Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Tutorial 2 Solution Gas turbines Winardi Sani

Air enters the compressor of an ideal air standard Brayton cycle at 100 kPa, 300 K, with a volumetric ow rate of 5 m3 /s. The compressor pressure ratio is 10. The turbine inlet temperature is 1400 K.
Combustor 2 Compressor 3 Turbine

1 Condenser

1400

3 W out

3 W out
ise nt ro pi

in 4 Qout
p=

T 2
c

Win 100 1

isobar Q

4 300

W in 1

out

Using air-standard assumptions: cp = f (T ). (a) The thermal efciency of the cycle Referring to the diagrams above: th,B = |wout | |win | |qin | |h4 h3 | |h2 h1 | = |h3 h2 |

10

0k

Pa

in

(1)

The value of each enthalpy is taken from the air property table.

Change of states: 1 2: Isentropic compression State 1 : T1 = 300 K, p1 = 100 kPa = h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg, pr1 = 1.3860 p2 pr2 = pr1 , isentropic relation p1 = 1.3860 10 = 13.860 (2)

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia At the air properties table, read the required values on pr2 = 13.860. Interpolation is needed. h2 = 575.59 + 586.04 575.59 (13.86 13.50) 14.38 13.50 (3)

= 579.87 kJ/kg T2 = 570 + 580 570 (13.86 13.50) 14.38 13.50

= 574.09 K 3 4: Isentropic power output: State 3 : T3 = 1400 K, pr3 = 450.5, h3 = 1515.42 kJ/kg Ideal-gas properties of air T K 200 300 540 570 580 780 800 1400 h [kJ/kg] 199.97 300.19 544.35 575.59 586.04 800.03 821.95 1515.42 pr 0.3363 1.3860 11.10 13.50 14.38 43.35 47.75 450.5 u [kJ/kg] 142.56 214.07 389.34 411.97 419.55 576.12 592.30 1113.52 vr 1707.0 621.2 139.7 121.2 155.7 51.64 48.08 8.919 so [kJ/kg K] 1.29559 1.70203 2.29906 2.35531 2.37348 2.69013 2.71787 3.36200

(4)

pr 4 = pr 3

p4 1 1 = pr3 p3 = pr3 p2 p3 p4 p1 1 = 450.5 = 45.05 10

Interpolation is needed here. h4 = 800.03 + 821.95 800.03 (45.05 43.35) 47.75 43.35 (5)

= 808.5 kJ/kg T4 = 780 + 800 780 (45.05 43.35) 47.75 43.35

= 787.73 K The value of the enthalpy at all states has been calculated: |h4 h3 | = |808.5 1515.42| = 706.92 kJ/kg |h2 h1 | = |579.87 300.19| = 279.68 kJ/kg |h3 h2 | = |1515.42 579.87| = 935.55 kJ/kg

(6)

(7)

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia |h4 h3 | |h2 h1 | |h3 h2 |

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

= th,B = = = th,B (b) The back work ratio rbw = =

706.92 279.68 427.24 = 935.55 935.55 = 45.7%

(8)

|wc | |w12 | |h2 h1 | = = |wt | |w34 | |h4 h3 | 279.68 = 0.40 = 40% 706.92

40% of the turbine work is used to drive the compressor.

(c) The net power developed, in kW net = m W [|wt | |wc |] |wt | |wc | = 427.24 kJ/kg m = p1 V pV = RT RT1 J 100 kPa 5 m3 /s N/m2 = kJ Pa Nm 0.2870 kg K 300 K

= 5.81 kg/s net = 5.81 = W kg kJ 427.24 s kg (9)

net = 2, 481.1 kW = W Using cold air-standard assumptions: = 1.4, cp = 1.007 kJ/kg. (a) The thermal efciency of the cycle th,B = 1 With rp = 1 rp
(1)/

p2 1 = 10 and = 0.286 p1 th,B = 1 1 100.286 =1 1 1.93 (10)

= 48.2% (b) The back work ratio rbw = cp (T2 T1 ) |h2 h1 | = |h4 h3 | cp (T3 T4 )
2 (T T1 1) 3 (T T4

1)

T1 T4

(11)

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia T2 p2 = T1 p1 p3 T3 = T4 p4
1

isentropic relation
1

(12)
T2 T1

With p1 = p4 and p2 = p3 , see p v graph

T3 T4 ,

so eq. (11) becomes:

rbw =

T1 T4

(13)

T4 can be calculated using eq. (12)

1 1.4 1 = = 0.286 1.4 p3 p2 = = rp = 10 p4 p1 p3 p4

1

= 100.286 = 1.93 1400 T3 = 1.93 1.93 = 725.39 K

= T4 =

(14)

(c) The net power developed, in kW net = m W [|wt | |wc |] |wt | |wc | = (h3 h4 ) (h2 h1 ) (h3 h4 ) = cp (T3 T4 ) kJ = 1.007 (1400 725.39) K kg K = h3 h4 = 679.33 kJ/kg (h2 h1 ) = cp (T2 T1 ) T3 T1 T4 1400 = 300 725.39 T2 = 579 K T2 = h2 h1 = 1.007 kJ (579 300) K kg K (17) (16) (15)

= h2 h1 = 280.95 kJ/kg |wt | |wc | = (h3 h4 ) (h2 h1 ) = 679.33 280.95 = 398.38 kJ/kg

(18)

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia p1 V pV = RT RT1 10 kPa 5 m3 /s N/m2 J = kJ Pa Nm 0, 2870 kg K 300 K

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

m =

= 5.81 kg/s net = 5.81 kg 398.38 kJ = W s kg net = 2, 314.6 kW = W Comparison between the results using the air-standard and the cold air-standard analysis Parameter T2 T4 Wnet Isentropic relationship cp Air-standard analysis 574.09 K 787.73 K 45.7 % 2,481.1 kW pr2 p2 = (use air table) p1 pr1 Temperature-dependent Cold air-standard analysis 579 K 725.39 K 48.2 % 2,314.6 kW T2 p2 = T1 p1
1

(19)

1.007 kJ/kg K 1.4

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Reconsider the question 1, but include in the analysis that the turbine and compressor each have an isentropic efciency of 80%.
1400 isentropic 3 isentropic actual T turbine work output maximum 1400 With irreversibilities Q in 4 2 compressor work input minimum W c 300 1 s 4 2s 2 4s Q W c 300 1
1 p= 00 k Pa

3 W t

Q T

in

compressor

turbine

W t

isentropic

1 p=

00

aQ kP out

actual

out

The question will be solved using the cold air-standard assumptions meaning, = 1.4, cp = 1.007 kJ/kg = f (T ). To make better understanding about the isentropic process, the following derivations regarding the isentropic process are given. The index, s, indicating the isentropic process is omitted to avoid confusing and the formulas below are associated with the left side of the graph above. Thermal efciency: th = |wt | |wc | |qin | |h4 h3 | |h2 h1 | = |h3 h2 | (20) (21)

The relationship between enthalpy and temperature of ideal gas is given following: |h4 h3 | = cp (T4 T3 ) = cp (T3 T4 ) |h2 h1 | = cp (T2 T1 ) |h3 h2 | = cp (T3 T2 ) Substituting these relations into eq. (21), it yields: th = (T3 T4 ) (T2 T1 ) (T3 T2 ) (T4 T1 ) = T3 T2 T3 T2 T4 T1 =1 T3 T2

(22)

The second term in the right side of the equation is written in other form: ( T4 1) T1 T4 T1 1 = T T 3 T3 T2 ( T2 1) T2 (23)

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Change of states 1 2 and 3 4 experience isentropic processes (see lecture note). The isentropic relation: T1 p1 = T2 p2 p4 T4 = T3 p3
1

(24)
1

(25)

Change of states 2 3 and 4 1 are isobaric processes meaning p2 = p3 and p4 = p1 . Rewriting the eq. (24) and (25): p1 T1 = T2 p2 p1 T4 = T3 p2 Consequently: T1 T4 T4 T3 = = = T2 T3 T1 T2 And the eq. (23) becomes:
4 (T T4 T1 T1 T1 1) T1 = T =1 3 T3 T2 T2 ( T2 1) T2 T1 = T2 1

(26)

(27)

The eq. (22) now has a simple form: th = 1 1 T1 = T2 T2 T

1

T1 T2

(28)

= p2 p1 With the pressure ratio: rp =

p2 p1 ,

1
1

the eq. (28) becomes: th = 1 1 rp

1

(29)

Isentropic process means there is no losses along the path during the change of state, for example from state 1 to 2 or state 3 to 4. If any irreversiblity or loss during the process to be considered, it increases the entropy and causes:

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

On the turbine: The actual work output is less than the isentropic work output (see the right side of the previous graphs.). The ratio between the actual and the isentropic work output is dened as the turbine efciency, t : t = Actual Turbine Work Isentropic Turbine Work wt <1 = wt,s (30)

The isentropic work output: wt,s = w3-4s see T s diagram (31)

wt,s = h4s h3 And the actual work output: wt = w34 see T s diagram

wt = h4 h3 h4 h3 t = h4s h3 h3 h4 = h3 h4s

(32) (33) (34)

On the compressor: The isentropic work output is less than theactual work input (see the right side of the previous graphs.). The ratio between the isentropic and the actual work output is dened as the compressor efciency, c : c = Isentropic Compressor Work Actual Compressor Work wc,s = <1 wc (35)

The isentropic work input: wc,s = w1-2s see T s diagram (36)

wc,s = h2s h1 And the actual work input: wc = w12 see T s diagram

wc = h2 h1 h2s h1 c = h2 h1

(37) (38)

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

The thermal efciency of the cycle

th = Turbine work output:

|wt | |wc | |qin |

(39)

wt = t wt,s wt,s = h4s h3 = cp (T4s T3 ) = cp T3 T4s 1 T3

(40)

(41)

3 4s is an isentropic process, so the relation between T and p is given as follows: T4s p4s = T3 p3
1

(42)

Along the isobar lines: p4s = p1 and p3 = p2 , so: p1 T4s = T3 p2 1 = rp

1

with rp =

p2 p1 (43)

T4s 1 = (1)/ T3 rp

rp , cp , and T3 are given, so wts and T4s can be calculated. Compressor work input: wc = wc,s /c wc,s = h2s h1 = cp (T2s T1 ) = cp T1 T2s 1 T1 (45) (44)

1 2s is an isentropic process, so the relation between T and p is given as follows: T2s p2s = T1 p1
1

(46)

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Along the isobar lines: p2s = p2 and p1 = p4s , so: T2s p2 = T1 p1 = rp Or Comparison with eq. (43) T4s T1 = T3 T2s see eq. (26) (49) T1 1 = (1)/ T2s rp (48)
1

with rp =

p2 p1 (47)

T2s = rp (1)/ T1

rp , cp , and T3 are given, so wcs and T2s can be calculated. Heat input:

qin = q23 = h3 h2 The rst law of T/D on the compressor: h2 = h1 + wc = cp T1 + wc,s /c (51) (50)

qin can be now calculated. Hence the thermal efciency of the cycle is determined. The rst law of T/D on the turbine: h4 = h3 + wt = cp T3 + wt,s t (52)

10

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (a) The thermal efciency of the cycle |wt | |wc | |qin |

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

th = Turbine work output: wt = t wt,s wt,s = cp T3 T4s 1 T3

(53)

(54)

1 T4s = (1)/ T3 rp rp = 10, and ( 1)/ = 0.286 T4s 1 = 0.286 = 0.518 T3 10 (55)

cp = 1.007 kJ/kg and T3 = 1400K kJ kJ 1400 K (0.518 1)] = 679.52 kg K kg kJ wt = 0.80 679.52 kg kJ wt = 543.62 kg wt,s = 1.007 Compressor work input: wc = wc,s /c wc,s = cp T1 T2s 1 T1 (57)

(56)

T1 1 = (1)/ T2s rp T1 T4s = = 0.518 T3 T2s

With T1 = 300 K wc,s = 1.007 kJ 1 kJ 300 K 1 = 281.105 kg K 0.518 kg kJ wc = 281.105 /0.80 kg (58)

wc = 351.381 kJ/kg Heat input: qin = q23 = h3 h2

(59)

11

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

The rst law of T/D on the compressor: h2 = h1 + wc = cp T1 + wc kJ = 1.007 300 K + 351.381 kJ/kg kg K h2 = 653.48 kJ/kg h3 = cp T3 = 1.007 kJ 1400 K kg K (61) (62) (60)

h3 = 1409.8 kJ/kg qin = (1409.8 653.48) kJ/kg = 756.32 kJ/kg The thermal efciency of the gas turbine is then: th = |wt | |wc | |qin | | 543.62| |351.381| 192.24 = = |756.32| 756.32

= th = 0.254 = 25.4% (b) The back work ratio rbw = = |wc | |wt | 351.381 543.62

(63)

rbw = 0.65 = 65% (c) The net power developed, in kW net = m W [|wt | |wc |] |wt | |wc | = 192.24 kJ/kg

(64)

The mass ow rate is determined by using the equation of state for ideal gas: m = pV p1 V = RT RT1 10 kPa 5 m3 /s N/m2 J = kJ Pa Nm 0, 2870 kg K 300 K = 5.81 kg/s net = 5.81 = W kg kJ 192.24 s kg (65)

net = 1, 116.89 kW = W

12

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

A regenerator is incorporated in the cycle of the question 1. Determine: (a) The thermal efciency of the cycle with the regenerator effectiveness of 80% (b) The back work ratio (c) The net power developed, in kW
p2 1400 4
exhaust gas

6
sti on mb u
p1 5

Regenerator

3 3
n ra tio

co

Combustor 4 5

max
actual

2
6
Comp.

ge

ne

Turbine

re

300 1
air

s
Assumptions: a) Steady state b) The compressor and turbine processes are isentropic. c) Kin. and potential energy effects are negligible. d) The working uid is air modeled as an ideal gas with the constant specic heat, cp = 1.007 kJ/kg, and specic heat ratio = 1.4 (cold air-standard assumptions). Solution (a) Thermal efciency: th = |wt | |wc | |qin | (66) (67) (68) (69)

wt = h5 h4 wc = h2 h1 qin = h4 h3 Turbine work output

wt = h5 h4 T5 = cp T4 ( 1) T4 T5 1 = (1)/ T4 rp

(70)

13

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043 Given: rp =

p2 p1

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia = 10 and T4 = 1400 K , ( 1)/ = 0.286 T5 1 = 0.286 = 0.518 T4 10 kJ wt = 1.007 1400 K (0.518 1) kg kJ = wt = 679.52 kg

(71)

Compressor work input wc = h2 h1 T2 wc = cp T1 [ 1] T1 T1 1 = (1)/ T2 rp T1 T5 = = 0.518 T2 T4 With T1 = 300 K = wc = 1.007 Heat input: qin = q34 = h4 h3 (73) kJ 1 kJ 300 K 1 = 281.105 kg K 0.518 kg

(72)

The regenerator effectiveness is dened as follows (see the left-side graph above): reg = h3 h2 h3 h2

h3 = reg (h3 h2 ) + h2 With T3 = T5 : h3 = reg cp (T5 T2 ) + cp T2 T2 and T5 are calculated using eq. (72) 300 T1 = K 0.518 0.518 T2 = 579.15 K T2 = T5 = T4 0.518 = 1400 0.518 K T5 = 725.2 K h3 = 0.80 1.007 (725.2 579.15) + 1.007 579.15 kJ h3 = 700.86 kg (75)

(74)

(76)

14

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia h4 = cp T4 h4 = 1.007 1400 h4 = 1409.8 kJ kg kJ kg

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

(77)

qin = 1409.8 700.86 kJ qin = 708.94 kg The thermal efciency: th = = = th |wt | |wc | |qin |

(78)

679.52 281.105 = 0.562 708.94 = 56.2%

(79)

15

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K and is compressed to 1 MPa. The temperature at the rst turbine stage is 1400 K. The expansion takes place isentropically in two stages, with reheat to 1400 K between the stages at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A regenerator having an effectiveness of 100% is also incorporated in the cycle. Determine the thermal efciency.

Regenerator 8 3 Combustor 2 1 Turbine 1 Turbine 2 Load 4 5 Reheater 6 7

1400
h in eat pu t

en

reg

p3

300

Assumptions: a) Steady state b) The compressor and turbine processes are isentropic. c) Kin. and potential energy effects are negligible. d) The working uid is air modeled as an ideal gas with the constant specic heat, cp = 1.007 kJ/kg, and specic heat ratio = 1.4 (cold air-standard assumptions). Solution Thermal efciency: th = |wt | |wc | |qin |

wt = wt1 + wt2 = (h5 h4 ) + (h7 h6 ) wc = h2 h1 qin = qcombust. + qreheater = (h4 h3 ) + (h6 h5 ) Compressor work input (isentropic process) wc = h2 h1 T2 wc = cp T1 [ 1] T1 1 T1 = (1)/ T2 rp

16

p1 =1

00

Comp.

p2 =

kP a

30

=1

kP a

tio n M Pa

era

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Given: rp =
p2 p1

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

1000 100

= 10 and T1 = 300 K , ( 1)/ = 0.286

T2 = T1 rp (1) = 579.59 kg K = wc = 1.007 kJ 1 kJ 300 K 1 = 281.105 kg K 0.518 kg

Turbine work output (isentropic process) wt = wt1 + wt2 = (h5 h4 ) + (h7 h6 ) T5 T7 = cp T4 ( 1) + cp T6 ( 1) T4 T6 T5 p2 = T4 p3 p1 T7 = T6 p2 cp T4 ( cp T6 (

(1)/

(80)

=
(1)/

300 1000

0.286

= 0.709
0.286

100 = 300

= 0.730

T5 kJ kJ 1) = 1.007 1400 K (0.709 1) = 410.25 T4 kg kg T7 kJ kJ 1) = 1.007 1400 K (0.730 1) = 380.65 T6 kg kg kJ = wt = 790.9 kg

(81)

Heat input: qin = (h4 h3 ) + (h6 h5 ) = cp (T4 T3 + T6 T5 ) = cp (T4 + T6 (T3 + T5 )) Referring to the graph, we see T4 = T6 = 1400 K and T3 = T7 (100% effectiveness of the regenerator). T7 = 0.730 T7 = 0.730 T6 = 1, 022 K = T3 T6 T5 = 0.709 T5 = 0.709 T4 = 992.60 K T4 qin = 1.007 (2 1, 400 (1, 022 + 992.60)) = qin = 790.9 kJ/kg The thermal efciency of the power plant: th = = | wt | | wc | |qin | (82)

= th

790.9 281.105 = 0.645 790.9 = 64.5%

(83)

17

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Air is compressed from 100 kPa, 300 K to 1 MPa in a two-stage compressor with intercooling between stages. The intercooler pressure is 300 kPa. The air is cooled back to 300 K in the intercooler before entering the second compressor. Each compressor stage is isentropic. For steady-state operation and negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy from the inlet to exit, determine: (a) The temperature at the exit of the second compressor stage (b) The total compressor work input per unit mass ow (c) Repeat for a single stage of compression from the given inlet state to the nal pressure (d) How much percent is the power input per unit mass ow rate can be saved using the two-stage compression?

1000

Intercooler

2 Wc,2
intercooling

p
2 Comp.1 1 3 4
Comp.2

300

1s 2s Wc,1 1
s=

1 p3=

MP

1s
p2

100

00 =3

kP

300

2s

100 p1=

a kP

co ns t.

v
Assumptions: a) Steady state b) The compressor and turbine processes are isentropic. c) Kin. and potential energy effects are negligible.

d) The working uid is air modeled as an ideal gas with the constant specic heat, cp = 1.007 kJ/kg, and specic heat ratio = 1.4 (cold air-standard assumptions). Solution (a) The temperature at the exit of the second compressor stage 1 1s : isentropic compression T1 1 = (1)/ T1s rp
p2 p1

Given: rp =

300 100

= 3 and T1 = 300 K , ( 1)/ = 0.286

T1s = T1 rp (1) = 300 30.286 = 300 1.369 = 410.75 K 2s 2: isentropic compression T2s 1 = (1)/ T2 rp

18

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Given: rp =
p2 p 2s

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

1000 300

= 3.33 and T2s = 300 K , ( 1)/ = 0.286

T2 = T2s rp (1) = 300 3.330.286 = 300 1.411 Temperature at the second compressor stage: T2 = 423.32 K (b) The total compressor work input per unit mass ow wc = wc,1 + wc,2 wc,1 = w11s = h1s h1 = cp (T1s T1 ) T1s = cp T1 ( 1) T1 T1s /T1 has been calculated at the item (a). wc,1 = 1.007 300 (1.369 1) = 111.53 kJ/kg Work input for the second compressor, with T2s = T1 = 300 K wc,2 = cp T2s ( T2 1) T2s

In the item (a), the value of T2 /T2s = 1.411 wc,2 = 1.007 300 (1.411 1) = 124.16 kJ/kg wc,2 = 124.16 kJ/kg = wc = 111.53 + 124.16 = 235.7 kJ/kg (c) Repeat for a single stage of compression from the given inlet state to the nal pressure. Isentropic compression from state 1 to 2 (single stage) wc = w12 = h2 h1 = cp T1 ( T2 p2 = T1 p1 =
(1)/

T2 1) T1

1000 100

0.286

= 1.93

wc = 1.007 300 (1.93 1) = wc = 280.95 kJ/kg (84)

(d) How much percent is the power input per unit mass ow rate can be saved using the two-stage compression? wc,single wc,two stage savings = wc,single 280.95 235.7 = = 0.16 280.95 = savings = 16% (85)

19

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

A regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat operate at steady state. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K with a mass ow rate of 5.807 kg/s. The pressure ratio across the two-stage compressor is 10. The pressure ratio across the two-stage turbine is also 10. The intercooler and reheater each operates at 300 kPa. At the inlets to the turbine stages, the temperature is 1400 K. The temperature at the inlet to the second compressor stage is 300 K. The isentropic efciency of each compressor and turbine stage is 80%. The regenerative effectiveness is 80%. Determine: (a) The thermal efciency of the cycle (b) The back work ratio (c) The net power developed, in kW

Regenerator 5 Intercooler 3 1 2 Comp.1

Comp.2

Combustor 4 6 7

Reheater 8 9

Turbine 1

Turbine 2

1400

5 5

7 7s
p= 3 k 00
p1

9 9s

T
4s

p=

1M

Pa

Pa
Pa

2 2s

k 00 =1

300

s
Assumptions: a) Steady state b) The compressor and turbine processes are not isentropic. c) Kin. and potential energy effects are negligible. No pressure drop for ow through the heat exchangers. d) The working uid is air modeled as an ideal gas with the constant specic heat, cp = 1.007 kJ/kg, and specic heat ratio = 1.4 (cold air-standard assumptions).

20

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Solution (a) The thermal efciency of the cycle th = |wt | |wc | |qin |

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

wt = wt1 + wt2 = w67 + w89 wc = wc1 + wc2 = w12 + w34 qin = qcombust. + qreheater = q56 + q78 The total compressor work input per unit mass ow. c1 = c2 = c = 0.8. wc = wc1 + wc2 = w12 + w34 w12 = wc1,s /c wc1,s = w12s = h2s h1 Change of state 1 2s is an isentropic compression wc1,s Given: T2s = cp T1 ( 1) and T1 T2s p2s = T1 p1
1
1

p2s 300 = = 3 and T1 = 300 K, and p1 100

= 0.286

T2s = 30.286 = 1.369 T2s = 1.369 300 = 410.7 K T1 wc1,s = 1.007 300 (1.369 1) = 111.526 kJ/kg wc1 = w12 = 111.526/0.8 kJ/kg = wc1 = 139.41 kJ/kg wc2 = w34 = wc2,s /c Change of state 3 4s is an isentropic compression wc2,s Given: T4s 1) and = cp T3 ( T3 T4s p4s = T3 p3
1

(86)

p4s 1000 = = 3.333 and T3 = T1 = 300 K, and p3 300

= 0.286

T4s = 3.3330.286 = 1.411 T4s = 1.411 300 = 423.3 K T3 wc2,s = 1.007 300 (1.411 1) = 124.17 kJ/kg wc2 = w34 = 124.17/0.8 kJ/kg = wc2 = 155.21 kJ/kg The total compressor work input: = wc = 294.62 kJ/kg (88) (87)

21

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

The total turbine work output per unit mass ow. t1 = t2 = t = 0.8. wt = wt1 + wt2 = w67 + w89 w67 = wt1,s t wt1,s = w67s = h7s h6 Change of state 6 7s is an isentropic expansion T7s = cp T6 ( 1) and T6 T7s p7s = T6 p6
1
1

wt1,s

Given:

p7s 300 = = 0.3 and T6 = 1400 K, and p6 1000

= 0.286

T7s = 0.30.286 = 0.709 T7s = 0.709 1400 = 992.2 K T6 wt1,s = 1.007 1400 (0.709 1) = 410.69 kJ/kg wt1 = 410.69 0.8 kJ/kg = wt1 = w67 = 328.55 kJ/kg Work output of the second turbine: wt2 = w89 = wt2,s t Change of state 8 9s is an isentropic expansion T9s = cp T8 ( 1) and T8 T9s p9s = T8 p8
1
1

(89)

wt2,s

Given:

p9s 100 = = 0.333 and T8 = 1400 K, and p8 300

= 0.286

T9s = 0.3330.286 = 0.73 T9s = 0.73 1400 = 1022.2 K T8 wt2,s = 1.007 1400 (0.73 1) = 380.42 kJ/kg wt2 = 380.42 0.8 kJ/kg = wt2 = w89 = 304.34 kJ/kg The total turbine output: = wt = 632.89 kJ/kg (91) (90)

The total heat input per unit mass ow. Regeneerator effectiveness, reg = 0.8. qin = qcombust. + qreheater = q56 + q78

22

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia The regenerator effectiveness, reg . reg = h5 h4 h5 h4

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

h5 = reg (h5 h4 ) + h4 With T5 = T9 , it follows h5 = h9 h5 = reg (h9 h4 ) + h4 h9 is calculated using the 1. law of T/D on the second turbine: h9 = wt2 + h8 = wt2 + cp T8 = 304.34 + 1.007 1400 = 1, 105.46 kJ/kg h4 is calculated using the 1. law of T/D on the second compressor: h4 = wc2 + h3 = wc2 + cp T3 = 155.21 + 1.007 300 = 457.31 kJ/kg Eq. (92) can be now calculated: h5 = 0.8 (1, 105.46 457.31) + 457.31 = 975.83 kJ/kg (95) (96) Heat input supplied by the combustor: q56 = h6 h5 = cp T6 h5 = 1.007 1, 400 975.83 = 433.97 kJ/kg (97) (98) Heat input supplied by the reheater: q78 = h8 h7 h7 is calculated using the 1. law of T/D on the rst turbine: h7 = wt1 + h6 q78 = h8 (wt1 + h6 ) = wt1 = 328.55 kJ/kg The total heat input per unit mass ow: qin = 433.97 + 328.55 = 762.52 kJ/kg The thermal efciency of the power plant: th = = th 632.89 294.62 338.27 = 762.52 762.52 = 44.4% (100) (99) (94) (93) (92)

(101)

23

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

A regenerative gas turbine power plant is shown in Fig. 1. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar, 27 C with a mass ow rate of 0.562 kg/s and is compressed to 4 bar. The isentropic efciency of the compressor is 80%, and the regenerator effectiveness is 90%. All the power developed by the high-pressure turbine is used to run the compressor. The low-pressure turbine provides the net power output. Each turbine has an isentropic efciency of 87% and the temperature at the inlet to the high-pressure turbine is 1200 K. Determine: (a) The net power developed, in kW (b) The thermal efciency of the cycle (c) The temperature of the air at state 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, in K.

7 1 bar Regenerator 3 Combustor 2 4

Comp.1

HPT 5

1 bar, 27 oC LPT

Figure 1: Regenerative gas turbine power plant Solution (a) The net power developed, in kW

1200

4 5 3 4s 5s 6 3 2 2s
p b =4 ar

T
300.15

7
bar

1 p1=

s
T s diagram

24

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia The net power output per unit mass ow rate: wnet = |wt | |wc | wt = wt1 + wt2 = w45 + w56 wc = w12 with |wt1 | = |wc | wnet = |wt2 | = |w56 | Turbine work output = Compressor work input wt = wc (h5 h4 ) = h2 h1 h5 = h4 (h2 h1 )

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

(102)

(103)

h4 and h1 can be directly calculated since T1 and T4 are both given. h2 is determined through the compressor efciency and the relationship of an isentropic compression. h4 = cp T4 = 1.007 1200 = 1, 208.4 kJ/kg h2s h1 h2 h1 h2 = (h2s h1 )/c + h1 c = h2s h1 = cp T1 ( T2s p2s = T1 p1 T2s 1) T1
1

(104)

4 1

0.286

= 1.49

(105)

h2s h1 = 1.007 300.15 (1.49 1) = 148.1 kJ/kg h1 = cp T1 = 1.007 300.15 = 302.251 kJ/kg h2 = 148.1/0.8 + 302.25 = 487.375 kJ/kg T2 = 487.375/1.007 = 484 K h5 = h4 (h2 h1 ) h5 = 1, 208.4 (487.375 302.251) = 1, 023.28 kJ/kg T5 = h5 /cp = 1016.2 K Calculation of the intermediate pressure t1 = h4s h4 h5 , with t1 = t2 = t = 0.87 h4 h4s = h4 (h4 h5 )/t = 1, 208.4 (1, 208.4 1, 023.28)/0.87 = 995.61 kJ/kg T4s = h4s /cp = 995.61/1.007 = 988.69 K (107) (106)

25

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Isentropic expansion of the process 4 4s: p4s T4s = T4 p4 p4s T4s = p4 T4 =

1

988.69 1200

3.5

= 0.508 (108)

p4s = p4 0.508 = 4 0.508 = 2.031 bar Compressor work input wc = h2 h1 wc = 487.375 302.251 = 185.12 kJ/kg Calculation of h6 : h5 h6 h5 h5s h6 = h5 t (h5 h5s ) T5s 1) h5s h5 = cp T5 ( T5 t2 = T5s p5s = T5 p5 =
1

(109)

1 2.031

0.286

= 0.817

h5s h5 = 1.007 1, 016.2 (0.817 1) = 187.665 kJ/kg h6 = 1, 023.28 0.87 187.665 = 860.0 kJ/kg T6 = h6 /cp = 860.0/1.007 = 854 K The net power output per unit mass ow rate: wnet = h6 h5 = 860.0 1, 023.28 wnet = 163.3 kJ/kg net = mw W net net = 91.775 kW = W (b) The thermal efciency of the cycle Regenerative effectiveness: reg = h3 h2 h3 h2 (minus sign means work output) (110)

= 0.562 kg/s 163.3 kJ/kg (111)

h3 = reg (h3 h2 ) + h2

26

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia With T3 = T6 h3 = h6 h3 = reg (h6 h2 ) + h2 = 0.90 (860.0 487.375) + 487.375 h3 = 822.738 kJ/kg T3 = h3 /cp = 822.738/1.007 = 817.0 K

Solution Tutorial 2/ ws BDA 3043

(112) Heat input: qin = q34 = h4 h3 = 1, 208.4 822.738 = 385.663 The thermal efciency of the cycle: th = wt2 qin 163.3 = = 0.423 385.663 = 42.3% (113)

= th

(114)

(c) The temperature of the air at state 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, in K. Energy balance on the regenerator (thermal contact of a heat exchanger): h7 = h2 + h6 h3 = 487.375 + 854 822.738 = 518.637 kJ/kg T7 = h7 /cp = 515.03 K State T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Temp. [K] 300.15 484.00 817.00 1,208.40 1016.20 854.00 515.03 (115)

27