Physics 71 3rd long Exam notes STATIC EQUILIBRIUM: Conditions for Static Equilibrium: 1.

Net force must be equal to zero 2. Net torque must be equal to zero A body in static equilibrium has not translational or rotational motions Center of mass the point located at the objects average position of mass - also often called CENTER OF GRAVITY, the average position of all particles of weight that make up an object - there can be a small difference between center of mass and center of gravity when an object is large enough for gravity to vary from one part to another Center of gravity point where all gravitational force seems to act - center of gravity is the center of mass if the acceleration due to gravity is constant throughout Rule of toppling If the CG extends outside the area of support, and unbalanced torque exists and the object will topple ELASTICITY Elastic when an object returns to initial state when you stop applying force Inelastic when an object is deformed after applying forces Hooks Law for Springs: Stress = Modulus x Strain Types of Deformations Strain Force Applied Tensile or Perpendicular Compressive Sheer or Torsional Bulk Elastic Limit Parallel Perpendicular on all sides - the distance at which permanent distortion occurs - Hookes law only hold true as long as the force does not stretch or compress the material beyond its elastic limit

Stress

Strain

Modulus

GRAVITATION Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the products of the masses fo the particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:

Equations for circular orbits: 1. Orbital speed: 2. Acceleration: 3. Period: 4. Total Mechanical Energy: ;

Fgrav magnitude of gravitational force m interacting masses R radial distance between the masses G gravitational constant (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) ME 5.97 x 1024 RE 6.38 x 106 Weight:

positive for open orbits, negative for closed orbits Keplers Law of Planetary Motion: 1. Each planet moves in an elliptical orbit, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse 2. A line from the sun to a given planet sweeps equal areas in equal times 3. The periods of the planets are proportional to the 3/2 powers of the major axis length of their orbits Conservation of angular momentum:

On the surface of the Earch

On higher elevations Acceleration Due to gravity: Keplers 3rd Law:

a major axis

Gravitational Potential Energy:

Escape Speed:

Closed Orbits: 1. Circular satellite always moving perpendicular to gravity and parallel to the earths surface; the speed does not change 2. Ellipse traces an oval-shaped path; apogee is the farthest distance while perigee is the closest; component of force acts on the satellite thus the sum of KE and PE are always constant

FLUID MECHANICS Fluid any substance that can flow Specific gravity ration of a materials density to the density of water, no units Fluid Pressure: Fluid at rest exerts force perpendicular to any surface in contact with it:

Archimedes Principle: A body wholly or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid Buoyancy apparent loss of weight of objects when submerged in a liquid. The upward forces against the bottom of a submerged object are greater than the downward forces against the top causing a net upward force When the weight of a submerged object is greater than the buoyant force, the object will sink When the weight of the submerged object is less than the buoyant force, then the object will rise to the surface and float Force exerted by a fluid on a body submerged in it:

Hydrostatic Equilibrium net force on the fluid is zero Atmospheric pressure due to the earths atmosphere Pressure Dependence pressure varies with position:

Gauge pressure excess pressure above atm pressure

Pressure of the liquid is the same at any given depth below the surface, regardless of the shape of the container Pascals Law: States that changes in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest are transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid and act in all directions. Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted to every portion of the fluid and walls of the containing vessel

The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced Continuity Equation: Fluid is incompressible Density is constant No internal friction

Bernoullis Equation: The work done on a unit volume of fluid by the surrounding fuild is equal to the sum of the changes in KE and PE per unit volume that occur during the flow:

Pressure has the same value at all points in the same height

Venturi Meter:

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION Repetitive Has stable equilibrium position dues to a restoring force The period does not depend on the mass, only on the length Displacement, velocity, and acceleration:

Physical Pendulum:

Damped Oscillations: If Underdamped Critically Damped Overdamped

Simple Harmonic Motion:

Phase Angle and Amplitude:

Speed at any Point:

Energy in SHM:

Simple Pendulum:

MECHANICAL WAVES Wave Speed:

Position Function:

Wave number: Wave Speed:

Power:

Harmonics:

Doppler Effect: