Q.1 what is Synchronization of network?

Ans: whenever a digital transmission link is connected to a digital switch, it is desirable to synchronize the two systems by having the transmission link obtain its timing from the switch. Basically, network synchronization involves synchronizing the switches of the network. The transmission links can then be synchronized automatically by deriving timing directly from a switching node Q.2 Circuit for timing recovery and its working?

Q.3 what is clock wander and clock jitter? Ans: Jitter and wander are defined respectively as "the short-term and the longterm variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal positions in time". One way to think of this is a digital signal continually varying its position in time by moving backwards and forwards with respect to an ideal clock source.

Q.4 Jitter measurement? Ans: Jitter is normally specified and measured as a maximum phase amplitude within one or more measurement bandwidths. A single interface may be specified using several different bandwidths since the effect of jitter varies depending on its frequency, as well as its amplitude. UI (Unit Intervals) Jitter amplitude is specified in Unit Intervals (UI), such that one UI of jitter is equal to one data bit-width, irrespective of the data rate. For example, at a data rate of 2048 kbit/s, one UI is equivalent to 488 ns, whereas at a data rate of 155.52 Mbit/s, one UI is equivalent to 6.4 ns. Jitter amplitude is normally quantified as a Peak-to-Peak value rather than an RMS value, since it is the peak jitter that would cause a bit error to be made in network equipment. However, RMS values are useful for characterising or modelling jitter accumulation in long line systems using SDH regenerators, for example, and the appropriate specifications use this metric instead of Peak-to-Peak. Q.5 Types of Jitter? Ans: 1) Random jitter: Random Jitter, also called Gaussian jitter, is unpredictable electronic timing noise. 2) Deterministic jitter: Deterministic jitter is a type of clock timing jitter or data signal jitter that is predictable and reproducible. 3) Total jitter: Total jitter is the combination of random jitter and deterministic jitter.

Q.6 Asynchronous multiplexing? Ans: Asynchronous TDM is a more flexible method of TDM. With Asynchronous TDM the length of time allocated is not fixed for each device but time is given to devices that have data to transmit.

This version of TDM works by tagging each frame with an identification number to note which device it belongs to. This may require more processing by the multiplexor and take longer, however, the time saved by efficient and effective bandwidth utilization makes it worthwhile. Asynchronous TDM allows more devices than there is physical bandwidth for. This type of TDM is used in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. Q.7 Pulse Stuffing? Ans: Pulse stuffing, often referred to as bit stuffing, is the practice of adding nondata bits to a binary signal before that signal is transmitted over a network. Pulse stuffing is often used as a means of controlling synchronization in systems that require both transmitter and receiver to transmit at the same bit rate. Alternatively, pulse stuffing can be used to make sure that the frames transmitted over a network conform to a standard size.