States of Low Energy and modied Sorkin-Johnston

states on Minkowski and Expanding Spacetimes

Marcos Brum
1,2
, Klaus Fredenhagen
2
, Kolja Them
2,3
1
Physics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2
II Institute for Theoretical Physics, Hamburg University, Germany
3
Institute of Appl. Phys. and Microstructure Research Center, Hamburg University, Germany
1
mbrum@if.ufrj.br
Abstract
We show how to construct Hadamard states on the algebra of the Klein-Gordon eld on expanding spacetimes with compact Cauchy surfaces. These constructions will be performed in two dierent ways. First, we construct states that
minimize the expectation value of the renormalized energy density, smeared with compactly supported test functions over a timelike subregion of spacetime. Second, we consider the recent denition of Sorkin-Johnston states given by [3]
which were shown not to be Hadamard states [4]. We present a modication of this denition and prove that we obtain Hadamard states.
Introduction
There is no general prescription for the construction of
Hadamard states for QFT on curved spacetimes;
The expectation value of the renormalized energy density
evaluated at a point of spacetime can be arbitrarily negative.
In order to avoid this problem, one needs to smear it over a
timelike slab of spacetime.
In the context of AQFT, we show how this smearing process
can help us with both nding states that minimize the energy
density and smoothing out unwanted singularities.
AQFT on Curved Spacetimes
Quantized Scalar Field
We consider onlyGloballyHyperbolic spacetimes ^= R.
The KG dierential operator possesses unique Retarded and
Advanced Fundamental Solutions
( + m
2
)E

f = E

( + m
2
) f = f
We dene E E

E
+
and the complex-linear symbols ( f )
satisfying
( f ) =
_
d
4
x
_
g (x) f (x)
_
( f ), (q)
_
= i
_
^
d
4
x
_
g f (x)(Eq)(x) i( f, q)
(( + m
2
) f ) = 0
This generates the so-called CCR-algebra F(^).
Using suitable coordinates:
We write the metric for Expanding Spacetimes as
ds
2
= dt
2
c(t)
2
h
i j
(x)dx
i
dx
j
On spacetimes with compact Cauchy hypersurfaces, the
laplacian is self-adjoint.
(t, x) =

j
_
T
j
(t)Y
j
(x) + T
j
(t)Y
j
(x)
_
Freedom of the solution of the KG equation:
T
j
(t) =
j
S
j
(t) +
j
S
j
(t) ;
j

2

2
j
= 1
States and the Hadamard condition
States are positive, linear functionals on F(^).
Bymeans of the GNS construction, to any state is associated
a unique representation (H, ,
).
w
(n)

( f
1
. . . fn) (F( f
1
) . . . F( fn)) .
We will restrict attention to Quasifree States. The singular
structure of their two-point functions is required to satisfy
the Hadamard Condition:
WF(w
(2)

) =
_
(x
1
, k
1
; x
2
, k
2
) (x
i
, k
i
) T

xi
^0;
(x
1
, k
1
) (x
2
, k
2
); k
1
V+
_
C
+
Physically, Hadamard states are those whose singularity struc-
ture concides withthat of the vacuumstate inMinkowski space-
time. Besides, these states yield a sensible renormalization of
the energy-momentum tensor in curved spacetimes.
Using suitable coordinates:
w
(2)

_
( f )(q)
_
= (( f )(q))
=
_
d
4
x
_
g(x)d
4
x

_
g(x

) f (t, x)q(s, x

j
T
j
(t)T
j
(s)Y
j
(x)Y
j
(x

j
w
(2)
j
(x, x

)
States of Low Energy
In the absence of spatial symmetries, the smearing must be
performed over a timelike slab of spacetime;
We will treat only spacetimes whose Cauchy hypersurfaces
are compact without boundary f (t, x) = f (t);
The energy density will be measured by geodesic observers
which are orthogonal to the hypersurfaces,
a
= (1,

0).
E
j

_
R
dt f
2
(t)
_

d
3
x
_
h (

T
reg
)j
(t, x)
= (1 + 2
2
j
)c
1j
+ 2
j
_
1 +
2
j
Re(e
ij
c
2j
)
where
c
1j
=
1
2
_
dt f
2
(t)
_

S
j
(t)
2
+
2
j
(t)S
j
(t)
2
_
c
2j
=
1
2
_
dt f
2
(t)
_
(

S
j
(t))
2
+
2
j
(t)S
j
(t)
2
_
.
The minimization problem is solved by

j
=

_
c
1j
2
_
c
2
1j
c
2j

1
2
and
j
= Argc
2j
+
States of Low Energy are Hadamard States
We will prove the Hadamard property of the States of Low
Energy by means of a comparison of their singular structure
with the one from Adiabatic States. These are dened in terms
of their Sobolev Wavefront set. A quasifree state
N
is an Adia-
batic State of order N if, s < N + 3/2,
WF
s
(w
(2)
N
) = C
+
.
For a general Hadamard state,
WF
s
(w
(2)
H
) =
_
, s < 1/2
C
+
, s 1/2
.
The Adiabatic solution was constructed as an iterative solution
to the KG equation whose initial condition is of the WKB form.
The asymptotic behavior of the adiabatic solution S
(N)
j
(t) and of
the SLE (given by
(N)
j
), are given by

(k)
t
S
(N)
j
(t) = O(
k/21/4
j
) ;
(N)
j
= O(
N1/2
j
) .
The eigenfunctions, respectively eigenvalues, of the laplacian
on a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension 3 behave
asymptotically as

k
Y
j
(x)
2
C
3,k

3+2k
j
+ O(
2+2k
j
) ,

j
= O( j
2/3
) .
By analysing the smoothness of w
(2)
SLE
w
(2)
N
, we nd
WF
s
(w
(2)
SLE
w
(2)
N
) = for s <
N
2

29
4
,
what means that
WF
s
(w
(2)
SLE
w
(2)
H
) = s .
Modied Sorkin-Johnston States
Let A = R and ^ = I , I = (t
0
, t
0
), with : ^
A, (t, x) (t, x) an isometric embedding, preserving orienta-
tion and causal orientation, and (^) a causally convex and
relatively compact subset of A. From the uniqueness of E
A
, it
follows that
E
^
=

E
A
.
It was shown in [4] that E
^
is bounded.
For f a real valued test function on A such that f
^
1, we
dene the self-adjoint operator
A(x, x

) i f (x)E(x, x

) f (x

) .
A state can then be constructed by taking the positive part A
+
of A (in the sense of the spectral calculus).
A
+
= P
+
A,
where P
+
is the spectral projection on the interval [0, A].
The modied S-J state
SJ
is now dened as the quasifree state
on the spacetime ^ with the smeared two-point function
w
(2)
SJ

(q, r) (q, A
+
r) .
for real valued test functions q, r on ^. Note that the antisym-
metric part of the two-point function coincides with iE
^
.
Expanding Spacetimes
The advanced-minus-retarded-operator is
E(t, x; t

, x

) =

j
(T
j
(t)T
j
(t

) T
j
(t)T
j
(t

))
2i
Y
j
(x)Y
j
(x

) .
We therefore write
A =

j
A
j
(t

, t)Y
j
(x)Y
j
(x

) .
We decompose f T
j
into its real and imaginary parts, f T
j
=
B
j
iD
j
, and choose its phase such that
_
B
j
, D
j
_
0 .
Then,
A
j
(t, t

) = i
_
D
j
(t

)B
j
(t) B
j
(t

)D
j
(t)
_
.
Setting

j
= 1
B
j

D
j

,
we nd for the 2-point function of the modied S-J state on ^
w
(2)
SJ

(t, x; t

, x

) =

j
1
2
_

_
1
1
j
B
j
(t

) iD
j
(t

)
_

_
_
B
j
(t) + i(1
j
)D
j
(t)
_
Y
j
(x)Y
j
(x

) .
This state is a pure state.
To prove that this state is a Hadamard state on the spacetime
^ we take T
j
as being initially equal do the adiabatic solution
and compare the singular structure of w
(2)
SJ

with the one from

adiabatic states. Now,
T
(N)
j
= O(
1/4
j
) ;
(N)
j
= O(
N1/2
j
) .
In order nd the Sobolev wave front set of W
SJ
, we investigate
for which index s R the operator
Rs =

s
j
(A
+
j

1
2
f T
j
)( f T
j
) Y
j
)(Y
j
(1)
is Hilbert-Schmidt. We obtain for the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of
Rs
Rs
2
2

j
(1 +
j
)
2s2N2
(2)
For the Laplacian on a compact Riemannian space of dimen-
sion m we know that
j
is bounded by some constant times j
2
m.
Hence the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of Rs is nite if s < N + 1
m
4
.
Since s , N Rs
2
2
is bounded,
WF
s
(w
(2)
SJ

w
(2)
H
) = s .
Conclusions
The generalization of the SLE for spacetimes without spatial
symmetries requires the smearing of the energy density also
over Cauchy hypersurfaces;
Hadamard states can be constructed fromthe positive part of
the advanced-minus-retarded-operator, but only if this ope-
rator is multiplied by a smooth test function. This spoils the
uniqueness which motivated the original construction.
Although it is known that it is not possible to nd a unique
prescription for the construction of Hadamard states, valid
for any Globally Hyperbolic spacetime [7, 8], it is yet inter-
esting to investigate under which conditions may the above
constructions be generalized.
References
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[2] M. Brum and K. Fredenhagen, arxiv:1307.0482.
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[4] C. Fewster and R. Verch, CQG 29, 205017(2012).
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[8] C. Fewster and R. Verch, Ann. Henri Poincar e 13, 1675 (2012).
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