VLSI Design:

1) Explain why & how a MOSFET works 2) Draw Vds-Ids cur ! "or a MOSFET# $ow% show how &his cur ! chan'!s (a) wi&h incr!asin' V's ()) wi&h incr!asin' &ransis&or wid&h (c) consid!rin' *hann!l +!n'&h Modula&ion ,) Explain &h! arious MOSFET *apaci&anc!s & &h!ir si'ni"icanc! -) Draw a *MOS In !r&!r# Explain i&s &rans"!r charac&!ris&ics .) Explain si/in' o" &h! in !r&!r 0) 1ow do you si/! $MOS and 2MOS &ransis&ors &o incr!as! &h! &hr!shold ol&a'!3 4) 5ha& is $ois! Mar'in3 Explain &h! proc!dur! &o d!&!r6in! $ois! Mar'in 7) 8i ! &h! !xpr!ssion "or *MOS swi&chin' pow!r dissipa&ion 9) 5ha& is :ody E""!c&3 1;) D!scri)! &h! arious !""!c&s o" scalin' 11) 8i ! &h! !xpr!ssion "or calcula&in' D!lay in *MOS circui& 12) 5ha& happ!ns &o d!lay i" you incr!as! load capaci&anc!3 1,) 5ha& happ!ns &o d!lay i" w! includ! a r!sis&anc! a& &h! ou&pu& o" a *MOS circui&3 1-) 5ha& ar! &h! li6i&a&ions in incr!asin' &h! pow!r supply &o r!duc! d!lay3 1.) 1ow do!s <!sis&anc! o" &h! 6!&al lin!s ary wi&h incr!asin' &hickn!ss and incr!asin' l!n'&h3 10) =ou ha ! &hr!! ad>ac!n& parall!l 6!&al lin!s# Two ou& o" phas! si'nals pass &hrou'h &h! ou&!r &wo 6!&al lin!s# Draw &h! wa !"or6s in &h! c!n&!r 6!&al lin! du! &o in&!r"!r!nc!# $ow% draw &h! si'nals i" &h! si'nals in ou&!r 6!&al lin!s ar! in phas! wi&h !ach o&h!r 14) 5ha& happ!ns i" w! incr!as! &h! nu6)!r o" con&ac&s or ia "ro6 on! 6!&al lay!r &o &h! n!x&3 17) Draw a &ransis&or l! !l &wo inpu& $?$D 'a&!# Explain i&s si/in' (a) consid!rin' V&h ()) "or !@ual ris! and "all &i6!s

19) +!& ? & : )! &wo inpu&s o" &h! $?$D 'a&!# Say si'nal ? arri !s a& &h! $?$D 'a&! la&!r &han si'nal :# To op&i6i/! d!lay% o" &h! &wo s!ri!s $MOS inpu&s ? & :% which on! would you plac! n!ar &h! ou&pu&3 2;) Draw &h! s&ick dia'ra6 o" a $O< 'a&!# Op&i6i/! i& 21) For *MOS lo'ic% 'i ! &h! arious &!chni@u!s you know &o 6ini6i/! pow!r consu6p&ion 22) 5ha& is *har'! Sharin'3 Explain &h! *har'! Sharin' pro)l!6 whil! sa6plin' da&a "ro6 a :us 2,) 5hy do w! 'radually incr!as! &h! si/! o" in !r&!rs in )u""!r d!si'n3 5hy no& 'i ! &h! ou&pu& o" a circui& &o on! lar'! in !r&!r3 2-) In &h! d!si'n o" a lar'! in !r&!r% why do w! pr!"!r &o conn!c& s6all &ransis&ors in parall!l (&hus incr!asin' !""!c&i ! wid&h) ra&h!r &han lay ou& on! &ransis&or wi&h lar'! wid&h3 2.) 8i !n a layou&% draw i&s &ransis&or l! !l circui&# (I was 'i !n a , inpu& ?$D 'a&! and a 2 inpu& Mul&ipl!x!r# =ou can !xp!c& any si6pl! 2 or , inpu& 'a&!s) 20) 8i ! &h! lo'ic !xpr!ssion "or an ?OI 'a&!# Draw i&s &ransis&or l! !l !@ui al!n&# Draw i&s s&ick dia'ra6 24) 5hy donA& w! us! >us& on! $MOS or 2MOS &ransis&or as a &rans6ission 'a&!3 27) For a $MOS &ransis&or ac&in' as a pass &ransis&or% say &h! 'a&! is conn!c&!d &o VDD% 'i ! &h! ou&pu& "or a s@uar! puls! inpu& 'oin' "ro6 ; &o VDD 29) Draw a 0-T S<?M *!ll and !xplain &h! <!ad and 5ri&! op!ra&ions ,;) Draw &h! Di""!r!n&ial S!ns! ?6pli"i!r and !xplain i&s workin'# ?ny id!a how &o si/! &his circui&3 (*onsid!r *hann!l +!n'&h Modula&ion) ,1) 5ha& happ!ns i" w! us! an In !r&!r ins&!ad o" &h! Di""!r!n&ial S!ns! ?6pli"i!r3 ,2) Draw &h! S<?M 5ri&! *ircui&ry ,,) ?pproxi6a&!ly% wha& w!r! &h! si/!s o" your &ransis&ors in &h! S<?M c!ll3 1ow did you arri ! a& &hos! si/!s3 ,-) 1ow do!s &h! si/! o" 2MOS 2ull Bp &ransis&ors ("or )i& & )i&- lin!s) a""!c& S<?MAs p!r"or6anc!3 ,.) 5ha&As &h! cri&ical pa&h in a S<?M3

,0) Draw &h! &i6in' dia'ra6 "or a S<?M <!ad# 5ha& happ!ns i" w! d!lay &h! !na)lin' o" *lock si'nal3 ,4) 8i ! a )i' pic&ur! o" &h! !n&ir! S<?M +ayou& showin' your plac!6!n&s o" S<?M *!lls% <ow D!cod!rs% *olu6n D!cod!rs% <!ad *ircui&% 5ri&! *ircui& and :u""!rs ,7) In a S<?M layou&% which 6!&al lay!rs would you pr!"!r "or 5ord +in!s and :i& +in!s3 5hy3 ,9) 1ow can you 6od!l a S<?M a& <T+ +! !l3 -;) 5ha&Cs &h! di""!r!nc! )!&w!!n T!s&in' & V!ri"ica&ion3 -1) For an ?$D-O< i6pl!6!n&a&ion o" a &wo inpu& Mux% how do you &!s& "or S&uck-?&-; and S&uck-?&-1 "aul&s a& &h! in&!rnal nod!s3 (=ou can !xp!c& a circui& wi&h so6! r!dundan& lo'ic) -2) 5ha& is +a&ch Bp3 Explain +a&ch Bp wi&h cross s!c&ion o" a *MOS In !r&!r# 1ow do you a oid +a&ch Bp3 In"in!onD -,) 1ow do you &ackl! couplin' wh!n d!si'n d!!p su)6icron S<?M 6!6ori!s3 --) 2ow!r Op&i6i/a&ion T!chni@u!s "or d!!p su) 6icron3

Digital Design:
1) 8i ! &wo ways o" con !r&in' a &wo inpu& $?$D 'a&! &o an in !r&!r 2) 8i !n a circui&% draw i&s !xac& &i6in' r!spons!# (I was 'i !n a 2s!udo <ando6 Si'nal 8!n!ra&orE you can !xp!c& any s!@u!n&ial ck&) ,) 5ha& ar! s!& up &i6! & hold &i6! cons&rain&s3 5ha& do &h!y si'ni"y3 5hich on! is cri&ical "or !s&i6a&in' 6axi6u6 clock "r!@u!ncy o" a circui&3 -) 8i ! a circui& &o di id! "r!@u!ncy o" clock cycl! )y &wo .) D!si'n a di id!-)y-, s!@u!n&ial circui& wi&h .;F du&y circl!# (1in&D Dou)l! &h! *lock) 0) Suppos! you ha ! a co6)ina&ional circui& )!&w!!n &wo r!'is&!rs dri !n )y a clock# 5ha& will you do i" &h! d!lay o" &h! co6)ina&ional circui& is 'r!a&!r &han your clock si'nal3 (=ou canA& r!si/! &h! co6)ina&ional circui& &ransis&ors) 4) Th! answ!r &o &h! a)o ! @u!s&ion is )r!akin' &h! co6)ina&ional circui& and pip!linin' i&# 5ha& will )! a""!c&!d i" you do &his3

7) 5ha& ar! &h! di""!r!n& ?dd!r circui&s you s&udi!d3 9) 8i ! &h! &ru&h &a)l! "or a 1al" ?dd!r# 8i ! a 'a&! l! !l i6pl!6!n&a&ion o" &h! sa6!# 1;) Draw a Trans6ission 8a&!-)as!d D-+a&ch# 11) D!si'n a Trans6ission 8a&! )as!d GO<# $ow% how do you con !r& i& &o G$O<3 (5i&hou& in !r&in' &h! ou&pu&) 12) 1ow do you d!&!c& i" &wo 7-)i& si'nals ar! sa6!3 1,) 1ow do you d!&!c& a s!@u!nc! o" H11;1H arri in' s!rially "ro6 a si'nal lin!3 1-) D!si'n any FSM in V1D+ or V!rilo'#

Computer Architecture:
1) 5ha& is pip!linin'3 2) 5ha& ar! &h! "i ! s&a'!s in a D+G pip!lin!3 ,) For a pip!lin! wi&h AnA s&a'!s% wha&Cs &h! id!al &hrou'hpu&3 5ha& pr! !n&s us "ro6 achi! in' &his id!al &hrou'hpu&3 -) 5ha& ar! &h! di""!r!n& ha/ards3 1ow do you a oid &h!63 .) Ins&!ad o" >us& .-7 pip! s&a'!s why no& ha !% say% a pip!lin! wi&h .; pip! s&a'!s3 0) 5ha& ar! :ranch 2r!dic&ion and :ranch Tar'!& :u""!rs3 4) 1ow do you handl! pr!cis! !xc!p&ions or in&!rrup&s3 7) 5ha& is a cach!3 9) 5ha&As &h! di""!r!nc! )!&w!!n 5ri&!-Throu'h and 5ri&!-:ack *ach!s3 Explain ad an&a'!s and disad an&a'!s o" !ach# 1;) *ach! Si/! is 0-I:% :lock si/! is ,2: and &h! cach! is Two-5ay S!& ?ssocia&i !# For a ,2-)i& physical addr!ss% 'i ! &h! di ision )!&w!!n :lock O""s!&% Ind!x and Ta'# 11) 5ha& is Vir&ual M!6ory3 12) 5ha& is *ach! *oh!r!ncy3 1,) 5ha& is MESI3

1-) 5ha& is a Snoopin' cach!3 1.) 5ha& ar! &h! co6pon!n&s in a Microproc!ssor3 10) 5ha& is ?*:F(1!x) di id!d )y 103 14) *on !r& 0.(1!x) &o :inary 17) *on !r& a nu6)!r &o i&s &woAs co6pli6!n& and )ack 19) Th! *2B is )usy )u& you wan& &o s&op and do so6! o&h!r &ask# 1ow do you do i&3

C/C++, Perl & Unix:

1) 1ow would you d!cid! w!a&h!r &o us! *% *JJ or 2!rl "or a par&icular pro>!c&3 2) 5ha& ar! poin&!rs3 5hy do w! us! &h!63 ,) 5ha& ar! &h! )!n!"i&s o" ha in' 8lo)al & +ocal Varia)l!s3 -) 5ha& is A6allocA3 5hy do w! n!!d &o us! i&3 - PERL is a high memory use language. MALLOC() provides allocation o a !uc"et o memory to the varia!les considering the minimum si#e o the memory that can !e allocated and the ma$imum si#e o the data that is to !e assigned. .) 5ri&! a * pro'ra6 &o co6par! &wo arrays and wri&! &h! co66on !l!6!n&s in ano&h!r array 0) 5ri&! a "unc&ion in * &o acc!p& &wo in&!'!rs and r!&urn &h! )i''!r in&!'!r 4) 5ha& ar! &h! ad an&a'!s o" * o !r 2!rl and ic! !rsa3 7) 5ha& do!s AKA and A&A 6!an in 2!rl3 - L%& ' Array - ()& 9) 5ha& is a A2acka'!A in 2!rl3 1;) 5ha& ar! 2!rl <!'ular Expr!ssions3 - E$pressions to do string operations. *hese are memory-hungry e$pressions 11) 2!rl <!'ular Expr!ssions ar! 'r!!dy# 5ha& do!s &ha& 6!an3

- *hey ta"e up a lot o memory 12) 5ha& ar! ?ssocia&i ! arrays in 2!rl3 - Programmers know that sometimes it's easier to find a value based on a
key, rather than a position in a list of elements. A common example is when you need to keep track of employee names based on an ID number. his is a much different task than knowing that !DayIn"eek#$% & '"ednesday'. Perl makes this easy by giving you an associative array, also known as a hash, which is essentially a list of key(value pairs. Instead of looking up an element by it's position in a list, you look it up by it's key. )ote that using key(value pairs means that each key must be uni*ue. his is not optional. +alues can be repeated, however. his means that associative arrays may not be good for some tasks. An example is keeping track of street names based on ,ip code as the key. -ecause key values must be uni*ue, you could only have one street per ,ip code. .ou can keep track of ,ip codes using street names as the key, but this wouldn't work all the time either. It would work in cases where a street falls entirely within a certain ,ip code, but that may not be true in larger cities with very long streets. /o you see, associative arrays are a great tool, but they don't work everywhere.

1,) Suppos! a 2!rl aria)l! has your na6! s&or!d in i&# $ow% how can you d!"in! an array )y &h! na6!3 (i#!#% you ha ! MaNH?darshHE now you wan& K?darshNO#####P) - %Adarsh + ,a 1-) 5ri&! a 2!rl scrip& &o pars! a par&icular &x& "il! and ou&pu& &o ano&h!r "il! in a d!sir!d "or6a&# (=ou can !xp!c& &h! "il! &o ha ! so6! da&a arran'!d rows & colu6ns) 1.) Suppos! you ha ! &h! ou&pu&s o" a &!s& pro'ra6 in so6! )i' &!s& "il!# In 2!rl% how can you &!s& i" all &h! ou&pu&s 6a&ch a par&icular s&rin'3 10) 5ha& ar! Da&a ?)s&rac&ion and Da&a Encapsula&ion3 14) Explain Fri!nd Func&ions and 2oly6orphis6 wi&h !xa6pl!s 17) *o66ands "or chan'in' dir!c&ory% 6akin' dir!c&ory% 'oin' up on! dir!c&ory% knowin' &h! "il! p!r6issions and chan'in' "il! p!r6issions# 19) 1ow do you s!arch "or a par&icular s&rin' in all &h! &!x& "il!s in curr!n& dir!c&ory "ro6 co66and lin!3
bash: find ~ -name "text" -print

2;) 1ow do you sor& a "il! alpha)!&ically "ro6 co66and lin!3 - sort- ilename.

ther Simple !uestions:

1) 5ha& is > &o &h! pow!r >3 2) 5ha& is $or6al Dis&ri)u&ion3 5h!r! is &h! M!an and M!dian on &h! 'raph "or $or6al Dis&ri)u&ion3 ,) Draw a si6pl! <*-+ow pass circui&#

Some "eneral !uestions:

1) T!ll 6! so6!&hin' a)ou& yours!l" and your in&!r!s&s 2) T!ll 6! so6!&hin' a)ou& so6! pro)l!6s you "ac!d in a pro>!c& and how did you handl! i&3 ,) 8i ! on! ins&anc! wh!r! you w!r! cri&icis!d )y your 2ro"!ssor -) 5h!r! do you s!! yours!l" "i ! y!ars "ro6 now3 .) 5ha& salary ar! you !xp!c&in'3 0) ?ny Qu!s&ions "or 6! r!'ardin' &h! posi&ion or &h! co6pany3 4) Finally% do!s &his posi&ion sound in&!r!s&in'3 D-)

A##itional Lin$s:
1) Hitequest 2) Frequently Asked Interview Questions ,) For Software guys -) C, Unix and Perl