Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Liquid Separations
FILMTEC
Membranes
and
DOWEX
Ion Exchange Resins
ENGINEERING INFORMATION
Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
7.2
Conductivity of Solutions, Acids, Alkalis and Salts at 25C expressed as S/cm per meq/I
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.
9.
Sieve
Mesh Number
Nominal
Sieve Opening
mm
Opening
Tolerance
m
Nominal
Wire Diameter
mm
10
2.00
70
0.900
12
1.68
60
0.810
14
1.41
50
0.725
16
1.19
45
0.650
18
1.00
40
0.5 80
20
0.841
35
0.510
25
0.707
30
0.450
30
0.595
25
0.390
35
0.500
20
0.340
40
0.420
19
0.290
45
0.354
16
0.247
50
0.297
14
0.215
60
0.250
12
0.180
70
0.210
10
0.152
80
0.178
0.131
100
0.150
0.110
120
0.125
0.091
140
0.104
0.076
170
0.089
0.064
200
0.074
0.05 3
230
0.064
0.044
270
0.053
0.037
325
0.043
0.030
400
0.038
0.025
650 50 microns
1.1
5%
0.5%
to
from
multiply by
divide by
metre (m)
metre (m)
metre (m)
0.0254
0.3048
0.9144
m2
m2
m2
0.0006452
0.0929
0.8361
litre (I)
litre (I)
litre (I)
litre (I)
litre (I)
0.01639
28.32
764.6
4.546
3.785
gram (g)
gram (g)
gram (g)
0.0648
28.35
453.6
kilo Pascal
kPa
kPa
bar
kPa
101.3
100.0
0.04788
0.069
6.895
kPa/m
22.62
Pascal-second (Pa s)
0.1
FLOW RATE
gal./min. = gpm
gal./min. = gpm
gal./day = gpd
gal./day = gpd
million gal./day = mgd
gal./day = gpd
Imp gpm
m3/hr
l/sec
m3/day
l/hr
m3/hr
m3/day
m3/hr
0.227
0.063
0.003785
0.158
157.73
3785
0.273
FLOW VELOCITY
gpm/ft2
gpd/ft2
m/h
l/m2hr
2.445
1.70
ppm CaCO3
(m3/h)/m3
8.02
RINSE VOLUME
gal./ft3
l/l
0.134
CHEMICAL DOSAGE
Ib/ft3
g/I
16.0
From
to
LENGTH
inch (in.)
foot (ft)
yard (yd)
AREA
in.2
ft2
yd2
VOLUME
in.3
ft3
yd3
Imp. Gallon (U.K.)
U.S. Gallon (gal.)
MASS
grain (gr)
Ounce
pound (Ib)
PRESSURE
Atmosphere (atm)
Bar
Ib/ft2
Ib/in.2 = psi
Ib/in.2 = psi
PRESSURE DROP
psi/ft
VISCOSITY
poise
Table 4. Multiplication Factors for the Conversion of Concentration Units of Ionic Species
Compound
Formula
lonic Weight
Equivalent Weight
POSITIVE IONS
Aluminum
Ammonium
Barium
Calcium
Copper
Hydrogen
Ferrous Iron
Ferric Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Potassium
Sodium
Al+++
NH4+
Ba++
Ca++
Cu++
H+
Fe++
Fe+++
Mg++
Mn++
K+
Na+
27.0
18.0
137.4
40.1
63.6
1.0
55.8
55.8
24.3
54.9
39.1
23.0
9.0
18.0
68.7
20.0
31.8
1.0
27.9
18.6
12.2
27.5
39.1
23.0
5.56
2.78
0.73
2.50
1.57
50.0
1.79
2.69
4.10
1.82
1.28
2.18
0.111
0.0556
0.0146
0.0500
0.0314
1.0000
0.0358
0.0538
0.0820
0.0364
0.0256
0.0435
NEGATIVE IONS
Bicarbonate
Carbonate
Chloride
Fluoride
lodide
Hydroxide
Nitrate
Phosphate (tribasic)
Phosphate (dibasic)
Phosphate (monobasic)
Sulfate
Bisulfate
Sulfite
Bisulfite
Sulfide
HCO3CO3-ClFIOHNO3PO4--HPO4-H2PO4SO4-HSO4SO3-HSO3S--
61.0
60.0
35.5
19.0
129
17.0
62.0
95.0
90
97.0
91
97.1
80.1
81.1
32.1
61.0
30.0
35.5
19.0
129
17.0
62.0
31.7
48.0
97.0
48.0
97.1
40.0
81.1
10
0.82
1.67
1.41
2.63
0.39
2.94
0.81
1.58
1.04
0.52
1.04
0.52
1.25
0.62
3.13
0.0164
0.0333
0.0282
0.0526
0.0079
0.0588
0.0161
0.0315
0.0208
0.0103
0.0208
0.0103
0.0250
0.0123
0.0625
NEUTRAL
Carbon dioxide
Silica
Ammonia
CO2
SiO2
NH3
44.0
60.0
17.0
44.0
60.0
17.0
1.14
0.83
2.94
0.0227
0.0167
0.0588
meq/l
kgr/ft3
2288
45.8
1 grain/U.S. gallon
17.1
0.342
ppm CaCO3
1.0
0.020
1 English degree
14.3
0.285
1 French degree
10.0
0.200
1 German degree
17.9
0.357
Conversion to
eq/I
g CaCO3/I
Formula
Molecular
Weight
Equivalent
Weight
342.1
78.0
101.9
163.9
233.4
162.1
100.1
111.0
74.1
56.1
136.1
172.2
310.3
151.9
399.9
40.3
146.3
84.3
95.2
58.3
262.9
120.4
246.5
125.8
89.0
166.0
143.3
169.9
60.1
84.0
106.0
58.5
40.0
85.0
380.2
164.0
358.2
142.0
138.1
120.0
102.0
142.1
126.1
57.0
26.0
17.0
27.3
116.7
81.1
50.0
55.5
37.1
28.0
68.1
86.1
51.7
76.0
66.7
20.2
73.2
42.2
47.6
29.2
43.8
60.2
123.3
62.9
44.4
166.0
143.3
169.9
30.0
84.0
53.0
58.5
40.0
85.0
126.7
54.7
119.4
47.3
46.0
40.0
34.0
71.0
63.0
Substance
CaCO3
to CaCO3
equivalent to
equivalent
Substance
multiply by
0.88
1.92
2.94
1.83
0.43
0.62
1.00
0.90
1.35
1.79
0.74
0.58
0.97
0.66
0.75
2.48
0.68
1.19
1.05
1.71
1.14
0.83
0.41
0.80
1.13
0.30
0.35
0.29
1 .67
0.60
0.94
0.85
1.25
0.59
0.40
0.91
0.42
1.06
1.09
1.25
1.47
0.70
0.79
1.14
0.52
0.34
0.55
2.33
1.62
1.00
1.11
0.74
0.56
1.36
1.72
1.03
1.52
1.33
0.40
1.46
0.84
0.95
0.58
0.88
1.20
2.47
1.26
0.89
3.32
2.87
3.40
0.60
1.68
1.06
1.17
0.80
1.70
2.53
1.09
2.39
0.95
0.92
0.80
0.68
1.42
1.26
4. Conversion of Temperature
Units
150
140
130
120
C to F: (9/5 x C) + 32 = F
110
F to C: 5/9 (F 32) = C
The S.I. unit is C.
Temperature (C)
5. Conversion of Conductivity to
Resistance
100
Scm
80
70
60
50
40
30
90
20
10
0
0
S
1
= ---- = ---- = -1cm-1
cm
cm
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Temperature (F)
10
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.1
1
Electrical Resistance (106 cm = Mcm)
10
100
6. Conductivity of Water as
Function of the Temperature
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature (C)
HCl
NH3
H2SO4
20
KOH
NaOH
18
Conductivity (S/cm)
16
NaCl
14
12
10
8
6
CO2
4
2
0
0
10
HCl
0C
(32F)
18C
(64F)
25C
(77F)
50C
(122F)
0.66
0.89
1.00
1.37
H2SO4
0.66
0.87
1.00
1.38
NaCl
0.53
0.86
1.00
1.57
NaOH
0.54
0.89
1.00
1.51
KOH
0.55
0.89
1.00
1.50
60
NH3
40
HCl
H2SO4
20
NaCl
NaOH
10
Conductivity (S/cm)
8
6
CO2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
10
20
40
60
80 100
Table 8. Conductivity of Solutions, Acids, Alkalis and Salts at 25C Expressed as S/cm per meq/l
Component
HCl
HNO3
H2SO4
H3PO4
NaOH
KOH
NH4OH
NaCl
Na2SO4
Na2CO3
NaHCO3
KCI
Concentration in meg/l
infin. diluted
0.1
426
421
430
419
248
271
271
126
130
124
96.0
150
425
420
424
394
247
270
109
126
128
122
95.2
149
0.5
1.0
5.0
10.0
50.0
100.0
423
417
412
359
246
269
49
124
126
120
94.2
148
421
416
407
336
245
268
36
124
124
119
93.5
141
415
410
390
264
241
264
17
121
117
112
90.5
144
412
407
380
223
238
261
12
118
113
108
88.4
141
399
394
346
133
227
251
5.6
111
97.7
93.2
80.6
133
392
386
317
104
221
246
3.9
107
90.0
86.3
76.0
129
20C (68F)
25C (77F)
100C (212F)
328
45
67
67
47
53.7
179
69.0
36.5
65.2
30.1
63.0
71.8
-
350
50.1
73.5
73.5
53.1
59.5
197
76.3
44.5
71.4
36.0
72.0
53.4
79.8
69.0
646
155
200
200
170
191
446
207
178
234
-
H
Na+
K+
NH4+
Mg++
Ca++
OH
Cl
HCO3
NO3
H2PO4
CO3
HPO4
SO4
PO4
8
NaHCO3
6
CO2
NH3
Na2SO4
NaCl
Na2CO3
NaOH
H2SO4
HCl
1
0
1
1
2
3
4
.5 .333 .25
5
6
7
8
9 10
.2 .167 .143 .125 .111 .1
5
9
14
19
28
33
38
42
47
52
57
61
66
71
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
171
176
181
186
191
196
201
206
211
216
221
226
231
236
241
247
252
257
262
272
277
282
87
292
297
302
mhos/cm ppm
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1020
1040
1080
1100
1120
1140
1160
1180
1200
1220
1240
1260
1280
1300
1320
1340
1360
1380
1400
1420
307
312
317
323
328
333
338
343
348
353
358
363
368
373
378
383
388
393
399
404
409
414
419
424
429
434
439
444
449
454
459
464
469
474
480
485
490
495
500
510
520
540
550
561
571
581
591
601
611
621
632
642
652
662
672
682
692
702
713
mhos/cm ppm
1440
1460
1480
1500
1525
1550
1575
1600
1625
1650
1675
1700
1725
1750
1775
1800
1825
1850
1875
1900
1925
1950
1975
2000
2025
2050
2075
2125
2150
2175
2200
2225
2250
2275
2300
2325
2350
2375
2400
2425
2450
2475
2500
2550
2600
2650
2700
2750
2800
285
2900
2950
3000
3050
3100
3150
3200
3250
3300
723
733
743
754
766
770
792
805
817
830
843
856
868
881
894
907
920
932
945
958
971
983
996
1000
1022
1034
1047
1073
1085
1098
1111
1124
1137
1140
1162
1175
1188
1200
1213
1226
1239
1251
1264
1290
1315
1344
1371
1398
1426
1453
1480
1508
1535
1562
1589
1617
1644
1671
1699
mhos/cm ppm
3350
3400
3450
3500
3550
3600
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
3900
3950
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
6800
6900
7000
7100
7200
7300
7400
7500
7600
7700
7800
7900
8000
8100
8200
8300
8400
8500
1726
1753
1781
1808
1835
1863
1899
1917
1945
1972
1999
2027
2054
2081
2136
2191
2245
2300
2356
2412
2468
2524
2580
2636
2692
2748
2805
2861
2917
2973
3029
3085
3141
3197
3253
3309
3365
3421
3477
3533
3589
3645
3701
3758
3814
3870
3926
3982
4038
4094
4150
4206
4262
4318
4374
4430
4486
4542
4598
mhos/cm ppm
mhos/cm
8600
8700
8800
8900
9000
9100
9200
9216
9300
9400
9500
9600
9700
9800
9900
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
11600
11800
12000
12200
12400
12600
12800
13000
13200
13400
13600
13800
14000
14200
14400
14600
14800
15000
15250
15500
15750
16000
16250
16500
16750
17000
17500
1775
18000
18250
18500
18750
19000
19250
19500
19750
20000
20250
20500
20750
21000
21250
21500
21750
22000
22250
22500
22750
23000
23250
23500
23750
24000
24250
24500
24750
25000
25500
26000
26500
27000
27500
28000
28500
29000
29500
30000
30500
31000
31500
32000
32500
33000
34000
34500
35000
35500
36000
36500
37000
37500
38000
38500
39000
39500
40000
41000
42000
43000
44000
45000
46000
47000
48000
49000
4654
4710
4767
4823
4879
4935
4991
5000
5047
5103
5159
5215
5271
5327
5383
5439
5551
5664
5776
5888
6000
6122
6243
364
6485
6607
6728
6843
6970
7091
7213
7334
7455
7576
7898
7819
7940
8061
8182
8304
8425
8576
8728
8879
9031
9182
9334
9486
9637
9940
10092
10247
10400
10554
10708
10852
11015
11169
11323
ppm
11476
11630
11784
11937
12091
12245
12399
12552
12705
12860
13013
13167
13321
13474
13628
13782
13936
14089
14243
14397
14550
14858
15165
15473
15780
16087
16395
16702
17010
17317
17624
17932
18239
18547
18854
19161
19469
20084
20391
20698
21006
21313
21621
21928
22235
22543
22850
23158
23465
23773
24387
25002
25679
26357
27035
27713
28391
29069
29747
mhos/cm ppm
50000
51000
52000
53000
54000
55000
56000
57000
58000
59000
60000
61000
62000
63000
64000
65000
66000
67000
68000
69000
70000
71000
72000
73000
74000
76000
77000
78000
79000
80000
81000
82000
83000
84000
85000
86000
87000
88000
89000
90000
91000
92000
93000
94000
95000
96000
97000
98000
99000
100000
30425
31103
31781
32459
33137
33815
34493
35171
35849
36527
37205
37883
38561
39239
39917
40595
41273
41961
42629
3307
43985
44663
45341
46091
46697
48053
48731
49409
50087
50765
51443
52121
52799
53477
54155
54833
55511
56130
56867
57545
58223
58901
59579
60257
60935
61613
62291
62969
63647
64325
7.0
pH Value
6.5
6.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature (C)
NaOH
9.6
KOH
9.4
9.2
9.0
NH2 NH2
8.6
8.4
8.2
8.0
7.8
NH3
8.8
pH Value
7.6
7.4
7.2
7.0
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
6.8
6.6
CO2
6.4
pH Value
6.2
HCl
6.0
5.8
H2SO4
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
If phenolphthalein is used as
indicator, P-alkalinity is measured. If
methylorange is used, M-alkalinity is
measured.
Although alkalinity numbers as such
are interesting, it is also necessary to
know the concentrations of the
species making up this alkalinity; the
Hydroxyl
(OH)
Carbonate
(CO3)
Bicarbonate
(HCO3)
P < 1/2 M
2P
M - 2P
P = 1/2 M
P > 1/2 M
2P-M
2(M-P)
P=O
P=M
0.01%
10 mg/I
Organic matter
0.01%
0.4%
5 mg/l
~0
None
50 mg/I
Nitrogen compounds
20 mg/I
As
0.2 mg/I
Organic matter
0.01%
~0
Inhibitors
None
20 mg/I
0.6%
NaClO3
30 mg/I
Na3CO3
0.75%
Fe
10 mg/I
5 mg/I
SiO3
50 mg/I
Na2SO4
0.2%
NaOH
Na2CO3
Mercury1
Grade
Rayon1
Grade
Regular
Diaphragm
Grade
Regular
Technical
Flake
51%
50.1%
50.4%
98%
0.02%
0.2%
0.2%
0.5-1%
1 mg/l
2 mg/l
0.5%l
2 mg/l
NaCl
0.002%
0.2-.05%
1-2%
0.4-1.5%
NaSO4
10 mg/l
0.1%l
0.03%
0.3%
Fe
1 mg/l
10 mg/l
15 mg/l
10 mg/l
2 mg/l
4 mg/l
N.S.
2 mg/l
SiO2
10 mg/l
40 mg/l
N.S.
500 mg/l
NaClO3
1%
SO
Mg+++Ca++
0.5%
Resin
Concentration
Softening
8-26% NaCl
Dealkalization
5-10% NaCl
Organic screen
100
20
80
H2SO4
60
40
HSO4
40
60
80
20
SO4
0
0
100
20
40
60
80
100
80
20
60
40
HSO4
40
20
60
80
SO4
100
100
0
0
10
100
80
20
SO4
40
60
HSO4
40
60
80
20
100
0
0
3
pH Value
1. Sulfate/Bisulfate Equilibrium as
Function of pH at 25C (77F) In the
presence of other acids/bases the
equilibrium between bisulfate (HSO4)
and sulfate (SO4 ) will be shifted as
a function of the overall pH of the
solution. Figure 13 shows the
proportions of HSO4 and SO4 for
diluted solution at 25C (77F).
100
NH4+
20
NH3
60
40
40
60
20
80
80
100
0
7
10
11
12
13
14
pH Value
100
80
HCO3
CO2
60
HCO3
CO3
40
20
0
4
8
pH Value
10
11
12
Concentration
g HCl/l
Concentration
eq/l
Concentration
lbs/gal.
Density
kg/l
Density
Baum
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
5.01
10.03
15.09
20.16
25.28
30.39
35.53
40.72
51.15
61.68
72.31
83.04
93.87
104.8
127.0
149.5
172.5
195.8
219.6
243.8
268.6
293.5
318.9
344.7
370.9
397.5
424.4
451.8
479.2
0.137
0.274
0.413
0.552
0.692
0.833
0.973
1.12
1.40
1.69
1.98
2.28
2.57
2.87
3.48
4.10
4.73
5.37
6.02
6.68
7.36
8.04
8.74
9.44
10.16
10.89
11.63
12.38
13.13
0.042
0.084
0.13
0.17
0.22
0.25
0.30
0.34
0.43
0.50
0.60
0.69
0.78
0.87
1.04
1.22
1.46
1.65
1.83
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.68
2.88
3.07
3.26
3.45
3.63
3.8
1.001
1.003
1.006
1.008
1.011
1.013
1.015
1.018
1.023
1.028
1.033
1.038
1.043
1.048
1.058
1.068
1.078
1.088
1.098
1.108
1.119
1.129
1.139
1.149
1.159
1.169
1.179
1.189
1.198
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.7
3.3
4.0
4.7
5.4
1
7
8.0
9.3
10.5
1 1.8
13.0
14.2
15.4
15
17.7
18.7
19.8
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
Concentration
g H2SO4/l
Concentration
eq/l
Concentration
lbs/gal.
Density
kg/l
Density
Baum
5.01
10.05
15.12
20.24
30.54
41.00
51.60
62.34
73.15
84.16
95. 31
106
129.6
153.3
177.4
202.5
228.0
365.7
439.6
521.2
607.1
697.5
794.8
899.4
1010
1127
1252
1382
1511
1634
1678
1720
1763
1799
1831
0.102
0. 205
0.309
0.413
0.623
0.837
1.05
1.27
1.49
1.72
1.95
2.18
2.64
3.13
3.62
4.13
4.65
7.46
8.97
10.6
12.4
14.2
12
18.4
20.6
23.0
25.5
28.2
30.8
33.3
34.2
35.1
30
37
37.4
0.042
0.084
126
0.169
0.255
0.342
0.43
0.52
0.61
0.70
0.796
0.89
1.07
1.24
1.52
1.71
1.90
2.9
4.2
5.0
5.8
6.5
7.5
8.4
9.2
9.9
11.1
11.9
12.6
13.3
14.0
14.4
14.7
15.0
15.3
1.002
1.005
1.008
1.012
1.018
1.025
1.03 2
1.039
1.045
1.052
1:059
1.066
1.080
1.095
1.109
1.125
1.140
1.219
1.256
1.303
1.349
1.395
1.445
1.499
1.553
1.610
1.669
1.727
1.777
1.815
1.824
1.830
1.836
1.836
1 831
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.9
2.8
3.6
4.6
5.5
5
7.3
8.1
9.0
10.8
12.6
14.3
10
17.7
20
29.7
33.5
37.4
41.1
44.5
48.1
51.4
54.7
57.9
60.8
63.4
64.9
65.3
65.6
66
66
65.6
Concentration
g NaOH/l
Concentration
eq/l
Concentration
lbs/gal.
Density
kg/l
Density
Baum
5.02
10.10
15.2
20.4
25.7
31.0
33
41.7
52.7
63.9
75.3
89
98. 8
110.9
135.7
161.4
188.0
215.5
243.8
398.3
571.9
762.7
126
0.253
0.381
0.510
0.641
0.774
0.907
1.04
1.32
1.60
1.88
2.17
2.47
2.77
3.39
4.03
4.70
5.39
09
9.96
14.3
19.1
0.042
0.084
0.13
0.17
0.22
0.26
0.30
0.35
0.44
0.53
0.63
0.73
0.825
0.925
1.1
1.4
1.65
1.9
2.1
3.65
5.0
6.37
1.004
1.010
1.015
1.021
1.026
1.03 2
1.038
1.043
1.054
1.065
1.076
1.087
1.098
1.109
1.131
1.153
1.175
1.197
1.219
1.328
1.430
1.525
0. 8
1.5
2.3
3.0
3.7
4.6
5.4
5.9
7.3
8.9
10.1
11.5
12.9
14.2
17
19.2
21.6
23.9
20
35.8
43.5
49.8
Concentration
g NH3/l
Concentration
eq/l
Concentration
lbs/gal.
Density
kg/l
Density
Baum
9.94
19.8
29.6
39.2
48.8
58.4
67.8
77.2
85
95. 8
114.0
132.0
149.8
167.3
184.6
218.4
251.4
282.6
0.58
1.16
1.74
2.30
2.87
3.43
3.98
4.53
5.08
5.62
7.00
7.75
8.80
9.82
10.8
12.8
14.8
16
0.083
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.41
0.49
0.57
0.64
0.73
0.82
1.0
1.25
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.4
0.994
0.990
0.985
0.981
0.977
0.973
0.969
0.965
0.961
0.95 8
0.950
0.943
0.936
0.929
0.923
0.910
0.898
0.883
10.9
11.5
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.1
15.7
12
17.3
18.5
19.5
20.6
21.7
23.9
25.3
28.6
Concentration
g NaCl/l
Concentration
eq/l
Concentration
lbs/gal.
Density
kg/l
Density
Baum
10.1
20.2
30.6
41.1
51.7
62.5
73.4
84.5
95.7
107.1
130.3
154.1
178.6
203.7
229.6
251
283.3
311.3
0.172
0.346
0.523
0.703
0.885
1.07
1. 26
1.45
1.64
1.83
2.23
2.64
3.06
3.49
3.93
4.38
4.85
5.33
0.08
0.17
0.25
0.34
0.44
0.53
0.62
0.71
0.80
0.89
1.09
1.29
1.49
1.70
1.92
2.1
2.35
2.59
1.005
1.013
1.020
1.027
1.034
1.041
1.049
1.056
1.063
1.071
1.086
1.101
1.1 16
1.132
1.148
1.164
1.180
1.197
0.9
2.0
3.0
3.9
4.8
5.8
9
7.7
8.6
9.6
1 1.5
13.4
15.2
19
18.6
20.5
22.1
23.8
Concentration
g Na2CO3/l
Concentration
eq/l
Concentration
lbs/gal.
Density
kg/l
Density
Baum
10.1
20.4
30.9
41.6
5 2.5
63.6
75.0
85
98.3
110.3
134.9
160.5
187.0
214.7
0.191
0.385
0.583
0.785
0.991
1.20
1.42
1.63
1.85
2.08
2.55
3.03
3.53
4.05
0.084
0.17
0.26
0.35
0.44
0.53
0.63
0.72
0.82
0.92
1.13
1.34
1.53
1.70
1.009
1.019
1.029
1.040
1.050
1.061
1.071
1.082
1.092
1.103
1.124
1.146
1.169
1.193
1.4
2.8
4.3
5.6
7.0
8.4
9.8
1 1.0
12.4
13.6
10
18.4
21.0
23.4
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.0124
1.0244
1.0364
1.0482
1.0598
1.0713
1.0828
1.0943
1.1057
1.1171
1.1399
1.1624
1.1849
1.2073
1.0115
1.0230
1.0345
1.0459
1.0571
1.0683
1.0795
1.0908
1.1020
1.1132
1.1355
1.1578
1.1801
1.2023
1.0095
1.0207
1.0318
1.0428
1.0538
1.0648
1.075 8
1.0869
1.0979
1.1089
1.1309
1.1530
1.1751
1.1972
1.0069
1.0177
1.0285
1.0393
1.0501
1.0609
1.0717
1.0826
1.0934
1.1043
1.1261
1.1480
1.1699
1.1918
1.0033
1.0139
1.0246
1.0352
1.0458
1.0564
1.0672
1.0780
1.0887
1.0995
1.1210
1.1428
1.1645
1.1863
0.9990
1.0095
1.0201
1.0305
1.0412
1.0517
1.0623
1.0730
1.0836
1.0942
1.1157
1.1373
1.1588
1.1805
0.9941
1.0045
1.0150
1.0254
1.0359
1.0463
1.0569
1.0676
1.0782
1.0889
1.1101
1.1316
1.1531
1.1746
0.9884
0.9989
1.0094
1.0198
1.0302
1.0407
1.0513
1.0619
1.0725
1.0831
1.1043
1.1257
1.1471
1.1685
0.9824
0.9929
1.0035
1.0139
1.0243
1.0347
1.0453
1.0560
1.0665
1.0771
1.0983
1.1 195
1.1408
1.1621
0.9760
0.9865
0.9970
1.0075
1.0179
1.0284
1.0390
1.0497
1.0602
1.0708
1.0920
1.1132
1.1343
1.1556
0.9693
0.9797
0.9903
1.0009
1.01 15
1.0220
1.0326
1.0432
1.0537
1.0643
1.0855
1.1066
1.1277
1.1489
2.5
CaSO4+
2
Concentration (g/l)
CaSO4 (g/l)
42C
3
2
25C
1
1.5
1
Ca++
.05
80
160
H2SO4 (g/l)
240
320
0
0
20
40
60
Temperature (C)
80
100
16
14
Oxygen (mg/l)
12
2 Na2SO3 + O2 2Na2SO4
Based on this equation, a minimum of
7.87 mg Na2SO3 is necessary per mg
dissolved O2. Table 25 shows levels
required to remove different amounts
of dissolved oxygen.
O2
8
6
4
2
0
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature (C)
Sodium Sulfite
(theoretical amount)
mg/l
lbs/1000 gal.
cc/liter1
mg/l
0.1
0.14
1.1
0.0094
0.2
0.29
2.3
0.019
0.3
0.43
3.4
0.028
0.4
0.57
4.5
0.038
0.5
0.72
5.6
0.047
1.0
1.4
11.3
0.094
2.0
2.9
22.5
0.19
5.0
7.2
56.3
0.47
10.0
14.3
112.5
0.94
Na2SO3
(theoretical amount)
g/1000 l
lbs/1000 gal.
SO2
(theoretical amount)
g/1000 l
lbs/1000 gal.
0.18
0.0015
0.09
0.00075
0.5
0.89
0.0075
0.45
0.0038
1.78
0.015
0.91
0.0075
3.56
0.030
1.82
0.015
5.34
0.045
2.73
0.0225
7.12
0.06
3.64
0.03
8.90
0.075
4.55
0.038
10
17.80
0.15
9.10
0.075
12
10
11
150
125
8
100
psi
6
75
5
4
50
3
2
25
1
0
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
Table 27. Tank Capacities, Vertical Cylindrical, in U.S. and Metric Units
Diameter in ft
Diameter in m
m per m depth
or Area in m2
1'0"
0.79
5.87
0.3
0.07
1'1"
0.92
6.89
0.4
0.13
1'2"
1.07
8.00
0.5
0.2
1'3"
1.23
9.18
0.6
0.28
1'4"
1.40
10.44
0.7
0.39
1'5"
1.58
11.79
0.8
0.50
1'6"
1.77
13.22
0.9
0.64
1'7"
1.97
14.73
1.0
0.79
1'8"
2.18
16.32
1.1
0.95
1'9"
2.41
17.99
1.2
1.13
1'10"
2.64
19.75
1.3
1.33
1'11"
2.89
21.58
1.4
1.54
2'0"
3.14
23.50
1.5
1.77
2'6"
4.91
36.72
1.6
2.01
3'0"
7.07
52.88
1.7
2.27
3'6"
9.62
71.97
1.8
2.54
4'0"
12.57
94.0
1.9
2.84
4'6"
15.90
119.0
2.0
3.14
5'0"
19.63
146.9
2.1
3.46
5'6"
23.76
177.7
2.2
3.80
6'0"
28.27
211.5
2.3
4.16
6'6"
33.18
248.2
2.4
4.52
7'0"
38.48
287.9
2.5
4.91
7'6"
44.18
330.5
2.6
5.31
8'0"
50.27
376.0
2.7
5.73
8'6"
56.75
424.5
2.8
6.16
9'0"
63.62
475.9
2.9
6.61
9'6"
70.88
530.2
3.0
7.07
10'0"
78.54
587.5
3.2
8.04
10'6"
86.59
647.7
3.4
9.08
11'0"
95.03
710.9
3.6
10.2
11'6"
103.9
777.0
3.8
11.3
12'0"
113.1
846.0
4.0
12.6
12'6"
122.7
918.0
4.2
13.9
13'0"
132.7
992.9
4.4
15.2
13'6"
143.1
1071
4.6
16.6
14'0"
153.9
1152
4.8
18.1
14'6"
165.1
1235
5.0
19.6
15'0"
176.7
1322
5.2
21.2
Dow Pacific
Dow Chemical Australia Ltd.
Liquid Separations
541-583 Kororoit Creek Road
Altona, VIC 3018
Australia
Tel. 61-3-9226-3545
Fax 61-3-9226-3534
Dow Latin America
Dow Quimica S.A.
Liquid Separations
Rua Alexandre Dumas, 1671
Sao Paulo SP Brazil
CEP 04717-903
Tel. 55-11-5188 9277
Fax 55-11-5188 9919
Warning: Oxidizing agents such as nitric acid attack organic ion exchange resins under certain conditions. This could lead to anything from
slight resin degradation to a violent exothermic reaction (explosion). Before using strong oxidizing agents, consult sources knowledgeable in
handling such materials.
Notice: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ
from one location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this
document are appropriate for Customers use and for ensuring that Customers workplace and disposal practices are in compliance
with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO
WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.
Published December 2002.