHP ARTNERSHP ARTNERSHP ARTNERSHP ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................................ ........ ........ ........ 81 81 81 81
CASE S CASE S CASE S CASE STUDY 40 TUDY 40 TUDY 40 TUDY 40: :: : CTS N SEXUAL HEALT CTS N SEXUAL HEALT CTS N SEXUAL HEALT CTS N SEXUAL HEALTH AND HV]ADS PREVE H AND HV]ADS PREVE H AND HV]ADS PREVE H AND HV]ADS PREVENTON NTON NTON NTON ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 82 82 82 82

YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS xv
|ttrti !rnnir
Young peopIe ages 15 to 24 make up 1.2 bIIIIon oI the worId's human capItaI. Around
the worId, many oI them are aIready makIng contrIbutIons to the MIIIennIum
DeveIopment CoaIs (MDCs), and theIr work shouId be Iurther acknowIedged and
strengthened. ncreasIngIy, youth are recognIzed as key partIcIpants In decIsIon-
makIng and deveIopment, as reIIected In the growIng presence oI non-governmentaI
youth organIzatIons and the upsurge oI youth advIsory boards and commIttees to
InternatIonaI InstItutIons and programs. Yet buIIdIng the capacIty oI and creatIng
sustaIned partnershIps wIth young peopIe are crucIaI strategIes to achIevIng the MDCs
that have not been IuIIy reaIIzed by the InternatIonaI communIty.
ThIs paper aIms to provIde an overvIew oI youth partIcIpatIon as It currentIy
exIsts, to outIIne the ways In whIch youth are dIrectIy aIIected by each CoaI, to
demonstrate how young peopIe are contrIbutIng to the MDCs, and to provIde 'OptIons
Ior ActIon' that governments, the UnIted NatIons system, donors and other actors can
harness, support, and scaIe-up In order to support young peopIe In makIng sIgnIIIcant
contrIbutIons to achIevIng the MDCs.
Part Part Part Part outIInes the exIstIng mechanIsms Ior youth partIcIpatIon In deveIopment
poIIcy. These channeIs can be utIIIzed by governments and InstItutIons to strengthen
and mobIIIze young peopIe as partners In poIIcy IormuIatIon. SuccessIuI modes oI
partIcIpatIon shouId be recognIzed and repIIcated, and aIso adapted to the chaIIengIng
poIItIcaI and socIo-economIc reaIItIes IacIng many youth-Ied and youth-servIng
organIzatIons.
P PP Part art art art presents youth partIcIpatIon as It reIates dIrectIy to the MDCs. Each goaI
Is anaIyzed wIth respect to Its eIIect on young peopIes IIves as weII as how young
peopIe can pIay - and Indeed are pIayIng - a roIe In Its ImpIementatIon. Under each
goaI are a number oI "OptIons Ior ActIon" that governments, the UN and muItIIateraI
organIzatIons can use to IuIIy harness the contrIbutIons that youth can make to
achIevIng the MDCs.
CoaI 1, To EradIcate Extreme Poverty and Hunger, outIInes the IInkages
between youth and poverty and raIses concerns such as the Iack oI data on youth
IIvIng In poverty and the need Ior Increased youth engagement In Poverty ReductIon
Strategy Processes (PRSPs). t addresses youth poverty and ruraI deveIopment, as weII
as youth In urban sIums, and IInIshes wIth a revIew oI youth vIgIIance In combatIng
corruptIon. Some oI the optIons Ior actIon outIIned are:
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xvI YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
Covernments shouId create youth deveIopment Indexes and trend monItorIng
schemes that are aIIgned to the MDCs and PRSPs]CAS. Such studIes shouId IncIude
the UNDP 2006 Human DeveIopment Report and the 2007 WorId DeveIopment
Report oI the WorId 8ank devoted to youth deveIopment.
Expand sex-dIsaggregated and age-based research, both quaIItatIve and
quantItatIve, on youth poverty at both natIonaI and regIonaI IeveIs.
Covernments must create mechanIsms that ensure young peopIe are InvoIved In
the deveIopment oI Poverty ReductIon Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Country
AssIstance StrategIes (CAS) through NatIonaI Youth CouncIIs or other Iorums Ior
youth representatIon. ThIs wIII ensure that youth perspectIves are heard and that
PRSPs are reIevant to IocaI concerns. t wIII aIso promote wIdespread partIcIpatIon
In theIr ImpIementatIon.
Covernments shouId IncIude young peopIe In the ImpIementatIon oI new projects
IdentIIIed In natIonaI deveIopment and poverty reductIon pIans and strategIes, as
weII as support exIstIng youth-Ied deveIopment InItIatIves.
DeveIopment poIIcIes must prIorItIze the growth oI ruraI areas, whIch have hIgh
percentages oI unempIoyed youth and IIttIe pubIIc InIrastructure, by engagIng
young peopIe In creatIng necessary servIces and InIrastructure.
Covernments and the prIvate sector must support agrI-based mIcro-
entrepreneurIaI endeavors oI young peopIe and Invest In IarmIng technoIogIes that
boost agrIcuIturaI productIon.
Covernment must enact Iaws that Ioster the creatIon oI communIty-drIven projects
wIth urban youth IIvIng In poverty, support current youth-Ied entrepreneurIaI
InItIatIves In urban communItIes, as weII as UN-HA8TAT's work In sIum
deveIopment.
Covernments must Increase eIIorts to educate young peopIe In urban communItIes
on responsIbIe sexuaI IIIestyIes and reproductIve heaIth practIces as a pubIIc poIIcy
measure to eIIectIveIy manage popuIatIon growth.
WIdespread support must be extended to the WorId 8ank's Youth and Covernance
Program, partIcuIarIy In countrIes most aIIected by ongoIng corruptIon. Youth
must be Iurther traIned In eIImInatIng aII types oI corruptIon and whIstIe-bIowIng
strategIes through country-specIIIc youth drIven antI-corruptIon projects.
Covernments must create communIcatIon strategIes to InIorm young peopIe on
accessIng antI-corruptIon commIssIons.
CoaI 2, To AchIeve UnIversaI PrImary EducatIon, contaIns a number oI areas
such as encouragIng schooI partIcIpatIon and engagIng young peopIe as peer
educators and teachers are addressed. n addItIon, a revIew oI currIcuIum
deveIopment Is undertaken. OptIons Ior actIon IncIude:
Covernments shouId adopt and promote the concept oI 'young peopIe Ior young
peopIe' and encourage young peopIe In schooIIng to undertake communIty-based
InItIatIves that encourage schooI partIcIpatIon.
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YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS xvII
Make voIunteer tutorIng oI prImary schooI aged chIIdren part oI the secondary
schooI currIcuIum.
Projects where young peopIe take InItIatIve to enhance educatIon and teach other
young peopIe shouId be showcased and IundIng made avaIIabIe to repIIcate them
In other communItIes.
Ensure young peopIe have the opportunIty to contrIbute to theIr own currIcuIum
through the creatIon oI student schooI councIIs.
CoaI 3, To Promote Cender EquaIIty and Empower Women, Is centered on
supportIng educatIon Ior young women and gIrIs, as weII as empowerIng them to heIp
themseIves. The chapter Iooks at the promotIon oI gender equIty In educatIon and
IeadershIp deveIopment. OptIons Ior actIon are:
ProvIde IncentIves and IundIng opportunItIes Ior NCOs and youth organIzatIons to
InItIate non-IormaI educatIon actIvItIes targetIng gIrIs and women. Where
InItIatIves aIready exIst, deveIop repIIcatIon strategIes and scaIe-up exIstIng
InItIatIves.
nItIate young women Into traIners programs In partIcIpatIon and IeadershIp to
enabIe young women to heIp theIr communItIes.
Encourage young women's cIvIc partIcIpatIon through hoIdIng conIerences Ior
young women to address Issues oI concern, and openIng other means oI IormaI
poIItIcaI partIcIpatIon, such as seats Ior young women In poIItIcaI partIes or
caucuses.
Covernments and cIvII socIety In peaceIuI areas as weII as conIIIct zones shouId
provIde support, traInIng and a project IncubatIon servIce to heIp young women
Ieaders evaIuate the needs oI theIr communItIes and deveIop successIuI projects.
CoaI 4, To Reduce ChIId MortaIIty, dIscusses the beneIIts oI traInIng young
peopIe to provIde heaIth-reIated servIces. Furthermore, the sectIon stresses how
youth advocacy and actIvIsm assIst In provIdIng vaccInatIons, cIean water and
sanItatIon to chIIdren at rIsk. The optIons Ior actIon whIch arIse are:
EstabIIsh teen cIInIcs and promote peer-to-peer educatIon on sexuaI and
reproductIve heaIth, encouragIng young peopIe In the communIty to take a roIe In
the desIgn and needs assessment requIred Ior these programs.
TraIn unempIoyed youth In communIty-based heaIth work, prenataI care,
emergency obstetrIc care and IamIIy pIannIng and expand these servIces In a
strategIc manner In deveIopIng countrIes.
Support the campaIgns oI youth In deveIopIng countrIes to make vaccInatIons Ior
InIectIous dIseases avaIIabIe to aII.
RaIse awareness among youth that access to saIe water and sanItatIon Is a pubIIc
heaIth Issue, and enabIe youth to address IocaI pubIIc heaIth probIems.
CoaI 5, To mprove MaternaI HeaIth, hIghIIghts the need to educate young
peopIe about reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth, especIaIIy as It reIates to reducIng
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xvIII YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
adoIescent pregnancy. n addItIon, the roIe oI young peopIe In preventIng harmIuI
cuIturaI practIces Is dIscussed. OptIons Ior actIon IncIude:
Promote reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth educatIon In ruraI and urban areas
through IormaI currIcuIa and non-IormaI actIvItIes.
Encourage peer-to-peer educatIon on sexuaI heaIth and communIty-based
condom dIstrIbutIon Ior youth by youth.
Fund the expansIon oI exIstIng or estabIIsh new youth-Ied, non-IormaI communIty
educatIon to raIse awareness about negatIve consequences oI chIId marrIage and
adoIescent pregnancy.
ProvIde opportunItIes Ior youth to speak about theIr cuIture, and encourage theIr
voIces to be a part oI communIty IormatIon.
Fund and support youth-Ied medIa and awareness campaIgns about scIentIIIc
ImpIIcatIons oI some cuIturaI practIces.
Support the InvoIvement oI young men In preventIng gender-based vIoIence
through theIr partIcIpatIon and IeadershIp In traInIngs and awareness programs.
CoaI 6, To Combat HV]ADS, MaIarIa and Other DIseases, examInes the
devastatIng eIIects oI these dIseases on young peopIe and InvestIgates youth as peer
educators and agents oI change. The chapter detaIIs youth tackIIng HV]ADS through
advocacy and networkIng and dIscusses how to engage HV posItIve youth Ior better
poIIcy IormuIatIon. t IncIudes some oI the Ideas oI youth who have gathered at
nternatIonaI ADS ConIerences and dIscusses how to Increase the number oI youth
traIned In provIdIng HV]ADS treatment and care. The optIons Ior actIon are:
Encourage youth-Ied sexuaI reproductIve heaIth educatIon In secondary schooIs,
and Integrate HV]ADS educatIon Into currIcuIum as a sustaInabIe way oI sharIng
InIormatIon about HV]ADS.
Use youth expertIse to create InnovatIve and eIIectIve strategIes Ior the preventIon
oI HV]ADS, T8, MaIarIa and aII dIseases.
Create, mobIIIze and strengthen teams oI young peer educators to vIsIt schooIs,
pIaces oI worshIp, and other structures In theIr communItIes.
LInk IocaI youth empIoyment networks to cIInIcs In dIsease-aIIected areas.
Further InvestIgate the roIe oI youth as care gIvers, and how youth empIoyment
strategIes can be part oI scaIIng up deIIvery oI medIcatIon and care servIces.
Resource conIerences and exIstIng youth structures as contact poInts, usIng them
to Incorporate youth In natIonaI strategIes, advIse on government poIIcIes, and
dIstrIbute resources.
PeopIe LIvIng WIth ADS (PLWA) assocIatIons and other eIIorts to support those
aIIected by the dIsease shouId provIde channeIs Ior youth-Iocused servIces and
partIcIpatIon.
CoaI 7, To Ensure EnvIronmentaI SustaInabIIIty dIscusses the success oI the
UnIted NatIons system In engagIng young peopIe In envIronmentaI Issues.
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YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS xIx
Furthermore, It outIInes how young peopIe are successIuI In IeadIng socIaI and
envIronmentaI enterprIses, provIdIng cIean and saIe water and renewabIe energy, and
promotIng sustaInabIe consumptIon and sustaInabIe unIversItIes. t provIdes the
IoIIowIng optIons Ior actIon:
ProvIde IundIng so that youth Irom deveIopIng countrIes can attend and
partIcIpate In UN envIronmentaI processes.
Fund regIonaI and InternatIonaI youth networks In order to IacIIItate gIobaI
cooperatIon.
ntergovernmentaI agencIes shouId deveIop, scaIe-up, or repIIcate InItIatIves
supportIng youth partIcIpatIon In poIIcy and programmatIc deveIopment on
envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty.
Covernments, IntergovernmentaI agencIes and youth organIzatIons shouId deveIop
partnershIps Ior joInt envIronmentaI InItIatIves aImed at buIIdIng capacIty In young
peopIe at the natIonaI IeveI.
8uIId and support gIobaI networks among youth organIzatIons promotIng
sustaInabIe deveIopment.
Foster partnershIps opportunItIes wIth youth organIzatIons and InternatIonaI
agencIes to deveIop IocaI and natIonaI projects.
Showcase youth-Ied eIIorts successIuIIy addressIng socIaI and envIronmentaI
needs on a IocaI IeveI and provIde IncentIves Ior repIIcatIon In sImIIar
communItIes.
Fund a Youth WorId Water Forum event annuaIIy to ensure the contInued growth oI
the YWAT network and thereby the number oI young peopIe workIng Ior saIe
water.
ProvIde IncentIves such as grants or mIcro-IInance Ior youth to work Ior saIe water
In theIr communIty, and Ior youth-Ied cIean water projects.
EstabIIsh a Iund to support youth-Ied renewabIe energy enterprIses.
DeveIop partnershIps In areas wIthout access to saIe water to traIn youth to Iead
communIty-based water suppIy projects.
Covernments shouId support traInIng In sustaInabIe consumptIon towards
sustaInabIe IIIestyIe and IoIIow-up InItIatIves IncIudIng networks and smaII grants.
As part oI theIr commItments to the Decade oI EducatIon Ior SustaInabIe
DeveIopment, governments shouId encourage aII unIversItIes to begIn the
transItIon to becomIng sustaInabIe InstItutIons. The IIrst step Is to eIect a
commIttee comprIsIng students and teachers to deveIop a strategy through
consuItatIon wIth the unIversIty communIty.
CoaI 8, To DeveIop a CIobaI PartnershIp Ior DeveIopment dIscusses the
Important Issues oI IaIrer trade, youth empIoyment, youth entrepreneurshIp, and
young peopIe and CTs. t aIso examInes how CTs oIIer hoIIstIc soIutIons to
deveIopment chaIIenges. t outIInes the need to:
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xx YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
8uIId and support opportunItIes Ior youth to partIcIpate In the IaIr trade
movement, and Iurther deveIop open tradIng and IInancIaI systems that are ruIes-
based, predIctabIe and non-dIscrImInatory.
Address the Issue oI youth empIoyment as a IundamentaI bIock to poverty
eradIcatIon and as a powerIuI mechanIsm Ior deIIverIng the MDCs.
Strengthen and buIId partnershIps between youth, pubIIc and prIvate sector, such
as the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt and Youth EmpIoyment Network.
Use mIcro-IInance and skIIIs deveIopment InItIatIves to reduce barrIers Ior youth
entrepreneurshIp.
Strengthen youth entrepreneurshIp networks.
Youth must be empowered as Iearners, deveIopers, contrIbutors, entrepreneurs
and decIsIon-makers on the Issue oI nIormatIon and CommunIcatIon
TechnoIogIes. WIdespread access In urban and ruraI areas Is crItIcaI to IacIIItatIng
thIs empowerment.
Covernments shouId pIay a IacIIItatory roIe In nurturIng CT-reIated youth
enterprIse through host-posItIve poIIcy and Investment In CT InIrastructure.
Support and resource new coaIItIons and partnershIps around CTs.
See communIty cyber caIes and teIecenters as means to address muItIpIe
deveIopment needs, such as busIness traInIng, and opportunItIes Ior educatIon In
reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth.
Part Part Part Part outIInes the synergIes between the OptIons Ior ActIon presented In thIs
report and the QuIck WIns proposed by the MIIIennIum Project. The OptIons Ior ActIon
are compIImentary and provIde a process to ImpIement the QuIck WIn actIons, usIng
young peopIe as key ImpIementIng agents and servIce provIders. Part aIso outIInes
a number oI youth-Iocused QuIck WIns that can make a sIgnIIIcant and measurabIe
dIIIerence to the state oI young peopIe In target countrIes.
Part V Part V Part V Part V eIaborates on how youth can partIcIpate In achIevIng the MDCs and
contaIns cross-cuttIng recommendatIons on youth engagement In aII 8 CoaIs. The
IoIIowIng areas are hIghIIghted:
Advocacy and Awareness: There Is stIII a great need to raIse awareness about the
MDCs among young peopIe, and eIIorts shouId be made to reach out to young
peopIe In theIr schooIs, organIzatIons, and IocaI communItIes. Young peopIe
shouId be encouraged and IacIIItated to partIcIpate In InternatIonaI conIerences
and summIts, especIaIIy In the MIIIennIum+5 MeetIng In September. n addItIon,
gIobaI attentIon shouId center on the IoIIowIng areas: youth empIoyment, youth
and conIIIct, sustaInabIe deveIopment, and young peopIe as peer educators.
PoIIcIes: Young peopIe shouId be a part oI the MDC busIness pIan. NatIonaI
governments shouId have an up-to-date NatIonaI Youth PoIIcy or Strategy In pIace,
and InternatIonaI benchmarks such as a CIobaI Youth DeveIopment ndex shouId
be deveIoped to assIst In thIs process. AIso, cIty and IocaI authorItIes shouId
support and IacIIItate young peopIe to achIeve the MDCs at the IocaI IeveI.
|I||||\| !|kK\
YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS xxI
ActIon: Young peopIe shouId have more and sImpIer access to IInancIng
opportunItIes that wIII enabIe them to carry out MDC-reIated projects or become
entrepreneurs. 8uIIdIng IntergeneratIonaI partnershIps through mentorshIp
programs shouId aIso be a prIorIty, enabIIng young peopIe to Iearn Irom and
connect to tradItIonaI "power centers." n addItIon, young peopIe shouId get
engaged In monItorIng the progress towards achIevIng the MDCs.
NetworkIng and CoIIaboratIon: Support shouId be provIded to exIstIng, successIuI
youth-medIa InItIatIves and gIobaI onIIne networks, aIIowIng young peopIe to
engage In dIscussIon and actIon around the MDCs. AIso, thematIc coaIItIons on
specIIIc Issues represent a Iarge part oI current youth actIvIsm; there shouId be Iar
greater research and evaIuatIon conducted on best-practIce modeIs oI youth
engagement In specIIIc gIobaI chaIIenges.

OveraII, the report demonstrates that InvestIng In youth wIII provIde the
Iongest and most eIIectIve dIvIdend towards meetIng the MIIIennIum DeveIopment
CoaIs by buIIdIng the socIaI capItaI needed to Ioster pragmatIc deveIopment. ndeed,
wIthout the InvoIvement oI young peopIe, a demographIc that comprIses more than
one IIIth oI the worId's totaI popuIatIon, the IuII achIevement oI the MDCs wIII remaIn
eIusIve and theIr Iong-term sustaInabIIIty wIII be compromIsed. Youth partIcIpatIon Is
currentIy quIte varIed, rangIng Irom eIIectIve, to sometImes tokenIstIc, to oIten non-
exIstent. There are specIIIc ways In whIch youth and youth organIzatIons can
contrIbute to the desIgn and ImpIementatIon oI MDC-based strategIes, some oI whIch
are outIIned In thIs document. Many projects are aIready happenIng, but there Is
much work stIII to be done.

|rtrtirttitr
At the 12
th
sessIon oI the UnIted NatIons CommIssIon on SustaInabIe DeveIopment
(CSD) In 2004, ]eIIrey Sachs
1
reported on the progress oI the MIIIennIum DeveIopment
CoaIs,
2
stressIng the need Ior strong poIItIcaI commItment by governments and
concrete strategIes Ior actIon. He saId that achIevIng the goaIs In 2015 Is stIII possIbIe,
but onIy II we drastIcaIIy Increase our eIIorts ImmedIateIy. AIter deIIverIng hIs report,
the chaIrwoman oI the Youth Caucus to the CSD asked hIm how the MIIIennIum
Project
3
was goIng to InvoIve young peopIe as partners. He repIIed, "You teII us."
ThIs report Is part oI our answer. t has been IormuIated by an InternatIonaI
team oI young Ieaders Irom non-governmentaI organIzatIons (NCOs) and Incorporates
the dIaIogue oI a 3-week onIIne consuItatIon wIth over 350 youth Irom around the
worId.
4
The paper outIInes how young peopIe can be IncIuded and empowered as part
oI the strategIes that Member States and the UnIted NatIons system are creatIng Ior
the achIevement oI the MDCs. t can be used as a Iobby tooI and guIde Ior
programmatIc actIon, but uItImateIy, It Is a caII to aII Member States, UN specIaIIzed
agencIes, and cIvII socIety to create mechanIsms Ior youth to partIcIpate In the
ImpIementatIon oI the MDCs and take advantage oI the work and actIvItIes that youth
are aIready IeadIng. OI course, It Is ImpossIbIe to Incorporate aII youth vIews and
opInIons Into thIs report and In thIs regard, we hope the paper cataIyzes Iurther
dIaIogue, coIIaboratIon and actIon among aII stakehoIders In the dIrectIon oI youth
IncIusIon In the reaIIzatIon oI the MDCs.
ThIs paper aIms to show that InvestIng In youth wIII provId ThIs paper aIms to show that InvestIng In youth wIII provId ThIs paper aIms to show that InvestIng In youth wIII provId ThIs paper aIms to show that InvestIng In youth wIII provIde a Iong e a Iong e a Iong e a Iong- -- -IastIng and IastIng and IastIng and IastIng and
eIIectIve dIvIdend towards meetIng the MDCs through buIIdIng socIaI capacIty Ior eIIectIve dIvIdend towards meetIng the MDCs through buIIdIng socIaI capacIty Ior eIIectIve dIvIdend towards meetIng the MDCs through buIIdIng socIaI capacIty Ior eIIectIve dIvIdend towards meetIng the MDCs through buIIdIng socIaI capacIty Ior
deveIopment to 2015 and beyond. deveIopment to 2015 and beyond. deveIopment to 2015 and beyond. deveIopment to 2015 and beyond.
Today, 1.7 bIIIIon peopIe - more than one-Iourth oI the worId's sIx bIIIIon
peopIe - are between the ages oI 10 and 24, makIng thIs group oI young peopIe the
Iargest ever to be enterIng aduIthood and the Iargest under-represented segment oI
the worId's popuIatIon.
5
n thIs paper, the term youth generaIIy appIIes to peopIe
ages 15-30.
CIobaIIy, the sItuatIon oI young peopIe today Is characterIzed by extreme
dIsparItIes In terms oI economIc, technoIogIcaI, socIaI and cuIturaI resources, whIch
vary enormousIy across regIons, countrIes, IocaIItIes and popuIatIon groups. EIghty-
sIx percent oI 10-to-24-year-oIds IIve In Iess deveIoped countrIes. DespIte rapId
urbanIzatIon, the majorIty oI youth stIII IIve In ruraI areas, prImarIIy In deveIopIng
|KK||||K
2 YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS
countrIes. Young men outnumber young women (525 mIIIIon versus 500 mIIIIon), and
57 mIIIIon young men and 96 mIIIIon young women remaIn IIIIterate.
6
n addItIon to
Inadequate educatIon, youth Iace IncreasIng InsecurIty In the Iabor market. EIghty-
eIght mIIIIon young peopIe throughout the worId are unempIoyed, makIng up nearIy
40Z oI gIobaI unempIoyment. Hundreds oI mIIIIons more work Iewer hours than they
wouId IIke, whIIe stIII others work Iong hours wIth IIttIe gaIn and no socIaI protectIon.
7

OveraII, current avenues Ior poIItIcaI partIcIpatIon are InsuIIIcIent and
consequentIy youth In many pIaces are perceIved as apathetIc or dIsengaged. n most
oI the worId, the reIorm oI poIItIcaI structures Is necessary so that democracIes may
truIy engage and utIIIze the popuIous. MeanwhIIe, many young peopIe are organIzIng
IocaIIy and vIa the nternet and InIormaI youth voIunteerIsm Is at record IeveIs. ThIs
means that young peopIe are breakIng through the moId oI tradItIonaI poIItIcaI
avenues and movIng beyond votIng as theIr soIe cIvIc responsIbIIIty.
Faced wIth the chaIIenges oI the 21st century, young peopIe are
acknowIedgIng that theIr IocaI, natIonaI and InternatIonaI systems oI decIsIon-makIng
Iack concrete avenues Ior suIIIcIent partIcIpatIon. WhIIe tradItIonaI socIaI and poIItIcaI
systems contInue to IaII to oIIer representatIon or successIuI soIutIons and meanIngIuI
opportunItIes Ior youth to contrIbute to theIr worId and Iuture, young peopIe wIII
remaIn trapped In a cycIe oI poverty, vIoIence and mIssed opportunIty.
The MDCs are an opportunIty to move Irom margInaIIzatIon to mobIIIzatIon. The MDCs are an opportunIty to move Irom margInaIIzatIon to mobIIIzatIon. The MDCs are an opportunIty to move Irom margInaIIzatIon to mobIIIzatIon. The MDCs are an opportunIty to move Irom margInaIIzatIon to mobIIIzatIon.
The worId Is not on track In meetIng the MDCs by 2015. Current research by
the MIIIennIum Project asserts that II governments were to Increase theIr OIIIcIaI
DeveIopment AssIstance (ODA) to .7Z, as was agreed In Monterrey Irom current IeveIs
oI .25Z, totaI Iunds wouId be suIIIcIent to achIeve the MDCs In ten years. To do thIs,
Investments must be made In InIrastructure, human capItaI and the prIvate sector.
However, the achIevement oI the MDCs reIIes on more than suppIy-sIde resources;
deveIopment Is a Iong compIex process that can onIy be achIeved by capItaIIzIng on
aII resources In socIety, IncIudIng the InvoIvement and commItment oI aII
stakehoIders.
8

n a worIdwIde, on-IIne consuItatIon wIth more than 350 youth about the MDCs
In ]une 2004,
9
most oI the respondents saId that they knew IIttIe or nothIng about the
MDCs. They aIso stressed that they do not have access to tooIs Ior ImpIementatIon.
The major chaIIenge IacIng governments, UN agencIes and cIvII socIety Is to provIde
these tooIs In creatIve and thoughtIuI ways that engage youth to work coIIaboratIveIy
In ImprovIng theIr communItIes. AccordIng to the e-consuItatIon, young peopIe ask
Ior: tooIs such as Internet access, meetIng spaces, aduIt mentors and aIIIes,
opportunItIes Ior voIunteerIsm, access and traInIng to InIormatIon communIcatIon
technoIogIes (CTs), busIness traInIng, cIvIc educatIon, access to poIItIcaI Ieaders,
InIormatIon sharIng, educatIon, and generaI support and encouragement Irom
government and InstItutIons, IncIudIng resources and IundIng.
As thIs paper wIII detaII, youth have a Iot to contrIbute to each goaI. Case
studIes and exampIes oI what some youth are doIng aIready to contrIbute to achIevIng
|KK||||K
the MDCs demonstrate what Is possIbIe wIth suIIIcIent support and resources. Young
peopIe are aIso aIready partIcIpatIng In decIsIon-makIng to IormuIate better poIIcIes
and programs In many government and InstItutIonaI structures. As Part oI thIs paper
wIII expIaIn, thIs partIcIpatIon Is quIte varIed, rangIng Irom eIIectIve, to sometImes
token, to oIten non-exIstent. SuccessIuI modeIs oI partIcIpatIon shouId be repIIcated
or adapted to specIIIc poIItIcaI and socIo-economIc reaIItIes, takIng Into consIderatIon
the chaIIenges IacIng youth organIzatIons and other deveIopment actors.
NevertheIess, the exIstIng mechanIsms Ior youth engagement and eIIectIve
partIcIpatIon are channeIs that governments and InstItutIons can currentIy use to
mobIIIze young peopIe as partners In achIevIng the MDCS.
Part outIInes youth engagement In achIevIng the MDCs. Each goaI Is anaIyzed
In respect to Its eIIect on young peopIes IIves as weII as how young peopIe can pIay -
and Indeed are pIayIng - a roIe In ImpIementatIon. Each goaI aIso contaIns "OptIons
Ior ActIon" that governments, cIvII socIety, UN agencIes and muItIIateraI InstItutIons
can use to enabIe youth to IuIIy contrIbute In achIevIng the MDCs.
n addItIon to a number oI "optIons Ior actIon" detaIIed aIter every goaI, Part
IInks these opportunItIes wIth the 'QuIck WIns' oI the UN MIIIennIum Project's report
and suggests actIons that can be quIckIy scaIed up or prIorItIzed to achIeve
demonstrabIe gaIns In the short term.
FInaIIy, Part V oI the paper eIaborates on cross-cuttIng recommendatIons on
how to work wIth youth In MDC processes.

|irt |. |tistirj \trtl |irtitijititr ir
|.tjnrt |t.it
Young Ieaders represent our hope Ior the Iuture, and have the greatest
potentIaI to push Ior [the] reaIIzatIon oI the MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs (MDCs)
[by] 2015, estabIIshed by the UnIted NatIons.
|rin iristr t| lii.iri Kis |tt..rt li|sir !liriwitri
10

Young peopIe's contrIbutIons to theIr communItIes and natIons are not entIreIy
understood or maxImIzed. Youth are makIng a dIIIerence as actIvIsts, as Ieaders In
communIty deveIopment, and by theIr record IeveIs oI voIunteerIsm. n many parts oI
the worId, they may be perceIved as apathetIc or dIsengaged, but thIs Is IargeIy
Inaccurate. WorIdwIde, youth are bypassIng tradItIonaI Iorms oI poIItIcaI partIcIpatIon
(I.e. votIng) through theIr actIvIsm and voIunteerIng. However, the gIobaI youth
movement Is characterIzed by IragmentatIon, resuItIng In IsoIated actIons that do not
reach theIr IuII potentIaI, oIten due to a Iack oI resources, access to knowIedge and
InIormatIon, and InstItutIonaI barrIers. WIthout the guIdance, understandIng, support,
and recognItIon oI government Ieaders, and other decIsIon-makers, young Ieaders are
oIten unequIpped to IuIIy partIcIpate In the decIsIons that aIIect theIr IIves.
k. \|K kK| Kk|Kk k. \|K kK| Kk|Kk k. \|K kK| Kk|Kk k. \|K kK| Kk|KkL |\|KK|K! L |\|KK|K! L |\|KK|K! L |\|KK|K!
\trtl |t.it \trtl |t.it \trtl |t.it \trtl |t.it
Over the past severaI decades, a number oI countrIes have InItIated the desIgn
and ImpIementatIon oI natIonaI poIIcIes and strategIes Iocused on youth. However,
most countrIes do not have specIIIc structures In pIace Ior eIIectIve youth
partIcIpatIon. NeIther have they successIuIIy managed to maInstream youth concerns,
as the Issues reIatIng to young peopIe IaII across a varIety oI poIIcy areas such as
educatIon, heaIth or juvenIIe deIInquency. DespIte youth constItutIng more than 50Z
oI the popuIatIon In many countrIes, governments rareIy consuIt young peopIe on
matters aIIectIng theIr IIves, such as poverty reductIon strategy eIIorts. Even those
governments that have deveIoped IegIsIatIon on youth Issues oIten Iack
comprehensIve and hoIIstIc approaches to the chaIIenges Iaced by the younger
generatIon. A progressIve natIonaI youth poIIcy obIIges tradItIonaI decIsIon-makers to
|kK |. |kK |. |kK |. |kK |. |I|!|K| \|K |kK||||k|K |K ||\|L||K |L||\
not onIy work Ior young peopIe, but wIth them In order to Iet theIr experIences InIorm
the deveIopment oI approprIate InterventIons and servIces.
11

Each country Is urged to deveIop a Iong-term, consensus-based, Integrated
and cross-sector youth poIIcy, but because thIs Is a reIatIveIy unknown and
underdeveIoped IIeId, there Is a great need to share experIence In thIs specIIIc IIeId oI
pubIIc poIIcy and to produce tooIs to assIst natIonaI governments In addressIng youth
Issues systematIcaIIy.
12
There Is a hIgh potentIaI Ior cooperatIon, partIcuIarIy through
networkIng oI both governmentaI and non-governmentaI youth organIzatIons on a
regIonaI and InternatIonaI scaIe. Furthermore, varIous InternatIonaI agencIes are now
provIdIng assIstance wIth the IormuIatIon oI natIonaI youth poIIcIes and actIon
pIans.
13

ExtensIve experIence has shown that good practIce In youth partIcIpatIon
provIdes choIces, Is chaIIengIng and Iun; addresses Issues perceIved as reIevant by
young peopIe; raIses young peopIe's awareness oI socIaI, poIItIcaI, economIc, cuIturaI
and personaI Issues that aIIect them; provIdes traInIng and skIIIs deveIopment to
youth; ensures that young peopIe are gIven ongoIng support In theIr cIvIc roIe;
provIdes them wIth a sense oI ownershIp In decIsIon-makIng where they IeeI that theIr
partIcIpatIon Is vaIued; InvoIves the adequate aIIocatIon oI resources (IncIudIng tIme,
space, IundIng and InIormatIon); acknowIedges theIr contrIbutIons; recognIzes that
young peopIe oIten experIence IInancIaI and transport constraInts (gettIng to
meetIngs, Ior exampIe); InvoIves a careIuI recruItment and seIectIon process; and
InvoIves a revIew process Ior both young peopIe and aduIts.
14

CIven the wIde dIversIty oI poIItIcaI cuItures and systems, countrIes must estabIIsh
theIr own prIorItIes and mechanIsms In order to create an eIIectIve youth poIIcy that Is
both authentIc and reIevant. The IormuIatIon oI a natIonaI youth poIIcy shouId not be
a top-down process. A sound youth poIIcy requIres that a wIde varIety oI socIaI actors
be InvoIved, IdeaIIy through a Iarge-scaIe cross-sector consuItatIon that InvoIves cIvII
socIety organIzatIons. Rather than takIng a "go-aIone" approach, governments shouId
make use oI the expertIse and energy avaIIabIe In NCOs and other cIvII socIety
organIzatIons, and make every eIIort to deveIop actIve partnershIps wIth these groups.
A good exampIe consIsts oI the CouncII oI Europe's co-management system, by whIch
representatIves oI non-governmentaI youth bodIes and government oIIIcIaIs sIt
together In commIttees that set prIorItIes Ior the youth sector, and make proposaIs Ior
the budget and program. The CommIttee oI MInIsters (the CouncII oI Europe's
decIsIon-makIng body) then adopts these proposaIs.15
K. \|K ||K||L!, | K. \|K ||K||L!, | K. \|K ||K||L!, | K. \|K ||K||L!, |kKL|k|K! kK| K||| kKL|k|K! kK| K||| kKL|k|K! kK| K||| kKL|k|K! kK| K|||KkL |Lk|K! KkL |Lk|K! KkL |Lk|K! KkL |Lk|K!
EIIectIve youth poIIcy IaIrIy represents and Impacts Its constItuency, usuaIIy by
utIIIzIng an ongoIng consuItatIon and evaIuatIon process conducted by a natIonaI
representatIve body, such as a youth councII or parIIament. At a IocaI or cIty IeveI,
youth councIIs Impact on the IIves oI young peopIe through a varIety oI IocaI
government roIes, such as provIdIng InIormatIon, advocacy to other agencIes,
|kK |. |kK |. |kK |. |kK |. |I|!|K| \|K |kK||||k|K |K ||\L|||K |L||\
pIannIng, and dIrect deIIvery oI such servIces. CouncIIs can demonstrate theIr
commItment to young peopIe through actIveIy and vIsIbIy promotIng young peopIe as
an IntegraI part oI the communIty.
16

n countrIes where natIonaI youth councIIs or sImIIar structures do not exIst, It
Is Important to Iook at current youth InvoIvement In cIvII socIety, and enhance such
engagement by InvItIng youth to Iurther partIcIpate In governmentaI and deveIopment
processes wIth a Iocus on InvoIvIng more youth and creatIng representatIve
mechanIsms whenever possIbIe. Young peopIe aIso partIcIpate In parIIaments and
other types oI government as part oI youth branches or sub-structures wIthIn LIberaI,
ConservatIve, CommunIst, Creen and other poIItIcaI partIes.
NatIonaI Youth CouncIIs are umbreIIa organIzatIons that brIng together youth
organIzatIons In a gIven natIon-state. They are the hIghest IeveI oI decIsIon-makIng
bodIes Ior youth In that country. Not onIy can they IacIIItate youth partIcIpatIon In
natIonaI poIIcy processes, but they can aIso assIst youth wIshIng to be part oI
InternatIonaI poIIcy processes (Ior exampIe, oIIIcIaI youth deIegates at the UN CeneraI
AssembIy).
17
Some natIonaI youth councIIs work together across regIons to Iorm
"RegIonaI Youth PIatIorms", such as the European Youth Forum and the LatIn AmerIcan
Youth Forum.
Many natIonaI youth councIIs and regIonaI pIatIorms aIready exIst. Some oI
theIr IunctIons are to:
Act as a pIatIorm and umbreIIa Ior other youth organIzatIons
FacIIItate young peopIes partIcIpatIon In IocaI eIectIons
LIaIse wIth IocaI oIIIcIaIs
Share InIormatIon among members and member organIzatIons
OrganIze IocaI]natIonaI gatherIngs oI young peopIe
LInk regIonaI Centers
Host IocaI workshops Ior youth
Work on specIIIc Issues IIke habItat or the envIronment
|. \|K kK| K| |K| |. \|K kK| K| |K| |. \|K kK| K| |K| |. \|K kK| K| |K||| || || || Kk|K! Kk|K! Kk|K! Kk|K!
The UnIted NatIons, sInce Its InceptIon, has contInuousIy caIIed Ior the
Increased partIcIpatIon oI youth. HIstorIcaIIy, youth partIcIpatIon has been very
IImIted, but recentIy It has gaIned momentum and youth are now seen and heard at
varIous IeveIs oI the UN.
n a research report conducted by the ConIerence oI NCOs (CONCO) In
consuItatIve status wIth the UN, It was dIscovered that the IImIted number oI youth
NCOs workIng wIthIn the UN Is due to (1) strIngent UN access and accredItatIon ruIes
and (2) Iack or resources and knowIedge oI how to appIy Ior ECOSOC status.
18
The
report recommends that the UN Department Ior EconomIc and SocIaI AIIaIrs (DESA)
NCO SectIon deveIop a workIng deIInItIon Ior a "youth NCO" and to Improve theIr
measurement tooIs oI youth NCOs, as weII as create a coordInated outreach pIan so
these groups can enhance theIr awareness and understandIng oI ECOSOC consuItatIve
status.
WIthIn the UN SecretarIat, the Programme on Youth works to support the
mandate oI the UN by IncreasIng channeIs oI communIcatIon between youth, youth
organIzatIons and the UN system. The UN Programme on Youth aIso provIdes avenues
through whIch young peopIe can partIcIpate In the UN system. Through theIr websIte,
InIormatIon about upcomIng events Is provIded, as weII as country data on youth and
InIormatIon on varIous natIonaI youth poIIcIes.
19
Though the UN Programme on Youth
Is IrequentIy an aIIy, It Is not approprIate or possIbIe Ior aII youth organIzatIons
around the worId to engage wIth them, due to theIr IImIted sIze and resources.
The UN Programme on Youth Iorms part oI the Department oI EconomIc and
SocIaI AIIaIrs (DESA). They heIp to support the work oI youth deIegates to the CeneraI
AssembIy and are aIso responsIbIe Ior the revIew and monItorIng oI the
ImpIementatIon oI the WorId Programme oI ActIon Ior Youth (WPAY).
\trtl |.jits tt tl |rri. kssn|. \trtl |.jits tt tl |rri. kssn|. \trtl |.jits tt tl |rri. kssn|. \trtl |.jits tt tl |rri. kssn|.
8y mandate, member states have been InvIted to IncIude youth In theIr
deIegatIons to the CeneraI AssembIy (CA), whIch has tradItIonaIIy been the hIghest
IeveI oI youth partIcIpatIon to the UN.
20
Youth representatIves typIcaIIy partIcIpate at
CeneraI AssembIy meetIngs In New York Ior at Ieast two weeks In the IaII. n 2005,
governments must IncIude youth representatIves as part oI theIr deIegatIon, because It
Is the ten-year revIew oI the WorId Programme oI ActIon Ior Youth (WPAY). ThIs Is a
key opportunIty Ior youth to advocate Ior the MDCs In the CeneraI AssembIy, as many
oI the prIorIty areas In the WPAY reIate to the MDCs.
The roIe oI a youth representatIve varIes dependIng on prIorItIes oI Member
State deIegatIons. Many youth representatIves are responsIbIe Ior deIIverIng a
statement to the ThIrd CommIttee oI the CeneraI AssembIy, whIch deaIs wIth socIaI,
humanItarIan and cuIturaI Issues.
21
TradItIonaIIy, onIy a handIuI oI countrIes have
made thIs a commItment, wIth AustraIIa, Denmark, the NetherIands, Norway, FInIand
and Sweden sendIng youth deIegates reguIarIy. Covernments, partIcuIarIy those In
deveIopIng countrIes, oIten do not have the resources, tIme or poIItIcaI wIII to Invest In
sendIng youth deIegates to the UnIted NatIons. The number oI youth deIegates varIes
Irom year to year, wIth other countrIes brIngIng In youth representatIves on occasIon.
However, the number oI youth deIegates has IateIy Increased, wIth 14 deIegates Irom
11 countrIes partIcIpatIng In 2004. WhIIe a youth deIegate Is generaIIy a sIgn oI
progress Ior youth representatIon, It Is aIways Important to consIder who they are
truIy representIng, and the transparency oI theIr seIectIon process. Youth deIegates
are expected to represent theIr country's young peopIe, IdeaIIy by beIng an eIected
Ieader In theIr natIonaI youth councII, aIthough sometImes they are seIected because
they are the Ieader oI a youth organIzatIon.
22
UsuaIIy, when the youth deIegate returns
home Irom the UN, they are expected to report back to theIr natIon's youth about
theIr work at the UN.
\trtl |.jits tt |K |tnnissitrs \trtl |.jits tt |K |tnnissitrs \trtl |.jits tt |K |tnnissitrs \trtl |.jits tt |K |tnnissitrs
Even Iess Irequent than youth members oI CA deIegatIons are those on
government deIegatIons to the UN CommIssIons. n partIcuIar, the CommIssIon on
SocIaI DeveIopment, the CommIssIon on the Status oI Women and the CommIssIon on
SustaInabIe DeveIopment (detaIIed Iater In thIs paper) may aII have youth In theIr
agendas, but youth are onIy occasIonaIIy InvIted to joIn government deIegatIons.
However, youth IrequentIy partIcIpate In CommIssIons as part oI NCO deIegatIons.
They beneIIt Irom these processes by havIng opportunItIes to meet wIth theIr
country's UN representatIves, networkIng and IormIng coaIItIons. They work together
In caucuses to name InternatIonaI youth prIorItIes, sharIng success storIes and
chaIIenges, IearnIng Irom UN processes and traInIngs durIng sIde events, and
becomIng more aware oI how they can partIcIpate In the Iuture work oI UN member
states and agencIes. Even more ImportantIy, many oI them InItIate IocaI actIon Ior UN
goaIs and programs upon theIr return.
\trtl iri |K kjrtis \trtl iri |K kjrtis \trtl iri |K kjrtis \trtl iri |K kjrtis
Apart Irom the (sometImes) more symboIIc presence oI youth on deIegatIons,
UN agencIes are reaIIzIng the need to InvoIve young peopIe In theIr programmatIc
work. DIverse youth advIsory boards and consuItatIons are becomIng more Irequent at
the UN, yet movIng Irom dIaIogue to reaI partnershIp and empowerment wIth youth
and youth organIzatIons remaIns a chaIIenge.
23
UN agencIes oIten engage wIth youth
organIzatIons and coaIItIons on a one-on-one basIs. An endorsement oI a UN agency
to the work oI youth organIzatIons strengthens theIr work and typIcaIIy provIdes
growth opportunItIes, because It provIdes them wIth IegItImacy, some IeveI oI
InstItutIonaI support, and oIten heIps them to Iurther pubIIcIze theIr work. Youth IInd
out that they can work wIth UN agencIes by networkIng at InternatIonaI meetIngs and
through IocaI UN oIIIces. ronIcaIIy, many youth organIzatIons Iook to dIIIerent UN
agencIes Ior guIdance and support, rather than theIr own natIonaI mInIstrIes.
SImIIarIy, the Youth CoordInatIon UnIt oI the UnIted NatIons EducatIonaI,
ScIentIIIc and CuIturaI OrganIzatIon (UNESCO) organIzes UNESCO's actIon wIth and Ior
youth. They communIcate dIrectIy wIth young peopIe through a wIde network oI youth
assocIatIons and NCO's, as weII as through theIr NatIonaI CommIssIons, and host a
youth Iorum every two years.
24

Young peopIe aIso Interact wIth natIonaI and regIonaI UN agencIes, such as the
UnIted NatIons DeveIopment Programme (UNDP) country oIIIces, whIch Is partIcuIarIy
vaIuabIe because these agencIes are cIoser to youth on the communIty IeveI. ExampIes
such as the Human DeveIopment Report done by the UNDP In CroatIa, whIch Iocuses
on youth and Is IIsted as a case study In CoaI 1, as weII as other exIstIng exampIes oI
these reIatIonshIps, shouId be pubIIcIzed to heIp strengthen IocaI youth engagement.
LocaI UNDP oIIIces shouId aIso perIodIcaIIy evaIuate how they engage youth In theIr
work.
The UnIted NatIons currentIy has youth advIsory boards, or other means Ior
youth engagement In the IoIIowIng: UnIted NatIons EnvIronmentaI Program (UNEP),
UnIted NatIons Programme Ior Human SettIements (UN-HA8TAT), UnIted NatIons
PopuIatIon Fund (UNFPA), UnIted NatIons DeveIopment Programme (UNDP), UnIted
NatIons EducatIonaI, ScIentIIIc and CuIturaI OrganIzatIon (UNESCO), UN OIIIce Ior Drug
ControI and CrIme PreventIon (UNDCP), UN Space Programme (UNSPACE), as weII as
through agencIes Ior chIIdren, IIke the UnIted NatIons Fund Ior ChIIdren (UNCEF) and
the OIIIce oI the SpecIaI RepresentatIve Ior ChIIdren and Armed ConIIIct. MuItIpIe case
studIes about the UN's work wIth youth and youth councIIs are IIsted throughout the
paper under each goaI.
\ \\ \trtl iri !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt trtl iri !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt trtl iri !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt trtl iri !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt
Youth and sustaInabIe deveIopment Is hIghIIghted In partIcuIar because It Is
currentIy one oI the most actIve areas oI youth engagement wIthIn the UnIted
NatIons.
25
RepresentIng grassroots actIvItIes and concern Ior the Iuture oI the
envIronment, youth have been engaged sInce the Earth SummIt In RIo de ]aneIro, heId
In 1992. The Earth SummIt set an Important precedent In Its IInaI decIaratIon, Agenda
21, by askIng governments to "support the promotIon and creatIon oI mechanIsms to
InvoIve youth representatIon In aII UnIted NatIons processes In order to InIIuence
those processes."
26
ThIs mandate, coupIed wIth rIsIng youth actIvIsm and the
avaIIabIIIty oI InIormatIon on the nternet, resuIted In more youth partIcIpatIng In the
WorId SummIt on SustaInabIe DeveIopment (]ohannesburg 2002) than any other UN
summIt In hIstory. n ]ohannesburg, youth were abIe to partIcIpate as one oI nIne
"Major Croups" oIIIcIaIIy recognIzed by the UN to the SummIt, and thereIore were abIe
to make InterventIons throughout the SummIt deIIberatIons, chaIIengIng governments
and aII stakehoIders to abIde by theIr commItments.
n the outcome oI WSSD, the ]ohannesburg PIan oI mpIementatIon (]PO), youth
were mentIoned In reIatIon to poverty reductIon, consumptIon and IIIe styIe, educatIon
and the ImpIementatIon oI sustaInabIe deveIopment programs. Paragraph 153 oI ]PO
commIts governments to: "Promote and support youth partIcIpatIon In programs and
actIvItIes reIatIng to sustaInabIe deveIopment through, Ior exampIe, supportIng IocaI
youth councIIs or theIr equIvaIent, and by encouragIng theIr estabIIshment where they
do not exIst."
27

To IoIIow-up on the status oI commItments made In RIo and ]ohannesburg,
and contInue to provIde Iorums to evaIuate the status oI the worId's envIronment, the
UN meets every year at the CommIssIon on SustaInabIe DeveIopment (CSD). The
ChIIdren and Youth Major Croup, Ied by the CSD Youth Caucus, contInues to have a
dIstInguIshed roIe In the proceedIngs oI the CSD. Caucus members oIten sIt on the
IIoor wIth the deIegates and make InterventIons throughout the annuaI CommIssIon,
where they share the actIvItIes and prIorItIes oI youth workIng at the grassroots IeveI.
ThIs serves as one oI the most IunctIonaI and eIIectIve ways youth partIcIpate In the
UN system. The members oI the CSD Youth Caucus IncreasIngIy have strong networks
and background In IocaI and InternatIonaI poIIcIes and mechanIsms. At the
CommIssIon, and onIIne throughout the year, youth share InIormatIon, Iorm
coaIItIons, IacIIItate other Iorms oI engagement wIth UN agencIes, and buIId capacIty
oI themseIves and theIr organIzatIons through traInIngs. Youth InvoIved In the CSD
aIso meet dIrectIy wIth theIr own governments to ask how theIr country's sustaInabIe
deveIopment commItments are beIng IuIIIIIed, as weII as to Iobby Ior Increased ways
Ior youth to partIcIpate In the ImpIementatIon oI natIonaI sustaInabIe deveIopment
InItIatIves. ProvIdIng mechanIsms to Improve theIr partIcIpatIon and capacIty once they
return home to theIr constItuencIes wouId strengthen the work oI these youth on the
ground, and Iurther the ImpIementatIon oI the agenda oI the CommIssIon. The
contInued and growIng youth partIcIpatIon at CSD shows that youth want to heIp theIr
governments IoIIow through wIth theIr commItments, and partIcIpate In decIsIon-
makIng processes.
|. \|K kK| |L|Lk |. \|K kK| |L|Lk |. \|K kK| |L|Lk |. \|K kK| |L|Lk|KkL |K!|||K! |KkL |K!|||K! |KkL |K!|||K! |KkL |K!|||K!
Young peopIe aIso have a roIe to pIay wIth muItIIateraI InstItutIons. For
exampIe, recognIzIng the Importance oI youth InvoIvement, InItIaI consuItatIons were
heId wIth the WorId 8ank In 2003, whIch Ied to the shapIng oI the 8ank's ChIIdren and
Youth Framework.
28

The 8ank's IIrst CIobaI Youth ConIerence: "Youth DeveIopment and Peace," In
Sept. 2003, was IoIIowed In Sept. 2004 by a second conIerence In Sarajevo, 8osnIa and
HerzegovIna, where PresIdent WoIIensohn and youth organIzatIons revIewed the
8ank's current commItments and achIevements. TheIr ongoIng commItments were
determIned to be the IoIIowIng:
29

To estabIIsh a Ioose and InIormaI network oI dIaIogue and reguIar
InteractIon to dIssemInate InIormatIon and knowIedge-sharIng; IacIIItate
joInt work on the IoIIowIng Issues: conIIIct preventIon and resoIutIon,
educatIon, HV]ADS and rIsky behavIors and youth empIoyment, empower
and strengthen youth organIzatIons and ensure IncIusIveness
To agree on a process to estabIIsh the proper InstItutIonaI arrangements
Ior such a network
To IInd ways to engage other InstItutIonaI partners
8e sensItIve to IocaI and gIobaI tensIons
To set up a system to monItor progress on the Sarajevo commItments
nvestIng In educatIon: take Into consIderatIon the hoIIstIc approach to
educatIon
FInd soIutIons to operate at a natIonaI and IocaI IeveI
30

Other deveIopment agencIes such as the nter-AmerIcan DeveIopment 8ank
(AD8) aIso have youth engagement strategIes. The AD8 youth programme has exIsted
sInce 1995, aImIng to more eIIectIveIy meet the needs oI young peopIe In LatIn
AmerIca and the CarIbbean, and promote theIr actIve engagement and IeadershIp In
regIonaI deveIopment.
31

MuItIIateraI InstItutIons such as the CouncII oI Europe engage young peopIe
through Instruments such as the AdvIsory CouncII on Youth, whIch comprIses 30
representatIves oI non-governmentaI youth organIzatIons and networks. t provIdes
opInIons and Input Irom the youth NCOs on aII youth sector actIvItIes and ensures that
young peopIe are InvoIved In the CouncII's other actIvItIes. t aIso IacIIItates the ]oInt
CouncII on Youth as a co-decIsIon body, brIngIng the European SteerIng CommIttee
Ior Youth (CDE]) encompassIng representatIves oI mInIstrIes or bodIes responsIbIe Ior
youth matters Irom the 48 States PartIes to the European CuIturaI ConventIon, and the
AdvIsory CouncII together. t aIso hosts the ProgrammIng CommIttee on Youth, a co-
decIsIon body comprIsIng 8 members each Irom the CDE] and the AdvIsory CouncII,
whIch estabIIshes, monItors and evaIuates the programs oI the European Youth
Centres and oI the European Youth FoundatIon.
32

|. \|K K|kK|lk| |. \|K K|kK|lk| |. \|K K|kK|lk| |. \|K K|kK|lk|K! K! K! K!
Youth organIzatIons are unIque In that they are prImarIIy Iocused on reIIectIng
the vIews and servIng the needs oI young peopIe. Whether these are structured
organIzatIons or InIormaI groups, they provIde a space where young peopIe can
organIze Ior actIon to meet communIty needs and experIence group processes.
Support to youth organIzatIons and theIr structures on a natIonaI IeveI through
NatIonaI Youth CouncIIs or Youth CommIttees In many countrIes Is the basIc strategy
to InvoIve young peopIe. ThIs aIso InvoIves the rIght and the support to estabIIsh
youth organIzatIons.
33

Many youth organIzatIons do exIst, and oIten Iace the same obstacIes;
prImarIIy the Iack or InstabIIIty oI resources and dIscontInuIty In IeadershIp. Youth
organIzatIons may Iorm to address communIty probIems through projects wIth a set
IIIecycIe, whIIe they may aIso contInuousIy work through a IaIth-based, unIversIty, or
communIty structures. They may be Issue-based or work to promote youth
partIcIpatIon generaIIy.
Youth organIzatIons may be staII-Ied or have a constItuency that eIects theIr
oIIIcers, and It Is Important to IdentIIy the dIIIerences and strengths dIspIayed by both
project-based and poIItIcaIIy-orIented youth organIzatIons. The Iormer Iocuses on
operatIonaI resuIts, whIIe the Iatter reIIes on poIItIcaI process and representatIve
IegItImacy. 8oth types are vaIuabIe In the deveIopment oI the youth movement and
shouId be recognIzed as partners by governments and muItIIateraI agencIes aIIke
when deIInIng strategIes to ImpIement the MDCs.
t Is Important to recognIze that, as showcased In Part oI thIs paper, youth
organIzatIons are aIready workIng towards ImpIementIng the MDCs. They represent a
prImarIIy untapped resource Ior the deveIopment oI concrete actIon pIans by
governments and dIspIay severaI comparatIve advantages over other sectors. Youth
organIzatIons are dynamIc and cost-eIIectIve; they have the know-how to desIgn and
ImpIement youth-IrIendIy strategIes; and they have a vested Interest In ImpIementIng
the MDCs as Iuture InhabItants oI the pIanet.
|. \|K kK| KK |. \|K kK| KK |. \|K kK| KK |. \|K kK| KK- -- -|\|KK|KkL K|kK|l |\|KK|KkL K|kK|l |\|KK|KkL K|kK|l |\|KK|KkL K|kK|lk|K! k|K! k|K! k|K!
Many Iarge NCOs, such as Amnesty nternatIonaI or the nternatIonaI PIanned
Parenthood FoundatIon, contInuousIy seek the Input oI young peopIe In theIr work.
They do so by havIng youth on theIr boards and youth advIsory councIIs, or
conscIousIy seek youth expertIse and partIcIpatIon In other ways. TheIr strategIes
IncIude workIng wIth youth on the ground, havIng InternshIp or mentorIng programs
In theIr oIIIces, etc. Most young peopIe choose to voIunteer Ior, or be members oI,
NCOs because they have an Interest In certaIn Issues, or IdentIIy themseIves as part oI
a partIcuIar group. Many other young peopIe, especIaIIy In deveIopIng countrIes and
those In conIIIct, wouId be consIdered cIvII socIety Ieaders, but may not assocIate
themseIves as "youth," sInce the majorIty oI theIr popuIatIon may be under 25 years oI
age. NCO aIIIances wIth youth are InvaIuabIe, and there Is a Iot to be Iearned by
expIorIng the new modeIs empIoyed by some to engage youth. As NCOs turn theIr
Iocus to achIevIng the MDCs, they too must take up the chaIIenge oI not onIy buIIdIng
capacIty oI youth, but aIso ensurIng the partIcIpatIon oI youth In theIr work.

|irt ||. \trtl iri tl i..rrirn
|.tjnrt |ti.s
|kL I. |Kk|| |kL I. |Kk|| |kL I. |Kk|| |kL I. |Kk|||k| |IK|| |\|K\ |k| |IK|| |\|K\ |k| |IK|| |\|K\ |k| |IK|| |\|K\ kK| K|K||K kK| K|K||K kK| K|K||K kK| K|K||K
Target 1: Target 1: Target 1: Target 1: HaIve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportIon oI peopIe whose Income
Is Iess than one doIIar a day
Target 2: Target 2: Target 2: Target 2: HaIve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportIon oI peopIe who suIIer
Irom hunger
Youths In NIgerIa have pIayed no sIgnIIIcant roIe In poverty aIIevIatIon because
most young peopIe are aIready under poverty and the burden oI poverty can be very
heavy. Poverty aIIevIatIon programs are carrIed out by government In a much
poIItIcIzed way makIng the gaIn ImpossIbIe to reach the beneIIcIarIes.
|liji| Kir|wr (Kijrii) !I irs-t.i
34 34 34 34

The maIn goaIs wIth youth work In 8razII are: EradIcate extreme poverty and
hunger - there are a Iot oI projects, especIaIIy wIth chIIdren In the ruraI area. There Is
the PastoraI da ]uventude that deveIoped a powder mIxture that Is added to the
chIIdren's Iood In order Ior them to grow heaIthy even wIthout many resources. They
aIso teach the mothers and other members oI the IamIIy on how to use aII parts oI the
IruIts and vegetabIes (IIke seeds).
|ini.i krj.t |tiirlt (Kriti.) I1 irs-t.i
35 35 35 35

|rtrtirttitr |rtrtirttitr |rtrtirttitr |rtrtirttitr
Poverty aIIects young peopIe In a strIkIng and personaI manner. A young gIrI In
sub-Saharan AIrIca, Ior exampIe, IIvIng In extreme poverty cannot attend schooI
because she needs to Ietch water Ior her IamIIy. For thIs gIrI, poverty cuts across aII
needs; even II water Is avaIIabIe, her IamIIy oI sIx does not have the US $5 per month
necessary to pay Ior her schooI Iees. Further stIII, II her IamIIy couId aIIord to pay, she
may onIy have the optIon oI reachIng the IIIth grade.

|kK | |kK | |kK | |kK || || |. .. . \|K kK| K| |LL|KK|| ||\|L||K |kL!
Young peopIe IIvIng In poverty Iack access to opportunItIes Ior economIc
growth. A young person In South East AsIa may grow up wIth a strong IamIIy support
system and enough Iood to eat, but mIght never IInd decent work because oI a weak
IocaI economy. Youth unempIoyment wIII be dIscussed at Iength In the chapter on
CoaI 8, but It must be stressed that the eIIects oI "poverty oI opportunIty" are IeIt In
varIous sectors such as heaIth, educatIon, housIng and personaI saIety.
Poverty threatens socIaI stabIIIty to the poInt oI war. Youth In conIIIct and post
conIIIct zones are more IIkeIy to be poor and wIthout access to schooI, decent
empIoyment or pubIIc servIces. n tradItIonaI deveIopment strategIes, conIIIct Is oIten
excIuded or not understood as a cross-cuttIng barrIer to aII MIIIennIum DeveIopment
CoaIs.
As thIs dIscussIon wIII detaII, many thIngs are requIred to eradIcate extreme
poverty and hunger: more dIsaggregated data on youth and poverty, youth
InvoIvement In the desIgn and ImpIementatIon oI poverty reductIon strategIes, a
commItment to address dIverse youth needs In ruraI and urban areas, and youth
IeadershIp In combatIng graIt and corruptIon.
|rtrisirj tl kii.i|i.it t| |iti tr \trtl |rtrisirj tl kii.i|i.it t| |iti tr \trtl |rtrisirj tl kii.i|i.it t| |iti tr \trtl |rtrisirj tl kii.i|i.it t| |iti tr \trtl iri iri iri iri |trt |trt |trt |trt
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 OptIon OptIon OptIon OptIon Ior ActIon: Ior ActIon: Ior ActIon: Ior ActIon: Covernments shouId create youth deveIopment Indexes
and trend monItorIng schemes that are aIIgned to the
MDCs and PRSPs]CAS. Such studIes shouId IncIude the
UNDP 2006 Human DeveIopment Report and the 2007
WorId DeveIopment Report oI the WorId 8ank devoted to
youth deveIopment.
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Expand sex-dIsaggregated and age-based research, both
quaIItatIve and quantItatIve, on youth poverty at both
natIonaI and regIonaI IeveIs.
CovernmentaI reports on CoaI 1 commonIy report data excIusIveIy at a natIonaI
IeveI, omIttIng contrasts between ruraI and urban IIvIng. These reports aIso omIt
dIIIerent obstacIes and cIrcumstances that correspond wIth age or gender. The Iack oI
such data at a regIonaI and]or IocaI IeveI, especIaIIy In poor and denseIy popuIated
areas, IImIts the avaIIabIIIty oI targeted scIentIIIc anaIysIs to study the Impact that
poverty has on young peopIe IIvIng In such communItIes. Where such data Is avaIIabIe,
It Is oIten not gender and age dIsaggregated. MeanwhIIe, a staggerIng number oI
young gIrIs and women are becomIng IncreasIngIy vuInerabIe to the eIIects oI poverty;
the phenomenon oI IemInIzatIon oI poverty Is now more pronounced than ever beIore.
UNDP estImates that 70 Z oI the 1.3 bIIIIon peopIe IIvIng In extreme poverty and
suIIerIng Irom hunger are women.
36

The UN WorId Youth Report 2003 attempts to provIde quantItatIve estImates oI
young peopIe In extreme poverty around the worId. The Iowest estImate oI young
peopIe In extreme poverty ranges Irom 38 mIIIIon to 110 mIIIIon; the mIddIe-range

|kK ||. |kK ||. |kK ||. |kK ||. \|K kK| K| |LL|KK|| ||\|L||K |kL!
estImates oI youth poverty Is 238 mIIIIon survIvIng on Iess than a $1 a day. HIgh-end
estImates oI the number oI young peopIe aged 15-24 years-oId In extreme poverty In
2000 are 462 mIIIIon, based on those survIvIng on Iess than $2 a day, and 497
mIIIIon, based on the number oI chIIdren who are underweIght appIIed to the youth
popuIatIon.
37

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 1 11 1: UNDP NatIonaI Human DeveIopment Report WrItten by CroatIan Youth : UNDP NatIonaI Human DeveIopment Report WrItten by CroatIan Youth : UNDP NatIonaI Human DeveIopment Report WrItten by CroatIan Youth : UNDP NatIonaI Human DeveIopment Report WrItten by CroatIan Youth
The sIxth edItIon oI the CroatIan Human DeveIopment Report Is entIreIy devoted to
youth deveIopment. t came about aIter donors wanted to know what the prIorIty
probIems oI CroatIan youth were, and a young person argued that there Is no
comprehensIve report avaIIabIe on the sItuatIon oI young peopIe that expIIcItIy draws
concIusIons and prIorItIzes probIems. To wrIte thIs report, the UNDP oIIIce In CroatIa
hIred an externaI manager to coordInate three natIonaI youth NCOs workIng In the
IIeId, as weII as a team oI youth authors and workIng groups. SIx other IocaI youth
NCOs supported the report by organIzIng Iocus groups In dIIIerent regIons around
CroatIa. As mentIoned In the report, the CroatIan natIonaI government Is stIII In the
restructurIng process, so there Is currentIy no governmentaI body that has capacIty Ior
the ImpIementatIon oI the natIonaI youth poIIcy. The report IncIudes IntervIews wIth
governmentaI oIIIcIaIs responsIbIe Ior youth programs.
38

Ca Ca Ca Case Study se Study se Study se Study 2 22 2: PhIIIppIne's NatIonaI Youth CommIssIon dent : PhIIIppIne's NatIonaI Youth CommIssIon dent : PhIIIppIne's NatIonaI Youth CommIssIon dent : PhIIIppIne's NatIonaI Youth CommIssIon dentIIIes SItuatIon oI Youth IIIes SItuatIon oI Youth IIIes SItuatIon oI Youth IIIes SItuatIon oI Youth
The NatIonaI Youth CommIssIon (NYC) Is currentIy IInaIIzIng the MedIum Term Youth
DeveIopment PIan (MTYDP) 2005-2010, whIch wIII serve as the master pIan and
natIonaI Iramework Ior aII youth deveIopment eIIorts. ThIs PIan Is a comprehensIve
study oI the SItuatIon oI Youth In the PhIIIppInes. As part oI Its eIIorts to draIt thIs
document, the NYC conducted a serIes oI consuItatIons In regIons throughout the
country. PrevIousIy, youth servIce provIders addressed probIems consIderIng Iour
youth sub-sectors (In-schooI youth, out-oI-schooI youth, workIng youth and youth
wIth specIaI needs). The PIan re-addressed such categorIes, and IdentIIIed dIIIerent
characterIstIcs based on the IoIIowIng age groups: 15-17, 18-24 and 25-30. Some oI
the cIusters IdentIIIed In the study are educatIon, empIoyment, heaIth, vaIues and
partIcIpatIon. The Iocus groups among youth Ieaders, youth-servIng InstItutIons,
programs partners and other stakehoIders were pIIoted In ManIIa, and Iater expanded
natIonwIde.
39

Case Case Case Case S SS Study tudy tudy tudy 3 33 3: UNESCO 8razII's Youth DeveIopment ndex : UNESCO 8razII's Youth DeveIopment ndex : UNESCO 8razII's Youth DeveIopment ndex : UNESCO 8razII's Youth DeveIopment ndex
n 2004, the UNESCO OIIIce In 8razII deveIoped a new tooI aImed at supportIng
governments and cIvII socIety stakehoIders In assessIng and measurIng the Impact oI
youth poIIcy InterventIons on the sItuatIon oI young peopIe. The 'Youth DeveIopment
ndex' draws on three dImensIons, nameIy 'empIoyment', 'educatIon' and 'heaIth'; so
Iar, extensIve and dIsaggregated (regIonaI) data are avaIIabIe Ior the 8razIIIan context.
UNESCO strongIy encourages the dIssemInatIon and adoptIon oI thIs tooI to other

countrIes In order to aIIow Ior comparatIve assessments oI the condItIons oI young
peopIe and to ensure an Increased eIIectIveness oI poIIcy InterventIons.
40

\trtl |rjijnrt ir |tr \trtl |rjijnrt ir |tr \trtl |rjijnrt ir |tr \trtl |rjijnrt ir |trt Kirttitr !tritj |rttsss (|K!|s) t Kirttitr !tritj |rttsss (|K!|s) t Kirttitr !tritj |rttsss (|K!|s) t Kirttitr !tritj |rttsss (|K!|s)
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments must create mechanIsms that ensure young
peopIe are InvoIved In the deveIopment oI Poverty
ReductIon Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Country AssIstance
StrategIes (CAS) through NatIonaI Youth CouncIIs or other
Iorums Ior youth representatIon. ThIs wIII ensure that youth
perspectIves are heard and that PRSPs are reIevant to IocaI
concerns. t wIII aIso promote wIdespread partIcIpatIon In
theIr ImpIementatIon.
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments shouId IncIude young peopIe In the
ImpIementatIon oI new projects IdentIIIed In natIonaI
deveIopment and poverty reductIon pIans and strategIes, as
weII as support exIstIng youth-Ied deveIopment InItIatIves.
StartIng In 1999, poverty aIIevIatIon strategIes and actIon pIans have been
wIdeIy consuIted among stakehoIders In a partIcIpatory process IeadIng to what are
caIIed Poverty ReductIon Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Most PRSPs reIer to poverty-strIcken
AIrIcan, AsIan and LatIn AmerIcan countrIes. For some natIons, poverty reductIon
strategIes are IormuIated by the WorId 8ank In a partIcIpatory process IeadIng to what
are known as Country AssIstance StrategIes (CAS).
41
These papers consIst oI a
number oI core components: an anaIysIs oI the poverty sItuatIon In the country, a
strategy Ior poverty reductIon based on thIs anaIysIs, the commItment oI budgetary
resources to ImpIement the strategy, a monItorIng Iramework to assess the
achIevement oI strategIc goaIs, and consuItatIons at every stage wIth prImary and
secondary stakehoIders to ensure broad-based natIonaI ownershIp oI the strategIes.
42

Covernments and the InternatIonaI deveIopment communIty can provIde young
peopIe wIth broader opportunItIes to contrIbute to the PRSP and CAS processes and
engage In ImpIementatIon actIvItIes. n thIs regard, wIth the aId oI IocaI governments
and cIvII socIety organIzatIons, NatIonaI Youth CouncIIs and]or aIternatIve Iorums Ior
youth representatIon can take the Iead In organIzIng grassroots-IeveI poverty
reductIon consuItatIons wIth young peopIe. These entItIes can then be the soundIng
board oI youth perspectIves In natIonaI-IeveI PRSP and CAS dIscussIons.
A recent Independent revIew oI the WorId 8ank's Poverty ReductIon Strategy
(PRS) nItIatIve recommended that the 8ank encourage greater emphasIs on ImprovIng
domestIc pIannIng, ImpIementIng, and monItorIng processes, and Iess on compIetIon
oI documents; ensure country ownershIp oI the strategIes; heIp countrIes IdentIIy
actIons wIth the greatest poverty pay-oII; and IInaIIy, make sure Its own programs are
anchored In the country's strategy and In coordInatIon wIth other externaI partners.
43

n terms oI these recommendatIons, youth can pIay a key roIe In "ensurIng
country ownershIp" oI PRSPs. 8y InvestIng In the engagement oI youth, the poverty
reductIon strategy wIII not onIy make youth more apt as cItIzens to gIve back to theIr
socIetIes Ior the rest oI theIr IIves, but aIso by deIauIt IInk the entIre IamIIIes oI these
young peopIe and theIr communItIes Into the work. 8y IookIng at the needs oI youth,
key needs In terms oI Iong range and "greatest poverty-payoII" are IIkeIy to be quIckIy
IdentIIIed.
n another study revIewIng PRSPs, It was Iound that "IIttIe systematIc attentIon
Is paId to socIaI protectIon Issues"
44
whIch are vItaI to the IIveIIhoods and weIIare oI
poor and vuInerabIe groups such as young peopIe. A growIng number oI PRSPs are
makIng reIerence to young peopIe, yet targeted InterventIons are not based on
Integrated approaches and actIon pIans are oIten done on a pIecemeaI basIs. One oI
the key recommendatIons oI the partIcIpants oI the Youth RoundtabIe oI the Expert
Croup MeetIng on CreatIng StrategIes Ior Youth EmpIoyment In AIrIcan CItIes heId In
NaIrobI, Kenya on 21-25 ]une 2004 consIsts oI the need to engage youth "In the
creatIon and ImpIementatIon oI aII deveIopment agendas, such as New PartnershIp Ior
AIrIca's DeveIopment (NEPAD), PRSP process and MDCs, partIcuIarIy In IdentIIyIng theIr
roIe In these InternatIonaI deveIopment agendas". The partIcIpants Iurther poInted out
"PRSPs must be IocaIIzed to engage youth InvoIvement In theIr transIatIon Into
concrete programs oI actIon at the IocaI IeveI."
45

n the UN WorId Youth Report 2003, 58.8Z oI youth surveyed saId that they
were consuIted on the Poverty ReductIon Strategy whIIe 41.2Z saId "no" and Ior the
remaInder there was no avaIIabIe data. n onIy 11.8Z oI cases, youth were IdentIIIed as
specIIIc groups In the PRSP and In 88.2Z youth were IncIuded In a mInor way. n 47.1Z
oI PRSPs, youth were IdentIIIed as target group In the actIon pIan whIIe In 52.9Z were
IncIuded as a mInor target or not IncIuded. The IoregoIng anaIysIs oI the InIormatIon
provIded by government and other stakehoIders suggests that aIthough young peopIe
are sometImes recognIzed, In most cases they are not regarded as a tradItIonaIIy
margInaIIzed group In poverty.
46
Many AIrIcan countrIes In the process oI craItIng
PRSPs have not IuIIy recognIzed the need Ior broader and deeper poverty reductIon
Irameworks where young peopIe shouId actIveIy partIcIpate. For exampIe, most
stakehoIders have Iong consIdered IntroducIng ex-combatant youth Into productIve
and decent work In SIerra Leone a key prIorIty deveIopment actIon. The InItIatIve oI the
PrInce oI WaIes' Youth 8usIness nternatIonaI to secure support Irom deveIopment
agencIes to address thIs Issue IargeIy IaIIed because there was no provIsIon Ior the
actIon In the country's PRSP.
To thIs end, young peopIe, by theIr sheer number and vuInerabIIIty to poverty
Impacts, and gIven theIr huge potentIaI to contrIbute In poverty reductIon eIIorts,
especIaIIy at the grassroots IeveI, are key cIIents In the PRSP process.

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 4 44 4: Youth PartIcIpatIon In the ConsuItatIon Process oI Poverty ReductIon : Youth PartIcIpatIon In the ConsuItatIon Process oI Poverty ReductIon : Youth PartIcIpatIon In the ConsuItatIon Process oI Poverty ReductIon : Youth PartIcIpatIon In the ConsuItatIon Process oI Poverty ReductIon
StrategIes StrategIes StrategIes StrategIes
Pursuant to the mpIementIng RuIes and ReguIatIons oI RA 8425: The SocIaI ReIorm
and Poverty AIIevIatIon Act, the NatIonaI AntI-Poverty CommIssIon oI the PhIIIppInes
(NAPC), the Iead government agency tasked to craIt strategIes and ImpIement projects
on poverty aIIevIatIon, Is now In the process oI reconstItutIng the membershIp oI the
NAPC Youth and Student Sector through the 2nd SectoraI AssembIy scheduIed Ior Iate
2005. The SectoraI AssembIy Is currentIy beIng organIzed to IacIIItate the IormatIon
oI the SectoraI CouncII, to be composed oI 15 to 25 sectoraI Ieaders Ior the term
2005-2008, and wIII be responsIbIe Ior comIng up wIth a consensus on antI-poverty
programs and poIIcIes aIIectIng the Youth and Student Sector. ThIs process seeks to
achIeve the broadest representatIon and partIcIpatIon oI the Youth and Student Sector
In the government's antI-poverty eIIorts.
Youth organIzatIons eIIgIbIe Ior membershIp In the SectoraI AssembIy must be
operatIng eIther at the natIonaI, regIonaI, provIncIaI, cIty or munIcIpaI IeveI, or be
communIty and schooI-based organIzatIons InvoIved In poverty reIated programs and
projects, and actIveIy partIcIpate In advocatIng and IobbyIng Ior the
IegIsIatIve]executIve and]or program agenda oI the Youth and Student Sector wIth
concrete achIevements In terms oI sectoraI gaIns.
47

\trtl \trtl \trtl \trtl i ii iri Krri. |.tjnrt ri Krri. |.tjnrt ri Krri. |.tjnrt ri Krri. |.tjnrt
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: DeveIopment poIIcIes must prIorItIze the growth oI ruraI
areas, whIch have hIgh percentages oI unempIoyed youth
and IIttIe pubIIc InIrastructure, by engagIng young peopIe
In creatIng necessary servIces and InIrastructure.
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments and the prIvate sector must support agrI-
based mIcro-entrepreneurIaI endeavors oI young peopIe
and Invest In IarmIng technoIogIes that boost agrIcuIturaI
productIon.
n most agrIcuIturaI countrIes oI LatIn AmerIca and AsIa, poverty IncIdence Is
much hIgher In ruraI, geographIcaIIy secIuded communItIes. These areas are oIten
characterIzed by poverty oI opportunIty Ior stabIe empIoyment, quaIIty educatIon,
pubIIc InIrastructures (e.g. Iarm-to-market roads, post-harvest IacIIItIes, IrrIgatIon
systems) and socIaI saIety nets wIth an InIIux oI IoreIgn agrIcuIturaI products due to
economIc IIberaIIzatIon.
RuraI youth, who oIten Iack skIIIs needed In a hIghIy competItIve urban
envIronment, are IeIt to tend theIr IamIIy's agrIcuIturaI Iand. TheIr potentIaI capacIty to
spark Increased agrIcuIturaI productIon through InnovatIve, eco-IrIendIy pIantIng
practIces and post-harvest methods Is wIdeIy unrecognIzed and thus remaIns

untapped. WIth adequate support InIrastructure, IncentIves, and Iand reIorm, young
peopIe In ruraI areas can IueI economIc growth In these agrIcuIturaI regIons.
LocaI governments and the prIvate sector can IIkewIse tap young peopIe In
erectIng agrIcuIturaI InIrastructure, such as IrrIgatIon systems and ruraI road
networks. ThIs experIence wouId provIde ruraI unempIoyed youth wIth vaIuabIe,
practIcaI skIIIs In ruraI InIrastructure that couId then be transIerred to other
empIoyment sItuatIons whIIe aIso ImprovIng ruraI InIrastructure Ior the generaI
popuIatIon and thereby IncreasIng economIc opportunIty.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 5 55 5: LIIe SkIIIs Ior RuraI Young Women (NepaI, 8angIadesh, PakIstan and : LIIe SkIIIs Ior RuraI Young Women (NepaI, 8angIadesh, PakIstan and : LIIe SkIIIs Ior RuraI Young Women (NepaI, 8angIadesh, PakIstan and : LIIe SkIIIs Ior RuraI Young Women (NepaI, 8angIadesh, PakIstan and
ndIa) ndIa) ndIa) ndIa)
SInce 2002, UNESCO's SectIon Ior Youth has actIveIy been InvoIved In the UNESCO
pIIot project '8reakIng the Poverty CycIe oI Women', an InItIatIve pertaInIng to Its
cross-cuttIng theme "eradIcatIon oI poverty, especIaIIy extreme poverty" and aImed at
the empowerment oI margInaIIzed adoIescent gIrIs In South AsIa. The IntersectoraI
and InterdIscIpIInary Iramework oI thIs project (based In NepaI, ndIa, 8angIadesh and
PakIstan) targets adoIescent gIrIs aged 12 to 18 wIth a program combInIng basIc
educatIon, heaIth and IegaI counseIIng, scIence educatIon, skIIIs traInIng, access to
mIcro credIt IacIIItIes, communIty mobIIIzatIon and poIIcy advocacy on a sub regIonaI
IeveI. n thIs project, the SectIon Ior Youth cooperates wIth IocaI youth organIzatIons
on the monItorIng and evaIuatIon component. 8y usIng an InnovatIve approach, I.e.
peer-group monItorIng and evaIuatIon (comprIsIng IntervIews and Iocus group
dIscussIons wIth the young gIrIs, parents and communIty members), the SectIon Ior
Youth gaIns a better understandIng oI the IearnIng needs oI adoIescent gIrIs, and can
estabIIsh eIIectIve mechanIsms to InIorm necessary Iuture adjustments. At the same
tIme, thIs approach contrIbutes to capacIty buIIdIng oI youth organIzatIons In
monItorIng and evaIuatIon technIques, IacIIItates theIr cooperatIon wIth other partners
In socIaI deveIopment projects and Iosters the communIcatIon between urban and
ruraI youth.
48

\trtl ir |r|ir !.rns iri |tjr.ititr irijnrt \trtl ir |r|ir !.rns iri |tjr.ititr irijnrt \trtl ir |r|ir !.rns iri |tjr.ititr irijnrt \trtl ir |r|ir !.rns iri |tjr.ititr irijnrt
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments must enact Iaws that Ioster the creatIon oI
communIty-drIven projects wIth urban youth IIvIng In
poverty, support current youth-Ied entrepreneurIaI
InItIatIves In urban communItIes, as weII as UN-HA8TAT's
work In sIum deveIopment.
1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments must Increase eIIorts to educate young peopIe
In urban communItIes on responsIbIe sexuaI IIIestyIes and
reproductIve heaIth practIces as a pubIIc poIIcy measure to
eIIectIveIy manage popuIatIon growth.

AccordIng to a recent WorId 8ank report,
49
the worId's popuIatIon wIII baIIoon
to 9 bIIIIon by 2050 Irom 6 bIIIIon today, and most oI that Increase wIII be In the
cItIes, towns and urban areas oI deveIopIng countrIes. n May 2003, the CovernIng
CouncII oI UN-HA8TAT adopted resoIutIon (CC19]13), requestIng the ExecutIve
DIrector to deveIop a strategy Ior strengthenIng youth InvoIvement In the work oI the
program. The resoIutIon aIso requests Increased partIcIpatIon oI youth In urban
governance, Iocus on capacIty-buIIdIng and poverty aIIevIatIon, strengthenIng youth
empIoyment opportunItIes, and estabIIshIng an InterIm youth consuItatIve mechanIsm.
The youth strategy wIII be submItted to the CovernIng CouncII at Its 2005 sessIon.
50

A preIImInary paper outIInIng the UN-HA8TAT youth strategy states:
"n vIew oI thIs mandate, and In order to work towards achIevIng
the MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs, UN-HA8TAT Is commItted to
deveIopIng, supportIng and promotIng InItIatIves, whIch posItIveIy
contrIbute to:
MaInstreamIng youth as a cross-cuttIng Issue In the
ImpIementatIon oI UN-HA8TAT programs
nItIatIng and IosterIng Inter-agency coIIaboratIon, as weII as
partnershIps wIth youth organIzatIons, as a vehIcIe Ior outreach
and youth partIcIpatIon,
EngagIng youth concerns at an InternatIonaI IeveI to heIp
IormuIate an InternatIonaI understandIng oI pressIng youth
Issues,
EnhancIng the partIcIpatIon oI youth In UN-HA8TAT's work so
that young peopIe's vIews and contrIbutIons are vaIued,
RecognIzIng the dIversItIes among young peopIe and takIng
theIr vIews Into account,
ProvIdIng youth wIth the best-avaIIabIe InIormatIon resources
and IacIIItIes pertaInIng to empIoyment, heaIth, crIme
preventIon, governance and youth rIghts and responsIbIIItIes."
51

n most rapIdIy expandIng cItIes, IneIIectIve popuIatIon management and Iack
oI reproductIve heaIth programs IImIt young peopIe's abIIIty to IIIt themseIves out oI
poverty. Young peopIe shouId be educated on responsIbIe sexuaI and reproductIve
practIces as an answer to dIsproportIonate urban growth In the deveIopIng worId. WIth
suIIIcIent knowIedge on chIId spacIng and responsIbIe parenthood, young peopIe wIII
be abIe to stImuIate deveIopment and reduce poverty IncIdence both at the househoId
and macro-economIc IeveIs.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 6 66 6: Youth HeIpIng Youth In Urban Poor CommunItIes : Youth HeIpIng Youth In Urban Poor CommunItIes : Youth HeIpIng Youth In Urban Poor CommunItIes : Youth HeIpIng Youth In Urban Poor CommunItIes
SIums nIormatIon DeveIopment & Resource Center (SDAREC) Is a communIty-based,
youth-Ied organIzatIon Iocated In the urban sIums oI NaIrobI, Kenya. t was

estabIIshed by a group oI young peopIe In 1996 to IdentIIy resourceIuI youth In the
sIums and engage them In the betterment oI theIr own communIty.
At present, the organIzatIon operates In seven sIums oI NaIrobI. The IIrst pIIot project
began In PumwanI sIums, wIth a popuIatIon oI over 200,000 peopIe. n the year 2000,
they repIIcated the PumwanI project to another sIum In NaIrobI, Mukuru Kwa Njenga,
wIth a popuIatIon oI 350,000 peopIe. The project IncIudes capacIty-buIIdIng
workshops wIth young peopIe, estabIIshes medIa and communIcatIon channeIs wIthIn
the communIty Ior better InIormatIon sharIng, buIIds resource centers to dIstrIbute
readIng, audIo and vIdeo materIaIs and provIdes counseIIng servIces. The organIzatIon
hopes to reduce poverty by promotIng Income-generatIng communIty-based projects
and reducIng the number oI street chIIdren through preventIon InItIatIves that work
wIth parents on chIId deveIopment Issues. A computer traInIng course Is currentIy
beIng Iaunched as weII as a reproductIve heaIth campaIgn to educate the pubIIc about
STDs and an EarIy ChIIdhood DeveIopment InItIatIve that wIII Iocus on chIId rIghts
advocacy and basIc educatIon.
52

\trtl \iji.irt ir |tn|itirj |trrrjtitr \trtl \iji.irt ir |tn|itirj |trrrjtitr \trtl \iji.irt ir |tn|itirj |trrrjtitr \trtl \iji.irt ir |tn|itirj |trrrjtitr
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: WIdespread support must be extended to the WorId 8ank's
Youth and Covernance Program, partIcuIarIy In countrIes
most aIIected by ongoIng corruptIon. Youth must be Iurther
traIned In eIImInatIng aII types oI corruptIon and whIstIe-
bIowIng strategIes through country-specIIIc youth drIven
antI-corruptIon projects.
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments must create communIcatIon strategIes to
InIorm young peopIe on accessIng antI-corruptIon
commIssIons.
AccordIng to the WorId 8ank nstItute, the totaI cost oI corruptIon Is more than
$1 trIIIIon doIIars (US$1,000 bIIIIon) each year. t Iurther reports that "countrIes that
tackIe corruptIon and Improve theIr ruIe oI Iaw can Increase theIr natIonaI Incomes by
as much as Iour tImes In the Iong-term, and chIId mortaIIty can IaII as much as 75
percent." n the poverty-strIcken countrIes In AIrIca and AsIa, corruptIon, both at the
government and prIvate sector, Is a chronIc probIem that Is crIppIIng the economIc
stabIIIty oI markets and erodIng the moraI IIbers oI socIety. Last ]une 2004, under the
auspIces oI the UN Secretary-CeneraI, UN CIobaI Compact SummIt partIcIpants
adopted a tenth CIobaI Compact prIncIpIe "agaInst corruptIon In aII Its Iorms,
IncIudIng brIbery" In addItIon to promotIng good corporate practIces In human rIghts,
decent Iabor and envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty. The advancement oI InIormatIon
technoIogIes and repeated caIIs Ior transparent procurement systems are puttIng
pressures on governments to InstItute reIorms In the management oI pubIIc Iunds.
53

CentraI to soIvIng the dIIemma oI corruptIon Is the exIstence oI eIIectIve
partIcIpatory mechanIsms, transparent pubIIc systems and InIormatIon dIscIosure Iaws

wIthIn the broad context oI good governance. t Is In these areas that young peopIe
are heIpIng socIetIes curb corruptIon. The IdeaIIsm and hIgh ethIcaI standards oI
youth are potentIaI IngredIents In IIghtIng wIde-scaIe corruptIon and promotIng good
governance. However, corruptIon breeds corruptIon, thereIore youth must be provIded
wIth cIvIc educatIon that IImIts theIr rIsk oI IaIIIng Into the cycIe oI corruptIon. CIearIy,
the chaIIenge Is to harness the enthusIasm and IdeaIIsm oI youth and to empower
them to use It as opposed to IeavIng them wIth no other optIon. The WorId 8ank's
Youth and Covernance Program acknowIedges the sIgnIIIcance oI young peopIe In the
struggIe towards a corruptIon-Iree socIety by reIusIng to pay brIbes, IeadIng
InIormatIon drIves or medIa campaIgn about antI-corruptIon, organIzIng youth cIubs
on good governance, reportIng IrauduIent transactIons oI government oIIIcIaIs, and
through other methods.
54

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 7 77 7: 8uIIdIng MechanIsms Ior Youth Engagement : 8uIIdIng MechanIsms Ior Youth Engagement : 8uIIdIng MechanIsms Ior Youth Engagement : 8uIIdIng MechanIsms Ior Youth Engagement to EradIcate CorruptIon In to EradIcate CorruptIon In to EradIcate CorruptIon In to EradIcate CorruptIon In
ZambIa ZambIa ZambIa ZambIa
ZambIa's youth are IIndIng ways to IIght corruptIon In theIr country wIth the heIp oI
the WorId 8ank. Youth engagement In corruptIon aIIows young peopIe to tackIe a
poIItIcaI probIem that has many consequences In theIr IIves. SInce youth compromIse
the majorIty oI the popuIatIon In ZambIa, It Is IncredIbIy Important Ior them to IIght
corruptIon, a socIaI III that aIIects both theIr present sItuatIon and theIr Iuture
opportunItIes. The WorId 8ank organIzed a workshop Ior ZambIan hIgh schooI and
coIIege students where they provIded practIcaI soIutIons to thIs serIous probIem. The
students aIso used the WorId 8ank's course to reIIect on corruptIon and how they can
save theIr country Irom Its grIp. The partIcIpants gave recommendatIons to
dIssemInate news on youth actIvIty agaInst corruptIon. An InterestIng suggestIon was
to provIde access to government pubIIcatIons Irom poIIce agencIes, whIch wouId aIIow
Ior the creatIon oI an antI-corruptIon commIssIon. ThIs gIves young peopIe a chance
to partIcIpate In the decIsIon-makIng process oI poIIcy makIng. The roIe oI the medIa
Is Important to spread the InIormatIon that youth gather on corruptIon. Youth shouId
document what they know, see or hear about corruptIon as soon as It happens,
thereby dIssemInatIng InIormatIon ImmedIateIy. AddItIonaIIy, the use oI radIo and
teIevIsIon to present programs wouId InIorm a wIder group oI peopIe about these
Issues.
55

|trt.rsitr |trt.rsitr |trt.rsitr |trt.rsitr
Young peopIe are IntegraI to addressIng the Issues oI extreme poverty and
hunger. They can assIst wIth provIdIng Iresh Ideas when craItIng deveIopment poIIcIes
as promoters oI ruraI deveIopment and as peer educators combatIng corruptIon and
deveIopIng socIaI and envIronmentaI entrepreneurshIp InItIatIves. Young peopIe are
waItIng Ior the opportunIty to be used as assets In upIIItIng theIr communItIes out oI
poverty by creatIng the IoundatIons Ior sustaInabIe growth and prosperIty. PoIIcy
makers and deveIopment specIaIIsts must enact a serIous paradIgm shIIt In the way
they shape poverty reductIon eIIorts and IuIIy engage young peopIe to avoId the
perpetuatIon oI poverty and hunger In vIIIages and cItIes around the gIobe.

|kL I. k|K||\| |K|\ |kL I. k|K||\| |K|\ |kL I. k|K||\| |K|\ |kL I. k|K||\| |K|\|K!kL |K|kK\ ||||k |K!kL |K|kK\ ||||k |K!kL |K|kK\ ||||k |K!kL |K|kK\ ||||k|K |K |K |K
Target 3: Target 3: Target 3: Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, chIIdren everywhere, boys and gIrIs aIIke, wIII be
abIe to compIete a IuII course oI prImary schooIIng
One bIg thIng Is that students at my unIversIty (Rhodes UnIversIty In South
AIrIca) are usIng Open Source Iree computer soItware to provIde Iree nternet
connectIvIty to dIsadvantaged schooIs. We raIse money to buy second hand computer
hardware and soItware whIch we donate to the schooIs In our area.
Kirr rtisi (!trtl k|riti) I1 irs-t.i
56 56 56 56

The WorId DecIaratIon on EducatIon Ior AII, ArtIcIe 1, paragraph 1 states "Every
person - chIId, youth and aduIt - shaII be abIe to beneIIt Irom educatIonaI
opportunItIes desIgned to meet theIr basIc IearnIng needs. These needs comprIse both
essentIaI IearnIng tooIs
57
and the basIc IearnIng content,
58
requIred by human beIngs
to be abIe to survIve, to deveIop theIr IuII capacItIes, to IIve and work In dIgnIty, to
partIcIpate IuIIy In deveIopment, to Improve the quaIIty oI theIr IIves, to make
InIormed decIsIons, and to contInue IearnIng."
59

EnsurIng prImary educatIon Ior aII peopIe Is the key to unIockIng the potentIaI
oI aII socIetIes. EducatIon enabIes peopIe to take care oI themseIves and theIr IamIIIes,
to take controI oI theIr Iutures, and most ImportantIy, to raIse themseIves out oI
poverty. Furthermore, achIevIng target 3 oI the MDCs wIII heIp achIeve targets Ior
other MDCs; It wIII combat poverty, promote gender equaIIty, create awareness oI
HV]ADS and maternaI heaIth, and promote envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty.
Young peopIe are aIready heIpIng to achIeve the target oI unIversaI prImary
educatIon by encouragIng schooI partIcIpatIon, actIng as teachers to other young
peopIe, and contrIbutIng to the deveIopment oI currIcuIums. The dIscussIon beIow
IncIudes case studIes exempIIIyIng youth contrIbutIons to achIevIng unIversaI prImary
educatIon, the enabIIng envIronments requIred Ior youth contrIbutIon to thIs MDC,
and the specIIIc OptIons Ior ActIons that governments can take to enabIe more youth
to contrIbute to achIevIng CoaI 2.
|rttrrijirj !tltt. |irtitijititr |rttrrijirj !tltt. |irtitijititr |rttrrijirj !tltt. |irtitijititr |rttrrijirj !tltt. |irtitijititr
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments shouId adopt and promote the concept oI
peer-Ied InItIatIves and encourage young peopIe In
schooIIng to undertake communIty-based InItIatIves that
encourage schooI partIcIpatIon.

More than 113 mIIIIon chIIdren are denIed access to prImary educatIon and
more than 150 mIIIIon peopIe have never compIeted It. CIrIs are partIcuIarIy excIuded
Irom prImary educatIon. n addItIon, approxImateIy 250 mIIIIon chIIdren Irom ages 5-
14 In the deveIopIng worId cannot go to schooI because they are subject to chIId
Iabor.
60
DespIte severaI decIaratIons, such as the WorId DecIaratIon on EducatIon Ior
AII and the Dakar Framework Ior ActIon adopted by the WorId EducatIon Forum,
prImary educatIon Ior aII chIIdren Is stIII not the norm In many countrIes.
61

AccordIng to a WorId 8ank study, onIy 37 oI 155 deveIopIng countrIes anaIyzed
have successIuIIy achIeved unIversaI prImary educatIon. 8ased on trends oI the 1990s,
another 32 are IIkeIy to achIeve thIs goaI, but 70 countrIes are at rIsk oI not reachIng
the goaI unIess progress Is sIgnIIIcantIy acceIerated. n severaI countrIes, compIetIon
rates have stagnated or even IaIIen In recent years.
62
ThIs Is a bIeak representatIon oI
the prIorItIes that are gIven to chIIdren and prImary educatIon.
Sub-Saharan AIrIca and South AsIa are extremeIy chaIIenged areas In the worId
where progress In educatIon has been very dIIIIcuIt. Sub-Saharan AIrIca Iags Iarthest
behInd, wIth IIttIe progress sInce 1990. South AsIa aIso has chronIcaIIy Iow enroIIment
and compIetIon rates.
63
The root-cause oI thIs Is a Iack oI resources, partIcuIarIy In
ruraI areas. t Is Important to note that a Iack oI resources exIsts because natIonaI
governments do not make prImary educatIon a top prIorIty In theIr budgets.
64
n order
to aIIow aII peopIe to beneIIt Irom prImary educatIon, aII governments must ensure
that It Is Iree oI charge, compuIsory and accessIbIe to aII peopIe.
65

n some areas young peopIe are aIready workIng eIIectIveIy to encourage
Increased schooI partIcIpatIon. As outIIned In Case Study 8, many young peopIe are
eIIectIve advocates Ior chIId rIghts, IncIudIng the rIght to educatIon. When enabIed
and empowered they are aIso weII networked, eIIectIve at IdentIIyIng areas oI need,
eIIIcIent at raIsIng money and coIIectIng resources and capabIe oI deveIopIng and
ImpIementIng projects IncIudIng schooI buIIdIng.
The contrIbutIon oI young peopIe to achIevIng unIversaI prImary educatIon can
be scaIed up by natIonaI governments. NatIonaI governments shouId promote and
support the concept oI 'young peopIe Ior young peopIe' In theIr own countrIes. 8y
doIng thIs, governments wIII ensure those young peopIe attendIng schooI understand
that many young peopIe do not have the resources to attend schooI and assIst them In
IosterIng a sense oI communIty amongst young peopIe, whIch wIII Iead to youth-
InItIated progress not onIy In the achIevement oI unIversaI educatIon, but aIso the
other MDCs.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 8 88 8: Youth EngagIng Youth In EducatIonaI OpportunItIes : Youth EngagIng Youth In EducatIonaI OpportunItIes : Youth EngagIng Youth In EducatIonaI OpportunItIes : Youth EngagIng Youth In EducatIonaI OpportunItIes
Free The ChIIdren Is an InternatIonaI network oI chIIdren heIpIng chIIdren at a IocaI,
natIonaI and InternatIonaI IeveI through representatIon, IeadershIp and actIon. CraIg
KIeIburger Iounded the organIzatIon In 1995, at the tIme a tweIve-year-oId CanadIan.
n the past seven years, Free the ChIIdren has spread to more than 35 countrIes and

more than 1 mIIIIon peopIe have partIcIpated In Its projects and campaIgns. The
organIzatIon Is currentIy workIng on many Issues concernIng the protectIon oI
chIIdren's rIghts and youth representatIves Irom Free the ChIIdren have become
InternatIonaI spokespersons Ior chIIdren's rIghts and prImary educatIon Ior aII
chIIdren.
One oI Free the ChIIdren's projects Is 'SchooI 8uIIdIng'. The organIzatIon has buIIt and
outIItted more than 375 schooIs around the worId provIdIng educatIon to more than
30,000 chIIdren In 23 deveIopIng countrIes. SchooI 8uIIdIng projects are supported
and enhanced by aIternatIve Income programs, medIcaI centers and cIean water
programs. Another project the organIzatIon has undertaken Is provIdIng 'SchooI and
HeaIth KIts'; It has shIpped more than 175,000 schooI and heaIth kIts to chIIdren In
nearIy 40 deveIopIng countrIes, provIdIng them wIth the necessary suppIIes to go to
schooI and remaIn heaIthy. Free the ChIIdren owe theIr success to the IormuIa: 'young
peopIe Ior young peopIe'.
66

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2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Make voIunteer tutorIng oI prImary schooI aged chIIdren
part oI the secondary schooI currIcuIum.
2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Projects where young peopIe take InItIatIve to enhance
educatIon and teach other young peopIe shouId be
showcased and IundIng made avaIIabIe to repIIcate them In
other communItIes.
n many areas young peopIe have demonstrated theIr desIre and commItment
to heIp each other by InItIatIng and IeadIng peer-to-peer educatIon projects In theIr
spare tIme. 8y workIng together on communIty IeveI projects, young peopIe have
shown repeatedIy that they are eIIectIve teachers and that they can oIten Interest and
motIvate each other when oIder teachers and parents cannot. Furthermore, young
peopIe have proven to be good mentors Ior younger students In schooI, heIpIng them
wIth theIr studIes and counseIIng them In other areas.
67

The contrIbutIon oI young peopIe to achIevIng unIversaI prImary educatIon
through peer-to-peer projects shouId be scaIed up by natIonaI governments. NatIonaI
governments shouId encourage, support and provIde IncentIves to promote such
InItIatIves. ThIs may IncIude makIng voIunteer tutorIng oI prImary aged chIIdren not
enroIIed In schooI a compuIsory part oI the secondary currIcuIum. ThIs wouId ensure
aII young peopIe In secondary schooI are actIveIy contrIbutIng to teachIng those
chIIdren not enroIIed and thereby contrIbutIng to the achIevement oI unIversaI prImary
educatIon.

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 9 99 9: Youth WorkIng to EradIcate IIIteracy In ndIa : Youth WorkIng to EradIcate IIIteracy In ndIa : Youth WorkIng to EradIcate IIIteracy In ndIa : Youth WorkIng to EradIcate IIIteracy In ndIa
EradIcatIon oI IIIteracy Project under the aegIs oI Tara Educare Academy was the a
braInchIId oI a 17 year oId chIId - -- - Ram CopaIakrIshnan, IIvIng In NoIda - a townshIp
on the outskIrts oI DeIhI, ndIa. n order to do somethIng about the probIem oI
IIIIteracy In the neIghborhood, he Iormed a group caIIed EDU-KDS In February 2000,
and started the EradIcatIon oI IIIteracy Project. The project entaIIed startIng a schooI
that Is Iree oI charge Ior aII the chIIdren In the neIghborhood. The schooI began wIth
onIy 3 students In the schooI run In a voIunteer car garage, but aIter three years has
30 students. The schooI now has pIans to dIvIde the cIass In two separate groups, so
that one group consIsts oI oIder chIIdren who have Iearned the basIcs and the other
consIst oI the younger ones.
Two teachers take turns teachIng and the members oI EDU-KDS heIp wIth the
IacIIItatIon oI the schooI. The students are taught to read and wrIte the natIonaI
Ianguage oI ndIa (HIndI), as weII as arIthmetIc, moraI vaIues, envIronmentaI studIes,
art, craIts and musIc. Most ImportantIy, thIs project stresses the Importance oI
educatIng gIrIs. EIIorts are underway to maInstream the chIIdren Into the schooI
system. RecognIzIng thIs genuIne eIIort oI youth to ensure prImary educatIon, SMLE
FoundatIon ndIa came Iorward to support thIs project and InstItutIonaIIze the
InItIatIve.
68

|rrritr.rn |rrritr.rn |rrritr.rn |rrritr.rn
2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Ensure young peopIe have the opportunIty to contrIbute to
theIr own currIcuIum through the creatIon oI student schooI
councIIs.
Young peopIe can make Important contrIbutIons to the deveIopment oI youth-
reIevant currIcuIums Ior schooIs. ProvIdIng young peopIe wIth the opportunIty to
partIcIpate In schooI councIIs enhances young peopIes' understandIng oI the
educatIon system, promotes a sense oI ownershIp over the schooI currIcuIum and
heIps to ensure that currIcuIum deveIopment Is InIormed by the opInIon oI young
peopIe. CurrIcuIums shouId Iocus on student InteractIon wIth theIr IocaI communItIes
and present InvoIvement and InteractIon as a means oI both deveIopIng basIc skIIIs
and practIcIng hIgher-order thInkIng.
n Peru, schooI councIIs now exIst In aImost 6,000 schooIs. These councIIs are
run by democratIcaIIy eIected representatIves and are recognIzed by IocaI InstItutIons
such as the poIIce, heaIth centers and reIIgIous bodIes. The schooI councIIs run
semInars on young peopIe's rIghts, are actIve In promotIng youth partIcIpatIon and
have now been made mandatory In aII schooIs by the MInIstry oI EducatIon.

Young peopIe are aIready heIpIng to achIeve the target oI unIversaI prImary
educatIon. The above sectIon has shown that, when empowered and enabIed, young
peopIe are eIIectIve at encouragIng partIcIpatIon In educatIon, teachIng other young
peopIe and deveIopIng youth-reIevant currIcuIums. 8y undertakIng the OptIons Ior
ActIons outIIned above natIonaI governments can enabIe more youth to contrIbute to
the target oI unIversaI prImary educatIon.

|kL !. |K| ||K| |kL !. |K| ||K| |kL !. |K| ||K| |kL !. |K| ||K||K |J|kL|\ kK| || |K |J|kL|\ kK| || |K |J|kL|\ kK| || |K |J|kL|\ kK| ||W|K W|K W|K W|K W|K W|K W|K W|K
Target 4: Target 4: Target 4: Target 4: EIImInate gender dIsparIty In prImary and secondary educatIon,
preIerabIy by 2005, and to aII IeveIs oI educatIon no Iater than 2015
Young women and gIrIs Iace more In gender dIsparIty because oI Iack oI
knowIedge about theIr rIghts, Iow IeveI oI educatIon and experIence. The communIty,
and worse stIII, the oIder women have IeIt the gIrI chIId and young woman out oI the
decIsIon makIng and IeadershIp programs.
K..r tn|t, (Kri) Il irs-t.i
69 69 69 69

DespIte progress towards achIevIng gender equaIIty, women are stIII not gIven
the same protectIons, rIghts and roIes as men and are denIed opportunItIes Ior
empIoyment and educatIon. TradItIonaI practIces, attItudes, and roIes, In addItIon to
reIIgIous and economIc beIIeIs, resuIt In unequaI power reIatIons, whIch may not be
recognIzed as dIscrImInatIon. Poverty Is the bIggest ImpedIment to gender equaIIty. n
deveIopIng countrIes gIrIs are oIten expected to remaIn at home to care Ior younger
sIbIIngs and the househoId. OIten It Is the boys who go to schooI as It Is assumed that
they can earn more money. 8eyond educatIon, a Iower status oI women Is
perpetuated by economIc, IegaI, and poIItIcaI poIIces. Many young women grow up In
a worId oI wage dIsparItIes, unequaI protectIon and InequItabIe Iaws such as those
that deny the rIght oI InherItance. There aIso exIsts a socIaI mIsperceptIon that
women's work has no economIc vaIue sInce gIobaIIy the majorIty oI women's work
occurs In the non-wage economy.
At the WorId ConIerence on Women In 1995, governments agreed In the
8eIjIng PIatIorm Ior ActIon that
"SpecIaI measures must be taken to ensure that young women
have the IIIe skIIIs necessary Ior actIve and eIIectIve partIcIpatIon In aII
IeveIs oI socIaI, cuIturaI, poIItIcaI and economIc IeadershIp. t wIII be
crItIcaI Ior the InternatIonaI communIty to demonstrate a new
commItment to the Iuture - a commItment to InspIrIng a new
generatIon oI women and men to work together Ior a more just socIety.
ThIs new generatIon oI Ieaders must accept and promote a worId In
whIch every chIId Is Iree Irom InjustIce, oppressIon and InequaIIty and
Iree to deveIop her]hIs own potentIaI. The prIncIpIe oI equaIIty oI
women and men must thereIore be IntegraI to the socIaIIzatIon
process."
70

As shown by the dIscussIon oI CoaI 2, the gIobaI communIty has cIearIy IaIIed
to reach the benchmark oI 2005 Ior ensurIng access to aII Ior prImary educatIon

(Target 4). t Is estImated that more than 60 mIIIIon gIrIs are denIed access to prImary
educatIon.
71
Uneducated women who seek work outsIde oI the home are at greater
rIsk oI beIng overworked, underpaId, physIcaIIy abused, or Iorced Into sexuaI Iabor.
72

n addItIon, an educated or IIterate woman Is Iess IIkeIy to dIe In chIIdbIrth, more IIkeIy
to have Iewer and heaIthIer chIIdren, and more IIkeIy to be abIe to provIde access to
educatIon Ior her chIIdren.
Young peopIe are capabIe oI contrIbutIng to the eIImInatIon oI gender dIsparIty
In prImary and secondary educatIon through expandIng and supportIng the IormaI
and non IormaI educatIon oI young women and gIrIs, empowerIng young women to
heIp themseIves, and promotIng gender awareness In educatIon. However, young
peopIe are the IIrst to reaIIze that "achIevIng gender equaIIty" goes Iar beyond prImary
educatIon. Young women need the encouragement, mentorshIp and traInIng to enter
non-tradItIonaI roIes to grow up and become Ieaders oI socIety. Cender InequaIIty Is
deepIy rooted In cuIture In both the deveIoped and deveIopIng worId, but young
peopIe can be powerIuI agents oI change. Young peopIe recognIze that It Is extremeIy
Important not to Impose western vaIues oI gender equaIIty, but rather to empower
women to heIp each other and themseIves, and to IdentIIy theIr communIty needs.
The empowerment oI women Is IInked to every MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaI,
and gender anaIysIs shouId be Incorporated across aII the MDCs. Among other
prIorItIes, young women need access to hIgher educatIon, Increased poIItIcaI
partIcIpatIon, mIcro credIt and CTs (as dIscussed In goaI 8), reproductIve heaIth
educatIon and servIces (as dIscussed In goaIs 4 and 5), and saIety Irom vIoIence and
abuse (as dIscussed In goaI 5). AddItIonaIIy, It Is crucIaI that young men shouId be
InvoIved In reducIng gender-based vIoIence and buIIdIng a cuIture oI gender equaIIty
(as dIscussed In goaI 5).
|tjiriirj iri !rjjtrtirj tl |irtititr t| \trrj Wtnr iri |ir.s |tjiriirj iri !rjjtrtirj tl |irtititr t| \trrj Wtnr iri |ir.s |tjiriirj iri !rjjtrtirj tl |irtititr t| \trrj Wtnr iri |ir.s |tjiriirj iri !rjjtrtirj tl |irtititr t| \trrj Wtnr iri |ir.s
3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: ProvIde IncentIves and IundIng opportunItIes Ior NCOs and
youth organIzatIons to InItIate non-IormaI educatIon
actIvItIes targetIng gIrIs and women. Where InItIatIves
aIready exIst, deveIop repIIcatIon strategIes and scaIe- up
exIstIng InItIatIves.
n many countrIes, partIcuIarIy In the deveIopIng worId, governments have not
been reIIabIe agents In ImprovIng the status oI women. However, NCOs worIdwIde,
IncIudIng youth NCOs, have had some success at brIngIng more attentIon to the pIIght
oI the gIrI chIId In advocacy eIIorts at aII IeveIs and In provIdIng educatIonaI
opportunItIes outsIde the IormaI educatIon sector to young gIrIs and women. On the
ground, many NCOs Iocus entIreIy on workIng wIth women, and oIten wIth a
grassroots methodoIogy that Is sensItIve to the IocaI cuIturaI envIronment, and
thereIore successIuI at expandIng the educatIon optIons oI young women and gIrIs.

As Case Study 10 beIow outIInes, young peopIe are aIready contrIbutIng to the
expansIon oI educatIon oI young gIrIs and women through provIdIng saIe
envIronments Ior non-IormaI educatIon,
73
IIteracy traInIng, vocatIonaI skIIIs such as
sewIng and hospItaIIty, and counseIIng to address women's seII-esteem Issues. n
schooI systems textbooks and materIaIs need to be revIewed Ior gender bIas and
repIaced or updated, and teachers need to be sensItIzed to the gender bIases they
perpetuate.
Covernments shouId Iurther enabIe the contrIbutIon oI young peopIe's
InItIatIves In expandIng and supportIng the educatIon oI young women and gIrIs by
provIdIng IncentIves and IundIng opportunItIes Ior exIstIng youth organIzatIons to
address educatIon oI young women In areas where It Is not yet occurrIng. n areas
where some InItIatIves aIready exIst, governments shouId work wIth NCOs to deveIop
repIIcatIon strategIes and scaIe-up exIstIng InItIatIves.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 10 10 10 10: YWCA oI 8eIIze and 8angIadesh CIosIng Cender Cap In Secondary : YWCA oI 8eIIze and 8angIadesh CIosIng Cender Cap In Secondary : YWCA oI 8eIIze and 8angIadesh CIosIng Cender Cap In Secondary : YWCA oI 8eIIze and 8angIadesh CIosIng Cender Cap In Secondary
EducatIon EducatIon EducatIon EducatIon
The HELP program oI the Young Women's ChrIstIan AssocIatIon (WYCA) In 8eIIze gIves
gIrIs ages 13-18 a second chance at secondary educatIon by preparIng them Ior the
entrance exam, or heIpIng them to acquIre a skIII so they can IunctIon posItIveIy In the
communIty. The program Is geared towards heIpIng young women deveIop posItIve
seII-esteem through a counseIIng program. They are aIso gIven the opportunIty to re-
sIt the PrImary SchooI ExamInatIon or get basIc skIIIs In hospItaIIty, sewIng, and
cosmetoIogy. Young women between 13-18 years oI age are the maIn target group
and the young women InvoIved In the program. The program Is Iunded through
partIcIpatory Iees, voIunteer teachers, UNCEF, and a mInImaI IeveI oI government
IundIng. At present there are 45 partIcIpants. The graduates are currentIy enroIIed In
most oI the hIgh schooIs In 8eIIze CIty and at the junIor coIIege. The present Head CIrI
at WesIet CoIIege Is a graduate oI the program. A graduate Irom the UnIversIty oI
8eIIze HospItaIIty ServIce Department was aIso a HELP graduate. Students who have
graduated have successIuIIy Iound empIoyment or have used theIr newIound skIIIs to
start theIr own busIness. There are two chaIIenges that are creatIng a negatIve Impact
on the growth oI the program: Iack oI IundIng and Iack oI space. Future pIans are to
accommodate more gIrIs and to aIIow the currIcuIum to become versatIIe so that It wIII
deveIop and grow aIong wIth the ever-changIng needs and probIems that young
women Iace.
The goaI oI the 8angIadesh AdoIescent DeveIopment Programme Is to equIp
adoIescent gIrIs Ior a better Iuture. For a Iong tIme the YWCAs In 8angIadesh were
runnIng educatIon programs Ior chIIdren as weII as aduIts. RecentIy the YWCA oI
8angIadesh IdentIIIed that there are many adoIescent gIrIs who have eIther never
attended schooI or have dropped out. WIthout havIng an educatIon, IIIe skIIIs or
occupatIonaI skIIIs, these gIrIs are Iorced Into marrIed IIIe and suIIer the most. For
that reason, In 1998 IocaI YWCAs started the AdoIescent DeveIopment Program. The
program IncIudes IIteracy, skIII traInIng, awareness raIsIng, and preparatIon Ior

marrIed IIIe. n eIght IocaI YWCAs young gIrIs are receIvIng the AdoIescence
DeveIopment TraInIng on a reguIar basIs. FIIteen to twenty young gIrIs are usuaIIy
enroIIed In each group Ior an 18-month course. From ]uIy 2001 to March 2002 a totaI
number oI 67 gIrIs In 4 groups successIuIIy compIeted eIghteen months oI traInIng.
Some oI them have been admItted Into IormaI schooIs aIter compIetIon oI the course.
ADP aIms to reach gIrIs ages 13-19 on the grass roots IeveI.
74

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tlrs tlrs tlrs tlrs
3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 OptIo OptIo OptIo OptIon Ior ActIon: n Ior ActIon: n Ior ActIon: n Ior ActIon: nItIate young women Into traIners programs In
partIcIpatIon and IeadershIp.
3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Encourage young women's cIvIc partIcIpatIon through
hoIdIng conIerences Ior young women to address Issues oI
concern, and openIng other means oI IormaI poIItIcaI
partIcIpatIon, such as seats Ior young women In poIItIcaI
partIes or caucuses.
3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments and cIvII socIety In peaceIuI areas as weII as
conIIIct zones shouId provIde support, traInIng and a
project IncubatIon servIce to heIp young women Ieaders
evaIuate the needs oI theIr communItIes and deveIop
successIuI projects.
Youth organIzatIons, though varIed by regIon, Iace chaIIenges specIIIcaIIy In
encouragIng the IeadershIp oI young women. WhIIe struggIIng to promote youth
partIcIpatIon, they may overIook theIr country's gender InequaIIty, or even gender
InequaIIty that exIsts wIthIn theIr own organIzatIon. WhIIe a varIety oI InspIrIng youth
programs have been ImpIemented worIdwIde, the Impact oI thIs has hardIy been IeIt In
the worId's poorest areas. As Case Study 11 beIow IIIustrates, when provIded wIth the
opportunIty to meet, dIscuss theIr sItuatIon and strategIze, young women create
networks to support each other's eIIorts and maIntaIn momentum.
LeadershIp and traInIng Ior traIners partIcuIarIy aImed at IncIudIng women
shouId be InItIated and supported by governments. For countrIes In transItIon and
post-conIIIct, specIaI eIIorts shouId be made to IncIude young women In rebuIIdIng
processes. These InItIatIves wIII promote the empowerment oI young women and
ensure they have the capacIty to Improve theIr sItuatIon themseIves and to heIp one
another. For exampIe, In recentIy democratIc Kenya, young women have a specIaI
posItIon In the Kenya Women's PoIItIcaI Caucus, whIch besIdes ensurIng mentorshIp
and poIItIcaI partIcIpatIon oI young women, has enabIed a youth consortIum to
partIcIpate In a donor-Iunded Cender and Covernance program.
75

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 11 11 11 11: Young Women In AIrIca MobIIIzIng : Young Women In AIrIca MobIIIzIng : Young Women In AIrIca MobIIIzIng : Young Women In AIrIca MobIIIzIng around the HV]ADS PandemIc around the HV]ADS PandemIc around the HV]ADS PandemIc around the HV]ADS PandemIc

For a week In ]uIy 2003, a group oI 35 young women partIcIpated In the AssocIatIon
Ior Women In DeveIopment (AWD) Young Women and LeadershIp program's IIrst-ever
regIonaI InstItute on 'TackIIng HV]ADS and poverty In AIrIca'.

Young women Irom aII
over the AIrIcan contInent as weII as Irom AustraIIa, ndIa, UzbekIstan and 8arbados
came together to anaIyze, strategIze and mobIIIze around the HV]ADS pandemIc
whIIe examInIng the IntersectIons oI the pandemIc wIthIn IocaI, natIonaI and gIobaI
economIcs, human rIghts and IeadershIp crIses.
The sessIon concIuded wIth the young women IdentIIyIng a need Ior the creatIon oI a
young woman's network wIthIn AIrIca to aIIow Ior ongoIng communIcatIon and
strategIzIng. They aIso IdentIIIed the necessIty representIng young women's demands
and prIorItIes at aII meetIngs and decIsIon-makIng processes that wIII aIIect theIr
IIves. 8y ensurIng ongoIng communIcatIon and strategIzIng amongst themseIves, as
weII as other Interested young women In AIrIca, the partIcIpants have created a
mechanIsm to maIntaIn the momentum gaIned Irom the InstItute to ensure strategIc
advocacy and actIvIsm at aII IeveIs.
76

Many young peopIe have the passIon and the capabIIIty to do a Iot II gIven
access to sImpIe resources and support. Young women In conIIIct zones are especIaIIy
vuInerabIe and oIten Iorgotten, wIth Iew opportunItIes to heIp themseIves or theIr
communItIes. As Case Study 12 demonstrates, however, some young peopIe In conIIIct
zones are makIng a dIIIerence. WIth the aId oI an InternatIonaI youth network and
determInatIon, Margaret Mercy Akongo estabIIshed a resource center aImed at
servIcIng young women. WIth targeted, IocaIIzed traInIng and support Irom
governments and IntergovernmentaI agencIes, other young peopIe couId be enabIed
to commence sImIIar InItIatIves.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 12 12 12 12: ncubatIng Women and Youth Resource Center In : ncubatIng Women and Youth Resource Center In : ncubatIng Women and Youth Resource Center In : ncubatIng Women and Youth Resource Center In a aa a ConIIIct Zone ConIIIct Zone ConIIIct Zone ConIIIct Zone
n May 2002, Margaret Mercy Akongo, age 25, an OxIam nternatIonaI Youth
ParIIament ActIon Partner In North East Uganda Iounded TedwaII ndIgenous Women
DeveIopment OrganIzatIon (TDO) wIth the hope It wouId empower young peopIe and
young women In Karamoja as actIve partners In the deveIopment process. Karamoja Is
stereotyped as a backward regIon and Is negIected by the government. ConIIIct In the
regIon dates back thousands oI years, but modern warIare has made the sItuatIon
even more deadIy. EducatIon IeveIs are Iow and there Is IIttIe access to InIormatIon.
NaturaI resources are scarce and competItIon Ior them Ieads to conIIIct. FamIne,
drought and dIsease exacerbate the sItuatIon. Human rIghts abuses are Irequent,
especIaIIy agaInst young peopIe.
Mercy, wIth the aId oI her organIzatIon, began runnIng workshops to educate the
peopIe In her communIty on Issues such as human rIghts and deveIopment. She took
an actIve roIe at her unIversIty In advancIng women's aIIaIrs and she IobbIed on behaII
oI her communIty at dIIIerent IocaI, natIonaI and InternatIonaI Iorums. Mercy has

Iound that the more she speaks up, the more young peopIe In Karamoja have caIIed
Ior changes to be made. At OxIam nternatIonaI Youth ParIIament 2004, Mercy
deveIoped an ActIon PIan to set up a resource center Ior young peopIe and women In
Karamoja to provIde InIormatIon that the communIty needed, but prevIousIy had no
access to. WIth assIstance Irom OxIam YP, Mercy Is currentIy estabIIshIng a resource
center on varIous topIcs such as reproductIve heaIth, HV]ADS and human rIghts to
heIp empower the youth and women oI Karamoja. Through the resource center, Mercy
aIso runs reguIar dIscussIons and debates on topIcs IIke InvoIvIng young peopIe and
women as actIve partners In the deveIopment process.
77

mprovIng the IIves oI women Is vItaI to the ImpIementatIon oI aII MIIIennIum
DeveIopment CoaIs, Irom educatIon and empIoyment to heaIth. The needs oI young
women and gIrIs shouId be pIaced at the center oI the MDCs, sInce they are oIten the
most vuInerabIe. n many areas oI the worId, young peopIe are aIready deveIopIng
projects and InItIatIves that are IncreasIng gender equaIIty. To ensure the contrIbutIon
oI young peopIe Is acceIerated, governments, schooIs, NCOs, and donors shouId
commIt to one or more oI the above outIIned OptIons Ior ActIon. mpIementatIon oI
the OptIons Ior ActIon wIII heIp young peopIe work to ensure that chIIdren and youth,
regardIess oI theIr gender wIII deveIop theIr IuII potentIaI, be treated In the same
manner, have access to the same equIpment, and have the same posItIve educatIonaI
experIences.

|kL 1. K||||| |K|L| |kL 1. K||||| |K|L| |kL 1. K||||| |K|L| |kL 1. K||||| |K|L| KkL|\ KkL|\ KkL|\ KkL|\
Target 5: Target 5: Target 5: Target 5: Reduce by two-thIrds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-IIve
mortaIIty rate
thInk there shouId be IIrst good IamIIy pIannIng, so that IamIIIes are abIe to
aIIord Iood and what Is needed to keep theIr chIIdren aIIve. ThIs needs educatIve
courses on IamIIy pIannIng that reach poor ruraI area, as weII wIth IIve exampIes oI
peopIe IIvIng better [as a resuIt oI] good IamIIy pIannIng.
Kttr tsiw, (|ri), II ir- t.i
78 78 78 78

Every year, eIeven mIIIIon chIIdren dIe beIore the age oI IIve, 70Z oI the causes
oI these deaths are due to dIseases or maInutrItIon that couId be prevented wIth
approprIate medIcaI attentIon.
79
The major causes oI chIId mortaIIty In deveIopIng
countrIes are a Iack oI access to IamIIy pIannIng, poor water quaIIty and sanItatIon-
reIated dIseases such as choIera, dIarrhea and maIarIa, Iack oI sexuaI and reproductIve
heaIth educatIon and servIces and poverty.
mprovIng the heaIth and IIIe oI the mother Is the IIrst step to reducIng chIId
mortaIIty. The chances oI chIId survIvaI Increase when the mother has more educatIon,
not onIy because the mother Is oIder and physIcaIIy more capabIe oI receIvIng
chIIdren, but aIso because she has Iearned more about hygIene, nutrItIon and can read
the materIaI that accompanIes any medIcIne she may receIve. EarIy marrIage and
adoIescent pregnancy can severeIy threaten chIId survIvaI; InIants born to teenage
mothers are 80Z more IIkeIy to dIe wIthIn theIr IIrst year than mothers' ages 20 to 29.
8eyond physIcaI heaIth and maturIty, women need adequate servIces durIng pregnancy
as weII as access to heaIth care aIter bIrth. An overaII Increase In pubIIc spendIng on
heaIth Is urgentIy needed so that ImmunIzatIons are avaIIabIe to aII and preventabIe
dIseases can be recognIzed and treated In theIr earIy stages.
80

As outIIned In the 8eIjIng PIatIorm Ior ActIon, In a number oI countrIes the
practIce oI prenataI sex seIectIon, hIgher rates oI mortaIIty among very young gIrIs,
and Iower rates oI schooI enroIIment Ior gIrIs as compared to boys, suggest that maIe
preIerence Is curtaIIIng the access oI young gIrIs to Iood, educatIon, heaIth care and
even IIIe ItseII. DIscrImInatIon agaInst women begIns at the earIIest stages oI IIIe and
must thereIore be addressed at every age.
81

Youth can be actIve partners In decreasIng the rate oI chIId mortaIIty by actIng
as heaIth servIce provIders In theIr communItIes, mobIIIzIng In campaIgns to end
dIseases such as measIes, spreadIng awareness about reproductIve heaIth and rIghts
(prImarIIy dIscussed In CoaI 5), and provIdIng educatIon about sanItatIon and
InIectIous dIseases Ior other youth.

riirirj \trtl ir Ki.tl |ir !rits riirirj \trtl ir Ki.tl |ir !rits riirirj \trtl ir Ki.tl |ir !rits riirirj \trtl ir Ki.tl |ir !rits
4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: EstabIIsh teen cIInIcs and promote peer-to-peer educatIon
on sexuaI and reproductIve heaIth, encouragIng young
peopIe In the communIty to take a roIe In the desIgn and
needs assessment requIred Ior theses programs.
4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: TraIn unempIoyed youth In communIty-based heaIth work,
prenataI care, emergency obstetrIc care and IamIIy pIannIng
and expand these servIces In a strategIc manner In
deveIopIng countrIes.
PubIIc spendIng on heaIth care Is necessary to expand and Improve pubIIc
heaIth care where It does exIst and create heaIth servIces In areas where none are
currentIy avaIIabIe. The heaIth sector Is In crIsIs worIdwIde, wIth a desperate shortage
oI communIty heaIth workers, traIned mIdwIves, nurses, heaIth workers, doctors and
obstetrIcIans. As recognIzed In the InterIm report oI the UN MIIIennIum Project
TaskIorce on CoaI 4, a staged strategy recognIzIng that a substantIaI proportIon oI
newborn deaths can be averted by actIons that can saIeIy and eIIectIveIy be perIormed
by communIty-based heaIth workers Is necessary to reduce chIId mortaIIty.
82
To
reduce maternaI mortaIIty rates, certaIn key IunctIons can be deIegated to
approprIateIy traIned nurses, mIdwIves, surgIcaI assIstants, and generaI physIcIans
and not be restrIcted to specIaIIst physIcIans. n addItIon, there are over 88 mIIIIon
unempIoyed youth gIobaIIy, representIng more than haII oI the worId's jobIess, wIth
many more beIng under-empIoyed.
83
TraInIng youth In communIty-based heaIth-
work wouId not onIy reduce IncIdence oI chIId mortaIIty through the Increased number
oI heaIth-workers and skIIIed bIrth attendants avaIIabIe, It wouId aIso provIde youth
wIth empIoyment.
One exampIe oI empIoyment Ior traInIng Is that oI the UNFPA's SpecIaI Youth
Programme. Young peopIe aged 20-24 Irom deveIopIng natIons come to UNFPA's
headquarters as Interns Ior 6 months to deveIop and Improve programs and poIIcIes
reIated to young peopIe's access to reproductIve heaIth InIormatIon, educatIon and
servIces. When they return home, they contInue wIth a 3-month InternshIp In theIr
IocaI UNFPA Country OIIIce to ImpIement the poIIcIes and programs they worked at
whIIe In New York.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 13 13 13 13: TraInIng Youth In the PreventIon oI Teen Pregnancy In ChIIe : TraInIng Youth In the PreventIon oI Teen Pregnancy In ChIIe : TraInIng Youth In the PreventIon oI Teen Pregnancy In ChIIe : TraInIng Youth In the PreventIon oI Teen Pregnancy In ChIIe
A program was deveIoped by the YWCA In ChIIe to contrIbute to the preventIon oI
teenage pregnancy and transmIssIon oI HV]ADS through traInIng Ior young women
Irom mIddIe and Iow economIc sectors In VaIparaIso. The project aIms to traIn 25
young women wIth the objectIve oI IormIng a Ieader's group In the area oI sexuaI and
reproductIve heaIth, especIaIIy to prevent teenage pregnancy and the transmIssIon oI
HV]ADS. The young women come Irom 5 sectors oI the cIty oI VaIparaIso. AII the
young women are traIned durIng Iour months, In two weekIy sessIons, wIth a totaI oI

32 sessIons. These sessIons wIII IncIude Issues IInked to the preventIon oI unwanted
pregnancy and the preventIon oI transmIssIon oI HV]ADS.
AIter the traInIng, partIcIpants are encouraged to IacIIItate an actIvIty oI awareness
raIsIng In theIr own communIty. They are supported and supervIsed by the socIaI
worker coordInator oI the program. One oI the objectIves oI thIs project Is to repIIcate
the traInIng to other young women In dIIIerent sectors oI VaIparaIso through the
traInIng oI traIners. The creatIon oI a Ieaders group Is orIented to promote the
IormatIon oI a permanent group oI 15 young women Ieaders wIthIn the YWCA,
specIaIIzIng In the Issue oI sexuaI and reproductIve heaIth, who wIII organIze actIons
and actIvItIes In the area oI preventIon In the dIIIerent sectors oI VaIparaIso and wIthIn
the Iycees oI the cIty.
84

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4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Support the campaIgns oI youth In deveIopIng countrIes to
make vaccInatIons Ior InIectIous dIseases avaIIabIe to aII.
Young peopIe In many countrIes receIve vaccInatIons at bIrth, and hardIy
reaIIze that the Iuck oI where they were born has prevented them Irom contractIng
dIseases such as measIes or poIIo. Targeted campaIgns and awareness raIsIng Ior
specIIIc dIseases have proven eIIectIve. For exampIe, In 1988 there were 350,000
cases oI poIIo, whIIe In 2004 there were onIy 1,263 reported.
85
CurrentIy, youth are
becomIng eIIectIve In turnIng advocacy Into actIon Ior the preventIon oI measIes In
AIrIca.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 14 14 14 14: US Youth Advocacy and FundraIsIng to Prevent MeasIes : US Youth Advocacy and FundraIsIng to Prevent MeasIes : US Youth Advocacy and FundraIsIng to Prevent MeasIes : US Youth Advocacy and FundraIsIng to Prevent MeasIes
Young peopIe In the UnIted States are makIng an Impact on the IIves oI those
threatened by measIes as part oI the NatIonaI Youth CampaIgn oI the MeasIes
nItIatIve. The MeasIes nItIatIve Is a Iong-term commItment to vaccInate 200 mIIIIon
chIIdren In AIrIca through campaIgns In 36 sub-Saharan AIrIcan countrIes. 8y the year
2005, It Is estImated that 1.2 mIIIIon deaths wIII have been prevented, brIngIng
measIes deaths In AIrIca to near zero. ThIs goaI Is achIevabIe but wIII requIre
sustaIned eIIort to Increase awareness, buIId capacIty, and raIse necessary Iunds. The
MeasIes nItIatIve Is a partnershIp between the AmerIcan Red Cross, the UnIted NatIons
FoundatIon, Center Ior DIsease ControI and PreventIon, the WorId HeaIth OrganIzatIon,
and UNCEF.
The MeasIes nItIatIve websIte oIIers tooIkIts and project Ideas Ior students rangIng
Irom mIddIe schooIs and coIIeges. For exampIe, students at UnIversIty oI CaIIIornIa at
8erkeIey were abIe to donate money Irom theIr campus meaI pIans by swIpIng theIr
meaI cards In the caIeterIa on a partIcuIar day. Another project, "Earn Money to Save
LIves", targeted specIIIc schooI systems, tIed the program Into an annuaI dIversIty
poster contest and Iaunched a communIty-wIde eIIort InvoIvIng over 40 youth

organIzatIons and the medIa. More project Ideas can be Iound at
http:]]www.measIesInItIatIve.org]youth]Ideas.asp
86

\trtl kttitrs |tr !i| Witr i \trtl kttitrs |tr !i| Witr i \trtl kttitrs |tr !i| Witr i \trtl kttitrs |tr !i| Witr iri !iritititr tt |rtntt |r|.it Ki.tl ri !iritititr tt |rtntt |r|.it Ki.tl ri !iritititr tt |rtntt |r|.it Ki.tl ri !iritititr tt |rtntt |r|.it Ki.tl
4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: RaIse awareness among youth that access to saIe water and
sanItatIon Is a pubIIc heaIth Issue, and enabIe youth to
address IocaI pubIIc heaIth probIems.
OIten, communItIes and youth especIaIIy don't understand that harmIuI
envIronmentaI poIIutIon or unsanItary areas can aIIect communIty heaIth. HIgh rates
oI chIId mortaIIty occur especIaIIy In urban sIums due to bad hygIene and spread oI
dIsease. Young peopIe shouId be encouraged to take the Iead In carIng Ior and
ImprovIng theIr communItIes by oIIerIng voIunteer programs and IncentIves. CIobaI
Youth ServIce Day (Case Study 16) Is a good exampIe oI one such InItIatIve because It
gIves youth and organIzatIons a IocaI poInt to do theIr actIvItIes, one weekend every
AprII, where youth do projects aII around the worId. An ongoIng exampIe oI sanItatIon
educatIon and actIon occurs In MozambIque where UNCEF traIned 17- to 24-year-
oIds as IacIIItators to brIng the message about chIIdren's roIe In ImprovIng the heaIth
and envIronment oI theIr schooI and communIty to prImary schooI students. ChIId-to-
chIId sanItatIon cIubs sprang up In 15 prImary schooIs wIth about 18,000 students.
87

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 15 15 15 15: Youth AddressIng LocaI HeaIth P : Youth AddressIng LocaI HeaIth P : Youth AddressIng LocaI HeaIth P : Youth AddressIng LocaI HeaIth ProbIems In 8hutan robIems In 8hutan robIems In 8hutan robIems In 8hutan
EstabIIshed In 1989 by a group oI undergraduate students In 8hutan, the Sherubtse
Nature CIub does thIngs IIke drInkIng water source monItorIng, tank cIeanIng and
monItorIng, and cIeanIng the surroundIngs oI water sources at a IocaI IeveI. n 2002,
the CIub cIeaned the water tanks suppIyIng theIr coIIege communIty and the IocaI
area. There had been a typhoId outbreak every year. As a resuIt oI the group's
monItorIng oI water sources, there has been substantIaI decrease In the number oI
typhoId cases In the communIty.
Another Important actIvIty was cIeanIng a pond that attracted campers and peopIe
takIng pIcnIcs In the pond's vIcInIty. ApproxImateIy 50 kIIograms oI waste, IncIudIng
pIastIcs, bottIes and papers were coIIected Irom wIthIn the ponds as weII as the
surroundIng. A pIt was dug up to serve as a spot Ior peopIe to throw theIr trash away.
ThIs has made a posItIve Impact on an area that was once used as garbage dIsposaI.
88

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 16 16 16 16: Youth ServIce Day : Youth ServIce Day : Youth ServIce Day : Youth ServIce Day In TbIIIsI on AprII 18, 2004 In TbIIIsI on AprII 18, 2004 In TbIIIsI on AprII 18, 2004 In TbIIIsI on AprII 18, 2004
Youth organIzatIons and other NCOs partIcIpated In the CIobaI Youth ServIce Day In
CeorgIa by cIeanIng the Heroes Square Underground CompIex, whIch has been
abandoned Ior years. The maIn heaIth rIsk Imposed by the area was poor sanItatIon
that was causIng IIInesses In the communIty. ReIerred to as "a pubIIc toIIet" or the
"CIrcIe oI Death", the area was too dangerous to pass due to heaIth rIsks and crIme.

Over 100 young voIunteers reIurbIshed the CompIex and made the underground
passageway usabIe Ior the IIrst tIme In years. The US Embassy wrItes that:
"The project was InItIated by the young peopIe partIcIpatIng In Youth ServIce Day, who
IeIt that thIs project wouId most beneIIt the cItIzens oI TbIIIsI. Due to theIr eIIorts, the
compIex has been cIeaned and reIurbIshed, and pedestrIans can use It agaIn to saIeIy
cross a very dangerous IntersectIon. The embassy arranged the donatIon oI brooms,
brushes, garbage bags, and gIoves Ior the project."
89

Now that the sewage system In the underground passageway has been cIeaned and
the youth groups have revamped the IocatIon, pedestrIans are usIng the IocatIon
agaIn.
90

ChIId survIvaI Increases when the mother Is IIterate, has knowIedge oI hygIene,
nutrItIon, and access to heaIth care, cIean water and sanItatIon. Youth can be actIve
partners In decreasIng the rate oI chIId mortaIIty by actIng as heaIth servIce provIders
In theIr communItIes, mobIIIzIng to provIde vaccInatIons Ior aII, spreadIng awareness
about reproductIve heaIth and rIghts, and provIdIng educatIon about sanItatIon and
InIectIous dIseases Ior other youth. Covernments, IntergovernmentaI agencIes and
NCOs can enabIe more youth to become actIve contrIbutors to decreasIng chIId
mortaIIty by commIttIng to ImpIement the above OptIons Ior ActIon, and to repIIcate
and scaIe-up successIuI youth InItIatIves.

|kL 1. ||K\| k| |kL 1. ||K\| k| |kL 1. ||K\| k| |kL 1. ||K\| k|KKkL K|kLK KKkL K|kLK KKkL K|kLK KKkL K|kLK
Target 6: Target 6: Target 6: Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternaI
mortaIIty ratIo
reckon that II young peopIe take ownershIp oI theIr Ideas, InIormatIon, and
knowIedge, then we wIII see change beIng eIIected worIdwIde and a new generatIon
wIII be born that has Iower rates oI InIant mortaIIty, better heaIth, and overaII Iess
poverty - and thIs goes Ior everyone.
!rsirri |t. (Kw li.iri) II irs-t.i
91 91 91 91

Many young men In AIrIca have taken up dutIes as actIvIsts, rejectIng harmIuI
practIces... CIaImIng cuIture as a rIght to abuse Is an oIIense to cuIture.
|ni kiri |isirr (Kijrii) II irs-t.i
92 92 92 92

MaternaI death and unsaIe motherhood prImarIIy resuIt Irom Iack oI
comprehensIve reproductIve and sexuaI educatIon and heaIth servIces, cIrcumstances
connected to dIseases such as maIarIa and ADS, compIIcatIons durIng bIrth, and
unsaIe abortIons. Pregnancy Is the IeadIng cause oI death Ior gIrIs age 15-19 In the
deveIopIng worId,
93
wIth maternaI mortaIIty twIce as hIgh Ior women ages 15-19 than
women ages 20-29.
94

For both bIoIogIcaI and socIaI reasons, young mothers are a vuInerabIe group.
Cender-based vIoIence, partIcuIarIy domestIc vIoIence, traIIIckIng, rape, economIcaIIy
coerced sex and sexuaI harassment, among other Iorms oI vIoIence, aIIect the heaIth
oI young mothers aII over the worId.
95

n most oI sub-Saharan AIrIca and South AsIa, one In three gIrIs are marrIed by
theIr mId- to Iate- teenage years and have gIven bIrth at Ieast once by the age oI 18.
96

n most countrIes onIy 2-3Z oI men are marrIed thIs young!
97
EarIy (adoIescent)
marrIage reduces gIrIs' educatIonaI opportunItIes, starts them on a path toward earIy
chIIdbearIng wIth resuItIng heaIth rIsks (IncIudIng mortaIIty), and oIten Iocks them Into
unequaI reIatIonshIps wIth much oIder men.
98
Further, adoIescents In hIghIy
dependant cIrcumstances are subject to hIgher rates oI abuse.
As the UN MIIIennIum Project TaskIorce on CoaI 4 artIcuIated In theIr InterIm
report, we have the technoIogy and the specIIIc heaIth InterventIons to prevent the
majorIty oI condItIons that kIII women oI reproductIve age and to enabIe aII peopIe to
protect and promote theIr heaIth.
99
n that sense, the chaIIenge Is not a questIon oI
medIcaI technoIogy but oI ImpIementatIon and ensurIng access to these technoIogIes
through deveIopment. ThIs chaIIenge Is socIaI, economIc, cuIturaI and unavoIdabIy

poIItIcaI, In the sense that It reIates to the dIstrIbutIon oI power and resources wIthIn
and between countrIes, as weII as theIr Iaws and tradItIonaI practIces.
100

|tnjrlrsi Kjrtirtti Ki.tl iri !tri. |irtititr |tnjrlrsi Kjrtirtti Ki.tl iri !tri. |irtititr |tnjrlrsi Kjrtirtti Ki.tl iri !tri. |irtititr |tnjrlrsi Kjrtirtti Ki.tl iri !tri. |irtititr
5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Promote reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth educatIon In ruraI
and urban areas through IormaI currIcuIa and non-IormaI
actIvItIes.
5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Encourage peer-to-peer educatIon on sexuaI heaIth and
communIty-based condom dIstrIbutIon Ior youth by youth.
n many cases, the reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth needs oI youth have Iong
been Ignored and the decIsIon-makers that InIIuence heaIth and educatIon poIIcy and
programs have sIIenced theIr vIews.
101
AccordIng to the CommIssIon on PopuIatIon
and DeveIopment, youth shouId be actIveIy InvoIved In the pIannIng, ImpIementatIon
and evaIuatIon oI deveIopment actIvItIes that have a dIrect Impact on theIr daIIy IIves.
ThIs Is especIaIIy Important wIth respect to InIormatIon, educatIon and communIcatIon
actIvItIes and servIces concernIng reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth, IncIudIng the
preventIon oI earIy pregnancIes, saIe sex educatIon and the preventIon oI HV]ADS
and other sexuaIIy transmItted dIseases.
102
MedIa and InIormatIon about HV]ADS In
many parts oI the worId are now quIte prevaIent, but It Is stIII Important that HV]ADS
InIormatIon does not overshadow heaIth InIormatIon on vaccInatIons and InIectIous
dIseases, sexuaI and reproductIve heaIth.
More than 100 mIIIIon new cases oI curabIe sexuaIIy transmItted dIseases each
year occur among women and men under 25 years oId.
103
Youth struggIe to make
choIces and, aII too oIten, conIront vIoIence, coercIon and dIscrImInatIon. HeaIth
servIces Ior youth must be taIIored eIIectIveIy to address theIr unIque needs and
cIrcumstances.
104
Youth requIre educatIon, knowIedge, access to heaIth servIces,
IamIIy pIannIng, and InIormatIon on sexuaIIy transmItted InIectIons IncIudIng HV so
that they can adequateIy equIp themseIves to make choIces Ior theIr own Iutures.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 17 17 17 17: mprovIng Youth SexuaI and Reproduc : mprovIng Youth SexuaI and Reproduc : mprovIng Youth SexuaI and Reproduc : mprovIng Youth SexuaI and ReproductIve HeaIth (SRH) In 8osnIa and tIve HeaIth (SRH) In 8osnIa and tIve HeaIth (SRH) In 8osnIa and tIve HeaIth (SRH) In 8osnIa and
HerzegovIna HerzegovIna HerzegovIna HerzegovIna
mprovIng SexuaI and ReproductIve HeaIth oI Youth In 8osnIa and HerzegovIna Is a
non-governmentaI organIzatIon whose mIssIon Is to, "support the deveIopment and
socIaI IntegratIon oI chIIdren and young peopIe, especIaIIy those wIth deveIopmentaI
dIIIIcuItIes, young peopIe Irom vuInerabIe groups, creatIvIty and prepare young peopIe
Ior actIve partIcIpatIon In democratIc socIety."
ThIs project seeks to estabIIsh and maIntaIn a IInked set oI servIces and InItIatIves:
OpenIng and operatIng the IIrst youth-IrIendIy SRH advIce and support centers In
8IH In three seIected communIty IocaI poInts across 8IH;

ProducIng a wIder youth-Iocused portIoIIo oI InIormatIon and educatIon resources
on SRH Issues, IInked to pubIIc awareness-raIsIng events, work wIth the medIa,
and advocacy;
ProvIdIng ready access to contraceptIves through the above SRH advIce and
support centers and peer educators;
Further capacIty buIIdIng oI the peer educators' network, and Its co-ordInatIon
wIth other exIstIng resources, to buIId reach and sustaInabIIIty.
Advocacy dIrected at government, In order to Ioster change In the educatIonaI
currIcuIum to address SRH Issues, promote knowIedge oI and adherence to
InternatIonaI commItments, hIghIIght the Importance oI accessIbIe SRH servIces,
and raIse awareness oI youth rIghts and needs.
The project has opened 8 youth-IrIendIy centers Ior InIormatIon and counseIIng. t
aIso organIzes peer presentatIons In prImary and hIgh schooIs, conducts outreach
actIvItIes, especIaIIy In dIstant communItIes, and dIssemInates a wIde range oI
InIormatIon materIaIs on puberty, contraceptIon, STDs and HV]ADS.105
|rrtirj kit.strt |rjrirt |tr tl Ki.tl t| ttlrs |rrtirj kit.strt |rjrirt |tr tl Ki.tl t| ttlrs |rrtirj kit.strt |rjrirt |tr tl Ki.tl t| ttlrs |rrtirj kit.strt |rjrirt |tr tl Ki.tl t| ttlrs
5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Fund the expansIon oI exIstIng or estabIIsh new youth-Ied,
non-IormaI communIty educatIon to raIse awareness about
negatIve consequences oI chIId marrIage and adoIescent
pregnancy.
FIIteen mIIIIon gIrIs, ages 15-19, gIve bIrth every year and an addItIonaI IIve
mIIIIon pregnancIes end In abortIon.
106
Young women are oIten not physIcaIIy ready to
deIIver. 8oth adoIescent pregnancy and short spacIng oI chIIdren Increase the rIsk oI
maternaI mortaIIty. Over 75 per cent oI maternaI deaths are IInked to bIeedIng, sepsIs,
unsaIe abortIons, obstetrIc compIIcatIons and hIgh bIood pressure. The other 25 per
cent are maInIy caused by cIrcumstances connected to maIarIa, anemIa and more
oIten, ADS.
107
WIth educatIon, empowerment, and access to contraceptIon young
women are abIe to prevent, pIan and space pregnancIes.
Young peopIe are eIIectIve peer-to-peer educators and, as outIIned In Case
Study 18, are aIready workIng to educate each other on the dangers oI adoIescent
pregnancy. ReducIng adoIescent pregnancy Is key to reducIng maternaI mortaIIty. To
ensure youth-Ied InItIatIves have the greatest possIbIe eIIect, InItIatIves such as
WACCCS shouId be supported, expanded and, In areas where they don't exIst,
repIIcated to suIt IocaI cuIturaI requIrements.

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 18 18 18 18: Youth nItIat : Youth nItIat : Youth nItIat : Youth nItIatIve on the PreventIon oI AdoIescent Pregnancy Ive on the PreventIon oI AdoIescent Pregnancy Ive on the PreventIon oI AdoIescent Pregnancy Ive on the PreventIon oI AdoIescent Pregnancy
The WorId AssocIatIon oI CIrI CuIdes and CIrI Scouts (WACCCS) and the WorId HeaIth
OrganIzatIon beIIeve that educatIon, IncIudIng non-IormaI educatIon, Is the key to
preventIng adoIescent pregnancy. The two organIzatIons are caIIIng on communItIes,

parents, governments, schooIs and heaIth servIces to provIde opportunItIes Ior young
women to contrIbute to socIety and to provIde approprIate educatIon, InIormatIon,
skIIIs and access to heaIth servIces to enabIe gIrIs and young women to make
InIormed and responsIbIe choIces.
n December 2001, WACCCS Iaunched a campaIgn Ior the preventIon oI earIy
adoIescent pregnancy. FocusIng on young women under the age oI 15, the campaIgn
promoted awareness about adoIescent pregnancy as a gIobaI Issue and provIded ways
Ior actIveIy addressIng the probIem. WACCCS urges Member OrganIzatIons and
vIsItors to the websIte to raIse awareness about the hIgh occurrence oI pregnant
teenagers and to raIse support Ior youth organIzatIons IIke WACCCS whIch provIde
InvaIuabIe non-IormaI educatIon programs and support Ior the socIaI, personaI and
physIcaI deveIopment oI young peopIe.
108

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5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: ProvIde opportunItIes Ior youth to speak about theIr cuIture,
and encourage theIr voIces to be a part oI communIty
IormatIon.
5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Fund and support youth-Ied medIa and awareness
campaIgns about scIentIIIc ImpIIcatIons oI some cuIturaI
practIces.
5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Support the InvoIvement oI young men In preventIng
gender-based vIoIence through theIr partIcIpatIon and
IeadershIp In traInIngs and awareness programs.
As noted In the 2005 WorId Youth Report, physIcaI and sexuaI vIoIence agaInst
mIIIIons oI gIrIs and young women Is serIousIy underreported. An estImated 135
mIIIIon oI the worId's gIrIs and women have undergone FemaIe genItaI mutIIatIon
(FCM), and two mIIIIon gIrIs a year are at rIsk oI mutIIatIon - approxImateIy 6,000 per
day.
109
DomestIc and gender-based vIoIence harms women In aII countrIes, and
oItentImes young women who are raped are bIamed by theIr IamIIIes.
n order to combat gender-based vIoIence and protect young mothers, actIon
must be taken at the IocaI and natIonaI IeveI wIth IegIsIatIon and campaIgns to reduce
vIoIence agaInst women.
The abIIIty oI young peopIe to change socIaI norms can be IImIted In
communItIes where aduIts and eIders tradItIonaIIy have stronger voIces, and young
peopIe may not be encouraged to speak or act on theIr vIews out oI tradItIon and to
show respect.
n order to address root causes oI gender InequaIIty and vIoIence, youth
groups and heaIth IacIIItIes shouId promote maIe InvoIvement In combatIng gender-

based vIoIence and sexuaI educatIon. n NIgerIa, Ior exampIe, a group caIIed Young
AIrIcan Advocates Ior RIghts, whIch orIgInated Irom the nternatIonaI CommIssIon on
PopuIatIon and DeveIopment In SenegaI, has a ruraI FCM network oI young men who
go to taIk to vIIIage chIeIs and herbaIIsts about the scIentIIIc ImpIIcatIons oI the
practIce. The group IIrst meets wIth them one on one, and then they speak wIth the
communIty. AIso In NIgerIa, Youth DIgnIty nternatIonaI has Iound that the best way to
create awareness Is by actIng out a sItuatIon, and then askIng the audIence what they
thInk about It. The work oI a team oI young women at YD doIng song and dance
dramas about denyIng wIIe InherItance has actuaIIy resuIted In reducIng the practIce.
YD aIso works wIth young men durIng a three-week "rIght oI passage", where they go
out wIth the vIIIage eIders to Iearn IIIe skIIIs such as bravery and courage. YD works
wIth IocaI Ieaders so that they can aIso teach men about preventIng HV]ADS and
110

HarmIuI cuIturaI practIces such as FCM requIre cuIturaIIy approprIate
InterventIons. As outIIned above and In Case Study 19 and 20, In many areas, It Is
young peopIe who Iead the IIght agaInst these practIces through dIrect dIscussIons
wIth chIeIs, drama to chaIIenge communItIes to thInk crItIcaIIy about theIr practIces
and through wIder communIty medIa InItIatIves. AIthough currentIy IocaIIzed, these
InItIatIves have the potentIaI to decrease the practIce oI FCM and thereby Improve
maternaI heaIth.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 19 19 19 19: Youth TraInIng and Awareness : Youth TraInIng and Awareness : Youth TraInIng and Awareness : Youth TraInIng and Awareness through MedIa In SomaIIa through MedIa In SomaIIa through MedIa In SomaIIa through MedIa In SomaIIa
SomaII youth are Iast becomIng Ieaders In socIety, usIng youth groups to gIve voIce to
the concerns oI theIr generatIon. Youth groups are promotIng greater communIty
awareness about FemaIe CenItaI MutIIatIon (FCM), dIsarmament and HV]ADS In a
socIety deepIy seated In tradItIon, cuIture and reIIgIon. WhIIe eIders remaIn the
tradItIonaI voIce oI SomaII IeadershIp, young peopIe are becomIng IncreasIngIy vocaI
and are beIng IIstened to more and more on a IocaI IeveI. At the same tIme, SomaIIa
retaIns a strongIy oraI cuIture so the Importance oI mass medIa as a conduIt oI the
spoken word Is IundamentaI.
UNCEF supports the 'Youth 8roadcastIng nItIatIve' that works wIth 20 youth groups
around the country, provIdIng traInIng to young peopIe In radIo and vIdeo productIon.
The program provIdes thIs traInIng under the condItIon that those who take part go on
to produce programs Ior theIr communItIes that Iocus on the key Issues oI concern to
young peopIe. These range Irom sImpIe Issues such as access to basIc heaIth servIces,
the threat oI maIarIa, or preservIng and properIy usIng the IImIted water resources
avaIIabIe In communItIes, to the more controversIaI Issues oI FCM and the rIsks oI
HV]ADS.
The ongoIng traInIng and day-to-day management oI productIons Is done by the
youth groups wIth the support oI producers Irom the IocaI medIa. Once produced, the
vIdeos and radIo programs are broadcast and dIstrIbuted at a reguIar scheduIe. At the
same tIme, UNCEF, the youth groups and other agencIes workIng In SomaIIa have

access to the vIdeos and radIo programs to use In communIty mobIIIzatIon actIvItIes,
as traInIng tooIs to Iaunch IocaI debates or as a Iorm oI entertaInment. UNCEF
support Ior the InItIatIve Is desIgned to buIId an audIence and to InItIate IocaI support
Ior the productIons. EventuaIIy, the program Is desIgned to become seII-sustaInIng
and IuIIy managed by the young peopIe and theIr communItIes.
111

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 20 20 20 20: Youth ActIvIsm to End VIoIence AgaInst : Youth ActIvIsm to End VIoIence AgaInst : Youth ActIvIsm to End VIoIence AgaInst : Youth ActIvIsm to End VIoIence AgaInst Women Women Women Women
Youth ChanneI Croup (YCC), a TembIsa-based NCO, has been usIng perIormance
medIums to deIIver HV]ADS awareness messages to youth sInce beIore It began
partnerIng wIth EngenderHeaIth In 2001. TheIr young perIormers now Incorporate
gender Issues and domestIc vIoIence Into drama, dance, rap and poetry.
"SometImes you have to do thIngs theoretIcaIIy and sometImes practIcaIIy," expIaIns
Ceorge Chauke, the Croup's coordInator. "Youth don't IIke Iong speeches. I you act
somethIng out, you keep theIr attentIon."
For the 16 Days oI ActIvIsm CampaIgn AgaInst VIoIence AgaInst Women,
112
a YCC
troupe oI dancers, rappers, actors and poets joIned representatIves Irom the NatIonaI
Department oI HeaIth, tradItIonaI Ieaders, members oI the medIa and young peopIe
Irom around the country on a traIn that traveIed Irom ]ohannesburg to Cape Town.
Chauke brought aIong an audIo tape contaInIng testImonIaIs Irom men who had been
through the MAP traInIng, whIch he pIayed durIng a youth conIerence on the traIn. The
tape sparked much dIscussIon, both among the young attendees and among IIsteners
oI MotswedIng, an SA8C radIo statIon that recorded the event.
nspIred by the headway YCC has made wIth Its "ambush theater" approach, another
EngenderHeaIth partner, tereIeng]CA, took the debate surroundIng gender-based
vIoIence and HV]ADS to the streets oI ]ohannesburg durIng 16 Days. UsIng a
technIque pIoneered by YCC In TembIsa, the CA group perIormed scenarIos depIctIng
domestIc vIoIence In busy pubIIc spaces such as taxI ranks and traIn statIons. The goaI
was to draw a crowd oI curIous onIookers and then to provoke them Into a IIveIy
debate. OIten the audIence dId not know that the scene they were watchIng was a
perIormance. n one Instance, recaIIs CA Programs CoordInator, Lucky ChIeI, the
dIscussIon between audIence members and actors appeared so heated that the poIIce
were caIIed.
113

To achIeve CoaI 5, youth must become educated, actIve members at the IocaI
IeveI, equIpped to make the rIght sexuaI, reproductIve, and IamIIy-pIannIng choIces
Ior theIr Iuture. They must aIso be supported In the deveIopment and care oI theIr
IamIIIes. As demonstrated above, young peopIe are IeadIng programs and projects In
sexuaI and reproductIve heaIth educatIon, preventIng adoIescent pregnancy Ior the
heaIth oI mothers and preventIng harmIuI cuIturaI practIces. AII oI these InItIatIves
InvoIve the use oI non-IormaI educatIon and the wIder communIty. To ensure young

peopIe IuIIIII theIr potentIaI as non-IormaI educators and thereby assIst In achIevIng a
reductIon In maternaI mortaIIty, governments and IntergovernmentaI agencIes shouId
commIt to ImpIement the above OptIons Ior ActIon, ensurIng exIstIng successIuI
youth-Ied InItIatIves are scaIed up and roIIed out around the worId.

|kL . | |kL . | |kL . | |kL . |Kk K|\/k||!, kLk Kk K|\/k||!, kLk Kk K|\/k||!, kLk Kk K|\/k||!, kLkK|k kK| K|K ||!|k! K|k kK| K|K ||!|k! K|k kK| K|K ||!|k! K|k kK| K|K ||!|k!|! |! |! |!
Target 7: Target 7: Target 7: Target 7: Have haIted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread oI HV]ADS
Target 8: Target 8: Target 8: Target 8: Have haIted by 2015 and begun to reverse the IncIdence oI maIarIa and
other major dIseases
NIgerIan youth have been IeIt out Ior so Iong, but sInce Iast year we have aII
decIded to be InvoIved by Iorce, we are tryIng, we were abIe to gather Ior the natIonaI
HV]ADS conIerence In Abuja to heIp In combatIng HV]ADs. We heId consuItatIve
sessIons Ior the 6 geopoIItIcaI regIons In NIgerIa and deveIoped a communIque In each
regIon, whIch Ied to the NIgerIa decIaratIon on HV]ADS.
rir Kir|risi (Kijrii) II irs-t.i
114 114 114 114

The HV]ADS epIdemIc Is havIng a devastatIng eIIect on the IIves oI young
peopIe. Young peopIe between ages 15 and 24 account Ior more than haII oI aII new
cases. ncreasIngIy, young gIrIs are the most susceptIbIe to InIectIon as a resuIt oI
bIoIogIcaI, cuIturaI and socIo-economIc Iactors. t Is estImated that In 2001, 7.3
mIIIIon young women and 4.5 mIIIIon young men were IIvIng wIth HV]ADS, and that
every day 6,000 young peopIe become InIected wIth the vIrus. Young AIrIcan women
aged 15-24 are three tImes more IIkeIy to be InIected than are theIr maIe
counterparts.
115

n addItIon to MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaI 6, the IIve-year revIew oI the
nternatIonaI ConIerence Ior PopuIatIon and DeveIopment reaIIIrmed In the
DecIaratIon oI the CeneraI AssembIy SpecIaI SessIon on ADS heId In 2001 that
governments, wIth assIstance Irom UNADS and donors,
ShouId by 2005 ensure that at Ieast 90 per cent, and by 2010 at Ieast 95 per
cent, oI young men and women aged 15 to 24 have access to the InIormatIon,
educatIon and servIces necessary to deveIop the IIIe skIIIs requIred to reduce theIr
vuInerabIIIty to HV InIectIon. ServIces shouId IncIude access to preventIve methods
such as IemaIe and maIe condoms, voIuntary testIng, counseIIng and IoIIow-up.
Covernments shouId use, as a benchmark IndIcator, HV InIectIon rates In persons 15
to 24 years oI age, wIth the goaI oI ensurIng that by 2005 prevaIence In thIs age
group Is reduced gIobaIIy, and by 25 per cent In the most aIIected countrIes, and that
by 2010 prevaIence In thIs age group Is reduced gIobaIIy by 25 per cent.
116

ADS, tubercuIosIs and maIarIa combIned kIII over 6 mIIIIon peopIe each year,
and the numbers are growIng.
117
Around 800,000 chIIdren under the age oI IIve dIe
Irom maIarIa every year, makIng thIs dIsease one oI the major causes oI InIant and
juvenIIe mortaIIty. n AIrIca, maIarIa takes the IIves oI more chIIdren then HV]ADS.
MaIarIa kIIIs one chIId every 30 seconds. ThIs preventabIe dIsease has reached

epIdemIc proportIons In many regIons oI the worId, and contInues to spread
unchecked. n absoIute numbers, maIarIa kIIIs 3,000 chIIdren per day under IIve years
oI age.
118
Young peopIe are currentIy InvoIved In the gIobaI struggIe to controI maIarIa
through networks and actIon at unIversItIes and at the grassroots IeveI.
Young peopIe Iace dIIIIcuIty accessIng sexuaI and reproductIve heaIth servIces,
especIaIIy conIIdentIaI voIuntary testIng and counseIIng InIormatIon. ThIs goaI wIII
Iocus on chaIIenges IacIng youth, and youth IeadershIp In educatIon, awareness
programs and advocacy.
|irtititr iri kwirrss tr |rrtirj tl !jrii t| K|\/k||! iri i.irii |irtititr iri kwirrss tr |rrtirj tl !jrii t| K|\/k||! iri i.irii |irtititr iri kwirrss tr |rrtirj tl !jrii t| K|\/k||! iri i.irii |irtititr iri kwirrss tr |rrtirj tl !jrii t| K|\/k||! iri i.irii
6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 O OO OptIon Ior ActIon: ptIon Ior ActIon: ptIon Ior ActIon: ptIon Ior ActIon: Encourage youth-Ied sexuaI reproductIve heaIth educatIon
In secondary schooIs, and Integrate HV]ADS educatIon Into
currIcuIum as a sustaInabIe way oI sharIng InIormatIon
about HV]ADS.
ReproductIve heaIth and sex educatIon has been IncIuded In the secondary
schooI currIcuIum oI many countrIes. ThIs Is a more sustaInabIe way oI creatIng access
to HV]ADS InIormatIon and shouId be repIIcated In aII countrIes.
n many countrIes, especIaIIy Southern AIrIca, the "AbstaIn, 8e FaIthIuI, and use
a Condom (A8C)" campaIgns may mIss youth and much oI socIety because many
vuInerabIe youth do not have the Iuxury oI choosIng the A8Cs, due to socIaI pressures,
earIy marrIage, domestIc vIoIence and rape.
119
To be Iess susceptIbIe to HV]ADS,
gIrIs especIaIIy need a cuIture that aIIows them to negotIate sex, to say no, or to ask
Ior and be abIe to use protectIon. Covernments, schooIs, communItIes and parents
shouId work together to make schooIs saIe pIaces Ior gIrIs Irom harassment and
Iorced sex. Many youth are drIven to the sex trade In order to Ieed theIr IamIIIes, and
these youth need socIaI support systems, access to reproductIve heaIth servIces,
Ireedom Irom stIgma and dIscrImInatIon, and aIternatIve means oI empIoyment.
Youth actIvIsts are quIckIy organIzIng In theIr schooIs, theIr communItIes, on
the nternet and through InternatIonaI meetIngs. WhIIe they connect and share
InIormatIon, they need reIerence poInts Ior support so theIr projects can grow. When
Iaced wIth HV and ADS, young peopIe are quIck to speak cIearIy and dIrectIy about
the vIrus. n many surveys oI youth worIdwIde, youth stress need Ior openness In
dIscussIon, youth traInIng youth programs, the rIght to and access to means oI
protectIon.
120

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 21 21 21 21: Youth OrIented HV PreventIon In RuraI Secondary SchooIs : Youth OrIented HV PreventIon In RuraI Secondary SchooIs : Youth OrIented HV PreventIon In RuraI Secondary SchooIs : Youth OrIented HV PreventIon In RuraI Secondary SchooIs
"SInce November 2002, our ruraI]trIbaI NCO In ndIa has worked wIth 6 post-prImary
ruraI]trIbaI schooIs. Our goaI was to devIse newer strategIes Ior HV]ADS and
sexuaIIty InIormatIon and knowIedge dIssemInatIon In youth. We started wIth sIogan
'Sex wIth one partner In many posItIons Is saIer than sex wIth many partners In one

posItIon'. We Iormed 14 groups oI youths aged between 9 to 14 years. Each group
consIsted oI 50 peers. Our NCO traIned these 700 adoIescent peers on sexuaIIty and
HV]ADS over nIneteen sessIons. The project Is beIng conducted In 8 ruraI secondary
schooIs In thIs trIbaI regIon through communIty programs, reIIgIous programs and
youth IestIvaIs. Over the next phase, we Intend to InvoIve teachers and youth Ieaders
Irom another 11 schooIs In the next seven months Ior better Impact oI our project
poIIcy.
"Peer educators heIped In dIssemInatIng knowIedge and preventIve strategIes to a
target popuIatIon. We noted 70Z Improvement In IeveI oI peer knowIedge oI sexuaIIty
and saIer sex practIces. ThIs approach aIso Increased IeadershIp quaIIty, generaI weII
beIng and seII-assertIveness oI most oI youth InvoIved. To date, we have Invested 560
hours In thIs project-modeI. We need to encourage use oI thIs peer-educators modeI
Ior other heaIth Issues. ThIs modeI Is very cost-eIIectIve Ior youth-orIentatIon In HV
preventIon In poor deveIopIng natIons."
--As toId by ShankpaI VaIshaII, age 28,
Project InItIator, wInner oI CIobaI Youth In ActIon Award 2004
121

6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Use youth expertIse to create InnovatIve and eIIectIve
strategIes Ior the preventIon oI HV]ADS, T8, MaIarIa and
aII dIseases.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 22 22 22 22: Students RaIsIng Awareness about MaIarIa : Students RaIsIng Awareness about MaIarIa : Students RaIsIng Awareness about MaIarIa : Students RaIsIng Awareness about MaIarIa
Some students have recognIzed that unIversItIes are a common arena Ior raIsIng
awareness about maIarIa. The nternatIonaI FederatIon oI MedIcaI Students'
AssocIatIons (FMSA) InItIated the FMSA MaIarIa CampaIgn In October 2003 to
coordInate and mobIIIze medIcaI students worIdwIde to take part In antI-maIarIa
InItIatIves. The project's InItIaI Iocus Is In AIrIca, where IncIdences oI maIarIa are the
hIghest. Youth receIved advIce Irom IeadIng experts In the IIeId oI MaIarIa. MedIcaI
students are InvoIved In actIvItIes rangIng Irom coordInatIng communIty-based
projects, organIzIng events such as AIrIca MaIarIa Day, undergoIng eIectIves, and
workIng as voIunteers or Interns wIth InstItutIons and organIzatIons that have a Iocus
on maIarIa.
122

|r |r |r |r- -- -tt tt tt tt- -- -|r |irtitit |r |irtitit |r |irtitit |r |irtititr r r r
6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Create, mobIIIze and strengthen teams oI young peer
educators to vIsIt schooIs, pIaces oI worshIp, and other
structures In theIr communItIes.
AII over the worId, when It comes to Issues oI sexuaIIty, It Is young peopIe who
do most oI the teachIng and taIkIng. Young peopIe trust and understand themseIves
and share sImIIar Iate and beIIeIs In Issues reIated to sex. ThIs power oI young peopIe

can be harnessed and maxImIzed In a IormaI way to share knowIedge and InIormatIon
about HV and stImuIate the needed posItIve behavIor among young peopIe. Due to
cuIturaI ImpIIcatIons and barrIers, adoIescents are oIten IorbIdden Irom dIscussIng
sexuaIIty Issues. Youth receIve Incorrect InIormatIon on HV and reproductIve matters
Irom theIr peers as weII as pornographIc materIaI.
123

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 23 23 23 23: Youth CombatIng HV]ADS In Papua New CuInea : Youth CombatIng HV]ADS In Papua New CuInea : Youth CombatIng HV]ADS In Papua New CuInea : Youth CombatIng HV]ADS In Papua New CuInea
8essIe MaruIa, an OxIam nternatIonaI Youth ParIIament 2004 ActIon Partner Irom
Papua New CuInea, was one oI IIve young Ieaders honored by the UnIted NatIons
DeveIopment Programme (UNDP) wIth an nternatIonaI Day Ior the EradIcatIon oI
Poverty (DEP) Award.
8essIe Is currentIy empIoyed as a traIner In the CounseIIng and Care component oI the
NatIonaI HV]ADS Support Project (NHASP) aIter havIng worked wIth the organIzatIon
as a voIunteer. The work oI the NHASP Is estImated to have reached 75 percent oI
Papua New CuInea's popuIatIon wIth basIc HV]ADS preventIon InIormatIon. So Iar,
8essIe has traIned 63 counseIors on HV preventIon.
WIth more than 800 natIve Ianguages and dIverse cuIturaI practIces, IactuaI
InIormatIon on HV]ADS and reIated Issues Is dIIIIcuIt to IInd In PNC. Some chaIIenges
she Iaces IncIude taIkIng openIy about sex and provIdIng a medIum to voIce the
concerns oI women on matters reIated to STDs.
8essIe's ActIon PIan, comIng out oI OYP 2004, Is to educate the maIe popuIatIon
about the Importance oI understandIng gender and human rIghts, IncreasIng maIe
sensItIvIty to these Issues and reIatIng better to women, so that women can IIve a
more posItIve IIIe. t Is partIcuIarIy necessary due to the current sItuatIon In PNC where
women have Iow socIo-economIc status and are more at rIsk oI contractIng HV. Her
ActIon PIan aIms to educate the maIes on gender and human rIghts, by provIdIng them
wIth accurate InIormatIon on how certaIn gender behavIors can put women at rIsk, so
they can vIew women as equaIs and not second cIass cItIzens. n turn, thIs traIns these
men to become roIe modeIs In theIr own communItIes.
124

\trtl r \trtl r \trtl r \trtl riiri ir K|\/k||! iri iiti. ritnrt is |irt t| \trtl |nj.tnrt iiri ir K|\/k||! iri iiti. ritnrt is |irt t| \trtl |nj.tnrt iiri ir K|\/k||! iri iiti. ritnrt is |irt t| \trtl |nj.tnrt iiri ir K|\/k||! iri iiti. ritnrt is |irt t| \trtl |nj.tnrt
!tritjis !tritjis !tritjis !tritjis
6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: LInk IocaI youth empIoyment networks to cIInIcs In dIsease-
aIIected areas.
6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Further InvestIgate the roIe oI youth as care gIvers, and how
youth empIoyment strategIes can be part oI scaIIng up
deIIvery oI medIcatIon and care servIces.
As shown above, It Is estabIIshed that youth are eIIectIve at educatIng each
other on how to protect themseIves Irom HV transmIssIon. Youth empIoyment

strategIes shouId be part oI a comprehensIve response necessary to combat the
pandemIc. As members oI IamIIIes, youth aIready assume many care roIes Ior peopIe
IIvIng wIth ADS. Many cIInIcs aIready empIoy HV-posItIve peopIe, and HV-posItIve
youth, In partIcuIar, need empIoyment opportunItIes. Youth can serve many roIes
necessary outsIde oI traIned doctors and nurses, wIth proper traInIng In communIty
needs assessments, sImpIe medIcaI assIstance, dIstrIbutIon oI heaIth InIormatIon and
other non-technIcaI care. ThIs area needs Iurther InvestIgatIon and Investment.
The projects oI the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt (YES) provIde some exampIes
and Ideas. ReachIng beyond entrepreneurIaI busIness, YES strategIes and tooIs can be
used to deveIop campaIgns, desIgn projects and create IundIng proposaIs Ior heaIth
servIces and awareness raIsIng projects. n Honduras, the IocaI YES chapter has
Iaunched an US$80,000 project Iunded by USAD to work wIth persons InIected wIth
HV]ADS and Iocuses on vocatIonaI and technIcaI traInIng In a wIde varIety oI skIIIs.
n Egypt, YES partners IInIshed the IIrst draIt oI a new project to ImpIement a wIde
program on OraI HeaIth Care EducatIon Ior poor and ruraI areas In Egypt, whIch wIII be
presented to the WorId HeaIth OrganIzatIon. YES SwazIIand has submItted a project to
the Coca-CoIa AIrIca FoundatIon on care Ior orphans wIth support stIII pendIng. From
]une to December 2003, aII YES Uganda dIstrIct networks partIcIpated In the HV]ADS
campaIgn IocusIng on youth that provIded seven young peopIe wIth jobs.
\trtl it|.irj K|\/k||! tlrtrjl kittit iri Ktwtr|irj \trtl it|.irj K|\/k||! tlrtrjl kittit iri Ktwtr|irj \trtl it|.irj K|\/k||! tlrtrjl kittit iri Ktwtr|irj \trtl it|.irj K|\/k||! tlrtrjl kittit iri Ktwtr|irj
6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Resource conIerences and exIstIng youth structures as
contact poInts, usIng them to Incorporate youth In natIonaI
strategIes, advIse on government poIIcIes, and dIstrIbute
resources.
Four hundred youth Ieaders recentIy attended the XV nternatIonaI ConIerence
on ADS In 8angkok, ThaIIand In ]une 2004. They Iaced obstacIes In acquIrIng vIsas,
payIng hIgh entrance Iees and havIng no paId staII to coordInate them. n the openIng
addresses to the ConIerence, none oI the hIgh IeveI speakers mentIoned theIr
Important roIe or the vIrus's extreme eIIect on theIr demographIc. The youth at the
conIerence notIced that many oI theIr HV-posItIve peers were not In attendance, and
that youth Irom the gIobaI South were underrepresented.
However, youth advocacy Is IncreasIngIy weII organIzed and Is creatIng more
and more posItIve outcomes. The "8angkok Youth Force" had paneIIsts and presenters
oI papers at varIous conIerence sessIons. They met wIth hIgh-IeveI IunctIonarIes and
IobbIed Ior a paId youth coordInator Ior the next CIobaI ADS conIerence In Toronto In
2006. Peter PIot, ExecutIve DIrector oI UNADS responded to theIr eIIorts by sayIng,
"Youth are on the agenda oI UNADS, we want to ensure that youth partIcIpate at the
natIonaI IeveI, and aIso at the InternatIonaI IeveI. What Is requIred now Is Ior the youth
to gIve us a Iramework through whIch we can do thIs."
125
Now It Is up to youth
themseIves to create the Iramework Ior theIr InvoIvement.

The youth movement that began at 8angkok has evoIved Into the CIobaI Youth
CoaIItIon on HV]ADS, an aIIIance oI cIose to 600 youth Ieaders and aduIt aIIIes
workIng In HV]ADS around the worId. The aIIIance empowers young peopIe wIth the
necessary capacIty buIIdIng, sharIng oI best practIces, and advocacy traInIng and Is
currentIy preparIng Ior the Toronto nternatIonaI ADS ConIerence In 2006:
www.youthaIdscoaIItIon.org. Young peopIe represent the majorIty oI peopIe InIected
each year wIth HV]ADS. ThereIore theIr partIcIpatIon In HV]ADS preventIon and
treatment needs to be supported In order to deveIop cuIturaIIy and socIaIIy acceptabIe
and adaptabIe strategIes to curb the spread oI HV]ADS.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 24 24 24 24: HarnessIng the Power oI Students as Advocates, Student CIobaI ADS : HarnessIng the Power oI Students as Advocates, Student CIobaI ADS : HarnessIng the Power oI Students as Advocates, Student CIobaI ADS : HarnessIng the Power oI Students as Advocates, Student CIobaI ADS
CampaIgn CampaIgn CampaIgn CampaIgn
CIobaI ]ustIce was Iounded In February 2001 to harness the power oI students and
young peopIe as advocates Ior poIItIcaI and socIaI change on gIobaI Issues. n Iess
than three years, CIobaI ]ustIce (C]) has deveIoped an extensIve student constItuency
engagIng over 200 coIIeges and hIgh schooIs In gIobaI campaIgnIng around chIId
heaIth, trade, debt canceIIatIon and the crIsIs oI HV]ADS.
Through IaunchIng and supportIng student-drIven, grassroots campaIgns, C] Is
commItted to buIIdIng a deep, IIIe-term commItment among young peopIe In
promotIng human rIghts, socIaI justIce and democracy. As the IIrst campaIgn oI
CIobaI ]ustIce, the Student CIobaI ADS CampaIgn (SCAC) was Iounded In 2001 wIth
the goaI oI mobIIIzIng a more eIIectIve and coordInated gIobaI response to the crIsIs
oI HV]ADS. n just three years the SCAC has estabIIshed campus chapters on over 75
campuses across the U.S. and contacts at hundreds more, makIng It the Iargest
grassroots student constItuency workIng to end the gIobaI HV]ADS crIsIs.
The campaIgn has been a IeadIng Iorce In the aImost 10-IoId Increase In US IundIng
Ior gIobaI HV]ADS programs over the past IIve years. WorkIng In partnershIp wIth
youth around the worId, the campaIgn IIghts Ior Increased IundIng Ior comprehensIve
HV]ADS programs, access to medIcInes, debt canceIIatIon, and other Issues that are
crucIaI In endIng the ADS pandemIc. n 2003, the organIzatIon opened Its IIrst
InternatIonaI oIIIce In Lusaka, ZambIa. ]ohn PhIrI, a Iormer UNDP and CIobaI ]ustIce
Intern, heads the oIIIce, workIng to traIn, educate, and mobIIIze ZambIan youth
around the duaI crIses oI ADS and debt. To date, C] ZambIa has successIuIIy
organIzed Iour traInIngs wIth coIIege students and out oI schooI youth and a raIIy that
raIsed attentIon to the IaIIures oI the current heavIIy Indebted poor countrIes' (HPC)
debt canceIIatIon InItIatIve. n 2000, ]ohn Ied a campaIgn wIth a network oI youth
Ieaders workIng on reproductIve heaIth Issues caIIed the Youth Forum to secure a
youth seat on the newIy Iormed ZambIan NatIonaI ADS CouncII. AIter two months oI
pubIIc educatIon and pressure, ZambIan youth successIuIIy gaIned a seat on the
CouncII, and were subsequentIy better abIe to advocate Ior the sexuaI and
reproductIve heaIth and rIghts oI youth.
126

|rjijirj K|\ |rjijirj K|\ |rjijirj K|\ |rjijirj K|\- -- -|tsiti \trtl ir |tisitr |tsiti \trtl ir |tisitr |tsiti \trtl ir |tisitr |tsiti \trtl ir |tisitr- -- -i|irj |rttsss i|irj |rttsss i|irj |rttsss i|irj |rttsss
6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Resource exIstIng youth structures and conIerences as
contact poInts to Incorporate youth In natIonaI strategIes,
IncIudIng HV-posItIve youth, to advIse on government
heaIth poIIcIes and to dIstrIbute resources.
I HV-posItIve youth contrIbute to poIIcy makIng, they can share suggestIons
on how to Improve heaIth servIces, raIse awareness, taIIor IegIsIatIon to reaIIstIc
needs, as weII as IdentIIy rIsk behavIours and condItIons that must be addressed as
the root cause oI vuInerabIIIty to HV InIectIon.
Many HV-posItIve youth have been part oI the nternatIonaI ADS ConIerences
through partIcIpatIon In cIvII socIety organIzatIons, and peopIe IIvIng wIth ADS
assocIatIons. When HV-posItIve youth are pubIIcIy gIven a roIe, It raIses awareness
and makes the voIces heard oI an oIten socIaIIy stIgmatIzed group.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 25 25 25 25: UNFPA Youth AdvIsory CommIttee : UNFPA Youth AdvIsory CommIttee : UNFPA Youth AdvIsory CommIttee : UNFPA Youth AdvIsory CommIttee
The UnIted NatIons PopuIatIon Fund (UNFPA) Youth AdvIsory PaneI advIses UNFPA on
the best ways to recognIze and promote the rIghts and needs oI youth wIthIn natIonaI
deveIopment pIans. The group ensures that UNFPA's gIobaI InItIatIves are youth-
IrIendIy and adequateIy address young peopIe's concerns, partIcuIarIy regardIng theIr
sexuaI and reproductIve IIves, HV]ADS and gender Issues, and theIr IInk wIth Issues
oI IIveIIhood. The Iorum provIdes a space Ior UNFPA to exchange Ideas wIth young
peopIe and groups servIng them and receIve advIce on how to better address theIr
needs. The CommIttee Is eIIectIve In that It dIrectIy engages the ExecutIve DIrector oI
UNFPA.
The PaneI was IormuIated durIng a two-day meetIng In New York In 2004, where more
than 20 representatIves oI natIonaI, regIonaI and InternatIonaI youth networks voIced
theIr opInIons on how to better Integrate adoIescents and youth In UNFPA's programs
and InItIatIves. The seIectIon oI the PaneI members, who are InvIted to serve Ior a
maxImum oI two years, Is based on theIr commItment to the prIncIpIes oI the 1994
nternatIonaI ConIerence on PopuIatIon and DeveIopment, especIaIIy to young peopIe's
reproductIve heaIth and rIghts. The PaneI meets annuaIIy and Its members maIntaIn
communIcatIon through an e-Iorum.
127

Li|tirj |j \trtl \tits Li|tirj |j \trtl \tits Li|tirj |j \trtl \tits Li|tirj |j \trtl \tits
6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: PeopIe LIvIng WIth ADS (PLWA) assocIatIons and other
eIIorts to support those aIIected by the dIsease shouId
provIde channeIs Ior youth-Iocused servIces and
partIcIpatIon.
Young peopIe are some oI the best educators and advocates Ior other young
peopIe about HV and ADS. The IoIIowIng excerpts on youth-Ied programs were taken

Irom an e-consuItatIon In February 2004 wIth more than 300 youth Irom around the
worId on the gender dImensIons oI ADS.
128

PeopIe LIvIng wIth ADS (PLWA) VIctorIa.started an outreach program to
educate hIgh schooI students about HV]ADS. One oI theIr strategIes Is IntroducIng an
HV+ women and her partner to taIk to the students. ThIs Is done to break down the
stereotype that onIy gay boys have ADS and HV]ADS Is a gay dIsease. 8y hearIng
storIes Irom HV+ women, young men are beIng educated about the rIsk InvoIved In
unprotected sex and how It changed someone's IIIe.
(Krii, I1-irs-t.i, krstri.ii)

have InternatIonaI youth heIpIng wIth the KIjana Project. The members oI the
project are aII youths Irom around the worId. Most members are In mIddIe or hIgh
schooI. We assIst chIIdren In AIrIca who have Iost theIr parents to ADS and we educate
youth around the worId about HV. We wrIte Ior IocaI pubIIcatIons, maInIy youth
pubIIcatIons, attend conIerences, go to schooIs, etc. and taIk about HV. We have not
raIsed mIIIIons oI doIIars or anythIng IIke that, but we have made a dIIIerence In the
IIves oI some youths, and that Is what Is Important. The more youths who get
InvoIved, the more youths that get heIp.
(k.tiriri, I-irs-t.i, lin|i|w)

Last year, coordInated a natIon-wIde campaIgn Ior WSE-Chana, on DomestIc
VIoIence and sexuaI assauIt wIth a specIIIc Iocus on ADS. The theme and sIogan oI
the campaIgn was " have a roIe." MakIng peopIe recognIze theIr roIe Is a powerIuI tooI
Ior our struggIe. WIth thIs recognItIon, want to urge us to contInue to coIIaborate at
aII IeveIs. We can't succeed wIthout that strong partnershIp and coIIaboratIon. So
suggest that those workIng wIthIn the same IocaIItIes shouId combIne theIr strength
and IInk those communIty partnershIps wIth natIonaI and regIonaI partnershIp Ior a
strong InternatIonaI partnershIp. WIth these IeveIs oI partnershIp, we can contInue to
share such experIences and Ideas. thereIore propose that an organIzatIon oIIers to
estabIIsh and monItor [an onIIne youth] dIscussIon system IIke thIs that we can use to
Iurther expIore and share strategIes. Country specIIIc Issues can be raIsed Ior gIobaI
perspectIves on such a pIatIorm.
(iwr.i, I1-irs-t.i, |liri)

SInce the rIsk oI HV InIectIon Is tIed dIrectIy to IndIvIduaI behavIor, It Is
essentIaI that young peopIe receIve InIormatIon, preventIve educatIon and adequate
heaIth servIces IncIudIng voIuntary testIng and counseIIng In order to decrease the rIsk
oI InIectIon. Even II youth are not dIrectIy InIected, they are stIII aIIected. Young
peopIe are IosIng theIr IrIends, teachers, parents, and communIty structures. ADS
orphans are IncreasIngIy Iound headIng up IamIIIes where one or both parents have

dIed oI ADS. Youth must be gIven the resources to mobIIIze themseIves ImmedIateIy
because they can teach each other and they can reach each other. Further
InvestIgatIon Is necessary to determIne what structured roIe youth can pIay In care and
servIce deIIvery.

|kL l. |K!|K| |K\|K |kL l. |K!|K| |K\|K |kL l. |K!|K| |K\|K |kL l. |K!|K| |K\|KK|KkL !|!k|KkK|L K|KkL !|!k|KkK|L K|KkL !|!k|KkK|L K|KkL !|!k|KkK|L|\ |\ |\ |\
Target 9: Target 9: Target 9: Target 9: ntegrate the prIncIpIes oI sustaInabIe deveIopment Into country
poIIcIes and programmes and reverse the Ioss oI envIronmentaI
resources
Target 10: Target 10: Target 10: Target 10: HaIve, by 2015, the proportIon oI peopIe wIthout sustaInabIe access to
saIe drInkIng water
Target 11: Target 11: Target 11: Target 11: 8y 2020, to have achIeved a sIgnIIIcant Improvement In the IIves oI at
Ieast 100 mIIIIon sIum dweIIers
We dream oI IIvIng In an envIronment that brIngs us joy, not anxIety.
We dream oI havIng cIean, Iresh drInkIng water and not turnIng our rIvers Into sewers.
Above aII, we dream oI IIvIng - not exIstIng.
Teach us, InvoIve us, and use us.
\trtl |rsrtititr tt |K|| |trrirj |trrti. tirj IJJJ
HIstorIcaIIy, rapId economIc deveIopment has resuIted In extreme
envIronmentaI consequences. To achIeve the other seven MDCs, natIonaI and regIonaI
deveIopment pIannIng must adhere to the prIncIpIes oI sustaInabIe ecosystem
management. WIthout the earth's terrestrIaI, Ireshwater and marIne ecosystems there
wouId be no Iood and no IIIe. As Ireshwater becomes scarce and aIr quaIIty
deterIorates, naturaI resources have become a source oI conIIIct. WhIIe bIoIogIcaI
systems and bIodIversIty contInue to decIIne, young peopIe Iace an uncertaIn Iuture.
As decIared In Chapter 25 oI Agenda 21, adopted at the 1992 UnIted NatIons
ConIerence on EnvIronment and DeveIopment, young peopIe have a IundamentaI roIe
In attaInIng envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty:
t Is ImperatIve that youth Irom aII parts oI the worId partIcIpate
actIveIy In aII reIevant IeveIs oI decIsIon-makIng processes because It
aIIects theIr IIves today and has ImpIIcatIons Ior theIr Iutures. n
addItIon to theIr InteIIectuaI contrIbutIon and theIr abIIIty to mobIIIze
support, they brIng unIque perspectIves that need to be taken Into
account.
Each country shouId, In consuItatIon wIth Its youth communItIes, estabIIsh a
process to promote dIaIogue between the youth communIty and Covernment at aII
IeveIs and to estabIIsh mechanIsms that permIt youth access to InIormatIon and
provIde them wIth the opportunIty to present theIr perspectIves on government
decIsIons, IncIudIng the ImpIementatIon oI Agenda 21.
129

The Important contrIbutIon oI youth was agaIn outIIned In the ]ohannesburg
PIatIorm Ior mpIementatIon adopted at the WorId SummIt on SustaInabIe
DeveIopment (WSSD 2002). Paragraph 153 oI the ]ohannesburg PIan oI
mpIementatIon (]PO) requests that governments and other actors "promote and
support youth partIcIpatIon In programs and actIvItIes reIatIng to sustaInabIe
deveIopment through, Ior exampIe, supportIng IocaI youth councIIs or theIr
equIvaIent, and by encouragIng theIr estabIIshment where they do not exIst."
130

n order to reaIIze the decIaratIons oI Agenda 21 and the ]PO and Target 9 oI
CoaI 7, youth partIcIpatIon In poIIcy makIng and programs must be supported on aII
IeveIs.
As detaIIed In Part , youth partIcIpate more eIIectIveIy In UnIted NatIons
deIIberatIons on SustaInabIe DeveIopment than In any other UN Issue and are eIIectIve
at IobbyIng governments Ior stronger commItments at these deIIberatIons. Young
peopIe, however, are much more than an eIIectIve IobbyIng Iorce. AII around the worId
youth are workIng at the grassroots IeveI and are contrIbutIng to envIronmentaI
Improvement and to the MDCs targets to ensure envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty.
The IoIIowIng case studIes, dIscussIon and OptIons Ior ActIon are dIvIded Into
two parts: () youth and poIIcy processes, and () youth workIng at the grassroots IeveI
In envIronmentaI conservatIon and repaIr, access to saIe drInkIng water, and
ImprovIng the IIves oI sIum dweIIers.
|. \trtl iri |rtrritit |. \trtl iri |rtrritit |. \trtl iri |rtrritit |. \trtl iri |rtrrititri. iri Kititri. !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt |rttsss ri. iri Kititri. !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt |rttsss ri. iri Kititri. !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt |rttsss ri. iri Kititri. !rstiiri|. |.tjnrt |rttsss
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: ProvIde IundIng so that youth Irom deveIopIng countrIes
can attend and partIcIpate In UN envIronmentaI processes.
7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Fund regIonaI and InternatIonaI youth networks In order to
IacIIItate gIobaI cooperatIon.
7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: ntergovernmentaI agencIes shouId deveIop, scaIe-up, or
repIIcate InItIatIves supportIng youth partIcIpatIon In poIIcy
and programmatIc deveIopment on envIronmentaI
sustaInabIIIty.
7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments, IntergovernmentaI agencIes and youth
organIzatIons shouId deveIop partnershIps Ior joInt
envIronmentaI InItIatIves aImed at buIIdIng capacIty In
young peopIe at the natIonaI IeveI.
Agenda 21 recognIzes that broad pubIIc partIcIpatIon In ImpIementatIon was a
IundamentaI prIncIpIe Ior sustaInabIe deveIopment. To ensure thIs partIcIpatIon,
Agenda 21 recognIzes the specIIIc roIes and responsIbIIItIes oI nIne cIvII socIety Major
Croups, one oI whIch Is "Youth".
131
Agenda 21 aIso emphasIzes that new Iorms oI cIvII
socIety partIcIpatIon are necessary Ior sustaInabIe deveIopment, and states that cIvII

socIety shouId be InvoIved In IdentIIyIng probIems, desIgnIng and appIyIng soIutIons,
and monItorIng resuIts as weII as havIng access to InIormatIon on aII types oI
sustaInabIe deveIopment Issues and actIvItIes.
132

Young peopIe contInue to take up thIs charge by workIng together as a Major
Croup or "youth caucus". At the CommIssIon on SustaInabIe DeveIopment (CSD), the
youth caucus has a seat on the IIoor wIth the government deIegates and makes
InterventIons where they share the actIvItIes and prIorItIes oI youth workIng at the
grassroots IeveI. The CommIssIon aIso provIdes the opportunIty Ior youth to share
InIormatIon, Iorm coaIItIons, InItIate other Iorms oI engagement wIth UN agencIes,
and buIId capacIty Ior themseIves and theIr organIzatIons through traInIng. Youth at
CSD aIso meet dIrectIy wIth theIr governments to ask how theIr countrIes' sustaInabIe
deveIopment commItments are beIng IuIIIIIed and Iobby Ior Increased ways and
methods Ior youth to natIonaIIy ImpIement sustaInabIe deveIopment. ProvIdIng
mechanIsms to strengthen theIr partIcIpatIon and capacIty once they return home to
theIr constItuencIes wouId strengthen the work oI these youth on the ground and
Iurther the ImpIementatIon oI the agenda oI the CommIssIon and the achIevement oI
Agenda 21 and ]PO.
8esIdes the more ad hoc and evoIvIng Iorm oI the youth caucus, youth advIsory
groups are a more IormaI exampIe oI youth workIng wIth UN agencIes. The UnIted
NatIons EnvIronment Programme (UNEP) Youth AdvIsory CouncII, based on UNEP
Tunza
133
youth strategy, consIsts oI 14 youth Ieaders (2 per UNEP regIon and 2 Ior
IndIgenous youth organIzatIon) eIected bIannuaIIy at UNEP's CIobaI Youth
ConIerence.
134
The CouncII works cIoseIy wIth UNEP on envIronmentaI Issues, UNEP
decIsIon-makIng processes, and UNEP program deveIopment. The councII members
support UNEP In enhancIng envIronmentaI awareness and act as ambassadors Ior the
envIronmentaI conscIence oI young peopIe worIdwIde.
135

The UNEP Tunza AdvIsory CouncII aIms to Increase youth partIcIpatIon In UNEP
through deveIopIng envIronmentaI poIIcy, advIsIng UNEP on ways to InvoIve youth In
UNEP's areas oI concentratIon, and advIsIng UNEP on the deveIopment oI regIonaI
InItIatIves and the UNEP ChIIdren and Youth Programme.
136

nternatIonaI youth partIcIpatIon Is just one way Ior young peopIe to contrIbute
to sustaInabIe deveIopment poIIcy and program IormuIatIon, It aIso provIdes an
essentIaI coordInatIon mechanIsm so that programs IIke UNEP's AdvIsory CouncII can
deveIop and operate programs Ior youth engagement on the regIonaI IeveI. n ]anuary
2005, UNESCO organIzed a Youth Forum paraIIeI to the 'nternatIonaI MeetIng to
RevIew the mpIementatIon oI the Programme oI ActIon Ior the SustaInabIe
DeveIopment oI SmaII sIand DeveIopIng States' (8arbados+10) In MaurItIus. The
event, "Youth VIsIonIng Ior sIand LIvIng," gathered 96 youth Irom 37 IsIand natIons,
and consIsted oI workshops, paneI dIscussIons, and the adoptIon oI a Youth
DecIaratIon.
137

As demonstrated In Case Study 26, young peopIe partIcIpate eIIectIveIy In
natIonaI and InternatIonaI sustaInabIe deveIopment processes and can assIst In
ensurIng governments Integrate sustaInabIe deveIopment Into poIIcIes and programs
when they are enabIed. Through the networkIng opportunItIes, traInIng and the
commItment oI IntergovernmentaI agencIes IIke UNEP to raIsIng the proIIIe oI young
peopIe and theIr achIevements through awards, young peopIe the worId over are
takIng actIon and heIpIng to promote envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty. To ensure the most
Is made out oI young peopIe's potentIaI, programs IIke the AsIa and PacIIIc Youth
Programme shouId be scaIed up and roIIed out In aII regIons and through aII
IntergovernmentaI agencIes.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 26 26 26 26: AsIa & PacIIIc Youth Program : AsIa & PacIIIc Youth Program : AsIa & PacIIIc Youth Program : AsIa & PacIIIc Youth Program
The youth programme Ior AsIa and the PacIIIc regIon serves as an extended arm oI the
UnIted NatIons EnvIronmentaI Program CommunIcatIons and PubIIc nIormatIon
(UNEP]CP) to reach out to youth groups oI countrIes In the respectIve regIon and to
cIoseIy sensItIze and support the youth actIvItIes and theIr networkIng mechanIsm. ts
aIm Is to achIeve broader youth InvoIvement In envIronmentaI decIsIon-makIng.
ExampIes oI some oI the actIvItIes that have been organIzed and are currentIy beIng
pIanned Ior and by youth In AsIa and the PacIIIc regIon IncIude a web sIte that was
Iaunched by UNEP AsIa-PacIIIc Youth AdvIsors on WorId EnvIronment Day at
www.unepapac.org, whIch provIdes envIronmentaI InIormatIon Ior youth, the RegIonaI
Youth Forum Ior AsIa-PacIIIc, organIzed by UNEP RegIonaI OIIIce Ior AsIa and the
PacIIIc (ROAP) and the NatIonaI Youth AchIevement Awards CouncII oI SIngapore,
InternshIp and work-cum-traInIng at UNEP]EAP-AP and UNEP]ROAP oIIIces Ior youth
Ieaders In the regIon, study tours hosted by InstItutIons such as the UnIversIty oI
WoIIongong, AustraIIa, and traInIng programs such as the AsIa-PacIIIc Youth
EnvIronmentaI Management SemInar and SustaInabIe DeveIopment LeadershIp
Program.
At the UNEP MIIIennIum Youth Forum In SIngapore, December 1999, 5 sub-regIonaI
Youth EnvIronment StrategIes were produced, IdentIIyIng key envIronmentaI Issues. n
addItIon, a decIaratIon and a RegIonaI Youth ActIon PIan was compIIed and agreed
upon by the deIegates representIng 23 countrIes In the AsIa and PacIIIc regIon. 8y
beIng the IIrst advIsory process IIke thIs, the SIngapore DecIaratIon and the RegIonaI
Youth ActIon PIan set a precedent Ior aII envIronment and youth reIated actIvItIes In
the regIon.
138

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The WSSD and CSD oIIered young peopIe the traInIng and know-how to brIng
Agenda 21 back to theIr home countrIes. One way youth used the poIIcy
recommendatIons oI Agenda 21 was to Iobby the government Ior the creatIon oI a
youth versIon oI the CIobaI EnvIronment OutIook. The key to the youth CEO project
was the InnovatIve partnershIp between the government, an IntergovernmentaI agency
and a youth-Ied NCO. The "youth-IrIendIy" CEO wIII aIIow young peopIe to use It as a

resource Ior Ideas Ior communIty projects, background Ior envIronmentaI traInIng
sessIons and as a Iobby reIerence to encourage dIIIerent sectors to work together.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 27 27 27 27: Youth VersIon oI CIobaI EnvIronment OutIook (CEO) : Youth VersIon oI CIobaI EnvIronment OutIook (CEO) : Youth VersIon oI CIobaI EnvIronment OutIook (CEO) : Youth VersIon oI CIobaI EnvIronment OutIook (CEO)
The Youth VersIon oI CIobaI EnvIronment OutIook (CEO) LatIn AmerIca was Iaunched
In 2000 wIth the partIcIpatIon oI more than 800 young peopIe and youth
organIzatIons Irom the contInent. AIter Its creatIon, CEO Youth LatIn AmerIca InspIred
the creatIon oI NatIonaI CEO Youth Ior dIIIerent countrIes, such as MexIco, Peru,
ArgentIna, Cuba and Uruguay.
n addItIon, the South AsIan Youth EnvIronment Network was created In 2002 wIth
support Irom UNEP. The youth CEO reIIects the state oI the envIronment In each
country and aIso has scenarIos and "optIons Ior actIon" Ior young peopIe.
The creatIon oI the book, In MexIco's case, was just the IIrst step oI the project. t Is
the IIrst tIme a second phase oI CEO Youth has been deveIoped and It started In
]anuary 2005. t Is beIng coordInated and Iunded by a network InvoIvIng the MexIcan
nstItute Ior Youth, UnIted NatIons EnvIronmentaI Programme, the MInIstry oI
EnvIronment and MIssIon Rescate: PIaneta TIerra MexIco, A.C (a youth-Ied
organIzatIon). The aIm oI thIs second phase Is to encourage young peopIe to generate
IocaI and natIonaI envIronmentaI projects aII over the country and to provIde them
wIth the skIIIs and resources to carry them out.
139

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7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: 8uIId and support gIobaI networks amongst youth
organIzatIons promotIng sustaInabIe deveIopment.
7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Foster partnershIps opportunItIes wIth youth organIzatIons
and InternatIonaI agencIes to deveIop IocaI and natIonaI
projects.
As CoaI 8 wIII detaII, North-South and South-South partnershIps between
young peopIe and theIr organIsatIons are Important means oI supportIng
deveIopment, startIng smaII-scaIe deveIopment projects, and IosterIng InternatIonaI
coIIaboratIon. They can IacIIItate knowIedge and technoIogy transIer, capacIty buIIdIng
and exchange oI research. Such opportunItIes are oIten created by ImpIementatIon oI
workshops wIth careIuI and resourced IoIIow-up pIans Ior the networks created, such
as In the partnershIp between AsIan and European youth detaIIed beIow.
Another exampIe oI North-South exchange Is the actuaI transIer oI young
voIunteers between countrIes to promote cuIturaI exchange, deveIop IeadershIp skIIIs,
and put Into practIce sustaInabIe deveIopment projects. Once such exampIe oI thIs Is
the AssocIatIon nternatIonaIe des EtudIants en ScIences CommercIaIes et
EconomIques (AESEC), whIch spans the worId engagIng over 83 countIes and more
than 800 unIversItIes worIdwIde. ASEC, stIII a youth-Ied NCO, has created over 35

projects addressIng SustaInabIe DeveIopment In coIIaboratIon wIth Its partners and
other organIzatIons. AESEC projects seek to InvoIve many young peopIe whIIe makIng
sure that aII areas oI InvoIvement are reached, makIng Its goaI youth partIcIpatIon at
the grassroots, IocaI, natIonaI and InternatIonaI IeveI. AESEC aIso partIcIpated In the
preparatIons Ior the RIo SummIt In 1992, both natIonaIIy In varIous countrIes as weII
as InternatIonaIIy, and Its members were agaIn strong contrIbutors at WSSD In
2002.
140

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 28 28 28 28: AsIan and European Youth Promote Youth nvoIvement In SustaInabIe : AsIan and European Youth Promote Youth nvoIvement In SustaInabIe : AsIan and European Youth Promote Youth nvoIvement In SustaInabIe : AsIan and European Youth Promote Youth nvoIvement In SustaInabIe
DeveIopment DeveIopment DeveIopment DeveIopment
SIxteen youth organIzatIons Irom SpaIn, Denmark, The NetherIands, SIngapore,
MaIaysIa, PhIIIppInes, ndonesIa, 8runeI and VIetnam attended a StrategIc PIannIng
Workshop In September 2004 In Tagaytay CIty, The PhIIIppInes.
A draIt concept paper oI the proposed Inter-regIonaI network was agreed upon durIng
the workshop, and In the IoIIowIng 3-6 months, the InvoIved youth organIzatIons
consuIted wIth theIr constItuencIes about It. Another gatherIng Is pIanned Ior the
mIdyear oI 2005 to IormaIIze the commItments oI everyone In thIs partnershIp, a joInt
partnershIp between the 8runeI Youth CouncII and Youth Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment
AssembIy (YSDA)-PhIIIpInas nc. n the meantIme, eIIorts are beIng coordInated wIthIn
the partnershIp to ImpIement the IoIIowIng InItIatIves:
Youth-to-youth exchanges and study tours among European and AsIan groups on
sustaInabIe deveIopment ImpIementatIon.
OnIIne E-Forums to Iurther dIscuss the common Issues oI youth InvoIvement In
sustaInabIe deveIopment aIong key thematIc Issues.
A web portaI that wIII IacIIItate reguIar InIormatIon sharIng among the youth
groups In AsIa & Europe workIng on sustaInabIe deveIopment (thIs wIII IncIude a
websIte, an emaII group, web dIscussIon board & other Ieatures).
A project to assess and support youth InvoIvement In NatIonaI CouncIIs Ior
SustaInabIe DeveIopment (NCSDs) or other sImIIar bodIes In theIr respectIve
countrIes.
A project to support youth InvoIvement In monItorIng reIevant sustaInabIe
deveIopment IndIcators that have dIrect bearIng on youth concerns In countrIes
where such IndIcator systems exIst and share the InIormatIon Irom these
engagements wIth other youth groups In countrIes where these IndIcators stIII do
not exIst.
ConsoIIdate and share reIevant InIormatIon and opportunItIes about the UN
Decade Ior EducatIon Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment across aII contacts and IInkages
oI the partnershIp.
141

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7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Showcase youth-Ied eIIorts successIuIIy addressIng socIaI
and envIronmentaI needs on a IocaI IeveI and provIde
IncentIves Ior repIIcatIon In sImIIar communItIes.
Young peopIe are eIIectIve Ieaders oI socIaI and envIronmentaI enterprIses.
Each country shouId, In consuItatIon wIth Its youth, estabIIsh a process to promote
dIaIogue between the youth communIty and Covernment at aII IeveIs, especIaIIy to
IdentIIy urgent socIaI and envIronmentaI needs that young peopIe can be InvoIved In
addressIng.
142

Covernments, busInesses and NCOs can work wIth young peopIe to IdentIIy
needs In the communIty and desIgn and ImpIement educatIon and enterprIse
deveIopment InItIatIves to see these needs addressed. To ensure young peopIe are
abIe to contrIbute eIIectIveIy to envIronmentaI Improvement through envIronmentaI
enterprIses, teachIng on IocaI envIronmentaI Issues and on ways oI contrIbutIng to
soIvIng them shouId be IncIuded In schooI currIcuIums. TraInIng shouId aIso be
provIded to youth Interested In InItIatIng communIty-based projects In these areas.
For exampIe, eco-tourIsm can serve IocaI communItIes weII through
sImuItaneous protectIon oI the naturaI envIronment and generatIng revenue through
tourIsm. Young peopIe can be actIve communIty Ieaders under such InItIatIves by
workIng as tour guIdes to showcase and protect theIr IocaI envIronment.
OpportunItIes Ior socIaI and envIronmentaI enterprIse aIso exIst In agrIcuIture
and soII management. As outIIned In Case Study 29, Iarmers who partIcIpate In
IearnIng actIvItIes yIeId sIgnIIIcant beneIIts quIckIy In return Ior theIr Investment oI
tIme, eIIort and other Inputs. ThIs youth-Ied communIty-based InItIatIve utIIIzes peer-
to-peer IearnIng and has resuIted In sIgnIIIcant beneIIts to IocaI communItIes and
potentIaIIy to the natIonaI economy. There are numerous exampIes oI the use oI thIs
partIcIpatory approach In young IarmIng communItIes; by promotIng a posItIve and
sustaInabIe use oI resources, the rIsk oI Iost Income through Ioss oI soII nutrIents can
be reduced. These can be repIIcated and ImpIemented In other areas worIdwIde.
As shown In Case Study 30, InnovatIve and enthusIastIc young peopIe around
the worId are aIready repIIcatIng successIuI communIty-based enterprIses. AIter beIng
InspIred by another successIuI communIty-based enterprIse, PatrIck Kaupan In Papa
New CuInea commItted to workIng wIthIn hIs own communIty to create smaII
enterprIses that provIded Income to the communIty, whIIe protectIng the naturaI
envIronment.

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 29 29 29 29: ntegrated SoII Management through Young Farmer FIeI : ntegrated SoII Management through Young Farmer FIeI : ntegrated SoII Management through Young Farmer FIeI : ntegrated SoII Management through Young Farmer FIeId SchooI d SchooI d SchooI d SchooI
Young Farmer FIeId SchooI (YFFS) In ndIa Is a tooI to buIId capacItIes oI young Iarmer
groups and youth cIub staII In managIng crop and soII nutrIent management to make
them better decIsIon-makers In promotIng sustaInabIe use croppIng, IarmIng and
watershed systems resources. YFFS Is youth-Ied and uses a partIcIpatory approach
where traInIng Is Imparted on the basIs oI young Iarmer's needs. TraInIng Is provIded
In the young Iarmer's IIeId ItseII, whIch enabIes better understandIng oI the IIeId
probIems, theIr management and controI. TraInIng heIps young Iarmers to make theIr
own decIsIons, to organIze themseIves and theIr communItIes, and to create a strong
workIng network wIth other young Iarmers, extensIon workers and researchers.
The YFFS uses "non-IormaI aduIt educatIon" methods, partIcuIarIy experIentIaI
IearnIng technIques. TypIcaIIy, a group oI 20 to 25 neIghborIng Iarmers meets
reguIarIy no Iess than once a month Ior a mornIng or aIternoon durIng an entIre
croppIng season or cycIe on one oI the Iarmers' IIeIds. The topIcs oI each meetIng are
reIated to the deveIopment stage oI the crop at that partIcuIar tIme. DurIng the YFFS,
Iarmers wIII IdentIIy the underIyIng causes oI theIr soII management probIems and
test possIbIe soIutIons that IIt theIr partIcuIar physIcaI and socIo-economIc sItuatIon.
The schooI Is not meant to teach Iarmers new technoIogIes deveIoped outsIde theIr
envIronment, but to provIde them wIth tooIs that wIII enabIe them to anaIyze theIr own
productIon practIces and IdentIIy possIbIe soIutIons.
143

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 30 30 30 30: KIampun ConservatIon Corps In Papa New CuInea : KIampun ConservatIon Corps In Papa New CuInea : KIampun ConservatIon Corps In Papa New CuInea : KIampun ConservatIon Corps In Papa New CuInea
The KIampun ConservatIon Corps Is a youth-Ied organIzatIon estabIIshed In Papa New
CuInea. The groups' maIn goaI Is to preserve the envIronment oI ruraI vIIIages In East
New 8rItaIn ProvInce, Papa New CuInea. What started as a communIty-wIde grassroots
program has evoIved Into an InternatIonaIIy recognIzed youth program. KIampun
ConservatIon Corps created a IocaI IIsh pond, a women's caterIng and sewIng group, a
soap-makIng project and a rIce mIIIIng pIant. These programs reIIect a youth
organIzatIon's capacIty to promote enterprIsIng actIvItIes whIIe conservIng the naturaI
resources that wIII secure a sustaInabIe IIveIIhood In the Iuture Ior the InhabItants oI
ruraI vIIIages In Papa New CuInea. The organIzatIon Is a Youth ActIon Net award
wInner, whIch Is a WorId 8ank award that recognIzes outstandIng youth and theIr
contrIbutIons to creatIng posItIve change. PatrIck Kaupun, the Iounder oI KIampun
ConservatIon Corps, had the Idea oI startIng hIs own NCO aIter seeIng another IocaI
NCO, ENS8EK, workIng to promote communIty seII-reIIance. Kaupun IeIt that he couId
work to achIeve thIs In hIs own communIty and heIp to preserve the envIronment In
East New 8rItaIn ProvInce. LIke ENS8EK, that worked wIth no outsIde IundIng or
resource aIIocatIon, KIampun ConservatIon Corps works to InItIate projects that aIIow
communIty members to depend on communIty-based resources Ior theIr
IIveIIhoods.
144

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7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Fund a Youth WorId Water Forum event annuaIIy to ensure
the contInued growth oI the YWAT network and thereby the
number oI young peopIe workIng Ior saIe water.
7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: ProvIde IncentIves such as grants or mIcro-IInance Ior youth
to work Ior saIe water In theIr communIty, and Ior youth-
Ied cIean water projects.
n many areas around the worId, young peopIe are InItIatIng and IeadIng
projects to Increase the avaIIabIIIty and peopIe's access to cIean water through
communIty projects. Young peopIe can be part oI the IocaI teams that monItor and
assess pubIIc resources. UsIng resources such as outcomes oI water conIerences, IocaI
CIobaI EnvIronmentaI OutIooks and recommendatIons In Agenda 21, young peopIe can
assIst In the deveIopment oI IocaI resource use pIans and assessments. As Case Study
31 demonstrates, when young peopIe are provIded wIth the resources to meet,
dIscuss and strategIze on gIobaI chaIIenges such as access to Ireshwater, they create
networks and provIde support, InIormatIon, encouragement and InspIratIon to each
other once they return home to theIr own countrIes to ImpIement projects. Events IIke
the Youth WorId Water Forum shouId be heId reguIarIy to ensure more young water
proIessIonaIs are abIe to joIn a network and Iearn Irom each other. Further, to
encourage an Increase In the number oI youth workIng on communIty-IeveI cIean
water projects and Ioster InnovatIon, grants, seed IundIng and mIcro-IInance shouId
be made avaIIabIe at both the natIonaI IeveI and through IntergovernmentaI agencIes.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 31 31 31 31: Youth WorkIng Together at CIobaI and LocaI LeveIs on Water ActIon : Youth WorkIng Together at CIobaI and LocaI LeveIs on Water ActIon : Youth WorkIng Together at CIobaI and LocaI LeveIs on Water ActIon : Youth WorkIng Together at CIobaI and LocaI LeveIs on Water ActIon
Teams Teams Teams Teams
The Youth Water ActIon Team (YWAT) Is a youth InItIated non-governmentaI
organIzatIon oI young proIessIonaIs and students workIng together to support youth-
InItIated water projects, raIse awareness on water-reIated Issues through Its database,
and aIIect decIsIon-makIng by natIonaI governments and gIobaI governments on
water Issues.
The YWAT was created In 2001 aIter the Youth WorId Water Forum heId In VIIssIngen,
The NetherIands, whIch brought together more than 200 young water proIessIonaIs
and students Irom over 40 countrIes. At the Iorum, an actIon team oI 34 members
was seIected to equaIIy represent aII regIons oI the worId. YWAT's maIn strategy Is to
IInd new members In countrIes and create a team oI 10-15 young peopIe to support
IocaI mIssIons.
YWAT's maIn current projects IncIude InItIatIng IocaI chapters In 8angIadesh, ChIna,
Egypt, ndIa, MexIco, NepaI, NetherIands and North AmerIca that deveIop actIon pIans
to Improve water quaIIty In these countrIes. Many oI the projects are started up by
groups IndIgenous to the country. They are not homogenous programs, but rather
pIans that are taIIored to meet the cuIturaI and envIronmentaI phIIosophIes oI the

communIty. NevertheIess, the prImary goaI oI these YWAT actIon pIans Is to cIean the
water source. YWAT Is currentIy workIng wIth UNESCO In creatIng a compIIatIon oI
artIstIc work reIatIng to water In order to spread awareness about water on a gIobaI
IeveI.
145

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7.10 7.10 7.10 7.10 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: EstabIIsh a Iund to support youth-Ied renewabIe energy
enterprIses.
7.11 7.11 7.11 7.11 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: DeveIop partnershIps In areas wIthout access to saIe water
to traIn youth to Iead communIty-based water suppIy
projects.
Young peopIe are an Important resource In servIce deIIvery. ThIs IncIudes
retIcuIatIon and dIstrIbutIon oI saIe water and renewabIe energy generatIon. The
Youth EmpIoyment SummIt (YES) CampaIgn Is coIIaboratIng wIth the CIobaI
EnvIronment FacIIIty and the WorId 8ank In the ImpIementatIon oI a pIIot project,
CIobaI PromotIon oI Youth-Led EnterprIses In OII-CrId RenewabIe Energy. The
objectIve oI thIs project Is to deveIop Increased empIoyment opportunItIes Ior youth
whIIe supportIng the promotIon oI renewabIe energy technoIogIes In ruraI areas. The
IInk between protectIng gIobaI pubIIc goods whIIe provIdIng empIoyment
opportunItIes to the young aduIts Is crItIcaI In deveIopIng strategIes and actIons to
promote sustaInabIe deveIopment In the twenty-IIrst century. ThIs Is dIscussed Iurther
In CoaI 8.
YES has aIso Iaunched the IIrst newsIetter Iocused on RenewabIe Energy. t
IncIudes a coIIectIon oI case studIes, anaIysIs, opportunItIes and emergIng
technoIogIes In the crItIcaI IIeId oI renewabIe energy.
146

As demonstrated In Case Study 32, young peopIe can pIay an Important roIe In
the InstaIIatIon oI communIty water suppIIes. n the case oI the PhIIIppInes, wIth
commItment Irom two major banks to provIde Ioans and the WorId Water CorporatIon
to provIde traInIng, young peopIe are eIIectIveIy contrIbutIng to the provIsIon oI saIe
water to communItIes.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 32 32 32 32: So : So : So : SoIar Powered Systems to SuppIy Water Iar Powered Systems to SuppIy Water Iar Powered Systems to SuppIy Water Iar Powered Systems to SuppIy Water
The WorId Water CorporatIon suppIIes water to about 100,000 peopIe In the provInce
oI Cebu, In the PhIIIppInes, through a program that combInes soIar-powered water
pumpIng technoIogy wIth IocaIIy based dIstrIbutIon systems. A totaI oI 110 vIIIages (or
barangays) In 26 munIcIpaIItIes wIII be provIded wIth the soIar powered water
pumpIng systems under a pay Ior servIce method. Youth groups are traIned to InstaII
the systems In each vIIIage and to set up deIIvery. FundIng comes Irom the PhIIIppInes'
Land 8ank and the PhIIIppIne NatIonaI 8ank, whIch provIdes Ioans Ior InstaIIatIon and
deIIvery estImated at $10 mIIIIon. AddItIonaIIy, youth groups are traIned to IIrst

conduct communIty educatIon and awareness programs beIore coIIectIng servIce
Iees.
147

The beneIIts oI thIs program are artIcuIated weII In the YES newsIetter: "n the Iuture,
weII-traIned young peopIe wIII be IncreasIngIy InvoIved In traInIng others In the
manuIacturIng, InstaIIatIon, and maIntenance oI renewabIe energy systems. These
IncIude programs InItIated by prIvate companIes In ThaIIand, SrI Lanka, ChIna, Peru,
ndIa, RomanIa, and 8oIIvIa. n partIcuIar, young peopIe wIII be traIned In areas oI
greater Importance as the Industry grows, such as servIce quaIIty standards,
envIronment protectIon, technIcaI and perIormance norms, eIectrIc utIIIty reguIatIon,
and equIpment standards and codes. The payoII Ior such Investments Is IncaIcuIabIe.
8y traInIng youth In renewabIe energy technoIogIes, we are InvestIng In Iuture
generatIons and In a heaIthy envIronment."
148

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7.12 7.12 7.12 7.12 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Covernments shouId support traInIng In sustaInabIe
consumptIon towards sustaInabIe IIIestyIe and IoIIow-up
InItIatIves IncIudIng networks and smaII grants.
SustaInabIe ConsumptIon (SC) Is about IIndIng workabIe soIutIons to
ImbaIances, both socIaI and envIronmentaI, through more responsIbIe behavIor Irom
everyone. n partIcuIar, SC Is IInked to productIon and dIstrIbutIon, use and dIsposaI oI
products and servIces and provIdes the means to rethInk theIr IIIecycIe. The aIm Is to
ensure that the basIc needs oI the entIre gIobaI communIty are met, excess Is reduced
and envIronmentaI damage Is avoIded.
149

n the context oI the MDCs, achIevIng more sustaInabIe consumptIon Is vItaI.
The consumptIon patterns oI the Iargest generatIon oI young peopIe the worId has
known - especIaIIy as economIc deveIopment Is achIeved more wIdeIy In deveIopIng
countrIes - have major ImpIIcatIons Ior maIntaInIng the gaIns oI the MDCs beyond
2015 and sustaInabIe deveIopment more wIdeIy. More sustaInabIe consumptIon must
be achIeved In the deveIoped worId, and gIven the power oI youth spendIng there Is
much potentIaI Ior conscIous consumerIsm amongst youth In rIch countrIes to support
sustaInabIe consumptIon and sustaInabIe deveIopment In the deveIopIng worId (see
the exampIe oI IaIr trade In CoaI 8).
150

n recognItIon oI the Importance oI SC, UNESCO and the UN EnvIronment
Programme (UNEP) have deveIoped a traInIng kIt on responsIbIe consumptIon Ior
young peopIe caIIed YouthXchange: YouthXchange: YouthXchange: YouthXchange: Towards SustaInabIe LIIestyIes. YouthXchange has
been desIgned Ior youth groups, NCOs, and educators to raIse awareness oI
sustaInabIe consumptIon Issues, oIIer exampIes oI more sustaInabIe purchasIng
choIces, and most ImportantIy, empower young peopIe to put theory Into practIce.
The deIIvery mechanIsm oI YouthXchange Is maInIy through traInIng Ior
traIner's sessIons. The YouthXchange project needs IocaI and cuIturaIIy orIented

ImpIementatIon. AsIde Irom some InternatIonaI traInIng Ior traIner's workshops (e.g.
EU pIIot traInIng sessIons In 2005), UNEP and UNESCO pIan to provIde traInIng tooIs
and InItIaI InspIratIon and guIdance Ior natIonaI ImpIementatIon.
For thIs reason, the partIcIpatIon oI natIonaI organIzatIons or natIonaI
governments Is essentIaI In the deIIvery oI the message at the IocaI IeveI. AII
YouthXchange partners so Iar are organIzatIons workIng toward the ImpIementatIon oI
the project at the IocaI and natIonaI IeveI and usuaIIy Integrate the guIde Into other
ongoIng projects or use It as an InspIratIon Ior new ones. NatIonaI YouthXchange
programs have been InItIated In MexIco, ChIna, Korea and Cermany. YouthXchange
materIaIs have been transIated Into SpanIsh, Portuguese, ChInese, CataIan and taIIan.
As outIIned In Case Study 33, the key to enabIIng youth to work towards SC In
theIr own communItIes Is provIdIng educatIon and empowerment programs. These
programs aIIow young peopIe to connect wIth each other, Iearn, and become InspIred
to act. Furthermore the provIsIon oI smaII grants Ior youth-Ied SC projects provIdes a
contInued IncentIve Ior SC InItIatIves to be ImpIemented.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 33 33 33 33: NatIonaI YouthXchange Programme In Korea : NatIonaI YouthXchange Programme In Korea : NatIonaI YouthXchange Programme In Korea : NatIonaI YouthXchange Programme In Korea
The government oI the RepubIIc oI Korea Is amongst the Ieaders oI governments that
promote sustaInabIe youth IIIestyIes. Through support oI InItIatIves carrIed out by the
CItIzens' AIIIance Ior Consumer ProtectIon oI Korea (CACPK), the government has
sIgnaIed Its Intent to heIp young Koreans IInd ways to change theIr consumptIon
patterns.
CACPK's IIrst sustaInabIe consumptIon youth camp, heId In SeouI Irom 18-20 August
2003, brought together over 80 young peopIe Irom aII over Korea. The youth camps
are consIdered part oI an IntensIve educatIon and empowerment program on youth
and sustaInabIe consumptIon. The youth camps gIve young peopIe the opportunIty to
crItIcaIIy reIIect on theIr current IIIestyIes and to empower them to become change
agents Ior sustaInabIe consumptIon. Young peopIe agreed that they were key agents
Ior promotIng changes In the IIIestyIes oI other age groups and were commItted to
take actIon In the Iuture.
The IoIIow-up actIvItIes oI the youth camp IncIuded the IormatIon oI the Creen Youth
Consumer AIIIance (CYCA) and assocIated management commIttee, a smaII grants
program Ior organIzatIons to conduct sustaInabIe consumptIon projects and a
natIonaI-IeveI YouthXchange websIte modeIed on the UNEP-UNESCO YouthXchange
InItIatIve.
151

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7.13 7.13 7.13 7.13 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: As part oI theIr commItments to the Decade oI EducatIon
Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment, governments shouId
encourage aII unIversItIes to begIn the transItIon to

becomIng sustaInabIe InstItutIons. The IIrst step Is to eIect
a commIttee comprIsIng students and teachers to deveIop a
strategy through consuItatIon wIth the unIversIty
communIty.
The overIap oI the Decade oI EducatIon Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment (DESD),
Irom 2005 to 2014, and the achIevement oI the MDCs, especIaIIy In reIatIon to CoaI 7,
Is an opportunIty not to be Ignored. The DESD provIdes a strong agenda, set oI actIons
and tooIs that are IndIspensabIe Ior deIIverIng on CoaI 7 oI the MDCs. The TaIIorIes
DecIaratIon oI 1990, the IIrst oIIIcIaI statement made by unIversIty admInIstrators
commIttIng unIversItIes to Integrate sustaInabIIIty and envIronmentaI IIterature In theIr
actIvItIes, recognIzes that: "UnIversItIes educate most oI the peopIe who deveIop and
manage socIety's InstItutIons. For thIs reason, unIversItIes bear proIound
responsIbIIItIes to Increase the awareness, knowIedge, technoIogIes, and tooIs to
create an envIronmentaIIy sustaInabIe Iuture."
152
Perhaps even more ImportantIy,
schooIs, whIch are more wIdeIy accessed than unIversItIes, can be powerIuI sItes Ior
IearnIng about how to IIve more sustaInabIy and take actIon to achIeve sustaInabIe
deveIopment.
WIth regard to hIgher educatIon, there are two steps to buIIdIng a sustaInabIe
unIversIty: the IIrst Is to IncIude educatIon Ior sustaInabIe deveIopment In the
currIcuIa, and the second step Is to pursue InstItutIonaI sustaInabIIIty.
The TaIIorIes DecIaratIon aIso states: "The unIversIty Is a mIcrocosm oI the
Iarger communIty, and the manner In whIch It carrIes out Its daIIy actIvItIes Is an
Important demonstratIon oI ways to achIeve envIronmentaIIy responsIbIe IIvIng. 8y
practIcIng what It preaches, the unIversIty can both engage the students In
understandIng the InstItutIonaI metaboIIsm oI materIaIs and actIvItIes, and have them
actIveIy partIcIpate to mInImIze poIIutIon and waste."
153

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 34 34 34 34: Network LookIng For SustaInabIe UnIversItIes : Network LookIng For SustaInabIe UnIversItIes : Network LookIng For SustaInabIe UnIversItIes : Network LookIng For SustaInabIe UnIversItIes
Eco-campus Is a network oI projects, peopIe (students, researchers and proIessors)
and unIversItIes wIth more than 188 members actIveIy supportIng sustaInabIe
deveIopment oI unIversItIes IocusIng on envIronmentaI Issues. TheIr aIm Is to shape
unIversItIes wIth objectIves In teachIng, admInIstratIon and scIentIIIc research that
IoIIow the prIncIpIes oI "sustaInabIe deveIopment", that are conscIous oI both theIr
responsIbIIIty and theIr power In shapIng the condItIons Ior Iuture generatIons, and
that use materIaI and energetIc resources In an envIronmentaIIy sound way whIch
mInImIze theIr Impact on the envIronment.
To reach theIr goaIs, they use the network to connect the actIvItIes oI students,
teachers and admInIstrators to make avaIIabIe a comIortabIe and InexpensIve basIs Ior
communIcatIon and InIormatIon, and to enabIe a contInuIng exchange oI knowIedge
and experIences as weII as Iurther traInIng possIbIIItIes. They try to Increase the

cooperatIon oI envIronmentaI representatIves at unIversItIes and cooperate wIth
IoreIgn networks oI peopIe, even young peopIe, and unIversItIes.
Those Instruments are maInIy concerned wIth envIronmentaI management, sustaInabIe
consumptIon and sustaInabIe deveIopment, emphasIzIng the savIng oI resources to
protect the envIronment (energy, mobIIIty, constructIon, waste, etc). The students
represent 32 per cent oI the totaI network and the research assIstants represent 33
per cent. The majorIty oI the peopIe workIng wIth the network are under the age oI
35.
154

ProtectIng the IntegrIty oI our envIronment Is a centraI prIncIpIe that aII other
actIons to achIeve the other MDCs must adhere to. Young peopIe have shown great
promIse and aptItude In addressIng envIronmentaI concerns through IeadershIp oI
envIronmentaI enterprIses In the areas oI saIe water, renewabIe energy and
sustaInabIe consumptIon and through contrIbutIng to and InIIuencIng the IncIusIon oI
sustaInabIe deveIopment In poIIcy and programs. n order to achIeve CoaI 7, exIstIng
networks and InItIatIves must be supported, repIIcated, expanded and scaIed up. The
IIrst step to doIng thIs Is Ior governments and IntergovernmentaI agencIes to consIder
takIng up the OptIons Ior ActIon IIsted throughout the dIscussIon.

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Target 12: Target 12: Target 12: Target 12: DeveIop Iurther an open, ruIe-based, predIctabIe, non-dIscrImInatory
tradIng and IInancIaI system
Targe Targe Targe Target 13: t 13: t 13: t 13: Address the SpecIaI Needs oI the Least DeveIoped CountrIes
Target 14: Target 14: Target 14: Target 14: Address the SpecIaI Needs oI IandIocked countrIes and smaII IsIand
deveIopIng States
Target 15: Target 15: Target 15: Target 15: DeaI comprehensIveIy wIth the debt probIems oI deveIopIng countrIes
through natIonaI and InternatIonaI measures In order to make debt
sustaInabIe In the Iong term
Target 16: Target 16: Target 16: Target 16: n co-operatIon wIth deveIopIng countrIes, deveIop and ImpIement
strategIes Ior decent and productIve work Ior youth
Target 17: Target 17: Target 17: Target 17: n co-operatIon wIth pharmaceutIcaI companIes, provIde access to
aIIordabIe, essentIaI drugs In deveIopIng countrIes
Target 18: Target 18: Target 18: Target 18: n co-operatIon wIth the prIvate sector, make avaIIabIe the beneIIts oI
new technoIogIes, especIaIIy InIormatIon and communIcatIons
RecentIy, IocaI government, wIth IInancIaI support Irom the government oI an
IndustrIaIIzed country, repIaced the IIsh market wIth a modern structure that wIII
house the vendors and some IocaI servIces. However, due to a Iack oI consuItatIon In
the pIannIng phase and the resuItIng mIsunderstandIng oI the InIormaI aspects oI the
present IIsh market, many oI these poor youths, as weII as other very poor market
workers, Iound themseIves excIuded Irom the market reIorms and Iost theIr
IIveIIhoods.
k| |trrtl Wtr.i (irtirii)
155 155 155 155

Youth eIIorts probabIy have strong eIIect; Ior exampIe Ior IIrst phase oI the
[WorId SummIt Ior nIormatIon SocIety] WSS, the natIonaI government dId nothIng to
raIse awareness about the nIormatIon SocIety and how CT can heIp the struggIe
agaInst poverty and educatIon needed Ior deveIopment countrIes. [nstead] the Center
Ior AssIstance oI T nItIatIves-CAT, an organIzatIon In the cIvII socIety headed by
youth, [raIsed awareness], and sent theIr contrIbutIon oI HaItIan youth to the WSS.
|rrstr \rrtrs (Kiiti) IJ irs-t.i
156 156 156 156

CoaI 8 hoIds the greatest potentIaI to enIranchIse the majorIty oI today's
aIIenated youth Into the gIobaI economy, enabIIng them to become actIve partners and

beneIIcIarIes. MDC Target 16 "DeveIop and ImpIement strategIes Ior decent and
productIve work Ior youth" Is the onIy specIIIc mentIon oI "youth" In the MDCs. ThIs
chapter wIII Iocus on IaIr trade, youth empIoyment and entrepreneurshIp and
nIormatIon CommunIcatIon TechnoIogy (CTs).
The trade justIce and IaIr trade movements are vItaI components In creatIng
the gIobaI tradIng system envIsaged by Target 12. Young peopIe In the deveIoped
worId are at the IoreIront oI these movements. TheIr experIences demonstrate what
can be achIeved through gIobaI North-South partnershIps between young peopIe In
support oI a deveIopment agenda.
Youth empIoyment can serve as the domInant means oI communIty
partIcIpatIon, actIve cItIzenshIp, autonomy, and Independence. FIndIng the means,
poIItIcaI wIII and the know-how to create a bIIIIon jobs over the next ten years that not
onIy deIIver economIc beneIIts to young peopIe, but aIso maIntaIn (and even buIId) the
envIronmentaI and socIaI weaIth, Is perhaps one oI the most Important targets oI the
MDCs. Further, IosterIng entrepreneurshIp Is vItaI In every part oI the worId and
shouId be consIdered a key mechanIsm Ior deveIopment. SupportIng young
entrepreneurs In the deveIopIng worId wIth educatIon, IInancIng, mentorshIp and
encouragement Is a crItIcaI pathway to brIdgIng the dIgItaI dIvIde and IosterIng the
creatIon oI sustaInabIe IIveIIhoods.
CTs provIde new opportunItIes Ior job creatIon, the IormatIon oI knowIedge
socIetIes and even poIItIcaI partIcIpatIon. Young peopIe are currentIy provIdIng
entrepreneurIaI IeadershIp In CT IndustrIes, creatIng jobs Ior themseIves and Ior
others, and IormIng InnovatIve partnershIps wIth the pubIIc and prIvate sector. The
dIgItaI dIvIde severeIy aIIects young peopIe, especIaIIy IeavIng out youth In ruraI areas.
Youth see CTs as opportunItIes Ior educatIon, busIness traInIng, IIteracy, socIaI
actIvIsm and voIunteerIsm.
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8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: 8uIId and support opportunItIes Ior youth to partIcIpate In
IaIr trade movement, and Iurther deveIop open tradIng and
IInancIaI systems that are ruIes-based, predIctabIe and
non-dIscrImInatory.
The trade justIce and IaIr trade movements are vItaI components In creatIng
the gIobaI tradIng system envIsIoned In Target 12. The current norms and Iaws oI the
InternatIonaI tradIng system brIng dIsproportIonate beneIIts to deveIoped countrIes.
The experIences oI young peopIe demonstrate what can be achIeved through gIobaI
North-South partnershIps between young peopIe In support oI a deveIopment agenda.
OxIam's Make Trade FaIr CampaIgn, and campaIgns by varIous actors
concernIng Iabor Issues IncIudIng chIId Iabor and sweat shop Iabor, have proved very
successIuI In recent years In raIsIng awareness amongst consumers and cItIzens In

deveIoped countrIes and mobIIIzIng them to change purchasIng behavIor, ask more oI
product suppIy chaIns and brIng about consumer Ied change to the actIvItIes oI
muItInatIonaIs towards practIces more In IIne wIth socIaI justIce and sustaInabIe
deveIopment.
157

Young peopIe In the deveIoped worId are sIgnIIIcant consumers and, through
theIr purchasIng power, access to resources, good educatIon, etc., have sIgnIIIcant
potentIaI to be harnessed In support oI pro-deveIopment trade and consumptIon. The
growth In the number oI socIaI and envIronmentaI IabeIs, and growth In IaIr trade
markets In the U.K., U.S. and Europe suggests that much can be achIeved through
IosterIng stronger partnershIps between young peopIe In the North and South. As
these movements grow and contInue to gaIn market share, the practIces oI Iarge
corporatIons and the trade ruIes that reguIate gIobaI trade wIII be under IncreasIng
pressure to change In response to consumer demands.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 35 35 35 35: UnIted Students Ior FaIr Trade : UnIted Students Ior FaIr Trade : UnIted Students Ior FaIr Trade : UnIted Students Ior FaIr Trade
UnIted Students Ior FaIr Trade (USFT) Is a coIIaboratIon oI students In the UnIted States
workIng toward economIc justIce through the promotIon oI FaIr Trade products,
prIncIpIes, and poIIcIes. They Iocus on buIIdIng Ieaders Ior the gIobaI justIce
movement, mobIIIzIng communItIes to support FaIr Trade, buIIdIng reIatIonshIps
across the North-South dIvIde, and equIppIng organIzers wIth resources. USFT
recognIzes that unIversItIes are a common arena Ior raIsIng awareness oI the
InequItIes In the current expIoItIve modeI oI gIobaI trade. However, the academIc
currIcuIum usuaIIy stops short oI suggestIng vIabIe aIternatIves. USFT beIIeves that
reIIectIon and study must be matched by commItment and actIon. USFT provIdes a
coherent natIonaI voIce Ior the student movement, and they undertake a range oI
InItIatIves to achIeve theIr vIsIon: "Students InspIrIng cItIzens and consumers to shape
a gIobaI economy based on human reIatIonshIps that are just and whIch nurture
communItIes both IocaIIy and gIobaIIy."
158

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8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Address the Issue oI youth empIoyment as a IundamentaI
bIock to poverty eradIcatIon and as a powerIuI mechanIsm
Ior deIIverIng the MDCs.
8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Strengthen and buIId partnershIps between youth, pubIIc
and prIvate sector, such as the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt
and Youth EmpIoyment Network.
Decent and productIve work Ior young peopIe Is centraI to reversIng cycIes oI
poverty. The Importance oI youth empIoyment has been hIghIIghted by many reports
and InItIatIves over the Iast 5 years. Youth empIoyment emerged on the InternatIonaI
agenda the same tIme as the IormatIon oI the MDCs, wIth two key InternatIonaI
InItIatIves commencIng In the governmentaI Iorum wIth the Youth EmpIoyment

Network
159
(a partnershIp between the WorId 8ank, the LO and the UN) and the cIvII
socIety InItIatIve, wIth the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt (YES).
160

161

The Youth EmpIoyment Network consIsts oI 10 'Iead countrIes' (AzerbaIjan,
8razII, Egypt, ndonesIa, ran, MaII, NamIbIa, Rwanda, SenegaI and SrI Lanka) that
deveIop NatIonaI ActIon PIans on youth empIoyment and InnovatIve new programs as
exampIes Ior other governments. MobIIIzIng poIItIcaI wIII and government InItIatIve Is
centraI to addressIng youth empIoyment crIsIs. The NatIonaI ActIon PIan process hoIds
governments accountabIe Ior theIr commItment to the MIIIennIum DecIaratIon and
provIdes a Iramework to anaIyze theIr IocaI sItuatIon and take stock oI theIr programs
to IacIIItate youth empIoyment.
n August 2004, the nternatIonaI Labor OrganIzatIon (LO), as part oI Its
commItment to the Youth EmpIoyment Network, reIeased a new gIobaI report on youth
unempIoyment. The report Iound that youth unempIoyment Is at an aII tIme hIgh and
haII the worId's jobIess are between 15 and 24 years oI age.
162
ThIs represents 88
mIIIIon young peopIe wIthout work In 2003.
When reIeasIng the new LO report, the head oI the LO, ]uan SomavIa, saId:
"We are wastIng an Important part oI the energy and taIent oI the most educated
youth generatIon the worId has ever had. EnIargIng the chances oI young peopIe to
IInd and keep decent work Is absoIuteIy crItIcaI to achIevIng the UN MIIIennIum
DeveIopment CoaIs."
163

Youth empIoyment strategIes shouId address three key areas:
CreatIng IIexIbIe empIoyment opportunItIes Ior youth, especIaIIy those at-
rIsk;
WorkIng to secure decent workIng condItIons Ior aII young peopIe (Iabor
rIghts);
When creatIng empIoyment and revIsIng current empIoyment poIIcIes,
ensure that jobs are meanIngIuI, contrIbute to creatIon oI more just and
sustaInabIe communItIes and reInIorce seII esteem and seII worth oI young
peopIe.
Youth empIoyment shouId be Integrated as a centraI pIatIorm Ior achIevIng
CoaI 1 oI poverty reductIon. Youth empIoyment poverty reductIon strategIes shouId
especIaIIy Iocus on young women, IndIgenous popuIatIons, and ruraI youth as those
most margInaIIzed wIthIn the current economIc system. AddressIng the needs oI
young women and ruraI youth wIII aIso heIp to achIeve CoaI 3 and address pressures
and probIems arIsIng Irom mass ruraI to urban mIgratIon (as dIscussed In reIatIon to
CoaI 7, Target 11). Many mIcroIInance programs, such as those ImpIemented by the
Crameen 8ank and the CommonweaIth Youth Programme, have targeted Investment to
young women wIth great success (see Ior exampIe Case Study 37 on the
CommonweaIth Youth CredIt nItIatIve). As such, the IInaI report Irom the MIIIennIum
Project's Task Force 1 on Poverty and EconomIc DeveIopment shouId IncIude

sIgnIIIcant and achIevabIe recommendatIons regardIng youth empIoyment as a centraI
pIatIorm Ior reaIIzIng the MDCs.
YES and YEN have deveIoped extensIve networks, compIIed Iong IIsts oI best
practIces and provIded both cIvII socIety and government Irameworks.
164
These eIIorts
now need to be scaIed up and repIIcated In more countrIes and communItIes. ThIs wIII
requIre consIderabIy more resources - both IInancIaI and technIcaI - and enhanced
commItments and partIcIpatIon Irom aII stakehoIders. At aII stages, youth must be
seen as equaI partners In deveIopIng and ImpIementIng InItIatIves; they must be gIven
the spaces and opportunItIes to be part oI the soIutIon. The thousands oI youth
InvoIved In InItIatIves such as the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt and Its Country Networks
demonstrate that young peopIe are keen and abIe to pIay Important and pIvotaI roIes
In IacIIItatIng the socIaI, economIc and envIronmentaI deveIopment necessary, II and
when approprIate support and opportunIty Is provIded.
SInce projects are so dIverse and oIten IocaI-specIIIc, It Is Important to Iook Ior
recommendatIons such as those outIIned In the IIst oI EIIectIve PractIces sectIon on
the YES websIte.
165
FacIIItatIng the macroeconomIc condItIons and mIcroeconomIc
poIIcy and programs to address the youth empIoyment crIsIs requIres new ways to
Iook at oId probIems, suIIIcIent Investment In eIIectIve educatIon and traInIng,
IInancIng and nurturIng youth entrepreneurshIp, and creatIng jobs themseIves that are
sustaInabIe Ior the envIronment and the youth InvoIved.
166

Projects must go beyond the non-governmentaI sector, and utIIIze
partnershIps and proactIve poIIcy.
167
As an exampIe oI how thIs mIght work, In St
VIncent and the CrenadInes, the Youth Empowerment ServIce uses projects that
contrIbute to natIon-buIIdIng as part oI a program to deveIop the skIIIs and economIc
prospects oI unempIoyed youth aged 17-30.
168
ThIs government-estabIIshed InItIatIve
has young peopIe workIng In areas such as heaIth, agrIcuIture, envIronment, and
educatIon. Other good practIces are connected to IocaI sustaInabIIIty Issues, such as
renewabIe energy.
169

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 36 36 36 36: Youth : Youth : Youth : Youth- -- -L LL Led CIvII SocIety MechanIsms Ior AddressIng Youth EmpIoyment ed CIvII SocIety MechanIsms Ior AddressIng Youth EmpIoyment ed CIvII SocIety MechanIsms Ior AddressIng Youth EmpIoyment ed CIvII SocIety MechanIsms Ior AddressIng Youth EmpIoyment
The YES CampaIgn was Iaunched by 1,600 deIegates Irom 120 countrIes at the
AIexandrIa Youth EmpIoyment SummIt, In Egypt on September 11, 2002. The YES
Framework Ior ActIon to Increase youth empIoyment Is organIzed around sIx key
prIncIpIes Ior youth deveIopment, and whIch must be attaIned In order to Improve
young peopIe's abIIIty to earn sustaInabIe IIveIIhoods. The prIncIpIes, or "6Es," are:
empIoyabIIIty, empIoyment creatIon, equIty, entrepreneurshIp, envIronmentaI
sustaInabIIIty, and empowerment. Furthermore, educatIon In Its myrIad Iorms (I.e.
IormaI schooIIng, InIormaI skIIIs attaInment, etc.) Is recognIzed as a IundamentaI pIIIar
upon whIch aII the 6E's rest.
n 60 countrIes YES Country Networks brIng youth organIzatIons together wIth
governments, NCOs, the prIvate sector, and academIc and traInIng InstItutIons to

deveIop programs and poIIcIes to provIde youth wIth opportunItIes Ior creatIng
sustaInabIe IIveIIhoods. YES Country Networks are youth-Ied, natIonaI-IeveI coaIItIons
Iocused on promotIng youth empIoyment In theIr countrIes. YES Networks IncIude
government oIIIcIaIs, deveIopment agencIes, busIness groups, and youth-servIng cIvII
socIety organIzatIons. ActIvItIes oI YES Country Networks IncIude:
EngagIng dIverse stakehoIders In theIr countrIes to joIn the YES Country Networks
and to promote youth empIoyment through theIr programs and aIready exIstIng
actIvItIes]InItIatIves;
HostIng natIonaI consuItatIons on youth empIoyment to reach out to a wIder
audIence and Incorporate new Ideas;
DesIgnIng NatIonaI ActIon PIans Ior Youth EmpIoyment;
DeveIopIng concrete youth empIoyment projects and InItIatIves over the comIng
three years;
dentIIyIng eIIectIve youth empIoyment programs and poIIcIes to share wIth the
CIobaI AIIIance;
DeveIopIng youth empIoyment Country Reports outIInIng the state oI youth
empIoyment;
PreparIng progress reports on each YES Network and actIvItIes undertaken sInce
the AIexandrIa SummIt.
170

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8. 8. 8. 8.4 44 4 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Use mIcro-IInance and skIIIs deveIopment InItIatIves to
reduce barrIers Ior youth entrepreneurshIp.
A vIabIe strategy to eradIcatIng poverty Is through the provIsIon oI seII-
empIoyment opportunItIes to transIorm job-seekers to job-makers or entrepreneurs.
Yet, oItentImes, young peopIe Iack suIIIcIent busIness management skIIIs and start-up
capItaI. MIcro-IInancIaI InstItutIons (MFs), especIaIIy In ruraI areas and urban poor
settIements, are essentIaI Ior creatIng busIness opportunItIes. The NatIons Trust In
South AIrIca Is one exampIe oI a youth-Ied mIcro-credIt agency caterIng to young
peopIe wantIng to venture Into smaII-scaIe busInesses.
171

Youth 8usIness nternatIonaI (Y8) Is an entrepreneurshIp scheme based In the UnIted
KIngdom wIth branches In 17 countrIes worIdwIde. TheIr research proves the IogIc oI
youth-Ied busIness start-ups: they have dIscovered that one In IIve young peopIe are
IntuItIveIy equIpped to start-up and run a smaII busIness. The NatIons Trust, an
aIIIIIate oI Y8, was estabIIshed In 1995 as a youth empowerment trust to provIde both
IInance and busIness support to young entrepreneurs. n ten years It has assIsted over
1,000 South AIrIcan youth by oIIerIng smaII busIness Ioans to those turned away by
commercIaI banks to reaIIze theIr entrepreneurIaI potentIaI and create sustaInabIe
busInesses. These mIcro-enterprIses have created more than 1,500 stabIe jobs thus
ensurIng a brIghter Iuture Ior young South AIrIcans. n 2010, The NatIons Trust
envIsIons to provIde support In startIng up 10,000 youth busInesses as Its

contrIbutIon to poverty eradIcatIon and youth empowerment In South AIrIca. MIcro-
credIt schemes have been shown to be very eIIectIve In assIstIng young peopIe In
creatIng sustaInabIe IIveIIhoods Ior themseIves. The estImated success rate oI
busInesses In some oI these schemes Is 80Z, compared wIth 10Z Ior normaI
busInesses In deveIopIng CommonweaIth countrIes.
172

WhIIe provIsIon oI mIcro-IInance Is one way to 'kIck-start' youth-Ied
enterprIses and youth seII-empIoyment, an aIternatIve approach, whIch aIso seeks to
assIst young peopIe to deveIop IInancIaI management skIIIs, Is the use oI matched-
savIngs or savIngs IncentIve programs.
173
An advantage oI such asset-based
approaches Is that young peopIe Iearn to save theIr money and manage IInances prIor
to commencIng busIness, are supported In theIr savIngs by theIr communIty (oIten
government and]or NCO programs), and may be more sustaInabIe In the Ionger-term
(I.e. generatIng Iunds Ior new enterprIses Irom wIthIn communItIes).
174
Covernments,
communItIes and young peopIe can consIder both optIons when seekIng to Ioster
Investment In youth enterprIses. Where young peopIe and communItIes do not have
mechanIsms Ior savIngs, mIcro-credIt InItIatIves may be necessary to begIn wIth, but
may aIso beneIIt Irom IncorporatIng eIements oI asset-based approaches, IncIudIng
IInancIaI IIteracy traInIng and promotIon oI savIngs aIongsIde the operatIon oI new
busInesses.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 37 37 37 37: ProvIdIng CredIt Ior Young Entrepreneurs : ProvIdIng CredIt Ior Young Entrepreneurs : ProvIdIng CredIt Ior Young Entrepreneurs : ProvIdIng CredIt Ior Young Entrepreneurs
The CommonweaIth Youth CredIt nItIatIve (CYC) Is a smaII enterprIse scheme Ior
young peopIe InvoIvIng "mIcro-credIt" (smaII-scaIe IendIng), traInIng and enterprIse
deveIopment. The Idea Is to provIde Iow-cost, easIIy accessIbIe credIt and traInIng to
underprIvIIeged young peopIe to brIng economIc seII-suIIIcIency. CYC provIdes these
servIces usIng the IoIIowIng methods:
Iow Interest rates
Iow traInIng costs
partnershIps wIth non-governmentaI organIzatIons
a support network oI young peopIe to encourage savIng and the payIng back oI
Ioans
ongoIng traInIng and monItorIng oI enterprIses
8y March 2000, the AsIan project provIded over 1,000 Ioans, wIth a recovery rate oI
over 85Z. Over 800 enterprIses had been set up, haII oI whIch were started by women.
The success oI the project can be attrIbuted to the experIence and expertIse oI the
partner NCO oI the project, the nternatIonaI Center Ior Career and EntrepreneurshIp
DeveIopment, whIch ran traInIng programs and deIIvered Ioans to young peopIe In
urban, ruraI and trIbaI areas.
The success oI thIs modeI proves that young peopIe can be trusted wIth enterprIse
credIt. The experIence oI CYC has contrIbuted to greater Interest In mIcro-credIt and
sustaInabIe IIveIIhoods Ior young peopIe. AgencIes such as UNCEF, CDA]DRC and

others have adopted CYP's approach. CYP Is attemptIng to buIId on the Youth CredIt
nItIatIve wIth the MIcro-CredIt Management System, a project to heIp governments
ensure the success oI NCO-based enterprIse schemes.
175

8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Strengthen youth entrepreneurshIp networks
Youth networks provIde a Iorum Ior exchange oI Ideas about common
probIems and Issues IacIng youth. They aIso heIp young peopIe Iearn what others are
doIng eIsewhere and to see In what ways such projects can be ImpIemented
eIsewhere, share research and resources, as weII as buIId poIItIcaI wIII towards
creatIng more opportunItIes Ior youth entrepreneurs.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 38 38 38 38: EnterprIsIng Youth a : EnterprIsIng Youth a : EnterprIsIng Youth a : EnterprIsIng Youth around the WorId round the WorId round the WorId round the WorId
8IueprInt 8IueprInt 8IueprInt 8IueprInt Is a workshop and case study project Ior and about enterprIsIng young
peopIe around the worId. t was created by two youth-Ied organIzatIons - the
nternatIonaI Young ProIessIonaIs FoundatIon and Youth 2 Youth - wIthIn the
Iramework oI the YES Country Network In AustraIIa. The goaIs oI the 8IueprInt Project
are to:
RecognIze and promote enterprIsIng young peopIe In IocaI communItIes
DeveIop, cataIyze and enhance enterprIse skIIIs and support networks amongst
young peopIe to assIst them In turnIng Ideas In to actIons
Produce case studIes oI successIuI young socIaI, envIronmentaI and busIness
entrepreneurs
Due to the successIuI ImpIementatIon In AustraIIa In 2003, 8IueprInt wIII run agaIn In
2004 In AustraIIa, and It wIII be modIIIed Ior ImpIementatIon In other countrIes
throughout the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt network.
176

The Youth EmpIoyment Spark* The Youth EmpIoyment Spark* The Youth EmpIoyment Spark* The Youth EmpIoyment Spark* (YES) project, a muItI-country youth empIoyment-
entrepreneurshIp partnershIp Iead by the Dutch NatIonaI Youth CouncII, aIms to raIse
awareness and Increase understandIng oI InternatIonaI youth unempIoyment Issues
among young peopIe In a posItIve and entertaInIng way. FIve young entrepreneurs,
aged 18 to 26, In Cuyana, the NetherIands, the PhIIIppInes, South AIrIca and Turkey,
aIter havIng been seIected In a busIness pIan competItIon, wIII sImuItaneousIy start
theIr own busInesses under the guIdance oI a youth organIzatIon and a mentor Irom
the busIness communIty. TheIr experIences wIII be IoIIowed and presented to a
youthIuI audIence through an InteractIve websIte, natIonaI and InternatIonaI youth
networks and medIa channeIs, and potentIaIIy a TV program or documentary. Through
raIsIng awareness and InternatIonaI cooperatIon, YES endeavors to spark new youth
empIoyment, entrepreneurshIp projects, partnershIps, and IundIng opportunItIes.
177

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8.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: 8.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: 8.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: 8.6 OptIon Ior ActIon: Youth must be empowered as Iearners, deveIopers,
contrIbutors, entrepreneurs and decIsIon-makers on the
Issue oI nIormatIon and CommunIcatIon TechnoIogIes.
WIdespread access In urban and ruraI areas Is crItIcaI to
IacIIItatIng thIs empowerment.
8.7 OptIon Ior ActIon 8.7 OptIon Ior ActIon 8.7 OptIon Ior ActIon 8.7 OptIon Ior ActIon: :: : Covernments shouId pIay a IacIIItatory roIe In nurturIng
CT-reIated youth enterprIse through host-posItIve poIIcy
and Investment In CT InIrastructure.
I there were ever an area where young peopIe were not just the Ieaders oI the
Iuture, but aIso oI the present, It Is In the emergIng InIormatIon socIety. From web
deveIopment to InIormatIon access, youth are growIng up wIth the Iatest
technoIogIes-- and extendIng them, provIdIng InnovatIve soIutIons to gIobaI
chaIIenges. RecognIzIng thIs, In December 2003 more than 175 countrIes at the WorId
SummIt oI nIormatIon SocIety (WSS) decIared In the outcome document oI the
SummIt:
178

We are commItted to reaIIzIng our common vIsIon oI the nIormatIon SocIety
Ior ourseIves and Ior Iuture generatIons. We recognIze that young peopIe are the
Iuture workIorce and IeadIng creators and earIIest adopters oI CTs. We must Iocus
especIaIIy on young peopIe who have not yet been abIe to beneIIt IuIIy Irom the
opportunItIes provIded by CTs. We are aIso commItted to ensurIng that the
deveIopment oI CT appIIcatIons and operatIon oI servIces respects the rIghts oI
chIIdren as weII as theIr protectIon and weII-beIng.
The paragraph Is partIy attrIbutabIe to the presence oI the WSS Youth Caucus
at the SummIt ItseII and Its preparatory meetIngs. The Youth Caucus was Iormed on
the occasIon oI the 1st WSS Preparatory CommIttee MeetIng In ]uIy 2002, and
contInues to act as an umbreIIa Ior aII young peopIe and youth non-governmentaI
organIzatIons Interested and]or InvoIved In the WSS process and CT poIIcy-
IormuIatIon. The WSS Youth Caucus aIms to maInstream youth perspectIves Into cIvII
socIety, the prIvate sector and government Inputs throughout the WSS process. The
Youth Caucus was one oI the most organIzed and successIuI stakehoIder groupIngs In
the IIrst phase oI the WSS process - partIcIpatIng and speakIng at meetIngs,
pubIIshIng a reguIar newsIetter, runnIng an award program, conductIng sIgnIIIcant
natIonaI-IeveI outreach, and can be attrIbuted to the exIstence oI the paragraph on
youth In the WSS decIaratIon.
There are a number oI areas where young peopIe can use nIormatIon and
CommunIcatIon TechnoIogIes Ior deveIopment:
Young peopIe see great potentIaI Ior ImprovIng deveIopment eIIorts and provIdIng
meanIngIuI IIveIIhood opportunItIes through the estabIIshment oI teIecenters In

both ruraI and urban areas. These teIecenters provIde IIveIIhood opportunItIes Ior
many young peopIe.
Young peopIe use CTs to seek InIormatIon about educatIon and IIveIIhood
opportunItIes avaIIabIe to them.
Young peopIe apprecIate the Increased consuItatIons on InIormatIon technoIogy
poIIcy and prIorItIes.
Young peopIe pIay a crItIcaI roIe In the deveIopment oI IocaIIy approprIate content.
Many work to repackage InIormatIon between oId and new medIa types and to
Interpret It Ior IocaI, natIonaI, and InternatIonaI audIences.
CTs enabIe young peopIe to expIore and deIIne theIr cuItures wIthIn the context
oI rapId gIobaIIzatIon.
CT traInIng provIdes a context Ior skIII deveIopment, socIaIIzatIon, and
communIty buIIdIng Ior out-oI-schooI or otherwIse margInaIIzed youth.
LocaI e-commerce may open more sIgnIIIcant IIveIIhood opportunItIes Ior
young peopIe than InternatIonaI e-commerce. SmaIIer scaIe e-commerce networks
and CT enabIed smaII and medIum enterprIses provIde young peopIe wIth the
opportunIty to deveIop proIessIonaIIy wIthout havIng to reIocate Iarge dIstances Irom
theIr IamIIIes and support networks.
WorIdwIde CT-expansIon has been possIbIe due In part to the voIunteer
eIIorts and InternshIp work oI young proIessIonaIs. Many have postponed or Ioregone
potentIaIIy IucratIve prIvate sector jobs to traIn others In CT use. These opportunItIes
have Iurther strengthened the skIIIs oI the young peopIe as weII as theIr commItment
to socIaIIy-conscIous uses oI CTs.
However, youth are a Iarge untapped resource Ior creatIng dIgItaI
opportunItIes. Many youth are aIready usIng technoIogy Ior InnovatIve socIaI causes,
oIten expandIng access to InIormatIon beyond those wIth personaI access to
technoIogy. Yet, youth actIons to brIdge the dIgItaI dIvIde oIten suIIer Irom crItIcaI
deIIcIencIes, such as:
Lack oI maInstream support: youth-Ied CT programs are rareIy aIIorded the
IundIng or recognItIon requIred to ImpIement or repIIcate In a substantIaI or
sustaIned manner.
Lack oI partIcIpatIon In decIsIon-makIng: youth are rareIy InvoIved In natIonaI,
regIonaI and InternatIonaI CT poIIcy deveIopment, meanIng youth Iack the
Iramework, support and IegItImacy requIred Ior sustaIned actIon, and poIIcy
ImpIementatIon Iacks buy-In Irom thIs key grassroots constItuency.
Lack oI communIcatIon: youth eIIort on CTs Is Iragmented, oIten unInIormed by
others practIce, unconnected to a bIgger pIcture, unabIe to Ieverage resources,
and IInd moraI and InspIratIonaI support.
Lack oI access: many youth In ruraI areas In deveIopIng countrIes cannot be
empowered In CT as the InIrastructure and IacIIItIes are IargeIy IImIted to urban
areas.


8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: OptIon Ior ActIon: Support and resource new coaIItIons and partnershIps
around CTs.
Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 39 39 39 39: The CIobaI KnowIedge Pa : The CIobaI KnowIedge Pa : The CIobaI KnowIedge Pa : The CIobaI KnowIedge PartnershIp rtnershIp rtnershIp rtnershIp
The CIobaI KnowIedge PartnershIp (CKP) has pIayed a pIvotaI roIe In thIs movement to
engage young peopIe In eIIorts around dIgItaI IncIusIon. For CK In MaIaysIa In 2000,
young peopIe's Issues were consIdered a major cross-cuttIng theme. PrIor to that
conIerence, the CKP convened a Youth AdvIsory CouncII to IacIIItate the "Youth:
8uIIdIng KnowIedge SocIetIes" (Y8KS) e-conIerence. ThIs event sought to determIne
youth prIorItIes Ior actIon on CTs Ior deveIopment as a crItIcaI Input to the CKP ActIon
PIan. More than 350 young peopIe Irom 57 countrIes came together to expIore how
youth are usIng CTs to produce, dIssemInate and use knowIedge Ior sustaInabIe
deveIopment. At CK ItseII, a major Youth Forum was heId concurrentIy wIth the
CIobaI KnowIedge Forum wIth more than 30 young CT vIsIonarIes In attendance Irom
around the worId. n 2001, the CKP agaIn pIayed a key roIe IacIIItatIng youth
InvoIvement In InternatIonaI CT poIIcy, reconvenIng the Youth AdvIsory CouncII onIIne
to update and repurpose the Inputs oI Y8KS Into IormaI Input to the C8 DOTIorce.
CKP's advocacy wIth and Ior young peopIe has been supported by actIve partIcIpatIon
Irom Its members, many oI who have strong youth-reIated programs. FIrst among
these has been the nternatIonaI nstItute Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment (SD), whIch
pIayed a coordInatIng roIe Ior both Y8KS and the DOTIorce update. n 2002, the CKP
InvIted SD to deveIop a more comprehensIve and 'actIon orIented' youth strategy.
SD In turn, InvIted the young coordInators oI TakIngTCIobaI (an InternatIonaI youth-
Ied organIzatIon wIth exIstIng CKP connectIons) to co-author the strategy that became
known as Youth CreatIng DIgItaI OpportunItIes.
179

The Youth CreatIng DIgItaI OpportunItIes (YCDO) CoaIItIon aImed to provIde a
coIIaboratIve roadmap to coordInate eIIorts around Youth and CTS Ior DeveIopment,
cIosIng gaps and reducIng dupIIcatIon oI eIIort, wIth Iour key goaIs:
To deveIop youth Input to & InIIuence poIIcIes at natIonaI and InternatIonaI IeveIs
reIated to the nIormatIon SocIety.
To buIId capacIty Ior actIon and deveIop approprIate IundIng mechanIsms to
support youth creatIng dIgItaI opportunItIes.
To showcase and ceIebrate projects run by young peopIe that harness InIormatIon
and communIcatIons technoIogIes Ior deveIopment.
To provIde reIevant and vIbrant IearnIng and sharIng experIences Ior youth and
other stakehoIders on areas oI specIIIc concern Ior youth In the InIormatIon
socIety.
180

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8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 OptIon Ior Act OptIon Ior Act OptIon Ior Act OptIon Ior ActIon: Ion: Ion: Ion: See communIty cyber caIes and teIecenters as means to
address muItIpIe deveIopment needs, such as busIness
traInIng, and opportunItIes Ior educatIon In reproductIve
and sexuaI heaIth.
As Is the case wIth many deveIopment projects, addressIng one communIty
need may oIten end up soIvIng another. CTs provIde new opportunItIes Ior job
creatIon,
181
and nurture new Iorms oI socIaI InteractIon, youth In cIvII socIety and
InIormatIon exchange. As Case Study 40 beIow shows, a cyber caIe can serve as a
meetIng pIace, an opportunIty Ior ImprovIng communIty IIteracy, and a management
and traInIng opportunIty Ior those InvoIved In Its creatIon.
CTs can oIIer new opportunItIes Ior the physIcaIIy and socIaIIy margInaIIzed.
For exampIe oI DIgItaI DIvIde Data, a CambodIan-based US company whose
operatIons are entIreIy based on CTs, provIdes data entry servIces to companIes and
InstItutIons In the US and CambodIa. nputs receIved as dIgItaI Images are processed
accordIng to cIIent specIIIcatIons and sent back by DDD's staII; aII oI whom are under
25 and are orphans, physIcaIIy dIsabIed or traIIIcked women.
182

Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study 40 40 40 40: CTs In SexuaI HeaIth and HV]ADS preventIon : CTs In SexuaI HeaIth and HV]ADS preventIon : CTs In SexuaI HeaIth and HV]ADS preventIon : CTs In SexuaI HeaIth and HV]ADS preventIon
Advocates Ior Youth has been partnerIng wIth NCOs In CentraI AmerIca and sub-
Saharan AIrIca on a cyber caIe InItIatIve Ior youth as a strategy Ior ImprovIng
reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth, IncIudIng HV]ADS preventIon. n CentraI AmerIca, the
cyber caIes have been targetIng Cay, LesbIan, 8IsexuaI, and Transgender (CL8T) youth,
whIIe In sub-Saharan AIrIca, the Iocus has been on heterosexuaI youth. These NCOs-
Entre AmIgos In EI SaIvador, ComunIdad Cay San Pedrana In Honduras, OASS In
CuatemaIa, TownshIp ADS Project In South AIrIca, the Youth ActIon Rangers oI NIgerIa
(YARN) and the Youth HeaIth OrganIzatIon (YOHO) In 8otswana- have Invested In the
nternet as a means oI ImprovIng access to sexuaI heaIth InIormatIon Ior youth by
estabIIshIng cyber-caIes In theIr organIzatIons. Key actIvItIes and servIces carrIed out
by the NCOs through the cyber caIes IncIude deveIopment and provIsIon oI vIrtuaI and
reaI InIormatIon on sexuaI heaIth and HV preventIon, as weII as workshops to buIId
computer IIteracy IocusIng on topIcs such as how to use Word Processor and
Spreadsheet soItware, how to navIgate the nternet and how to create a Web sIte.
Key aspects oI the cyber-caIes IncIude youth InvoIvement In the management,
operatIon, monItorIng and evaIuatIon oI the program. For exampIe, a young person
serves as the coordInator oI the cyber caIes, wIth support Irom an aduIt supervIsor.
The cyber caIe aIso IunctIons as a saIe space Ior youth to gather and exchange
InIormatIon.
AIthough the goaI oI the InItIatIve was to provIde a saIe space Ior youth to access
accurate sexuaI and reproductIve heaIth InIormatIon vIa the nternet, young peopIe
vIsItIng the cyber caIe have aIso gaIned other vaIuabIe skIIIs such as how to use a

computer. Some partIcIpatIng youth have obtaIned empIoyment or been promoted In
theIr jobs and stIII others, who have not yet IInIshed schooI, have expressed beIng
more "empIoyabIe" sInce acquIrIng the computer IIteracy skIIIs deveIoped through
accessIng the cyber-caIe.
183

Lack oI access to CTs, IaIr trade condItIons and meanIngIuI and productIve
work aII curtaII young peopIe's abIIItIes to contrIbute to achIevIng the MDCs. ThIs can
be resoIved by empowerIng young peopIe wIth the means to truIy engage In
deveIopIng mechanIsms to ImpIement the MDCs at natIonaI and InternatIonaI IeveIs
and by oIIerIng tooIs Ior concrete and meanIngIuI actIons that wIII beneIIt generatIons
to come. ]ob creatIon shouId Iocus on IndustrIes and work that deIIvers progress
towards the MDCs and sustaInabIe deveIopment so that 88 mIIIIon unempIoyed youth
can be an opportunIty towards a sustaInabIe Iuture, and not a burden. The UN and
member countrIes must see the potentIaI and capacIty Ior youth In the deveIoped and
deveIopIng worIds aIIke to work towards and brIng down the waIIs oI apathy and
InactIon by creatIng gIobaI partnershIps Ior deveIopment. The wrItIng oI thIs report
aIone Is one Iurther exampIe oI how young peopIe, representIng 5 contInents, can
come together, coIIaborate and work towards a common goaI to achIeve the MDCs.

|irt |||. Jrit| Wirs
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ThIs report provIdes an overvIew oI youth partIcIpatIon as It currentIy exIsts
(Part ), outIInes ways In whIch youth are dIrectIy InvoIved and aIIected by each
goaI, demonstrates the ways In whIch young peopIe are contrIbutIng to the MDCs,
and provIdes 'OptIons Ior ActIon' that governments, the UnIted NatIons system,
donors and other actors can harness, support and scaIe-up In order to enabIe
young peopIe to make a more sIgnIIIcant contrIbutIon to meetIng the MDCs (Part
). These OptIons Ior ActIon have been IormuIated as a resuIt oI research Into
current youth actIvItIes that are contrIbutIng to the achIevement oI the MDCs and
the enabIIng envIronments necessary Ior youth to be actIve contrIbutors to
achIevIng the MDCs.
ThIs sectIon outIInes both how young peopIe can contrIbute to the QuIck
wIns as deveIoped by the MIIIennIum Project, as weII as outIInIng a number oI
youth-Iocused quIck wIns Ior the ImpIementatIon oI the MIIIennIum DeveIopment
CoaIs based on the OptIons Ior ActIon IdentIIIed In thIs paper.
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The MIIIennIum Project recommended deveIoped and deveIopIng countrIes
joIntIy Iaunch a group oI QuIck WIn actIons In 2005 to save and Improve mIIIIons
oI IIves and to promote economIc growth. They aIso recommend that a massIve
eIIort be Iaunched to buIId expertIse at the communIty IeveI. AIthough beIng Iar
Irom comprehensIve, these QuIck WIn actIons, II ImpIemented, couId brIng vItaI
gaIns to mIIIIons oI peopIe and start countrIes on the path to achIevIng the MDCs.
There are IInks and synergIes between the OptIons Ior ActIon provIded
throughout Part oI thIs report and the QuIck WIn actIons proposed by the
MIIIennIum Project. The OptIons Ior ActIon are compIImentary and provIde a
process to ImpIement the QuIck WIn actIons, usIng young peopIe as key
ImpIementIng agents. MobIIIzIng young peopIe wIII contrIbute greatIy to the
eIIectIveness and sustaInabIIIty oI the QuIck WIn actIvItIes.
The IoIIowIng tabIe outIInes the synergIes between some oI the OptIons Ior
ActIon and QuIck WIns. These OptIons Ior ActIon couId be ImpIemented In the
countrIes earmarked Ior Fast TrackIng. [See AppendIx 8]
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QuIck WIn QuIck WIn QuIck WIn QuIck WIn OptIon Ior ActIon OptIon Ior ActIon OptIon Ior ActIon OptIon Ior ActIon
DesIgnIng communIty nutrItIon programs
Ior pregnant and IactatIng women and
chIIdren under IIve that support
breastIeedIng, provIde access to IocaIIy
produced compIementary Ioods and,
where needed, provIde mIcronutrIent
(especIaIIy zInc and vItamIn A)
suppIementatIon.
4.2 TraIn unempIoyed youth In
communIty-based heaIth work,
prenataI care, emergency obstetrIc
care and IamIIy pIannIng and expand
these servIces In a strategIc manner In
deveIopIng countrIes.
ExpandIng access to sexuaI and
reproductIve heaIth InIormatIon and
servIces, IncIudIng IamIIy pIannIng and
contraceptIve InIormatIon and servIces,
and cIosIng exIstIng IundIng gaps Ior
suppIIes and IogIstIcs.
4.1 EstabIIsh teen cIInIcs and promote
peer-to-peer educatIon on sexuaI and
reproductIve heaIth, encouragIng
young peopIe In the communIty to
take a roIe In the desIgn and needs
assessment requIred Ior theses
programs.
5.2 Encourage peer-to-peer educatIon
on sexuaI heaIth and communIty-
based condom dIstrIbutIon Ior youth
by youth.
5.5 Fund and support youth-Ied
medIa and awareness campaIgns
about scIentIIIc ImpIIcatIons oI some
cuIturaI practIces.
6.1 Encourage youth-Ied sexuaI
reproductIve heaIth educatIon In
secondary schooIs, and Integrate
HV]ADS educatIon Into currIcuIum as
a sustaInabIe way oI sharIng
InIormatIon about HV]ADS.
LaunchIng natIonaI campaIgns to reduce
3.1 ProvIde IncentIves and IundIng
opportunItIes Ior NCOs and youth
organIzatIons to InItIate non-IormaI
educatIon actIvItIes targetIng gIrIs and
women. Where InItIatIves aIready exIst,
deveIop repIIcatIon strategIes and
scaIe-up exIstIng InItIatIves.

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QuIck WIn QuIck WIn QuIck WIn QuIck WIn OptIon Ior ActIon OptIon Ior ActIon OptIon Ior ActIon OptIon Ior ActIon
ProvIdIng communIty-IeveI support to
pIant trees to provIde soII nutrIents,
IueIwood, shade, Iodder, watershed
protectIon, wIndbreak, and tImber.
7.9 ProvIde IncentIves such as grants
or mIcro-IInance Ior youth to work Ior
saIe water In theIr communIty, and Ior
youth-Ied cIean water projects.
7.11 DeveIop partnershIps In areas
wIthout access to saIe water to traIn
youth to Iead communIty-based water
suppIy projects.
7.12 Covernments shouId support
traInIng In sustaInabIe consumptIon
towards sustaInabIe IIIestyIe and
IoIIow-up InItIatIves IncIudIng
networks and smaII grants.
Further to the dIrect synergIes between QuIck WIns and the OptIons Ior
ActIon outIIned above, youth can be eIIectIve servIce provIders In many oI the
other QuIck WIn actIons. UnempIoyed young peopIe are an untapped resource and
shouId to be vIewed as partners In deveIopment. They have the potentIaI to
receIve traInIng, provIde Iabor and be actIve partners In the roIIout oI the IoIIowIng
QuIck WIn actIons:
ProvIdIng ImpoverIshed Iarmers In sub-Saharan AIrIca wIth aIIordabIe
repIenIshments oI soII nItrogen and other soII nutrIents.
ProvIdIng Iree schooI meaIs Ior aII chIIdren usIng IocaIIy produced Ioods wIth
take-home ratIons.
ProvIdIng reguIar annuaI dewormIng to aII schooIchIIdren In aIIected areas to
Improve heaIth and educatIonaI outcomes.
TraInIng Iarge numbers oI vIIIage workers In heaIth, IarmIng, and InIrastructure
(In one-year programs) to ensure basIc expertIse and servIces In ruraI
communItIes.
DIstrIbutIng Iree, Iong-IastIng, InsectIcIde-treated bed-nets to aII chIIdren In
maIarIa-endemIc zones to cut decIsIveIy the burden oI maIarIa.
ExpandIng the use oI proven eIIectIve drug combInatIons Ior ADS,
tubercuIosIs, and maIarIa. For ADS, thIs IncIudes successIuIIy compIetIng the 3
by 5 InItIatIve to brIng antI-retrovIraIs to 3 mIIIIon peopIe by 2005.
SettIng up IundIng to IInance communIty-based sIum upgradIng and earmark
IdIe pubIIc Iand Ior Iow-cost housIng.
ProvIdIng access to eIectrIcIty, water, sanItatIon, and the nternet Ior aII
hospItaIs, schooIs, and other socIaI servIce InstItutIons usIng oII-grId dIeseI
generators, soIar paneIs, or other approprIate technoIogIes.
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\trtl \trtl \trtl \trtl- -- -|ttrsi Jrit| Wirs |ttrsi Jrit| Wirs |ttrsi Jrit| Wirs |ttrsi Jrit| Wirs
n addItIon to young peopIe contrIbutIng In the ImpIementatIon oI the
MIIIennIum Project QuIck WIns, there are a number oI youth-specIIIc quIck wIns
that can make a sIgnIIIcant and measurabIe dIIIerence to the state oI young peopIe
In target countrIes.
The InItIatIves consIdered QuIck WIns Ior youth are:
LInk IocaI youth empIoyment networks to cIInIcs In dIsease-aIIected areas
(OptIon Ior ActIon 6.4).
EstabIIsh a Iund to support youth-Ied renewabIe energy enterprIses (OptIon Ior
ActIon 7.10).
DeveIop partnershIps In areas wIthout access to saIe water to traIn youth to
Iead communIty-based water suppIy projects (OptIon Ior ActIon 7.11).
Covernment must enact Iaws that Ioster the creatIon oI communIty-drIven
projects wIth urban youth IIvIng In poverty, support current youth-Ied
entrepreneurIaI InItIatIves In urban communItIes, as weII as UN-HA8TAT's
work In sIum deveIopment (OptIon Ior ActIon 1.7).
Covernments shouId adopt and promote the concept oI peer-Ied InItIatIves and
encourage young peopIe In schooIIng to undertake communIty-based
InItIatIves that encourage schooI partIcIpatIon (OptIon Ior ActIon 2.1).

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The successIuI ImpIementatIon oI the MDCs depends on technIcaI and pragmatIc
soIutIons In the context oI hoIIstIc peopIe-centered deveIopment strategIes. Some oI
the concrete recommendatIons Ior youth-drIven actIon have been IIsted In Part oI
thIs report, as they specIIIcaIIy reIate to goaI-orIented soIutIons. The IoIIowIng
recommendatIons wIII concentrate on cross-cuttIng Issues that permeate across aII 8
MDCs and that aIIect youth engagement In ImpIementIng aII CoaIs.
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MDC Youth Report: A comprehensIve report on young peopIe and the
MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs shouId be produced by a coaIItIon oI UN agencIes,
NCOs and young peopIe. The report shouId buIId on thIs present contrIbutIon to the
MIIIennIum Project and be Iaunched at the MIIIennIum SummIt+5.
MDC Youth CampaIgns: A serIes oI natIonaIIy-Iocused youth campaIgns shouId
be cataIyzed around the worId, Ied IargeIy by young peopIe themseIves. The objectIves
oI these campaIgns wouId be to raIse awareness about the MDCs, provIde space Ior
youth to express theIr vIews and share experIences reIated to MDC Issues, enabIe
young peopIe to Interact wIth theIr natIonaI Ieaders, and IacIIItate networkIng between
youth groups to crystaIIIze new projects. The campaIgns wouId IncIude severaI
eIements IncIudIng schooI-based outreach, natIonaI conIerences, IocaI workshops,
medIa actIvItIes IncIudIng phone-In radIo programs and teIevIsed debates, essay and
expressIon contests and servIce days. The campaIgns shouId be coordInated gIobaIIy,
to enabIe cross-poIIInatIon oI Ideas and actIvItIes as weII as strong communIcatIon oI
theIr resuIts to regIonaI and InternatIonaI audIences.
Youth at the MIIIennIum +5 MeetIng In 2005: There shouId be meanIngIuI
partIcIpatIon oI young peopIe at the pIanned MIIIennIum+5 RevIew SummIt In mId-
2005. MeanIngIuI partIcIpatIon means maInstreamIng young peopIe wIthIn the
SummIt's program, provIdIng space Ior young speakers In pIenary and paneI
dIscussIons, and traveI schoIarshIps to assIst the partIcIpatIon oI young peopIe Irom
the deveIopIng worId. t Is aIso suggested that a Workshop Ior a seIected number oI
Youth DeveIopment Leaders Iocused on practIcaI skIIIs traInIng, usIng a Peer-AssIst
and Open Space ModeI wouId be vaIuabIe, as wouId an exhIbItIon oI youth-Ied
projects, and opportunItIes Ior young peopIe to connect dIrectIy wIth worId Ieaders.
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ThIs shouId aIso be IInked to the 5-year revIew oI the WorId Programme oI ActIon Ior
Youth Ior the year 2000 and beyond.
CIobaI AttentIon to Youth EmpIoyment: The Importance oI youth empIoyment
Is underIIned by the Iact that oI aII the Issues to whIch youth are centraI, yet It Is the
onIy pIace In the MDCs (CoaI 8) where youth are specIIIcaIIy reIerenced. The
InternatIonaI communIty shouId sIgnIIIcantIy step up support Ior and coIIaboratIon
between major gIobaI eIIorts such as the Youth EmpIoyment Network and the Youth
EmpIoyment SummIt CampaIgn. n deveIopment oI major youth empIoyment
InItIatIves, the emphasIs shouId be Iess ownershIp by the UN and the oIder generatIon,
and more ownershIp by IocaI youth and theIr grassroots networks, as weII as IocaI and
natIonaI IeveI stakehoIders. SpecIaI attentIon shouId be pIaced on skIIIs traInIng
programs Ior out oI schooI youth, especIaIIy In the deveIopIng worId, IncIudIng street
chIIdren, orphans, war-aIIected chIIdren and other margInaIIzed young peopIe.
Youth and ConIIIct: Youth-engagement In MDCs Is IImIted by the adversIty oI
conIIIct around the worId. The need Ior youth-Ied and]or youth-drIven InItIatIves to
resoIve armed conIIIcts around the worId Is stressed by the Iact that war aIIects young
peopIe as soIdIers, cIvIIIans, IamIIy members and students. nvestIng In the
reIntegratIon oI youth combatants and the creatIon oI IIveIIhoods Ior youth In post-
conIIIct areas Is especIaIIy crucIaI to prevent the reoccurrence oI war. PeopIe-centered
deveIopment wIII succeed when natIonaI poIIcIes address conIIIct as a vItaI and cross-
cuttIng Issue, and devote resources Ior open dIaIogue among those aIIIIcted,
especIaIIy youth and women.
SustaInabIe DeveIopment: EducatIon around sustaInabIe deveIopment shouId
start In IocaI communItIes, wIth In-schooI actIvItIes In whIch students Iearn about theIr
own area and Its envIronmentaI chaIIenges, and then make connectIons wIth gIobaI
probIems. EngagIng students In IdentIIyIng and ImpIementIng ways to make theIr own
schooIs and homes more sustaInabIe through aII Iorms oI educatIon (IormaI, non-
IormaI and InIormaI) heIps InstIII sustaInabIe deveIopment vaIues Ior IIIe.
Young PeopIe as Peer Educators: Young peopIe are peer-orIented and youth
Iearn much Irom theIr IrIends, especIaIIy about Issues that aduIts know IIttIe about
(such as new technoIogIes), are reIuctant to taIk about (HV]ADS or sex educatIon), or
deem to be too poIItIcaI (such as peace educatIon). Peer educatIon shouId be Iostered,
wIth practIcaI skIIIs-based workshops estabIIshed upon a traIn-the-traIners modeI.
Peer educatIon can aIso heIp overcome temporary skIIIed teacher shortages or
compIement reguIar staII, especIaIIy In areas IIke nIormatIon and CommunIcatIons
TechnoIogIes, where some students routIneIy have much more experIence than theIr
teachers.
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NatIonaI Youth PoIIcIes: Every government shouId have an up-to-date NatIonaI
Youth PoIIcy or Strategy In pIace. To assIst wIth the creatIon and evaIuatIon oI such
strategIes, InternatIonaI benchmarkIng tooIs such as a CIobaI Youth DeveIopment (or
|kK | |kK | |kK | |kK |\ \\ \. .. . |K!!|||K| K|||K|k|K! kK| |||K| !||!
Youth PartIcIpatIon) ndex shouId be deveIoped, showcasIng best practIces to
empower young peopIe In socIety. A gIobaI consortIum oI donors and consuItIng
companIes mIght provIde specIIIc support to countrIes, whIIe the InvoIvement oI
young peopIe shouId be consIdered key to theIr deveIopment and ImpIementatIon oI
such strategIes.
PartnershIps wIth CItIes and LocaI AuthorItIes: SpecIaI emphasIs shouId be
pIaced on the InvoIvement oI cIty and IocaI government authorItIes In engagIng and
supportIng young peopIe to achIeve the MDCs at the IocaI IeveI. PrIorItIes Ior LocaI
AuthorItIes shouId IncIude the creatIon oI IocaI youth councIIs to provIde Input to
decIsIon-makIng, the provIsIon oI physIcaI meetIng spaces Ior young peopIe to gather
and coordInate projects, support Ior youth artIstIc and cuIturaI expressIon, promotIon
oI sport Ior deveIopment and peace and access to nIormatIon and CommunIcatIons
TechnoIogIes. The estabIIshment oI CIty-to-CIty deveIopment partnershIps wIth an
emphasIs on youth shouId be encouraged.
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Youth FInancIng: One oI the maIn chaIIenges young peopIe Iace Is a Iack oI
access to IInances, whether It be grants or Ioans, to support the ImpIementatIon oI
theIr projects. ExIstIng grant mechanIsms wIthIn the UN system shouId be made more
reIevant and accessIbIe to young peopIe, through sImpIIIIed or adapted appIIcatIon
processes, the IncIusIon oI young peopIe on the seIectIon commIttees, and recognItIon
that young peopIe oIten Iack IormaI structures, such as IegaIIy regIstered
organIzatIons through whIch to carry out theIr actIvItIes. New grant programs shouId
aIso be estabIIshed around partIcuIar thematIc topIcs, such as renewabIe energy, CTs
Ior DeveIopment, HV]ADS preventIon and awareness, and water conservatIon. MIcro-
credIt programs that empower young peopIe to start busInesses shouId be expanded
and marrIed wIth comprehensIve, IocaIIzed entrepreneurshIp traInIng.
ActIvate PrIorIty Youth Projects and 8est PractIces: As a resuIt oI the natIonaI
campaIgns, or another competItIve or consuItatIve process, each country shouId
IdentIIy a suIte oI "NatIonaI PrIorIty Youth Projects towards the MDCs". ExampIe
projects mIght IncIude centraIIzed youth empIoyment servIces In the capItoI cItIes
where young peopIe can go to gaIn skIII traInIng and vIsIt job-market (reIated to CoaI
8) or radIo programs on the pubIIc broadcaster Ied by youth about HV]ADS (reIated
to CoaI 6). Each project wouId then receIve basIc support and strong mentorshIp Irom
IocaI country IIeId oIIIces oI reIevant UN agencIes, NCOs, and, especIaIIy, the natIonaI
government. These projects wIII aIso be showcased InternatIonaIIy wIth the IntentIon
oI repIIcatIng successIuI ImpIementatIon strategIes.
MentorshIp: Youth-Ied projects, whether they emphasIze socIaI or economIc
deveIopment are oIten hampered by a Iack oI skIIIs, experIence, networks and
connectIons wIth 'tradItIonaI power centers' wIthIn a communIty. MentorshIp
(IncIudIng two-way mentorshIp) needs to become a major prIorIty, as a practIcaI
reaIIzatIon oI the concept oI "ntergeneratIonaI PartnershIp", connectIng experIenced
aduIts wIth young economIc and socIaI entrepreneurs.
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EngagIng Young PeopIe In MonItorIng: Young peopIe must be actIveIy InvoIved
In the eIIort to contInuaIIy monItor and measure work towards attaInment oI the
MDCs. One project mIght provIde unIversIty-age students wIth credIt Ior IntervIewIng
other young peopIe In theIr cIty and country, and wrItIng up reports and anaIysIs oI
progress towards the MDCs, IncIudIng case studIes oI young peopIe IeadIng change.
Another project mIght engage youth who speak muItIpIe Ianguages to transIate MDC
progress reports Into theIr IocaI Ianguage.
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tl ||s tl ||s tl ||s tl ||s
Youth MedIa Network: nIormatIon Is crItIcaI Ior deveIopment and tangIbIe
support shouId be provIded Ior the thousands oI exIstIng, successIuI youth-medIa
InItIatIves around the worId; IncIudIng technoIogy tooIs, traInIng and IInancIaI
resources. The creatIon oI networks to aIIow sharIng oI storIes and cross-poIIInatIon
oI reportIng wouId Increase audIences and enhance InIIuence and Impact. EmphasIs
mIght aIso be pIaced on educatIon that brIdges a youth's experIence wIth youth medIa
wIth InvoIvement In maInstream Independent journaIIsm.
CIobaI OnIIne Networks: As the nternet becomes an IncreasIngIy Important
and accessIbIe medIum Ior youth InteractIon, support shouId be provIded Ior gIobaI
spaces that engage young peopIe In dIaIogue and actIon around Important
InternatIonaI Issues.
ThematIc CoaIItIons: Young peopIe coordInate theIr eIIort through a myrIad oI
gIobaI coaIItIons, networks and caucuses around crItIcaI gIobaI Issues, InternatIonaI
campaIgns, and UN processes - Irom cIImate change to HV]ADS. These networks are
Important knowIedge and actIon resources and shouId be mapped and provIded at
Ieast wIth basIc resources to support theIr coordInatIon and work pIans. Far greater
research and evaIuatIon needs to be conducted regardIng best practIce modeIs Ior
youth engagement In specIIIc gIobaI chaIIenges. n partIcuIar, these coaIItIons shouId
have a presence at regIonaI revIews oI the MDCs and other sIgnIIIcant deveIopment
meetIngs, such as the C-8 summIt and the AIrIcan DeveIopment Forum In 2005, whIch
has the theme oI "Youth LeadershIp Ior the 21st Century".

k|||K||I k. |LL|KK|| ||\|L||K |kL!
|ti. I. |riiitit ttrn jtrt iri lrrjr
Target 1: Target 1: Target 1: Target 1: HaIve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportIon oI peopIe whose Income Is Iess than one doIIar a day
Target 2: Target 2: Target 2: Target 2: HaIve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportIon oI peopIe who suIIer Irom hunger
|ti. I. ktli rrirsi. jrinir irtititr
Target 3: Target 3: Target 3: Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, chIIdren everywhere, boys and gIrIs aIIke, wIII be abIe to compIete a IuII course
oI prImary schooIIng
|ti. !. |rtntt jrir ri.it iri njtwr wtnr
Target 4: Target 4: Target 4: Target 4: EIImInate gender dIsparIty In prImary and secondary educatIon, preIerabIy by 2005, and to aII IeveIs oI
educatIon no Iater than 2015
|ti. 1. Kirt tli.i ntrti.it
Target 5: Target 5: Target 5: Target 5: Reduce by two-thIrds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-IIve mortaIIty rate
|ti. 1. |njrt nitrri. li.tl
Target 6: Target 6: Target 6: Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternaI mortaIIty ratIo
|ti. . |tn|it K|\/k||!, ni.irii iri ttlr iisiss
Target 7: Target 7: Target 7: Target 7: Have haIted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread oI HV]ADS
Target 8: Target 8: Target 8: Target 8: Have haIted by 2015 and begun to reverse the IncIdence oI maIarIa and other major dIseases
|ti. l. |rsrr rirtrnrti. srstiiri|i.it
Target 9: Target 9: Target 9: Target 9: ntegrate the prIncIpIes oI sustaInabIe deveIopment Into country poIIcIes and programmes and reverse
the Ioss oI envIronmentaI resources
Target 10: Target 10: Target 10: Target 10: HaIve, by 2015, the proportIon oI peopIe wIthout sustaInabIe access to saIe drInkIng water
Target 11: Target 11: Target 11: Target 11: 8y 2020, to have achIeved a sIgnIIIcant Improvement In the IIves oI at Ieast 100 mIIIIon sIum dweIIers
|ti. !. |.tj i |.t|i. |irtrrslij |tr |.tjnrt
Target 12: Target 12: Target 12: Target 12: DeveIop Iurther an open, ruIe-based, predIctabIe, non-dIscrImInatory tradIng and IInancIaI system
Target 13: Target 13: Target 13: Target 13: Address the SpecIaI Needs oI the Least DeveIoped CountrIes
Target 14: Target 14: Target 14: Target 14: Address the SpecIaI Needs oI IandIocked countrIes and smaII IsIand deveIopIng States
Target 15: Target 15: Target 15: Target 15: DeaI comprehensIveIy wIth the debt probIems oI deveIopIng countrIes through natIonaI and
InternatIonaI measures In order to make debt sustaInabIe In the Iong term
Target 16: Target 16: Target 16: Target 16: n co-operatIon wIth deveIopIng countrIes, deveIop and ImpIement strategIes Ior decent and productIve
work Ior youth
Target 17: Target 17: Target 17: Target 17: n co-operatIon wIth pharmaceutIcaI companIes, provIde access to aIIordabIe, essentIaI drugs In
deveIopIng countrIes
Target 18: Target 18: Target 18: Target 18: n co-operatIon wIth the prIvate sector, make avaIIabIe the beneIIts oI new technoIogIes, especIaIIy
InIormatIon and communIcatIons
Source: UnIted NatIons, 2000.

kjjriit K. i..rrirn |.tjnrt |ti.s
|ritrit |trrtris
East AIrIca East AIrIca East AIrIca East AIrIca West West West West
AIrIca AIrIca AIrIca AIrIca
South AIrIca South AIrIca South AIrIca South AIrIca LatIn AmerIca LatIn AmerIca LatIn AmerIca LatIn AmerIca AsIa AsIa AsIa AsIa- -- -PacIIIc PacIIIc PacIIIc PacIIIc Arab Arab Arab Arab DeveIoped DeveIoped DeveIoped DeveIoped
EthIopIa*
Kenya*
TanzanIa
Uganda
MaIawI
8urkIna
Faso
Chana*
NIgerIa
SenegaI*
8otswana
MozambIque
NamIbIa
South AIrIca
ZambIa
ZImbabwe
8razII
EI SaIvador
Costa RIca
Paraguay
Uruguay
ArgentIna
Others under
consIderatIon
8angIadesh
CambodIa*
ndIa
ndonesIa
Mekong
RegIon
NepaI
PakIstan
PhIIIppInes
Lebanon
Morocco
PaIestIne
TunIsIa
Sudan
AustrIa
Cermany
taIy
SpaIn
UK
PortugaI
Creece
reIand
USA
CIvII SocIety mpIementIng Partner
Awepon
(KampaIa)
AnceIa
(Dakar)
Mwengo
(Harare)
SocIaI Watch
(Uruguay)
ActIonAId
(8angkok)
Arab NCO
network Ior
DeveIopment
(8eIrut)

MDC Fast Tracked CountrIes
Kenya &
EthIopIa
Chana &
SenegaI
DomInIcan
RepubIIc
TajIkIstan Yemen
mpIementIng Partner (cIvII socIety organIzatIon)
Awepon
(KampaIa)
AnceIa
(Dakar)
Mwengo
(Harare)
SocIaI Watch
(Uruguay)
ActIonAId
(8angkok)
Arab NCO
Network Ior
DeveIopment
(8eIrut)

* aIso MIIIennIum Project pIIot country Ior advIsory assIstance

For more InIormatIon contact IocaI UN oIIIce, or see the MIIIennIum CampaIgn WebsIte: For more InIormatIon contact IocaI UN oIIIce, or see the MIIIennIum CampaIgn WebsIte: For more InIormatIon contact IocaI UN oIIIce, or see the MIIIennIum CampaIgn WebsIte: For more InIormatIon contact IocaI UN oIIIce, or see the MIIIennIum CampaIgn WebsIte:
www.mIIIennIumcampaIgn.org www.mIIIennIumcampaIgn.org www.mIIIennIumcampaIgn.org www.mIIIennIumcampaIgn.org
For youth campaIgns see: For youth campaIgns see: For youth campaIgns see: For youth campaIgns see: http:]]mdg.takIngItgIobaI.org] http:]]mdg.takIngItgIobaI.org] http:]]mdg.takIngItgIobaI.org] http:]]mdg.takIngItgIobaI.org]

kjjriit |. List t| jtitrs |tr kttitr |rtn |irt ||
|ti. I
1.1 Covernments shouId create youth deveIopment Indexes and trend monItorIng schemes that are aIIgned to the
MDCs and PRSPs]CAS. Such studIes shouId IncIude the UNDP 2006 Human DeveIopment Report and the 2007
WorId DeveIopment Report oI the WorId 8ank devoted to youth deveIopment.
1.2 Expand sex-dIsaggregated and age-based research, both quaIItatIve and quantItatIve, on youth poverty at both
natIonaI and regIonaI IeveIs.
1.3 Covernments must create mechanIsms that ensure young peopIe are InvoIved In the deveIopment oI Poverty
ReductIon Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Country AssIstance StrategIes (CAS) through NatIonaI Youth CouncIIs or
other Iorums Ior youth representatIon. ThIs wIII ensure that youth perspectIves are heard and that PRSPs are
reIevant to IocaI concerns. t wIII aIso promote wIdespread partIcIpatIon In theIr ImpIementatIon.
1.4 Covernments shouId IncIude young peopIe In the ImpIementatIon oI new projects IdentIIIed In natIonaI
deveIopment and poverty reductIon pIans and strategIes, as weII as support exIstIng youth-Ied deveIopment
InItIatIves.
1.5 DeveIopment poIIcIes must prIorItIze the growth oI ruraI areas, whIch have hIgh percentages oI unempIoyed youth
and IIttIe pubIIc InIrastructure, by engagIng young peopIe In creatIng necessary servIces and InIrastructure.
1.6 Covernments and the prIvate sector must support agrI-based mIcro-entrepreneurIaI endeavors oI young peopIe
and Invest In IarmIng technoIogIes that boost agrIcuIturaI productIon.
1.7 Covernment must enact Iaws that Ioster the creatIon oI communIty-drIven projects wIth urban youth IIvIng In
poverty, support current youth-Ied entrepreneurIaI InItIatIves In urban communItIes, as weII as UN-HA8TAT's
work In sIum deveIopment.
1.8 Covernments must Increase eIIorts to educate young peopIe In urban communItIes on responsIbIe sexuaI IIIestyIes
and reproductIve heaIth practIces as a pubIIc poIIcy measure to eIIectIveIy manage popuIatIon growth.
1.9 WIdespread support must be extended to the WorId 8ank's Youth and Covernance Program, partIcuIarIy In
countrIes most aIIected by ongoIng corruptIon. Youth must be Iurther traIned In eIImInatIng aII types oI corruptIon
and whIstIe-bIowIng strategIes through country-specIIIc youth drIven antI-corruptIon projects.
1.10 Covernments must create communIcatIon strategIes to InIorm young peopIe on accessIng antI- corruptIon
commIssIons.
|ti. I
2.1 Covernments shouId adopt and promote the concept oI peer-Ied InItIatIves and encourage young peopIe In
schooIIng to undertake communIty-based InItIatIves that encourage schooI partIcIpatIon.
2.2 Make voIunteer tutorIng oI prImary schooI aged chIIdren part oI the secondary schooI currIcuIum.
2.3 Projects where young peopIe take InItIatIve to enhance educatIon and teach other young peopIe shouId be
showcased and IundIng made avaIIabIe to repIIcate them In other communItIes.
2.4 Ensure young peopIe have the opportunIty to contrIbute to theIr own currIcuIum through the creatIon oI student
schooI councIIs.
|ti. !
3.1 ProvIde IncentIves and IundIng opportunItIes Ior NCOs and youth organIzatIons to InItIate non-IormaI educatIon
actIvItIes targetIng gIrIs and women. Where InItIatIves aIready exIst, deveIop repIIcatIon strategIes and scaIe-up
exIstIng InItIatIves.
k|||K||I |. k|||K||I |. k|||K||I |. k|||K||I |. L|! | ||K! |K k||K |K |kK ||
3.2 nItIate young women Into traIners programs In partIcIpatIon and IeadershIp to enabIe young women to heIp theIr
communItIes.
3.3 Encourage young women's cIvIc partIcIpatIon through hoIdIng conIerences Ior young women to address Issues oI
concern, and openIng other means oI IormaI poIItIcaI partIcIpatIon, such as seats Ior young women In poIItIcaI
partIes or caucuses.
3.4 Covernments and cIvII socIety In peaceIuI areas as weII as conIIIct zones shouId provIde support, traInIng and a
project IncubatIon servIce to heIp young women Ieaders evaIuate the needs oI theIr communItIes and deveIop
successIuI projects.
|ti. 1
4.1 EstabIIsh teen cIInIcs and promote peer-to-peer educatIon on sexuaI and reproductIve heaIth, encouragIng young
peopIe In the communIty to take a roIe In the desIgn and needs assessment requIred Ior theses programs.
4.2 TraIn unempIoyed youth In communIty-based heaIth work, prenataI care, emergency obstetrIc care and IamIIy
pIannIng and expand these servIces In a strategIc manner In deveIopIng countrIes.
4.3 Support the campaIgns oI youth In deveIopIng countrIes to make vaccInatIons Ior InIectIous dIseases avaIIabIe to
aII.
4.4 RaIse awareness among youth that access to saIe water and sanItatIon Is a pubIIc heaIth Issue, and enabIe youth to
address IocaI pubIIc heaIth probIems.
|ti. 1
5.1 Promote reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth educatIon In ruraI and urban areas through IormaI currIcuIa and non-
IormaI actIvItIes.
5.2 Encourage peer-to-peer educatIon on sexuaI heaIth and communIty-based condom dIstrIbutIon Ior youth by
youth.
5.3 Fund the expansIon oI exIstIng or estabIIsh new youth-Ied, non-IormaI communIty educatIon to raIse awareness
about negatIve consequences oI chIId marrIage and adoIescent pregnancy.
5.4 ProvIde opportunItIes Ior youth to speak about theIr cuIture, and encourage theIr voIces to be a part oI communIty
IormatIon.
5.5 Fund and support youth-Ied medIa and awareness campaIgns about scIentIIIc ImpIIcatIons oI some cuIturaI
practIces.
5.6 Support the InvoIvement oI young men In preventIng gender-based vIoIence through theIr partIcIpatIon and
IeadershIp In traInIngs and awareness programs.
|ti.
6.1 Encourage youth-Ied sexuaI reproductIve heaIth educatIon In secondary schooIs, and Integrate HV]ADS educatIon
Into currIcuIum as a sustaInabIe way oI sharIng InIormatIon about HV]ADS.
6.2 Use youth expertIse to create InnovatIve and eIIectIve strategIes Ior the preventIon oI HV]ADS, T8, MaIarIa and aII
dIseases.
6.3 Create, mobIIIze and strengthen teams oI young peer educators to vIsIt schooIs, pIaces oI worshIp, and other
structures In theIr communItIes.
6.4 LInk IocaI youth empIoyment networks to cIInIcs In dIsease-aIIected areas.
6.5 Further InvestIgate the roIe oI youth as care gIvers, and how youth empIoyment strategIes can be part oI scaIIng
up deIIvery oI medIcatIon and care servIces.
6.6 Resource conIerences and exIstIng youth structures as contact poInts, usIng them to Incorporate youth In natIonaI
strategIes, advIse on government poIIcIes, and dIstrIbute resources.
6.7 Resource exIstIng youth structures and conIerences as contact poInts to Incorporate youth In natIonaI strategIes,
IncIudIng HV-posItIve youth, to advIse on government heaIth poIIcIes and to dIstrIbute resources.
k|||K||I |. k|||K||I |. k|||K||I |. k|||K||I |. L|! | ||K! |K k||K |K |kK ||
6.8 PeopIe LIvIng WIth ADS (PLWA) assocIatIons and other eIIorts to support those aIIected by the dIsease shouId
provIde channeIs Ior youth-Iocused servIces and partIcIpatIon.
|ti. l
7.1 ProvIde IundIng so that youth Irom deveIopIng countrIes can attend and partIcIpate In UN envIronmentaI
processes.
7.2 Fund regIonaI and InternatIonaI youth networks In order to IacIIItate gIobaI cooperatIon.
7.3 ntergovernmentaI agencIes shouId deveIop, scaIe-up or repIIcate InItIatIves supportIng youth partIcIpatIon In
poIIcy and programmatIc deveIopment on envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty.
7.4 Covernments, IntergovernmentaI agencIes and youth organIzatIons shouId deveIop partnershIps Ior joInt
envIronmentaI InItIatIves aImed at buIIdIng capacIty In young peopIe at the natIonaI IeveI.
7.5 8uIId and support gIobaI networks amongst youth organIzatIons promotIng sustaInabIe deveIopment.
7.6 Foster partnershIps opportunItIes wIth youth organIzatIons and InternatIonaI agencIes to deveIop IocaI and
natIonaI projects.
7.7 Showcase youth-Ied eIIorts successIuIIy addressIng socIaI and envIronmentaI needs on a IocaI IeveI and provIde
IncentIves Ior repIIcatIon In sImIIar communItIes.
7.8 Fund a Youth WorId Water Forum event annuaIIy to ensure the contInued growth oI the YWAT network and
thereby the number oI young peopIe workIng Ior saIe water.
7.9 ProvIde IncentIves such as grants or mIcro-IInance Ior youth to work Ior saIe water In theIr communIty, and Ior
youth-Ied cIean water projects.
7.10 EstabIIsh a Iund to support youth-Ied renewabIe energy enterprIses.
7.11 DeveIop partnershIps In areas wIthout access to saIe water to traIn youth to Iead communIty-based water suppIy
projects.
7.12 Covernments shouId support traInIng In sustaInabIe consumptIon towards sustaInabIe IIIestyIe and IoIIow-up
InItIatIves IncIudIng networks and smaII grants.
7.13 As part oI theIr commItments to the Decade oI EducatIon Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment, governments shouId
encourage aII unIversItIes to begIn the transItIon to becomIng sustaInabIe InstItutIons. The IIrst step Is to eIect a
commIttee comprIsIng students and teachers to deveIop a strategy through consuItatIon wIth the unIversIty
communIty.
|ti. !
8.1 8uIId and support opportunItIes Ior youth to partIcIpate In IaIr trade movement, and Iurther deveIop open tradIng
and IInancIaI systems that are ruIes-based, predIctabIe and non-dIscrImInatory.
8.2 Address the Issue oI youth empIoyment as a IundamentaI bIock to poverty eradIcatIon and as a powerIuI
mechanIsm Ior deIIverIng the MDCs.
8.3 Strengthen and buIId partnershIps between youth, pubIIc and prIvate sector, such as the Youth EmpIoyment
SummIt and Youth EmpIoyment Network.
8.4 Use mIcro-IInance and skIIIs deveIopment InItIatIves to reduce barrIers Ior youth entrepreneurshIp.
8.5 Strengthen youth entrepreneurshIp networks.
8.6 Youth must be empowered as Iearners, deveIopers, contrIbutors, entrepreneurs and decIsIon-makers on the Issue
oI nIormatIon and CommunIcatIon TechnoIogIes. WIdespread access In urban and ruraI areas Is crItIcaI to
IacIIItatIng thIs empowerment.
8.7 Covernments shouId pIay a IacIIItatory roIe In nurturIng CT-reIated youth enterprIse through host-posItIve poIIcy
and Investment In CT InIrastructure.
8.8 Support and resource new coaIItIons and partnershIps around CTs.
8.9 See communIty cyber caIes and teIecenters as means to address muItIpIe deveIopment needs, such as busIness
traInIng, and opportunItIes Ior educatIon In reproductIve and sexuaI heaIth.

kjjriit |. !.tti Ki|.itjrijl iri \trtl
|t.irititrs
1. UN MIIIennIum Project TaskIorce 1 nterIm Report (February 2004), An Enhanced Strategy Ior ReducIng Poverty by
the Year 2015 www.unmIIIennIumproject.org]documents]tIoneInterIm.pdI
2. YES Country Network Report, ThIrd EdItIon, December 2003 www.yesweb.org]yesnetworks]docs]ycn3.pdI
3. 8est PractIce Youth EnterprIse ModeIs n the CommonweaIth CarIbbean, paper prepared Ior the CreatIng Common
WeaIth ConIerence, November 2003
www.thesource.gov.au]creatIngcommonweaIth]daIIyupdates]Images]armstrong.pdI
4. Letter From the Secretary-CeneraI to the PresIdent oI the CeneraI AssembIy on the OccasIon oI the FIIty-SIxth
SessIon oI the UnIted NatIons CeneraI AssembIy, Agenda tem 29, FoIIow-Up to the Outcome oI the MIIIennIum
SummIt, IncIudIng RecommendatIons oI the Secretary-CeneraI's HIgh-LeveI PaneI on Youth EmpIoyment
www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]empIoyment]strat]yen]pubI]unga57res.htm
www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]empIoyment]strat]yen]pubI]recomm.htm
IncIudIng AppendIx: Decent Work Ior Young PeopIe: A CuIde To ActIon
www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]empIoyment]strat]yen]pubI]dwyp.htm
5. Youth EmpIoyment SummIt AIexandrIa DecIaratIon, September 2002 www.yesweb.org]aIexandrIa02]vIa.htmI
6. Youth EmpIoyment SummIt Framework Ior ActIon, September 2002 www.yesweb.org]aIexandrIa02]doc]IIa.pdI
7. CIobaI EmpIoyment Trends For Youth, August 2004, LO
www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]empIoyment]strat]gIobaI.htm
8. HIghIy AIIected, RareIy ConsIdered, YP Youth CommIssIon Into CIobaIIsatIon Report, 2003
www.Iyp.oxIam.org]campaIgn]youthcommIssIonreport.asp

kjjriit |. |s|r. Kstrrts |rii.irs
K.itirj tt |ti. !
1. The RecommendatIons oI the YEN
www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]empIoyment]strat]yen]pubI]recomm.htm
R1: A youth empIoyment dImensIon Integrated Into comprehensIve empIoyment strategIes
R2: Strong InstItutIonaI support Ior youth empIoyment poIIcIes
R3: nvestment In educatIon, traInIng and IIIe-Iong IearnIng
A. Adopt natIonaI educatIonaI and traInIng strategIes
8. Ensure that gIrIs and boys are abIe to obtaIn quaIIty educatIon
C. mprove the accessIbIIIty, reIevance and eIIectIveness oI secondary and hIgher
ddIddIeducatIon and technIcaI and vocatIonaI traInIng
R4: A brIdge between the InIormaI and the maInstream economIes
R5: The potentIaI oI InIormatIon and communIcatIons technoIogIes
R6: New sources oI work In the servIce sector
R7: EntrepreneurshIp and enterprIse deveIopment
R8: Access oI youth to empIoyment servIces and support
R9: A SocIaI IIoor Ior workIng youth
R10: PartnershIp Ior youth empIoyment
R11: An enabIIng InternatIonaI envIronment
R12: The Future oI the Youth EmpIoyment Network
2. The YES Framework Ior ActIon
www.yesweb.org]aIexandrIa02]doc]IIa.pdI
Adopted the 4 E's oI the UN Secretary CeneraI's Youth EmpIoyment Network: EmpIoyabIIIty; EmpIoyment CreatIon;
EquIty (EquaI OpportunIty); and EntrepreneurshIp. YES has, In the year oI the WorId SummIt on SustaInabIe
DeveIopment, added a IIIth E - EnvIronmentaI SustaInabIIIty.

EmpIoyabIIIty = EducatIon Ior Work, TransItIon to Work
EmpIoyment CreatIon = Covernment PoIIcy, PrIvate Sector PartnershIp, RuraI DeveIopment, nvestIng In Youth,
EmpIoyment
EquIty = nIormatIon CommunIcatIon TechnoIogy: 8rIdgIng the DIgItaI DIvIde
EntrepreneurshIp "8uIIdIng an EntrepreneurIaI WorkIorce" = EntrepreneurshIp In aII Iorms - EconomIc, SocIaI
and EnvIronmentaI
EnvIronmentaI SustaInabIIIty = Youth EmpIoyment Ior SustaInabIe DeveIopment, such as PromotIng RenewabIe
Energy
3. YES Country Network Frameworks and nvestment
www.yesweb.org]yesnetworks]Index.htmI
See Case Study In text on YES Country Networks, CoaI 8, Target 16
4. HIghIy AIIected, RareIy ConsIdered: YP Youth CommIssIon Into CIobaIIsatIon Report
www.Iyp.oxIam.org]campaIgn]youthcommIssIonreport.asp
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HIghIy AIIected, RareIy ConsIdered was wrItten by young peopIe who are part oI the OxIam nternatIonaI Youth
ParIIament network. These young peopIe not onIy undertook research Into the IdentIIIed Issues as part oI YP's
Youth CommIssIon but had as theIr prImary resource hundreds oI submIssIons receIved Irom young peopIe
around the worId, dIscussIng what gIobaIIzatIon means to them. The report Is wrItten by young peopIe as 'agents
oI change', presentIng aIternatIves to the current processes oI gIobaIIzatIon.
There are actIon Items and poIIcy recommendatIons Ior governments, muItIIateraI InstItutIons, non-government
organIzatIons, corporatIons and IndIvIduaIs. The report provIdes sophIstIcated anaIysIs oI eIeven key areas as weII
as some examInatIon oI sIx key cross-cuttIng themes IncIudIng prIvatIsatIon, gIobaI InIrastructure, dIspIacement,
representatIon, educatIon, and actIvIsm and human rIghts. n essence, the report argues that the processes oI
gIobaIIzatIon must be managed Irom a human rIghts perspectIve. The report presents a muItIIeveI response oI
actIon to achIeve that end.
HIghIy AIIected, RareIy ConsIdered anaIyses the Issues connected wIth many oI the MDCs as weII as
conceptuaIIzIng Iorms oI change to achIeve a human rIghts approach to gIobaIIsatIon. The cross-cuttIng theme oI
gIobaI InIrastructure consIders the ruIes oI the tradIng and IInancIaI system In a crItIcaI way and presents
aIternatIves. The actIon-orIented Iocus oI the report means that It provIdes you wIth ways oI takIng actIon In
reIatIon to these Issues on an IndIvIduaI, communIty, natIonaI and gIobaI IeveI.
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k!K |K|| |K|K! k!K |K|| |K|K! k!K |K|| |K|K! k!K |K|| |K|K!
MELANE ASHTON (Co-coordInator), age 25, has a 8acheIor oI ScIence (Honors) In Earth ScIences. MeIanIe Is a
Project Manager and consuItant Ior the AustraIIan based IIrm CHD. She Is prImarIIy InvoIved In overseas deveIopment
assIstance projects In the IIeIds oI envIronment, poverty reductIon, water suppIy and InstItutIonaI strengthenIng. She
provIdes technIcaI expertIse on these projects In envIronmentaI traInIng, capacIty buIIdIng, InternatIonaI conventIons and
sustaInabIIIty. n 2003 MeIanIe was an AustraIIan Youth Ambassador Ior DeveIopment and spent Iour months
deveIopIng traInIng and InstItutIonaI strengthenIng programs In Datong, ChIna. MeIanIe Is an actIve voIunteer and In the
Iast IIve years has worked on sustaInabIe deveIopment InItIatIves IocaIIy, In AustraIIa, and InternatIonaIIy. ThIs IncIudes
workIng extensIveIy wIth the Earth Charter nItIatIve and co-IoundIng the Earth Charter Youth nItIatIve. n 2002, MeIanIe
was an actIve member oI the youth caucus Ior the UN WorId SummIt on SustaInabIe DeveIopment. At PrepComm V she
represented youth In the negotIatIon on Type outcomes. MeIanIe has recentIy become the DIrector oI the nternatIonaI
Young ProIessIonaIs FoundatIon.
CATHERNE KAMPNC, age 24, Is the current CoordInator oI the Youth Caucus oI the UnIted NatIons CommIssIon
on SustaInabIe DeveIopment and the RegIonaI CoordInator oI CIobaI Youth ActIon Network Ior AsIa and the PacIIIc. She
aIso provIdes Youth AdvIsory roIe to the ConIerence oI NCO wIth ConsuItatIve Status wIth the UN, Youth EmpIoyment
SummIt, and the EducatIon DeveIopment Center EquIp 3 Youth Trust. At the natIonaI IeveI she Is the outgoIng VP-
ExternaI AIIaIrs oI the SAVE Mother Earth Movement and Iormer ChaIrperson and Country CoordInator oI the PhIIIppIne
Youth EmpIoyment Network. At present, she Is takIng up Masters In EntrepreneurshIp and SocIaI EntrepreneurIaI
DeveIopment at the AsIan nstItute oI Management and managIng a youth-Ied socIaI enterprIse that provIdes traInIngs,
capacIty buIIdIng, educatIonaI and outdoor actIvItIes Ior schooIs and organIzatIons hIghIIghtIng ecoIogIcaI-tourIsm. n
the Iast IIve years she has taken a very actIve roIe In youth deveIopment and sustaInabIe deveIopment advocacIes both at
the IocaI, natIonaI and InternatIonaI IeveI. n 2002, she took an actIve roIe and IeadershIp In the processes oI the Youth
EmpIoyment SummIt and the UN WorId SummIt on SustaInabIe DeveIopment aIso presentIng the youth caucus IInaI
statement. n 2003, she was InvoIved In the UpdatIng oI the PhIIIppIne Agenda 21 as the onIy youth representatIve In the
process.
EMLY FREE8URC (ExecutIve Secretary), age 24, currentIy works Ior the Lutheran WorId FederatIon at the UnIted
NatIons In New York, where she aIso serves as chaIr oI the NCO CommIttee on Youth, oI the ConIerence oI NCOs
(CONCO) In consuItatIve status wIth the UnIted NatIons. FocusIng on young women and the medIa, she was a "youth-
expert observer" to the UnIted NatIons Expert Croup MeetIng on Women and the MedIa In 2002, and spoke about youth
medIa at the WorId SummIt on nIormatIon SocIety In 2003. She aIso heIped to create the Youth AdvIsory CommIttee to
CONCO and was the edItor oI a report, "8est PractIces In Poverty EradIcatIon, Case StudIes Irom the FIeId" by the NCO
CommIttee on SocIaI DeveIopment In 2003. RecentIy Iocused on the Impact oI HV and ADS on young women, she
organIzed an e-consuItatIon In February 2004 on the dIIIerent gender Impacts oI HV]ADS on young peopIe and
presented the resuIts at the UnIted NatIons CommIssIon on the Status oI Women. CurrentIy, she heIps IacIIItate an ad
hoc InternatIonaI youth caucus on HV and ADS. She Is aIso a IreeIance journaIIst, oIten contrIbutIng to WIretap
MagazIne (wIretapmag.org). She receIved her 8acheIors oI Arts (Honors) Irom the UnIversIty oI RedIands In nternatIonaI
DeveIopment and CreatIve WrItIng In 2002.
RCHARD 8ARTLETT, age 24, Is a IInaIIst In nternatIonaI ReIatIons at the UnIversIty oI Leeds UK and the outgoIng
PresIdent oI the UnIted NatIons Youth and Student AssocIatIon oI the UnIted KIngdom. He aIso sIts on the 8oard oI
DIrectors Ior the UnIted NatIons AssocIatIon oI the UK and Is a trustee Ior a UK based NCO caIIed nternatIonaI ServIce,
whIch sends deveIopment proIessIonaIs overseas to work wIth IocaI partner organIsatIons. He Is currentIy workIng
cIoseIy wIth the 8rItIsh Covernment to secure three Youth DeIegates to attend the CeneraI AssembIy In October. n the
Iast years, when not studyIng, he has spent a Iot oI hIs tIme workIng on numerous projects In AIrIca, IncIudIng Sudan
and Uganda amongst others. RIchard oIten speaks at regIonaI and natIonaI events on youth partIcIpatIon and youth and
the UnIted NatIons.
]AMES 8RADFELD MOODY, age 28, Is the outgoIng presIdent oI the nternatIonaI Young ProIessIonaIs
FoundatIon. He was IormerIy managIng dIrector at NaturaI Resource nteIIIgence (NR), AustraIIa's IIrst pubIIcIy IIsted
envIronmentaI spatIaI InIormatIon company, provIdIng envIronmentaI, socIaI, and economIc InteIIIgence to assIst
organIzatIons In monItorIng and evaIuatIng naturaI resources. n the Iast IIve years, ]ames has been heavIIy InvoIved wIth
the UnIted NatIons, and was co-IacIIItator and AustraIIan representatIve oI the Iorty-strong youth advIsory councII to the
UN EnvIronment Programme (UNEP). He was aIso a member oI the ScIence and TechnoIogy deIegatIon to the UN WorId
SummIt on SustaInabIe DeveIopment earIIer thIs year and attended the WorId EconomIc Forum as a CIobaI Leader oI
Tomorrow In 2003. n 2000, ]ames was named AustraIIan Young ProIessIonaI EngIneer oI the Year. WhIIe hoIdIng thIs
tItIe, he promoted the engIneerIng proIessIon and hIs partIcuIar brand oI "socIaIIy conscIous engIneerIng." n 2000,
]ames was aIso awarded Young QueensIander oI the Year and In 2001 was awarded Young AustraIIan oI the Year In
ScIence and TechnoIogy. He was recentIy appoInted as the new dIrector oI DIvIsIonaI 8usIness Strategy oI Land and Water
at the CommonweaIth ScIentIIIc and ndustrIaI Research OrganIzatIon (CSRO). ]ames Is passIonate about the supportIng
roIe that young socIaIIy conscIous busInesspeopIe can pIay In socIety and works actIveIy towards communIcatIng these
vIews to the generaI communIty.
LUS A. DAVLA ORTECA, age 22, Is a strong beIIever In the power that actIve youth can have In theIr
communItIes by becomIng engaged, organIzed and motIvated. He Is currentIy the AssocIate DIrector Ior the CIobaI Youth
ActIon Network (CYAN) at Its headquarters In New York CIty. He Is responsIbIe Ior CYAN's programmatIc and regIonaI
and natIonaI engagement, as weII as staII management at CYAN HQ. He Is aIso the InternatIonaI co-coordInator Ior
CIobaI Youth ServIce Day (CYSD), the Iargest ceIebratIon oI youth voIunteers In the worId. He Is part oI the InternatIonaI
team Ior Students Forum 2000, an InItIatIve created by Iormer Czech PresIdent VacIav HaveI. He has aIso worked wIth
severaI governments IncIudIng the regIonaI government oI Nuevo Leon In MexIco and the NatIonaI AssembIy oI WaIes,
IosterIng networkIng and coIIaboratIon among youth organIzatIons. He has spoken at dozens oI InternatIonaI events on
Issues reIated to youth partIcIpatIon, and has partIcIpated In dIIIerent UN and muItIIateraI poIIcy process targetIng
sustaInabIe deveIopment, reIorm oI InternatIonaI InstItutIons, socIaI entrepreneurshIp and youth-Ied deveIopment. LuIs
was born In VenezueIa and IIved In the NetherIands AntIIIes Ior 5 years. He has a 8S (Honors) In DIpIomacy and
nternatIonaI ReIatIons Irom Seton HaII UnIversIty (USA), and graduate coursework Irom the UnIversIty oI Chent
(8eIgIum), CharIes UnIversIty (Czech RepubIIc) and the UnIversIty oI 8oIzano (taIy).
AMR FARMANESH, age 25, receIved a 8.A. degree In MaterIaIs EngIneerIng Irom the ran UnIversIty oI ScIence
and TechnoIogy (2002) and earned severaI dIpIomas - In subjects rangIng Irom economIc gIobaIIzatIon to project
management and SocIaI EntrepreneurshIp - aIong the way. He aIso graduated Irom AsIa-PacIIIc LeadershIp Programme
at the East-West Center In UnIversIty oI HawaII. Over the past decade, he has worked extensIveIy In both governmentaI
and non-governmentaI organIzatIons at the IocaI, natIonaI, and InternatIonaI IeveIs. Among the hIghIIghts oI hIs
experIence are servIng as a advIsor to the mayor oI Tehran and DIrector oI Mayor Youth AdvIsory Croup; actIng as NCO
FocaI PoInt In ran Ior UnIted NatIons nternatIonaI Year oI VoIunteers 2001; workIng Ior the UNEP-ROAP (UnIted NatIons
EnvIronment Programme - RegIonaI OIIIce Ior AsIa and the PacIIIc) In 8angkok, ThaIIand; FoundIng member and FocaI
PoInt oI UNEP-SAYEN. Mr. Farmanesh has been InvoIved In the UnIted NatIons (UNEP, UN-HA8TAT) CovernIng CouncIIs
and was a member oI the UnIted NatIons EnvIronment Program (UNEP) Youth AdvIsory CouncII. He aIso provIdes Youth
AdvIsory roIe Ior ManagIng 8oard oI ConIerence oI NCOs wIth ConsuItatIve Status wIth the UN. He Is currentIy studyIng
Ior a ]oInt Degree In Master oI PubIIc AdmInIstratIon and Master oI Arts In nternatIonaI ReIatIons In Syracuse UnIversIty,
MaxweII SchooI wIth a schoIarshIp Irom the WorId 8ank.
DA8ESAK MAC-KEMEN]MA, age 22, Is DIrector oI DeveIopment PartnershIp nternatIonaI In NIgerIa. DabesakI
has been InvoIved In severaI UN processes sInce 2003. He was a NatIonaI FocaI PoInt Ior UNESCO's Youth Space Essay
Contest In 2004 and has worked wIth UNFPA at varIous tImes. He heIped Iound Students WIthout 8orders, the
InternatIonaI students arm oI Teachers WIthout 8orders and coordInated Its actIvItIes Ior two years, IncIudIng the Save
Port Harcourt Zoo CampaIgn and the Student Leaders T ConIerence whIch both receIved an InternatIonaI award oI
recognItIon Irom Teachers WIthout 8orders. He heIped IacIIItate the Youth Caucus Ior the XV nternatIonaI ConIerence
on ADS heId In 8angkok, ThaIIand where he presented papers and addressed hIgh IeveI meetIng oI Ieaders, and Is
presentIy a member oI the TaskForce oI the CIobaI Youth CoaIItIon on HV]ADS. DabesakI Is currentIy undertakIng a
research work on "The Impact oI the knowIedge oI HV]ADS on AdoIescent SexuaI 8ehavIour." He Is the author oI the
book tItIed "Our Rocky Years: AdoIescence, probIems, Causes, eIIects, preventIon". DabesakI attends RIvers State
CoIIege oI EducatIon where he Is In IInaI year studyIng EducatIonaI PsychoIogy, CuIdance and CounseIIIng.
SOLANCE MARQUEZ ESPNOZA, age 26, has a 8.A. In Law and Is currentIy a student oI 8.A. In PoIItIcaI ScIence
Irom the UnIversIdad NacIonaI Autnoma de MexIco (UNAM, NatIonaI UnIversIty). She Is currentIy the NatIonaI Co-
coordInator oI Rescue MIssIon: PIanet Earth, MexIco (Peace ChIId nternatIonaI). She worked Ior three years as a
ParIIamentary AdvIsor at the MexIcan Senate at the ForeIgn AIIaIrs CommIssIon, ParIIamentarIan PractIces and SecurIty
and Is a member oI the NatIonaI ParIIamentarIan nvestIgators Network. Now she works as PoIItIcaI and nternatIonaI
AdvIser. She Is the MexIcan edItor and coIumnIst Ior One WorId nternatIonaI, and she wrItes artIcIes at the LatIn
AmerIcan EIectoraI Observatory. She won the second pIace at the natIonaI contest oI ReIorma (natIonaI newspaper) In the
IoreIgn aIIaIrs sectIon. She Is currentIy coordInatIng the creatIon oI the MexIcan Youth AIIIance Ior MDCs and startIng
the Youth and MIIIennIum NatIonaI CampaIgn. She currentIy serves as the LatIn AmerIcan representatIve oI the Youth
Network Ior PeacebuIIdIng, UNESCO, and as the representatIve oI the Youth EnvIronmentaI Network oI MexIco at the
Youth Caucus. 8ecause oI her experIence, she has been InvIted muItIpIe tImes to hoId Iectures In MexIco and many
dIIIerent countrIes on topIcs such as MexIcan PoIItIcaI and nternatIonaI Processes, Youth PartIcIpatIon, UN ReIorm, and
MDCs. She has been accepted to study the MA In nternatIonaI StudIes at Durham UnIversIty, UK.
NCK MORATS, age 21, Is StrategIc DeveIopment CoordInator at TakIngTCIobaI. PrIor to joInIng TC, NIck was
ExecutIve DIrector oI NatIon1, a New York based, youth-Ied, non-proIIt supported by the MT MedIa Lab. A member oI
the AustraIIan NatIonaI CommIssIon Ior UNESCO, NIck has twIce been a member oI the AustraIIan government's
deIegatIon to the CeneraI ConIerence oI UNESCO and preparatory process oI the WorId SummIt on the nIormatIon
SocIety, Ior whIch he was aIso IacIIItator oI the Youth Caucus. NIck Is aIso an author ("Cyberscene", PenguIn 8ooks,
1999), contrIbutor to major AustraIIan newspapers, and speaker at more than Iorty events such as TU TELECOM AsIa,
the WorId SummIt on SustaInabIe DeveIopment, and the AustraIIan government's NatIonaI nnovatIon SummIt. n 2002,
NIck compIeted a term on the AdvIsory CouncII oI the AustraIIan 8roadcastIng CorporatIon. He Is aIso currentIy workIng
on the deveIopment oI a gIobaI youth strategy Ior Amnesty nternatIonaI.
CAMERON NEL, age 28, Is an entrepreneur and deveIopment proIessIonaI wIth partIcuIar Interests and
experIence In sustaInabIIIty, youth deveIopment, entrepreneurshIp, venture deveIopment and socIaI and eco busIness.
Cameron Is owner and ConsuItIng DIrector oI Catenate Pty Ltd, an AustraIIan not-Ior-proIIt socIaI InnovatIon consuItIng
company, as weII as beIng ChIeI ExecutIve OIIIcer oI the nternatIonaI Young ProIessIonaIs FoundatIon. Throughout 2002
and 2003, he worked In 8rIsbane to promote and cataIyse youth enterprIse programs through a pIatIorm caIIed YES!8E!
wIth the support oI SocIaI Ventures AustraIIa. Cameron serves on the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt nternatIonaI Youth
Leaders Ior EmpIoyment AdvIsory Croup, and Is one oI the IacIIItators oI the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt AustraIIan
Country Network. n ]anuary 2004, Cameron moved to Canberra to take up the roIe oI DeveIopment CoordInator oI the
FaIr Trade AssocIatIon oI AustraIIa and New ZeaIand. n thIs roIe, Cameron works wIth busInesses, consumers and
advocates to Increase provIsIon and consumptIon oI IaIr trade products In AustraIIan and New ZeaIand markets Ior the
beneIIt oI thIrd worId Iarmers. PrevIousIy, Cameron has spent tIme In AustraIIa managIng youth and communIty
deveIopment servIces, runnIng non-governmentaI organIzatIons, and workIng In educatIon poIIcy research Ior state
government. He maIntaIns an actIve Interest In actIon research and actIon IearnIng, gIobaI governance, socIaI justIce, and
socIo-cuIturaI anImatIon.
RO8ERT SACUN, age 27, Is concurrentIy the ExecutIve DIrector oI the PhIIIppIne Resources Ior SustaInabIe
DeveIopment, nc. and PoIIcy CoordInator oI the UN WorId SummIt on the nIormatIon SocIety (WSS) Youth Caucus. He Is
an Independent envIronmentaI economIst and researcher and has worked Ior a number oI research projects
commIssIoned by InternatIonaI deveIopment organIzatIons and donor agencIes. HIs expertIse revoIves around
envIronmentaI sustaInabIIIty, poverty reductIon strategIes, InIormatIon and communIcatIons technoIogIes Ior
deveIopment (CT4D), youth partIcIpatIon In poIItIcaI processes, empIoyment and entrepreneurshIp, muItI-stakehoIder
partnershIps, knowIedge management and deveIopment IInancIng. He Is aIso an actIve member oI the UN CSD Youth
Caucus.

kjjriit |. K|rrts

1
ProIessor ]eIIrey Sachs Is a SpecIaI AdvIsor on the MDCs to the Secretary-CeneraI oI the UnIted NatIons.
2
See aIso Annex A. A totaI oI eIght MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs were agreed to durIng the UnIted NatIons
MIIIennIum SummIt In September 2000. The CoaIs constItute an ambItIous agenda to sIgnIIIcantIy Improve the
human condItIon by 2015, Irom haIvIng gIobaI poverty and hunger, to protectIng the envIronment, to ImprovIng
heaIth and sanItatIon, and tackIIng IIIIteracy and dIscrImInatIon agaInst women. AIongsIde the CoaIs, a serIes oI
18 targets and tImescaIes were aIso drawn up to make It easIer to measure progress.
3
The MIIIennIum Project Is an Independent advIsory body commIssIoned by the UN Secretary-CeneraI to advIse the
UN on strategIes Ior achIevIng the MDCs. ProIessor ]eIIrey D. Sachs oI CoIumbIa UnIversIty dIrects the Project
and the research oI the MIIIennIum Project Is perIormed by 10 Task Forces.
4
The consuItatIon was hosted by CIobaI Youth ActIon Network]TakIng T CIobaI durIng ]une 2004 and Is avaIIabIe
to vIew at http:]]groups.takIngItgIobaI.org]mdgconsuItatIon.
5
"WorId Youth Report 2003: The CIobaI SItuatIon oI Young PeopIe", UnIted NatIons, Department oI EconomIc and
SocIaI AIIaIrs, (New York, 2004) p. 2.
6
bId. p. 55
7
LO 2004. See the IuII press reIease and IInk to the report here -
http:]]www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]bureau]InI]pr]2004]36.htm
8
M.A.CIemens, C.].Kenny and T.].Moss, "The TroubIe wIth the MDCs: ConIrontIng ExpectatIons oI AId and
DeveIopment Success", CCD WorkIng Paper Number No. 40, (WashIngton, DC, USA, Center Ior CIobaI
DeveIopment, 2004) p. 1.
9
The consuItatIon was hosted by CIobaI Youth ActIon Network]TakIng T CIobaI durIng ]une 2004 and Is avaIIabIe
to vIew at http:]]groups.takIngItgIobaI.org]mdgsconsuItatIon
10
Statement to the Pan-AsIan Youth LeadershIp SummIt, 2004
11
UNESCO's ContrIbutIon: EmpowerIng Youth through natIonaI poIIcIes,
http:]]unesdoc.unesco.org]Images]0013]001345]134502e.pdI
12
bId
13
bId
14
bId
15
http:]]portaI.unesco.org]en]ev.php-URLD=22059&URLDO=DOTOPC&URLSECTON=201.htmI
16
http:]]www.youth.vIc.gov.au]pdIs]YouthCharter04.pdI
17
http:]]www.takIngItgIobaI.org]voIce]natIonaI.htmI
18
Parsons, ChrIstIne, ObstacIes to Youth: Are there barrIers Ior youth NCOs seekIng ECOSOC statusZ, CONCO YAC
Research FIndIngs, ]uIy 2003.
19
http:]]www.un.org]esa]socdev]unyIn]agenda.htm
20
A]RES]58]133. November, 2003.
21
http:]]www.un.org]esa]socdev]unyIn]youthrep.htm
22
http:]]www.un.org]esa]socdev]unyIn]youthrep.htm
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23
For an overvIew oI Youth OrganIzatIons workIng wIth the UN see:
http:]]www.un.org]esa]socdev]unyIn]IInks.htm#NCO
24
http:]]www.unesco.org]youth]Index.htm
25
nIormatIon avaIIabIe at: http:]]www.un.org]esa]sustdev]documents]agenda21]Index.htm
26
UnIted NatIons, Agenda 21, Adopted by the UnIted NatIons ConIerence on EnvIronment and DeveIopment, (RIo
de ]aneIro 14 ]une 1992) (Agenda 21 Chapter 5).
http:]]www.un.org]esa]sustdev]documents]agenda21]engIIsh]agenda21chapter25.htm
27
UnIted NatIons, Department oI EconomIc and SocIaI AIIaIrs, "]ohannesburg PIan oI mpIementatIon on WorId
SummIt oI SustaInabIe DeveIopment" (]ohannesburg, 26 August- 4 September 2002) (Paragraph 153 oI the PIan
oI mpIementatIon on WorId SummIt oI SustaInabIe DeveIopment) avaIIabIe at:
http:]]www.un.org]esa]sustdev]documents]WSSDPOPD]EngIIsh]WSSDPIanmpI.pdI
28
nIormatIon avaIIabIe at: http:]]wbIn0018.worIdbank.org]eurvp]web.nsI]pages]YouthZ20Home
29
nIormatIon avaIIabIe at: http:]]wbIn0018.worIdbank.org]eurvp]web.nsI]pages]YouthZ20Home
30
http:]]youthInk.worIdbank.org]
31
http:]]www.Iadb.org]exr]mandates]youth]about.htm
32
http:]]www.coe.Int]T]E]CuIturaICo-operatIon]Youth]7.Aboutus]Structures.asp
33
UNESCO's ContrIbutIon: EmpowerIng Youth through NatIonaI PoIIcIes:
http:]]unesdoc.unesco.org]Images]0013]001345]134502e.pdI
34
From consuItatIon on Youth and MDCs, CIobaI Youth ActIon Network]TakIngTCIobaI, ]une 2004,
http:]]groups.takIngItgIobaI.org]mdgconsuItatIon
35
bId
36
See websIte: http:]]www.undp.org]energy]genenergykIt]Intro21.htm
37
UN WorId Youth Report 2003: Chapter 3 - Youth In Extreme Poverty: DImensIons and Country Responses.
Accessed Irom http:]]www.un.org]esa]socdev]unyIn]wyr]documents]ch03.pdI
38
OrIgInaIIy reported on www.un.org]youth
39
NatIonaI Youth CommIssIon (n.d.). NYC FormuIates the medIum term youth deveIopment pIan 2005-2010.
RetrIeved Irom http:]]www.youth.net.ph]whatsnew]mtydp2.htm
40
Contact ]orge WertheIn, UNESCO 8rasIIIa, j.wertheInunesco.org, Ior more InIormatIon.
41
See websIte: http:]]www.worIdbank.org]cas]
42
Cender MaInstreamIng In Poverty EradIcatIon and the MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs: a handbook Ior poIIcy-
makers and Other StakehoIders. NaIIa Kabeer CommonweaIth SecretarIat]DRC]CDA 2003.
http:]]web.Idrc.ca]en]ev-42969-201-1-DOTOPC.htmI
43
http:]]www.worIdbank.org]oed]prsp
44
ChIIdhood Poverty Research and PoIIcy Centre (2002). "Whose Poverty MattersZ" on
http:]]www.chronIcpoverty.org]pdIs]CHPWorkIngPaper.pdI
45
Expert Croup MeetIng on Urban Youth EmpIoyment, NaIrobI Kenya, ]une 2004.
http:]]www.unhabItat.org]ngo]egmovervIew.asp
46
UN WorId Youth Report 2003: Chapter 3: Youth In Extreme Poverty: DImensIons and Country Responses
47
More InIo about the NatIonaI AntI-Poverty CommIssIon oI the PhIIIppInes Is avaIIabIe at:
http:]]www.napc.gov.ph]aboutnapc.htm
48
UNESCO: MonItorIng and EvaIuatIon by Youth NCOs, http:]]portaI.unesco.org]en]ev.php-
URLD=21109&URLDO=DOPRNTPACE&URLSECTON=201.htmI
49
ResponsIbIe Crowth Ior the New MIIIennIum: ntegratIng SocIety, EcoIogy, and the Economy, WorId 8ank, Sept
2004

50
"UN-HA8TAT and Youth: Strategy Ior Enhanced Engagement" at
http:]]www.unhabItat.org]ngo]documents]ConceptHabItatYouthStrategyZ20v2bZ202.pdI
51
bId
52
See http:]]www.sIdarec.or.ke
53
http:]]www.worIdbank.org]wbI]governance]
54
http:]]www.worIdbank.org]wbI]governance]youth]
55
WorId 8ank (2002). Youth Ior good governance IearnIng program: A dIstance IearnIng governance program Ior
youth. RetrIeved Irom http:]]www.worIdbank.org]wbI]governance]youth]youthgovbrochure.pdI
56
57
ThIs IncIudes: IIteracy, oraI expressIon, numeracy and probIem soIvIng
58
ThIs IncIudes: knowIedge, skIIIs, vaIues and attItudes
59
'WorId DecIaratIon on EducatIon Ior AII' adopted by the ConIerence on EducatIon Ior aII: MeetIng basIc IearnIng
needs, (]omtIen, ThaIIand 5-9 March 1990) on:
http:]]www.unesco.org]educatIon]InIormatIon]nIsunesco]pdI]]OMTEE.PDF
60
UnIted NatIons, Department oI EconomIc and SocIaI AIIaIrs, 'WorId Youth Report 2003. The CIobaI SItuatIon oI
Young PeopIe' (New York 2004) 33.
61
'Dakar Framework Ior ActIon' adopted by the WorId EducatIon Forum, (Dakar, AprII 2000) on:
http:]]www.unesco.org]educatIon]eIa]weI2000]Index.shtmI
62
nIormatIon obtaIned Irom: http:]]www.deveIopmentgoaIs.org]EducatIon.htm
63
bId
64
www.unIceI.org]voy
65
ArtIcIe 13.2.a CESCR COMMTTEE ON ECONOMC, SOCAL AND CULTURAL RCHTS, Twenty-IIrst sessIon (15
November-3 December 1999) on:
http:]]www.unhchr.ch]tbs]doc.nsI](symboI)]E.C.12.1999.10.EnZOpenDocument
66
nIormatIon retrIeved Irom http:]]www.IreethechIIdren.org]
67
'Target 2015: a Youth ntroductIon to the MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs' prepared by young deIegates to the
second WorId Youth Congress (CasabIanca, Morocco 16-28 August 2003) under IeadershIp oI PeacechIId
nternatIonaI and the Moroccan Youth Forum.
68
CIobaI Youth ActIon Network (2004). E-consuItatIons wIth youth. nIormatIon Irom: www.takIngItgIobaI.org &
http:]]www.takIngItgIobaI.org]actIon]yIaa-2001.htmI
69
Taken Irom comments submItted to www.mdgyouthpaper.org, February 2005.
70
UnIted NatIons, "CIobaI Framework, 40" DecIaratIon and Framework Ior ActIon adopted by Fourth WorId
ConIerence on Women (8eIjIng, 4-15 September 1995) avaIIabIe at:
http:]]www.un.org]womenwatch]daw]beIjIng]pIatIorm]Index.htmI
71
CampaIgn Ior CIobaI EducatIon (2005) 'MIssIng the Mark: A SchooI Report on rIch countrIes' contrIbutIon to
UnIversaI PrImary EducatIon by 2015'. AvaIIabIe at: http:]]www.campaIgnIoreducatIon.org]schooIreport
72
http:]]www.unIceI.org]voy]expIore]educatIon]expIore159.htmI
73
UNESCO's deIInItIon oI non-IormaI educatIon: Non-IormaI EducatIon may take pIace both wIthIn and outsIde
educatIonaI InstItutIons, and may cater to persons oI aII ages. DependIng on country contexts, It may cover
educatIonaI programs to Impart aduIt IIteracy, basIc educatIon Ior out-oI-schooI chIIdren, IIIe-skIIIs, work-
skIIIs, and generaI cuIture. Non-IormaI educatIon programs do not necessarIIy IoIIow the 'Iadder' system, may
have varyIng duratIons, and may or may not conIer certIIIcatIon oI the IearnIng achIeved.
http:]]portaI.unesco.org]educatIon]en]ev
74
YWCA (2002). YWCA programmes and projects around the worId. nIormatIon at
http:]]www.worIdywca.org]Index.htm

75
nIormatIon Irom comments submItted by HeIIen Tombo, Kenya Youth EducatIon and CommunIty DrIven
DeveIopment Programme, to www.mdgyouthpaper.org, February 2005
76
AWD (2003) Young women and IeadershIp InstItute (YWL). nIormatIon at
http:]]www.awId.org]ywI]ywII]transcrIpt2003.pdI
77
Mercy Is an OxIam nternatIonaI Youth ParIIament ActIon Partner. More InIormatIon Is avaIIabIe at:
http:]]www.Iyp.oxIam.org]partners
78
From comments submItted to commentsmdgyouthpaper.org, ]anuary 2005.
79
n 2001, average under IIve mortaIIty rate was 121 per 1,000 IIve bIrths In Iow Income countrIes, 41In mIddIe
cIass Income IamIIIes, 27 In upper mIddIe Income, and 7 In hIgh Income countrIes. StatIstIcs Iound on the
MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs websIte: http:]]www.deveIopmentgoaIs.org]chIIdmortaIIty.htm
80
Advocates Ior Youth: The SexuaI and ReproductIve HeaIth oI Youth: A CIobaI Snapshot
http:]]www.advocatesIoryouth.org]PU8LCATONS]Iactsheet]IsgIobaI.htm
81
8eIjIng PIatIorm Ior ActIon, Fourth WorId ConIerence on Women, 1995.
www.un.org]womenwatch]daw]beIjIng]pIatIorm
82
MIIIennIum Project TaskIorce Four ChIId MortaIIty and MaternaI HeaIth, nterIm Report, AprII 2004.
http:]]www.unmIIIennIumproject.org]documents]tI4InterIm.pdI
83
www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]bureau]InI]pr]2004]36.htm

84
From report, "YWCA Programmes and projects around the worId", 2004.
85
PoIIo EradIcatIon nItIatIve, http:]]www.poIIoeradIcatIon.org
86
MeasIes nItIatIve, http:]]www.measIesInItIatIve.org]youth]Ideas.asp
87
Water, EnvIronment and SanItatIon, UNCEF, http:]]www.unIceI.org]InIobycountry]mozambIque2231.htmI
88
nIormatIon obtaIned Irom Young Water ActIon Team at
http:]]www.ywat.org]ywat]Iorm.phpZtabIename=ywatInItIatIves&page=0&IunctIon=search
89
Ambassador Attends CIobaI Youth ServIce Day CeIebratIon In CeorgIa, US Embassy,
http:]]georgIa.usembassy.gov]events]event20040418servIceday.htm, AprII 2004.
90
"Youth ServIce Day In TbIIIsI", nIormatIon at
http:]]www.amerIcancouncIIs.org]newsItem.aspZPageD=73&Newstem=286
91
92
As toId by FemI AIna FasInu, Youth DIgnIty nternatIonaI, CommIssIon on the Status oI Women, New York, March
10, 2004.
93
UNFPA 2003.
94
Shane 8. FamIIy PIannIng Saves LIves. 3
rd
ed. WashIngton, DC: PopuIatIon ReIerence 8ureau, 1997.
95
UNFPA: http:]]www.unIpa.org]gender]vIoIence.htm
96
WorId Youth Report 2003, UnIted NatIons. Chapter 9.
97
Advocates Ior Youth: Cender Fact Sheet www.advocatesIoryouth.org]pubIIcatIons]Iactsheet]Isgender.htm
98
UNCEF. "ChIId ProtectIon" http:]]www.unIceI.org]protectIon]IndexearIymarrIage.htmI
99
MIIIennIum Project TaskIorce Four ChIId MortaIIty and MaternaI HeaIth, nterIm Report, AprII 2004.
http:]]www.unmIIIennIumproject.org]documents]tI4InterIm.pdI
100
UNESCO's ContrIbutIon: EmpowerIng youth through natIonaI youth poIIcIes, 2004 avaIIabIe at
http:]]www.unesco.org]youth
101
UNESCO's ContrIbutIon: EmpowerIng youth through natIonaI youth poIIcIes, 2004 avaIIabIe at
http:]]www.unesco.org]youth
102
CommIssIon on PopuIatIon and DeveIopment Para. 6.15
103
WorId Youth Report 2005 A]60]61 E]2005]7

104
bId
105
See websIte: http:]]www.youthpeer.org]more.aspZD=9
106
PIIIsbury, Maynard-Tucker et aI. 1999
107
"8eyond the Numbers". WorId HeaIth OrganIzatIon, 2004.
108
nIormatIon at http:]]www.wagggsworId.org]aroundtheworId]projects]adoIescentpregnancy]Index.htmI
109
Amnesty nternatIonaI CampaIgn: Stop VIoIence AgaInst Women
http:]]www.amnesty.org]aIIIb]Intcam]Iemgen]Igm1.htm
110
As toId by FemI AIna FasInu, Youth DIgnIty nternatIonaI, CommIssIon on the Status oI Women, New York,
March 10, 2004.
111
Youth 8roadcastIng nItIatIve - SomaIIa 2003
http:]]www.unIceI.org]evaIuatIon]IIIes]SomaIIaUnIceIWebsItePIece.doc
112
About the 16 Days CampaIgn, http:]]www.cwgI.rutgers.edu]16days
113
OrIgInaIIy posted, March 28, 2005, Cender-ADS eForum 2004: gender-aIdseIorums.heaIthdev.org
PubIIcatIon: The South AIrIcan Men as Partners Network: MobIIIzIng Men For Cender ]ustIce DurIng 16 Days oI
ActIvIsm AgaInst VIoIence AgaInst Women 8y KrIsty SIegIrIed Engender HeaIth February 2005
114
115
Women and HV]ADS: ConIrontIng the CrIsIs, UNFPA, UNFEM, UNADS. ]uIy 2004. AvaIIabIe
http:]]www.unIIem.org
116
nternatIonaI ConIerence Ior PopuIatIon and DeveIopment+5, paragraph 70
117
UNADS 2004
118
UNCEF, http:]]www.unIceI.org]medIa
119
"FacIng the Future Together", UN Secretary CeneraI TaskIorce on Women, CIrIs and HV ADS In Southern
AIrIca."
120
Excerpts taken Irom a month-Iong e-consuItatIon, "CenderADS", In February 2004. AII responses are avaIIabIe
on: www.groups.takIngItgIobaI.org]CenderADS
121
CIobaI Youth ActIon Network Youth In ActIon Award WInner: http:]]www.takIngItgIobaI.org]actIon]yIaa-
2004.htmI
122
From a paper by AyodejI AdewumI, ObaIemI AwoIo UnIversIty. December 2004. EmaII:
ayodeIIadewunmIhotmaII.com
123
dea Irom comments by ShankpaI VaIshaII, age 28, project InItIator
124
http:]]www.undp.org]Idep]2004]awards.htmI
125
DabeskaI Mac-kemenjIma, "Report oI the partIcIpatIon oI Youth at the XV nternatIonaI ConIerence on ADS",
emaII: studentswbmaII.com
126
http:]]www.gIobaIjustIcenow.org]
127
nIormatIon at http:]]www.unIpa.org]news]news.cImZD=445
128
Excerpts taken Irom a month-Iong e-consuItatIon, "CenderADS", In February 2004. AII responses are avaIIabIe
on: www.groups.takIngItgIobaI.org]CenderADS
129
Chapter 25, Agenda 21. More InIormatIon on youth and sustaInabIe deveIopment avaIIabIe In the Youth
Sourcebook on SustaInabIe DeveIopment. WInnIpeg: SD, 1995. OnIIne. nternet.
http:]]IIsd.ca]youth]ysbk0010.htm
130
Paragraph 153, ]ohannesburg PIan oI mpIementatIon
131
More InIormatIon on Major Croups avaIIabIe at: http:]]www.un.org]esa]sustdev]mgroups]mgroups.htm
132
Paragraph 23.2, Chapter 23, SectIon , Agenda 21,
http:]]www.un.org]esa]sustdev]documents]agenda21]engIIsh]agenda21chapter23.htm
133
Tunza Is the SwahIII word meanIng "to treat wIth care and aIIectIon".

134
See websIte: http:]]www.unep.org]chIIdrenyouth]homepageIIIes]youth]gyr.htm
135
See websIte: http:]]www.unep.org]chIIdrenyouth]homepageIIIes]youth]yac.htm
136
bId
137
See websIte: http:]]www.unesco.org]csI]smIs]sIv]vIsIon-actIon.htm
138
More InIormatIon at http:]]www.unepapac.org]sIngMIIIennIumZ20YouthZ20Forum.htmI
139
nIormatIon obtaIned Irom: http:]]www.mIsIonrescate.org.mx, http:]]www.geojuvenII.org.mx, and
http:]]www.roIac.unep.mx]geoyouth]Index.htm
140
nIormatIon avaIIabIe at: http:]]www.aIesec.org]about
141
CommunIque Irom YSDA
142
Youth Sourcebook on SustaInabIe DeveIopment. WInnIpeg: SD, 1995. OnIIne. nternet.
http:]]IIsd.ca]youth]ysbk0010.htm
143
Program ProIIIe Irom TakIng t CIobaI; nIormatIon at http:]]projects.takIngItgIobaI.org]arpatII1
144
YouthActIonNET award wInner, 2002 http:]]www.youthactIonnet.org]yanawards]
145
See websIte: http:]]www.ywat.org
146
From Youth EmpIoyment SummIt, RenewabIe NewsIetter, 2003
www.yesweb.org]projects]renewabIe]newsIetter.pdI
147
bId
148
bId
149
From Youth Xchange, UNESCO-UNEP, 2002, http:]]www.youthxchange.net
150
8entIey, M, FIen, ], & NeII, C (2004). SustaInabIe ConsumptIon: Young AustraIIans as Agents oI Change.
NatIonaI Youth AIIaIrs Research Scheme, AustraIIan Covernment Department oI FamIIy and CommunIty ServIces,
Canberra, AustraIIa avaIIabIe Irom
http:]]www.Iacs.gov.au]Internet]IacsInternet.nsI]aboutIacs]programs]youth-sustaInabIeconsumptIon.htm
151
There are two YouthXChange NatIonaI web sItes such as the Korean http:]]www.youthxchange.org and the
MexIcan http:]]www.jovenesxeIcambIo.net.
152
Report and DecIaratIon oI the presIdents conIerence (1990) TaIIoIres DecIaratIon,
http:]]www.uIsI.org]programstaIIoIresreport.htmI
153
bId
154
nIormatIon obtaIned Irom http:]]www.eco-campus.net
155
Taken Irom "Resource MobIIIzatIon and EnabIIng EnvIronment Ior Poverty EradIcatIon", a contrIbutIon by the
nternatIonaI Movement ATD Fourth WorId, New York, 28 to 30 ]une 2004
156
157
See http:]]www.maketradeIaIr.com Ior more InIormatIon.
158
More InIormatIon at http:]]www.usIt.org
159
For more InIormatIon, see YEN - http:]]www.IIo.org]yen
160
For more InIormatIon, see YES - http:]]www.yesweb.org
161
For a comparIson between the top down and bottom up approaches oI YEN vs YES, and theIr strengths and
weaknesses, see "YEN and YES: an assessment oI two major InItIatIves to promote youth empIoyment
opportunItIes gIobaIIy" wrItten by RIchard CurtaIn, avaIIabIe Irom http:]]www.curtaIn-
consuItIng.net.au]youngdeveIopIngcountrIes.htmI
162
See the IuII press reIease and IInk to the report here:
http:]]www.IIo.org]pubIIc]engIIsh]bureau]InI]pr]2004]36.htm

163
bId

164
"YEN and YES: an assessment oI two major InItIatIves to promote youth empIoyment opportunItIes gIobaIIy"
wrItten by RIchard CurtaIn, avaIIabIe Irom http:]]www.curtaIn-
consuItIng.net.au]youngdeveIopIngcountrIes.htmI
165
See the IoIIowIng URL Ior a searchabIe database oI eIIectIve youth empIoyment practIces:
http:]]www.yesweb.org]gkr]eIIpract.htmI
166
"mprovIng prospects Ior young women and men In the worId oI work" A CuIde to Youth EmpIoyment. PoIIcy
consIderatIons and recommendatIons Ior the deveIopment oI NatIonaI ActIon PIans on Youth EmpIoyment, LO
2004, avaIIabIe at http:]]www.IIo.org]yen
167
8eIrute, N. ]. (2002) PromotIng SustaInabIIIty Through Youth EmpIoyment: A PerspectIve Irom the Earth Charter,
8ackground Paper Ior the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt 2002, EducatIon DeveIopment Centre, nc.
168
Case study provIded by Youth Empowerment ServIce, St VIncent and The CrenadInes.
169
See a report Irom the Youth EmpIoyment SummIt on the potentIaI Ior youth empIoyment In RenewabIe Energy:
http:]]www.yesweb.org]docs]restudy.pdI
170
See InIormatIon at http:]]www.yesweb.org]
171
See more InIormatIon at http:]]www.thenatIonstrust.org
172
CurtaIn, RIchard (2003) 'ChaIIenges IacIng youth CT entrepreneurs' 8ackground paper Ior the Youth
EmpIoyment SummIt meetIng, Hyderabad, ndIa, December 2003 at
http:]]www.curtaIn-consuItIng.net.au]youngdeveIopIngcountrIes.htmI
173
CorporatIon Ior EnterprIse DeveIopment (December 2001), "ndIvIduaI DeveIopment Accounts Ior Youth:
Lessons Learned Irom an EmergIng FIeId", CorporatIon Ior EnterprIse DeveIopment, WashIngton DC
174
NeII, C (2002) Asset DeveIopment & the Youth Economy. Paper prepared Ior 8rIsbane CIty CouncII Youth
Strategy.
175
nIormatIon at http:]]www.cypyouth.net]enterprIse.htm (Case study prepared Ior the CreatIng Common WeaIth
Youth EnterprIse DeveIopment Forum, November 2003 http:]]www.thesource.gov.au]creatIngcommonweaIth)
176
More InIormatIon at http:]]www.Iyps.org]bIueprInt
177
See InIormatIon at http:]]www.yesweb.org]
178
Paragraph 11 oI the WSS DecIaratIon, avaIIabIe at http:]]www.Itu.Int]wsIs]documents]docmuItI-en-
1161Z7C1160.asp
179
See http:]]www.gIobaIknowIedge.org Ior more InIormatIon.
180
Source: MoraItIs, NIck. (2003, March 9) Youth CreatIng DIgItaI OpportunItIes: ReaIIzIng the potentIaI oI youth to
create dIgItaI opportunItIes around the UN WorId SummIt on the nIormatIon SocIety
181
CurtaIn, RIchard (2003) 'ChaIIenges IacIng youth CT entrepreneurs' 8ackground paper Ior the Youth
EmpIoyment SummIt meetIng, Hyderabad, ndIa, December 2003 at:
http:]]www.curtaIn-consuItIng.net.au]youngdeveIopIngcountrIes.htmI
182
See http:]]www.dIgItaIdIvIdedata.com Ior more InIormatIon.
183
See http:]]www.advocatesIoryouth.org]about]InternatIonaI.htm Ior more InIormatIon.
The Secretary-CeneraI very much agrees wIth you on how crItIcaI the
MDCs are Ior youth, not onIy as beneIIcIarIes but aIso as contrIbutors.

--ir| i..ttl Krtwr, |l| i |i|irt, |riti Kititrs !trtiriit

We're so excIted to get young peopIe motIvated about endIng poverty and
achIevIng the MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs. Youth oI the worId are
oIten the most enthusIastIc and motIvated to make reaI changes because
It's theIr Iuture they are IIghtIng Ior.

--|.ir Kr||rs, !trtir-|rri.'s |ttrti |ttriirittr |tr tl
i..rrirn |.tjnrt |ti.s |injiijr it tl |K

The report hIghIIghts that young peopIe are key actors and the drIvIng
Iorce Ior posItIve socIaI change and that 'young' vIsIons and contrIbutIons
shouId thereIore be centraI to aII IeveIs and In aII eIIorts reIated to
achIevIng the MDCs. UNESCO's SectIon Ior Youth strongIy encourages Its
use as a tooI Ior substantIve debate aImed at expIorIng the countIess
opportunItIes that workIng Ior and wIth young peopIe brIngs to achIevIng
the MIIIennIum DeveIopment CoaIs.

-- |itr.ir |rttl, |K|!|'s !ttitr |tr \trtl

ThIs group has produced a vaIuabIe document that speaks to the
Importance oI actIve youth partIcIpatIon In the MIIIennIum DeveIopment
CoaIs.

--k.|rt |lt, |riti Kititrs i..rrirn |rtjtt

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YOUTH AND THE MLLENNUM DEVELOPMENT COALS 1

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