STUDENTS PROFILE

NAME

SITI NUR FATIN BT MOHD DARUS

IC NUMBER CLASS :

931008-02-5110 3 PISMP TESL 1 : 019-3437780

PHONE NUMBER

E-MAIL ADDRESS

ciknufafatin@yahoo.com

Appreciation I wanted to take a moment to say how much I appreciated and be grateful of having to finish the task given by my lecturer. Other than that, I also would like to give thousands of appreciation to my lecturer and also all of my classmates who have helped a lot in order for me to finish the task. I do and also hope that by finishing the task can help me and my friends to develop ourselves very well in order to become a successful English teacher one day.

Task 1 Analyze the behavioral problem that occurs in the classroom with the help of a digital graphic organizer. Task 2 Write an essay: i) Discussing your strategies in creating a positive environment for learning, with consideration given to the classroom physical, psychosocial aspects and the classroom rules and routines. ii) Suggest interventions to improve the classroom management and deal with the pupils misbehaviour. Justify these suggestions with references to classroom discipline models and research findings.

Introduction Conducive learning environment is an important aspect in ensuring that pupils' learning sessions more effective. A conducive learning environment can encourage pupils participation during the learning session. This will motivate pupils to learn and achieve the learning objectives of the day through the correct and suitable approaches, communication skills during the learning session. Academic success for students begins with a trusting and mutually respectful relationship between student and teacher, extends to classroom order, and culminates in a safe and supportive school climate. (Cornell, D. G. & Mayer, M. J, 2010) There a lot of ways and strategies that can be done in creating a positive environment for learning with the consideration to the classroom physical, psychosocial aspects and the classroom rules and routines. As what has happened to me, there are plenty of ways and strategies that can be done in order to help me to maintain a good relationship with my students and to develop a better relationship between them. Classroom Physical A safe, clean, comfortable and attractive classroom can stimulate learning and help to build an excellent classroom community, but in order to set up the physical environment of the classrooms can be quite daunting, especially when faced with older buildings, crowded classrooms and insufficient storage space.

Design features that allowed pupils to feel a sense of ownership towards their classroom also helped them to learn. (Annie, 2014) According to the statement above, it is essential to make sure that the physical of the classroom is comfortable and also can stimulate the pupils to learn. The classroom physical includes room arrangement, seating, bulletin boards and cleanliness. Each of these should be carefully considered with both individual pupils needs and instructional goals in mind of the teacher so that the learning objectives will be achieved. Effective communication in the classroom is essential to the success of both the pupils and the teacher. The kind of communication as well as the amount of communication that occurs in the classroom has long been thought to be partially a function of the seating arrangement of the pupils. The seating arrangement should be designed in a systematic way so that the organization of the seats helps the pupils to feel more organized and motivate to learn. As an example, as pupils get up to go to the bathroom they should not overly distract pupils they pass. One of the factors are the organization and physical design in the classroom. The arrangement of all equipment and furniture must be flexible, as appropriate to the teaching approach and activities undertaken. In addition, the flexible arrangement provides a good traffic to facilitate the movement without bumping into furniture and also each other. The teachers position that is near to the pupils can make it easier for the teacher to control the movement of the pupils in the class. As for my class, the pupils seating arrangement are too close and also there are lack of seats that causes the pupils not to concentrate in the class. This problem leads the pupils to play games, chatting with friends and find various reasons for not sitting because they do not have seats. Therefore, the schools administration I and must take further action in order to make sure that the seat in the class is enough for the pupils. Other than that, learning can also be performed outside of the classroom, such as in the halls, lawns, canteen, library, garden and wherever suitable places inside the schools compound. This could be the one of the important factors to gain pupils interest and attention throughout the learning session. Through this way, the pupils can at least get some input and knowledge from this kind of a learning session. Good facilities appear to be an important precondition for student learning, provided that other conditions are present that support a strong academic program in the school. 5 M. P,

(Burnett, 1995)

G.,

The second aspect of the physical environment is the position and the location of the learning resources in the class. In this case, it will be easier for pupils to take their learning materials such as books and use it during the learning session. In addition, if the learning resources stored according to the correct order, it will be easier for the pupils to find if they want to use it at other times. By doing this, it will instil discipline and responsible attitude of pupils towards their own things. To avoid any confusion, this stored material must be stored in the same place each time when the pupils are taking and keeping it. As for my case, there are no specific places that can be used to keep the learning materials such as books and also the stationaries. In order to make the lesson become meaningful and interesting, a place for stationaries must be placed in the class in order to make the pupils who always left their things to use it. So the pupils will have no excuse regarding of them having no stationaries as they are placed in the classroom. So the learning session can be conducted smoothly without having to hear a complaint from the pupils of not bringing in their stationaries and also books. With this kind of strategies, the learning session can be achieved excellence as the pupils receive enough facilities in order for them to learn during the class. Other than that, they also might get hurt if the furniture is not in a good condition anymore. So it is important to check whether all the furniture in the classroom is well conditioned or must be changed. As for my case, the tables used in the classroom were scratches. It will bring harm to the pupils. So to overcome this problem, I can wrap the table using a thick wrapper to hide the starches on the table. The pupils do not have to find another table, but they only have to wrap their tables so that it would not bring harm to them. The third aspect is the aspect of lighting and the air ventilation. To ensure that the lesson is successful and also effective, the classroom needs a good source of lighting and also good air ventilation that can allow the air to flow into the class without having any problem. These two aspects are important to make the pupils to concentrate more during the lesson. Pupils were found to perform significantly better on standardized tests in classrooms where windows and skylights let more daylight in the classroom (Annie, 2014) M. P.,

The statement above already emphasize on the importance of having a good lighting resource whether it is natural lighting or even with high-quality electric lighting. Better lighting resources will make the pupils to concentrate more during the learning session. This happens as they received enough light for them to read and perform well in the class. If it is rainy days and does not have enough natural lighting, the teacher can use the lamps. If it is too bright, the teacher can use other alternative way that is to use curtains to filter out excess light. Not enough lighting may cause the pupils not to concentrate well in the lesson as they could not see well. So the learning objectives of the lesson will not be achieved. In addition, good air ventilation is also important in order to make the pupils to learn well during the lesson. With poor ventilation, all contaminants that may be present in a classroom including particles, molds, viruses, and odors from products such as cleaning supplies, art supplies, adhesives, paints, textiles and chemicals are more concentrated, which may result in more sick days and higher absenteeism. (Mona, 2010) According to the statements above, good air ventilation will lead to healthier pupils and also teacher will stay healthy. It will then produce a better performance of the pupils not only in the class but also during the exams. So it is proven that good air ventilation leads pupils to concentrate more and will then perform well in studies. It is important for the teacher to make sure that all the windows and doors are always open for the air ventilation. The opened windows and doors will allow fresh air to flow into the classroom. The last factors of the classroom physical is cleanliness. It is important to keep and maintain clean environment in the classroom at any time. If dont, then the pupils need to face a number of possible problems. Classrooms are a place where students spend a large portion of their day in close proximity to 20 or more other children. Experts warn that a classroom's cleanliness has a direct impact on the health of its students and their ability to learn. (Mona, 2010) The purposes of keeping clean and tidy classroom includes health, the absence of disgusting smells and to avoid the spread of dirt from one to another. As for my case, it is in a classroom where forty pupils need to learn and sit together in such a small area. The environment will need to be clean enough because the air inside is breathing continuously 7 C., C.,

by all of the pupils and the bacteria and virus as for the scattered rubbish like tissues used by them, packing of the food will stay in the air if the rubbish is everywhere inside the classroom. The smell of the food would further attract pests which have potential danger, giving the pupils and also the teacher health problems as pests are usually dirty. So, it is necessary to put the rubbish or any other used materials inside the dustbin. In order to maintain a clean classroom, making a daily cleaning schedule does help a lot as the teacher and also the pupils will learn to cooperate well in maintaining the cleanliness of their class. A clean class will produce a comfortable environment and the pupils will enjoy themselves as well as they will feel comfortable during the lesson. Psychosocial Aspects Psychosocial aspects refers to the relationship between the emotional needs of the individual with the social environment. As example, it covers the features such as a comfortable and welcoming atmosphere, free from threats and physical harm, being sensitive and responsive to individual differences, and create communication and also encourages the sharing of ideas. Some of the aspects that influence a healthy psychosocial environment are the approach used such as the teacher leadership, forms of communication and interaction patterns that I will create in the classroom to build a good relationship between me and the pupils. For the first aspect which is the approach used by the teacher to fill in the needs of pupils so that the goals and objectives of the lesson are achieved. In addition, the approach used should also help in raising the cognitive development, as example, I will use the Jean Piagets theory that suggests pupils need to earn knowledge in line with their cognitive level. So it is easier for me not only to control the class but also to build a healthy relationship with my pupils. Pupils have different learning styles as their way of thinking, remembering, making inferences, and embrace the concept of problem solving. That is why as for me, the teacher, I need to really make a different between my pupils so that their will receive the knowledge according to their level. As for Dunn and Dunn's study, they suggests some factors that can influence the individual learning which are environment, emotional, sociological, physical and psychological. In this approach, it emphasize that the teacher should provide opportunities for pupils to use their own learning style. As for my case, there are some of my pupils who do not want to get involved during the lesson, are few of hyperactive pupil with ADD / ADHD and also there are pupils who often interfere with other partners. To make the lesson to become successful, I must design and also provide the pupils with the worksheet which is in line with each and every pupils level so that all pupils can finish the task without having to bother their friends.

The second aspect of is aspects of the teachers herself. Quality teacher will be able to control all the situations in the classroom whether it is easy or hard. Several characteristics of a teacher that has good qualities are the one that is friendly, loving, calm and the most important the one that will never give up to her pupils whatever happens. I am the classroom manager. So I must be well prepared with all the qualities I have in order to control the class and also to make pupils respect me. There are three types of teacher that can control the classroom which are autocratic teacher, democratic teachers and laissezfaire teacher. Autocratic teacher is a strict teacher, the one that will make all the decisions and the decisions must be followed by the pupils. As for not being an autocratic teacher has made the pupils not to respect me when I am teaching them. This also made the pupils to play without wanting to hear me during the lesson until I have to shout to make them listen. Democratic teacher is the one that can discuss, gives pupils a chance to speak up and make a decision. Democratic teacher is more likable but if it is much of kindness, pupils might take it for granted which is the same like my case when all of my pupils take me for granted. Some of my pupils are wasting their time wandering when I give them permission to find the chairs. So I do think that I need to be a little hard to them so that they will know to respect me well. I also need to understand the needs of the pupils so that the lesson can be well flow. Last but not least is the one that is laissez-faire teacher. Laissez-faire teacher is the one that enable pupils to make their own decisions. I do think that I am too are fair to my pupils until they can easily go out can exit and wandered around only to find chairs. I should be more firm as for example if there are pupils who want to say something, they need to ask for my permission first. To make things easier, as a teacher, I can choose which type of teacher I want to be during my class as long as the objective of the lesson is accomplished. The third aspect is the communication and interaction between teachers and the pupils and also the pupils among themselves. As a teacher, effective communication is important to build a good classroom management. It provides an opportunity for the teacher to interact well with the pupils. Two ways of communication is important in order to make sure that the pupils do understand well on what has the teacher taught them during the class. I also can identify which pupils is having problem with understanding me based on the feedback that I will get right after the class. Classroom Rules and Routines Classroom Rules Rules are statements that can be done in order to inform to the pupils about the behaviour that is acceptable in the classroom. It is like a form of memory or moral authority to the discipline of the pupils. These rules also are based on the discussions between the teachers 9

and pupils too. As for my case, in order to make my lesson to become meaningful, I must have a discussion with my pupils in order to discuss about the rules that we would like to put in the class during my lesson. Moreover, the rules must also clearly pasted on the board so that anyone will not forget about it. It must also be simple, clear and meaningful. Rules are important because they provide a structural foundation for the society and community. Rules can prevent negative actions from taking place, as well as enforcing positive policies and methods. (Annie, M. P., 2014) Based on the statement above, it explains well that rules are important not only to help with the society but also to prevent any negative actions or things happening. As example, during my class, there might be having any quarrel or even accidents regarding the pupils behaviour that always talk and walk during the lesson, but then after having to put the rules, it can help to decrease the possibilities any of the problem that might be happening. I must make sure that all the pupils can follow the rules as what has been discussed to maintain a good relationship towards each other and also to make sure that the lesson can be conducted successfully.

Routine Routine is a procedure or steps to be followed by the pupils in the classroom. It helps to mate the lesson become smoother. As example, simple daily routines like reciting the dua before starting the lesson can be a good routine to be done every day. Other than that, routines like lining up in front of the class before entering the class can also enhance the pupils discipline. These routines can help to nurture the pupils. Routines can also be done through the discussions with the pupils and constantly monitored and reinforcement will take place in order to make sure that the routines will be successful. It can also develop a good culture within the schools compound. In my class, I do think that the pupils could not be control well. So to make things easier, I must develop a positive daily routines in order to make them to become better pupils. As example, if during my lesson, it happened to be not having enough chair, I can ask all the pupils to sit on the floor to make sure that the lesson will go well rather than asking the pupils themselves to find the chairs. It will make the pupils to think that sitting on the floor as their daily routine to be done because of having not enough chairs in their class. So, I can easily controlled my pupils and the sessions will be conducted smoothly without having to have any on the pupils to wander around the school compound. 10

To sum, all these factors must be taken seriously to make sure that the learning session can be conduct smoothly and effectively. Interventions A good classroom management that is conducted effectively can deal with all the problems related during the lesson. Interventions can be used by teacher in dealing with discipline problems. They are the pastoral care, guidance and counselling and behaviour modification. Pastoral Care Pastoral care refers to the holistic approach by which the school attempts to meet the personal, social, emotional and intellectual needs of every pupil, in order that each might participate fully and gain maximum benefit from everything the school has to offer. According to (Hornby, Hal and Hall, 2003) , pastoral care refers to the process of education in relation to the assistance given to the students in terms of their personal, social, moral development , academic and vocational guidance. As for my case, there are some pupils who require this kind of intervention. Pupils which are naughty, noisy and often having to disturb their friends in the class can be help by giving them the pastoral care. I can help my pupils by making them realize the important of studying in order for them to have a meaningful life in the future. As what has been discussed in A Model for Pastoral Care in Glasgow, there are five objectives that can be used by me to help my pupils. One of the objectives is providing personal support that is appropriate to the needs of every pupils. So I must provide my pupils with the needs according to them so that they will know that I do care for them and I do want all of them to be successful in their life. As for my ADDs pupils that are having problems in their study can also be helped by me providing them a simple worksheet so that they can also participate in during my lesson. Through this way, it would also nurture the love between me and my pupils as all of us can finally understand each other and the objectives of the lesson can be achieved well. Guidance and Counselling Guidance and counselling is one way of the effective intervention that can be applied to help pupils who are having problems or difficulties. It is an ongoing process that is made to help the pupils to learn and realize their abilities and potentials and also weaknesses to help the pupils in adapting well with their environment. Pupils potential will be developed as a whole during the class. Early intervention in the form of guidance will help the pupils from having to do any bad things that can drag them to be in a serious state. As for my class, I do need to guide my pupils well in order for them to have a better future and also to make them achieve the optimal level of pupils personal happiness and social well-being. Counselling is 11

a form of professional services performed by the counselors or teachers who have received a course in counselling. They are not making decisions for the pupils or solve the problems but they help the clients in identifying the shortcomings in ethics recommended in guidance and counselling. As for my case, the aggressive pupils can be referred to counselling so that the aggressive behaviour can be taken care of. In addition, I can also use the Kounin Model during my class which emphasized on how teachers could manage students, lessons and classrooms to reduce the incidence of bad behaviour during the lesson. The problem of having pupils that tend to play during the lesson can be solved by making them to participate during the lesson. As an example, I can make the pupils sing and dance during the lesson. So other than making the lesson meaningful, I can also prevent my pupils from playing around during the lesson. The lesson will run smoothly without any interruption. Behaviour Modification Techniques Behaviour modification techniques refer to basic learning techniques that can alter the human behaviour, it is either by increasing the desirable behaviour, or reducing and also eliminating improper behaviour. In my case, there are pupils who submit late assignments, having no participation during the lesson, making noise, playing with friends that will disturb the lesson. So, by applying the Skinner Behaviour Modification Model and also Canter Assertive Discipline Model, the behaviour problem can be solved well. If the pupils behave well, I can give positive reinforcement and also if they do not behave, I can also give them negative reinforcement such as by making them to stay after the school ended. As an example, if the pupils do not make any noise, I can give praise and smiles to them. Indirectly, it will improved the psychosocial environment. If pupils are talking during my lesson, I can give them some reinforcement whether it is a positive or negative reinforcement so solve the problems. According to Canter, the one which is being noisy can be warned first, and if the pupil still doing the same action even though he has been warned, I can make a 5 minutes check to the pupil in order to make him to remain silent during my lesson. Canter provides an opportunity for pupils to make mistake by hierarchy offense. If persists, the pupils would be sent to the discipline teacher. In conclusion, this intervention could develop the positive attitudes of a pupil and also to overcome the discipline problems. Other than that, it is to help teacher to control the classroom and carrying out learning sessions effectively. A teacher who can control the class will make the lesson become smooth and also it is easier to achieve the learning the objectives and to make sure that the pupils also received enough input that for their education.

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(4013 words)

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Dunn, N. A., & Baker, S. B. (2002). Readiness to serve students with disabilities: A survey of elementary school counselors. Professional School Counselors, 5(4), 277 284. Emmer, E. T. (1984). Classroom management: Research and implications. (R & D Report No. 6178). Austin, TX: Research and Development Center for Teacher Education, University of Texas. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED251448) Emmer, E. T., Evertson, C. M., & Worsham, M. E. (2003). Classroom management for secondary teachers (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Emmer, E. T., Sanford, J. P., Evertson, C. M., Clements, B. S., & Martin, J. (1981). The classroom management improvement study: An experiment in elementary school classrooms. (R & D Report No. 6050). Austin, TX: Research and Development Center for Teacher Education, University of Texas. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED226452) Evertson, C. M., & Emmer, E. T. (1982). Preventive classroom management. In D. Duke (Ed.),Helping teachers manage classrooms (pp. 231). Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Evertson, C. M., Emmer, E. T., & Worsham, M. E. (2003). Classroom management for elementary teachers (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Glasser, W. (1969). Schools without failure. New York: Harper and Row. Glasser, W. (1990). The quality school: Managing students without coercion. New York: Harper and Row.

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