1. '?a, pc. of plurality: it is found in the N cds 'mi ?a 'we' [q.v. ffd.] ('mi 'I' + '?

a of plurality)
and 't'u ?a - 's'u ?a 'ye (vos)' [q.v. ffd.] ('t'u - 's'u 'thou' + '?a), as well in HS: S nomina
collectiva ( plural forms) with the prefix '?a- ( N ''ha, pc. of collectiveness, q.v. ffd.) C: Bj ?a,
article of m. pl. (nom.-voc. case) AD KJ 1O6, Rop. 9 ^ The initial lr. of the pc. (as suffix) is
tentatively identified as '? because this is the only lr. that does not cause lengthening in NaIE
('mc-s rather than mc-s, the "secondary" ending '-tc rather than -tc). The originally bissilabic
form of the prn. for 'we' has left traces in Tg 'buc 'we' (excl.) and possibly in OHg miv [miu_]. But
the Krl Ld diphthong in muo 'we' is likely to result from a secondary development ('mc > 'mo >
'muo).
2. '?a 'to become, be' > HS: S '-a 'is', ending of the predicative case (m. sg.) > Ak zero ending of
the predicative case ("stative" of nouns and adjectives, "permansive" of verbs), WS '-a, ending of
the 3 m. sg. of the new perfect (developped from the predicative case of deverbal adjectives: pS
'mavit-a 'is dead' > WS 'ma'vit-a 'has died' > Ar mat-a, Hb tm4 mct, Gz mot-a 'died') Dk. JDPA 213,
241-6 ? C: the final component of the EC, Bj and Aw sxs. of person/number/gender of the suffix-
conjugated verbs that go back to prefix-conjugated forms of an aux. verb (or verbs) [which may
have been either '-Ha- (belonging to the N in question), or '-hay- 'be' (akin to S 'hyv 'be', N
'hov'i 'become, appear'), or both]: see the paradigms of suffixal conjugation: Bj [past] 2m -t-a, 2f
-t-a-y, 3m -y-a, 3f -t-a, 1p -n-a, etc., Aw [past] 1s '-?a (> glottalization of the stem-final cns. + -a), 2s
-ta, 3m -a, 3f -ta, 1p -na, [prs.-ft.] 1s '-?c (glottalization + -c), 2s -tc, 3m -c, 3f -tc, 1p -nc, Sml [past]
1s -ay?, 2s -tay?, 3m -ay?, 3f -tay?, 1p -nay?, Or S {Sr.} [prs.] 1s -a, 2s -ta, 3m -a, 3f -ti, 1p -na, Sa
[prs.] 1s -a, 2s -ta, 3m -a, 3f -ta, 1p -na, Or S, Sa [past] 1s -c, 2s -tc, 3m -c, 3f -tc, 1p -nc AD KJ 119
[table 45], 126-9 [tables 56, 58, 62], 14O [table 76], Sr. 13O ? B: Zng {TC} 3m aor. yi?, 3m pf. ya?
'be, exist' DCTC 293 ll A: M 'a- 'be' [ N 'Ia?V (='gya?V) 'grow, become'] > MM [S] a- 'dasein,
sich aufhalten, wohnen, leben', [HI] a- 'tre, demeurer, exister, passer ses jours de quelque faon',
[PP] a- v. 'be', WrM a-, Dg a- id. Pp. IM 74, MED 1, H 4, Ms. H 33 ll D {Km.} 'a- 'be, become' [ N
'Ia?V '', q.v. ffd.] ^ IS I 243 [#1O2] (D, A: M + unc. [with a query] Tg '-o, which actually belongs
to N 'hov'i 'become, appear' [q.v.]).
2a. '?a, marker of male sex [ '(young) man'??] > HS: C: Bj A {AD} -a, sx. of masculine in verbal
forms of the 2nd person: prt.: 2m ti-dir-a 'you (sg. m.) killed' ( 2f ti-dir-i. cp. 1st person a-dir, 3m
i-dir, 3f ti-dir) S '-a in '?ant-a 'thou' m. ( '?ant-i 'thou' f., cp. C 'anti 'thou' without gender
distinction) [see s.v. 't'u 'thou'] Ar ?a- in the nominal pattern ?a-CCaCu for the masc. gender of
adjectives (comparative, adjectives of colours, etc.: ?asyaru 'smaller' m., ?asfaru 'yellow', ?abyaou
'white') fem. CVCCa?u (sayra?u 'smaller' f., safra?u 'yellow' f., bayoa?u 'white' f.) ll D '-an_
(- '-a), masc. marker > Tm maI-an 'son', mann-an 'king', Iatal-an 'lover', ilai_-y-an 'young man',
muti-ya-an 'old man', Ml maI-an 'son', tacc-an 'carpenter', tatt-an 'goldsmith', vann-an
'washwerman', Kt Iurd-n 'blind man', Ialn` (< 'Ial-n) 'male thief', Td Ioln` (< 'Iol-n) id., totxi-n
'goldsmith', Ionody-n 'Canarese man', Kdg Iall-o 'male thief', obb-o 'one man', Iivd-o 'dumb
man', Kn O mag-an 'son', aras-an 'king', Kn Bd Iall-a(n) 'thief', an`n`-a(n) 'elder brother', Tl -an (marker
of masc.), Knd -a (e.g. Ian`-a 'blind man', danr`-a 'young man', doIr-a 'old man'), Png -cn, -an
(tond-cn 'brother', otl-cn 'father-in-law', dut-cn 'old man', nataI-an 'villager', haruI-an 'a small
man', Klm -an / -cn / -on (mar-an 'sposes brother', mal-an 'man of barber caste', Iolav-an 'Kolam man',
tor-cn 'younger brother', oII-on 'one man'), Nkr -cn - -an (tol-cn 'brother', IiI-cn 'son', Iaym-an
'spouses younger brother', Prj -cd / (before case sxs.) -cn- (tol-cd / tol-cn- 'brother', bcrt-cd / bcrt-cn-
1
'big man', Gdb tor`-on 'brother', Mlt -c (maq-c 'son', qad-c 'son' The final '-n_ in the sx. '-an_ is due
to the generalization in the paradigm of cases, where '-n- was originally present in obl. cases and
went back to the N genitive marker 'nu (see s.v.) ll IE: possibly one of the sources of NaIE
'-o- / -c (nom. '-o-s, voc. '-c), sx. of derived adjectives, masc. ( '-a fem.), e.g. ''dci_vo-s 'heavenly'
( 'god') > OI dc'vah 'heavenly, divine; god', Av dacva- 'demon, false deity', OL dcivos, Latin
dcus 'god', OIr dia 'god', Germanic 'tci_vaz > ON yr 'war god', OHG iu, io 'Mars', Lt dicvas 'god'
(cp. ''dci_v-a > L dca 'goddess', Osc dcivai 'deae') derived from NaIE noun 'dycu_s - diycu_s
'heaven, sky, day' > OI 'dyauh id., Gk Zcu) 'Zeus', L gen. Iovis 'of Jupiter', Osc dat. iuvci, Aioci 'to
Jupiter', OIr dic 'day', Arm tiy tiv 'day') lll The autosemantic word underlying this masc. marker my
be tentatively discerned in Eg MK iv 'Junge' ^ The fact that in Bj verbal conjugation the masc.
marker -a is separated from the 2nd person marker ti- suggests that the fem. marker goes back to
an address word: Bj ti-dir-a 'you (m. sg.) killed' goes back to N 't'u 'thou' + verb + the address
word '?a (cp. the similar situation with the fem. marker in HS, see above s. v. '?'ayV or 'h'ayV
'mother').
3. '?c 'not' > U 'c- (- ? FU 'a- ) 'not to do', negative verb > F c- (1s cn 'I do not', 2s ct, 3s ci, 1p
cmmc, 2p cttc, 3p civat), Vp c- id., Es ci 'do\does not' (negative pc.), Es S c-s-i-s negation in the past
tense, Es negative verb: 1s c-si-n, 2s c-si-d_, Lv a- neg. cop. verb (1s, 3s, 1p, 3p a`b_, 2s ad_, 2p
at ), Lp N i- / -/ c- id. (1s im-in, 2s iI-ih, 3s i - ii, 1d m-m, 2d 'c, 3d ba-ba, 1p -, 2p
cit, 3p i), Lp L i-/i-/a-/ a-/c-, Lp S {Hs.} ca-/i-/ic-, Er c- neg. verb in the past tense (1s c-zin, 2s
c-zit, 3s c-s, etc.), Mk i- id. (past 1s i-zcn, 2s i-zct, 3s i-z, etc.), Chr L i- +- id. (past 3s +-s, 1p
+-s-na, 2p +-s-oa, 3p +-s-t, etc.), H o- (ic-) id. (past 3s, 3p os, in other personal forms o reduced to
zero: 1s som, 2s soc, etc.), Prm 'c- (neg. verb in p.) > OPrm i-, Yz 'i- (1s 'i-g 'I did not', 2s 'i-n, 3s 'i-z,
etc.), Z c- (1s c-g, 2s c-n, 3s c-z ), Vt s- (1s nn s-y, 2s n( s-d, 3s n: s-z ), Vt SW o- [= { LG} o-]
(o-y, o-n, o-z ), ? pPrm 'cn prohibitive > Z, Vt cn, Yz 'in; as to the Chr neg. verbal stem of the
present tense: L o-, H a-, it is most probably of a different origin, since these vowels are not reg.
reflexes of FU 'c- || pVg 'a(-) > Vg: T a, aI 'nein', K ot, oti, P otom, Ss ati 'is not'; ? pOs {Ht.}
'onto ({ Hl.} 'into) 'not' (negative pc. before the verb in indicative) > Os: V/Vy ontc-onto before
cnss., ont before vowels, Ty ontc, ont, Y onto, D onto, ont, on, Nz ant, an, Sh ant, an, an, Sn at,
O a'n, ? pOs 'ontVm 'is not' > Os: V/Vy ontim, etc., ?pOs {Ht.} 'ont'a ({ Hl.} 'int'a) 'nein' > Os: D
onta', Nz/Kz/Sh/Sn anta Sm {Jn.} 'i--'c--'V-, {Hl.} 'i- neg. verb > Ng {Ter.} ni- (aor. 1s ni-ndmm, p.
1s ni-so-mo), proh. 2s {Prk.} ni?, {Cs.} nc?, En (aor. sg. 1) {Cs.} i-, {Ter.} nc-, (proh. 2s) {Cs.} i?, Ne T
{Ter.} nn-, {Lh.} ni- (aor. 1s nn-(x, 2s nn-n, 3s nn, proh. 2s n[n non), Ne F ni-, Kms {KD} c- neg.
verb (prs. 1s c-m-o-m, p. ci_ ), i?-i-c 'do not' (proh.), Mt {Hl.} 'i- 'do not' (neg. verb) [Nh, En, Nn n-
is a reg. prosthetic cns. before 'i-] Y {Rd.} 'c-: {Jc} clc 'nicht, nein', cl 'not', oi-, ci-: oilc 'nicht
dasein, nicht dagewesen sein; nein', Y {Schf.} ci 'not' UEW 68-7O, SK 32-4, Hs. 145-6, LG 331,
RMarS

366-7, Ht. 198 [#725], Stn. D 121-3, Hl. rHt 71, Jn. 26, KD 164-5, Hl. M 172-3, #331, JN III
187, 231-3, 248-9, 388-9, 431-2, 45, Rd. UJ 35 [#7] (YA U) ll A {SDM95} 'c 'not' > Tg 'c-, neg.
aux. verb (like in FU) > Ewk, Sln, Lm, Neg, Orc, Ud, Ork s- id. (Ewk s-si-m sars 'I do not know',
s-sin sars 'he does not know'); in Nn there are only reliques of this verb: prtcs. s-si and
s-cin following the main verb have become morphemes of negation of verbs Mng. TS 236-7, STM
432-3, Bz. 124 M 'c-sc- neg. verb > MM csc preverbal negation ([S] c-sc, [MA] sy" and [IM] 'sY
csc 'not'; acc. to Ligeti, this form preserves M c contrasting c [from 'a ]), WrM csc- (past csc-bc,
2
nomen futuri csc-Iu, nomen perfecti cscg-scn, etc.), HlM cs, Ord csc, Mnr H ss 'not'; the final
element '-sc was explained by Illich-Svitych (IS I 265) as going back to a desiderative sx. Pp. IM
286-9O, Pp. MA 165, 437, Lg. NVMI 119, SM 341 Pp. IAL 65, KW 128, IS I 265, DQA #4O7 (A 'c
'not') ll HS: S '?i (= '?iy ) - '?ay 'not' > Hb ia5 ?i, Ph ?y 'not', Ar ?a-, Sq {L} ?c 'not', Gz ?i- 'not'
(preverb: ?i-noIl havira 'we cannot go'), Tgr ?i 'not', -vy (as in ?ondvy 'while not' < ?ondo-ay ), Amh
y- (?i- ) in y-vllv-m 'there is not' (cp. allv 'there is'), OAk c (before a cns.) / a (before a vw.) (< 'ay-) 'do
not!', 'may not' (prohibitive pc.), Ak ay ~ ya (written a-, a-i, a-IA, IA) (< '?ayya, intensified variant of
'?ay) 'do not' (proh.), c 'no' ('nein'), c c 'not lest' KB 37, JH 11, HJ 43-4, L S 47-8, L G 1, G
OA 1-2, CAD I/1 218-2O & IV 1 ?? Eg fOK iv.i 'welcher nicht' EG I 45 ? EC: Brj -ay?, Hd -yyo,
suffixed negative markers of verbs Hd. 266 ??? (i) WCh: AG: Ang {Flk.} hai 'no!' (a decisive
negative), Mpn {Frz.} hayi 'no!' (may occur at the end of inter. sentences) Frz. GM 21, Flk. s.v. hai
Tk. PAA 14 (AG, S, Eg; err.: pHS 'h-) ll ?? D '-a, negative affix ( infix) of verbs > Klm
-c- (si-c-n 'I do not give, shall not give'), Nk -c- (ar`-c-n 'he does not play'), Prj -a- (cur`-a-ta 'non vides,
non videris'), Gdb -a- (var-a-n 'I do\did\shall not come'), Tl -s- (1s cc-s-n_u 'I do\did\shall not say',
2s cc-s-vu, 3m cc-s-r`u, 3f\3n cc-s-du), ClTm -a- (3n) / -O (all other person-gender-number
forms), Ml -a- (var-a-nnu 'did not come'), -a (nan ccyy-a 'I am not doing, I shall not do'), Kdg
-a (tiqg-a 'do\does not eat'), Kn -a- (3n) / -O- (other person-gender-number forms). Subrahmanyam
reconstructs here a D negative sx. of verbs '-a, while Bur. and An. prefer to see here a sx. ('-a )
forming a pD negative gerund, that served later as the first component of negative tense forms
Cald. 468-77; Subram. N 32-43; Sbr. DVM 37O-4; Bloch S 51-2, Bur. rBloch 255, An. SG 4OO-19.
The N connections of this D affix are not clear, since D 'a my go back to N 'a 'a, but not to
'c. ^ In grammatical morphemes pN and pS 'h- (just like '?-) yield Ar and Gz ?-, hence a N 'h- in
this root cannot be ruled out. We reconstruct here N '?- (= '?h-) ^ Cf. AD LRC #55 [S, U, A (M, Tg)],
IS I 264-5 [HS (S, C), U, D, A (M, Tg)], Gr. I 214-7 ["negative E/ELE" in U, Y, A, ChK].
4. ? '?a?V 'female', female marker > D 'a, 'an_ 'female (animal)' > Tm a, an 'female
of ox\sambur\buffalo', Ml a, an, Kt av, Kn a, Tlg avu, Krx oy 'cow', Mlt oyu 'cow, ox' '-n_ in
'an_ is from forms of obl. cases, i.e. goes back to N 'nu 'from' D #334 ll HS: S: Ar -a?-u, fem.
ending of adjectives (mainly those of the ?afalu-form): safra?u 'yellow' f. ( ?asfaru id. m.),
avra?u 'one-eyed' f. ( ?avaru id. m.), hasna?u 'beautiful' f. ( hasan- id. m.) Br. AG 83, Br. G I
41O [ 225.B.1] SC: Irq -o?o, {MQK} -o?o (sx. of fem. sg.): {Nb.} h-o?o, {MQK} h-o?o 'sister'
( h-iya? 'brother'), {Nb.} I"al-o?o, {MQK} I"alo?o 'widow' (pl. I"acli), {Nb.} vavut-o?o, {MQK}
vavito?o 'queen' ( vavita 'kings'), irq"at-o?o ({MQK} irq"ato?o) 'Iraqw woman' ( irq"atu 'Iraqw
man'), Alg {E} -o?o (fem. marker), Brn {E} -it-o?o id. (with a noun-particularizing sx. -it-) Nb. 64, E
SC 54, 6O, MQK 5O, 57, 64 ll IE: NaIE '-a (< IE {Bks.} '-cu or < IE '-aH), ending of fem. gender in
adjectives, nouns and pronouns > OI, Av -a, Gk D -o, Gk A - / -o, L -a, Lt -a, pSl '-a, e.g. [a]
'ncv-a - 'nov-a 'new' f. > OI 'nava, Gk vco, L nova, pSl 'nova > OCS ueao; [b] NaIE 'cIv-a 'mare'
( 'cIv-o-s 'horse') > OI 'asva, Av asa-, L cqua, OLt asva - csva (not necessarily a pNaIE d, it may
well have been derived in the separate history of each branch of NaIE); [c] NaIE 'vcd"ov-a 'widow'
> OI vi'dhava, Av vioava-, L vidua, Ir fcdb, Gt viduvo, OHG vituva, Pru viddcvu, OCS aieaovidova;
[d] NaIE 's-a (f. of 'so-), ddn. dem. prn. > OI 'sa, Gt sa id., Gk (df. art. f. sg.), OL sa-sa 'ipsa'
NaIE '-a coalesced with a suffix (or suffixes) of a different origin, with different meaning (not
denoting females) and with a different lr. (or lrs.), which is suggested by the K word 'vcnaq- 'vine'
(> OG vcnaq-, G vcna_-, Mg binc_-, Sv vcnaq-) which is a loan from IE 'voi_n-aH- id. (> NaIE 'voi_na
3
> Gk oiv 'vine') IE 'voi_no-m 'wine'. The K cns. 'q rendering the IE lr. shows that the latter was
different from '? (I reconstruct it as '-x, but it may have been phonetically identic with [_] or even
[q]) Brg. KVG 354-6O, 373-4O1, BD II/1 161-2, Bur. S 83, Bks. 182-3, Bks. ONI 2O-8, K 83, AD IEH
21 ll D '-aj:,, fem. marker (?) > Kdg obb-a 'one woman' ( obb-o 'one man'), mov-a 'daughter'
( mov-o 'son'), Gnd diyy-a 'young woman', ? Gnd K Iut-o 'lame woman' Shanm. DN 51, 66,
69.
5. Ll ?? '?aba -'?aa 'daddy, father' > HS: S '?a'b- 'father' (nom. '?a'b-u,-um, acc. '?a'b-a, -am, gen.
'?a'b-i, -im) > BHb ba1 '?ab, cs. ?",bi, +ppa. ?a'bi-/?"bi- (e.g. ?a'bi-Ia 'thy father', ?"bi-'Icm 'your
(pl.) father'), Ph ?b, cs. ?abi (as reflected in Ak and Gk transcriptions of proper names, FrdR
24O), Ug b, Amr {G} ?abum, BA ba2' ''?ab, st. pron.: ?"buI 'thy father', JPA ?ab'ba, Sr ?abba, Ar
?ab-, cs. ?abu / ?aba / ?abi, st. pron. ?abu- / ?aba- / ?abi-, Sb ?b, Mh df. 'hayb, pl. 'hayb, df. '?ib, Hrs hayb,
pl. hob, Jb C ?iy, Sq {Jo.} ?iyf-, Ak abu(m), +ppa.: abu-, abi- DRS 1, KB 1-2, GB 1-2, 823, OLS 1-2, G A
13, Jo. M 2, Jo. J 1, Jo. H 1, Jo. DA, L G 2, Sd. 7-8; on the pS oxytonic stress and its infl. [the length
of the case vowel in cs. and st. pron.] see AD PhSS 1, 3-4, 7-8, AD PSH 1O1-3 EC
'?abb-/'abb- 'father' > Af abba, Sml abbc, Rn {PG} abba, Bs abo, Or {AD, Bl.}, Arr abba?, {Grg.} abba,
Kns aa, Gdl aa, Gwd aa; this may be the source of EC '?ab-(-uyy-, -iyy-) 'maternal uncle' (d
from the word for 'father', cf. L atruus?) > Af abo, abu, Sml ab-ti, Or abuyya, Kns abuyyata, Gdl
aa, auyy, Dbs, Hr, Gwd ?auyya, Gln ?aiyya, Brj abuy'ya Bl. 1OO, 112, 174, Ss. PEC 15, Ss. B 21,
Hn. S 51, PG 58, Grg. 4, Brl. 2-3, Hw. A 336, Oo. 67, HL 59, AMS 31 (auyya " aiyya 'avunculus'
interpreted as 'weiblicher Vater', i.e. 'representative of ones mothers clan'), 148, 194, 258 Ch
'?Vb- (-'?a-) 'father' > WCh '?Vb/- 'father' ({Stl.} pHAB '?abV'qg-) > WCh: Hs uba | Cg {Sk.}
oban, P {MSk.} abati, abanani, Jmb, Dir aba | Jm {Gw.} abava, Gj {ChL} aba, ? Bg aq | Ngz {Sch.}
afII, Bd {ChL} afaq || CCh: ? Nz {ChC} aba (independent creation as a Ll?), Bdm {Lk.} abu, {Cfr.}
aa, as, Lgn {Bou.} ?aba, Msg P {Trn.} ai, Msg {Mch.} a, ZmB {J} ?sba` || ECh: Smr {J} ?ab, Tmk
{Cp.} ovs, ? Bar {Lk.} aba ChC, ChL, Ba. 1O67, Sk. HCD 277, Lk. B 89 ll A {DQA} 'a`a 'father'
({SDM97} 'aa 'father, grandfather') > T 'aa 'father, ancestor, bear' ( 'bear') > OT aa id., Tkm ,
Az , ET Ili aba, Tk aba, aa 'father', Qrg aba 'uncle, elder brother', Alt aba 'elder relative (of egos
clan), wifes elder brother; bear', Chv yna ub_a " ob_a 'bear' Cl. 5, ET Gl 54-58, DTS 1, Rs. W 1, Jeg.
274, Fed. II 281-2, Jud. 17, BT 11 M 'ab'u 'father' > WrM abu, HlM an, aan 'father, grandfather',
esp. applied to an old father (endeavoring), WrO aba 'father, daddy', Kl aan a|+ id., Mnr H
ab_a - ava, Dx aba, Ba abc; d: M {ADb.} 'aba-gay 'father's younger brother' > MM [S, MA, HI]
abaya 'paternal uncle', WrM abaga, HlM ania, WrO abaya, Kl anl a|y+ id., Mnr H avu 'elder brother'
MED 2-3, 5, Krg. 11, T 313, T BJ 132, T DnJ 11O, SM 1, 16, H 1, Pp. MA 4O2, Ms. H 32 Tg: Neg
aa 'grandfather; fathers\mothers elder brother' Ci. N 193, STM I 47 pKo 'ai > MKo ai
'father' (< 'aa-i with a diminutive '-i), aa-:nim 'father', NKo aboi, vlg abi id. S QK #7O6, Vv. AEN
7, Nam 338, MLC 1O74 DQA #8O, Rm. EAS I 14O, DQA #8O ll D 'aa 'father' ({GS} 'a-) > Tm
aan, au 'father', Ml aan, Kn aa, Kdg ao 'father', Tu aa, a (affix of respect added to
proper names of men), Tl aa 'father', Gnd aor`aal 'father', ? mai_o 'my father', ? mi-ao 'thy
father', Knd aosi 'father' (with reference to 3rd person) D #156 (a), Zv. 88 [#7O], GS 37 [#64]
^ The common origin of the HS, A and D stems is qu., since each of them may be an independent
Lallwort creation. The Ll origin may be responsible for the variability '-b- - '-- ^ AD NM #118, S
CNM 5 ( NrCs, Yn, ST).
4
6. '?o bV (= '?ohbV?) 'clan' > HS: Eg fOK :b.t 'family' ({EG} 'Familie, die Angehrigen') EG I 7, Fk.
2 ll IE: NaIE 'ci- 'friend', {EI} 'Hci-s 'confererate' > OI a'ih 'friend' || ? Gk tio) 'gentle, mild,
kind; favorable' ( Ch. 415) WP I 121-2, P 325, EI 116, M K I 75, F I 641 Acc. to Froehde PN
33O and Hirt E 228, Gk is not from 'a, because the Greek tragic authors never used o instead.
But if this argument is disregarded, the IE stem may be reconstructed as 'aci ll A: NaT 'oba 'clan,
extended family, dwelling place of such a unit, small encampment or large tent' ( N '?'omV 'kin,
clan, everybody', q.v.) > OT oba (Cl.: oba) id., Chg oba 'small tents which the nomads pitch and in
which they reside', Osm XIV oba 'a small encampment; family living in one tent', Tk oba 'large tent,
nomadic family', 'clan', Tkm oba, ET {Ml.} oa, Uz ova 'tent', ET oa {Ml.} id., {Nj.} 'shepherd's
cabin', Az oba 'nomad extended family (ioucnc)', 'separated farm (orccnoi, xyrop), tent (of
nomads)' Cl. 5-6, ET Gl 4OO-1, Rl. I 1157, z. 27O, Bu. I 1O7 M 'obug - 'omug 'clan, family' [ N
'?'omV '' (q.v. ffd.)] DQA #16O3 (A 'o`V 'clan, family') ^ A N lr. preceding 'b is suggested by
the length of the vowels in T and IE. IE '-- (instead of '-b"-) may be acconted for by the infl. of a
vl. lr. The lr. could hardly have been '? (the cluster '-?- had to yield ' > IE ') or 'h (which woud
have survived in Eg). Most plausibly, it was 'h.
7. ? '?'abHV 'water, water course' > HS: Eg G ibx ({EG} ibh) ' water' EG I 64 ?? C: Bj {R} aba
'river, brook' || EC: Or B {Tut.} aba (nom. abofni) 'river', Or {Brl.} 'valle stretta con pochi guadi',
{Th., Brl.} abbai 'the Blue Nile' Th. 4, Tut. s.v. aba, Brl. 3 ll IE: NaIE 'ab- - 'a(:)- 'river' ( 'qaV 'to
stream, flow' 'water course' [q.v. ffd]) ^ FU ''ova-'uva 'stream; to stream', more plausibly
belonging to N 'hojv,a (or 'hova) 'to flow, stream, a stream' [q.v.].
8. ? '?ibrE 'fig tree' > HS: S ''?ibar- > Ar ?ibr-at- 'sycomore tree' (pl. ?ibar-); hardly ?ibr-at-
'needle' BK I 3, Gass. 8O8, DRS 5 C: Or {Brl.} abru 'fig tree', {Th.} abru 'sycamore tree, wild fig
tree', ? (mt) Or M {LLC} harbu 'fig tree, wild fig tree' Brl. 5, Th. 6, LLC 75 Ch: Gzg {Lk.}
?urof-?srof 'sycamore tree' || ? Hs bau_rc 'rough-leaved fig-tree' (< 'babrc ), with b > '?b || ? Mgm
bara (pl. barri) 'figuier (rouge)' || Ba. 96-7, JA LM 68 ll D (in SD) 'ir--ir_- 'fig (tree)' > Tm iratti
'joined ovate-leaved fig', 'subserrate rhomboid-leaved fig, Ficus gibbosa tuberculata',
irataIam 'joined ovate-leaved fig', irali 'white fig', irri 'tailed ovate-leaved fig', itti 'white fig, Ficus
infectoria', 'stone fig, Ficus talboti', Ml itti 'waved leaved fig-tree, Ficus venosa', Kdg itti 'Ficus
(gibbosa?)' (< -tt-'-rt-) D #46O N 'b was lost in D due to the D morphophonemics ruling out cns.
clusters (other than nasal + stop) which presupposes simplifying the N clusters ( Zv. DP 363) ^
AD NM #1.
9. '?acVhV 'back (dorsum)' > HS: EC '?adah- 'spine' > Af {PH} adha 'back, back-bone, spinal
column', Sml {ZMO} adah, Sml N {Abr.} adah, df. adah-di 'spine, backbone', Rn ?adah 'back' PH
32, Abr. S 4, ZMO 7, PG 6O ll K 'ac`V > Mg ocisi 'back (dorsum)' (-is- may go back to the ending
of gen.) Q 295.
1O. '?ac`PV ' leaf-bearing tree' ('aspen' or the like) > IE: NaIE 'aos- - 'aos- 'aspen' ({EI}
'hhos- id., 'poplar') > ON os, OHG, OSx asa, NHG Esc, AS sc 'aspen', NE as, ascn || Pru absc,
Ltv asc id., Lt ausc' - cusc' id. (dim.?), Lt ausis id. ({Bg.}: Lt u due to the infl. of usis
'spruce') | pSl 'osa [< 'osa] > P, Cz osa, LLs vosa id.,- Sl 'osina > OR etuuo osina, R o) cnna, Cz , P
osina; - Sl 'osiIa - 'asiIa id. > Blg o) cnia - cnia, Slk osiIa, SCr |asiIa, Slv |asiIa Arm oi o"i
'poplar' (< 'aosiya- = {EI} 'hhossiyoch
a
-) P 55, EI 33, 599-6OO, Frdr. PIT 15, Frdr. PITA 49-53,
AHD 77-8, Frn. 14, En. 136-7, Bg. KS 226, Vs. III 159, Glh. 29O-1, EWA I 37O-1 ll A: T: NaT
5
'absaI (- 'as'aI) 'aspen' > Alt asaq - {BT, Rl.} Tlt/ QK {Rl.}, Qmn {B} asaq, Shor {Rl.}, Qmn {B, Rl.}
asaq, TbTt {Rl.} avsaq, VTt usaq, Bsh uOaq, Xk os, Chv +v+s BT 22, Rl. I 82, 554, 618, TatR 594, BsR
581, B DK 2O3. ET Gl 6O7-8 ll HS (rdp.?) CS 'cacaj:,- 'willow' > BHb, MHb ef1c1f6c2 caca'a, Ar
safsaf- (snglt. safsafat-) 'willow' KB 983, Lw III 325ff., Js. 1298, BK I 134 Semantic infl. of N
'EcV 'willow' (q.v.)? ^ The aspen is known in Europe, Anatolia, Tramscaucasia and the northern
parts of the Near East.
11. '?acV 'low place, depression, wadi, pond' > HS: S '?as- > Ar ?aoa(t-un) 'tang, mare deau
stagnante', ?aoa?(un) 'terrain bas remplie de cailloux' BK I 38, DRS 31 ll U: FU 'aca '(brook-
)meadow, valley' > Es aas (gen. aasu - aasa) '(gute) Wiese, Bachwiese' | Prm 'a 'meadow, flood-
lands' > Z a(: a 'flood-lands of a river', Z LL a 'river valley', Z Lu a 'meadow', Vt a-dor
'woodless land' (dor 'country') || OHg aszo 'river, brook', Hg aszo 'valley (with a stream during
the rainy and snow-melting seasons)' UEW 3, LG 3O ll D 'ac- (+ sxs.) 'mud, mire' > Tm acaru id.,
ayam id., acumu 'soft mud, miry place', Ml ayam, Tl asalu 'mud, mire' D #41.
12. '?AdV (or 'AdV?) 'foot' > HS: EC: pSam {Hn.} 'addim 'leg' > Sml addin, Sml N {Abr.} addin
(pl. addimmo), pBn {Hn.} 'idts (pl. 'idtim-s) > Bn {Hn.}: Bi idds, J/Kj i_dds, K itts 'leg' || ?
SC: Irq {MQK} ?adah- v. 'tread on, step' (unless akin to Bj -?at pcv. 'step, tread' < N '?atj?,V 'come')
Abr. S 5, Hn. S 51 (pSam 'addin), Hn. BD 115 (pSam 'addim , MQK 9 ll D 'at-, {GS} 'ad- 'foot'
> Tm ati 'foot, footprint', Ml ati 'sole of foot, footstep', Td or`y 'foot', Kt ar`y 'foot (measure)', Kn
adi id., 'foot, step', Kdg adi 'place below, down', Tu adi 'bottom, base', Tl adugu 'foot, footstep',
Gnd adi 'beneath', Knd adgi 'below, underneath' D #72 ^ The initial cns. is most probably '?-
(= '?h-), but '- cannot be ruled out (because '- is sometimes lost in Sam). ^ Blz. DA 156 [#41]
(C, D HS ).
13. '?u dV(RV) 'breast' > IE: NaIE 'ou_d"-/'ud"- 'female breast, mamilla' in two d stems: [1]
'ou_d"(c)r-/'cu_d"(c)r-/'ud"cr- 'udder' with a heteroclytic stem variety 'ud"(c)n- in obl. cases (= {EI}
''hou_Hd"r / gen. 'huHd"'n-os) OI 'udhar / udh'n-ah 'udder' || Gk o)uo / o)uot-o) id. || L ubcr,
-cris 'udder, mamilla, female breast' || Gmc {Vr.} 'cu_oura > ON |u(g)r, OHG utar(o), utir, MHG utcr,
iutcr, NHG Eutcr, OSx, AS udcr 'udder', NE uddcr || Lt E udro-ti v. 'be pregnant' (of a sow) [2]
'ud"-mcn- > pSl 'vImc (gen. 'vImcnc) 'udder' > OR amavymc, Blg ) nnxc , SCr vimc (gen. vimcna),
Slv vimc, Cz vymc, Slk vcma, P vymic, R 'nix (gen. ) nixcnn) P 347, EI 82, Dv. #251, M K I 115, F
I 442-3, WH II 738-9, Ho. 375, Vr. 294, KM 177, Kb. 1125-6, Vs. I 358-9, Glh. 671 ll HS: Eg LL idr
'heart' ( N 'durV 'dUrE 'intestines, heart' [q.v.]?) EG I 155 Ch: [1] '?ud- - 'vVd- 'female
breast, milk' ({Nw.} 'vodi 'breast, milk', {JS} 'vd 'female breast') > ECh: Mkl {J} ?udu 'milk',
?udi-so-?udu-so (pl. ?udiyagi) 'female breast' | Skr {Nc.} vat- 'breast' || WCh: BT: Bl vodi, Krf
{Sch.} vudi, Dr {J} vori, Krkr {J} ?'cdi 'female breast', Pr {Frz.} vudi 'breast', Tng vtdt 'breast,
udder' | Ywm {Sh.} vot id. | SBc: Jmb {Sk.} i`fa a` vudir id. JI I 2O & II 46-7, J LM 189, J T 161, Frz.
P 53, Sch. BTL 141, ChL, WeibP 18 In 1977 Stolbova (Stl. SF) reconstructed pHAB 'vadV 'fem.
breast', but in 1987 (Stl. ZCh 239 [#857]) she interpreted the WCh as 'v'urdi 'breast, milk' [unj.,
since -rd- is nor attested in any decendant lge., while pWCh '-d- accounts for the observed facts
rather well]. Ch '-d- goes back to a cluster'-Hd- ll D 'ut-(al-, -am-), {GS} 'odal- 'body, chest of body,
belly' > Tm utal, utalam, utar, utamu 'body', Ml utal(am) 'body, trunk', utamu 'body, anus', Td
vir` 'chest of body', Kt or`l 'belly, trunk of body', Kn odal 'body, belly', odambi, odambc 'body', Tu
6
udalo, udalo, odalo, Tl odalu, ollu, Knd or`ol 'belly' D #586, GS 78-9 [#249] ^ The element 'RV
(found in IE and Eg) may be a second component of a cd ( sx.).
14. ? '?cdiNV 'pater familias' (or 'owner'?) > HS: S '?adan- 'lord, pater familias' > Hb N&da1
?a'don 'lord, master', Ph ?dn ?adon 'lord' (1 Gk )Aoev-i)), Pun ?dn id., (GkSc) ooov (with - 'to')
'to the lord', Ug dn, (AkSc) adanu 'father', d Eb {Co.} a-da-na-du ?adantu(m) 'signoria, padronanza',
Ph, Plm ?dt (<'?adattu > S '?adan-atu) 'lady' KB 12-3, KBR 12-3, HJ 15-7, A #86, OLS 9, Hnr. 1O4,
Alb. rGUH 388-9, Co. SQF 74, DRS 9 Eg: MKL idn 'govern; serve instead of, replace', MK
idnv 'Vertreter, Verwalter' Alb. rGUH 388-9, EG I 154, Fk. 35 ll A 'cdin 'master, lord, owner' > NaT
'coi 'lord, host' > OT {Cl.} ioi, [QB] ida 'lord', Qzl {Jk.} azi 'Chinese emperor', Ln idi 'host' Cl. 41,
Rs. W 36, 169, Rl. I 15O7, ET Gl 237-241 (does not distinguish the reflexes of 'coi from those of
'iga 'master, lord') M 'c:in (< 'cdin) > MM [S, HI] ccn 'owner, lord', [IM] vnyJ cin-u '(of the)
owner', [PP] ccn 'ruler, master', WrM ccn, HlM ccn, Kl cn 'owner, lord', Dg sin 'lord, master,
owner, king' MED 336-7, H 42, Pp. MA 436, Iw. 1O3, Mr. D 142, Klz. D II 128 Tg 'cdi(n-)
'husband' > Ewk, Neg sdi, Lm, Ork sdi, Ul sdi(n-), Nn si id., Orc sdi 'male animal, husband' STM II
437-8 Pp. VG 53, 1O5, 137, 157, Rm. EAS I 57, ADb. SR-D 12, ADb. KL 15, DQA #414 (A 'cdV
'host, husband') ll ?? IE: NaIE 'cd"no- (' clan'?) or cd 'sv-cd"no- (' ones own clan') > Gk cvo) 'a
number of people accustomed to live together; nation' - ovcio) 'foreign, strange' ( 'belonging
to a different cvo)'); Gk cvo) 1 Cpt cuethct"nos, Arm heanos hct"anos 'heathen, pagan, gentile'
and (in contamination with the original Gmc word) Gt hai|no 'heathen, pagan'; the presence of the
component 'sv- is suggested by h- in the Cpt and Arm loans (pointing to an initial Gk h- < 's-) F I
448-9 & Ch. 315 (both: cvo) d < IE 'svc- 'ones own'), Ch. GH I 15O (on the word-initial -; 'cvo) >
cvo): "lesprit rude a disparu par dissimilation daspiration"), Fs. 237-8 ^ AD NM #115 (HS, A),
Vv. AEN 9-1O (unc.: M A T 'coi), S SN 154 (A '?cdi) , S CNM 12 (N '?cdi, because M and Tg '-nV
is a nominal sx. [in my opinion, the original '-nV was reinterpreted in A as a sx.]; NrCs), Yuliya
Krivoruchko [p. c. 1999] (suggested the Gk cognate).
15. ?? Ll '?aga 'uncle, elder person' > HS: C '?ag- 'maternal uncle' > Ag {Ap.} '?ag- id. > Bln ?ng,
Xm sg, Km ag, Aw ag, -aga || SC: Asa {Fl.} ?agoI 'mothers brother' Ap. AV 1 ll A: NaT 'aj:,ga 'elder
brother, uncle' > Tkm aya, VTt aya id., CrTt, Kr, Qzq, Nog, Qq, Qrg aya, Uz oya 'elder brother', Osm
{Rh.} aya 'eldest paternal uncle; lord, master' and a title of respect, Tk aga 'chief, patron', Az aya
'mister' (word of address), 'landlord', Xk aya 'grandfather'; 1 MM [LM] {Pp.} '(a" aya 'brother', [IM]
{Pp.} '(" aya 'elder brother, lord' The long a in Tkm (and pT?) is puzzling (is due to its specific
syntactic function and intonation as an address word?) ET Gl 7O-1, TL 291-2, TkR 19, Bu. I 6O-1,
Rh. 146, Pp. L II 1256, Pp. MA 432 M 'aga 'lady, dame' > WrM aga, HlM aiaa id.; 'agajy,i 'paternal
uncle' > MMgl {Iw.} ayai, Ord {Ms.} ag_a id. MED 12, Iw. 84, Ms. O 6.
15a. ?? '?cgVRV 'bone of the leg' > HS: S ?igjV,r- > Ar SL {MS} ?izor, {Bart.} ?ozor, Ar D ?igr,
Gz ?ogr 'foot' DRS 7, MiK I 9 [#1.7], Lb. 63 ll A: M 'ccrccg (unless it is 'qccrccg) > WrM cgcrccg,
HlM yypnyi 'femoral bone; hip joint' MED 298
16. ??? '?a'ha 'thing(s)', collective pc. of inanimate ( 'de a') > HS 'mi ?aha 'what thing?' (with
'mi 'what? < N 'mi id.) > CS 'mah 'what?' > Ug mVh - mV, Hb ma +gmc. 'what?', Ph mu (< 'ma < 'mah),
OA, Nb, Plm mh, JA, Sr E ma (< 'mah), Ar mah - ma 'what?', OAk, Ak fOB/OA ma 'what?, why?'
(expressing doubt \ disbelief) KB 522-3, BL H 263, OLS 266, HJ 599ff., Sl. 643-4, DM 234, Ln.
3O16, L G 323, Sd. 57O, CAD X/1 1-4, Br. G I 326-7 [ 11O] B 'maH ({Pr.} 'ma) 'what?' > Tw, Gh,
7
Shl ma, Tmz ma, may, mayd id., Wrg ma id. (used in special syntactic constructions: ma i argaz i tozrid
'was ist der Mann, den du gesehen hast?', lit. 'quoi ce l'homme ce tu a vu?) Pr. M I-III 216-8, Fc.
1141, Nh. 19, Ds. 237, MT 393, Dlh. Ou 181 EC {AD} 'mahja,, {Ss.} 'ma? 'what?' (either from HS
'mi ?aha or a new cd, like Sml maha 'what' < ma vaha) > Arr mch, mc, HEC {Hd.} 'maha > Kmb
ma?a - maha, Hd maha, Sd ma, ma, Alb ma Ss. B 146, Hw. A 233, 384, Hd. 167 ?

Ch: WCh: Sha ma,
ma` 'what?' || CCh: Msg ma 'what?' || ECh: Ke ma` in ma` mo 'what?' (where mo is a general marker of
question, that is used in all interr. sentences), EDng ma, Jg mc, Bdy ma, Mkl mo-mo, Mgm
mc-mc 'what?' J LM 141, J J 115, J R 259, JA LM 161, Eb. 78, Fd. 1O8, AlJ 96; the Ch word
belongs here unless its form (its vw.) is explainable as going back to N 'mi without additions S
'-a, ending of pl. of f. pl. of adjectives (pred. case): Ak ; in the nom., acc. and gen. (substantive
cases) the pl. form of fem. and many inanimate nouns has an ending '-a-t-u(m) [nom.] and
'-a-t-i(m) [acc., gen.] [e.g. BHb t&lil4 lc'lot 'nights', Ak lilatum nom. / lilatum acc./gen.] ( '-a +
substantivizing morpheme '-t- + case endings '-u and '-i + [in st. det. later st. abs.] a determiner
ending (of sg.!) '-m; this form has the case ending and the determiner of sg. and is treated as sg. in
the sentence (the verbal predicate in Ar id f. sg.), which suggests that it was not an etymological
pl., but rather a form of collectiveness S: px. '?a- in nomina collectiva ( pl.): the Ar patterns
?a12a3- (?aqdam- 'footsteps' sg. qadam-, ?asma?- 'names' ?ism- 'name', ?abvab- 'doors' bab-
'door') and ?a12u3- (?anfus- 'souls' nafs- 'soul', ?avguh- 'faces' vagh- 'face') [both patterns
form mostly pl. of inanimate nouns, treated as syntactical singular, i.e. requiring a sf. f. form of
the verba; predicate], Gz patterns ?a12a3 (?aznab 'tails' zanab, ?adbar 'mountains'
darb), ?a12u3 (?ahgur 'cities, towns' hagar, ?ahIul 'fields' huIl), ?a12o3 (?ashol 'cups'
sahl [sahl], ?abIol 'mules' baIl), OSA pattern ?123 (?hgr 'cities' hgr) Wright 209-11,
Grande V 41O, GBauer 56 ll IE '-h > '-o, ending of pl. ntr. (nom./acc.) > OI -i (asti 'bones'), Av
-i (namoni 'names'), Gk tctto-o 'four' (pl. ntr.), OI ca'tvar-i id.; in the paradigm of thematic nouns
'-ch [= 'cA] (the stem-final vw.'-c + pl. ntr. ending '-h = A) yields: (1) NaIE '-a, e.g. 'yuga pl. ntr.
(nom./acc.) 'yokes' > Vd yu'ga, Gk uo, L iuga, Gt |uIa, OCS iga Brg. KVG 393 AnIE '-a id. > Ht,
Lw, Lc, Ld -a Mer. SGA 275, 284-5 ll U: FU 'ma 'what?' (< N 'mi ?a'ha 'what thing[s]?') > Chr: L xo
mo, Uf/B mo, H xa 'what?' | Prm: Vt xa ma 'what?' (cf. N 'mi 'what?') ll ? A 'ma (< N 'mi ?a'ha '') >
Chv ma 'what?' (see N 'mi 'what?') ll D '-a, inanim. pl. ending in pronouns of the 3rd person > Ml
iv-a 'they', ClTm -c- (< '-a) in av-c-y, uv-c-y, iv-c-y 'they' (inanim. pl. of pronouns); acc. to An. SG 265,
Tm avcy goes back to 'av-a with an additional -y (due to hypercorrection) An. SG 262-3, 265 ^
Another possible reflex of the N word is Eg fOK i_.t 'thing', Eg MK/NK, DEg i_ 'what?' > Cpt {Vc.}
'o_c > Cpt: Sd/B oas, F ccs, A cc_'what?' (EG I 123-4, Fk. 29, Er. 41, Vc. 2O), that may
alternatively go back to ''?VqV (prn.\noun of plurality) < 'thing(s)' [q.v.]. The identity of the N lr.
is unknown. CS 'mah and EC 'ma? suggest '-h-, NaIE '-o--a (with zero reflex of the lr. in AnIE)
suggest some "weak lr." ('?, ', 'h ?), while Eg i_ (if it belongs here) suggests '-q- ^ The comparison
is doubtful.
17. ? '?'aIE 'to chase, drive away, take away' ('inar, yinar, :a6par') > IE: NaIE 'ag- ({EI}
'hcg-) 'drive' ('treiben, fhren, in Bewegung setzen') > OI 'a|ati 'drives (treibt)', Av azaiti 'treibt,
fhrt weg' || Arm acen ac-cm 'I carry, fetch, bring' ({EI} 'I lead') || Gk o-e 'I lead' || L ag-o /
ag-crc 'drive' (vt.), 'do, act', 'behave', Osc ACVM 'agere', ACTVD 'agito' || OW agit 'goes', W, Crn, OBr,
MBr a ('agct) 'goes' || pTc {Ad.} 'aI- > Tc A/B {Ad.} aI- 'lead, guide, drive' P 4-5, EI 170, M K I
8
23, F I 18, WH I 23-4, Bc. G 311, Slt. 75-6, Flr. 5O, Wn. 158, Ad. 36, Ad. H 18 ll HS: S '?II > Ar
?II (ip. -?uII-) 'propulit, pressit' Fr. I 45.
18. '?aIa 'be evil, hate' > HS: WS '?II-'?Iy v. 'hate, be evil' > Sr ?aII-ot-a 'wrath, anger', Ar
?aII-at- 'hatred', Gz ?Iy G (js. yo?Iay) 'be evil, bad, wicked'; EthS 1 Bln {R} cIay 'evil' L G 17, Br.
16, BK I 42, DRS 18 C:
amb
Bj {R} aIa 'Unheil, Verderben, Widerwertiges' (unless A Ar KW
?aIIa 'hatred') R WBd. 12 ll IE 'uag- (or '?ag-?), 'u?agos ({EI} ''hcgos / gen. ''hcgcs-os) 'shame' > OI
'agas- 'guilt, sin', (?) Gk oo) - oo) 'curse', {EI} 'guilt, pollution' || NLG aIcn, AS acan 'to ache',
ccc 'pain, ache', NE achc P 8, EI 5O9, M K I 7O, F I 14, WP I 115, Ch. 13 (interprets oo) as
'conscration' and believes that it is connected with oio) 'saint'), Ho. 2, 87 ll U: FU (in BF only)
'aIjI,aa > F aIa 'anger, wrath, malice', Krl aIa id. SK 1871, SSA III 497 ll A: Tg 'cIc 'evil' >
WrMc cxc, Mc Sb ss 'evil (:no, nopoi)', 'bad (:non, xy(on)', WrMc cIcu, chccu, Mc Sb ssni 'slander',
Jrc {Md.} cxc-bc acc. 'bad', Nn Nh/KU sxsls 'bad (nnoxon, xy(on)', sxsncu- vt. 'slander, defame (so.)'
STM II 444, Kiy. 116, [#341], Md. ChF 133 Blz. ( Kpl.) adduces here Ko aI"ata 'bse sein', which
is valid unless it is from OChn aI 'evil' () T 'cgsu- 'decrease, be insufficient', M 'cgcl- 'low,
inaducated, not very good' and pJ 'aI- 'be bored, satiated' DQA #42O (A 'cIao 'bad, weak':
Tg + unc. : the above T, M and J stems) ^ Cf. Blz. SNE I #9 (IE, U, Ko).
19. '?'oIE (= '?'oIu?) 'self' ( 'myself') > HS: [1] '-aj:,Iu 'I' (postnom. subject marker of 1s) > S
'-aIu id. > Ak -aIu id. (gasr-aIu 'I am strong'), WS '-Iu [sx. of 1s in the new pf. of the verb
predicative deverbal adj.)] > Gz -Iu, OSA -I id., Mh, Jb, Sq -I id. (Mh Is'tobI, Jb, Sq Is'tobI 'I wrote'),
Hrs -oI id. (IstobsI 'I wrote'), Ar NY K -Iu " -I" " -I id. Sd. G 75, Jo. MSA 16, Bns. NJ I 114-7
[maps 65, 66] Eg -Iv - -Iy 'I' in stative [= old perfective] (ir_.Iv - ir_.Iy 'I know') Lpr. 65-6
LbB: B {Pr.} '-ay, verbal sx. of 1s > Tw {Pr.} -ay, Kb -oy, Gd -c || Gnc -EC ['-cI], verbal ending of 1s
Pr. M VII-VIII 9-16, Lf. I 292-3O5, AiM 176, 221 [2] '?an-aj:,Iu 'I' (aut. [emphatic] prn. of 1s) > S
'?anaIu 'I' > Ak anaIu, Amr {G} '?anaIu, Ug nI, (AkSc) a-na-Iu ({Hnr.} [?anaIuj:,]), OCn [EA] a-nu-Ii,
BHb ik57na1 ?ano'Ii, Ph/Pun ?nI, ?nIy, Pun [Plt.] ANECH, ANEC, Mb ?nI, Yd ?nI, ?nIy 'I' In SCn (>
OCn [EA], Hb, Ph) and possibly in Yd there is a final '-i on the analogy of other morphological
markers of 1s KB 69-7O, FrdR 11O, Hnr. 293, HJ 82, OLS 39, G A 13, 5O, Rai. EAT 63 Eg inI 'I'
> Cpt: Sd/B ouek, A/F ouok 'I' EG I 1O1, Vc. 12 B {Pr.} 'onaII" 'I' > ETwl/Ty {GhA} n+I (naI) /
n+IIu, Ah {Fc.} noI, Gh {Nh.} noII / noIIunan, Kb nomm {noII} / nommini, Tmz
noII / noIIint / noIIin " noc / nocin, Wrg nos / nossin, Mz nos / nossi / nossin, Gd ncss / ncsson Pr.
M I-III 179, AiM 215, Dl. 562, Fc. 1364, Nh. 26, MT 485, 874, Dlh. Ou 226, Dlh. M 14O-1, Lf. I 349 ll
IE '?cghV-m / '?cgoh 'I' nom. > NaIE 'cgo - 'cg"o(m) > OI a'ham, Av azom (- GAv h.l. azo), OPrs adam
|| Gk ce, cev || L cgo || Vnt c_o || Gmc 'iI - 'iI; 'iI > Gt iI, OHG ih (> NHG ich), OSx ic, ON cI; Gmc
'iI > AS ic (> NE [ai_]) || Arm es cs || OLt cs, Lt as, Ltv cs, Pru as | pSl '|az+ (< {Fort.} '|cz+ or {Brg.}
'cz+) - (> ?) 'az+ 'I' (< IE 'cgjH,om) > OCS o+ az+, h.l. [Mar.] 1+cz+, RChS, OR o+ az+
- io+|az+ - io |a, Blg a:, '|azc, |a, McdS |as, SCr |a, SCr , Slv |az, OCz, OP |az, Cz |a, Slk, HLs, LLs,
P |a, R, Blr, Ukr Ht uI, ugga (u due to the infl. of ammuI acc. 'me') P 291, Bks. 2O7-8 (IE
'hcgHom - 'hcgcoH), EI 454 ('hcg, 'hc'gom), F I 441, WH I 395-6, Frn. 18, BD GVG
1
II 8O1, Fort.
L 224ff., StSS 67, Bern. I 35, ESSJ I 1OO-3 (argues for the antiquity of Sl 'az+), ESlSJ-SGZ II 73-4, Ts.
W 95, Mer. SGA 316, Rsk. 66 IE '?cghV- / '?cgoh is likely to go back to N '?'oIE uoyV 'myself'
['?'oIE 'self' + 'uoyV (= 'hoyV?) 'my']; NAIE '-m in '?cghV-m may reflect either N 'mi 'I' or 'mA
(accus. marker), cp. 'tvc-m 'thou' ll A: T 'oI - 'oI 'oneself, just X' > OT oq (if attached to back-
9
vowel words) / oI (with front-vw. words), enclitic pc. with pronouns or nouns, which means 'X ('I',
'he', etc.) and no other' (ban oI 'I and no one else', ozum oI 'I myself', ol oI ot tcqri 'that same
Fire God'), OT U, XwT XIV -oq / -oI, Yk {Rm.} -o_ 'eben, selbst', Chg XV oq 'exactly', Qrg {Jud.} oq
(pc. of delimitation: ozum oq 'I myself, I and nobody else'), Nog oq, VTt, Bsh uq, Xk o_ id., Alt oq 'c'
(ol oq 'on c', anayi oq aytti 'on cia:an rai c'), Chv {Rs.} -x, -ax, -ix, -xa, -xi (pc. of delimitation) Cl.
76, Rs. W 359, ET Gl 438-9, Rs. MTS 3O-4O, 248, Jud. 564, BT 115 ? M 'Iu / 'gu 'precisely, just
[this\that]' (pc. of delimitation of the preceding word) [ N 'I'u (dem. prn.) probably N 'Io
(adversative-thematic and reminding pc. 'c, nc(')] > MM [HI] gu (Ms.: "particule corroborative")
(e.g. {Lew.} ncyidc-gu 'justement ensemble', tcqiri-gu 'le Ciel', i.e. 'the Heaven [God] himself',
inu-gu 'his', i.e. {AD} 'justement de lui'), [S] Iu - gu = Iu, gu id. (mun Iu tcdc 'eben jene', lit. 'he-
precisely those'), WrM Iu, HlM i (MED: "particle emphasizing the preceding word"): WrM tcrc
Iu 'the same' (tcrc means 'that'), WrO {Krg.} Iu 'precisely, just this' The variation 'Iu /
'gu seems to have been positional (intervoc. N '-I- > M '-g-) H 1O5, Ms. H 57, Lew. II 37-8, MED
494, Krg. 745 ll E: MEl -I 'I' (apposition, subject of a subordinate predicate): sunIi-I 'I the king',
huttan-I 'faciens ego' 'me faciente', hutta-I 'I made' Rnr. EL 77, 84-5, 94-5, 99-1O5, Dk. JDPA
1OO-5 ^ AD PP 65-71, 82-3, notes 1, 8, 38 (IE, HS, El, ChK) ^ The HS reflexes admit either N '?- or
'h-, while the lack of preservation of the N vowel quality in IE suggests an IE '?- (a zero-lr.) and
hence a N '?- ^ In IE, HS and El the N "corroborative pc." was confined to 1s (IE 'cgHo < N '?'oIE
uoyV 'myself'), while in A it joined different words (pronouns, nouns, adverbs) ^ This etymon may
be identical with N ' ouIU 'head' (q.v.). In this case we reconstruct '?'oIu 'head' 'self' [: G tav-
'head' '(one)self', Hs Iai_ 'head' 'self' (ni da Iai_-na 'I myself'), Gz ro?(o)s 'head' (+ppa.)
'self', Q {R} a_"c, avc 'head' 'oneself'] ^ Gr. I 77-81 ("pronoun base GE" in IE, CK + err. in Hg).
2O. ?? '?o'IXLV ' to eat' > HS: S '?Il (G prm. '-?Iul-'-?Ial) v. 'eat' > OCn ?Il, Hb ?Il G, ip. 3m
lk2a7i yo'Ial (< 'ya-?'Ial-u), Ph, Ug ?Il, BA ?Il G, ip. 3m lk8ai$ yc'Iul (< 'yi-?'Iulu), Sr ?Il G (ip. 3m
nc'?Iul, Sr W nc'Iul wu'e), Ar ?Il G (ip. 3m ya-?Iul-u, imv. Iul), Ak aIalu G inf. 'eat', p. 3m iIul (<
''yi-?Iul); d ''?uIjV,l- 'food' > Hb '?oIcl, Ar ?uIl- id., Gz ?oIol 'food, bread, corn', Sb ?Il 'grain crops,
corn', 'meal', Ak uIlu 'Verpflegung'; d ''aIVl- > Ar ?aIl- 'eating' (or ?aIul- 'food'), Ak aI(a)l- 'bread';
Eb {Krb.} ?aIalum 'to eat', 'food' (or 'bread') KB 44-45, KBR 46-7, OLS 21, Sd. 26-7, 14O6, BK I 43,
Fr. I 46-7, L G 15, BGMR 4, DRS 18, Krb. EG 4, 6ll A: Tg: Lm oq+l- v. 'eat (berries)' STM II 9.
21. Ll '?aKa 'grandfather, elder relative' > HS: Eg BD i:I 'alt, bejahrt' ({Tk.}: is to be read iI)
EG I 34, Tk. SCC 97 C: [1] EC {Ss.} '?aII- 'grandfather, grandmother' > Kns aII-a, Gdl ahh-ayya,
Gwd, Gln ?aII-avo, Brj 'aII-i, aII-c'hano 'grandfather', Bs aII-o, Or {Bl.}, Or B/O {Sr.} aII-o, Gdl
ahh-ot, Brj aI'I-o 'grandmother', Hd aII-o 'mothers father', aII-c 'mothers mother', Gln
?a||-ayc 'great-grandmother', Brj aII-inga lubb-o 'grandparents' (lit. 'grandparents soul') || SC:
Irq/Grw {E} aIo 'old man', {MQK} ?aIo id., 'granfather', Asa aIuya 'grandparent' (in address) [2]
EC '?aIaI- 'grandfather' > Or {Bl.}, Or S {Sr.} aIaIu, Or {Grg.} aIaIayyu id., Kns aIaIo 'old man', ?
Bj ahahacci 'mothers father' Ss. B 21, Bl. 112, Hd. 72, E SC 377, MQK 1O, Fl. AA 11, Ap. AV 1,
Grg. 13, Brl. 13, Sr. 261-3 Tk. I 83, Tk. SCC 97 [#27.7] ll A: M 'aqa 'elder brother, elder person' >
MM [HI] {Ms.}, [S] {H} aqa 'elder brother', [LM] {Pp.} 'Q" aqa id. in vDu 'Q" aqa du 'brother(s)' (lit.
'elder brother [&] younger sibling') (du < diyu 'younger sibling'), WrM aqa 'elder brother; elder,
senior, older', Ord, Brt a_a, WrO a_a, Dg {T} aI`a - aga, Mnr H {SM} ag_a - ag_a 'elder brother', {T}
aga 'fathers younger brother', Kl ax a_+ 'elder brother; elder', {Rm.} a_
a
id., 'uncle'; - WrM {Kow.}
10
aqai, WrO a_ai 'father, daddy, papa', a_ai 'elder, elder brother', Kl {Rm.} a_a 'brother' (address),
Brt axan, Ba {T} agc 'elder brother'; M 'aqajy,i 'fathers sister' (cd with the reflex of N
'?'ayV 'mother') > MM {HI} {Ms.} aqai id., WrM aqai, HlM axan 'madam' (respectful term used to
address a married woman), Ord a_a ([] a title of respect for women) Ms. H 36, Pp. L II 1256 &
III 57, MED 59-6O, Kow. 22, KRS 56-7, KW 3, Ms. O 8-9, Krg. 8, Chr. 65, SM 2, T 313, T DgJ 118-9, T
BJ 133 NaT 'aIa 'elder brother, elder relative' > Alt, SY, Ln aqa, Tv aqi 'elder brother', ?? Qrg aIc
and Qq aIc 'father', Qrg aIc, ET, Ln, Alt aqa, Tv aqi - a respective address word for an elder man
ET Gl 121-2 Tg 'aIa, 'aIay 'elder brother, fathers\mothers younger brother' > Ewk aIa, aIay,
aIi, Lm aqa, Neg aga, axa, axay, axt, axty, Sln axi, Nn ag- - aq- - aq- (+ppa.), aga (form of address),
WrMc agu, Mc Sb aIu 'elder brother', Orc aIa, aIi, Ud {Kom.} aga?, Ul, Ork ag- - aq- - aq- (+ ppa.) id.,
'fathers younger brother' STM I 23-4, Krm. 2O3 S AJ 28O [#38O] ll D: (att. in SCD) 'aIIa > Prj
aIIa, Gnd B {Tr.} aIIo, Gnd ChM {BE LuS} aIIo, Png aIo 'mothers father', Kui aIc, Ku aIIu
'grandfather' D #24.
23. ''?aljV?,E (= 'halV?E?) 'on the other side' > HS: C: SC: Irq {Fl., E} alu 'behind, after', {MQK}
?alu 'behind, reverse', {Wd.} alu 'back (side), reverse (side)', Alg {E} alu 'behind', Brn {E} aluq 'after,
behind, in back of', Kz {E} alalc 'afterwards' E SC 315-6 s.v. SC '?ala 'behind, after', Wd. ##269,
746, MQK 13, cp. AD SF 222 ? CS ''halV?-(as), 'la 'halV?ji, 'further, onward, thither' (with directive
case ending '-as or with preposition 'la 'to') ( N 'halV 'this', q.v.] > Hb ea1l6e1 'halo?-a id., JA
al`1e2l6, Nl`1e2l6 lo-halla, lo-hallan id., Sr ha lo-hal 'afar, beyond, thenceforth', Ar |aEa hala 'forward,
on!', but we must keep in mind a possible infl. (or even alt. et.) of deictic particles and pronouns,
cp. CS 'hal 'this' [> Ug hl, (AkSc) al 'this', Ar df. art. ?al-] KB 235, KBR 245, BDB #1973, PS 1OO9,
OLS 164 ll ? IE '?al-, '?ol- 'on\from the other side, {P} darber hinaus' ({EI} 'h
a
clnos 'beyond') [
NaIE 'ol- 'that (remote)' < N '?olV 'that (visible)'] > L uls 'on the other side', ollc, olli 'tunc' || OIr al,
all 'beyond', Gl alla 'other', allos 'second' and allo- in the ethnonym Allo-brogcs (allo- + broga 'pays'?),
Brtt {RE} 'allos 'other' > Br all id., W all-tud 'exile', d : OBr alall, allall, arall, MBr, Br, MW, W arall, Crn
aral 'other' || OI 'arad 'aus der Ferne', 'arana 'fern, fremd' NaIE 'al-i_o-s 'other' [{EI} IE 'h_cli_o-s] ( N
'halV 'this') > OIr ailc '(an)other', MW cil, W ail, OBr, Br cil 'second', Gl ALLOS, ALOS 'second', ALLA
'other' || L alius id., Osc ALLO 'alia' || Gk oo) '(an)other' || Arm ajl ayl id. || Gt al|is' id., al|ar
'anserswo', ON clliga(r) 'sonst', cllar, clla id., 'otherwise', AS cllcs, OHG allcs, cllcs 'otherwise', NHG als
Another derivate: L altcr 'the other from two', Osc ALTTRAM 'alteram'; Gt alla 'aluid', allos 'the second
one' pSl 'olni (< IE 'oal-nci_) 'last year' > ChS aouulani, Blg ) nann, Cz loni, P loni, R no'nn( c) , SCr,
Slv lani P 24-6, EI 64, 411, Brg. D 1O7, F I 76-7, , EWA I 162-3, Vn. A 31-2, 57-8, 61, RE 117, Flr.
155, Hm. 239, YGM-1 11, Billy 6-7, WH I 3O-3, Billy 6-7, 35, Slt. 27O, Fs. 39, Vr. 1OO-1, Ma. CS 275,
Glh. 368 Here, as in S, there may be infl. of deictic and other dem. elements ll U: FU (att. in
Ugr) 'alV, Ugr 'aljV,-mV 'the other side' > pObU {Ht.} 'al-, 'alom > pVg 'al- > Vg LK olvo (lative
case) 'hinber, auf die andere Seite des Wassers', pVg 'alom > (in cds ) Vg:
T alom, LK/UK olom, P/LL olom-, Ss alom- 'on the other side of...' (e.g., Vg:
T a'lomalt, LK olomolt, Ss alomalt 'hinter, auf der anderen Seite [des Wassers]', P alomal 'das
jenseitige Ufer'); pOs 'alom- > Os: Y a'om, Os: D/K/Kr a'tom 'the other (side)', D/Kr a'tom-cloI 'the
other side of a river\lake' | Hg clv, clu, cl 'jenseitige Gegend', postposition clvc, clvctt 'on the other
side', clvol 'from the other side' UEW 836, Ht. 125 [#19], Stn. D 78, MF 15O ll A 'aj:,l- 'on the
other side, across' > M 'alu-s 'on the other side, across' > MM [S] alus id., WrM alus, HlM als id.,
'farther, beyond; more than', Kl anc als 'at some distance', (with gen.) 'across, over', {Rm.} 'ber,
11
auf der anderen Seite' 1 Yk olus-alis 'extremely, very much, more', Qzq anic alis 'distant, far' H 6,
MED 33, Klz. MJ 16, KRS 36, KW 8, MM 31 Tg: WrMc aldaqga 'far, distant; from a distance
(n:(ann)', ? Mc Sb ?aloduqo 'queer, unusual, weird' Hr. 33-4, Z 39-4O, Y #256O ? pJ {S} 'asu
'steep bank, precipice' > OJ asu (au) id. S QJ #12O3 d : A 'ala- (< 'al-ya-, with compensatory
lengthening due to the contraction of the cns. cluster '-ly-?) v. 'cross (mountains)' (S AJ 197
[#259], S VL) > T 'al- v. 'cross (a mountain\mountains) > OT as- v. 'cross, Chg as- v. 'exceed,
surpass', Tkm as- v. 'cross (mountains, other obstacles)', OOsm, ET, StAlt as-, Xk as- id., v.
'overflow', Tk as-, Az, Qrg, VTt, Ln as-, SY as- v. 'cross (mountains)', Qzq as- v. 'overflow the banks'
( v. 'cross the banks'), Qq as- v. 'overflow', ET, StAlt as-, Xk as- v. id., 'cross (mountains)', Yk as- v.
'cross, pass' Cl. 255, Rs. W 3O, ET Gl 212-4, BT 23-4 Tg 'ala-, 'ala-n- v. 'cross (a mountain ridge)'
> Ewk Skh/Urm/Uc ala-, alan-, Ewk Ald/Z/Tp alan-, Lm O ala-, Lm Ol/B/P ol+n-, Neg alan- v. 'cross (a
mountain ridge); Tg 'ala-n 'mountain pass, crossing of a mountain ridge' > Ewk Urm alan 'mountain
pass', Lm Ol al+n, Lm O alan id., 'crossing of a mountain pass' (n. act.), Nn ala 'mountain pass'
STM I 27-8 DQA #65 [A 'ala 'cross (a mountain)'] ^ Cf. IS MS 372 (IE 'Hcl- 'over, above',
A 'al- v. 'cross a mountain'), AD LRC #64 (IE 'al--'ol- equated with A 'olam- v. 'wade' and
S 'al- 'on, above, top') and IS I 274-5 (N 'aln 'to cross a mountain' > A 'ala- id., HS 'l v. 'cross a
mountain, climb, summit', ? IE 'hcl- 'from\on the other side'). Today, when it has been shown that
HS 'al- had a meaning different from IS's interpretation and has a better alt. et. ( s.v. N 'alE
'height, top', 'to climb, go up'), we must revise the rec. formulated in IS I 274-5 ^ If CS ''halV?-
belongs here, the N rec. will be 'halV?E, but if this S is qu , we have to reconstruct a less specified
''?aljV?,E,
24. '?ala, pc. of prohibition and categorical negation > HS: WS '?al 'do not!', prohib. and
emphatic negation > BHb la2 ?al 'do not!', 'nicht doch!' (?al bo'ni ?al-'na nc'lcI Iul'lanu 'Nay, my son,
let us not all now go' [II Sm 13.25], Ph, Yd, OA, IA la ?l, BA la2 ?al, Ug l 'do not' (prohib.), Sb ?l
negation (?l , ?l m, 'there is no, ncucio', ?l mn 'there is nobody who') and prohib. pc.,
Gz ?al-bo- 'il n'y a pas dans\chez': ?alboya bcta 'non est mihi (in me) domus', Tgr, Tgy albu
?alvbu 'there is not', Amh, Gft, Har, Grg al- - negation of the verb in pf., DA ?l 'no, kein' ({HJ}
'absence of'), Amh, Grg, Gft alv 'without', Sq {Jo.} ?ol, {L} ?al 'not' (negation with nouns and verbs),
{L} al val 'neither nor', Mh {Jo.} ?sl (usually ?sl la) 'not', 'do not' (neg. and prohib.),
Hrs nl 'not', nl v-nl 'neither nor', Jb ?o(l) 'do not!', ?ollo? 'not' | it is not clear whether Ak ula >
ul (OAk, Ak A ula, B ul 'not') (neg., but not prohibitive) has any connection with pWS '?al or should
be explained (as in Sd. 14O6-7) as going back to 'va la 'and not' KB 46-7, JH 13, HJ 55, GB 36,
894, A #18O, OLS 22-3, Bst. 47, L G 17-8, L LS 6O, Jo. M 4-5, Jo. H 2, Jo. J 2, Sd. 14O6-7, DRS 19
C: Af {PH} alcy 'no' (= 'nein'), Sa {R} '?allo 'Nichtigkeit', allo dah 'verneinen, nein sagen' PH 38,
R S II 29 ? NrOm: Kf/Anf {C} allo, Shn {C} ali 'non esserci' C SE IV 398 ll U 'ala >
'ala/'ala-'cla 'do not!' (prohib.) (the variant 'cla may be due to the infl. of the negative verb
'c- 'not to be') > BF 'ala/'ala-'cla, 2s imv. of the neg. v. ('do not') > F ala, al-, cla, Krl K cla, cl-,
Krl A ala, al-, Krl L cla-ala-ala, Vp ala, Vo cla, Es ara, ala"ala, Lv ala-ala; Lp S {Hs.} aalic- (imv.
of the neg. v.), N {N} alc - alc (2s imv. of the neg. v.), Lp L clc id.; Er ila-ilaI id. (2p ila-do) || pObU
'al (- ''v-Vl) 'do not!' (prohib.) > Vg: 1) pVg 'al > Vg T al id., 2) pVg ''vVl > Vg:
K vil, P (v)ul, N ul id. (the origin of 'v- remains obscure); pOs 'al id. > Os:
V/Vy al, Ty/Y a', D a't"ot, Nz at, Kz a, O a'l IS I 264 adduces the pPrm verb 'o'lo- (> Vt alI- v.
12
'forbid', Z sl- v. 'calm, quiet, soothe', Yz o'l- v. 'forbid, calm'; Prm 'o' < FU 'a), suggesting
development (derivation?) of a lexical verb from a negation (cp. NHG vcrncincn ncin) Sm:
Kms cl- neg. v. (3s sbcj. cl 'is not') pY {IN} 'sl, neg. pc. > Y: Y T {Krn.} cl 'does not', 'do not!'
(negative and prohibitive pc.), Y K {AD} ?al id. (tu'dcl '?al so'gi 'he did not enter', ?al soi_'laI 'do
not enter!'), K {Krn.} clc 'not', {AD} ?a'loi_ 'is not', K/T {IN} ol(o) 'do not, not' (with verbs and
nouns) Coll. 4-5, UEW 68-7O, SK 33, Hs. 146, Ht. 198 [#728], Stn. D 55-6, MK 692, KD 164, Krn.
JJ 28O, 284, AD YN, IN 218 ll D 'all-, neg. v. > Tm all- id. (1s allcn ~ allcn 'I am not', 2s allay, 3m allan,
3m allal, 3m anru, 3pn alla, etc.), Ml alla 'is not that, not thus', Kn alla, Kt ala neg. v. (for all persons),
Td alos_y 'except' (lit. 'not being'), Gnd hal(lc)-haillc, Mlt -l- neg. morpheme, Brh all- neg. v. (in past
tenses), ala, alava 'certainly not, not a bit of it'; IS assumes that the latter form may represent a
trace of the former meaning of categoric negation D #234, Stv. IDL 24 ^ Cf. IS I 263-4 [S, C,
Ch, U, D + unc. : G ar(a) 'no, not', S 'l? (i.e. 'la) 'not' (actually from N 'Laj?,yV 'Layj?,V 'not; to
disappear', q.v. ffd.) and M 'uli 'not'. It is tempting to unite M 'uli (Pp. IM 288-91), Ak ul(a) 'not'
and pVg ''vVl 'do not!' (> Vg: N ul, P (v)ul, etc.) as going back to a combination of some
(conjunctional?) 'v-element (cognate to S 'va 'and'?) with the negation '?ala or 'Laj?,yV 'Layj?,V;
cf. also Gr. I 214-7 ("negative E/ELE", "ELE" being supposed by him in U, M, ChK, EA, Ht).
25. '?clV 'clan, tribe' ( 'all', prn. of plurality) > HS: S '?al- 'clan, family' > Nbt ?l 'family, clan,
tribe', Ar ?al- 'family, relatives', Ak al-u(m) 'village, city' JH 13, HJ 55, Fr. I 7O-1, CAD I/2 379-88
WS '?il(l)ay 'these' (and possibly '?ul(l)... 'those') [ N 'lA analytical (> synthetical) marker of
collectivity, q.v. (or '?VlA, dem. prn. of collectivity) sequences '?ic lA and '?u lA (with the
deictic pronouns '?i (or '?'c) and '?u, q.v.)] > BHb, BA el`3a4 '?cllc - la4 '?cl, BHb (GkSc) cc, c, Ph
?l, Pun [Pn.] ILY, OA ?l, ?ln, BA ?illcn 'these', ?illcI 'those', IA ?lh 'these', Ar ?ila id., Sb m. pl. ?ln,
f. pl. ?lt, Sq {L} olho, ol'hcna 'these', ol'hcgon 'those'; WS '?ill-u m. pl., '?ill-a m. pl. (with the endings
'-u m. pl. and '-a f. pl.) > Ph ?lv, MHb [BS] vlia ?ylv, MHb ul`a4 '?cllu 'these', Gz ?oll-u 'these' m. pl.,
?oll-a f. pl.; Ar {Br.} Lv" ?vly ?ula 'ii' (dem. prn. with neutral deixis), Ar ha-?ula?i 'these', ?ula?i-Ia
'those', that may have the vw. u due to the infl. of S '?ulli- 'that' [> Ak ullu(m) 'that' m. sg. / ullitu(m)
f. sg., ullutu(m) 'those' m. pl. / ulliatu(m) f. pl.] KB 48, 5O, 1666-7, BL H 261, Deg. 59, HJ 61, FrsR
113a, Br. AG 8, 29, Fi. DB 1O2-3, 1O7, BK I 7O & II 1459, BGMR 37, GBr. JJAP 91, L G 17-8, Sd. G 47
[ 45.2], DRS 19, Cer. ArJ 22O C: ? Sa {R} a'lc (pl. 'alcl) 'clan, family, tribe', Or {Th.} ali (subj.
case ali-n) 'concittadino, compatriota, conterraneo', ? Arr ?ollah 'village, neighbours' R S II 26, Th.
16, Hw. A 343; alternatively, Sa a'lc may be from Ar ?al-, and Or ali may be from Ar ?ahl- 'family'
ll IE '?ol- > 'ol-yo-, 'ol-no- (*'everybody' ) 'whole, all, each' > Gt alls 'all, each, whole', ON allr, OHG
al / all-, NHG, OSx all, AS call 'all, each', NE all || ? Clt {SB, Loth} 'olyo-s > OIr, NIr uilc, W, Crn oll 'all',
OW cll, yll 'each, every', Gl olio- (in proper names) (Dtn. 276); but RE 78 prefers pBrtt 'sollos 'all' (>
OW hol, MW holl, oll, Crn, OBr, Br holl) [< IE 'sol-no-] to pBrtt 'ollos 'all' from IE 'ol-no- || Osc {Mul.}
ALLO (FAMELO) (?) 'das ganze (Vermgen)' (not confirmed by Pln. and Bc.) || Lt aliai {Frn.} 'all, jeder,
ganz, vllig' (aliai vicnas, alvicnas 'each, everyone' [vicnas 'one'], aliai mctai 'every year', aliai rytas
'every morning') EI 64 (identifies this IE stem with {EI} 'h
a
clnos 'beyond', cf. N ''?aljV?,E 'on
the other side'), SB 52, Fs. 4O, Flr. 213, Loth WKS I 441 & II 354, EWA I 129-3O, Mn. 873
(wrongly adduces Oss I al(l)s, Oss D al(l)i 'all kind of', cf. N 'salu 'intact' and Ab. I 48), Mul. 19, Fs.
4O, Vr. 7, Ho. 84, KM 13-4, Frn. 7 (denies the Lt-Gmc connection) ll A: T 'cl 'tribe, people,
political unit' > OT cl {Cl.} 'a political unit organized and ruled by an independent ruler', {DTS}
'tribal league, tribe, people', MT Y cl 'Herrschaft, Reich', Chg, OOsm cl 'country, state, people',
13
Tk cl, Tkm il 'people (Volk), tribe', Tk il, VTt, Bsh il 'country, state (Land, Staat)', Nog, Qq cl id.,
'people (Volk)', Az cl, ET il 'people (Volk)', Kr cl id., 'people (Leute)', Qzq cl 'people (Volk),
inhabitants', Uz, Qrg, Alt cl 'tribe, clan, people', Qmq cl 'village', CrTt cl, Chv i_al 'village, people'
(i_a- is one of the reg. reflexes of T 'c- [acc. to Lvt. IF]), ? Yk ial 'family; neighbour'; T 1 Chr ycl
'country; village' The etl. doublets in Tk (cl, il) must be due to inter-Turkic loans Rs. W 39, Cl.
121-3, DTS 168-9, ET Gl 339-43, TL 494, Jeg. 352, Fed. II 497-8 ll D 'cll- (*'everybody' ) 'whole,
all' > Tm cllam 'whole, all' (personal as well as impersonal), cllavarum, cllarum 'all persons', Ml cllam,
cllavum, Kt, Td cl, clm 'all', Kn clla 'all, everything, the whole', cllarum 'all persons',
Kdg clla, Tu -la (= -la ?) 'all', Tl clla 'all, whole', cllaru 'all persons, all men', Klm ittar cl 'both',
Ku clc?c 'whole' D #844 ^ K ''cl- [> MG XVII cl-i 'country', as well as G cl-i 'Nomaden-\Hirten-
volk', G T cl-i id. (Chx. 38, DCh. 49O, Qub. II 434)] is a doubtful cognate, since it may be a Turkish
loan (that is highly plausible in the light of its meaning); IS I 268 (with a query): OG cr- 'people,
army' (> G cr- 'people') < N '?clA (i.e. '?clV), which is untenable since G -r- is not a reg. reflex of
N '-l- or '-l- ^ Hardly here ( C op IU I-1974 19 [#2], Blz. LB) U 'ulV(-yV) 'viel, gro' ^ IS I 267-8
includes S '?al-, T 'cl- and the doubtful K 'cr-, cl- into the etl. entry '?clA 'to live' [untenable,
because U 'cla- v. 'live' (justifying IS's semantic rec.) does not belong together with the
abovementioned S and T roots, but goes back to N ''_clA 'to dwell, live' (q.v.)] , Blz. LB #1b (N
'HulV > IE, D, err. U) .
26. '?Eli 'deer' > HS: S ''?ayl- 'ram' > BHb li%a2 '?ayil (pl. Mil5ia4 ?c'lim), Ug l (= '?cl-u) 'ram', ? Ak
(y)al-u id., JA {Lv.} al1i^a2 ?ay'l-a 'Schafsbock'; the ancient meaning 'deer' is preserved in the S d
noun '?ay'yal- 'deer, mountain goat' > BHb lI!a2 ?ay'yal 'fallow deer (Cervus capreolus)', Ug yl, Amr
{G} ?ayyalum, JA {Lv.} al1ia4 ?c'l-a, JEA {Sl.} al1ii^a2 ?ayyo'l-a , Sr W/E ?ayol-a 'deer', Md aiala, pl. ailia,
f. ailata 'deer, hart', Ar ?ayyil-, ?iyyal--?uyyal- 'mountain goat, stag' ({Fr.} 'Caper montanus, cervus'),
Gz hayyal 'ibex, mountain goat' (the origin of h- is obscure), Ak ayyal-u 'deer'; Cn Eg NK iyr 'deer' or
'ram' (= '?ayyali -'?ayyoli gen., acc. to Vc.), (EgSSc) {Hlk.} ?c-yu-l 'deer' > Cpt: Sd/B ctcea cicul, tcea
icul 'deer', Sd ectac ocilc, B wtat oili 'ram' KB 38-9, KBR 4O, A ##165, 185, OLS 25 (l 'carnero'), G A
13, Lv. I 64, Sl. 113, Br. 15, DM 14-5, Fr. I 76, L G 221, Sd. 24, DRS 17, EG I 38, Vc. 62, Hlk. #1,
SivCR 77 ll IE '?hcl-n- 'deer' ({EI} 'hcl'hcn / gen. 'hclh'nos) > Gk c`o) (-- < '-ln-) 'young deer';
(with the sx. '-b"o-) Gk coo) 'deer' (<'cl-n-b"o-s) | Arm en cln (gen. ein clin) 'female deer' ||
OIr clit (< 'cln-t-) 'chamois', W clain 'female deer' || OLt cllcnis 'deer', Lt clnis,
clnias 'deer', clnc' 'female deer', Ltv alnis 'elk', Pru [El.] alnc "Hindin" 'hind' and "Tyer" 'beast' | Sl
'clcni 'deer' > OCS aacui|clcni, Blg c) ncn, SCr |clcn, Slv |clcn, R, Uk o'ncn, P |clcn, Cz |clcn, Slk |clcn;
OCS oa+uuual+n|i - aouuulan|i f., ChS aouilani, R, Uk nan, P lani (gen. lania), OCz lani, Cz lan 'hind,
female deer, fallow dear' || pTc {Ad.} 'yal > Tc: A yal, B yal 'gazelle' IE 'hcl-n- seems to go back to
the oblique form (with '-n-) of a heteroclitic stem IE d '?cl-I-/'l-I- > OI 'rsyah 'male antilope',
KhS {Bai.} rus 'ovis Poli', Wx rus 'wild mountain sheep' || Gmc 'algi-z > OHG clah, claho, NHG Elch,
AS colh, NE clI, ON clgr || Sl 'olsi > OR aet+ losi, R, Uk noc, P los, Cz los 'elk' P 3O3-4, EI 154, F I
483-4, Vr. 1OO, Ho. 92, EWA II 1O3O-1, Frn. 12O, En. 14O, Tp. P A-D 77-8, Vs. II 458, 522 & III
134-5, M K I 124-5, M E I 26O, Bai. 367, Ma. CS 175, 257, 275, Glh. 296, Slt. 146-7, Wn. 591. Ad/
485-6 ll U: Y: Y T ilc 'deer' Ku. 57 ll A: NaT 'cliI 'roe-buck, female wild goat' > OT {Cl.} aliI id.,
MQp XIII cliI 'male gazelle', MU {ADb.}, OOsm aliI, Tk cliI 'roe', Shor, Qrg, Qq cliI 'roe-buck', Tv
cliI, Tf cltI 'female roe', Xk iltI, StAlt cliI 'roe-buck, female wild goat', Az aliI, Qzq, Q, Alt cliI 'roe',
14
Bsh iliI 'female wild goat', Yk aliI 'mottled (uy6apin) reindeer' ET Gl 265-6, Cl. 142, TL 153
('aliI), BT 191, Ra. 18O, DTS 171 M 'ili > WrM ili, HlM, nn il 'young deer, fawn', Kl nn ilo id. KW
2O6, MED 4O7 NrTg 'clIcn (unless it is 'xclIcn) 'deer' > Ewk slIsn 'wild reindeer', Lm: Ol
i_clIsn, Okh slIsn 'domesticated reindeer (leader in herd)' STM II 448 DQA #425 [A 'clV(-I`V)
'deer'] ll D 'il(ar)V- ' deer' > Mlt ilaru 'mouse deer' || Tl irri (< 'il-rV) 'antelope', ? Tl lcti~lcdi id.
Not here ( IS I) SD 'irall- (> Tm iralay 'stag', Kn cralc~cralc, Tu cralc 'antelope, deer', OTl iri 'stag')
D #476 ll K: USv, Sv L {TK} ilv, Sv LB {Kald.} il - hil 'roe, iocyn) ', Sv L {Dn.} ilv 'chamois, ccpna'
TK 284, Dn. s.v. ilv, Marr SR 38, Kld. L 187, GM SAKS 85 ^ IS I 272-3 (HD, IE, D, A, K; IS also
adduces words going back to D and K 'ir- 'deer' [actually belonging to the N etymon 'ir'i '(male,
young) ungulate' (q.v.)] ^ AD NM #37, S CNM 4 ( ST), Vv. AEN 3.
27. '?il'a 'place to stay' ( 'to stand'?) > HS: CS [1] '?il-, '?ilay 'towards' > Hb la3 ?cl - -il4a= ?lc-,
Ar La ?ila, +ppas.: CS '?ilay Ia 'towards you' (m. sg.) > Hb K1il3a4 ?c'lc-Ia, Ar ?ilay-Ia, etc.; [2] ?? S
'?lv > Ar ?lv (pf. |aa ?ala, ip. vLu'yaa yalu - u'yaa yalu) v. 'be unable to do, neglect, be late in'
Cf. also S 'la 'to' (see N 'lA, locative pc.) DRS 19, KB 48-9, BK I 48-5O ?? Eg ir- 'to, towards'
(with pronouns: ir-I 'tibi', etc.) / r id. (with nouns); it is a qu. cognate, because both DEg r and most
Cpt dialects (Sd/B cpe-cpe, P ope- aro- 'to, towards, for') suggest the reading [r] rather than [l], but
cf. Cpt F cao- cla id. EG II 386-8, Er. 236-8, Vc. 37, Tk. I 141 EC: Rn {PG} il 'earth, ground;
land, country' PG 151, Blz. RL 258 ll IE '?cli (or 'xhcli?) - ? ''?il- > NaIE 'cli, 'cl-, 'il- v. 'rest,
stillstehen' > Gk c`ivoe 'I rest, I do not act' || ? OI i'layati 'stands still' || ? Lt ilstu, inf. ilsti v. 'get
tired' P 3O4-5, F I 495, M K I 92, M E I 196, Frn. 184 Lt il- (< NaIE 'l- without NaIE 'o- < IE
'H-) suggests IE '?- ll U '-lla/-lla, sx. of nomina loci [> ending of local cases ( N 'lA '')] > F
taIa-la 'a place behind (der hinter befindliche Platz)', ctc-la 'south' (lit. 'a place in front of sth.'), Lp
S (Vfs?) {Sz.} maqqc-l-t 'hinten', maqqc-l-i 'hinter', Lp S {Hs.} miqqcldc " miqqcaldc 'nachher,
hinterher' (maqqc-, miqqc- 'das Hintere'), Er vasolo '(place) in the distance' (vasov 'far away'
[direction]), Chr ulol 'situated below' (ul- 'das Untere'), Vt, Z -la, ending with locative meaning: Vt,
Z Iuzala 'lengthwise' (Vt, Z Iuz 'long'), Hg -fol, fol- 'das Obere' (fo 'head, top') Sz. 63-4, Hs. 932-
4, LG 144, U3S 226-7 ll A: Tg '-la / '-lc (locative case ending) ( N 'lA, locative pc.) > Ewk, Neg,
Sln, Lm -la/-ls, Nn, Orc, Ul, Ork, Ud -la/-ls, e.g. 'mo-la 'in a\the tree' (> {Ci.} Ewk, Neg, Sln, Lm
mola, Nn, Orc, Ul, Ud mola), 'do-la 'within' from 'do 'Inneres' (> {Bz.} Ewk dolo, Sln, Neg, Lm
dola, Nn dola, Orc, Ud dolo, WrMc dolo), Tg 'du-lc ({Bz.} 'dui-la) 'oben am Hang' (> WrMc dclc,
Ewk dcls, Lm dcls-dcla, Nn duyls, Ork dila id., Ud dils 'abseits') Ci. 257-267, Bz. 84, 96-8 ll D: SD
'ill 'house, home, place' ( N '_clA 'to dwell, live', q.v. ffd.); D '-il, marker of a locative function of
the noun > Tm (-in)/-il, Irl -(i)li, Ml -il, Kt -l, -l, Td -s_ ({ Em.} -s), Kdg -li D #494, Zv. CDM 32; Zv.
reconstructs here '-in/'il, but the variant '-in (> Tm -in) is very likely to go back to the N genitive
marker (> marker of oblique cases) 'nu Not here the D loc. case ending '-ul (< N 'lA '' D
'ul n. 'inside' < N '?uhjV,lV 'hut' [q.v.]).
28. '?ilV 'eye' > HS '?hil-: it is represented in C, Ch, B and probably in Eg: C '?ill- 'one eye' > Ag
'?sll- 'eye' > Xm, Km sl, Aw sll, Bln sl (the unexpected - is possibly due to the infl. of Tgr in 'eye'
or to an ancient morphological infl. of the old Cushitic pl. form 'inTV 'eyes') ( Ap. AV 3) || EC
'?il- '(one) eye' > Sml, Rn il, Or B il-a, Kns, Gdl il-, Bs, Elm il, Dsn ?il, Arr ?tl, Sd, Ged, Kmb il-l-c, Hd
il-l-i, Brj 'il-a, Ya il || Dhl {EEN} ?ila, {To.} ?ila 'eye' || SC: Irq {MQK} ?ila, Brn/Alg {E} ila, Kz ilito, Asa ?ilat;
SC 1 Mb i?ila 'eye' Bj {R} 'lilc - 'lili, {Rop.} lili 'eye' Bl. 1O5, Sr. 332, Ss. PEC 5, 22, Ss. B 1O4-
15
5, Hd. 6O, PG 151, Hw. A 34O-1, HL 66, AD SF 144-5, MQK 54, E PC #326, EEN 21, To. D 128, To.
DL 482 , R WBd 158, Rop. 212, Blz EDB 18-9 in EC the word refers to one eye, while the
correspondent plural 'inT- is based on N 'oynV 'to see, look; eye(s)' (q.v.) Ch '?'ilV 'eye' >
CCh: Lmn {Lk.} ili, Lmn Hd {Wl.} ili, Lmn Vz {Wl.} ili, iri, Lmn A {Wl.} il-yia | Bdm {Lk.} yil, {Cfr.} ycl,
Glf {Lk.} cl 'eye' || ECh: Mkl {J} clc 'eye' JI I 6O & II 126-7, Wl. G 65 B {Pr.} 'Hll (< '?hll) 'eyes' >
Kb allon, SrSn AA, Izd allon, Sll {Ds.} allon 'eyes', as well as possibly Ah ihall (imparfait intensif)
'pleurer bruyamment', vb. n. tahala, Tnsl, Ty olh id. (Pr.'s 'hlh); forms like Gd avoll 'eye', pl.
vallon, SrSn ivazon 'eyes' might appear at first glance as suggesting that the form
allon-vallon belongs to the root 'vl 'see' (> Ah aul 'avoir l'il sur', Izn vala 'voir, apercevoir'), but in
my opinion the form of pl. abs. vallon-ivazon (like in Gd and SrSn) goes back to a generalization of
the status annexus v-allon 'eyes' ( in Izd: abs. allon, ann. v-allon, or in Sll: abs. allon, ann. uv-allon,
e.g. snat uvallon 'two eyes'), and Gd avoll 'eye' is a bf from pl. vallon Pr. H #487, Fc. 1493, Dl.
44O, Rn. 286, Ds. 2O3, Mrc. 18O, 292, ABs. EGLK 29-31 ? Eg fOK ir.t 'eye' [= (GkSc) i`i], ir 'das
Sehen' (personification), ir v. 'see' (att. in the imv. form in the set phrase ir tv 'pay attention!') (see
EG I 1O6-8, Vc. 6O); the comparison with Eg is qu., because it presupposes that the Eg character
r represents |l|, which is at variance both with the Greek transcription i`i and with the Cpt reflex
(prrather than a l): nomen actionis icircin the compound noun banicirc'qui a le mauvais il' (Vc.
6O) The HS is used not only in nouns, but in verbs as well: C ''?ilal- v. 'look' > EC '?ilal- v.
'look, watch' > Sa {R} ilal- v. 'look, wait for', Or ilala- v. 'watch, look', Kns ilal- v. 'follow with the
eyes' (said of an infant or a person with impaired vision), Ag: Bln {R} alol-~alol- v. 'look'. This verb
is obviously derived from the C noun 'ill- '(one) eye'. Consequently, the HS is probably nominal
Bl. 1O7, Grg. 223 Tk. SCC 97 [#27.6], AD SF 144-5; an alt. hyp: OS #112 (HS '?ir- > Eg ir, Ch
'?ir- 'eye') HS '?ilima 'tears' (< N cd '?ilV 'muhi '?ilV mAvhi 'eye-water') > C: Dhl {EEN}
?ilima 'tears' || SC '?ilima > Asa ?clclcma, 1 Mb i?ilima id. | Ag {Ap. AV} '?srsq"- (= {Ap. VSA} '?IrIq"-,
{AD} '?slsq"-) 'tears' (Ag 'q < C 'm) > Bln ?srs'q"a, Xm srsq", Km (')crcq || EC '?ilm- > Sml ilmo, Bn ilmi,
Rn ilim, Or {Bl.} i(m)mimm-ani, {Grg.} immiman, Or S imimani, Kns ilmama, Gdl ilmama, Brj 'ilma, il'ma,
Yk ilmamu E SC 292, Ap. AV 5, Ap. VSA 23, Ss. B 1O5, Bl. 221, PG 152, Sr. 333, Grg. 224, EEN 21
SOm: Ari crma id. Lm. SKE 534 ? Eg P rmy 'weep' EG II 416-7 Tk. SCC 1O2 [#32.8], AD SCLC
199 [#37] (C, Eg), Lm. SKE 534 [#15] (EC, Ari) ll ?? IE: Clt: OIr [] {SB} ail 'bucca (cheek)', dat. pl.
oilib 'bucis'; Brtt ( N ''ilV 'a hair, tuft of hair'): OW {Flr.} ail 'eyebrow', W acl 'supercilium, ora'
[usually in the set phrase acl y llygad 'eyebrow' (llygad 'eye')], OBr GUORAIL 'supercilium' (Flr.: cd
with GUOR- 'upper') Flr. 198, SB 3 ({SB} pClt 'aili), Bc. 22O ll A {WNL} 'ila- 'seen, visible' > Tg
'ilc- id > Orc ils-mu- v. 'show', ils-Ics- v. 'appear, become visible', Nn ils ') n' ('sth. visible'),
'nn(noc xccro' ('place easy to see'), Sln ilsxs 'apparent, visible', Lm il'la 'in (people's) sight', WrMc
ilctu 'sichtbar' STM I 311-2, Hr. 492-3 M 'ilc- 'clear, visible' > MM [S] ilc 'visible', [MA] ilc 'clear,
manifest', WrM ilc, HlM nn, Ord {Ms.} ilc 'clear, manifest; visible', WrO {Krg.} ilc, Kl nn ilc, Kl {Rm.}
il

, il
o
'clear, evident, manifest', MMgl [Z] ila 'clear' , Dg {MYC} ilst, Mnr E {MYC} hclc (with a
secondary h-?) 'open, clear, evident, obvious' H 81, Pp. MA 195, MED 4O4-5, Krg. 94, KRS 267,
KW 2O6, Iw. 1O7 , MYC 4O7 T: OT [MhK] ilar- v. 'be visible, strike one's eye' DTS 2O7, Cl.
15O pJ 'ara-ar- v. 'come in sight, appear' > OJ araar-a, J: T/Kg aravarc-, K aravarc- 'to appear'
Mr. 677, S QJ #589 WNL NC, DQA #597 (A 'ila 'evident, visible') ll E: NEl, AchEl cl 'eye', MEl
cl-ti 'eyes' HK 393, 396 ll D: Zv. finds a stem ali 'eye' (mainly within cds ) in the lgs. of the Nilgiri
16
area: Irl {Zv.} vsllcnali " vsllcyali, AlK 'bsll-ali, PaK bsllc ali 'the white of the eye' (vsllcna-,
vsllcya-, bsllc means 'white'), JKr Iariyali 'the eye-ball' (lit. 'black eye'), PaK Ian`n`alili and simple
ali 'iris of the eye' Zv. BNTL 658; on the vw. { Zv.} c [s] Zv. IL 11 ^ Blz. BNED 3 (E, HS, D) ,
Blz. DA 14 . Cf. WNL NC s.v. 'eye' ^ I am grateful to V. Blaz ek for drawing my attention to the
possible cognates in Celtic and the D lgs. of the Nilgiri area ^ Blz. DA #13 (D [1], HS).
29. ''?olV 'that (visible)' > HS: S '?ull- > Ak ullu < '?ulli?-u (f. ullitu(m), pl. ullutu(m), pl. f.
ulliatu(m)) 'that, remote' Sd. 141O, Sd. G 47 [ 45.2], Dk. AkJ 91 EC '?Vl-, deictic prn. ( N
'halV 'this', q.v. ffd.) ll IE: NaIE 'ol- 'that (remote)' > OL ollus 'that (remote)', L olim 'at that time',
ultra 'beyond, on the far side (of)', uls 'beyond, on the other side', ultcrior 'on the other side',
ultimus 'farthest, last', Osc ullcis gen. 'of that (m.)', ulas gen. 'of that (f.)' ( IE '?al-, '?ol- 'on\from
the other side, {P} darber hinaus' < N ''?alE (= 'halE?) 'on the other side', q.v. ffd.) WH II 2O6-7,
813 ll ?? U: Slq Tz Il-na, Il-tam 'iste, que voil, non ror' KHG 293, KKIH 196 ll A: T 'ol 'that' (remote
deictic prn.), 'he' > OT ol id., Tkm, Qzq, Qrg S, Xk, StAlt, Tv, Yk ol, VTt, Bsh ul, Chv v+l, v+l); Qrg,
Tb al 'that' is probably an unexplained phonetic variant of 'ol rather than a prn. of different origin
Cl. 123-4, ET Gl 444-6, Fed. I 1O6 NKo {MLC} ol 'this, the present', ol- in {Rm.} ol-t"a-or-ha v. 'be
such', or-ha ol-hay 'this year' and onal (< ol-nal) this day, today' Rm. SKE 176, MLC 12O7-9 Rm.
EAS II 75 [ 41], Rm. SKE 176; SDM97 [A 'o(lV) 'this, that'] and DQA #1556 (A 'o id.) consider T
'ol to be an extended var. of the deictic pc. 'o.
3O. '?'oLV (or '?oyilV?) 'bough, hook' ( 'hang on a hook') > HS: CS '?aljl,- 'stick' > MHb {Js.,
ASh.} el`1a2 ?al'la 'lance, fork, sign-pole', 'Spitzkeule, Pfahl, Gabel', {Lv.} el1a4 ?c'la - {Lv. T} el`1a2
?al'la 'Holzstange, Kolben, Stange' (the form el1a4 ?c'la, unless a mistake in one variant of the
traditional pronunciation or in Levis personal vocalization, is due to contamination with el1a4
?c'la 'terebinth tree'), Ug {OLS} lt 'soporte, pilar', JA {Js.} al`1a2 ?al'la 'club, bat', at1l1`a9
?alla't-a 'post, pole, door-post', JA [Trg.] {Lv.} al1`a9 ?"'l-a, at1l`6a2 ?allo't-a 'Kolben, Stange', Ar LW
?all-at- 'broad-headed spear' Js. 66, 73, ASh. I 86, Lv. T I 29, Lv. I 8O, OLS 32, Fr. I 28, Hv. 11 B:
SrSn ala 'rame, branchages', Ah ali vi. 'hang (tre pendu\suspendu)', s-ili caus. v. 'hang' Fc.
1O16, Rn. 336 SC: Alg {E} clcmi, Irq {MQK} halmi (pl. halcmo - halcma), Brn {E} alcma 'branch' E
SC 336, Mgw. 1O3, MQK 44 ll A: Tg 'ol- > Nh Nh olt, Ul ortn 'hook near a stove (used to hang
vessels and rags on)', Ud Sm {Krm.} olo?u, Ork olta, Orc or|ia, Ewk oldon " ollon " olron, Neg olon,
Lm olravtn 'hook over the fire (used to hang a kettle or tea-pot)', 'ol-san- vt. 'hang (a kettle) on a
hook over the fire' > Ewk ollon-, Lm olran- " oldan- " ollan-, Neg olon- 'hang (a kettle, tea-pot) on a
hook over the fire' STM II 14-15, Krm. 275 pKo {S} 'ori > NKo ori 'a fishing hook with several
barbs' S QK #792, Rm. SKE 178 ? NaT 'il- v. 'hang on (sth.)' ( N '?czcIU 'thorn, hook'?) > OT
il- (Cl.} to catch sth. (with the hand, a hook, etc.)', {DTS} id., vt. 'hook [no(-, :a-ncnn) r;
nonnr (ipu) xn)]', Tkm il- vi. 'hook to' ('npnncnn) rc) , :ancnn) rc) '), Yk il- 'hang on, load (smth. on
an animals back)', Qmq, Qrg, Qq, Nog, Uz, ET, Tk il-, Qzq n- il-, VTt, Bsh yn- il-, Xk n- tl- v.
'hang on', StAlt il- vt. 'hook (:a-, no(-ncnnr)' DTS 2O7, Cl. 125, ET Gl 343-6, BT 63, BIG 67
DQA #648 'i_olc 'hang (on) sth.' (Tg, Ko, T + M 'clgu- 'to hang on', actually belonging to N
'?czcIU '') ll U: Y T valuol- vi. 'hang, hang over, lean down (nnccr, cncmnnarc) )', vclic- vt. 'hold
[sth.] hung' ('(cpar pa:ncmannix'), vi. 'hang (by) (nonncnyr na)' Ku. 48 ^ If T 'il- belongs here,
the N rec. may be '?oyilV (with T 'i from '-oyi-), otherwise it is '?'oLV ^ Alternatively, there may
have been two roots, one designing 'bough, hook' and the other meaning 'to hang', with lexical
interaction between them in some daughter lgs.
17
31. ? '?ulV 'sole, foundation, earth' > HS: Eg i:.t {EG} 'Ort, Sttte', {Hng.} id., '(bewohnter)
Erdhgel' ( N '?arV 'earth, land, place') EG I 26, Hng. 22 C: EC '?uljl,a > Sa {R} 'ula 'place',
Bs {HL} ul 'earth', HEC {Hd.} 'ulla 'earth, land' > Hd {Hd.} ulla, Kmb ulla(-ta) id., Sd {Hd.}
uj:,lla 'earth', Hd {Hd.}, Sd {Gs.} ulla, Alb {PB} ul'lata - ul'lcta 'land' AD SF 195, Hd. 55, 88, 423, HL
66 pOm {Blz.} ''yall--'yill- 'earth' > SOm: Dm {Bnd.} (y)il 'earth, soil, ground', {Fl.} yilu, yclc
'earth' || NrOm: Mj {Fl.} ycllu id. | Zs {Si.} ?a'la, Hrr {Fl.} alla? id. Bnd. AL 148, Fl. OWL s.v. 'earth', Si.
ACh s.v. 'earth' Ch {JS} 'y`il (= '|il?) 'earth' > WCh: pAG {Stl.} '|il, {Hf.} 'yil 'ground, earth,
country' > Tal {IL, Sh.} dil, Su {J} yil | Ron: DfB sin-|tl | BT: Tng {J} yili, Pr illiy, Glm {Sch.} yil, Krf
ili, ? pBT {Stl.} '?oli 'earth' > Bl {Lk.} ?oli, {SIL} voli, Krkr {Lk.} ?cli id. JI II 116, ChC, ChL, JS 91,
Stl. VZCh #245 (pHAB 'yolV), Stl. ZCh 24O [#863] (unc. : pZCh '?yasi 'earth'), Hf. AG #181 y-
in Om and Ch is prosthetic ('?i- > 'i- > yi-) Blz. OL (HS 'yil--'yul-) ll A: NaT 'ul 'foundation, basis'
> OT {Cl.} ul id., {Gb.} ul 'Boden, Sohle', OT U X ul 'sole of foot', Osm XIV ul 'foundation', ET {Jr.} ul
'foundation, earth floor' Cl. 124, DTS 6O8, Jr. 322, Rs. W 512, U3 #23/8 ? M 'ula > MM [S, HI]
ula 'sole of the foot', [MA] hula 'sole of footwear', WrM ula, HlM yn 'sole of foot\footwear, basis,
foundation, Kl {Rm.} ul+ 'Sohle', Ord. {Ms.} ula 'semelle', Mnr {SM} ula 'plante des pieds, semelle',
Dg {T} vu_ala id., MMgl {Z} ula 'leather sole' H 162, Ms. H 1O5, Pp. MA 186, MED 868, KW 448,
SM 469, T 368, Iw. 139-4O The M cognate is legitimate only if h- in MA is a secondary
development (confirmed by the absence of h- in other MM texts [S, MI], in Mnr, Dg and MMgl)
Tg 'ola-i- 'unti (boots of reindeer leather)' > Ewk olot " olo(t)u " oloiI, Lm olatq, Neg olot, Ork
olloci 'short unti', Orc oloi 'unti', Ul oltma 'footwear (made of elks legs)' STM II 16 DQA
#2723 (A 'ula 'sole, foot-wear').
32. ? 'j?u,LudV 'to grow' > HS: S 'ldd > Ar ladid-at- 'hortus florens' Fr. IV 97 Hardly here Eg
fP rd vi. 'grow' > Cpt Sd/B/A pw:, Cpt F aw: id., which may be better equated with WS 'rdy > Ar
rdy 'increase, augment', Sq {L} rdy id., Gz rdy 'pay interest' [see EG II 462-3, Fk. 154, Vc. 179, Tk. I
242 (Eg rd S 'rdy)] ll IE '?lcu_d"-/'?loud"-/'?lud"- ({EI} 'hlcu_d"-) 'grow' > NaIE 'lcu_d"-/'lou_d"-/'lud"-
(and ':lcud"- after pxs.) vi. 'grow, thrive, rise' > OI rodhati - rohati 'grows', with lengthened vowels of
pxs.: Vd vi'rudh- 'a plant', anu'rudh- 'nachwachsend', svarudh- 'aus der eigenen Wurzel wachsend'; Av
raoo- 'grow', Prt rvd-, BdSgd rv- 'grow', KhS rvitta 'grows' (< 'rau_dati), NPrs 3s prs. dYavru ruy-ad /
inf. taSru ros-tan 'grow, come forth, appear', Vd roh- (3s prs. rohati) 'to grow' (M explains the change
-h- < -dh- by the infl. of the roots with -h- < -'z"- and by the need to avoid homonymy with ruh-
'check, restrain, keep back') || L Libcr (an old Italian god of growth and agriculture), Osc
Iuvcis Luvfrcis 'Iovis Liberi' (pl.) | Vn Louzcra 'Libera' || OIr {P} luss n. 'plant' (< 'lud"-stu-), OCrn lcs,
MCrn lcys (pl. losov), W llys 'grass', pl. llysiau - llysau coll. 'vegetables, herbs', MBr snglt. lousoucnn, Br
louzou` coll. 'plants' (snglt. lousaoucnn); OIr luad 'exortion' || Gt liudan, OSx liodan, AS lcodan 'to grow',
OHG liotan 'to sprout', ON loinn 'zottig, grasreich', NLG lodcn (< 'lou_d"-) 'to grow, sprout'; Gt laudi
'shape', MHG lot 'formed, shaped', NLG Lodc 'spring, shoot' P 684-5, EI 248, Mn. 683, 711, M K III
77-8, M E II 467-8 (IE 'hlcud" 'grow'), Bai. 367, Vl. II 32-3, 85, Sg. 575, WH I 792, LP 181.5, 182.5,
Ern. 377, Fs. 323, 332-3, Vr. 363, Ho. 199, Ho. S 47, Kb. 622, OsS 565 M E reconstructs IE 'hlcud"
'grow', 'h postulated on the basis of long vowels of the prefixes with Vd rodh-. This 'h is best
interpreted as '?, because '? is likely to be the only lr. lost in the wird-initial preconsonantic position
(rather than yielding 'H- > 'o-); this is confirmed by S (loss of the initial lr.) ll A: M 'ul:i- (< 'uldi-)
18
> WrM uli- v. 'live, live on something, subsist' (unless it is pM 'qul:i-, which cannot be determined
for lack of ev. in MM, in f/h-conserving Mongolian lgs. or in loanwords in TM lgs.) MED 1OO7.
33. ?? ''?Elji,mA ' tree' ('elm' or the like) > IE: NaIE 'lmo- 'elm' [{EI} ''hclcm - 'h(c)lmos
'mountain elm (Ulmus montana)'] > L ulmus 'elm' (1 Kb ulmu id. [coll.], tulmut 'elm', OHG ulmboum,
NHG Ulm id.) || OHG clm, clmo, MHG ilmc, ON almr, ME clm 'elm' > NE clm || Sl (A MHG ilmc?): Cz |ilm,
OP ilcm, P ilm, ilma, Plb |c'lm, |c'lma, LLs lom, vclm, vclm, OR uacm+ ilcm+ 'ulmus', R nnx, R W ) nncx,
nn) xnna, Blr n) xa 'elm', Uk nox 'Ulmus montana' NaIE 'lima id. > OIr lcm 'elm' NaIE
'lcimos id. > W llvyf-cn (pl. llvyf) 'elm' WP I 152, EI 178, WH II 811-2, Vr. 7, EWA II 1O56-6O, Kb.
1O63, Dl. 454, Bern. I 424-5 (Sl A Gmc), ESSJ VIII 222-3 (pSl'|ilim+ 'Ulmus'), Vs. II 126-7, SRNG
XII 186, Dal II 41, 92, YGM-1 315 ll A: T 'ilma (- 'clma?) 'elm' > VTt olma 'elm', Qmq clmc 'elm,
English elm (n) :, iapaiau)', Blq {Rm.} clmc 'oak', Nog clmcn 'asp', Chv yilmc, imlc 'elm' Jeg. 78,
KumRS 374, TatR 683, NogR 434, Ash. III 121, Fed. I 194, Rs. W 41 (unc. : A R nnx 'elm', nncx
'Ulmus campestris'; this R word is used mostly as a technical term or a name for a special species,
but not in most R dialects outside the western area [in R n : and 6cpccr are normal words for that
tree and its species], hence R nnx, nncx can hardly be the source of the alleged loan) M 'ilja,ma
'mulberry-tree' > WrM ilama - ilma, HlM nxa, Brt nxa xo(on (xo(on 'tree'), Kl nnx ilmo id. MED 4O2,
KRS 268, Chr. 799 ll ?? HS: [1] ? S '?allan- ' tree, oak' > BHb N&l`a2 ?al'lon 'any big treel; oak,
acorn', MHb N&l`a2 ?al'lon 'oak', JA Nl2ia ?ilan - Nl2a5 ?ilan [?illan], JA [Trg], JEA {Sl.} em. an!l1ia5
?illa'n-a, Sr 'noloi ?ila'na (Sr W ?illo'n-o) 'tree', Ak fOAk allanu 'oak'; Cn Eg (EgSSc) {Hlk.}
?al-l-lu-na 'oak' KBR 52, Js. 49-5O, Sl. 116, Sd. 36, Hlk. #4, SivCR 77 Ch: CCh: Mlw {Trn.}
aluvuq 'tree', Msg G {Trn.} luvuq, luvqiy id., Mbara {TrnSL} luq 'tree, wood' | Gdr {Mch.} vulaqa,
{Srp.} vulanga id. || WCh: DfB {J} lan 'Wildnis, Busch' J R 217, ChC s.v. 'bush' & 'tree', TrnSL 269,
Trn. LM 1O2, Trn. LDM 17, Trn. EM S ''?ayl- '(big) 'tree' > BHb li%a2 '?ayil (pl. Mil5ia4 ?c'lim) {KB}
'mighty tree'; CS '?il-at- > MHb el1a4 ?c'la 'terebinth, (?) oak', Sr 4'li ?il't-a 'small tree, forest'; S
'?al'l-at- ' tree' > BHb el`1a2 ?al'la 'magestic tree', ? Ug {OLS} lt 'soporte, pilar' KB 39, 5O-2,
KBR 4O, 54, OLS 32, Js. 49-5O, 68-7, Br. 15, CAD I/1 354-5 OS #31 S '?allan- and its Ch
cognates belong here only if the N final 'm changed into 'n (due to reinterpretation of 'm as a
morphological ending [the S determiner '-m?]); S ''?ayl- and '?i'l-at- may have originated as a bf
for the same reason ^ The IE zero reflex of the lr. points to a N '?- (otherwise we should expect
NaIE clmo-, climo-).
34. ''?ala 'food' > ? HS: CS (or WS?) ''?alVy-at- '?aly-at- 'fat tail of a sheep' > BHb ei!l6a2
?al'ya, JA [Trg.] {Sl.}, JEA {Sl.} at1il5a9 ?ali'ta (pl. JEA at1ii!l6a2 ?alyat't-a)', Sr 4ojli ?cli'ta - 4ojlia
?ali'ta, Sr E ?cli'ta 'fat tail', Ar yaL0! ?alyat- id., 'mollet, gras de la jambe; gras de la cuisse', La
?ala 'qui a la queue grosse et grasse; qui a les fesses charnues' | ? EthS: Amh lat 'sheeps tail', Har
{L} lat id., Grg Sl lat 'meat of a sheeps tail' KB 53, KBR 55, Br. 23, Sl. 134-5, PS 2O8, BK I 49,
DRS 2O, L LH 1O1, L EDG III 374, MiK I #1.5 C: EC: ??? Or alal {Th.} 'carne pura', {Brl.} 'carne che
si mangia cruda, carne monda per i musulmani', {IS Vit.} 'raw meat [as food], fat' (Th. supposes
that the word is of Arabic origin) || ? SC: Kz {E} aito 'fat, oil' || Dhl {EEN} ?ai 'oil' the SC/Dhl word
belongs here if '-- < ''-lh- with a ''h- of secondary (suffixal, hiatic?) origin Th. 15, IS I 259, Brl.
16, EEN 2O, E SC 285 (s.v. '?asi 'fat, oil'); on SC '-- < '-lh- AD SCL ? WCh: Krkr {J} ?ilmou,
{Al.} ?ilmo 'fat' JI II 132 ??? B: IS I 259-6O adduces Ah allun 'corn' (presumably from pB
'Hlv, the final -n [originally pl. marker] being re-interpreted as belonging to the , hence
19
pl. allunon 'kinds of corn') Fc. 1O9O ll IE '?al- (or 'ucl- 'al-) v. 'feed, nourish' ( v. 'rear, breed',
'grow') ({EI} 'h
a
cl- 'grow') > Gk ov-o-to) 'unsatiable' (lit. 'un-nourish-ed enough') || L alo, al-crc
'nourish', d altus 'high' ( *'fed') || OIr al- v. 'nourish', W alu, Br ala v. 'bring forth' || ON ala,
AS alan 'feed, rear, bring up', Gt alan 'grow' (A 'be fed'); d : Gt al|cis, Gt Cr, OHG, NHG alt, OSx ald, Dt
oud, AS cald 'old' ( *'grown up' *'fed'), NE old WP I 86, P 26, EI 248, F I 1O2, WH I 31-2, Vr. 4-
5, Fs. 34, 4O, EWA I 171-4, Vn. A 57, Mn. 16-7, Ho. 3, 83-4, KM 16-7 ll A ''alV- ({DQA} 'i_olc)
'food' > T 'al 'food' > NaT 'as > OT as, Tk as, Tkm, ET, CrTt, Qmq, QrB, VTt, Bsh, Qrg, Alt as, Nog,
Qzq, Qq, Xk as, Tv a's, Yk as id., Uz os 'hot food', Az as 'porridge, gruel (iama), pilau', Ggz
as - as 'fodder' On the ev. of Tkm and Yk, the NaT vw. 'a was short [ Cl., Sev. ('a), DT (half-
long 'a)] ET Gl 21O-2, Rs. W 29-3O, DTS 61-2, Cl. 253, Rl. I 583-6, DHST 189, DT 82, Vl. I 38, Jeg.
38 Ko al 'seed, grain, corn Rm. SKE 6-7 ? M 'ol- > WrM {MED} ol, HlM ' n 'food', Brt n, Kl
' n 'nutritiousness', {Rm.} ol 'strkende Speise', Ord , Mnr E {MYC} ol 'nutritiousness, food'
The pM origin of the word is doubtful because of its strange phonetic shape (monosyllabic noun
without final vw., not typical for pM) and its absence from MM sources; one of possible sources is
T 'ol 'fresh' ( 'fresh\nutitious grass') MED 633, KRS 413, KW 29, Chr. 499, Ms. O 53O , MYC
541 ? Tg 'uli- 'feed' > Ewk uli-, Lm, Nn Nh uli-, WrMc ulcbu- id. STM II 26O S AJ 186, 285,
SDM97 (A 'clu 'seed, grain, food') DQA #32 [A 'alV 'fresh crops, germinated seeds' > T 'ji_,al
'food' + unc. : M 'alir-su (> Kl alsn 'chaff', HlM alirs 'blue-berry') and Tg 'clu > Ewk slu- v. 'hatch'];
qu. : DQA #641 [pA 'i_olc 'food' > T 'ji_,al, 'ji_,al-a 'food', M 'ol 'food', Tg 'uli- 'feed'] ll It is
tempting to adduce (after IS I) D 'al(-av-) > Klm lav 'fat', Tm al 'strength',
Gnd lav, Kn ala(vu/i) 'power, strength', Tl alavu, alavi id., lavu 'strength, fatness',
Knd alvi 'energy', lavu 'much' (D #291). But the D stem belongs here only if the meaning 'fat' (as in
Klm and Tl) is the original one, which is doubtful ^ Cf. IS I 259-6O: HS (S, Or, B), IE, A (T, Ko), D
Gr. II #33O ('al 'seed') [untenable].
35. '?uhjV,lV 'hut' > HS: S ''?uhja,l- 'tent, hut, family' (- '?ahja,l- ?) > Hb '?ohcl 'tent', pl. ?`ha'lim,
Ug hl {A} 'Zelt, Wohnung', {OLS} 'tienda, mansin', Amr {G} ?ahlum 'tent, house', JA {Lv.} el1e9a1
?oh"'l-a, {Js.} el1e0a1 ?oh`'l-a, JEA {Sl.} al1e76&a ?oh'l-a 'tent', Sr hai yi'hal, em. oha yah'l-a 'gens,
caterva (hominum)', Nbt ?hlt?, Ar ?ahl-, pl. ?ahl-una 'people who live in the same tent' 'family,
household, people', Tmd ?hl, ?l 'tent, family, clan', Sf ?l, Lh ?hl id., Ak alu (< '?ahlu) 'Ortschaft,
Stadt'; S 1 Eg N ihr, (EgSSc) {Hlk.} ?a-hi-l 'nomads tent' DRS 1O-1, KB 18-9, KBR 19, A #1O4, OLS
15, Sl. 86, G A 13, BK I 65-6, Brn. ITh 511, Brn. TTPh 16O, BGMR 3, EG I 119, Hlk. 11, SivCR 78; the
vw. a of the first syll. (in Ak, Ug, Ar and Sr) is probably due to the infl. of 'h SC: Irq {MQK}
?isaq" (pl. ?iscri) 'watch hut in the field', {E} isaq 'out-structure, hut or shelter away from house',
? SC 1 Mb asa?u 'calf hut' E SC 285 (s.v. '?aasa), MQK 58 ?? WCh: pAG 'lu 'hut', {Hf.}
'compound' > Gmy {Hf.} lu id., Su {J} lu 'Htte, Raum', Mnt {J} lu, Ang lu, Cp {Kr.) lI 'hut, house',
Kfr {Nt.} lu 'house', Mpn {Frz.} lu 'house, hut, room' J S 73, ChL, Hf. AG 21 [#135] (pAG
'compound'), Nt. 25, Frz. M 34 ll E: MEl ul-hi 'Wohnstatt, Tempel' HK 1216-7 ll D 'ul 'house, in,
inside' > Prj olc(I) 'house', Gdb ulc, Gnd ron - lon id., Knd lo?o/i 'inside', Krx ula 'inner room; in,
inside', Mlt ulc 'inside, within', Brh ura 'house, wife'; Tm ul, Ml ullu 'inside', Td u 'the inside' D
#698 ll ?? A ''ulV: ? T 'oouul 'inside' > {Cl.} os, OT {DTS} us 'the heart\centre (qalb) of tree-
trunk, branch or horn', {MKD} os 'core (tree, branch, horn)' Cl. 255, DTS 617, MKD 49 ?? M
'uj:,lus 'tribe, population' > MM [S] ulus 'Volk, Stamm, Staat', WrM ulus, HlM uls 'people, nation; state,
20
kingdom, empire; dynasty', Mnr H luss 'peuple, tat, contre' MED 873-4, H 163, Kow. 4O3, SM
228; the M stem may belong here only if the final element '-(u)s can be explained.
36. ? ''?uljg,a 'cold (Klte)' > IE: NaIE 'alg"- 'cold', 'alg"-c/os- n. 'cold, frost' ({EI} ? 'h_clg"- 'cold')
> L alg-or 'frost, cold', alg-c- v. 'freeze, feel cold', alg-idus adj. 'cold' || pGmc 'algiz (< 'alg"-cs-) > ON
gen. sg. clgiar, Ic clgur 'Schneegestber mit starkem Frost, halbgeschmolzener Schnee', 'snow-drift'
P 32, EI 113, WH I 29, Vr. 1OO ll HS: ECh: Bdy {AlJ} ?olga n. 'froid', ?ol (pl. ?olov) 'refroidir',
EDng {Fd.} ola 'froid', olc 'rafrachir', Jg {J} ?olan 'cold' J J 116, AlJ 1O4, 145, Fd. 4O, JI II 8O-1
?? S 'vlg > Sr W {Br.} gle a ?avlcg 'frigidus, jejunus evasit', but acc. to PS, the word means
'fatuus, insipitus factus est' Br. 3O1, PS 65 ll A {AD} 'uli-, {SDM94, SDM95} 'ulV > T 'uli- v.
'freeze, congeal' > OT [MhK] 'usi- 'be very cold, shiver with cold', MQp usi- 'be cold', [CC] 'be
frozen', Tk usu- v. 'suffer from cold', Az, QrB, Qrg, ET usu-, Tkm usc-, usi-, VTt isi- id.
[1 Chv v+s- v. 'blow' (of a cold wind)?], Nog usi- v. 'get frost-bitten', Qq, Qzq us(i)- v. 'freeze,
suffer from cold', StAlt, Tv uzu- v. 'freeze, become stiff with cold' Cl. 256-7, Rs. W 52, ET Gl
644, DTS 628, BT 171 M ''uliu- (not attested in the available M sources) 1 Yk ului_- 'frieren'
Rm. SKE 73, Klz. MJ 121, Rs. W 523 Tg 'ulan 'patch of water on ice, nanc(; glade, nonin) ' >
Ewk ulan id., Neg olan, Ul ula(n-), Nn ola 'unfrozen patch of water in an icebound river' STM 258
SDM97 (A 'ulV v. 'freeze') and DQA #2519 (A 'ulic 'to freeze' > T, Tg) consider Yk ului_- to be
an inherited T word and hence have to reconstruct pT variants: 'uli--'uli- (without explaining
the variation); Rm. (SKE 73) adduces Ko iriril-tol- v. 'tremble, shiver' [to be rejected as ideophonic].
37. '?am'o jrV, 'morning, daylight' > HS '?mr 'morning, daylight' ( N '?'omrE vi. 'burn, shine;
dawn', q.v. ffd.) > C {AD} '?mr 'morning, dawn' > Ag {E} '?amvr- 'morning' > Bln {R} amori, Q
{R} amorc 'morning, tomorrow', Xm {R} amir, Xm T {CR} amor 'tomorrow', 1 Gz ?amir 'sun, day,
time', Gft aymvra, Grg imir, yimsr 'sun' | SC: ? Irq {Wh.} omar 'previously', and ?? SC {E} 'ama 'night'
(acc. to E PC; the representation in individual lgs. is not indicated) AD SF 132-3, E PC #453, L G
26, Wh. SI ll IE '?Lam(c)r / '?Lam-n- ({EI} 'hcHmcr ) 'day' ( N '?'omrE) > Gk: Hm )o, gen. )ot-o),
D/AC )oo, -oto) id. - Gk A co 'day' (initial h- on the analogy of cotco 'evening') 'day' ||
Arm ayr avr 'day' (< 'au_mr < 'amur < 'amor), gen. avur P 35, EI 149 (unjustified morphemic
border: 'hcH-mcr), F I 634-5, Ch. 412, Slt. 4O9-411, Hamp AA ll ? U {IS} 'amo > FP
''amV/'oma 'morning, early' > ? F aamu " ahmu 'morning', eF [Agr.] amu - aamu, Krl oamu. uamu id., Vp
amu 'long ago' (the length of the initial vw. and dialectal h are innovations due to unknown
factors), Er umoI 'long ago' possibly FL 'amrV > F aurinIo 'sun', Lp T avr 'flame' Coll. 2, Coll. CG
4O5 (U 'oma), IS I 261, UEW 337-8, UEW 8O4-5, SSA I 46 ^ Cf. AD LRC #73: [IE, HS (C & Gz), U]; IS
MS 37O & IS I 26O-1 (both: HS, IE, U).
38. '?amV (= 'hamV?) dem. prn. ('iste'?), 'now' > HS: S '?ham- > Ak A ammiu 'that, jener' (f.
ammitum), amma 'voil', OAr T/SA ?am-, Ar D ?am-, Ar NY NE ?am-, m-, Ar NY T ?am- - m- " ?im-, Hmr
{Blv.} ?am- df. art.., ? IA hn 'this' Sd. 43-4, Sd. G 47 [ 45.2], Br. G I 317 [ 1O7e], Bns. NJ I 64
[map #24] & II 33, Blv. XJ 116-7, Kfl. I 74, HJ 287-8 EC: Af {PH} ama 'istud' (= 'that [thing] near
you'), Sa {R} a'ma 'dieser, jener' (= 'iste'?), Or {Grg., Th.} amma, Or S a(m)ma 'now' PH 9, R S II 84,
Grg. 16, Sr. 263, Th. 18, Sr. 263 ll K 'ama- 'this' > G ama-/am- 'this', Mg amu-, Lz (h)amu- id., Sv
ama-s dat. 'to that', ama-v 'here, so far' K
1
44, K
2
2-3 (K considers the stem to be compound
of 'a- and '-ma-) ll A: NaT 'am + -ti (> 'amti, 'amdi, 'amdi) 'now' ( 'in this'?), ? 'am 'now' > OT
am-ti 'now', Tv, Tf amdi, ET amdi, Alt {Rl.}, StAlt, Qrg cmdi, Alt {GAJ} amdi, Ln amdc-amdi, Shor,
21
Xk, Sg {Rl.}, Tv am, Tv , Tf amdi 'now' Rs. W 18, Cl. 157-8, DTS 42, ET Gl 357-8, Rl. I 643, BT 191,
TvR 56, Ra. 154 Cl. supposes that am is a contraction of 'am-ti (Cl. 157-8); amti (> amdi) and
amdi (> cmdi) may be two synharmonistic variants [progressive vs. regr. as (vowel harmony) in a
bi-morphemic word] On the other hand, T ''cmdi may be connected with pKo 'ima- (> NKo
ima-oI) 'lately, nowadays', pJ 'ima 'now' (> OJ ima, J T ima) and possibly with Tg 'imc- 'fresh, new'
(> Ewk imsIin, Nn B imIi(n-), Nn KU imsIi id., Neg imsxin, Ork imsv, imsu 'fresh', Ud imsxi 'new'); in
this case it goes back to A {DQA} 'imc 'now' (DQA #599, STM I 314) ll E: MEl, NEl, AchEl a-am,
am 'now' HK 48 ^ If IA hn belongs here, the N initial cs. is 'h-, otherwise it is '?-, i.e. '?h- ('h- is not
ruled out, since in grammatical morphemes pN and pS 'h- may yield Ar ?-).
39. Ll ? '?cmA 'mother' > HS: S '?imm- id. (pl. '?imma'h-at-) > Hb Ma4 '?cm / -m`a5
?imm- (?im'm-i 'my mother'), pl. ?imma'hot, Ph ?m, Ug m '?umm-, pl. mht, Amr {G}
?umm-um - ?imm-um, JA, Sr ?im'm-a, JEA {Sl.} am`1ia5 ?im'ma, Ar ?umm-, Lh '?umm-, OSA ?m, pl. ?mht, Gz
?om, Mh h-am, indf. ?cm, Hrs h-am, Jb C '?cm, Sq {L} ?cm- +ppas., Gz ?omm, pl. ?ommat, Ak ummu(m)
KB 59, OLS 34, DRS 22-3, Sl. 116-7, G A 14, Jo. M 5, Jo. H 2, Jo. J 3, L G 22, L LS 62, Sd. 1416-7; the
variant with u is due to the ass. infl. of mm B 'yimma 'my mother' > Kb {Dl.}, Snd {La.} yomma,
BMn {Ds.} ycmma, Jrb {Bs.}, Gd {Lf.} yomma-imma, Izn {Ds.} ycmma-imma, Mtmt {Ds.} yimma, BSn
imma {Bs.} id., {Ds} 'mother', Rf {Bi.} imma id., SrSn/Grr {Bs.}, Kb Z {Bs.} imma 'my mother'; the form
'yimma may go back to 'y- 'my' + '?immV 'mother' Dl. 921, Ds. B 219, Bi. R 86, Lf. II #O95O C: ?
HEC {Hd.} 'ama > Brj a'ma-a'ma 'mother, woman, wife', Ged/Sd/Alb {Hd.} ama, Hd {Hd.} ama, amo?o
'mother', ama(ti) 'mater familias', Kmb {Hd.} amata, amayyc voc. 'mother' || SC: Irq/Grw {Wh.} ama
'old woman', Irq {MQK} ?ama id., 'grandmother, wife', ? Irq {Wh.} amcni 'woman' Hd. 1O2, Ss. B
25-6, Wh. IC 26, MQK 13 ? Ch (here unless an independent Ll ) : CCh: Mrg ama, Klb ama, Wmd
tma 'mother' | ECh: Ke ama 'mother' (address word) ChC, ChL, Eb. 26 This N is the most
probable source of the fem. ending of pronouns in B, Eg and Ch: HS 'IV-m 'thee, thy' f. > B {Pr.}
'Iamm 'thou' f. > Tw I+m id. (Ah {Fc.} Iom, Ty/ETwl I+mm 'thou' [aut. prn.], I+m [preverbal]), Kb
momm, Zng {Ai.} Ium - Iom, Shl Iimi, Si som, Tmz som, Iommin; B {Pr.} '-(i-)I-am 'thee' f. > Tw {Pr.}
'-I+m - '-im id., Ty/ETwl {GhA} -I+m - -im, Kb, Shl -Iom, Zng Iom - -m, Si -im, Tmz -iIom, -sm, Wrg
-som; pB {Pr.} '-om - '-i-m 'thy' f. possessoris > Tw {Pr.} -om - -im, Ty/ETwl {GhA} -(o)m - -cm, Kb, Zng,
Shl, Si, Tmz, Wrg -m; B {Pr.} 'ha-m 'to thee (f.)' > Ah {Pr.} ham id. (preverbal), -am id. (postverbal),
Ty, ETwl am, Kb, Wrg -(i)am, Shl, Si, Tmz -am id. Pr. M I-III 164-7, 173-9, Fc. 8O7, GhA 93, Dl. 4O4,
AiM 215-7 Eg: OEg enclitic f. marker -m: cm 'thou' f. cv m.; aut. pronouns: cmt 'thou' f.
cvt 'thou' m. Ed. 166-7, 172 Ch '-m (marker of f.) in 'IVm 'thee' f. > Ngz {Sch.} IIm, Bd
gsm, Bdm {Lk.} -gcm id., Ch 'IVm > Bdm {Lk.} -'gum 'thy' f. possessoris AD PPN 71-3, 122 ll U
{UEW} 'cma 'mother, female' > F cma 'female, mother, womb', cmanta 'Hausmutter, Wirtin',
cmasiIa 'sow', Es cma 'mother, womb', pLp {Lr.} 'cmc 'womb' > Lp S {Hs.} |icmic yicmic id., Lp N {N}
'bmc, m-: mcst 'von der Geburt an', mc-lii'Ic 'die Haut des neugeborenen Kindes' || OHg
cmc 'female (animal), Hg cmc (acc. cmct) 'sow' Sm {Jn.} 'cma, {Hl.} 'cmc 'mother' > Ne T {Lh.}
ncb_c, StNe T nc6 , Ne F Ny ncmc, En X c, (+ ppa. of 1s) cb_o, Ng {Cs.} namc | Slq: Tz {Prk.} smI,
LTz {KD} ama, Tur smI 'mother'| Koyb {Pl.} nxa(, Mt {Hl.} 'EmE (poss. forms 'imaa-) id. (Mt T
{Mll.} cmc`, cmmc` id., Mt M {Pl.} nxxc(a 'his mother', nxax 'my mother') pY {IN} 'cmcy 'mother' >
OY: K {Bil.} amca, {Kl.} axcn, Ch {Mat.} cxc 'mother', O {Mat.} cxox '[my] mother'; Y K {IN} cmcy
'mother', cmmc 'mammy' (address) UEW 74, Sm. 536 (U, FU, Sm 'cma), Jn. 23, Lr. #228, Lgc.
22
#1735, Hs. 781, Hl. M #64, IN 217, 299, Rd. UJ 35 [#8] (Y A U} ll A {DQA} A 'cmc 'woman,
female', {AD} 'mother, woman, female' > T 'ama 'mother, female' ( 'old woman') > Az ama
'grandmother', Qrg {Jud.} cmc, Alt cmcgcn 'old woman', Qmd {Rl.} cmcgcn 'old woman, wife', Tlt {Rl.}
amaan 'Mtterchen' (address to an old woman), Chv ama 'mother, female, old woman' S AJ
196 [#246], Rs. W 42, ET Gl 22O-2, Jeg. 25, Fed. I 38-9, Rl. I 948-9 M 'cmc 'woman, female' > MM
cmc, cmc guun 'woman, wife; female (animal)', WrM cmc id., HlM cm 'woman', Brt cmc id., WrO
cmc 'woman, female, lady', Dx sms(Iun), Dg {T} cmcg, {Mr.} cmchc, {Pp.} cmcg 'wife', {T} cmgun, {Pp.}
cmgu'n, Ba sms (Iuq) 'woman', Mnr H {SM} imu in _ara imu ("black woman"), ritual name given by a
girl to herself in front of her parents the day of her marriage S AJ 238 [#1O6], T BJ 152, T DnJ
144, T DgJ 139, SM 192, Klz. D I 129, H 43, Ms. H 54, Pp. MA 153-4 Tg 'cm'c 'mother, woman,
female' > Ewk smugds 'female elk', Sln {Iv.} c'mo 'mother', cmi'gc 'wife', Nn KU smxs 'mother-in-law',
WrMc {Z} cmc 'mother', cmxc 'wife's mother', cmcIc 'husband's mother', Mc Sb {Mrm.} cmc 'mother',
cm_c 'Schwiegermutter', cmhc 'wife's mother' S AJ 221 [#221], STM 451-2, Klz. MS 157-8 MKo
{S, Vv.} omi 'mother', {Vv.} cma-:nim id.; less likely pKo {S} 'amh 'woman, wife, female' > MKo
am / amh-, NKo am id. Vv. AEN 372, S AJ 89, 256 [#135], SDM97, S QK #135 OJ omo 'mother'
Vv. AEN 372, JdH 164 S AJ 279 [#112], DQA #428 (incl. T, M, Tg, pK 'amh) ^ Words shaped
as a(m)ma in individual IE lgs. [OHG amma 'nutrix, nurse', ON amma 'nun', Al G 'amc 'mother', Dv.
47O [#423], Kf. 39, O 4, EWA I 2O5-6), El (OEl/MEl/NEl/AchEl) am-ma 'mother' (HK 51-3) and D
'amma, [GS} 'am- 'mother' (> Tm amma, Ml, Kn, Tl, Tu amma, Klm amma, Brh amma 'mother', Knd
ama 'grandmother', Png, Mnd, Kui ama 'father's sister', Ku amma 'aunt' ( D #183, GS 1O8 [#28O]),
OJ E {Vv. JdH} amo 'mother' (Vv. AEN 372, JdH 49)] are unlikely to belong here, they are better
explained as independent Ll-creations ^ AD NM #116, S CNM 3 ( Yn and err. ST), Vv. AEN 7 ^
Gr. II #43O ('cmc 'woman') [U, Y, A, Ko, Gil, CK + unc. OJ mc 'woman'].
4O. '?cmV 'to seize, hold' ( 'to take') > HS: Eg fOK :mm v. 'seize, grasp' (EG: 'mit der Faust
ergreifen'), - Eg fXVIII :mm.t 'Griff, Faust', {Fk.} n. 'grasp' EG I 1O-1, Fk. 3 B 'Hmiy > Sll ami v.
'hold\contain' (of a recipient), 3s pf. i_umi (Pcj. I A 3) Ds. 74, Pr. M VI-VII 96 ?? C: Bj {Rop.}
-?amit, {R} -?amit (1s: p. a-?a'mit, prs. {R} a-?am'mit, {Rop.} '?ammit) v. 'grip, grasp' (rf. {R} -?amat 'an
sich nehmen, nehmen': p. 1s a-?amat, prs. 1s a-t-j?,a'mit), {R} m?amat 'fist',
{Rop.} ma?'mat 'fistful' || HEC: Sd {Gs., Mrn., C} amad- v. 'catch, hold, seize, take', Hd
{PB} amad- 'fassen, nehmen', Kmb {C} amad- v. 'take' R WBd 19, Rop. 15O, Gs. 12, PB 135, C SE II
189, C S 656, Mrn. S s.v. amad- ? Om: SOm {Fl.}: Dm tm-, Hm, Ari B im- 'give' || NrOm: Kf {C}
im- - cm-, Mch {L} ?immi-, Wl {LmS} imm-, Zr/Cha {C} im-, Gm {Hw.} ?imo-, Ym {Wdk.} ima`- id. Fl.
OO 318, C SE IV 39O, L M 16, LmS 286-7, Hw. EG s.v. 'give', Wdk. BY 126 Ch {Stl.} '?Vm- 'catch,
seize', {JS} '?am 'take' > CCh: Tr {Nw.} om 'catch', ZmB ?am {J} 'take', {Sa.} 'steal', ?? Msg
{Mch.} ima v. 'seize', {Lk.} imc, imc 'fangen, ergreifen, nehmen' || ECh: Ll {Cp.} om v. 'hold', Kbl
{Cp.} am 'catch', Mkl {J} ?ambc v. 'take' Stl. IF 123, JS 261, ChC ll IE ''?cm-/''?,m-/ {Mn.}
'm- (< '?m-) v. 'take, get' ({EI} 'hcm- 'take', 'distribute') ( N 'q'amV 'to grasp, seize' N
'HoNVmV 'take hold of) > L cm- v. 'take' (only in cds. ), v. 'buy', pfc. cmsi (< 'cm-, cp. Lt c'miau 'I
bought'), Osc PERT-EMEST 'perimet', PER-EMUST 'perceperit',
Um cmantu(r) 'accipiantur' || OIr cm- in ar-fo-cm- v. 'take, receive' || Lt im-u, im-ti v. 'take', Ltv |cmu 'I
take', Pru imt 'to take' | Sl '|c-ti / '(|)im-o 'take' ( NaIE 'ycm-/'ym- < N 'nam'U 'to squeeze, seize')
> OCS uma im-o / m:u|cti ['|im- with prosthetic '|- (encouraged by the contamonation with NaIE
23
'ycm-/'ym-), the stem 'im- being preserved in cds. , e.g. v5z6m0 v+z-im-o 'I (shall) take'], SCr Ch |cti,
Slv |cti, P |ac; - Sl '|imati > OCS umomi imami 'I have', SCr imati, Slv |cmati, Cz |imati, Slk mat`,
|imat`, P imac, R nxar, Uk ) xarn; Sl '|imcti > OCS, OR um1:u imcti (1s prs. um1m imc|o) 'have', R
n) xcr, Slv imcti, Cz miti, P micc || ?? Arm iman- iman- v. 'understand' (Mn. connects it with
IE 'cm-, while Solta hesitantly proposes a different et.) ?? Ht vcmiya- - umiya- 'finden, treffen,
antreffen' (so acc. to Ped. H and P) P 31O-1, WP I 2O7, EI 564 (why 'distribute'?), Mn. 24O,
WH I 4OO-2, Bc. G 333, Frn. 184-5, En. 184, Vs. II 128, ESSJ VI 71, Glh. 276, Slt. 91-2, Ped. H 82,
135, Ts. W 1O4-5 The zero-grade ''?m- is probably represented by the pp. '?m-to-s or
'?,m-to-s (> L cmtus, Um cms, Lt imtas, Pru imta f., OCSm:+|ct+). The fact that the initial IE lr. in
precons. position #_C has not yielded 'o, but rather a "schwa secundum" ', or even a zero,
suggests that this is IE '?-ll K: ?? Lz {Marr} -m- (msd. m-o-m-ala) v. 'carry, bring' Marr 164 ll U: FU
(in Prm only) 'cj:,mV > pPrm 'cm ({ LG} 'cm) 'there is' > Z yx cm, Yz 'im 'there is, exists', Z
cm, cmlun, cmbur 'goods, property' LG 332, Lt. 134, Lt. J 119 Contamination with FU 'omV 'own'
(UEW 717) is possible ^ Cf. AD LRC #72 (IE, HS + U), IS I 27O (HS, IE, K) Gr. II #381 ('amu
'take') [IE + err. U (< N ''qamTV 'to give'), A].
41. ?? '?'omV 'kin, clan, everybody' > HS: S '?umm-(at-) 'kin, clan' > BHb em`1a8 ?um'm-a 'tribe,
small group of people', pl. ?um'm-ot, ?um'm-im, Ug mt, ?ummat- 'kin, clan (?)', Sr ?um(m)o'ta, Ar
?umm-at- (pl. ?umam-) {Fr.} 'coetus, multitudo, gens, familia viri, populus', {BK} 'assemble, foule;
famille; peuple, nation', Ak umman-um 'people, army', {Sd.} 'Menschenmenge, Herd, Arbeitsgruppe',
ummat-um 'Hauptmasse' KB 6O, KBR 62, Grd. UT 36O [#225], Hnr. 1O7, Fr. I 57, BK I 52, G OA 45,
Sd. 1413-5, DRS 23 C: EC: Af umman 'all, every', ummat 'inhabitants, populace', Sa {R}
um'man 'totalit, Gesamtheit' R S II 283, PH 2O4 This N may be the source of '-Vm-plural in
several C lgs: EC: Dsn -am - -am, ending of pl. of nouns and adjectives (damad-am pl. of damaddi
'thigh', ?oqor-am pl. of oqor 'black', alc-am pl. of ?alcu 'fighting-stick'); Arr -mc - -ma, sx. of
"multiple refernce plural" (daIal-mc - pl. of daIal 'cheek', dcbi-ma - pl. of dcbi 'cabbage') || ??? SC:
Irq -cmo sx. of pl. (daqgcmo 'twins' - pl. of daqgi 'twin') For further details see Zab. MNPC To.
DL 86-9, Hw. A 166-72, Mous 47, 58-9 ll ?? IE '?Hom- 'every' > L omnis id., Osc umbn- 'omnis' || Arm
amn amcn, gen. ameni amcni 'all' [ OI sa'mah 'equal, like', Av hama- 'jeder beliebige', Gk oo- in
oo (Gk A oo) 'somewhere, other', Gt sums, AS sum 'irgend einer', NE somc] Slt. 269-270,
WH I 2O9-1O Pv. II 373-81 convincingly rejects the adduction of Ht humant- 'every, each, all'
Ped. H 165 ? NaIE '-om, sx. of genitivus pl. (e.g. with '-o-stems: Vd carath-am 'der beweglichen',
Gk uk-ev, OHG volf-o, Lt vilI-u, OCS aa+k+ vl+I-+ 'of wolves', L dcum 'of gods'; with '-n-stems and
'-r-stems: OI sun-am, Gk kuv-ev 'of dogs', L homin-um 'of men', Lt aImcn-u. OCS komcu+ Iamcn-+ 'of
stones', Gt tuggon-o, OHG zungon-o 'of tongues'; in several lgs. the ending '-om was lengthened due
to metanalysis: OI -nam, L -orum (OI vrIanam, L luorum 'of wolves') Brg. KVG 394-5 486-7
and the table "bersichttabelle zur nominalen Kasusbildung" after p. 398; Bks. 113-7, 173 ll ?? U
''oma > Mk u'ma 'pen, enclosure for cattle' Sm: Slq Tz {Hl.} omI 'tous les autres, ocrannic',
{KKIH} omI 'ncioropin, ocrannon', omInc 'a relative' PI 284, Hl. (p.c.), KKIH 145 ll A: NaT
'oba 'clan, extended family, dwelling place of such a unit, small encampment or large tent' [ N
'?o bV (= '?ohbV?) 'clan', q.v. ffd.] M 'omug - 'obug 'clan' ( N '?o bV) > MM [S] oboh 'family', WrM
obuy-omuy 'clan, tribe, family, surname', HlM obog-omog id., Ord omoq, WrO omoq 'family', Mnr H
omog 'nom de clan, nom de famille' H 12O, Krg. 115, MED 598, 611 ll D (in SD) '-um 'all', a
24
morpheme used as a final component of cds. and frame constructions: Tm clla-m 'everything,
everybody', clla- + case sxs. + -um, clla ... -um 'all, everybody' (e.g. clla manitarIaluIIum 'to all
people'), caIala + case sx. + -um 'all, tous' (e.g. acc. caIalattiyum, dat. caIalattuIum) (An. TL 23, An.
GTJ 96-8), interr. prn. + -um have the meaning of 'every-': yavum 'everything', yavaium 'all,
whole', yarum 'everybody', cvatum 'everything', Ml -(u)m 'all, any' (e.g. cn'n'um 'anywhere', cp.
cn'n'u 'where'), Td -m 'all, any' (e. g. ctm 'in any direction', cp. ct 'in which direction?'), Kn -m (e.g.
cttam 'wheresoever, cp. ctta 'where?') D #5151 ^ This may be the origin of the HS marker of pl.
m. '-um-'im in personal pronouns and pronominal sxs. of 2pm and 3pm (S '?antim - 'antum 'you' pl.
m., '-Ium - 'Iim 'you' acc. pl. m., 'yours' pl. m., 'sum - 'sim 'they' pl. m., '-sum - '-sim 'them,
their' pl. m., C: Ag: Bln {R} Ium 'you' acc. pl. m., Hs Ium 'yours' pl. m.) and of the D marker of pl.
'-m in pl. 'nim 'you' pl. (cp. 'ni 'you' sg.), 'nam 'we incl., 'yam 'we' excl. (Zv. CDM 36-44).
42. ?? ''?amga 'dry, thirst(y)', (?) 'dry by heat of the sun' > HS: S: Ar ?mg 'to be thirsty': pf.
aMi ?amiga 'be thirsty', UMa ?amag- 'thirst; excessive heat (of weather)' Fr. I 58 EC: pSam
{Hn.} ''angcg 'dry' > Sml cngcg-, Bn ancg 'dry', Rn angaga 'be dry, dry out\up' || SC: Irq {MQK}
agc-q" 'dry season', Alg {MousK} cgc, Brn {MousK} agcq id. On C 'hgg '(be) dry' cf. N 'XagV 'dry,
hard' Ss. B 82, 169, Bl. 183, Hn. S 5, PG 65, Hw. A 361-2, R WB 189, AD SF 256, Ap. 12, To. DL
5OO, Blz. CL 177, Blz. SCL s.v. 'dry' ll ? A: WrM aqga-, HlM ania- 'be dry', gazar aqga-qu 'for the soil to
dry out' (unless identical with WrM aqga 'be thirsty', which is from M 'qaqgqa (> MM [S]
{H} haqqa- v. 'be thirsty', Dg {Mr.} hanIc- 'get thirsty, need water', hanIa 'male a person go witgout
water, parch, make thirsty') MED 43, H 74, Pel. 2O3, Mr. D 156 ^ Qu. because of the uncertainty
of the supposed M cognate.
43. '?amPV 'hyena, (?) wolf' > HS: EC '?ajm,P- id. > Sd {Gs.} amboma, nom. ambomi id. Gs. 14
CCh: Nz {Mch.} yaqba 'dog' ChC ll U (att. in Ugr only) 'amV 'dog' > OHg XVI cbcI |abcI|, Hg
cb 'dog' | pObU 'amV 'dog' > pVg 'amV > Vg: T am, LK/MK/OK om, Ss am 'dog'; pOs
'am > Os: V/Vy am, Nz/Kz am, O a'm 'dog' UEW 836, MF 137, Ht. 126 [#33].
44. '?'omrE vi. 'burn, shine, be bright; dawn' > HS: [1] HS '?mr ( N '?am'o jrV, 'morning,
daylight'): B ''vmr > Ah ommar 'le soleil, le feu, tout corps en combustion qui chauffe une
distance; chaleur rayonne', +sammor 'rayons du soleil chauffant doucement', Ty, ETwl
as+sammor id., Rf summar 's'ensoleiller, se mettre au soleil', Izd asammor 'sunny side of a
mountain', SrSn, Izn sa-mmor id., Oamiri 'moon-light' Fc. 1223, Rn. 385, GhA 131, Mrc. 237 C
{AD} '?mr 'morning, dawn' (see N '?am'o jrV, 'morning, daylight') Other alleged cognates
within HS (S '?mr v. 'see, be seen', etc., as well as some Ch, Eg and B words), adduced by IS (I 26O-
1), are semantically and phonetically unfit for comparison ll IE '?Lam(c)r / '?Lam-n ({EI} 'hchmcr)
'day' ( N '?am'o jrV, '', q.v. ffd.) ll ? U: FP 'umrV 'fire, flame' > Chr um+r 'warm\calm' (of weather),
Chr B um+r 'warm und ruhig', Prm 'u'mir- > Vt G omIr 'flame', StVt oxip 'heat (from a stove)', StVt
rin oxip, Vt Y tIl-omIr 'flame' (rin tIl 'fire'), Vt Uf tIl omIrc 'das Feuer lodert auf', Z Imrav-nI, ImIrt-nI,
Z UV Imral- 'blaze (as a stove), emit heat (nixar, nc) r rcnnox)' UEW 8O4, LG 329, U3S 32O
possibly FL 'amrV > F aurinIo 'sun', Lp T avr 'flame' ( N '?am'o jrV,, q.v. ffd.) ll A {DQA} 'obric {AD}
'be bright, shine' ( N '?ujv,rV 'light (lux), fire' N '_'avja,rE (or '_avErV) 'bright, white', q.v.) >
NaT 'uruq - 'Evruq 'white' > OT, Yk uruq id., Chg XV cvruq 'shining, bright; clear weather', MU
uruq 'bright, clear', MQp XIII {Cl.} urun, {TL} urun 'milk', Tk urun 'milk, yoghurt', ? Qrg
uruq baraq 'morning twilight, dawn; sth. dimly seen in the dark' Cl. 233-4, TL 6O1, S AJ 193
25
[#19O] M {DQA} 'ovr 'dawn' > MM [MA] ur or or 'aurore', WrM {MED} ur, {Gl.} or, HlM ur,
Ord, Kl or 'dawn, daybreak', WrO or 'morning, dawn, daybreak', Mnr H or 'aube du jour' Pp. MA
382, MED 1O1O, S AJ 243 [#216], Krg. 147, SM 294, KW 298 Tg 'jx,oru > Ewk orumna- v. 'flame
up (ncnixnyr)' (of fire) Vas. 327, STM II 25 DQA #158O (A 'obric 'dawn'), S AJ 288 (A 'orV
'white, light [hell], dawn'); KW 298, Rs. W 375, SDM97 s.v. 'orE 'white, dawn' (all four sources: T,
M).
45. ''?omsa 'flesh, meat' > U {Coll.} 'omsa id. > pLp {Lr.} 'oncc 'flesh' > Lp S {Hs.} oadd|ic, Lp N
{N} oa'c, Lp Kld {TI} vu_sn:c, Lp T {TI} vI_sn:cc id. Sm {Jn.} '+msa, {Hl.} '+msa 'meat, flesh'
> Ne T ax:a, Ne O {Lh.} qamca, Ne F {Lh.} qamsao, Ng {Mik.} qsmsu, En X {Cs.} uda, B {Ter.} ossa
'meat', Mt {Hl.} 'amsa - 'absa 'meat, body' (Mt: T {Sp.} anca 'flesh\meat', K/M {Mll.} amsa 'caro'), Slq
Tz {KKIH} asI 'food' Coll. 1O4, Sm. 542 (FU 'onsa 'flesh; hind' > FP 'onsa, Ugr 'anca), Lr.
#835, TI 762, Jn. 15 (believes that Sm '+msa 'meat' is d from '+m- 'to meat'), KP 16O, KKIH 1OO,
Hl. M #36, UEW 133 (Lp from 'oca - 'onca 'to divide') ll HS: ? S: Ar ?amis-, ?amis- 'pickled raw
meat; veal jelly' Fr. I 59, BK I 55 The emphaticity of the final cns. defies explanation Eg fXVIII
sms 'piece of beef' (IS: partial rdp. of ':ms?) EG IV 141 I do not adduce here ( IS) the NrOm
word for 'cow' (Kf {C} minco, etc.) because the sibilant\affricate element belongs probably to a
nominal sx. [singulative?] - cp. Kf {C} mimo 'cow', Lm. Sh 355. For similar morphological (and
semantic) reasons I reject the alleged Or cognate {Th} ammci_sa 'milch cow' " Or B {Vnt.} amcssa 'un
animale che ha latte e che dato in prestito a chi non ha cibo' (Vnt. 8, Th. 18) ll IE: NaIE 'mcms-
'meat' (< ''?mcms- [reduplicated stem]), {EI} ''mc(m)s (gen. 'mcm's-os) > OI mam''sa-, 'mas 'flesh,
meat' || Arm mis mis id. || pAl 'misa > Al mish id. || Gt mimz id. || Pru mcnsa, Lt Zh mcisa (Frn.: < 'mcnsa),
Ltv micsa id. | Sl 'mcso id. > OCS matemcso, SCr mcso, P micso, R 'x co || L mcmbrum 'limb' (<
'mcms-ro-) || OIr mir 'piece of meat, mouthful, food' (< 'mcms-ro-) || Tc B misa 'meat, flesh' P 725,
EI 374-5, WH II 64-5, Fs. 361, Vn. M 54-5, Frn. 427, En. 21O, O 267, Slt. 51-2, Ad. 464 The loss of
the lr. '? in the initial clusters ['? + cns.] is reg. (cp. '?s- > 's in 'cs-ti 'est' - 's-onti 'sunt') ^ IS I 252-
3, AD NM #66, S CNM 3 ( NrCs, Yn, ST) Gr. II #161 ('mim 'flesh') [IE, U + unc. Tg, Ko, J, Ai,
EA].
46. '?in'A 'place' ( 'in' in daughter-lgs.) > HS: S '?ina 'in' > Ak: OAk, OB ina - in 'in', OA ina 'in';
Eb in 'in' | in WS traces of '?ina have been preserved in Hb l&mt6a3 ?ct'mol 'yesterday' < '?ittomol <
'?ina timali(m) (lit. 'in [the day of] yesterday'; cp. Ak ina timali(m), Sd. 136O; '-tto- > '-t- reg. , AD
PSH 113 (rule 63c), BL H 193 [ 12h']), in JEA/JPA lm1t6ia5 ?it'mal " ?it'mal and in Sr L
?ct'mal id.; there is syntactic ev. (adnominal [so-called "genitive"] case of nouns following '?ina)
suggesting that this prep. (like other S prepositions) goes back to a noun, hence the final '-a in
'?ina is an ending of acc. (typical of adverbials of place) and provides no ev. as to the final vw. of
the pN stem CAD VII 141-2, Penn. SPE 298, Lv. I 185, PS 4459 ? B 'in 'to, into' > Nf in id.:
'ugur in ol'modrosot 'go to school', ugura in tarablos 'I went to Tripoli', Si i- (pre-nominal) ',
dans': iIim i-ddolu 'il entra dans le seau', Gd -i (postnominal) 'dans': allun-i 'dans un trou', as well as
possibly Ntf {La.} -n, -on (locative-delative pc.: iaf-n 'he found here', asI-on 'partir') Lf. II #17O4,
Beg. 13O, La. S 128-9, La. N 186 NrOm: Gf {Mrn.} -n, loc. ending in adverbs: gaca-n 'in the
middle', giddo-n id., 'in between', bolla-n 'above', garsa-n 'under', mata-n 'near', sinca-n 'in front', goyc-n
'behind', ava-n 'where?', Zs/Wl/Zl {C} -n (loc. sx.: Zs ana-n 'where?') Mrn. O 61, C SE III 192 ? C:
HEC: Sd {C} -nnc, (?) -nc, loc. (of time and place): lc'`u bar'ti-nnc 'in six days', alba-n'nc 'anticamente'
(lit. 'in avanti'), gan'dc ({C}: mt < 'gad-nc) 'in war' C SE II 125 ll K '-na, '-n 'in', surviving in adverbs
26
( adjectives): OG si-na 'inside', ci-na 'in front (of)', zc-na 'upper' ( 'above'), uI(u)a-na 'behind',
gusin 'yesterday', Lz yoma(n) id. (cp. G yamc 'night'), Sv ladcy-n 'in the daytime' (cp. laday " ladcy
'day'), Sv {Marr}, Sv L {Dn.} yosg-in 'behind' (cp. yosg 'back [direction], na:a(') Shlm. 27-3O,
Shan. G 158, DCh. 52O-1, 1217, 152O-1, 1681, Marr SS 12O3-4, Dn. s.v. yosg ll IE '?cn/'n, '?cni,
'?on- 'in' [{EI} 'hcn(i)] 'in, into' > Gk c`v, cvi, ( ) c`vi || Mcd i`v || Msp in || L in 'in', Osc -EN || OIr i n- 'in',
in- pv. 'in-', Brtt {RE} 'in 'in' > OW in, MW, W, OCrn, Crn yn, Obr in, cn, MBr, Br cn, c, Br V in || Gt,
OHG, OSx, AS in, ON i || Lt i and in, Pru cn | pSl 'v+, 'v+n- > OCSa+v+,a+u-v+n-, Blg n, SCr u, Slv
v, Cz v, vc, v(n), Slk v, vo, P vc, R n, no, Uk n, y 'in' || Tc (px.) A y-, yn-, B y-, iq-, cn(c)- 'in' (in adverbs: A
y-Iom', B iq-Iaum' 'in the day-time', B cnc-stai 'in secret'); A annc, B cncm' 'within, herein' Ld
cn (pv., postp.) 'in, in-' IE '?cndo > OL cndo,. L indu 'in' || Gk cvoov 'within, at home' || ? OIr innc
'intestines' ?? AnIE: Ht anda 'in, darin' (adv. and postp.), Lw andta, HrLw a`ta id., Lc ntc (pv. and
postp.) id. P 311-2, EI 29O, Mn. 241, F I 5O8-9, 511, WH I 687-8, 694, LP 189, 431.17, RE
1O6, Frn. 181, En. 166-7, Tp. P E-H 34-9, Wn. 124, 154-6, Ad. 83-4 (Tc < IE 'hon-, 'o-grade of 'hcn-
= our '?cn-), Mer. SGA 366-8, KrlSh. XLJ 42, Glh. 648, Pv. I 76-7, Kron. EHS I 351-2; the AnIE
cognates are doubtful, since they may well be explained otherwise, as akin to Gk cvo 'there' and
going back to a pN prn. + loc. postp. 'da < N 'djoy,a 'place (within, below), inside' The zero-
grade 'n- (rather than 'on-) suggests N '?- IE {BD} '-cn, ? {Joh.} '-nc, locative sx.: Ht -an id. (andan
'inside', aan 'behind', iran 'in front'), Vd 'Isam-an 'on earth, L sucr-nc 'upwards, from above',
infcr-nc 'below', OHG ufa-na 'from above', Gt inna-na 'within' BD II 178, Joh. MS III 146ff., Ts. W 4,
64, Kb. 1O62 ll U: [1] FU ''inn`V 'place' > pPrm 'in > OPrm in, Z in 'place',
Vt nnri intI 'place', in-az 'n non:y, nnpoi (of profit\benefit to)' (lit. 'to the place'), {Wc.} in, in 'Ort,
Stelle' | OHg, Hg cny 'geschtztes Ort, wo der Mensch und das Tier vor Wind, Regen, Schnee,
Sonnehitze gedeckt sind' UEW 592-3, MF 156-7, Wc. W 59 l [2] U '-na/'-na (or '-n`a/'-n`a) locative
case ending ('in') > F Ioto-na 'at home', ta-na aiva-na '[in] this day', eF cchtona,
Vo shtogo-na, Lv s`:d+-n, Lv W i`:d+-n-u`:d+-n 'in the evening', Vo talvs-na 'in winter', Er rcnn
tcl-na, Z tsl-In, Vg N {Mu.} tclia-n, Hg tclc-n 'in winter', Lp N {N} har'vc-n 'in (during) the rain'; in
the Sm lgs. it has survived with pronominal stems: Ne tay-na 'there', Ng {Ter.} ts-nI 'here, at this
moment', tam-nu 'there, on that side', En Iunnc 'where?', Slq Tz Iu-n id., as well as in adverbs: Slq Tz
utI-n 'in the evening', taqI-n 'in summer'; it is found within the pSm ending of loc. {Hl.} '-I+n (> Slq
'-qon, Kms -yon, Mt {Hl.} -gon/-Ion) - '-Iona - '-Ionc (> Ne T -_ana, En {Ter.} -_onc, Mt {Hl.}
'-gona - '-gona - '-Iona - '-Iona) Coll. CG 286-95, Majt. SM 247-25O, It. LFL , Ter. NgJ 282-9, Ter.
EJ 453, KHG 27O-8, Hl. M 139-4O ll A 'inV ({SDM95} 'InV) 'hollow, pit' > T 'in 'hole\lair of an
animal' > OT {Cl.} in id., Tkm hin (with a secondary h-) id., VTt ' n in, Bsh iq id., Chv |ini id., 'sheath
(of a knife)', Yk in 'pit' Cl. 166, Rs. W 172, DTS 2O9, 261, Jeg. 79, Fed. I 195-6, Pek. 938 Tg:
WrMc {Z} un (yn) 'straw-littered bedding-place in a pigsty' Z 139 l A '-na, locative ending: M
'-na/'-nc: [1] 'qoyi-na > MM [MA, HI] qoyina, [S] _oyina, WrM qoina, HlM xonno, Ord {Ms.} _oo_no, Mnr
H {SM} _ucno adv. 'in the rear, back', [2] 'dotu-na 'inside' > MM [S] dotona, WrM dotuna, HlM (orno,
[3] 'gada-na adv. 'outside' > MM [S] {H} hadana (= gyadana), WrM gadana, HlM ia(na, Mgl {Rm.} yadana,
Dx gadanc, [4] 'doru-na 'in the east' > MM [S] dorona id., 'east', [HI] dorona, WrM doruna, HlM (opno
'east'. [5] 'qoru-nc 'west, western side' ( 'in the west') > MM [HI] horonc, WrM oru-nc, HlM ' pn'
MED 263-4, 343, 644, 954, Pp. MA 3O6, Ms. H 91, 61, H 37-8, 55, 69, SM 177, Rm. M 28, T DnJ
115 T: [1] '-n within the compound locative sx.
27
'-tin / '-tin / '-tun / '-tun / '-din / '-din / '-dun / '-dun in adverbs ( adjectives and locative nouns): > OT
tasdin 'outside', Iuntun 'in the south', Icdin, Chg [MA] Icyin 'behind' [2] '-ni in OT qa-ni 'where?'
Gbn. ATG 89 [ 183], Cl. XLII, 633, 7O5, Pp. MA 3O6 ? J: OJ -ni, ending of loc.-dat. (umi-ni 'in the
sea) Syr. AJL 89-9O ll D '-in_, '-n_V 'in' (loc. case ending) > OTm -in, OTl -o(n), -ni: crumaton 'in
the west', baranasi-ni 'in Benares' || NED: Mlt -no--cno--ino, Krx -nu(:), -no id. || CD: Nk
-in/-un/-cn /-n, Gdb -in/-un/-n, Knd -an || Tl oddu-na 'on the bank', lon(a) ({Shanm.}: < 'ula-na) 'inside',
{Sank.} intan 'at home' Zv. DCM 28-33, An. SG 22O-1, Subb. 156, DzG 726, Ptrn. 81, Shanm. DN
315, Sank. TED 145 ^ IS I 11, IS MsN (s.v. '-na locative), Coll. UA 1O (on endings in U and A),
Schrd. DU 1O1 (on endings in D and U), Gr. I 15O-2 [IE '-cn, '-nc, U, A (T, M, J, qu. Ko & Tg), Gil,
EA], Gr. II #221 ('cna 'inside') [IE, U + unc. Ko, J, Ai, CK, EA], Heg. M 71-3 (U, A, D, HS, IE).
47. '?onV 'self, the same' > HS '?an- > Eg OK in, a pc. introducing the focalized nominal subject in
a cleft sentence Lpr. 64-5 the initial component of aut. pronouns of the 1 and 2 persons: (1)
HS '?an-aIu 'I' (emphasized) > Eg OK inI 'I' (> Cpt: B/Sd ouekanoI, A ouokanaI), pS '?anaIu 'I' (>
Ak anaIu, Hb ik57na1 ?ano'Ii, Ph ?nI~?nIy, Ug nI, (AkSc) ?anaIu(:), Amr {G} ?anaIu, Yd ?nI),
pB 'onaII" 'I' > Tw naI, Kb nomm, Zng niI, Sll, Tmz noII, ASgr noc - noss, SrSn noI, Si nis, nos, Mz,
Wrg noss, Nf, Izn noc (Pr. M I-III 179, AiM 215, Fc. 1364, Lf. II #1O9O, Dlh. M 14O-1, Dlh. Ou 226,
Dl. 5O2, La. S 1O8, MT 485); (2) HS '?an-i 'I' > pS '?ani [> Hb in%a9 ?"'ni, Ar NY T ?ani (Bns. NJ I 71,
map #31)] -'?ana(:) (> JA an!a9 ?"na, Sr E {Sl.} ?cna [?o'na] (Sl. 143), Ar ?ana, Gz ?ana, etc., a
secondary variant, probably on the analogy of 2m '?anta 'thou' m., or representing a special form
for 1m sg., as in some Ar Y dialects opposing ?an-a m. and ?an-i f.), pS enclitic object prn. 'ni 'me' (>
Hb, Aram, Ar, Gz -ni, Ak -ni), C: Bj ani-anc; Ag: Bln ?an, Aw an; EC: Sml ani-ga, ani-gi, Rn ani,
Or a`na_, Sa a'nu [-u from the case inflection of nomina (nom.?)], Sd anc aut. prn. 'I'; Dhl ?ani id.; SC:
Irq ?an, ?aniq, Brn, Alg an, ana aut. prn. 'I', Asa -ana 'my', 1 Mb ani (E SC 283 s.v. SC 'ani 'I', Mous
112), as well a subject prn.: Sml an, Or ani ( AD SF 21O-1); (3) HS '?ant'i 'thou' (aut. prn.) > C: Ag:
Bln ?snti, Aw snts, EC: Sml adi-ga, adi-gi, Rn ati, Or ati, Sa a'tu (-u from the nominal case inflection),
Dhl ?at_t_a, C 1 Mb ?ata 'thou' ( E SC 282, AD SF 133-4, PG 4O), S '?anta 'thou' m. (> Ar ?anta, Hb
eT1a2 ?at'ta, Amr {G} ?atta, Gz ?anta, Ak atta) and '?anti 'thou' f. (> Ar ?anti, Hb T6a2 '?atto, Gz ?anti, Ak
atti); in S the distinction between pronouns of m. and f. is either an innovation (probably due to
the infl. of 'Ia 'thee, thy' m. and 'Ii 'thee, thy' f.) or a HS archaism: '?anta m. < '?ant'i-a (with a HS
masc. pc. '-a, surviving in the 2m forms of the Bj verb, as well as in Mb ?ata 'thou', possibly a
former masc. form that lost its gender meaning); Eg fOK int-I 'thou' m. and int-c 'thou' f.
(restructured by adding personal sxs.: -I 2m, -c 2f) (Lpr. 65, Ed. 79-8O) AD PP 69 ll U 'onn`c
'onn`a (= { Jn.} 'oni and 'ona) > pSm {Jn.} 'an+ 'self', used with ppas. to form reflexive personal
pronouns: Slq Tm on-aI 'myself', on-antI 'thyself', on-tI 'himself, herself', etc.,
Ng qonono 'myself', qononto 'thyself', etc. Jn. 18, KHG 29O-3, Ter. NgJz 428 ll A: T: [1] OT
U ona 'precisely, exactly' Cl. 17O, TT5 32 (note B 8O) M: WrM onu-Ii, HlM ' n' ' x 'the one in
question, that very' (thing or person), e.g. WrM onuIi Icrcg 'that very matter' MED 639 pJ 'sns
'self, the same' > OJ ono, onorc 'self', onai 'the same', J: T onorc, K onorc, Kg onorc 'self', T
onai, K onai, Kg onai 'the same' Mr. 5O7, S QJ #1483, Syr. DJ 92-3 OT ouq 'desert' (Cl.
168: 'desolate, unihabited, desert', but in the text the only meaning is 'desert') hardly belongs here
(for lack of reliable semantic connection) DQA #42 [A 'oqnc 'self, (?) same, only' > incl. M, J]
^ AD PP 91 Gr. II #333 ('ana self') [Sm, J + qu. Hg].
28
48. '?'aynV 'nothing, there is no...' > HS: S (or WS) '?ayn--'?in- > BHb Ni%a2 '?ayin 'non-
existence; not, no', Nia4 '?cn 'there is no', Mb ?n, Ug n ['?cnjV,] id., Ar ?in 'there is no', neg. pc.:
?in ?al-huImu ?illa-lillahi 'there is no judgement except (belonging to) God', Gz ?on- neg. element in:
(1) 1s ?onbi 'I am not in a position to' (literally 'there is not in me'), 2m ?onboIa 'you (m. sg.) are
not in a position to', etc., ?(2) ?ondai 'I do not know', ? Ak yanu 'is not' (unless < '?iyyanu 'where
from?') KB 4O-1, KBR 41-2, OLS 37-8, L G 27-8, L NP (hyp.: Ar ?ayna ?in 'verily, indeed'),
Br. G II 5OO [ 253], 577 [ 37Oo] (hyp.: the negative ?ayna ?ayin 'where?) Eg in, adv. within
the Eg N neg. construction bn ... in, Cpt Sd/B ouan,Cpt A/L/F cucn, component of the neg.
construction on ... an ~ cn EG I 9O, 456, Vc. 11 ll A {SDM95} 'ana, {DQA} 'ani ({AD} better
'anV - 'Ena?) 'not', negative pc. & v. > T 'an ({S} 'an) > Chv an 'do not' (prohib.) Jeg. 27, Jeg. SChJ
45, Fed. I 43-5 (all of them: Chv an A pPrm 'cn prohib. > Z, Vt cn) Tg 'ana 'there is not, without' >
Orc, Ul ana 'there is not', Lm aq 'not having, without', Ork ana, ana, anaa, Nn ana id., 'there is not'
STM I 41 pKo 'an- 'not' > MKo an(i)-, NKo an(i)- '(is) not' S QK #62, Nam 334, MLC 1O68 J:
[1] pJ {S} 'ina 'nay' (disagreement) > OJ ina, J T ina id.; pJ 'ina-m- -'ina-b- v. 'deny, decline,
refuse' > OJ inam-- ina-b-, J T inam- id.; [2] ?? pJ '-(a)n- 'not' (verbal negation) ( N 'n`i 'not', q.v. ffd.)
S QJ #56, Mr. 424, 697 S AJ 95-6, 277 [#54], SDM95 s.v. "'ana 'not', neg. verb", DQA #74 (A
'ani 'not', neg. verb > incl. T, Tg, Ko, pJ 'ina, 'ina-b-) ll ??? U: FU: pPrm 'cn prohib. > Z, Vt cn, Yz
'in (unless it is a form of the Prm neg. verb 'c- [{ LG} 'c-] with an enigamatic '-n) LG 331 ll E:
MEl, NEl, AchEl in-ni, AchEl in, NEl, AchEl in-na 'not' HK 757-8.
49. '?aNsi ' foot' > HS: Eg fOK ins.t 'calf of leg, shank' EG I 99, Fk. 24 ? S '?ns > Ug ns
'muscle, sinew' ('msculo, sendn') OLS 41 B: Ah ti-nsc 'foot (of animals), toe', Kb ti-nsa pl.
'sabots des bovids; pattes cuites de bovids' Fc. 1415, Dl. 576 NrOm: Dz: Mj {All.} asu,
{All.} asu, {Fl.} assu, Na {AY} ?asu, {Fl.} aso, Shk {Fl.} asus 'foot' All. PhD 341, AY WShND, Fl.
OWL Ch '?aqsY (Nw.'s 'asY) 'leg, foot' > CCh: MsgP {Mch.} azs, pl. aqzi: 'leg' | Suk {IL} nas, {Mk.}
nas 'leg' || WCh: SBc: Tala assq, Zul ?asImc, Plc asIm, Gj asaq, Buli astq, Tule ?astn, Zar GL
{Sh.} yasaq, Zar L yassq, Zar K san, Sy Z yassq, Sy B yassn, Sy Zk qassq 'leg', Wnd ?astn 'leg,
foot' || ECh: EDng {Fd.} asc, Mgm {J} ?asin, Mkl {J} zina (pl. zoq) 'foot, leg', Jg {J}
?isinto, pl. ?isan, Brg {J} ?isiq 'leg', Mu sin, pl. sanc 'leg, foot' Nw. 81, JI II 22O-1, ChL, Sh. SB 25 ll
D: D 'a::a-'anca 'foot, footprint' ( N '?arca 'trace') > Tl a||a id., anca id. 'step, stride', Kt a:
'footprint', Td o: 'step', Tu a| 'footprint, track, trace' DED #47, D App. #6 (derives it from InA
adya 'footsteps', Tu. #7778) ll ? A: Tg 'asi- v. 'take up the tracks (of game)', 'asi-lga 'footprint,
track' (unless it is 'xasi-, 'xasi-lga) > Ewk asi-lga"asi-lga 'track (of an elk)', Lm as+-y-"as+-lg+-"asa-lga- v.
'find the tracks', as+-m-"asa-m- id., Neg ast-lga 'track (of an animal)' STM I 56 ^ Blz. LB #1OOa
(suggested to add Dz).
5O. ?? '?anjV,sV 'friend(ly), favourable, useful' > HS: CS '?ns > Ar n! ?ns G (?anis-a / -?nasu) v.
'be polite, kind, social', ?anisa bi- 'have an intimate connection with', ?anisa ala 'become acquainted
and familiar with', ?ibnu ?insi-Ia 'thy intimate friend', ? Ug {A} ?ns G v. 'be friendly', D 'freundlich
hegen, besnftigen', nst 'Freundin' Fr. I 64, A #319, OLS 41 [alt. interpretation of Ug ?ns as
'langiceder, ponerse enfermo; ponerse lvido, enfermo (de ira)'] ll IE: NaIE 'ans- v. 'be favourable'
({P}: 'wohlgeneigt, gnstig sein') > Gt ansts 'joy, favour', OHG anst 'goodwill, grace, thanks', unst
'favour', AS ost 'Gunst, Gnade', ON ast, ost 'favour (Gunst), love' || Gk o`t-v) (< *o`t-ovo))
'unfriendly', too-v) (< 'too-ovo)) 'gentle, kindly, soft' WP I 68, P 47, EI 198 (? 'h cns- 'be
29
gracious to, show favour'), F I 121, Fs. 53, Vr. 16, Kb. 33, 11O4, EWA I 265-7, Ho. 244 ll A: ?
T 'as 'advantage, use, benefit' > Yk as id., Chv yc us " os 'use, benefit', Uz as gur- 'be of use\benefit
to'; d T 'as-iy 'advantage, profit, benefit' > OT asiy, Chg asiq, Tk asi, Tv aziq id., Chv ycaA
uz_+ " oz_+ 'use' Cl. 244-5, DTS 6O, Rs. W 29, ET Gl 196-7, TL 344-5, Bu. I 48, Rh. 131, Ash. III
295, 3OO, Fed. II 29O-1 ^ Cf. AD LRC #75: S, IE.
51. '?inAsci 'person, man' > HS: S ''?inas- 'person, man' (pl. '?ina's- + pl. ending [bearing the
stress]) > Hb Sia5 ?is 'man (vir), husband, human being' (< ?i s- < '?ins- < ''?inas-), pl. Mi5n1a9
?"na's-im 'viri, homines' (< acc./gen. pl. df. '?ina'si-ma), Ph ?s, Pun ?s, ?ys, [Plt.] YS, DA, Yd, IA
id., Yd nsy (pl. cs.), OA pl. nsn, Ug nsm, (AkSc) {Hnr.} nas-uma 'men, people', d v. ?ns 'mannhaft
sein, sich ermannen', Ar n0 ?ins- 'hommes, genre humain' (coll.), 'ami', 'san?ins-an- 'person'
(-an- is a singulative sx.); d : coll. WS '?unas- 'homines' > BHb na= ?'nos 'Menschen' (coll.), Ug
ns 'people (gente)', JA Sn!a= ?'nas id., Sr #o- j?,nas, em. '3- j?,na's-a id., JEA {Sl.} aS1n1ia5
?ina'sa 'man', SmA ?ns ({Tal} = cnas) 'people, men', Ar 'na?unas- -'nanas- id., Tgr A~S
?onas 'man'; another d : Ak nis-u 'Menschen, Leute' KB 41-2, 68, KBR 43-4, 73, HJ 115-21, A
#319, Hnr. 155, Sk. 12O, OLS 41, Lv. I 115, Tal 52, Br. 31, LH 371-2, Sd. 796, DRS 26 B: Ah
{Fc.} aynos (pl. cynoson) 'young man' Fc. 7O2 C: Ag 'nVs-/'ns- 'man (vir)' > Bln {R} (d
adj.) nos-au_ 'mnnlich', ? Xm {R} as-o id. || ?? EC {Ss.} '?is- 'self, oneself' [ N 'yi 'he' or '?i 'iste' +
'ssEvV '(one)self', q.v. ffd.] R WB 285, Ss. PEC 35, 54, Ss. B 1O7, Bl. 17 NrOm: Anf
{Grt.} nusc, GeMa/HzMa {Fl.} nusc 'husband' Grt. 357, Fl. ML WCh: Ron: DfB {J} nis, Bks {J}
nus- 'brother' J R 145, 219, 388 ll U: FU (in FV only) 'inn`sc 'person' > eF inhc-mincn, inhi-mincn,
inih-mincn, F ihmincn (gen. ihmiscn), inchmo, inchmincn, inchmino, Es incminc, iniminc id., Er inzc,
Mk inzi 'guest' UEW 627-8 ll A: ? Tg: Mc csc 'husband's younger brother' Z 72 ^ Blz. LB
#1O6a (suggested to add cognates from Ah, NrOm and Ron), Blz LNA #1 (suggested to add Ah and
NrOm).
52. '?VntV (or '?VntV?) 'he', relative 'he who, that which' (in daughter lgs.: a sx. of
participles and derived nomina) > HS: B '?uinta (? - 'nVtta) > Ah {Fc.} onta aut. pron. 'he, she, it' (f.
onta-t 'she'), ETwl/Ty {GhA} onta aut. pron. m. 'he, it', Kb, Wrg, Tmz, ASgr, Shl, Si notta id. (f. notta-t
'she') Fc. 1422, GhA 151, MT 5O3, Ds. 173, Ds. AS 235, La. S 254, Bs. E 98, Dl. 579, Dlh. Ou 228
S: Gz ?onta rel. prn. f. 'who, that which' (reinterpreted as f. due to the cns. t), ? Tgr {L} ?ot ?onta
'while she is', Har intc 'she is' L G 33 C: Ag sx. of n. ag. '-'antV: Bln {R} -onta (pl. -onti), e. g.
fo'd-onta 'seaman', i'b-onta 'seller', Iu'v-onta 'murderer', Aw {Hz.} -tanti (f. -tant-a), e.g. dibs-tanti
'talker' ( dibs- v. 'talk') R BilS 662 JB PrB 1O9, L G 33 (Gz B) ll IE '-cnt-/'-ont-, sx. of
participles: NaIE '-cnt-/'-nt-/'-nt-, sx. of active present participles, e.g. 'b"cro-nt- 'carrying' > OI
bharant-, Gk m. cev (G -ovt-o)), L fcrcns (G fcrcnt-is), Gt bairand-s, OHG bcranti, OCS ccp bcrI (gen.
ccpao bcrosta), Tc: A -nt-, B -nc-, sx. of pres. act. prticiple (A asant-, B ascnca 'transporting'); NaIE
's-cnt-/'s-nt- 'being' > OI 'sant-, Gk D cvt-c), L rac-s-cns (G -cnt-is) Ht -ant-, sx. of active prtcs. of vi.
and that of pp. of vt. The Gk forms of prtc. ntr. ov, m. ev (gen. ntr./m. ovt-o)), f. o)uoo 'being'
are contractions from Gk Ep ntr. cov, m. cev, f. cooo < '(c)s-ont- 'cs- 'be', unless they
represent IE ''ont- (monomorphemic stem of a prtc. without verbal ) Mer. SGA 361-2, Brg. KVG
315, Bks. 249-5O, Kron. VLFH 21O, Krs. T 44 ll U: Sm {Jn.} '-nta, sx. of active prtc. and n. ag.:
'ila-nta 'living, alive' ( 'ila- v. 'live') > En X {Cs.} ilcddc, En B {Cs.} |ircddc, Slq MO/UO {Cs.}
ilndi, ilndc, Slq NP {Cs.} ilandic, Nn T nncn , nncna, Ne T Sy {Lh.} yilcnc, Nn {Cs.} |ilcnc, |ilcna id., Mt
{Hl.} 'ilsnda id. ({Mll.}: Mt T/M ilindc, Mt K illcndc 'vivus') FU nominal derivational sx. '-ntV > [1]
30
deverbal: F ctsinta n. act. 'searching' ( ctsi- 'look for'), crinto 'heritage' ( cri- 'inherit'),
syonti n. act. 'eating' ( syo- 'eat') | Lp N ragad 'season of mating (of reindeer)' ( raIIa- v.
'mate') | Vt ucincr cIct 'dam, pond' ( cI- v. 'dam'), (yxcr dumct, Z (oxoc( domsd 'bridle, rope'
( Vt dum-, Z US dom- v. 'tie, bind'; Vt -t & Z -d < pPrm -d < FU '-ntV [2] denominative: Z
cocnoc( ssnsd 'sinewy, brawny' [of men, draught animals] ( ssn 'sinew'), F isanta 'pater familias,
head of the household' ( isa 'father'), Hg arod 'page (teen-ager)' ( aro 'little') Sz. 85, Coll.
CG 269-7O, U 92f., LG 291, Bd. UNA 33 A, Jn. 27, Cs. 24, Ter. 142, Lh. 127, Hl. M 252-3 ll A: T
'-nti/'-nti, sx. of participles (acc. to Shch.) or deverbal adjectives: OT aqindi 'flowing, running' (of
water) ( aq- v. 'flow, run'), uoru-ndi 'chosen, select' ( uour- 'choose'), Osm orundu - orundi
'chosen', OT cIindi tariy 'sown millet', itindi ncq 'ein weggestosssenes Ding', MT [IM] siqindi 'juice' (i.e.
'smth. squeezed out'), Alt salinti 'freedman'; the sx. was metanalized (by Cl.) as OT -n-di/i-, i.e. -n- of
refl. verbs + -di/i of deverbal n./adj. Shch. GTVT 121, Cl. xliii, 67, 7O,77, 88, Rh. 24ll D '-Vn`tV,
sx. of gerund > Tu -on`du, Kdg {An.} -an`dI, Mlt on`du id., OTm {An.} scyxin`du' 'having done, while
doing' [acc. to An., < scyxu' + in`du' scy- 'do' and il- 'be (somewhere)'], Mlt, Gdb {Bh.} -ondi (verbal
adj.) An. 3, Bh. O 46 ^ IE 't suggests N 't, while D 't seems to point to a N 't; Gz ?- (in
pronouns) may go back to '?- or 'h-, but the absence of traces of 'h- in IE provides clear ev. for N
'?- ^ Gr. I 182-6 ["participle NT" in IE, FU ( Coll.) + qu. : Gil. predicate marker -d and err. IE 3p
'-nti].
53. '?EqU ' snake' > IE: NaIE {WP, P} 'ang""i- - 'ang"i-, {Dv.} 'c(n)g""- 'snake, worm' ({EI}
''h
a
cng""is (gen. 'h
a
n'g""ci_s) 'snake') > L anguis 'snake' || Lt angis, Pru angis id., Ltv odzc 'adder,
viper'| pSl 'ozi > OR iuzi ' snake', R y, Cz, Slv uzovIa 'grass-snake', P vaz', Slv voz 'snake'
|| Arm 3 o (< au_) 'snake' || OIr csc-ung 'eel' ("water snake": csc 'water', ung < 'ang"ho), W
llys-yv-cn 'eel' || OHG unc 'snake' The OHG and L forms go back to a variant 'ang"i- The NaIE
stems 'cghi- and 'c/og""i- (> Gk c_i) 'adder, viper', oi) 'snake', OHG cgala 'hedgehog', Arm i1
iz 'snake, viper' [gen. izi], W coud 'sheep worms', OI ahih, Av azis) should be kept apart WP I 63,
P 43-5, EI 53O, WH I 48, SB 15, LP 31O, YGM-1 319, 468, Frn. 1O, Tp. P A-D 86-7, Vs. IV 15O-1,
Srz. III 1167, Chrn. II 285, Mikl. E 223, Kb. 1O93, Slt. 134-5, 3O5-6 ll HS: S: Ar ?aym- 'serpens,
viperae mas', {Fr.} ?im- 'a white thin snake' (or a general name for 'snake') Fr. I 76, DRS 17 Ch:
WCh: pAG {Stl.} 'qgvo 'snake' > Su {J} qvo, Ang
q
g"oq, Cp nvo | ? Hs Skt/Z ganvo 'a coiled snake,
coil of rope' || ?? CCh: Ms {Mch.} gvi, {J} guyda || ECh: ? Ke hsni 'snake' Stl. VZCh A #183, ChC
s.v. 'snake', ChL, J S 78, Ba. 35, Stl. ZCh 218 [#681] ll ? K: eNG {SSO} anIara ' small snake',
NG {AxT, DCh.} anIara 'grass-snake (y)', {Chx.} 'blind worm (Blindschleiche, Anguis fragilis)'
(A?) The cns. I and the final element -ara remain puzzling AxT 21, Chx. 28, DCh. 4O, SSO I 57
N '-q- is reconstructed on the ev. of IE '-ng""- and S '-m-.
54. '?ayqo 'marrow, brain, soft fat of animals' ( 'to smear, anoint') > HS: S: Gz ?ang"o 'marrow,
the soft fat of animals', Tgr ?sngso, Tgy ?ang"s, Amh ang"a 'marrow' L G 28-9 ? C
{E} 'hang"l- 'brain' > EC 'hangul- 'brain' > Sa {Wlm.} hangal, pl. hangul id., Af {PH} hangal 'brains', Or B
{Anr.} cngu-cngo id. || ? Dhl {E} ani 'head' || Ag 1 Amh angol 'brains' and Tgr hangal hangvl (pl. hanagol
hanagsl) 1 Bln {R} hang"cl (pl. hanag"ol) 'brains'; Ag: Aw ang"al id. (E PC) may be either a return loan
from EthS (as suggested in AD SF) or an inherited C word (as in E PC) || ?? C 1 Mb angalo 'head' (E
SC 276 reconstructs SC 'aq- 'head' on the basis of Mb and Dhl) E PC #522, AD SF 153, PH 126,
To. D 136, EEN 13, E SC 27; acc. to E SC, the stem of Dhl and Mb may go back to SC 'aq- 'above,
31
up' (> Irq {MQK} ?aq 'past, already, ancient times', {E} aq 'in the past, long ago', Brn oq 'mountain',
see E SC, MQK 15), but the direction of semantic change may have been the opposite as well The
unexpected C 'h- is obscure NrOm: Kcm {CR} anqa, {Fl.} snIa 'head' Blz. OLBP #56 Ch: CCh:
Cb {ChL} ?aqgara, Mrg {ChL} aqgada 'brain', Mbk {Mch.} anga, Bana {Lk.} yanga 'head' ChL, ChC
s.v. 'brain', Mch. VCSP 173 For HS comparison cp. AD SF 15 and Blz. OLBP #56ll U 'ayqc
(U {Coll.} 'ayqo, FU {UEW} 'ayqc) 'brain, ? marrow' > F aivo(t) 'brain, temple, temporal (bone)',
Es a|u 'brain', pLp {Lr.} 'vo|qs > Lp N {N} vuoiqas-: pl. vuoi'gqasaI, Lp L {LLO}
vuoiqam - vuoi'qam 'brain' | pMr {Ker.} 'oyo > Mk yn uy 'marrow, brain' || ? Hg agy 'brain, marrow'
(OHg also 'skull') ?? Sm: Nn T ynyn 'brain' (unless yna 'head'); acc. to Coll. 2, here also Ng
{Cs.} d-ia, En X {Cs.} ac, En B {Cs.} cbc, Slq: Nr/Ke {Cs.} Iuu, NP {Cs.} Iuq 'brain' ? Y: OY O {Mat.}
a6op 'xo:i' ('brain' or 'marrow') UEW 5, Sm. 542 (FU 'a|qi 'brain' > FP 'a|qi, Ugr 'a|qi), Coll.
2, Lr. #1425 [does not distinguish it from Lp 'voyqs v. 'breath'], Lgc. #8741, Ker. II 173, Ter. 415,
Cs. 227, IN 294 ll ?? IE: NaIE 'ong"- 'to anoint', 'ong"-cn--'ng"-cn- 'fat, grease' ({EI} 'hcng"- 'anoint')
> OI an|-, a'naIti (3p an'|anti, pp. aI'ta) v. 'smear, anoint', 'a|yam 'melted or clarified butter (used
for oblations, for sacrifice, and for anointing anything sacrificed or offered)' (< a + a|ya < 'ng"yo-) ||
Arm canem ocancm < au_cancm 'I anoint' || L unguo / pp. unctus v. 'anoint, besmear',
Um umtu 'unguito' || OIr imb, W ymcn-yn, OCrn amcn-cn, Br amann 'butter'|| OHG anIo, ancho, MHG, NGr
Al anIc id. || Pru anctan, anctc id. WP I 81, P 779, EI 24, Dv. #779, WH II 819-2O, EWA I 263-5, OsS
2O, LG 8.1, Me. EAC 237, Tp. P A-D 91, En. 142, MW 133 ^ Cf. UEW 5 (FU, Y, T); UEW mentions
i trk. 'aq 'Gedchtnis, Verstand', probably a misprint for T 'aq (a doubtful connection). The U
stem belongs here only if its medial cns. is '-q- (as reconstructed by Coll. and UEW); but Hl. [p. c.]
suggests an alt. rec. with a medial '-v-; in the latter case (acc. to Hl.) the U stem may be a d from
U 'oyva 'head' (UEW 336-7). If the latter conjecture is right, the U stem does not belong here, and
the pN stem is to be reconstructed as 'aqo rather than 'ayqo. But Hl.'s et. faces difficulties: the
initial vw. of U 'ayqvc 'brain' is different from that of U 'oyva 'head', and Lp -q- may hardly go back
to U '-v-; at least, such a possibility is not envisaged by Krh.s historical phonology of Lp (Krh. 76-
197, Krh. HL 274-7) ^ AD NM #68, S CNM 11 Cf. Gr. II #48 ('ayu 'brain' > U, CH '?ayva-?ayva).
55. '?aqgV 'chin' > HS: Eg P in, Eg Md in.t 'chin' EG I 94 Ch: SBc: Bg {Grgs.} qa id. || CCh:
Ngs ("Ghvoko") {Srp.} nicn id. | ZmD {Srp.} nyau id. JI II 76-7 ll U {UEW} 'aqV 'chin' ( 'XanVIV
'XaqIV 'jaw, palate') > pPrm {LG} 'aq- 'jaw' > Vt an 'jaw', aqgcs, aqdcs 'chin', Z an 'palate', Z Ud
andlas, aqglas 'gum' Sm {Jn.} 'aq+, {Hl.} 'aqoy 'chin' > En X {Cs.} cu, StNe T n ` y naqu 'jaw',
n ` y xan 'chin', Ne T O {Lh.} na'qu, Ne F {Lh.} na'qu 'chin', Slq MO {Cs.} d ava| 'Hals', Slq Nr {Cs.}
aol 'Kinn, Hals', Kms {KD} o'qoi_ 'Kinnlade', Koyb oion 'cheeks', Mt {Hl.} 'oqouy 'Kinn, Backe' (Mt:
K {Mll.} ongoi, M {Mll.} ongui) Coll. 3, UEW 25-6 (U 'aqV; Os 'ayon 'chin', Vg K ion id.,
etc., i.e. ObU 'iyno < FU 'iIcjnc, 'palate, gums, jaw'), Ht. #14, LG 32, Sm. LM 27 [#23] ( Sm
'aq 'mouth'), Jn. 2O (hyp.: Sm 'aq+ 'chin' Sm 'aq 'mouth'), Lh. 3O9, Cs. 231, Ter. 355, KD 49, Hl.
M #813 (misprint oqu| for oqu|) ll A ({DQA} 'cqa, -I`V 'chin, jaw') ( N 'XanVIV 'XaqIV 'jaw,
palate', q.v.): T: [1] NaT 'cq ({DQA} 'aq, {ADb.} 'ci_q) 'cheek' > OT {Cl.} aq, {ADb.} cq 'cheek, face',
MQp/XwT XIV {Cl.} aq, {ADb.} cq id., Chg {ADb.} cq 'cheek(s), appearance', Tkm aq, Az ` n) ang
'jaw', {Rl.} 'sides of the lower jaw', ? Osm XIX {Rl.} cq, Tk cn 'complexion', Qmq cq id', 'cheek', Tk
cnI 'place of juncture of jaw bones', Qrg cn 'scrofula', VTt in-liI, T aq-liI, Yk iq 'cheek, high colour of
the cheeks' VTt i suggests pT 'c [2] T {AD, DQA} 'aqaI ({ADb.} 'cqcI) 'chin, jaw, cheek' [= T 'aq
32
with the dim.-assimilative sx. '-VI, Gbn. ATG 57), > OT acqaI 'jaw, jawbone, chin', OOsm XIV,
Chg XV {ADb.} cqcI 'chin', MQp {ADb.} cqcI - cncI 'chin, jaw', XwT {ADb.} cycI 'chin', rqcI 'jaw', Tk
cnc - cncI 'jaw', Slr cncI, VTt iyaI, Brb inaI, Bsh iyaI, Nog, Qzq, Qq iycI 'chin', Uz cngaI,
aqaI 'chin, jaw', StAlt yyi cI 'chin, lower lip', Qrg yyi cI id., 'jaw', SY iqcI 'jaw', ET iqaI 'chin, jaw',
Nog, Qq iycI, VTt n i iyaI, Qzq iycI, Bsh iycI, Uz cqgaI iyaI, Chv ana 'chin' Chv a suggests pT 'a
T 'aqcI < N 'XanVIV 'XaqIV T 'cq VTt i (in in-liI) suggests pT 'c Cl. 166, 183, DTS 174,
Rl. I 714, ET Gl 284-5, TL 218-9, TkR 798, Hs. 131, DTS 174, BT 195, Fed. I 45 pJ {S} 'anI- 'jaw,
chin; gills' > OJ agi_i, agi_itoi_i, ltOJ [RJ] agito id., J: T agito id., ago 'jaw, chin', K ago, Kg ago id. S
QJ #163 Tg: WrMc cqgc 'beak', in ds *'nose' STM II 457 DQA #434.
56. ? '?aqq'i 'breathe' > HS: S '?n_ > Ak ?n_ (inf. ana_u) v. 'sigh, sing an in_u-song (song of
sighs, moaning)', Ug ?n_ v. 'moan', {OLS} adj. n_ 'quejumbroso', BHb ?nh N hn2a=n# nc?'nah 'he
groaned', JA ?nh (pf. ?"'nah hn2a9) v. 'sigh', Sr ?nh v. 'moan'; in Ar ?nh ana! v. 'sigh' the
irreg. h (instead of _) is due to the onomatopic associations of the DRS 25, CAD I/2 1O5-6 &
VII 148 s.v. inhu, OLS 38, Sd. 49, KB 68, KBR 72, Sl. 144, Br. 28 ll IE '?LanH- (> NaIE 'ano-) v.
'breathe' ({EI} ''h_ch-mi), d : NaIE {P} 'ano-mo-s 'breath, wind', {EI} ''h_cnh-mos 'breath' >
OI ani-ti '(he) breathes', 'anilah 'wind' || Gk ovco) 'wind', ?? ovce 'winnow (grain)' (unless < 'ov-,
cp. oive id.) || L animus 'spirit, soul' || OIr anal, Brtt {RE} 'anatl- > W anadl, Crn anal, MBr alazn, azlan, Br
anal, alan 'breath' n. || Gt uz-anan 'breathe out' || pSl '(v)ona - '(v)oni 'odour' > OCS
aeumvon|a 'fragrance', OR aeumvon|a 'odour', Cz vunc 'fragrance, pleasant odour', Slv von|a, SCr
vo``n|, P von 'odour', Blg no) n , R non 'stench', - pSl '(v)onati 'to smell, emit odour' >
aeum:uvon|ati id., SCr von|ati, Slv von|ati 'emit odour', Blg no) nc v. 'stink', R no) n r 'to stink (of)',
Cz voncti 'be fragrant', P vonicc id., 'to smell' || pAl {O} 'any > Al: G a|, T {Kf.} c| 'I inflate, swell,
blow' ('toke, ookeve'), {} a|, T cn| v. 'swell' || pTc {Ad.} 'ancja,mc > Tc A {Ad.} ancam
(obl. anm-) 'soul', Tc B {Ad.} anmc id., 'self, inner being' (< 'ano-mo-s) WP I 56-8, P 38-9, EI 82,
M K I 33-4, WH I 49-5O, F I 41, 1O5, Vn. A 73, Fs. 538, My. 5, BFU 127, Kf. 38, 97, I 171 & II 38O,
O 91, RE 84-5, Ad. H 33-4, Ad. 4O-1, Glh. 67, Chrn. I 165 ll ? K: it is tempting to adduce here Sv:
L/UB qan 'smell, :anax', UB/L/Ln {TK} qan- (msd.: UB/L liqanc, Ln liqanc, LB liqnc) v. 'smell (at) sth.,
smell (st.)' (TK 485, 88O, Dn. s.v. qan, GP 19O), if this is a mt from the expected K 'anq-ll U: FU (att.
in FL) 'aqc (or 'aqc) 'spirit, ghost' ( N 'hAvqV 'sense, mind, soul', q.v.) > F aavc,
avia, havc, hoavc 'ghost; presage, omen', aavaita v. 'feel\smell sth.', Es {W} avistama 'erkunden,
erkennen' | Lp I vu'vqqv_ 'spirit (water-spirit, wood-spirit, incumbent, gnom, etc.)' SK 3-4, W
EDW 56 ll A: M: WrM aqgi-l-~aqqri-l-, HlM anxnna-, Kl aqIrl-_o - aqIrl-_o v. 'emit odour', 1 Yk
aqiliy- v. 'spread' (of an odour) KW 12, MED 44-5 NaT 'aqIia- v. 'emit odour' > Tkm aqqa- v. 'give
off a bad smell', Nog aqqi, Bsh aqq+- v. 'be fragrant, emit odour', VTt aqq(+)- v. 'be fragrant',
Tbl aqq+- 'einen starken, betubenden Geruch haben', VTt aqq+t- id., Qzq aqq(i)-, Qq anqi- 'spread' (of
odour), Qrg, ET aqqi- v. 'be emitted' (of a pleasant odour); 'aqqil- v. 'gasp for breath, moan' >
Qzq aqqil- id., aqqil 'das Gesthn, das Japsen', Qrg aqqilda- v. 'whine' (of a dog); if these T words or
some of them are Mongolisms (which is suggested by their absence in OT texts), they must go back
to archaic M words not attested (with this form and meaning) in M lgs.; I prefer to suppose that
the words are not Mongolisms, but rather ancient dialectisms confined to a certain dialectal area
and therefore not attested in OT texts Rl. I 186, Rs. W 21, Jud. 59, MM 61, Nj. 44, TkR 45, KrkR
44, NogR 43, TatR

5O, BR 43 ^ IS I 261 adduces Eg OK nh v. 'live' ( v. 'breathe', acc. to IS's
33
conjecture), which is doubtful for phonetic reasons (- that is not cognate with S '?-), see N
'iNjV,qV 'live' ^ Cf. IS I 261: HS (S, Eg), IE, ? K Cf. Gr. II #49 ('ana 'breathe' > IE, EA).
57. '?aqga 'to open (esp. mouth); opening (esp. mouth), entrance' > HS: S '?ng > Ar n! ?ng G
(?anaga / -?nigu) 'enter' BK I 6O, Fr. I 63, DRS 25 ? C: Ag {Ap.} '?snI- 'open, undo' [ N
'XENIV 'to loosen, open, remove' (q.v. ffd.) N 'nEIU 'to open(?), bare, uncover'?] Ch: (1) ECh:
Kbl {Cp.} hangs v. 'open' JI II 284-5 || (2) ?? Ch 'vVq, {Stl.} 'van- v. 'open' > WCh: Su {J} vaq, Fy
{J} vaq || CCh: Bcm {Sk.} vuno, Gzg D {Lk.} von || ECh: Mu {J} vin, {Stl. ?) vcn, ? Kwn {J} vclc, Mkl
?o?inc id. ChC, ChL, J S 87, Stl. IF 229 (Ch 'van- possibly from 'hVvan- or 'vanVh-) ll IE: NaIE
''angj",- > Lt anga 'opening, aperture, orifice', {Frn.} 'Tr-, Fensterffnung' Frn. 1O ll U [1] U
'aqc- 'opening' (UEW: 'ffnung, Einschnitt, Vertiefung') > pLp {Lr.} 'voqss 'Maulkorb, muzzle' > Lp
N {N} vuoqas -gq- 'halter or band on the muzzle of a dog (to prevent it from
biting reindeer)', Lp L {LLO} vuoqasti- '(einen Hund) mit Maulkorb versehen' | pMr {Ker.} 'oq+-
- 'oq+-Is- (- 'ov+Is) > Er pl. onIst, oqIst " oqst " oyIst, Mk onocr, onocr ovost '(Gebi am)
Zaum' | Prm {LG} 'o'm 'mouth' > Vt Im, Vt Kz sm 'mouth, opening, mouth of a river', Z nox vom id., Z
US om, Z Ud vsm, Prmk sm, Yz u'm, gen. 'u'm-on 'mouth' || pOs {Ht.} 'oq ({ Hl. 'uq) 'mouth,
opening'> Os: V oq, D oq, O uq 'Mund, Mndung (einer Reuse, einer Flasche, eines Flusses u. a.) | Hg
a| " a| 'Kerbe; Tal, Schlucht', Hg a|aI 'lips', OHg fcl-a|-z- 'aufspreizen' Sm {Jn., Hl.} 'aq 'mouth' >
Ng qaq, En X {Cs.} c' (= c?), En B {Cs.} na' (= na?), Ne T {Ter.} n t na' [na?] / n ` o- naqo-, Slq Tz
{KKIH} oI, oq, {Prk.} aI, aq, Kms {KD} aq 'mouth', Mt {Hl.} 'aq 'mouth' (Mt: K {Mll.} ong, M
{Mll.} ang id., T {Mll., Adl.} angdc 'his mouth') pY {IN} 'aq 'mouth, opening' > Y: K/T aqa
'mouth', aq-il 'opening' [2] FU 'aqa- v. 'untie, open' (UEW: 'lsen, ffnen, aufmachen') ( N
'XENIV 'to loosen, open, remove', q.v.) > F avaa- v. 'open' (UEW: 'ffnen, ausbreiten, erweitern'),
Es ava- v. 'open' (W: 'ffnen, aufmachen'); pMr 'aq+-co- v. 'open an ice-hole' > Er aqIsc-, Mk
anco- id., Er aniccxa aqIscma, aqIsima"avsima, Mk anncxa ancoma, ancima 'ice-hole' | pObU
'uqI--'iqI-, 'uqIot--'iqIot- v. 'take off (clothes)' > pVg 'iqI", 'iI"t- > Vg:
T aqI-, LK aq"x-, MK sqI"-, P aqI-, NV sqI-, LL sqI"-, sqI-, Ss aqx"- id.,
LK/P axt-, MK/UK/SV sx"t-, NV sx"t-, sxt-, LL sxt-, ML axt-, UL ax"t- v. 'peel'; pOs 'IqI-"'aqI-, 'aqot- v.
'take off' > Os: D/Nz/Kz cqx-, K aq_- id., V/Vy aqot-, Ty iqot-, Y +qot- id. | OHg od, Hg old- 'undo, untie,
unbind, unfasten, loosen' UEW 11-2, Sm. 542 (FU 'aqi 'mouth' > FP 'aqi, Ugr 'aqi), LG 62, Lr.
#1447, Lgc. #8789, Ker. II 34-5, 1OO-1, Lt. J 2O2, Jn. 2O, Hl. M #76. Ht. 127-8 [#47], Hl. rHt 71,
KKIH 144, Hl. M #76 (misprint: aq for 'aq), IN 215, Rd. UJ 34 [#3] (Y A U) Acc. to Jn. 2O,
U 'aqc- (= {Jn.} 'aq-i-) 'opening' possibly U 'aqa- v. 'untie, open' ll A 'aqa- > M 'aq > WrM aq,
HlM an(g), Kl a` aq 'crack, chink, cleft, fissure, crevice; ravine' , Dg {MYC} aq surxa, Mnr E {MYC}
aqgi 'crack, cleft, chap, crevice' ; M 'aqa-yi- v. 'be wide open' > WrM aqgai-, HlM angay- v. 'open up, be
wide open', Kl a` la- aqya- vt. 'open (wide), move apart', vi. 'gape' ('pac-\or-ipinar, :n) r;
pa:(nniar'), {Rm.} aqga- 'offen sein, eine Ritze haben; sich spalten; offen stehen, zu offen sein',
Mnr H aqg_c- 'tre ouvert, se crevasser, se fendre, ouvrir' MED 43, KRS 44-5, KW 11, SM 9 ,
MYC 111 Not here M {IS} 'aq 'be thirsty' (actually M 'qaqga-), see N ''?amga 'dry, thirst(y)'
Tg 'aqa 'mouth (of an animal)' ('nacr') > Ewk Ald/Y/Ucr aqa id., Neg aqa id., Sln {Iv.} ania= 'mouth',
WrMc aqga 'mouth, mouth of animals', Mc Sb aqo 'mouth' [WrMc aqga < Tg 'aqa 'mouth of animal'
Tg 'amja,-qa 'mouth' (> Ewk amqa, Jrc {Md.} amqa 'mouth', etc.); but WrMc aqga 'fissure, cleft, ravine'
is a loan from WrM aq 'fissure, ravine']; NrTg 'aqa- v. 'open (mouth, door, etc.)' > Ewk aqa-- aqa- v.
34
'open (mouth of animals); open wide; open (door), move apart (pa:(nniar)', Lm aqa- v. 'open wide,
open (mouth, door, etc.)', Neg aqa- v. 'open wide (mouth of animals)' STM I 38, 45, Z 16-7, Y #27,
Md. ChF 124 ? Ko aq- in aq-si_ol-"ii_- v. 'be wide apart, be separated, scattered' Rm. SKE 11-2
IS: M 'ama(n) 'mouth', Tg {Bz.} 'aqma (i.e. 'amja,qa) 'mouth' and T 'am 'vulva'; for an alt. et.
N ''gamV 'mouth' ll D 'aqI- v. 'open the mouth wide, gape' > Tm an'Ia v. 'open the mouth',
Tu an'gavu- v. 'yawn, gape, open the mouth', an'gu- v. 'open the mouth, be seized with a fir of
yawning', Klm aqgasi, Nkr aqgasi 'a yawn', Gnd aql-/aql-"alqg-/aliq-, Mnd aqla- v. 'open mouth', Prj
aqal- v. 'gape, open the mouth wide', Kui angali ava/giva id., angalanga 'with mouth agape',
Ku aqgala`- v. 'gape, open', Krx aqglna, aqgla?ana v. 'gape, open the mouth wide, be open', Mlt aqglc v.
'gape', aqglo 'open-mouthed' D #34 ^ Cf. AD LRC #58: U, A + S 'hnI 'palate', IS I 244-5: U, D,
A, IE + HS (B, Ch) (with further bibliography); S 'ng and D '-qIr- suggest N '-qg- rather than
'-q- (which would have yielded S 'm and D '-m- or '-n_) Gr. II #271 ('anga 'mouth, opening')
[U,Y,A,J. Gil, CK, EA].
58. '?'oqKV 'to pant, sigh, groan' > HS: CS '?nI > BHb ?nI G 'sigh' (ip. 1s q7na=a3 ?c-?'noI),
Sr Qee e ?ctcj?,ncI v. 'groan, sigh' KB 7O, KBR 72, Br. 3O, DRS 26 ll IE: NaIE 'cnI- v. 'sigh,
groan' > pSl '|ccati 'to groan, emit sounds', '|cI+, '|cIa 'sound, groan' > RChS mv|acu,
mvo:u|acati 'to sigh', mkaua+|aIliv+ 'oioo), aegre loquens', R 'uar 'to groan, call for help',
Blg c) ua v. 'reverberate, buzz', ) cina 'I emit sounds, groan', SCr |ccati 'to reverberate, echo,
resound, groan', |c`Ia n. 'echo', Slv |ccati 'to groan', Cz |cccti 'to yell, shriek, screech, scream', P
|cI 'groan, moan', |cczcc 'to groan, moan' || MLG anIcn 'to groan, sigh', Dn anI, anIc 'Klage,
Beschwerde' || ? L unc-o / unca-rc 'utter sounds' (of bears) Acc. to O 6, not here Al G anIo| v. 'cry,
weep', {P} 'I sigh' (< pAl 'anaIa A Gk ovok 'grief, distress') P 322, WH II 816, Vs. IV 57O-1, ESSJ
VI 61-2, LamP 145, Kf. 4O, 232, 297, BFU 36, O 6 ll ? A: WrM oqguli-, HlM onionn- v. 'be out of
breath, pant' MED 613.
69. ? '?a'V 'take, seize' > HS: C: EC: ? Bs {HL} ab- 'have, keep', ? Elm {Ss.} a- v. 'touch', HEC
{Hd.} 'af- v. 'seize, hold, get' > Kmb af-, a-, Alb {Lm.} af- v. 'hold, seize', Ged af- v. 'seize, have,
get, find', Sd af- v. 'find', af-ir- v. 'find for oneself, have', Sd {Gs.} abb- 'bring', abb-ir- 'bring for
oneself', ?? Kmb {Hd.} abid- v. 'hold, seize' || ?? Bj {R} ?bI (1s: p. a-?a'biI, prs. a-?am'biI) 'anfassen'
Hd. 69, 8O, 23O, 3O6, 3O8, Gs. 1, 5, R WBd 5, HL 59, LmS 279, Ss. PEC 14 S '?bb > Ar ?bb
(pf. ?abba) 'mettre la main, porter la main a qch.; remuer qch., remuer en touchant' BK I 2 ? Eg
XVIII iv 'Abgabe', {Fk.} 'payments' (unless Eg i v. 'count, reckon up') EG I 66-7, Fk. 16 ?
NrOm: Ym {HL} o- 'seize, take', Zs {HL} cf-/c--, Wl/Bdt {HL} cf-, Dc {HL} c-- 'take' HL 59,
Lm. Y 32O and LmS W 279 (Lm.s err. hyp.: Ym, Ometo, Kmb, Alb, Sd < C 'Iab- 'take, grasp,
have') ll IE ''?c- ({M, EI} 'hc-) > Ht c()- / a()- v. 'take, seize, grab, pick, capture' NaIE
'o-/'c- ( N 'qVV 'seize, hold'?) > OI a-: a'noti 'reaches, overtakes', Av aayclti 'reaches
(erreicht)' || OL a-o, aio 'I attack', L aiscor 'I grasp, reach', co-c-i (later coci) 'I began' || Gk Hm
ooe - ooe 'I touch', ? Gk A otte 'I fasten' (ft. o)e, aor. ))o), o 'a touching, a grasp
(Berhren, Griff)'; P ( Krtm.) unconvincingly explains Gk h- by the infl. of the verb ct- 'be about,
be busy with' || ?? AS fna, c'fnan v. 'hold, sustain, endure' (unless from c'fnan 'ausfhren,
vollbringen') Pv. I-II 273-82, P 5O-1, EI 563, Mn. 29-3O, 246, Dv. #333, M K I 76, M E I 167, WH
I 57-8, F I 126, Ho. 88 ll ? K: GZ 'u- v. 'possess, own' > Mg - v. 'possess', 'be X to so.' (where 'X' is
a kinship term), a--un 'he has him\her'; d : OG u-al- 'Lord', G s-u-cva 'Herrschaft, Reich', sucv- v.
35
'dominate, reign', GZ 'mc-u-c 'owning, owner' > OG mcuc - mcc 'king', G mcuc 'Lord' (of God),
mcc 'king, ruler, tsar' (- mc- v. 'reign, dominate'), Mg maa- id., Lz n. l. maa-cIari 'King-source'
K 186, K
2
12O, 196, FS K 31O, FS E 346, Chx. 756-7, 1296 ll A 'a`V- v. 'take, hold' ( N 'qVV '')
> M 'ab- 'take' > MM [LM, MA, IM] {Pp.}, [IsV] {Lg.} ab- 'take', [S] {H} ab-, [IM] {Mel.} a-, [HI] {Ms.,
Lew.} ab-, Ord {Ms.} ab_- 'take, take away from', WrM ab-, HlM ana- 'take, grasp, get hold of', MMgl
ab- 'take, receive', Brt a6a-, Kl, Dg {Pp.} av-, Ba {Y} ab-, Mgl {Rm.} af- 'take', Mgl {Lg.} ab- " af- 'enlever,
obtenir', Mnr H {SM} av- 'prendre, ter', {T} avu-, Mnr M abu- {T} 'take' Pp. MA 94, 432, Pp. L II
1254, H 1, Ms. H 33, Lew. II 7, Lg. VMI 14, MED 1, Iw. 8, SM 1, T 313, T BJ 132, KRS 23, KW 19, Chr.
21-3 Tg 'aV- v. 'hold, possess' > Ork aui- v. 'hold, have the power ((cpar, nxcr nnacr)'
STM I 47 T {DQA} 'abu 'handfull' > OT XI [QB], XwT XIV, OOsm xiv avuc, MQp XIV avuc, Tk avuc,
Ggz avuc, Az, Tkm ovuc, CrTt avuc, ET avus, Qzq, Qq, Nog uvis, VTt yu us, Bsh us, Qrg uc, Alt
us, Xk os, Chv inaA iv+s Cl. 44, ET Gl 4O9-1O, ADb. SR 179-81, Jeg. 342 DQA #47 [A 'aV
'take': incl. T, M] ^ IS SS 345 [#1O.1O] (IE, A + err. Eg _f 'grasp' and Ar _f 'seize'). But Eg _f
actually belongs to N 'qVV 'seize, hold' (q.v.), and Ar _f does not mean 'seize' Gr. II #40
('c 'bind', incl. IE, Gil c- 'hold').
6O. '?ciV 'mouth' ( 'speak') > HS ''?V- > S ''- 'mouth' (df. forms: nom. ''-u-m, acc. ''-a-m,
gen. ''-i-m; forms without determiner [ cs.]: nom. ',-u > ',u, acc. ',-a > ',a, gen. ',-i > ',i) >
Hb ep3 'c (< gen.), cs. ,i, st. pron. i- (e.g. 'i-Ia 'your [m. sg.] mouth'), Ph, Pun st. pron. y-, Pun
cs. y, Ug , Amr u, OA, IA , m, BA Mp8 um, JA am1up uma, Ar indf. fam-un (generalization of the
pS form of acc. ''am; more archaic forms were registered by an-Nad r ibn-Shumayl: nom. fum-un,
acc. fam-an, gen. fim-in, Wright I 239), cs. nom. fu, acc. fa, gen. fi, Sb f, Ak um, cs. i, st. pron.
i- KB 864-6, AD PhSS 1, 3-4, 7-8, AD PSH 2O, 123, Sk. 889-9O, Hff. 254, HJ 916, 1263, BGMR 43,
Sd. G 84-86 [ 65, esp. 65i], MiK I #1.223 ('ay- 'mouth') C {AD} '?a-/'?a- 'mouth' > Ag: Bln
{R} ?ob 'mouth', pl. ?o'fof; Ag 1 Gz ?af 'mouth' || Bj {R} yaf, Bj A {AD} yaf 'mouth' || EC {Ss.} '?af- id. >
Sa, Af af, Rn af, Bn {Hn.} af, Sml af, Sml N {Abr.} af, pl. afaf, Or B {Anr.} af-ani, Kns af-a, Sd, Ged,
Alb af-o id., Hd af-o?o 'hole', Kmb {L} afo 'language', Brj a'f-ay 'mouth', Dsn ?afu id., 'language' || Dhl
'?afo 'mouth' || SC: Irq {MQK} ?afa (pl. afc), Alg/Brn {E} afa, Kz {E} afuIo, Asa {E} ?afoI 'mouth',
1 Mb {E} afcta 'doorpost' AD SF 135-6, Ss. PEC 19, 51, Ss. B 23, Bl. 99, Abr. S 5, Hn. BD 118, PG
61, Oo. 7O, PH 33, E SC 281 (SC '?afo` 'mouth'), MQK 9, To. DL 477, To. D 127 Om: SOm {Blz.}
'aj,- 'mouth' > Dm ?ao, Ub afa, Hm a, {Fl.} afo, Hm B ao 'mouth' Blz. OLBP #78 Ch: WCh
(1) '?a- > Hs afa v. 'throw into one's mouth', (2) ? 'j?V,vV 'mouth' > AG: Su {J} vo, {Kr.} vo,
Ang o, Gmy {Kr.} I, Cp {Kr.} o | Ron {J}: Fy fo, DfB fo(h), Bks ft || ? CCh: Lmn {Lk.} cvc 'mouth',
Mdr {Mch.} uvc, bvc, {Eg.} vc, {ChL} vc, Dgh {IL} uvc, {Frk.} vuvc JI II 244-5, J S 79-8O, ChL
AD PSH 4O, Sk. HCD 2 ll A {DQA} 'ij`,ic 'mouth; say' > Tg 'iIc- v. 'order, tell, lure' > Ewk
iIu-, iIs- id. STM I 322 pKo 'i 'mouth' > MKo i, NKo, Ko Ph/Chs/Chj i, Ko Hm i_; MKo
ij", v. 'recite' S QK #56, Nam 4O6-7, 4O9, MLC 1363 pJ 'i- v. 'say, speak' > OJ i-, ltOJ iq-, J:
T yu-, K yu-, Kg yu- Sh i- S AJ 267 [#64], S QJ #64, Mr. 7OO S AJ 111, 277 [#62]), DQA #6O6
ll ? D (att. in SD) 'cv- v. 'speak, say' ( v. 'command') > Tm cvu (cvi-) v. 'command, speak', Ml
cIuIa v. 'say, command', cval 'command, work', cvalan 'a servant', Kt clv 'matter, affair', clvgarn 'a
servant' D #9O9 ^ The cns. '-- is tentatively reconstructed on the ev. of AG '. The A data (A
'-`- in SDMs rec.) provide no conclusive ev., because in Tg the cns. is in a neutralizing precons.
position, while pJ '-- may represent all labial stops (besides being semantically doubtful). The
36
semantically qu. D supposed cognate with '-v- does not prove the opposite (that the N cns. was
'--).
61. '?oa 'powder, dust, small pieces of dirt' > HS: S '?u- > Ar ?uff- {Hv.} 'dirt of the
ears\nails', {Ln.} 'dirt, filth, dirt of the nails; piece of stick\reed which one takes up from the
ground' Ln. 67, Fr. I 42, BK I 39, Hv. 1O Eg it 'earth, clay for bricks' Mks. I #O243, Os. 723
[note 85O] WCh '?VtV 'powder' > SBc {Stl.} '?ati 'powder' > {ChL} Bg oti, Gj ati, Sy nstu. |
Ngm ?sti, Krkr ?ati | Bd utan id. Stl. ZCh 263 [#33] ll A {ADb., DQA} 'o`a 'powder' > NaT
'oa id. > OT {Cl.} oo 'a white cosmetic or face powder', {DTS} ubu 'white lead, Bleiwei', {Mng.},
Shor {Rl.} oba 'chalk', Tel {Rl.} obo 'chalk, white colour (weie Farbe)', Uz, ET, Qrg ua, Qzq, Qq oa
'face-powder', Qq oa id., 'white paint (6cnnna)', Qmq oba 'ceruse', ET {Jr.} ua 'paint, face-powder,
a white powder\paint for cosmetic purposes', {Mng.} oa 'weie Gesichtsschminke' Cl. 6, DTS
6O3, Rs. W 363, ET Gl 465-6, Rl. I 1155-9, 1782, MM 261, Sht. 153, KrkR 496, KumRS 24O, RKumS
48, Jr. 323, Mng. G 764 M {Rm.} 'o|a (or 'qo|a?) 'powder, face powder' > WrM {Rm.}
oo, oga, ogo 'Reispuder, Schminke', HlM/Kl {Rm.} o id., WrM {MED} ou - o - oua, HlM {Luv.}, Kl {KRS}
oo o 'powder, face powder', HlM {Gl.} ou 'white lead', WrO {Krg.} o 'face powder, cosmetic', Ord
{Ms.} o 'fard blanc' KW 292, Rm. EAS I 9O, MED 625, Krg. 1O5, Luv. 3O3, KRS 399, Gl. I 2O5,
Ms. O 5O5 Tg 'ua 'flour, (flat) bread' > Sln tyo 'bread', Orc, Ork ua 'flour; flat bread [ncncmia]',
Ul ua, WrMc ufa, Mc Sb ufa, Jrc ufa 'flour' STM II 247, Kiy. 126 [#531] ADb. KL 14, Rm. EAS I
9O, Pp. VG 48, 123, 147, DQA #1578.
62. ? WW? '?VV 'ape (Pongid)' > IE: NaIE {P} 'abo(n)- id. > Gmc: ON ai 'monkey, fool', OSx
ao, OHG affo m., affa f., NHG Affc, MDt ac, Dt aa, AS aa 'ape (Pongid)', NE ac; Gmc 1 OR
euuo oica, OCz oicc 'monkey' || Clt: Gl {P} 'o||ovo) 'long-tailed ape' (from Hs.s gloss o|ovo)
[emendated by Schrader as 'o||ovo)]' Kctoi to) kckotiko)) P 2-3 [hyp.: 'abo(n) is a
loanword], EI 384, Vr. 11, Ho. S 3, Ho. 6, KM 8, EWA I 58-6O ll HS: Ch {Stl.} ''?iuIi 'monkey' > WCh
{Stl.} '?iVIi 'baboon' > Krkr {ChL} yifIi, Cg yisI-sn || CCh {Stl.} 'j?V,uIi 'monkey' > {ChL:} McTr: Bk
fusi, Gnd fica, Gbn ficc | Mrg cu | Kps si | FlM vii | Nkc viIcy, Gv vic-_adsya 'monkey' Stl. IF
34 ??? B: CM, Izd abayus, Zng {TC} abugar 'monkey' Mrc. 236, NZ 85, TC D 4.
63. '?aP'hi 'bake, cook food on hot stones' > HS: S '?y v. 'bake' > BHb ?y/v (pf. ef1a1 ?a'a),
OA ?y v. 'bake', IA, Ph ?y, Ug ?y/v id., v. 'cook', JA ifa ?y (pf. af4a9 - if4a9 ?"'c) v. 'bake', Sr '
?? (pf. Sr 'e ?c'a, Sr E ?c'a) v. 'bake, cook', Ar d fAyMimifa-n 'Backofen', Sb ?fy-m (sort of
foodstuff), Ak ?y/v (inf. cu) v. 'bake' KB 75, KBR 78, HJ 94-5, A #35O, OLS 45, Sk. 155, Br. 39,
Lv. I 14O, Js. 1O2, CAD IV 247-8, Sd. 231, BGMR 3, DRS 28 ??, Eg :b_ {Mks.} 'brler, cuire'
Mks. I #OO34, Os. 814, note 1962 (:b_ vt. 'verbrennen'), Crn. 514 (:b_ 'verbrennen'), BnH
(:bh 'kochen') Ch: WCh: Pr ao v. 'bake' Frz. P 2OO ll ? IE: '?HcH- (unless it is 'scH-) v. 'cook'
> Arm efem c"cm 'I cook' || Gk c)e id. (so-present), pp. co) 'baked', ?? otto) 'roasted, baked'
Not here (because of h-) Ht hain(a) 'open flame' Gk h- remains perplexing WP I 124, P 325
(both reconstruct 'ch- or 'cs-), EI 88 (connects Gk otto) with Ht and reconstructs IE 'hc-
'roast'); F I 431, Slt. 445 (both reconstruct IE 'sc"-); Ch. 394, Hofm. 1O1, Mn. AIE 165 ll A ({S}
'c`c): NaT 'a- v. 'bake (?)' in OT [MhK] a-maI - aaI 'bread', Az ` nn` i aaI, amaI id.,
VTt aay id. Cl. 8, 12, DTS 175, Rl. I 919, 925 Tg 'cc(-n) 'cake (Fladen)' > Ewk svsdi, Ul
ss(n-), Nn Nh ss, Nn KU sfs id., Sln {Iv} o'u_o - u'yon - u'on - s'vsn 'bread', WrMc {Z} cfcn '(baken)
bread, pancake', Mc Sb {Y} ?cfon 'Manchu bread', {Mrm.} 'Brot, Gebck' STM II 436, Z 9O, Y #364
37
pJ {S} 'ss-msns 'food' > OJ {S} oo-mono 'food' S QJ #1388, Mr. 5O9 DQA #441 (A 'c`o
'bread, food': incl. T, Tg, J), S CNM 4 ll D (in McTm) 'avi- v. 'be boiled, cooked' > Tm avi id., avai_ v.
'cook, boil', Ml aviyuIa v. 'boil on fire, be digested' D #268 ^ Cf. Bru. #35 (S, IE), Bm. TPN #2O9
(S, IE), AD rTPN 94 (S, IE, T, D). The IE belongs here only if it is 'cH- (rather than 'scH-) ^ Gr.
II #77 ('c 'cook/food') [IE, A, CK, qu. J, err. Ko, U].
64. ? '?VqV 'thing(s)' and prn.\n. of plurality, > HS: Eg fOK i_.t 'thing, something', Eg MK/N,
DEg i_ 'what?' ( '[which] thing?', like It cosa 'what?' < chc cosa 'which thing?' [< cosa 'thing']) >
pCpt {Vc.} 'o_c > Cpt: Sd/B oas, F c, Acc_'what?'; Eg i_.t-nb.t 'all things, everything' EG I
123-4, Fk. 29, Er. 41, Vc. 2O ll E: MEl -h-, marker of pl. in verbs: {Rnr.} 3p (-h-s-) 3s (-s-), 2p (-h-t-)
2s (-t-), e.g. {Dk.} Iusi-h-t(o) 'you [pl.] build' Iusi(a)t(i) 'you [sg.] build', Iusi-h-s(i) 'they build'
Iusi-si 'he builds', and probably also Iusi-h-h(u) 'we biuld' Iusi-hu 'I build' Dk. JDPA 1O1, Rnr.
EL 76 ll ? K: Sv -_-, marker of 3p (agens of vi. and patiens of vt.): qolc 'he says' qolc-_ 'they say';
marker of pl. in the 2nd and 3rd person of object: i-_al 'thou knowst' [lit. 'to thee it is known']
i-_al-_ 'you [pl.] know' [lit. 'to you it is known'], _o-_al 'he knows' _o-_al-_ 'they know', _oIva
'has said' _oIva-_ 'they have said' Dt. 65-6.
65. ? ''?uu'qyc 'night, dark hours' > HS: ? Eg fMK v_ 'night, evening', Eg NKL/Md v_ v. 'be
dark' [of a night, () of the condition of a sick person] EG III 352, Fk. 67 B ?hy ({Pr.} 'hhy)
> Ah, Tnsl tihay, Twl tihay - soyyay, Ty tihay - tiyay, Gh cihay 'tnbres' Fc. 544-5, Nh. 21O, GhA
2O7, Pr. H 73 [#444] Ch: {JS} 'yvn - 'vn ({JI} 'yvn) 'sleep' > Ngz yuvan 'spending the night;
period of 24 hours', etc. ( N 'avjy,V or 'avi?V 'pass the night, sleep', q.v. ffd.) ll IE ''hcu_H- /
'hvcH- / 'hvoH- > NaIE 'au_- / 'ovc- / 'ovo- v. 'spend the night (bernachten), sleep' ( N
'avjy,V 'avi?V '', q.v. ffd.) ll U: FU 'uyc 'night' > F yo, Es oo | pLp {Lr.} 'iys > Lp: S {Hs.}
|||c yIyyc " yiyyc, U {Schl.} |i||a, L {LLO} id|a, N {N} igg|a, Kld yIyy id. | Prm {G} 'oy id. > Z non voy, Z
US oy 'night, 'north', Yz u'y (gen. 'u'y-nn), Vt yn uy, Vt SW u'y 'night' || ObU {Ht.} 'yiy 'night' > pVg
'yi > Vg: T/NV yi, LK yi, yi, MK/UK yi, P yi, SV/LL i id.; pOs {Ht.} 'ycy ({ Hl. 'yiy) > V ycy, Vy cy
{Trj.} id. | OHg c| (~ c ~ i), Hg c| id. Coll. 127, Coll. CG 415 (FU 'uyc), UEW 72 ['cyc ('uyc)], Db.
OS xxx ('uyc), Lr. #241, Lgc. #1555, Hs. 787-8, Schl. 73, LG 6O, SZ 56, Lt. J 2O2, Ht. 14O [#172],
Hl. rHt 71, Trj. S 91, MF 73O.
66. '?arV 'earth, land , place' > HS: [1] Eg fP i:.t 'place, site (Ort, Sttte)' ( N '?ulV 'soil,
foundation, earth') EG I 26 [2] +ext. : HS ''?arVc- id.: S ''?aras- id. > OAk arsatu(m), Ak
crsctu 'earth, land', BHb r3a3 '?crcc id. (paus. r3"a1 '?arcc, pl. tcr1a9 ?"ra'cot), Ph ?rs, Ug rs,
(AkSc) ?arsu, OA abs.\cs. qra ?"'ra_, em. aqra ?ar'_-a, JA em. ao1r6a2 ?ar'-a, Sr em. '0a
?ar-a, abs.\cs. aa ?a'ra, Ar r0?aro-, pl. av5ura ?arao-una id. KB 87-7, A #42O, OLS 51-2,
Sl. 17O-1, PS 397, CAD IV 3O8-313, Hnr. 11O, DRS 33-4; on the ev. of the posttonic 'a AD SNSE
76, AD PSH 92, 94; on OA q _ AD AR , AD PSH 31-2 Ch {Stl.} '?aric- 'earth' > WCh 'jHV,ricV
'earth' {Stl.} > (1) NrBc {Stl.} 'ji,ricV , {Tk.} 'ric- 'earth, ground' > Sir {Sk.} rs`cu`, {IL} irici,
Mbr rici {Sk.}, ricu {Sk. in ChC}, Cg hicc` {Sk.} id., P {MSk.} rica id., 'ground, country', (2) ??
SBc {Sh.}: Kir ac, Tala aci, Gj ?aci, Buli ?ac, Tule qaci, Dw ?ac, Zar K/GL yac, Zar L yac, Sy B/Z
yacs, Sy Zk yacs 'earth', (3) (??) Stl. ZCh 236 adduced (with a query) Su digir 'land' (which she
draws back to 'dihir presumably mt from 'Hrc) || ECh {Stl.} '?iraca (mt of vowels) > Bdy {J}
?irad'a 'valley' JI II 116-7, J S 64, Stl. IF 199, Stl. ZCh 236 [#83O], Sk. NB 19, Sh. SB 23 , Tk. NB
178 The element '-c- of the HS stem seems to go back to a sx. or the second component of a
38
cd OS #54 (HS '?aric-), Tk. PAA 2O (S, NrBc) ll IE: []1] ''?cr- ({EI} 'hcr-) 'earth' >
NaIE 'cr- ('cr-t-, 'cr-v-) id. > Gk co' 'Erde' (att. co-c 'to earth, to the ground', Gk D co-ooc id.)
|| pGmc 'cro > OHG cro, AS car 'earth'; pGmc 'crOo ('cr|o) > Gt air|a, ON |or, OHG crda, NHG Erdc,
AS corc 'earth', NE carth P 332, EI 174, F I 646-7, Ch. 363, Ho. 85, 93, Fs. 25-6, Vr. 295, KM 171,
EWA II 1146-8 [2] NaIE 'aro- 'open space' > L arca 'an open or level space' || Lt oras 'outdoors;
air, weather', {WP} id., 'freier Himmel', Ltv ars 'outdoors, open air', ara 'outdoors', ara 'out of
doors' WP I 79 ['aro- 'das Freue, Weite, Raum' (unsicher)], Frnk. 518, WH I 65 ll U:
FP 'arV 'lowland, (?) low place, river-bed' > F aro 'vallis inter colles, locus demissior herbidus; Tal,
Anger, Steppe; grasbewachsenes Tiefland, kleines Tal', Es {W} aru 'fruchbares, trocken gelegenes
Land, trockene Wiese' | ?? pPrm ''or- > Vt N [UR] ur-IIrcm 'ravine' (IIr- 'break through, erode, wash
away'), Z Is-srsm 'old river-bed in the bend of a fiver' (Is 'bend of a river') || ? ObU: Os V urI, Os
D uro 'river-bed', pVg 'vurVy- > Vg: T oray, LK oroy, P vuroy, Ss uray id. Coll. 72 (BF, Os), SK 24
(BF, Os), UEW 17 (BF, ObU), LG 2O7 (Prm, Os + some other less plausible comparisons), UR 31O,
Ht. 196 [#712] ll A: NaT 'ara 'locality; space\distance between 2 places' > OT bu ara-da 'in this
locality', ara-miz-da 'among us'; in later T lgs. (Tkm ara, etc.) it is used in the meaning 'space
between 2 objects, interval, middle': Tkm ara 'distance, interval', Tk ara, Az, CrTt, Kr, Qmq, VTt,
Bsh, QrB, Qzq, Nog, Qrg, Alt, Xk, Tv, ET, SY ara, Uz ora id., Yk ara 'way between two points' ?? d :
'aj:,ra-l 'island, a forest near water' > Qzq, Nog, ET, Qrg aral, SY ayal 'island', Bsh aral 'small island',
Alt aral 'shrubs near a river or lake; island; forest'; 'arig > Sg/Qb/QK {Rl.} ariy 'island in a river',
Shor {Rl.} aryi 'island', Yk ari 'island, wooded island, grove'; acc. to Pp. TLM 38, T 'aral 1 M 'aral
'island' > MM [MA, S] aral 'island', WrM aral, HlM apan id., 'peninsula; oasis', Ord, ShY aral, Kl arl,
Mgr ral 'island' Cl. 196, ET Gl 162-4, 167, Pek. 1O3, 126-7, TkR 47-8, Rl. I 272, 3OO, MED 48, Pp.
MA 1O4, KW 14-5, Dr. TM I 119-2O Tg 'ara- (+ sxs.) 'open country, flat ground' > Ewk
PT arayan 'open ground on a mountain top', 'sunny place (connncnci)',
Lm aroon " aroyon "aragan" arogon 'open woodless country', Orc aracu, Ul aract 'flat ground for the
bear-killing ritual' STM I 48 Hardly reliable is the comparison with MM arci 'defender,
protector', M 'aracila- v. 'defend, protect' (Pp.: *'to stand between') [see Pp. VG 97, KW 15]
DQA #82 (A 'arV 'open space': T, Tg) ll D: [1] 'ar_a 'room' > Tm aral 'room, apartment, chmber',
Ml ara 'room, partition', Tl ara, arra id., 'chamber', Tu ad 'inne\small room', Gnd arra 'room' D
#322 [2] (in SD) ? 'ar_al (*'earth' ) 'mud, clay' > Kn aril, aral, arulu, arla, arlu 'mud, clay',
Tm, Ml aral 'black sand' D #312 ^ Cf. AD LRC #69 (IE, S, FU) ^ The meaning of words in F,
Prm and ObU and the length of 'a in pT suggest that the U and the T words go back to a merger:
N '?arV 'earth, land' N 'gari 'valley' lll This may have been the origin of the N postposition
'j?V,rV 'towards; in' (q.v. ffd.). .
67. '?arV 'member of the clan\family' > HS: S '?arjV,y- > Ug ry {A} 'Anverwandter,
Sippenmitglied', {OLS} 'congnere, amigo, afn' A #391, OLS 54 Eg fOK iry 'relating to; thereof,
thereto; comrade', DEg iry 'comrade', Cpt: B upcr'compagnon, ami', Sd/A cptcriv, B opteariu,
cptecriu'comrades' EG I 1O3-5, Fk. 25, Er. 38, Vc. 46, 53-4 C: Bj {R} ?arav 'friend' possibly
also C {AD} '?ar- ( N 'hcj y,r'E 'male'?) > HEC {Hd.} 'aro?o 'husband' > Ged, Hd aro?o, Sd, Kmb
aro id.; ? Rn aram 'man, husband, elder' || Ag: Aw {Hz.} qara (< 'qi-ara) 'her husband' AD SF 2O1,
Hd. 82, Hw. A 336, Hw. B II 121, PG 68 Ch '?arV > WCh: Ron: Bks {J} rc` (pl. ?arya) 'man' || ? ECh
{Stl.} '?arV > Mkl {J} ?crovo 'woman'; - ECh 'tV-?Vr- 'girl' ('tV- f.) > Ke {Eb.} tsr 'girl', Smr {J} dur
39
'daughter' J R 145, Stl. IF 5O, Eb. 97 OLS 54 (S, Eg) ll IE 'aro- - aryo- ({EI} 'h
4
c'ros - 'h
4
cr'yos)
'member of ones own ethnic group' ( 'freeman') > NaIE 'aryo- id. ( {P}: 'Herr, Gebieter') > OIr
airc 'homme libre' ( 'chef, prince') || OI 'aryah 'master of the house', ar'yah '(hospitable) lord',
'arya-h, Av alryo 'Aryan (person)', OPrs ariya- 'Median, Aryan (person)'; pIIr 'arya- 1 FV
'orya 'slave' > F or|a 'slave', Es ori 'slave, bondsman' | pMr {Ker.} 'uro 'uryo > Er ypc urc, Mk
ypc uro 'slave, servant' Ht {EI} ara- 'member of ones own ethnic group, peer, companion,
friend' P 67, EI 213, Vn. A 42, M E I 174-5, M K I 52, 79, UEW 721, LG 52, Ker. II 76-7 ll U: FU
(att. in Ugr) {UEW} 'arV 'arva 'relative belonging to one's mother's clan', 'mother's (younger)
brother' > OHg ara 'brother', Hg (early XVIII) 'Schwiegertochter', Hg ara 'bride' (att. from 1792; an
innovation in the framework of the Hg "language renewal") | ObU: Os: Kz vor-ti 'mother's younger
brother, his male descendants, his son', Os N O or-ti, {KrT} or-di 'mother's brother'; Vg: ML oar, N
a:r 'mother's relative', K or in yanor ornor 'parents vexation, po(nrcncia) (oca(a' (ya 'father',
nor 'revenge') UEW 832-3, EWU 44, KrT 244 Rdei's hyp. about the proto-Irn origin of the word
(cp. Av, OPrs, KhS bratar, Sgd |r?t, Blc brat, Oss D arvada 'brother', Oss I arvad 'kinsman' - Ab.
III 437-9, Bai. 313) is hardly tenable (unless we suppose very late Oss origin of the pUgr word)
A 'arV 'man' (> T 'ar, M 'crc 'man') [cf. DQA #2764 (A 'ari 'cra 'man')] is more likely to
belong to N 'hcj y,r'E 'male' (q.v.) ^ AD NM #12O, CNM 9 ( NrCs, ST, Yn).
68. ? '?crV v. 'divide, one share, one, single' > HS: S '?rm > Ar ?aram- 'unus, ullus' = 'quelqu'un,
certain', ?urma 'Mar0, Mar0 'ullus, aliquis', ?arim- 'unus, ullus' Fr. I 28 ll K: GZ 'crt- 'one' > G crt-,
Mg art-, Lz ar(t)- K 79, K
2
147, FS K 116, Chik. 212 ll U: FU 'cra (> 'arV) 'part, single, one' > F
cra 'share', craltaan 'at a time', tclla craa 'this time', cras 'one, a', Vp craz 'other', Es {W}
ara 'Besonderes, Getrenntes', Lv |ara, |ara, |cra | Lp N {N} rrc 'quantity of milk obtained at one
milking from one female reindeer\cow' || Os: V/Vy ar-oy 'getrennt, auseinander', Ty/Y a'ryo, Nz/Kz
ara, O a'rri id. SK 4O, W EDW 8O-1, N III 873, Stn. D 156, SSA I 1O7-8 (FL only), Ht. 129 [#58],
UEW 75 Stn. rejects connection between F and Os and believes (like UEW) that the Os word is
derived from Os V ar, Os D a'r 'much' (acc. to UEW, < U cra 'much'), which is hardly tenable: Os
makes a clear phonological distinction between the -o-derivate from pOs 'ar- 'too much' and the
word in question: Os V has cro-oro 'berschssig, zu viel' and aroy 'getrennt' ll D 'cr_- v.
'divide, separate' > Tl cru v. 'sift', Klm crs- id., crana v. 'be separated, be separate from', Knd
cr_- v. 'keep apart, keep separate', cr_- v. 'be separated', Gnd cr- v. 'be separated from, cht- v.
'wead', Kui c:a v. 'be separate from, detached', csa- v. 'separate', Ku cr`lali- v. 'be separated'
Km. 313 [#19O], D #915.
69. '?ir'a '(or '?iy?r'a?) 'drag, pull, push' > HS: Eg fMK :r 'push aside [(jem. verdrngen [von
Habe, Grenze, Thron, usw.)]', {Fk.} 'drive away', Eg G :r 'jem-n bedrngen' EG I 11, Fk. 3 ll A: Tg
'ira- v. 'drag' > Ewk ir- id., Sln iru-, Lm tr-, Neg ty-, Ork tra--trra- id. ('nonounr, ranr'), Ul tra- v.
'drag, drag over' ('ranr, ncpcracinnar'), Nn tra- v. 'carry, transport' STM I 323-4 Hardly here
(because of the meaning and the cns. 'r) A {DQA} 'iru 'trace, furrow' > Tk ''ir - 'ir id., M 'jq,iraya
'ripples on the surface of water', Tg 'iru-n 'furrow' and pKo 'iraq id. (DQA #687) ll D 'ir- v. 'drag,
draw, pull' > Tm ir- v. 'drag along, pull, attract', Ml iruIa v. 'saw', irIIuIa v. 'draw, drag', Td iO-, Gdb
ir- v. 'pull, drag', Kn ir v. 'pull, draw', Prj ir- v. 'pull' D #542 ^ D '-r- usually goes back to a
'r-cluster rather than to an intervoc. 'r, which suggests a cluster in pN ('-y?r-?) ^ IS I 251 [#112]
('Hira 'ranr, nonounr': D, Tg + Tk 'iran 'furrow' and Ko iraq 'ridge of a furrow').
40
7O. ?? '?uRE (or '?uRV) 'drink, swallow' > U 'urV 'drink; be drunken, intoxicated' ( N 'vcXVrV
'mad, dizzy, intoxicated') > Prm {LG} 'u'r- > Z ipocmIrss, Yz n'rns 'kvass ( small beer)' | Er npc(c-
ircdc-, Mk npc(c- irodo- 'be drunken, get carbon monoxide poisoning (from burning firewood)'
Sm 'sr- v. 'drink' > Ne T yp-n, Ne F qsr-, Slq Ke {Cs.} ira-, Mt {Hl.} 'sr- id. [Mt T/K/M {Mll.} orsu
'bibere', K {Pl.} urschim 'I drink', Mt M {Sp.} ypn x id., ypnax 'I eat (liquid food)'], Slq Tm {KD}
ora- - sra- 'get drunk' Coll. 16, UEW 85, LG 329, Lt. J 16O, Jn. 21-2, Hl. M #249 ll A: M 'orubIi-
v. 'gobble, swallow' > WrM orubIi-, HlM ' p' nxnn-x, Brt py6xn-xy id., WrO orobIi- v. 'inhale, drawn
in' MED 643, Krg. 148, Chr. 514 Valid, unless it is 'qorubIi- (which cannot be ruled out, since
the word is not attested in MM and in 'h-preserving lgs.) ll HS: Eg G ir v. 'eat', Cpt B cpt cri 'bread'
EG I 114, Vc. 64.
71. '?urV 'to gather' ( 'everybody belonging to') > HS: EC: pSam 'ururi v. 'gather, collect' >
Sml {ZMO} ururi vt. 'collect, gather, cause to assemble', urur vi. 'assemble, meet; gather',
urur 'meeting, assembly, gathering', Sml N {Abr.} urur- v. 'become assembled', Bn cruri id., Rn {PG}
urura vi. 'gather together' Hn. S 97, PG 286, ZMO 4O1, DSI 595, Abr. S 244 WS '?ry v. 'collect,
gather' > BHb era ?ry (pf. 1s ?a'riti) v. 'pluck', Gz ?ry (js. yo-?ri, pf. ?araya) v. 'gather, glean' (KB 82,
KBR 85, L G 4O, Di. 744); Gz ?rr (js. yo-?rar-yo-?ror, pf. ?arara) v. 'reap, gather, harvest' A or 1 AfS
lgs.: Sa {R} arar (p. 'iriro, imv. i'rar) 'sammeln, ernten' (Di. 741, L G 39, R S II 46-7); the existence of
a corresponding Af verb arar (mentioned in R S II 46-7 other authors) is not confirmed by Af
dictionaries (PH, Clz.) ll IE: NaIE 'vcr-/'vr- 'multitude, group of people, troop' > OI vrn'dam 'group,
troop, crowd' || OIr foirinn, foircnn 'factio, Gruppe, Schar', OW gucrin 'factio', W gvcrin 'viri, virorum
multitudo, plebs', {YGM} 'ordinary folk, populace', OBr gucrin 'factiones', {Flr.} 'parti, ligue, troupe',
MBr gucryn 'people' || AS vcorn, vcarn 'troop, crowd' WP I 266, P 115O-1, EI 268 (connects the stem
with IE 'vrctos 'flock, herd'), M K III 249-5O, Flr. 189, YGM-1 264, Ho. 387 ll A: M 'urug 'clan,
relatives' > MM [MA] {Pp.}, [HI] {Ms.} uruq [uruy] 'a relative', [HI] {Lew.} uru_, [S] {H} uruh 'relatives',
WrM urug, HlM ypai 'relatives, posterity, clan, a relative'; M 1 Yk, Ewk, Lm uru 'relatives, po(n) '
MED 885, H 167, Ms. H 1O6, Pp. MA 367; Lew. 83, Pek. 3O68-9, STM II 287 Tg 'uru'b- v. 'gather,
collect' > Ewk uruv-, Sln oru-, Neg oyuv- id., Ork uru-, urugi- v. 'arrange (pa:nonr, paccrannr,
ynonr no nop) (iy)' STM II 287 pKo 'ur 'clan, relatives' > NKo ul id. S QK #115O, MLC 1246
pJ ujn,ti 'clan' > OJ udi, [RJ] uti, J: T/Kg ui, K ui S QJ #1529, Mr. 566 DQA #673 (pA
'i_uru 'to gather, crowd' > Tg 'uru-, pKo ur, M 'irgc- v. 'fill up, heap up, stuff, pack', 'ir- id., 'to
crowd', T 'irI- 'collect, assemble') ll D 'ur_- 'multitude; be numerous' > Tm uru v. 'be numerous',
uru 'much, abundant', Ml uru 'plenty, copious, much', Kn urali, urubc 'a mass, multitude', urc
'abundantly, much', ur_u v. 'increase', Tu ur(u)bu, urbi 'increase', urdi n. 'increase', Tl uravu~uravu
'abundance, much' D #711 ^ This N may have contributed to the development of the N pl.
marker 'r'i (q.v. ffd.).
72. '?UrV (ba) 'squirrel or a similar animal' > HS: S '?hVrrab- > Ak arrabu 'dormouse (?)', 'jerboa
(?)' CAD I/2 3O2-3, Lds. FAM 1O7 ll IE 'vcr- (and rdp : 'vcrvcr-, 'vcvcr-, 'vai_vcr-, 'vivcr-,
'vavcr-) 'squirrel', {EI} 'vcrvcr- 'squirrel' > NPrs ravarva varvarc id. || L vivcrra 'polecat' || W
gvivcr, Br gvibcr 'squirrel', Ir iora rua id. (rua 'red') || Lt vaivcris, vaivaras 'male polecat', vc'vcris,
vaivcris, vovcris, vovcrc', vovcris 'squirrel', Ltv vavcrc, -is id., Pru vcvarc id. | pSl
'vcvcr-iIa, -iIa 'squirrel' > OCS a1acpuo, P vicviorIa, Cz vcvcrIa, Uk nnn pia, SCr
nc`ncpnna " (v)|c`vcrica || pGmc 'ai_I-vcrna - 'iI-vcrna id. (with 'ai_I- 'oak'?) > AS ac-vcorna, ON iIorni,
41
OHG cichurno, cichorno, cich(h)orn, NHG Eichhhorn 'squirrel'; acc. to Schr. GW 134 and Schr. 165, pGmc
'ai_I-/'iI- may go back to IE 'ai_g-, cp. OI 'c|-ati vi. 'stirs, moves' WP I 287-8, P 1266, EI 54O, ZVSZ
475, Ma. CS 564-5, YGM-1 267, Frn. 1233-4, En. 273, Vr. 284, KM 154-5, EWA II 974-6, Ho. 2, 39O,
Vl. II 1421 ll U 'ora, 'ora-a 'squirrel' > F orava, Es orav, oravas id. | pLp {Lr.} 'orcv > Lp N {N} oar'rc -
rr-, Lp S {Hs.} oarcvc oarcvc " oaruvc, Lp Kld {SaR} nyyppcn id. | pMr {Ker.} 'ur+ > Er/Mk ur id.
|| Chr ur id. | pPrm 'ur > Z ur id. Sm: in a Samoyedic lge. of the Sayan region (Pl.: "ejus stirpis
monticolis sajanensibus") {Pl.} oro 'Sciurus striatus' UEW 343, Sm. 552 (FP 'ora 'squirrel'), LG
297-8, Kecsk. IPZ, Lr. #847, Lgc. #4587, Lgc. SL #1497, Hs. 1O35-6, SaR 63, Ker. II 176 ll ? D
'ur_utt- 'squirrel' > Tm uruttay, Tl uruta id. (if the connection with D 'ur_uII- 'jump' is secondary or
non-existent) D #713, Tyler DU 81O [#13O] ll A {S} 'Urji,-I`V 'ground-squirrel' > NaT 'orIc id. >
Alt {BT} orIo, Xk {BIG} orIc " orgc, Yk orgo, Tv {TvR} orgc id.; T 1 Hg urgc id., T 1 ? Brt E
{Chr.} pxy id. Shch. Zh 148, BT 12O, BIG 136-7, TvR 339, Pek. 1955, Chr. 513, EWU 1589 The
presence of the word in Hg proves that the T word was not originally confined to Siberia ( Shch.
l.c.) Tg. {S} 'uriIc > Ewk Brg/Nrc uriIs id., 'marmot' (A T or Brt?), ? Orc uriIs, urIs 'black seal
(animal) with white stripes' STM II 285 S CNM 7 ^ The comparison with D has been
suggested by Blz. (p.c.) after Tyler l. c. The A cognate has been suggested by S (S CNM 7). The
quality of the N rounded vw. of the first syll. is controversial: the IE and D data suggest 'u (N 'u >
IE 'vc), while U suggests 'o. A plausible solution may be found if we assume a N rec. '?oRuu (ba)
with 'o of the first syll. changing to 'u under the ass. infl. of the second syll. (cp. the change N 'o >
pre-IE 'u [> IE 'vc] in the presence of 'u of the second syll., as formulated in AD PIEG). The N vw.
'u of the second syll. may be responsable for 'vV of the second syll. in the IE reduplicated variants
of the stem in question ('vcrvcr- a. o.) ^ AD NM #51.
73. 'j?V,rV 'towards' ( 'in'?) > HS: Eg r 'hin nach, hin zu; bis hin nach', conj. 'bis da',
DEg r 'to, towards'; ? Eg O ir 'towards' > Cpt Sd/B cpe- cro-, c- c-, Cpt F cao- cla-, c- c-, Cpt P ope- aro-
id. ( N ?? '?il'a 'place to stay') EG II 386-8, Er. 236-8, Vc. 37 ll IE: NaIE '-r (< '-jH,r?), locative sx.
in adverbs: Lt Iu-r, Ltv Iur 'where?' (place and direction), Gt la-r, ON hvar, OSx hvar, OHG
var 'where?', AS hvar - hvr id. (> NE vhcrc), OL quor, L cur 'why?', Gk vukte 'by night', OI Ia-r-hi
'when?', usa-r 'at dawn'; NaIE 'to-r/'tc-r 'there' > Gt, ON |ar, OSx thar, OHG dar, AS r (> NE thcrc)
'there', OI tar-hi 'then' The long vw. (in quor, vukte) suggests the presence of a lr. Bks. 22O,
WH I 313, WP I 521, P 1O87, Kb. 144, 1145, EWA II 533-5 ll ?? U: FU: Prm 'Io'-r ({LG} 'Io'r) 'when'
> Z Ior, Z US Ior, Prmk Isr ?? Y T tigira 'there' LG 126, Krn. JJ 2O9 ll A {Rm.} '-ru/'-ru,
directive case ending > T '-ru/'-ru > OT ab-im-ru 'towards my house', ba-ru 'hither', a-ru 'there
(dorthin)', soqra 'nachher', tasra 'hinaus', MQp qa-ru 'whither?', OT baru 'hierher',
Iaru - Iiru 'zurck', and after the dative sx.: |ayi-qa-ru 'against the enemy', taqri-ga-ru 'against
God', yoq-qa-ru 'nachoben', ic-gar-ru - ic-ga-ri 'nach innen', tas-qa-ri - tas-ya-ru 'nach aussen',
|ayi-qa-ru 'against the enemy', taqri-ga-ru 'against God', yoq-qa-ru 'nachoben', ic-gar-ru - ic-ga-ri
'nach innen', as well as variants T '-r, '-ra/a > OT qaqar 'whither?', ic-ra 'innen', is-ra 'behind', bisra
'hierher', soqra 'nachher', tasra 'hinaus' Rm. VAJ 44-5, Br. OTG 157-8, Gbn. ATG 28 M {Rm.}
'-ru, e.g. WrM ina-ru 'this side, prior to', cina-ru 'that direction, after', HlM -ru/-lu xo(o-pyy 'towards
the woods', ion( y) pyy 'towards the river\middle', xopnnyy (dis < 'mori-ru) 'towards a\the horse',
Ord -ru/-lu (otog-ru 'i the direction of the Otog banner', Brt -ru/-lu (uha-ru 'toward the water',
mori-lu 'towards the horse', ? Kl _a-r-an (with a reflexive sx.) 'wohin' Pp. IM 161, 2O5 (a qu. hyp.:
42
M '-ru < 'quruyu 'down') ? Ko {Rm.} ro, Ko N -ru (-ri), -illi (-ili) 'by way', cibi-ro, Ko N ciburu
'home' (direction), Ko al-lo 'down' (direction) Rm. VAJ 44-6 ^ Eg i- and the vowel lengthening in
NaIE (OL quor, Gk vukte) suggest the presence of an initial lr. The word may be etymologically
identical with N '?arV 'earth, land' (q.v.) ^ Gr. I 147-5O ["locative RU" in IE, U (Prm, Y), A (T, M,
Tg, J, qu. Ko), Ai, unc. Gil (in fact -r- is from '-t-?), err. Hg sublative 'onto' (not "dative"!) -ra/-rc (on
its origin see EWU 1224)].
74. '?ujv,rV 'light (lux), fire' > HS '?urr- > S '?urr--'?avr- 'light (lux)' > Ak urru '(heller) Tag',
BHb r&a ?or 'daylight, light, dawn', ?vr (pf. r&a ?or) v. 'dawn', Ug r {A} id., {OLS} 'heat; fire,
burning (combustin)', ? Ug {OLS} r - r 'light (luz)', Amr {G} ?ur-um id., ?vr 'to shine', Ar
?avr- 'ardeur du feu, flamme', ?avvara 'allumer', OSA {Jm., Av.} ?vrn 'la divinit patronale des
flammes', Jb C c'rst, df. c'rst 'moon', Sq HS df. 's?srsh, Sq {L} 'crc, Mh ha-rit, Hrs harct id., Sq {L}
'crir 'allumer' KB 23-4, KBR 24-5, OLS 46-7, G A 14, Jo. M 7, Jo. J 4, Jo. H 4, L LS 72-5, Av. G II 68,
DRS 13 Eg G ir.t 'flame (or sim.)' EG I 114 C: ?? Bj {R} 'cra 'light (hell), white; white colour',
cra-m- 'get white' R WBd 27 ? CCh: Mofu {Brr.} -ur- vt. 'burn', Gzg Mj {Lk.} vur id.
('[ver]brennen, rsten') JI II 55, Lk. G 138 ll A: NaT 'uruq - 'Evruq 'white' and M {DQA} 'ovr
'dawn' ( N '?'omrE vi. 'burn, shine, be bright; dawn', q.v. ffd.) ? Tg: Ewk PT/I orumna- 'blaze up',
orumnaa- adj. 'burnt', Ewk {Vas.} urum-mi 'shine, twinkle (cncpiar, xcpnar)', ? Ewk Okh oraItn 'flash,
appear for a moment (xcniar)' STM II 23, 25, Vas. 453 S AJ 288 (A 'orV 'white, light [hell],
dawn') ll ?? D {Km.} 'ur-/'ur-V- v. 'burn' > Tm uru v. 'burn', Kn uri v. 'burn, blaze, glow', Tu uri 'blaze,
flame', uriyu- v. 'burn, blaze', Tl uriyu, uralu vi. 'burn', Mnd rund- v. 'ignite' D #656, Km. 299
[##113-4] The D is ambiguous, it may be alternitavely connected with C 'hur- v. 'light' ^ Cf. IS
MS 337 ('urn vi. 'burn') ^ D '-r- (reg. from 'r-clusters) suggests the presence of an additional cns.
('v) in the Inlaut ^ One cannot rule out the possibility that this N root is a phonetically reduced
variant of '?'omrE ('-mr- > '-vr- > '-r-).
75. '?irjE?,u 'intestines' > HS: S '?iri?-at- 'intestines, lung' (> reduced forms '?ir-at- and WS
'ri'?-at-) > Ak irtu 'lung, breast', Ug rt, (AkSc) {Hnr.} ?iratu 'chest (?)', {OLS} 'pecho, repecho (de un
monte)', MHb ea1ir$ rc'?a 'lungs', Sr oo ra'j?,ta, Ar `ri ri?-at-, Mh rsyc?, Hrs rsyi (pl. rsyot), Jb E
crot, Jb C rot (pl. 'roi) id. Sd. 386, CAD VII 183ff., OLS 53, A #43O, Grd. UT #365, Hnr. 1O9, Js.
1472, Br. 7O5, Jo. M 554, Jo. H 1O1, Jo. J 2O1, MiK I #1.9 [S '?ir(r)-at- 'chest, breast'],1.224 ['ri?(-at)-
'lung'] EC: Brj ir-a 'stomach', Ya ira 'belly', ?? Sml ur, ?? Rn ur id. Ss. B 1O6, PG 287, Blz. RL 257
B {Pr.} 'HrH 'lung(s)' ('H = '??) > Ah {Fc.} tarut 'lung' ({Pr.} < 't-HaruH-t), ETwl/Ty {GhA}, Mz
{Dlh.} tarut, Gh {Nh.} tur (pl. turavin), Kb {Dl.} turot, Gd {Lf.} tura (pl. turavcn), Izd {Mrc.}, Tmz
{MT} turt, Rf Wr {Rn.} tura, Rf B/A toura, SrSn {Rn.} tur-in (pl.), Izn tarut, Sll turot, Wrg {Dlh.}, Nf
{La.} tura, Skn {La.} tura id. Fc. 1558, Pr. M IV-V 214-5, Rn.327, GhA 155, Lf. II #137O, MT 559,
Dlh. Ou 267, Dlh. M 168, Dl. 697, Mrc. 199 OS #36 ?? Eg irv 'piece of meat' Mks. I
#O393 ll IE: NaIE {P} 'orcu_-/',rcu_- 'gut' > Gk [Hs.] ooo _oo 'gut(s)', Gk [Epc.] ouo
'sausage' (or 'guts') || L arvina 'fat, lard (esp. that between the skin and the intestines)', "Sicilian" (=
L Sc?) [] [Hs.] o|ivv kco) ('meat, flesh') WP I 182, P 782, F II 42O, Ch. 828, WH I 71 ll D (in
SD) 'ir- ' internal organ of the body (as liver or spleen)' > Tm iral, irul id., Ml iral, Irl iralu, irvo, AlK
iruvu, Kt iruv, Td uruf, Kn hiri 'liver' D #546 ^ D '-r- is a reg. reflex of N 'r-clusters (rather than
of the intervoc. '-r-), hence it points to the presence of an additional element (lr.?) adjacent to N 'r.
43
Therefore I prefer to reconstruct pS '?r? ( '?iri?-at-) rather than a metathetic pair '?ir-at- - 'ri?-at- ^
Blz. DA 154 [#18] #17 (D, HS, IE).
76. '?crq'i ' ruminant' > HS: S ''?arjV,_- 'cattle, cow' > Ug r_ (= '?arjV,_-) {A} 'cattle', {OLS}
'vaca, novilla', Amr {G} ?ar_um 'cow', Ar r0 ?ar_- 'young bull', Ak ar_- 'cow', Tgy {Bsn.} aR1 ?arha
'bull', ?arh-i 'heifer (that never bore young)' A #389, OLS 49, G A 13, Sd. 67, CAD I/2 263, Bsn.
493, DRS 33 ll IE: NaIE 'cr--'cri- ' ruminant'
Error!
77. '?uorVqV 'path, way' > HS: S ''?ura_- id. > BHb hr@7a '?orah 'way', OA/IA/Plm ?rh, BA hr@a0
?`'rah, JBA ah1r^&a ?or'h-a, ChrPA ?vrh (em. ?vrh?), Sr W/E ?ur'h-a 'road, way', OAk, Ak ur_u 'way,
path, track' ('Weg, Pfad, Bahn') KB 83-4, 1673, HJ 1O6, Sl. 94, Sd. 1429 EC: Sa/Af {R} a'rah (pl.
'aroh) 'way, path' ('Weg, Pfad, Strae'), Af {PH} arah 'place, spot' ? Ged {Hd.} ora 'road' R S II
45, PH 44, Hd. 258 OS #122 ll U: FV {UEW} 'ura 'way, path' > F ura id. | Mk {Ps.} u-r, ura-, urIsIa
'narrow footpath' UEW 8O4 ll A: NaT 'oruoI, ? 'or-gaI 'path' > OT oruoq, Alt, QK oriq id., Brb oraq,
Tlt {Rl.} oroq, Shor/Brb {Rl.} oraq, Xk ora_, Yk oro_ 'animals path' ('Wildpfad'), Bsh uraq 'hare-path,
traces of a hare', Tv oruq 'road, way', Tf oruq 'road, path' Cl. 215, Rl. I 1O5O, 1O54, TvR 327, Ra.
212, Tm. 163, TL 531-2 (unc. : 'oroq T 'or- 'dig') ll ? D (in SD) 'orr`uqI- > Tm orun'Iai_ 'lane,
alley', Tu orn'Iu - or+n'I+ 'lane, footpath' 1 Kn orn'Iu 'narrow path between two walls in a garden'
The unexpected -r`- in Tm or in pSD needs explanation [infl. of SD 'var`i 'way, road' (cf. N
'vArV 'way, road')??] D #1O14 ^ T '-ju,I and SD '-ju,qI- go back to sxs.
78. '?arba 'lie in ambush, scheme evil to so.', '(?) use magic tools' > HS: ? CS '?rb 'lie in ambush,
scheme evil' > BHb bra ?rb G 'lie in ambush, lie in wait for so.', IA bra ?rb 'ambush', Ar ?rb (pf.
aru! ?aruba - ari ?ariba) 'be cunning', Sf mvrb 'intrigant, comploteur', Tmd vrb 'se mettre en
embuscade' KB 8O, KBR 83, JH 23, HJ 1O1, DRS 31 ll U: FU 'ara [att. in FL] 'magic, magic
device' > F ara (gen. arvan) 'lot, magic stick or any other magic tool for finding hidden things,
soothsaying, etc.', ara-mics 'soothsayer' (mics 'man'), aro- v. 'cast lots', Es ar 'lot, magic',
Lv ar:bi 'witch', pLp {Lr.} 'vorc > Lp N {Fri.} vuorbbc 'sors secunda, fortuna; anulus oricalchi, in
membranam tympani magici, quoties pulsabatur, imponendus', {N} vuor'bc 'a piece of wood, stones
etc., used by persons who are going to cast lots about sth.; lot; destiny', Lp L {LLO} vuor'c 'Glck,
Los, Geschick' UEW16, SK 24-5, MF 5O4-6, Lr. #1463, Lgc. #8812, Fri. 837 ll A: T 'arba- v. 'make
magic, cast spells' > OT arva- (Cl.: arva-), Chg, Qrg, Qq, Bsh, Xk arba-, ET arba- " arva-, SY arva- id.,
Qzq arba- v. 'tempt, seduce, try to win so. over by deceit', Yk arba- v. 'flatter, exaggerate', OT arvis 'a
magic spell, or charm' (1 Vt urvcs, urbcc 'remedy for evil eye'?), Chg arvis-ci 'sorcerer' (a T - most
probably, Blgh - word is probably the source of Vt urvcs, urbcc 'Waldgeist; a person inflicting
illness by magic', Hg orvos, oros, orvas, orvos, urus 'physician', as well as of Blg npau 'sorcerer' and
R npau 'physician') ET Gl 168-7O, Rs. W 24, Cl. 199, EWU 1O71-2 ^ IS I 261-2 (S, FU, T), UEW
16 (FU, T); LCm. NLP 2O (FU and A cognates "are almost certainly loans") ^ AD NM #121 ^ An
alt. et.: N '?ara?V 'make magic' > U: FU 'ara id. ll T 'arba- id. ll HS: S 'r? v. 'heal, soothe' > Ak r?
G , Ph, Pun r?, BHb, Sr r? G , Gz rf? G 'heal', Ar rf? 'allay the fear of, soothe', Cn 1 Eg (EgSSc)
ha-r-fi 'to heal' (KB 1188, Hlk. #157, SivCR 83). This latter et. is qu. , because the primary meaning
of S 'r? is likely to be 'repair' (cf. Ar rf? 'mend [clothes]', Gz rf? 'sew, mend').
79. '?arca (or '?acjV,ra) 'trace' ( 'sign', 'choose') > HS: S ''?aOar- 'trace, track, place' > Ar
?aOar- 'vestigium, signum' (and, with a different vowel pattern, ?iOr- 'vestigium'), Ug Or, Pu, Yd, DA
44
?sr, OA ?sr [?aOar], IA ?tr, ?tr?, JA ?"'tar, ?at'r-a, SmA ?tr, Sr ?a'tar, ?at'r-a 'place',
Gz ?asar (etymologically erroneous spelling) - ?asar 'path, trace, track', Amh asvr 'footprint', Ak
asr-u 'place, site; region, country'; WS '?Or v. 'follow the traces, choose' > Gz ?sr G (erroneous
spelling for ?sr) v. 'follow the traces', Tgr ?sr (pf. ?asrv), Tgy ?sr (pf. ?assvrv) v. 'follow the traces',
Ar ?Or (pf. ?aOara) v. 'choose' JH 27-8, HJ 125-8, OLS 61-2, L G 45, Sl. 179, Lv. I 156, Tal 74, Fr. I
12-3, Br. 55-6, Sd. 82-3, CAD I/1 456-6O, DRS 37 ll K: G arc-cva 'Wahl, Erwhlung, Auswahl' Chx.
36 ll ?? D 'acca (-'anca) 'trace, foot' ( N '?aNsi ' foot', q.v. ffd.).
8O. '?arjV,Ia (or 'yarjV,Ia?) 'see, observe' > IE: NaIE 'rc(:)g- (< ''?rcg-) v. 'see, observe' > pAl {O}
'ragna > Al: StAl T rua|, T {Kf.} ruan|, G ruc| 'guard, keep, observe' || Lt rcgc'ti (1s prs. rcgiu), Ltv
rcdzct 'to see', Lt ragana 'witch' (cp. NHG boscr BlicI), rcgimas 'visible, apparent' || Gmc: ON roI|a,
AS rccan, OHG ruohhcn, OSx roIian v. 'care', OHG ruoh > MHG ruoch 'care' || Gk o`-e 'I help, save'
(< 'sm-rcg- 'co-observe'?), o`e 'Hilfe', o`eo) 'helfend' Mn. 1O65, F I 137, Vr. 45, Ho. S 61,
OsS 73O-1, Kb. 813, Frn. 712-3, II 82, 447, Kf. 299, O 374; WP II 366 & P 54 (Al and Blt only) ll
HS: C {AD} '?r'K > EC 'arI- v. 'see' > Sml arI-, imv. arag, Rn imv. ?agar, pl. ?arga, Bn
imv. ?arI, pl. ?arIa, Arr ?arg-, Dsn ?arig, Elm amaq-arg-c 'see', pOr 'arg- > Or arg-, Kns, Gdl aII- (acc. to
Ss., EC '?arg-, but 'g is doubtful) , Dl: Hr/Dbs/Gln/Gwd {AMS}, Cm {Hab.} ?ar- 'know' || ? SC: WRt
'?ar- 'see' > Irq {Mgh.} ?ar-, {MQK ar-, Grw/Alg {Wh.} ar-, Brn arim- MQK 15, Wh. IC 56, E SC
286 || Ag: Xm T {CR} arcI-, {Bnd.} arq" v. 'know', Xm {R} ar(c)q- 'learn (erfahren), understand, know',
Bln {R} ar?- v. 'know' AD SF 2O1-2, Ss. B 26, Bl. 195, 25O, Hn. S 52, PG 68, Sim 7, 9, 13, Hw. A 336,
To. DL 322, 479 , AMS 28O, Blz. CL 18O ll A: NaT 'arIa- > OT {Cl.} arqa- 'search, investigate', MU
arqa- 'search, look for' Cl. 216, DTS 54 ll D 'ar-ay- v. 'examine, search, look for' > Tm aray v.
'investigate, examine, seek', Ml arayIa v. 'seek, examine', Kt arycI 'carefullness', Kn aray((y)u) v.
'search, investigate, take care of', Tu araysu- v. 'expect, look for, desire', Tl arayu, arayu v. 'think,
consider, search, examine, know, see, observe', Knd rcy v. 'search for', but D 'ar_i-, {GS} 'ycr_d_- v.
'know, find out, search' is likely to go back rather to N 'v'arV 'look, watch', q.v. ffd.) D #377,
Km. 289 [#64] [hyp.: cd 'ara 'fully' (cp. Tl aru- v. 'become full') + '-ay- v. 'select, schoose,
examine'] ^ N '?- is beeing reconstructed on the ev. of IE (the IE reflex of N '? is the only IE lr. that
becomes zero when not adjacent to a vw.) and C (EC '?- may go back to '?- , 'h- or 'y-).
81. ''?ar VmV ( = 'h?) 'upper part of a limb' > HS: Eg fP rmn 'upper arm, shoulder' EG II 418,
Fk. 149 ll IE: NaIE 'aromo-/'r:mo- ({EI} IE ''h_crHmos - 'h_rH'mos) 'arm' > OI ir'mah 'arm,', Av
ar.mo 'Arm', Oss arm 'hohle Hand' || L armus 'the shoulder where it is fitted to the shoulder-blade'
|| ? Gk oo) 'shoulder-joint; joint (in masonry)' (with a puzzling irreg. h-) || Pru irmo 'arm', Ltv
crmi 'part of a wagon to which the shaft is attached', Lt armai {P} 'Vorderarm am Wagen', {Frn.}
'Teil des die Deichsel haltenden Wagenteils' | Sl {Glh.} 'ormc (gen. 'ormcnc, pl. 'ormcna)
- 'ormo 'shoulder' > OCS pomeramo, OR pomaramc (pl. ramcna), R ) paxo (pl. paxc) na), Uk ) pax( ,
) paxcno, Blg ) paxo, SCr ra__mc (pl. ra__mcna), Slv ramc, Cz ramc, Slk rama, P ramic || Gt arms, ON armr,
OHG arm, AS carm, NHG Arm 'arm', NE arm || Arm armukn arm-uIn 'ellbow, fore-arm' P 58-9, EI 26, M
K I 96, WH I 69, F I 144, Fs. 58, Vr. 14, Ho. 86, KM 3O, EWA I 331-3, Jah. OSK 14, 49, Frn. 16
(hyp.: Lt armai A NGr OP armc ' part of a wagon', but why not NGr OP A Lt?), En. 184, Tp. P I-K
68-7O, ME I 575-6, Vs. III 44O-1, Glh. 517-8 ll ?? U 'narma 'groin' > FP 'narma [ N
'nagoRV 'groin, small abdominal organs (kidneys, pancreas and sim.), q.v. ffd.]' ^ The origin of
45
the U initial 'n- is obscure; it may go back (together with the length of the vw. of the 1st syll.) to
an initial component of a set phrase 'nV... '?ar VmV.
82. '?or'u '(male) antelope, deer' > HS: S '?arvay- > Amr {G} ?arviyum 'gazelle', Ak
arvium~ arvum 'gazelle (male)', Ar yWvir0 ?urviyat- (pl. var0 ?arva) 'mountain goat' ({Fr.} 'capra
montana, rupicapra'), Gz aR ?arvc 'beast, animal' ?? Ak armu 'mountain ram', Sr ?arn-a 'mountain
goat' Fr. IV 214, L G 4O, KB 85, DRS 32, G A 13, Sd. 69-7O, 73, CAD I/2 294, Br. 5O, JPS 29 In
MAk (after the phonologic merger of -v- and -m-) Ak arvu merged with Ak armu 'gazelle'
(connected with Ak armu 'mountain ram'?) C: ?? Bj {R} ra 'Ariel-Antilope' or 'antilope Someringii'
|| Dhl {EEN} ?arolc 'eland' R WBd 188, E SC 287, EEN 2O ll A: M: WrM oruqgu, HlM,
Brt oponio ' small dark antelope with long flat horns', 1 WrMc oroqgo {STM} 'wild goat, wild
mountain ram (iaxcnnin 6apan)', {Hr.} 'schwarze Hirschziegenantilope', {Z} 'wild dark-coloured
ram, resembling a chamois' MED 623, Chr. 362, KW 289 Tg 'oron 'reindeer' >
Ewk oron, Lm or+n, Neg oyon, Orc oro, Ud oro-olo, Ul oro(n-), Nn oro 'domestic reindeer',
WrMc oron bu_u id. STM II 24-5, Z 132, Hr. 741 DQA #629 [A 'orV 'deer, antelope'; incl. M,
Tg] ll D 'Ur`j-ay-, 'deer' > Tm uray, Tu ur, ulc, {BhK} ulc 'deer', Prj ur`u 'spotted deer' D #694
^ AD NM #5, S CNM 5 (suggests to add T 'ar-Iun 'cross-bread horse' and 'ar-ga-maI 'stallion'), Vv.
AEN 2. d
83. '?urE 'top' > HS: C: EC '?urr- 'top' > Dsn ?ur-ru 'sky, high', Elm urr-u 'above', Brj urr-a
'mountain', Or urr-atta 'clouded mountain top', ? 'fog', ? Dl: Gln ?urr-attc 'cloud', Hr, Dbs ?urr-accc
'cloud, fog'; EC '?irr- > Or irr-a 'on top of', Kns irr-ota 'mountain', ? Sa, Af ir-o 'outside, away,
abroad' Ss. B 184, To. DL 485 B 'vHuir ( N ' crU 'go up, rise' [q.v.]) > Ah {Fc.} avr (pf. ivor)
(Fcj. 62 = Pcj. I A 6), Gh {Nh.} var (pf. ivar) 'be on\above (sth.)', ETwl, Ty ovor id., 'tre lev (lune,
soleil)' Fc. 1511, 2OO5, Pr. M VI-VII 1O6, Nh. 2O8, GhA 2O1 ll IE: Ht aru- 'high' ( N ' crU ''
[q.v.]) ?? NaIE 'vcr- 'knob' ({EI} 'vrHos 'pimple') > L varus 'rash\pimples on the face', varulus
'sty (in the eye)' || Lt viras, Lt E virys '(pigs) measles' || AS vcr-nl 'abscess' > NE varncl, Dt vccr
'callosity', Nr vcrc 'tumor under cows skin' || Tc B yoro 'pustule, boil' P 1151, EI 523, WH II
734, Ad. 512 ll A: T 'ur- 'top' > SY yuz, Chv vir 'top' ( N 'orEU 'summit, top') - T 'ura
'above, on high, on' > NaT 'uj:,za > OT uza 'above, on high', ET {Jr.} u'zc, Ln uza, SY
uzc " uzi" yuzc, Ln uza, Yk uosa - usa 'top, upper part, upper surface', ET {Nj.}
uza 'superficial', {Nj.} uzra, ET {Jr.} u'zcrc 'on, upon'; NaT ''uz-t > 'ust > OT ust, Tk ust, Tkm
uOt, Az, Ggz, Qmq, Qzq, Nog, Qrg, Alt, Ln, ET {Nj.} ust, Uz ust 'top; upper part \ surface' Cl. 242,
28O-1, DTS 629, ET Gl 622-3, 638-9, Ml. ZhU 45-6, Nj. 124, 126, Jr. 328, Jeg. 54, Fed. I 124
The length of 'u (evidenced by Yk) may be due to the initial lr. pKo {S} 'orn- v. 'rise' ( N ' crU
' orE 'go upwards, rise', q.v. ffd.) DQA #16O7 [A 'ori 'to rise, up'; incl. T, Ko].
84. '?'urVvV 'large feline' > HS: CS '?ar'yay- 'lion' or sim. > BHb ei$r^a2 ?ar'yc, ir%a9 ?"'ri 'lion',
Ph ?rv, Ug rv, BA ei$r^a2 ?ar'yc, pl. ?ar,yava'ta, JA ai!r^a2 ?ar'ya, SmA eira ?ryh, Sr ?ar'ya 'lion', as
well as Gz ?arvc 'wild beast' [ N '?or'u '(male) antelope, deer']; ? Cn 1 Eg N ir 'lion' KB 85, HJ
1O4, Sl. 166, Tal 61, A 13, DRS 32, EG I 1O6 Eg fP, DEg rv 'lion' EG II 4O3, Er. 243 Ch: ECh:
Mu {J} ?oruva, Mgm {J} ?ar`um 'lion', Tmk {Cp.} s`rs`v 'leopard' || ?? CCh: MsgP {Trn.} ahirav,
{Mch.} ahrav id. | Lmn {Lk.} srvarc` 'lion' | Mdr {ChL} ?trtv"sri, {Mch.} orvarc, Glv {Rp.} arsvara,
{ChL} arvara, Gv {ChL} ?urvara, Dgh {Frk.} rvirc, {ChL} arvirc id. | Lgn {Lk.} rovoni id. ChC, JI II
223, 227, ChL, Cp. 59 ll D {Tr., GS} 'ur`uv- 'tiger' > Tm uruvai_, Tl duvvu, Klm duv, du, Gnd du, dual
'tiger', duval, duvval 'panther' D #692, GS 224-5 [#551] ll A: ???, T 'irbi'l or 'irbil 'leopard'
46
> OT irbic-irbis id., OT U [Trf] {BG} iriz 'lynx (?)', Tv irbis 'leopard' Cl. 199, ET Gl 346, TL 156-7,
Mng. G 73O S CNM 9 (both suggest that ilbirs is a tabooistically corrupted form of '|olbars),
Vv. AEN 1O (qualifies OT irbis as a "ghost" word, but it is quoted in this form in Cl. 199; this s [if
true] is from 'l) ^ AD NM #3, CNM 9 ( ST).
85. '?'as'o 'stay, be' (IS: 'settle') > HS '?is- v. 'be, exist': S '?is- v. 'have', 'exist' > OAk (-)is-,
Ak (-)is- [inf. isu v. 'have', prefixed stative tisu 'you [sg.] have', Ak MB stative 1s is-aIu 'I have',
3m ''y-isu 'he has', 'it has' 'there is' (cp. Fr il y`a, Port tcm) > Ak {CAD} isu, {Sd.} isu 'he has', BHb
Si$ ycs, SmHb yas 'there is, it exists', SmA ys 'there is'; adj. '?ays-(um) 'existing' ('la ?ays-(um) 'non
existing' > Ak lassu(m) 'non existing', 'is not', 'there is not'), in the predicative case '?ays-a 'there
is' (> Ar ?aysa 'there is'), 'la ?aysa 'there is not' > Ar laysa, OA sil lys id., Ak las [spelled la-as] 'is not,
there is not'. The semantic development of the word in HS and S is connected with the complicated
syntactic history of these lgs.: in my opinion, at the ancient stage the prefix-conjugated verbs were
dative-oriented (similar to ergative syntactic orientation): 'yi-vda meant 'tibi notus est, tibi visus
est' later 'you know' (like in the history of pIE 'voyd-a), hence 'y(i)- meant 'to him',
and 'y-isu meant 'ei est, &l si$'. Later there was a syntactic revolution, namely a reinterpretation of
dative-oriented sentences into nominative-oriented, so that the personal pxs. ('?a- 'to me', 'ti- 'to
you', 'yi- 'to him', etc.) were reinterpreted as markers of the nominative subject ('?a- 'I', 'yi- 'he',
etc.), whence, in line with the general development, 'yisu 'ei est' was reinterpreted as 'he\it has' (a
meaning preserved in Ak). But at the same time the S form 'yisu had a fossilized WS semantic
variant (not any more a conjugated verb form) that escaped the abovementioned syntactic
reinterpretation and preserved its original meaning 'il'y a' (on the nominative syntactic
revolution in HS cf. AD PP, esp. p. 96). In addition, the same HS stem has a different S reflex,
namely '?iOay 'there is' > BA it2ia5 ?itay, JEA at1ia5 ?ita, Sr 4i ?it, SmA ?yt, Ug O (= {Blau} '?iOc),
BHb Si% - Sia5 ?is 'there is'. The enigmatic 'O of this form goes back to HS 'c and is likely to be due
to some sx. (or infix) containing 't at the pre-S (HS?) level: -t-s- -s-t- > '-c- > S '-O-. Cf. Blau MS
II 58-62, KB 423, 1665, KBR 443-4, KB LVT 1O49, OLS 6O, BH IV 13O, Tal 25, 363, G OA 72-3, CAD
VII 289-93, Sd. G 78b, 1O6r, Sd. 4O2-3, 539, Fr. I 75 & IV 14O, Br. 16 ? B {Pr.} '-hsuH v.
'arrive' > Ah as id., ETwl/Ty asu (Pcj. I A 1O = '-HCuC- structure), Gd as, Gh, Nf, Kb, Mz as v. 'arrive,
come', ?? Zng {TC} cssi-ddch 'come'; the pB lr., symbolized by Pr. as 'h, regularly represents
pHS '? Fc. 1794-5, GhA 168, Pr. M VI-VII122, Nh. 213, Lf. II #1411, Dl. 752, Dlh. M 182, DCTC
286 C: EC '?Vss- [v. 'be\stay (somewhere)'] v. 'spend the day' > Af {PH} as-c, Sa {R} as-, Sd {C,
Mrn.}, Kmb {C, Mrn.}, Ged {Mrn.} os-, Hd {PB} oss- v. 'spend\pass the day'; the ancient meaning
'be\stay' is still present in Af {PH} as-c -I v. 'be absent from' (-I means 'from', the construction
litterally means 'be out of') C SE II 191, C S 656, PB 14O, PH 46, R S II 48, Mrn. S s.v. os-, Mrn.
ApCA s.v. os-ll K: Sv l-asv 'was' (ipf. of a copulative verb), -csv (conjunctive of the same verb, 3s
l-csv) Top. SE

249, GP US 53-4 ll IE '?cs-/'?s- ({EI} 'hcs-: 3s ''hcsti, 3p ''hscnti) > NaIE 'cs-/'s- v.
'be' (prs. 1s 'cs-mi 'I am', 3s 'cs-ti 'is', 3p 's-cnti-'s-onti); e.g. '?cs-ti 'is' > Ht cs-zi, NaIE 'csti > OI asti, Gk
coti, L cst, Osc ist, Gt ist, Lt csti, cst, Sl 'cs-ti (> OCSat:i|csti), etc.; 3p 's-cnti-'s-onti > OI 'santi,
Gk D cvti (< 'scnti), L sunt, Um scnt, Gt sind, OCSta:isoti, etc.; Ht asa-nzi 'sunt' with its 'o-grade for
the expected zero-grade is innovational (?). The lr. '?- is suggested by the fact that in the zero-
grade it did not become 'o, but was reduced to zero. In my opinion, there was an Early IE lr. '?- (<
N '?-) that, unlike other lrs., was reduced to zero in unstressed positions (not adjacent to a vw.)
where other lrs. became 'o. It is not clear if IE '?cs- v. 'be seated' [> (prs. 3s) OI astc, Av astc, Gk
47
otoi] is a Dehnstufe of the same IE or it belongs to a different N (cf. N '?isV 'to sit', 'set') P
34O-3, EI 53, BD II/3 595-642, Bks. 228, M K I 67, F I 463-4, Fs. 292, Frn. 124, Bc. G 334, Pv. I-II
285-3OO ll U ''as'uo- v. 'be somewhere, settle, dwell' > FP 'asc- (in Lp and Mr) - 'asV- (in BF) >
Vo aso- vi. 'settle': olud asob 'beer is settling', F asu- v. 'reside, inhabit', as-ctta- (causative?) v. 'put,
place', asc-ma 'place', F as-c- (with a factitive sx.?) v. 'prepare a sauna' ( v. 'put, set'), Es asu- vi.
'be, be found, lie, dwell, settle', asc, asu 'place' | pLp {Lr.} 'ass > Lp N {N} assa- / asa- 'live, dwell,
settle, settle down', Lp L (h)assa- 'sich niederlassen, ansssig werden', Lp N {N} assam-sagg|c 'place
of residence' (the Lp forms are not necessarily loans from F, as assumed by Coll. (FUV), Rdei and
Lr., but may well go back to FU 'asc- v. 'dwell, reside' and 'asc-ma 'place', esp. in view of the
exact sound corrs. between Lp N assam and Mk azom) | Mk y:cx azom,
yazom, Er y:cx czcm 'place' (< 'asc-ma) Sm 'Is+-y- {Jn., p.c.} > Ne T {Ter.} qcso- 'settle and
build a tent (ocranonnrc) uyxox)' (of nomads), T O {Lh.} qso 'haltmachen und ein Zelt oder Zelte
errichten' Coll. 4, SK 26, W EDW 64-5, Slv. 28-9, Lr. #62, Lgc. #261, Lh. 26, Ter. 422, Coll. CG
4O5, UEW 18-9, Ker. II 39 The rec. of vowels in this is problematic, since the vowels observed
in the daughter lgs. deviate from the known sound corrs. Collinder (CG) and Rdei (UEW)
reconstructed here 'asc- ('aso- of my notation) resp. 'asc-; Rdei tried to explain the front vw. in
Mr by ass. infl. of -s- (which would have been irreg., since in many roots 'a remained unchanged
before s); their rec. gives no explanation to the Samoyed vowel. Jn. {p. c.} reconstructs
U 'IsI-, since in his theory (Jn. UK) there is a reg. corr. between FP 'a---'c and Sm 'I---+, interpreted
as pU 'I---I. But his theory (even if it is true) does not account for c, c in Mr; IS and Dybo
reconstruct here pre-harmonic U 'cA, which after harmonic levelling gave rise to 'a in BF
and 'c in Mrn. But in this case there is no explanation for Sm 'I. I share the opinion of IS and Dybo
assuming that the cause for irregularity lies in the interaction of Early U vowels of both syllables,
but I suppose that the first vw. has been preserved without ass. changes in Mr and probably Lp
(U 'a) and has changed into 'a in BF (due to vowel harmony) and into 'I (probably high back vw.)
in Sm due to the infl. of the high back 'u (or mid back 'o). If the final vw. was '-u, F and Es asu- v.
'dwell, reside' preserve the old vw., but reinterpret it as a sx. of intransitivity\passivity (infl. of
other words with the sx. -u) ^ AD LRC #78 (IE, U, S), IS I 268-7O [HS (S, B, C, Ch [highly doubtful]),
IE, U, K], GP US 54 (K, S, IE). The rec. of the final labial vw. is based on the ev. of B and K, as well as
on my preliminary rec. of the U stem. This labial vw. could have been only N 'o rather
than 'u or 'u, since 'u and 'u would have yielded 'v/u/ov in IE, while N 'o yields no consonantal
traces in IE ( AD NVIE) ^ IS l.c. supposed that the original meaning of the word was 'to settle' (of
nomads), apparently suggested by U (Lp, Sm 'settle' etc.) and B ('arrive'). This is not certain
because an opposite semantic change ('stay' 'begin to stay' 'settle, arrive') is possible too (cp.
L fuit pfc. 'was' > Sp fuc 'went') Gr. II #28 ('cs 'be').
86. '?isV (or '?i?sV?) 'to sit', 'seat (part of the body that bears the weight in sitting)'
( 'foundation, basis') > HS: S '?iss--'?uss- 'basis, foundation' > Ar ?uss--?iss- id., BA ?os' (att.
forms: pl. em. aI![2a8 ?uss-ay'y-a 'Grundfeste', ie57]a8 ?us'sohi 'seine Grundfeste'), OAk ussum, Ak
ussu (mostly in pl.) 'Fundament' BK I 31, GB 896-7, Sd. 1442, DRS 35-6 ? C: Bj {R} -sa? pcv.
md. (1s p. a-'sa?, prs. 'csti? - cs'ti?) 'sit, dwell' || EC: Elm a'siya, Arr {Hw.} siy?-/sidi- 'sit down' R
WBd 194 , Hw. A 393, Hn. E 282, Blz. CL 18O Ch: Ke {Eb.} ss-, isi 'sich niederlassen, (sich)
ansiedeln', 'sasseoir, sinstaller', is c?i 'sit down' Eb. 58 ll ? IE '?cs- v. 'be seated' ({EI} 'hcs-
'sit') > NaIE '?cs- (only md.) id. > OI 'as-tc, Av astc || Gk A )otoi 'he is seated' (h- from cooi 'sit' <
48
IE 'scd-) Ht cs-, as- (<'hcs-/'hs- = 'cs-/'os-?) v. 'sit, remain (seated), reside', OHt cs-, as- id., v. 'sit
down, be seated', HrLw as- v. 'sit, sit down', asa-s 'seat'; acc. to Pv., the apophony goes back to
'c/'E alternation; Oettinger reconstructs here IE 'EcEs- P 342-3, EI 522, M K I 84, F I 633-4,
Ch. 411-2, Pv. I-II 291-3OO, Ts. E I 11O-1, Oett. IGS 112, Mer. HHG 35 This IE my either
belong here or be a variant (NaIE Dehnstufe?) of 'cs- / 's- v. 'be' (< N '?'as'o 'stay, be' [q.v.]). Both
hypotheses have their drawbacks: in the former case it is hard to explain IE 'c for the expected
'ci_ ( AD PIEG), while in the latter case we should not expect 'o- as the zero-grade (in Ht as-), but
rather a zero vw. (< 'E- < N '?-). This 'o seems to suggest the presence of a postvoc. N lr. (N
'?i?sV > IE {Oett.} 'EcEs-), possibly preserved (with mt ) in Bj. Neither can we rule out mt in IE (N
'?is?V > Bj s?, IE {Oett.} 'EcEs-) ll U: FV 'isV- v. 'sit, sit down' > F istu- v. 'sit', Es istu- v. 'sit, sit
down' | Er/Mk oza- 'sit down', Er ozado, Mk ozada 'in sitzender Stellung, in sitting position, cn() '
UEW 629, ERV 432-3 ll ? E: MEl us-ta-na 'Sockel, Fundament' HK 1251.
87. '?usV 'fire' > HS: S '?iss-, '?isjs,-at- 'fire' > BHb Sa4 ?cs (with a short c, evidenced by SmHb
as 'fire'), +ppa. ?iss-: &[a5 ?is's-o 'his fire', pl. [BS] tvsa '?is's-ot, Ph ?s, Ug st, (AkSc) i-si-tu,
OA ?s, BA em. a[1a3 ?cs's-a, IA esa ?sh, em. atsa ?st-?, SmA ?s ({Tal} = as), ?sh, JA a[ia5
?is's-a, at1[1ia5 ?iss-a't-a, Sr 4o3oe ?css-a't-a, Gz AT ?osat, Tgr, Amh AT ?ssat, Har
?ssat, ?isat, OAk isum, Ak isatu(m), Eb {Krb.} ?isatum 'fire' KB 89, BH IV 34, GB 69, 897, Blau MS
II 62-7 (hyp.: '?is- with a short 's, Hb and Aram gemination is secondary), A #436, OLS 57-8, Hnr.
11O, Sl. 126, Tal 67, JH 27, HJ 121, L G 44, CAD VII 227-233, Sd. 392-3, G OA 72, DRS 35-6 WCh
{Stl.} 'vusi 'fire' > AG: Ang, Gmy, Su, Ywm vus, Tal vu`s | Ron: Klr vus | BT: Gera {Sch.} vusi, Krkr
{Lk.} ycsi, csi, {Kr.} ?csi, Ngm ycsi, Krf {Sch.}, Glm {Sch.} vusi, Bele {Sch.} uhi, Grm {Sch.} usi, Pr
{Frz.} vui, Bl vosi; SBc: Grn {Sh.} isi, Grn Mb {Sh.} isi Stl. ZCh 238 [#849], JI II 138, ChL, Frz. P
53, Sch. BTL 144, Sh. SB 24 ll U: FU : [1] [att. in Ugr] 'usV- v. 'fire (a hearth, etc.), kindle the
fire, heat, be very hot' > pOs {Stn.} 'o- ({ Hl. 'u-) v. 'fire (oven, etc.), kindle the fire' = 'heizen
(den Ofen, Tschuval), Feuer anmachen' > Os: V/Vy ol-, Lk oO-, Ty/Y o-, I (D,
etc.) ot-, Nz/Sh at-, Kz al-, O a'l- id. | OHg izzad- 'sehr hitzig sein, sehr warm sein', Hg izzad- v. 'sweat'
[2] [att. in Prm] ? 'asX > Prm {LG} 'cs- 'ignite' > Z szyI- 'catch fire, caus. sztI- 'ignite, kindle',
Yz 'o'ztn-tnI 'kindle fire \ a bonfire', Vt cst- 'stoke', Vt Kz cz+l- 'auftauen, wchmelzen' The shift 'u
> 'a still defies explanation MF 334-5, Stn. D 64, Hl. rHt 71, UEW 27, LG 21O, Lt. Y 157 ll ? A:
AdS of T 'hiS-s-/hiS-su- v. 'heat', 'hiS-su-y-/ 'hiS-su-- 'hot' ({Md.} 'IssIg - 'issig) 'warm' (< N
'osi 'be hot \ warm', q.v. ffd.) ll ? D ''ic- 'fire' > Mnd isIc 'fire', Png isIc :ioli, isIi-diuli 'firefly',
Klm isrc 'glow-worm' D #428 ^ The is to be distinguished from N ''has'o 'to burn' (of fire)
(q.v.). Cf. otherwise IS I 262-3 s.v. '?aSa 'fire' ^ Cf. Blz. DA 162 [#1O1] [unconvincingly equates
the above HS, D, FU and T roots with the IE and M reflexes of ''has'o 'burn' (of fire)].
88. ''?VsV 'they' > K '-Vs: Mg -cs / -is, Lz -cs, 3p aor.: Mg cv-cs vt. 'they burnt\baked', car-cs
'they wrote', ibir-cs 'they sang', tIvi-is 'they said', Mg/Lz -cs, 3p ipf.: Mg dvan-d-cs 'mittebant', Lz
car-cs 'scripserunt', carum-t-cs 'scribebant' Q O62-5, Marr 5O-1 ll IE: [1] '-cs (< ''-?cs), nom. pl.
com. > AnIE: Ht -cs - -is, Pal -us NaIE nom. pl. m./f.'-cs (with consonantic stems) > OI -as, Gk -c), Gt
-s, L -cs, Osc -s, ON -r, Lt -cs, OCS -c; '-os (< '-o-cs with '-o-stems) > OI -as, Osc -us, Gt -os, ON -ar;
'-as (< -a-cs) with '-a-stems > OI -as, Osc -AS, Gt -os, Lt -os [2] '-n-s (< '-m acc. + -s pl.), acc. pl.
com. > AnIE: Ht -us, Lv -anza (whence nom. pl. -anzi), HrLw -azi ( nom. pl. -azi) NaIE '-n-s acc.
pl. m./f. of consonantic stems > Gt -ns, OI -as, Gk -o), L -cs ( nom. pl.-cs), Osc -s, Um -F, Lt -is;
49
'-o-ns with '-o-stems > OI -an, Gk -ov) (> Gk A -o)), L -os, Gt -os, etc. The presence of '-c- in '-cs
and the vowel lengthening in '-os, '-as suggest a pre-IE initial '?- (otherwise the pl. ending would
have been '-s, like in nom. sg.), but the absence of vowels in the acc. pl. '-n-s still needs
explanation Mer. SGA 275, 282-4, Brg. KVG 39O-9, Bks. 173, 191-2, Bc. G 113-3O ll A: T: ? Chv
{Ash.} -os - -oz_o 'their', Chv -os - 3p ending of verbs (in aor., ft. and conjunctive) Rs. MTS 2O1-3,
Andr. ChJ 487, Ash. MI 3O5 The palatality of Chv -s needs investigation M '-s, pl. of nouns:
MM [MA] ugc-s 'words', [S] crc-s, WrM crc-s 'men', HlM {Pp.} ulvs 'mountains', Kl zalu-s 'young
men', Mgl ta'Ia'-z 'bucks', Ord cmc-s 'women' Pp. IM 177-8 ? Tg {Bz.} coll. '-sa / '-sc: 'xol-sa 'fish'
(coll.) > Nn Nh/KU, Ork _olto, Ul _olto(n-), Ud olo"o 'cooked fish', Ewk ollo, Lm olra 'fish' coll., Tg
'ul-sc 'meat' > Ul ulss, Ud uls"s, Ewk ulls, Sln uldi - ulds, Lm ulro Bz. 69, STM II 14, 262 Rm. VAJ
25, Pp. PSA ll ? U: FU: Prm: Z -ss, pl. of adjective: cnId-ss 'short' (pl.) hardly here pPrm '-yo'sV
(pl. of nouns) (> Z -yas, Z Ud -yss, Prmk -cz - -ycz, Yz -yo'z, Vt -yos, -os); Rd. believes that this sx. goes
back to pPrm {Rd.} 'yo'sV, {LG} yo'z- 'Glied, Gelenk' (presumably akin to F |ascn 'joint of limbs,
member'); in any case, Prm '-s- in '-yo'sV does not correspond phonetically to K '-s- in '-Vs LtT
873, Bat. KZJ 22O, Rd. GPS 379-8O, LG 112 ll HS: pCh (in WCh.) {Kr.} 'sun 'they', 'su(n) 'their,
them' (in some Ch lgs. postnominal, pre- and post-verbal) > [1] 'sun 'they' > Hs su | Fy {J} son, Bks
{J} sin | Krkr du-su | Ngz aI-si | Dw suq, Gj si, Sy ya-sa 2] 'su(q) 'them' > Hs su | Bl, Krkr su, Ngm
nsu | Ngz aI-si | Sy si, Gj si, Dw -suq-naI [3] 'su(n) 'their' > Hs su | Bl (s)su, Ngm qsu, Krkr su | Ngz
-I-si | Sy ya-sn, Dw gu-suq, Plc gI-sIn, Gj g"a-sIq | Fy {J} -us, Bks {J} -is; Kr. RChP , J R ^ IS MsN
('Sn in IE, T, Tg, Mg), Gr. I 116-7 ("plural S" in IE, A, Aleut, ? Prm).
89. ?? '?iusUtV 'to sweep, to rake' > HS 'sut- ({AD} 'sut-) > WS '-sut- (= 'svt) v. 'make
raking\rowing\sweeping movements' > BHb -sut- (svt) v. 'row', MHb -sut- (svt G ) 'row, fly,
float, swim', MHb svt Po 'swim', EpJA svt Po (svtt) 'roam', JBA {Sl.} svt G 'fly', JA {Js.}
svt D 'roam, fly, swim, row', Sr suvat-ot-a 'weaver's comb\shuttle', CPA svt 'umherstreifen',
Md svt G 'move hither & thither, fly, flow', Ar svt (ip. ya-sut-u) v. 'mix up', Gz svt (pf. sota,
js. yo-sut) 'mix, add' KB 1336-7, HJ 1116, Sl. 1116, Js. 1531, DM 454, BK 1164-5, L G 521 Ch
{JS} 'sd v. 'sweep' > WCh: Hs sarc, Klr sut, Kir sadc, Zar sat id. || CCh: Mdr sad-a v. 'sweep', Glv
s'cdi-, Dgh sad-, pMM {Ro.} sad- (> Mada sad, Myn ssda, Mkt saday), Db za`d- id. JS 259,
Ba. 929-3O, ChC, Ro. MM 339 [#71O], Sk. HCD 242 On HS 's see AD ChCS ll U: FP 'istV
'ustV v. 'sweep' > Chr ustas v. 'sweep' | pPrm 'is 'broom' > Z yis, Yz is 'a broom with a long haft
(made of birch tree)', Vt is-ncr 'broom' (ncr < nsr 'twig') U 33O, LG 112.
9O. 'j?V,s'u V 'wild boar' > K: pGZ 'csv- 'wild boar, swine' > OG csv- 'wild boar', 'fang', G
csv- 'fang', Mg a-sI-u (< 'o-asIv-u) 'pigsty' ('asIv- 'swine'), ?? Lz cIva 'fang' K 81, K
2
48, FS K 11,
Abul. 152 ll IE: NaIE 'su(:)-s, 'su'v-os [{EI} ''su-s / gen. 's(u)'v-os] '(wild or domesticated) pig' > Av
hu 'swine' gen. sg. (< 'huvo) || Gk )u) (gen. uo)) 'wild swine; pig' || Gk (A Pls?) ou) id. || pAl {O}
'su(s) > Al G/T thi {AlED} 'boar' || L su-s id., Um sim acc. 'swine', sif acc. pl. 'swines' || ON sy-r, OHG
su, NHG Sau, AS su 'sow', NE sov || Ltv sivcns, suvcns 'small pig, sucking pig' || Tc B suvo 'pig, hog'
(< 'suv-on-) d IE 'suv-ino- 'belonging to pigs' > L suinus id. || pSl 'svin+ > OCS, OR tauu+ svin+ id.,
dadj.: R cnn) non, Uk cnn) nnn id. | Pru scvcynis 'pigsty' || Tc B svanc (in svanana misa 'pork')
sunstantivized adj.: Gt svcin, ON svin, OHG, AS svin, NHG Schvcin 'swine', NE svinc, d from adj.: Sl
'svini|a 'swine' > OCS tauuumsvini|a, SCr svin|a, Sln svin|a, Cz svinc, Slk svina, P svinia, R cnnn) , Uk
cnn) n P 1O38-9, EI 425, F II 824, 973-4, WH II 635-6, Bc. G 346, O 477, II 219-22O, 478, Kf.
50
366, AlED 891, Ho. 329, 337-8, Vr. 57O, 574, KM 628, 691, Kb. 982, Fs. 465, Wn. 446, Kar. II 189-
9O, En. 246, Vs. III 578-9, Glh. 599-6OO, Ad. 698 ll A: Tg: Ud siu 'two-years-old boar' STM II 1OO
ll ?? HS: ? Eg fMK {EG} s:y, s: 'pig (Schwein)', Eg L s:y.t ({Vc.} '[cs?oyct]) 'sow', DEg is 'swine, sow',
Cpt: Sd c sc 'swine', Sd/B cw cso, B co csav 'sow' EG IV 4O1, 4O5, Fk. 26O, Er. 44, Vc. 49,
254 s (for the expected s) is puzzling The Ak word sa_u- 'swine' is considered a loan from
Sumerian (Sd. 1133); is it a return loan of a [Hamito-]Semitic word?
91. ''?atV 'female, woman' > HS '?Vt- > C '?VtV 'elder sister' > EC: Sa {R} atc (pl. atct) 'elder
sister', Ya {Hn.} tou (pl. 'touyo`) 'sister' (t- < '?Vt-]) AD SF 243 (C '?VttV), R S II 54, Hn. Y II 133
NrOm: Ym {C} ctna, {Lm.} cta - cti_ 'sister', {Wdk.} cta 'my sister' (if t originally belonged to
the stem and only later was reintepreted as belonging to the ppa. -ta 'my', as analyzed by Wdk., or
as a marker of fem., as supposed by Lm.; cp. Ym {C} nc t-ctna 'you are my sister') C SE III 69, 9O,
Wdk. BY 121, Lm. Y 326 HS marker of the fem. sex in nouns: S ''-at- in '?a_-at- 'sister' [> BHb
t&ha1 ?a'h-ot, Ph '?ahut- [in proper names ?ht-, (AkSc) a_ut-milIi, lit. 'king's sister'), Ug ?a_atu (_t,
(AkSc) a_atu], JA at1h1a9 ?"ha't-a, Sr ha'ta, SmA cs. tha ?ht, Ak a_atu], in S 'ham-at- 'husbands
mother, mother-in-law' [> BHb t&mh1 ha'm-ot, JA at1m1h9 h"mat-a, Sr homa'ta, Gz hamat, Tgr, Tgy
1T hamat, Ak cmctu id., SmA etamh hm?t-h 'his mother-in-law'], as well as S '-at- in nouns for female
beings, e.g. ''bin-at- 'daughter' > BHb tB2 bat, Ar bint-, etc. KB 3O-1, 314, KBR 327, Hnr. 1O5, FrdR
94, Sl. 1O6, Tal 18-9, 279 (unjustified abs. eha, emh), L G 235, LH 62 LbB '-t (marker of f.) in
forms like B 'tV-funas-t 'cow', ONum ul-t 'daughter' Fv. LJ 418-2O C: EC: Or H -ti, sx. of f.
(denoting female sex): ar-ti 'wife' ( ar-sa 'husband'), obbolctti 'sister' ( obbolcsa 'brother'),
ogctti 'expert (woman)' ( og-csa 'expert'), adj.: ham-tu 'bad (female)' ( ham-a 'bad') AD SF
243, Ow. 95 Ch: [1] Ch {Sch.} '-tV, f. sg. determiner of nouns: {Sch.} Hs godiya-r 'the mare'
( godiya 'mare') (-r < '-t), Bd sa-tivu` 'that cow' ( sa 'cow'), Mlw muni ti na 'this woman'
( muni 'woman'), and with loss of gender distinction: Gude raha-ta 'that axe' ( raha 'axe'), as
well as possibly ( N 'ta, dem. prn. of non-active objects [q.v.]) the prefix of dem. pronouns in
Kera: f. sg. taq, m. sg. toq 'this', pl. tcq 'these' Sch. ED 158-9 [2] CCh: acc. to Mch. VCQP 65-6,
"Kotoko: t sinfixe au singulier entre pouse et le suffixe possessif Masa: suffixes masculin en na,
fminin en ta (dialectal da). Gidar: affixes n au masculin, t au fminin. Exemple: vieux = mugalcn,
vieille = mugalta. Bata: suffixes nominaux vc, tiyc, o ti indiquerait le fminin Jeq [= Njey]:
suffixes niminaux ci (fminin); ci se suffixe au nom et ladjectif: madogalci
1
madoci
2
'vieille
1

femme
2
' Gr. LA 46-7 This N is probably one of the two sources (together with the
inanimate dem. prn. 'ta) of the HS marker 'tV-/-Vt of the so-called "feminine" gender (actually
feminine-and-inanimate gender), namely (1) of the verbal px. 'tV- of 3 person "feminine" (=
feminine-and-inanimate\collective) > S 'ta-/'t- (F Hz. VP), B 'tV- id., EC 't(V)-, Bj, Aw t- of 3f in
prefix-conjugated verbs, 't- as marker of 3f in many Ch lgs., as well as the 3f marker '-t- within the
person/number/gender sxs.; and (2) of the pHS ending '-Vt-, marker of both the female sex in
nouns ( above) and the fem.-and-inanimate gender (functioning as sx. of singulative, collective
and abstract nouns) in S, Eg, B, C and Ch, (3) of the HS prn. 'tV- (prn. of the fem.[-and-inanimate]
gender) > Bj t-, fem. gender marker in the df. art.: Bj A {AD} sg. nom. tu--tu-, acc. sg. to--tu, pl.
nom. ta--ta, pl. acc. tc--ti-, Bj Hd {Rop.} sg. nom. tu--ti-, acc. sg. to--ti-, pl. nom. ta--ti-, nom. pl.
tc--ti, Bj (dialect, recorded by Reinisch) nom. sg. tu, acc. sg. to-, nom. pl. ta-, acc. pl. tc-; Berber
'tV-, px. of fem. nouns, both sg. and pl. (from an article similar to that of Bj), e.g. Sll, Nf ta-lyomt
51
'she-camel', pl. ti-loymin, ti-loymatin, Kb ta-funast, Tmz ta-funast 'cow', Zwr t-funast, Zmr t-funast id.,
pl. tifunasin, t-myart 'old woman', Mz t-mottut 'woman', etc. ( AiM 2O8-9); Sml -ta, -tu, -ti, fem.
form of df. articles; Cushitic fem. gender marker 't- in dem. pronouns: Bj {R} t-un 'this' f. (acc.
t-on), t-an 'these' f. (acc. t-cn), Sa {R} t-a, t-ay 'this' f., t-o, t-oy 'that' f., Sml -t-ani (acc. -t-an) 'this' f.
(sx. of a noun), -t-asi (acc. -t-a) 'that' f. (general deixis), etc., Or B tuni(-ni) 'this' f., acc. t-ana, gen.
tana, etc., Sd t-c, t-cnnc, t-cnc, t-in 'this' f., etc. ( AD KJ 28, 46-8, 1O6, 116-7), as well as fem.
gender marker in nominal ppa. in Bj (-t-), Sml (-t-: i'nan-t-ay-d-u 'my daughter', where -t- is the fem.
marker in the suffixed possessive prn. taydu, -ay- is a ppa. of 1s, and -d- is the fem. marker of the
postpositional article 'inan-I-ay-g-u 'my son', where -I- and -g- are masc. gender markers), Rn -ct
genitive marker of fem. nouns, Or -t-, etc. (AD KJ 1O7-8, PG 26). In Ch this HS prn. 'tV became a
personal prn. of 3s fem. (actually, fem.-and-inanimate), which Blz. reconstructs as 'ta. In WCh it
functions (1) as a preverbal subject marker of 3f: Hs ta (with past), ta (with some other verbal
forms), in BT lgs. (with neutral form, pf.: Bl, Gera ti, Krf, Glm, Grm ta, Tng ta, etc.), in the Ron lgs.
(with the main aspect of the verb: Fy, Bks, Klr ti); (2) as an aut. prn. of 3f (prefix + 'ta, acc. to
Kraft's rec.): Hs i-ta, Bl i-ta, Ngm tc, Krkr dI-tsv, Tng q-ta, Fy, Bks yi-t, Ngz, Bd a-tu, Zul ti; (3) as an
object prn. of 3f ('tV, acc. to Kraft): Hs, Bl ta, Krkr, Tng ta, Ngz atu, Bd tu; (4) as a possessive prn.
of 3f ('ta, acc. to Kraft): Hs ta, Bl to, Krf taa, Krkr (tI)-tsv, Tng to, Pr tc, Ron: Fy -it, Bks -ct. In CCh
it. appears: (1) as subject prn. of 3m: Msg G {MB} ts, Msg P {MB} tc, Mbara, Mlw ti; (2) as a
possesive marker of 3f: Gude -ta, Bcm -ro (where -r- < '-t-), Mln -(gs)-to, FlM -tt, Mbara -ta; (3) as
an object prn. of 3f: Bcm (na)-ro, Gudu ba-r (where -r- < '-t-), FlM (ga`)-ta, Msg G/P {MB} -ti 'her',
Mbara -ta; (4) in some CCh lgs. it is one of the elements within aut. pers. pronouns of 3f (as in
Mbara titi 'she'). In ECh this morpheme functions as a subject prn. of 3f (Mkl ti-/t-, Bdy -ti, -g-it),
as a pronominal object sx. of verbs (Mkl -t, -ti 'her', Bdy -ta 'her', -ti 'to her', Tmk -d 'her', Mgm -ti,
-ti 'to her') and as a ppa. of 3f (Mkl -tu, Bdy -t, -ti 'her') Cf. Kr. RChP, MB SMSM, J R, Sch. BTL,
Sch. DN, Frz. GP, Blz. PPCh, Trn. MVM 76, TrnSL 163-6, J LM 33-9, JA LM 39, Al DB 196-2O6, Cp. 32
ll A: Tg 'atV 'female; elderly woman' > Mc atu 'female fish' ( N 'at'u ' fish'), Ud {Shn.} ata buyi,
ata mafa 'she-bear', {Krm.} atiga 'female animal', {Shn.} atiya id., 'woman, wife', Orc ataqa 'mother-in-
law, elder sister-in-law, grandmother', Ork ati 'mother-in-law', ataqa 'wife's elder sister,
grandmother', Ewk atc-ati, Ewk NB ata 'old woman' (address word), Ewk atIi (ppa.) 'husband's
mother', 'wife's mother', atirIan 'old woman, wife', Sln atiIIa: 'old woman', {Iv.} aripian 'wife', Lm
ata 'grandmother, father's elder sister', atc 'grandmother' (address), Neg N attyaIIan 'old woman',
attxan-attxan id., atIt 'mother-in-law' STM I 58, Krm. 2O9 ll D 'att- 'woman' > Tm atti 'woman,
wife', ataval 'woman', Kn adaqgi 'a female', Tu adc 'a coward', Tl atadi, adadi, adudi 'woman',
adu 'womanishness', Prj adcy 'wife', Gdb ada ayya 'female calf', Knd andu 'female', Knd N/W
ar`u 'wife', Ku adi, ar`u 'wife' D #4OO, An. SG 132 ('antt-), GS 2O8 [#524] (D 'ald-)
Derivational\grammatical affix for females: {Zv.} 'oru-tti 'one female' > Tm, Ml oru-tti 'one female
person' (oru- is 'one'), Tu or-ti, Mlt or-ti 'one woman'; unlike in HS, in pD there is no merger of the
fem. gender ('oru-tti 'one female') and the inanimate gender ('on-t_u 'one thing'). But in some D lgs.
this merger did occur: Tl a-di, Klm, Nkr a-d 'that woman, that thing' (D 4 [#1]) D #99O, Zv. DL
21, GS 72 [#234] ^ The vl. '-t- in Tg (for the expected '-d-) defies explanation. IS MsN included the
HS marker of fem. 't into the etymon "'t neutr."
52
92. '?itE 'eat' > IE '?cd- ({EI} 1s ''hcd-mi) v. 'eat' > Ht cd-/ad-/czza-, prs. 1s cd-mi, 3p adanzi, Lw ad-,
azza-, HrLw ad-, ar-, {Mer.} a-ta-, Pal ad- v. 'eat' NaIE 'cd- / 'od- / 'd- 'eat' > OI 1s prs. 'ad-mi, Av 3s
sbjn. aoaiti || Arm 1s prs. utem utcm (< 'od-) || Gk Hm inf. co-cvoi, ft. co-o-oi 'eat, devour' ||
L cd-o / cdcrc 'eat' || Gt (thematic) itan, ON cta, OHG can, NHG csscn, OSx, AS ctan v. 'eat', NE cat ||
BSl 'cd-(mi) > OLt c'mi, Lt c'd-u (inf. c'sti) 'fressen', Ltv cmu - cdu 'I eat' (inf. cst), Pru ist v.
'eat', istai 'food' | Sl 'cd- 'eat' [1s prs. 'c-mi (< 'cd-mi), 3s prs. 'cs-ti, 3p prs. 'cd-cti, inf. 'cs-ti] >
OCS 1s prs. mmi|ami, 3s prs. mt:+|ast+, 3pma:+|adct+, inf. mt:u|asti 'eat', Blg x 'I eat', SCr |cm
(- |c`dcm) id. / |c`sti 'to eat', Slv |c'm / |c'sti, Cz |im / |isti, Slk |cm / |cst`, P |cm / |csc, R cx / ccr,
Uk x / ) crn || Tc B ycsti ({Ad.} < hcd
s
-to) 'meal' - IE '?,dont-, 'dont-/'dnt- ({EI} ''hdont-) 'tooth'
(originally acp. 'eating one, edens'?) > OI 'dan (acc. dan'tam, gen. da'tah < 'dnt-os), Av dantan- m.,
data f. || Arm atamn atamn || Gk ooev (gen. ooovto)), ooo), Ae Gk pl. coovtc) || L dcns (gen. dcntis) ||
Clt: OIr dct, Brtt {RE}'dant > W, OBr, Br dant, OCrn, Crn dans || Gmc: Gt tun|us ( of the acc. tun|u L
dcntcm), ON tonn, OHG zand, NHG Zahn, AS to, NE tooth || Lt dantis WP I 118, P 287-9, EI 175,
595, M K I 28, M E I 61-2, F I 444-5 & II 352, WH I 34O-1, 392-3, Fs. 296-7, 483-4, Vr. 1O6, 6O4
(unc. doubts about 'dnt- from 'cd-), Ho. 94, 351, EWA II 1184-7, Slt. 26-7, 1O3-4, Frn. 124-5, En.
185, Tp. P I-K 88-9O, Vs. II 18, Glh. 299, Pv. I-II 315-2O, Mer. HHG 41, Ad. 5O7 ll HS: EC 'it- v. 'eat'
> Or it-o 'food', Brj, Sd, Ged, Kmb, Alb, Hd it- v. 'eat' Ss. B 1O8, AD SF 136, 243 Ch: WCh:
Ron: Fy ?ct- v. 'eat' | BT: Tng {J} cdi v. 'eat (rice, groundnuts, beans, etc.)' (J R 241, J T 86, Nw. KL
12O); in the BT lgs. there is contamination with the reflex of N 'qEtH'a ' sharp instrument, sharp
tooth' [q.v.], whence the meaning 'to bite hard food'; Stl. ascribes Fy ?ct v. 'eat' to WCh 'acc-, but
this is at variance with what we know (from her own papers) about WCh historical phonology:
WCh 'c yields Ron 's rather than pRon or Fy t (WCh ''qac- v. 'cut, chop' > DfB gig'as [Stl. ZCh
82], WCh 'cVr- v. 'grow, belarge, long' > Sha soho 'long' [Stl. ZCh 51]), while WCh '-t- does yield
Fy -t, cp. WCh 'fVtV 'sun' > Fy vivat 'sun' (Stl. ZCh 159 [#129]) ??? CS '?tm 'bite' > Ar ?tm G
'saisir avec ses dents et mordre', Ug {A} tm 'bit (Bissen)' [not confirmed by OLS] BK I 38-9, A
#158 If CS '?tm belongs here, it is likely to go back to a cd '?it- + '?Vm (< N '?acmV 'seize,
hold, take', q.v.?), whence the secondary glottalization of 't ll A {SDM} 'itc > M 'idc- v. 'eat' > MM,
WrM idc-, Ord idc-, HlM n(y- ido-, Brt cdc-, Kl ido-, Dg idc-, Mnr H id_i_c-, ShY cdc-, Mgl ida- 'eat' Pp. IM
1O7, Iw. 1O7, MED 398, SDM97 s.v. 'itc) ? T: [1] 'ct 'meat, flesh' ( N 'Paj?i,tV 'skin, bark', q.v.
ffd.) [2] NaT 'ot-maI - 'ct-maI 'bread' > OT, XwT, MQp, Cmn otmcI - ctmcI, Kr T ctmaI, Kr G
ctmcI, Qmn\CrTt\Osm {Rl.} atmaI, SbTt Tb itmaI, Chg, OOsm otmcI, Alt\Tlt {Rl.} otoI, QK {Rl.,
B} utoI The variant vw. o- remains puzzling Cl. 6O, Rl. I 847, 1275, 1868, B DLT 219, DHST
293, ET Gl 254-7 DQA #612 (A 'itc 'eat' > T 'ct-mcI, M) ^ IS I 273-4 (#136) s.v. '?ita [IE, C, M;
no S; adduces S 't?v v. 'eat', Eg t 'bread', err. B 'ots < 'otI (in fact 'HIs, cf. N 'EKV'`V
'peck'), C 'ty?, Ch 'ty/v, which is doubtful, cf. N 'tuhyc 'to eat, feed; food'], BmK #418
('?it-/'?ct- 'chew, bite, eat, consume'; IE, M, S; ignores [deliberately?] EC 'it- 'eat' and Ch: Fy ?ct
'eat', etc.).
93. ?? '?atj?,V 'come' > HS: WS '?tvy G v. 'come' > BHb eta ?tyv G , Amr {G} pf. ?ata, Aram
eta-ata ?tvy, Sr ?tvy id., Ar ?ty G (pf. ta ?ata), Ar NY T ?ty G , Gz ?tv (js. yo?tu) id., Sb ?tvy
'come, come back', Ug {OLS} ?tv 'come, go' DRS 36, KBR 1O2, OLS 59, G A 14, BGMR , Bns. NJ I
154 C: Bj {Rop.} -?at pcv. 'step, tread', {R} -?at pcv. 'treten, stampfen, trampeln' (1s: p. a-'?at,
pqpf. 'i?at, prs. a-?a'nit) || ? SC: Irq {MQK} ?adah- v. 'tread on, step' (unless < N '?AdV 'foot', q.v.)
53
Rop. 156, R WBd 34-5 , MQK 9 Om ( N 'odU 'to go' N 'qadjV,?'o 'to step, walk'?): NrOm:
Gf {C} ad- 'passare', Male {Fl.} ad- v. 'come', {Fl.} ad--ad- v. 'go', Gmr {Fl.} at- 'go' || SOm: Ari B {Fl.} ad,
Hm U {Fl.}, Gll {Fl.} ad, Dm {Fl.} ad-at v. 'come' Blz. OL #2O5, Fl. OO 317 Blz. OL [Om 'ad- 'go'
WS 'dv 'go' and its B cognates, cf. N 'odU] ll IE: NaIE 'acot- 'go, walk' ({EI} 'Hct- 'go') ( N
'qadjV,?'o '') > OI 'atati 'goes, walks' P 69 & M K I 26 (unc. identification with 'at-no- 'year'), M
E I 56, EI 228 ll A {SDM97} 'actV- v. 'step, walk', {S} 'atV- 'maiar' ( N 'qadjV,?'o '') > T 'at- v.
'step' > Tkm at-, Tkm at-, Osm {Rl.} ad- v. 'step', Xk at-i_- v. 'jump, jump over', ? Chv (< some VTt
) at- v. 'walk with dipped feet (on water, mud, deep snow)', VTt at-la- v. 'step', Slr aht-la- id.,
Yk atilla- id. || Chv L yr- ud_- v. 'walk' T d 'at-im (= 'at-im) 'step' (n.) > Tkm adim, Tkm adim, Tk,
Az, Qrg, Qzq, Nog, Qq, CrTt adim, VTt ad+m, Bsh ao+m, Uz odim, Chv L yraAxud_+m 'step'; T 1 M
'adam 'pace, step' (SDM: 'hurried walking') > WrM adam, HlM a(ax, Kl adm 'pace, step' S AJ 192
[#171], ET Gl 88, Fed. I 66-7 & II 293-4, S AJ 241 [#172], KW 1 S AJ 28O, SDM97 (A
'atV - 'ctV), DQA #1756 [A '`cta 'to step, walk': incl. T, M] ll ? D 'at- vi. 'move' ( N
'qadjV,?'o) > Tm atu, Kt ar`-, Tl aduni id., Td od- v. 'move violently', Ka adu - atu v. 'be in
motion, move about' D #347 ^ The word-medial lr. in '?atj?,V is suggested by the long vw. in T
and D (that may be also due to convergence with 'qadjV,?'o). The lr. is likely to have been '? or 'h,
because these are the only laryngeals that can disappear (in non-initial position) in S.
94. '?EtuRV 'day, noon' > HS: Sa {R} i'tra 'noon' R S II 54 CCh: MfG {Brr.} dar 'day (24
hours)' d- < 't-< '?t- Brr. MG II 11O, ChC ll A: M 'cdur 'day' > MM [MA] odur 'day, noon', [LV]
odur - odcr 'day', [IM, IsV] odur 'day', odur duli 'afternoon', [S, HI] {H} udur 'day',
udur duli 'noon', [PP] {Pp.} udurc`in 'all day', WrM cdur, HlM ' (' p 'day; in the daytime', Ord
{Ms.} u'd_u'r, Brt (yp, Kl ' (p, {Rm.} odr 'day', Mnr H {SM} ud_ur 'day', d_ur 'noon', {T} dur 'day,
noon', MMgl [ZM] u'du'r, Mgl {Rm.} u'du'r, {Iw.} odur, Dg {Pp.} u'du'r, {T} udur, {Mr.} udurc 'day' Pp.
M 273, 443, Pp. L II 1259, H 158, Ms. H 1O7, MED 295-6, Chr. 494, KRS 412-3, SM 65-6, 464-5, Ms.
O 748, T 331-2, T DgJ 17O, T DnJ 136, Iw. 143, KW 293, Rm. M 41.
95. '?cy'atV 'reach, obtain' > HS: EC: HEC 'add- v. 'receive, take' > Sd ad(d)-, Ged add-, Kmb
aII- (< 'ad-I-) v. 'receive, accept, take', Hd a?- v. 'buy, receive, accept'; ? Arr ?chad- 'take'
(unless S '?ho 'seize, hold') Hd. 121, 23O, 268, 3O6, 348, Hw. A 338-9 WS '?iy(y)at- nota
accusativi, originally a noun ('receit, sth. obtained') used with a following gen. or poss. affixes to
denote direct objects: Ar 'yW ?iya, a noun used with ppas. for denoting direct objects [?iya-Ia ('thy
?iya') meant 'thee': ?iya-Ia nabudu va-?iya-Ia nastainu 'thee we worship and to thee we cry for
help', ?ata-ni ?iya-hu 'he gave it to me', qatala-hu va-?iya-ha 'he killed him and her'], Ar ChrNG
{IA} postverbal -(o)yyat- id. [3s -(o)yyat-u 'him'), Cn and Aram nota accusativi, preposition
denoting the accusative function of df. nouns: BHb ta4 ,?ct - ta3 ?ct / -t7a ?ot- (+ ppas.), prep. of
df. direct object, Ph ?yt, Pun ?yt - ?t - t, [Plt.] YTH, Mb, Ed ?t, Yd vt, OA ?yt ~ yt, BA ti! yat, IA vt
(yth 'him', ythm 'them', vtI 'thee' m. = nota accusativi + ppas.), Sr 4o yat, Mh, Hrs, Jb, Sq t-
(accusative pc. prefixed to the pers. pronouns: Mh ls'tsgt t-is 'you have killed her', Jb C to 'me', toI
'thee' m., tos` 'thee' f., tos 'him', tos 'her', tun 'us' pl., 'toIum 'you' m. pl., 'tcIon 'you' f. pl.,
'tohum - 'tohum 'them' m. pl., 'tcson 'them' f. pl., 'tos`i 'us' du., 'you' du., 'tosi 'them' du., Hrs toh
'him', tis 'her', 'tcni 'me', tuI 'thee' m.) Fr. I 74, Wright I 1O3 & II 69, 326, Fi. G 127, HJ 47-5O, KB
97, FrdR 255-6 ['?iyyat], Seg. AAG O6, Br. 311, Jo. MSA 26, Jo. H 126, Jo. J XXVI, Jo. M XVI-XVII,
398, IA (p.c., 1998), HBr. SSP 369-71 (err. '-?at- 'come'); KB 97 [erroneously identifies (with a
query) this nota accusativi with the noun 'Wesen, Sein' (> Sr yata) which is phonetically
54
untenable: Sr yata goes back to S 'yO, but S 'O S 't (in '?iy(y)at-)] ll D 'cyt- v. 'reach, obtain' >
Tm cytu, Kn aydu, cydu v. 'approach, reach, obtain', Ml cytuIa v. 'get, obtain', Td Ic- v. 'reach, be
sufficient', Tu cttavuni, cttaduni, Tl cy(i)du - cdu 'attain, obtain', Gnd cv- v. 'reach', Gnd Mu {Bht.}
avh-/avih- v. 'make reach, obtain', Kui c:ali- v. 'reach, overtake'; this D coalesced with a d from D
'cy- v. 'go', whence the additional meanings: 'go to' in Tl cydu and Kn aydu, 'arrive' in Kdg ctt-, Klm
cnd-, Prj cd-, Gdb cd- and Ku c:ali-] D #8O9, Km. 3O8 [#168] s.v. cydu ll A 'act`V > Tg: Ewk Urm
sti- v. 'hit the target (in shooting)' ( v. 'reach') STM II 469 hardly here T 'ao 'property' ('-o
for the expected 't) Rs. W 33 lll It is probable that the N accusative pc. 'tV (q.v. ffd.) is a
reduced variant of N '?cy'atV [used as a nominalized object-relation: 'Ns receit' = 'N ', (Latin)
'N-em']. If this is right, '?cy'atV with a pronominal attribute had the following semantic-syntactic
evolution: 'his (my, thy) being received' 'him (me, thee)' [focalized object] (later on in
daughter lgs.:) the acc. form of pronouns [and of nouns, as in Hg]), and its grammaticalization
brought about a phonetic reduction '?cy'atV > 'tV.
96. '?UtVjhV, (or '?Utjh,V) 'heavy', 'difficult' > HS: S '?th > Ar ?utuh-, ?atah- 'respiration
pnible de celui qui porte une charge trop lourde' BK I 8, DRS 36 ??? Eg MK itnv {EG}
'Schwieriges (in Bchern), Widerstrebendes', {Fk.} 'secret, mystery', unless eymologically identical
with Eg MKL itnv {Fk.} 'opponent', {EG} Widersacher, Feind', {EG} itn 'sich jemandem widersetzen'
EG I 145-6, Fk. 33 ll A: Tg 'utcm ({ Bz.} 'otVm) > Ewk utumsms 'hard (conditions of life)', 'cruel',
Ork utsmsgds 'bad person' STM II 294 ll D (in NED) 'ott- 'heavy' > Krx ott"a 'burden', 'heavy,
difficult', 'hard to suffer', Mlt otc 'heavy, important' D #977, Pf. 186 ^ Tg and D suggest pN '-t-,
while S '-t- may be accounted for by HS de-emphatization.
97. ? '?'avu 'whether?' (pc. of general question), 'or' > HS: S '?av 'or, whether' > Ug
['o] 'either or', 'whether', BHb &a ?o, OA, Yd, IA, Plm, Nbt ?v, IA &a ?o, Sr ?av, Ar ?av, Sb ?v, Gz
?av, Ak u 'or', ? SmA ia ?y i 'or'; EthS 1 Sa {R} o 'or' KB 19, GB 14, A #3, OLS 1, HJ 21, BGMR 9, L
G 47, Sd. 13O8, DRS 11, Tal 22 ll IE: NaIE 'vc(:) / 'u 'whether?', 'or', ({EI} '-vc 'or') > OI, Av, OPrs va
|| Gk -()c, ()) 'whether, or' || L -vc 'or' || Gt -u 'whether?' (pc. of general question) || Clt: OIr no
'ou bien', OBr nou 'or' (if < 'nc-vc)) || Tc B va-t 'or; rather than' NaIE 'au_ 'or' > L aut 'or' (<
'av-ti), Osc aut AUT, AUTI, Um utc OTE 'or' || ? Gk o)u 'again' WP I 188-9, P 7, 73-5 (considers the
stem 'vc(:) an apophonic grade of 'av- 'jener, andererseits'), Bks. 223, EI 41O, M K I 18O, F I 183,
619, WH I 87, Bc. G 34O, Vn. N 17-8, Wn. 349, Ad. 575-6, MlrA 41O ll A: M 'u / 'u (distributed by
the rules of vowel harmony), encl. pc. of general question > MM [HI] {Ms.}, [S] {H} -u (interr. pc.:
busu-u bui? 'is not it?', uqaba-u ci 'have you noticed?'), WrM uu / uu, HlM yy, - pc. of general
question at the end of sentences, Kl -u / -u, Mnr {SM, T} -u " -u (interr. pc.) Ms. H 1O4, H 157,
MED 689, SM G 88, 136-7, 197, Snz. GKJ 83, T M 153 ^ Cf. Bm. TPN 268 [#263] (S, IE). NaIE 'a
suggests N 'a.
98. ? '?'ivyV 'island, seashore' > HS: S '?iyy- > BHb ia5 ?i 'coast, island', MHb ia5 ?i 'island', Pun
?y 'peninsula' KB 37, KBR 38, HJ 43, DRS 17 Eg fOK iv 'island' EG I 47 ll IE: NaIE 'ou_yo- >
Gmc 'av|a- 'island' > ON R auiu, ON cy, NNr oy, Dn o, Sw o, AS ic, ME c, i, NE [ai_] in is-land, OFrs
c'i-land, OSx oi-land 'island'; Gmc 1 L -avia in Scandin-avia Ho. 186, Hlq. II 1451-2, Vr. 1O6 ll U: Sm
{Jn.} 'vo+_y, {Hl.} 'jv,o+_ 'island' > Ng {Cs.} quai, En {Cs.} nuc (a phonetically unaccurate
recording?), {Ter.} nyn, Ne T o, {Lh.} qo, Ne F {Lh.} qo id., Slq Nr {Cs.} Io, Iu, cds. Iollaga 'small
55
island', ol-Io 'island', Mt {Hl.} 'o (or 'o) id. (Mt K {Pl.} o) ?? FU: F Vuo|anmaa 'Gotland' (lit. 'Isle-
land' with F maa 'land'), unless the first part is a loan from NrGmc Jn. 177, Hl. M #793.
99. ??? '?'aoXi '?uXi 'egg' (or 'white of egg') > HS: S '?avh- > Ar SL v0 ?avh- - ?ah- 'white
of egg' Bel. 16 ll IE: NaIE 'ou_(y)o- ({EI} 'h_o(u_)iom) 'egg' > Gk A/I )ov (< 'ou_y-om), Gk Ae eiov,
Gk D ecov 'egg' || Arm 3u u (gen. 3yoj voy) || L ovum (1 OAl voc, Al T vc, Al G vo) || Clt: OW ui, W vy,
OCrn uy, Crn oy, MBr uy, Br vi || Gmc {Vr.} 'a||a-m > Gt Cr ada (< Gt pl. 'add|a?), OHG ci, NHG Ei, ON
cgg (1 NE cgg) || Sl 'a|c id., (dim.) 'a|icc id. > SCr |a|c, HLs |c|o, vc|o id., 'testicle', LLs |a|o, Plb |o|i, P
|a|c, Uk ano; OCS ouc a|icc, Blg n'nc, an'nc, P , |a|cc, |a|co, OR iouc |aicc, SCr K |a|cc 'egg', Slv
|a|cc, Cz vc|cc, R n'no 'egg, testiculum' || ? OPrs xaya 'egg', ? Av a-avaya- 'entmannt' (if <
'aa-avaya- 'without testicles') P 783-4, EI 176, WH II 23O, RE 92, O 497, F II 115O, Fs. 2, Vr. 94-5,
KM 153-4, EWA II 967-9, Slt. 177-8, ESSJ I 61-3, Glh. 285-6 ^ AD NM #72, CNM 13.
99a. ?? '?uu'_ydV 'one' > HS: S '?hd - 'vhd 'one' > [1] '?hd 'one' > Ak cdu 'individual,
solitary, single', BHb dh1a3 ?c'had (< '?ah'had), Ph ?hd, Ug hd, (AkSc) ?ahadu, BA dh2 had, Sr had,
ho'da, Ar ?ahad- 'one', Gz ?ahad-u 'one'; [2] 'vhd 'one, alone' > BHb dh2I@ 'yahad 'together', dih5i!
ya'hid 'alone, the only', Pun (LSc) YAD 'together', Ug yhd 'alone, unique, isolated', Amr {G} yahadu
'one, alone', Ar vahad 'alone, unique', vahid 'one', vahid- 'lonely, apart', OSA vhd 'together, in
unison', Gz vahod 'unique, only, one', Ak (v)cdu 'only, alone' CAD IV 36-7, Sd. 1495, KB 29-3O,
387-8, 17O4, BL H 219, OLS 16, 524-5, G A 22, Br. 215, Ln. 27, Hv. 4, 855, BK I 15 & II 1497-9,
BGMR 159, L G 12, 612 C: EC: Ya {Hn.} vchc(t), vchctu 'one' || Dhl {EEN} vat_t_uI"c, {To.} vattuI"c
'one' m., vattcI"c 'one' f. || ? SC: Asa vataIa 'all' Hn. Y I 4O, To. D 150, EEN 43, E SC 384, Blz. CL
18O ll U: FU 'uItc - 'iItc 'one' > F yIsi (gen. yhdcn), Es uIs (gen. uhc) | pLp {Lr.} 'sIts 'one' > Lp: S
aItc, L aIta, N oI'ta - aI'ta, Kld {SaR} chht - cft 'one' | Er vcyIc, vi|_Ia, Mk (i)fIa | pChr {Ber.} 'iIto
> Chr: L iItc, adj. iI, H iIto, adj. iI 'one' | Prm 'o'tiI > Z orni stiI / orn sti, Prmk stiI, Yz o'tiI, Vt
o(ni odig, or og || Vg: T uI, LK aI", P aI, Ss aI"a 'one' UEW 81 [FU 'iItc ('uItc)], Lr. #7, Lgc.
#35, SaR 425-6, Ber. 9, MRS 128-9, Ep. 21, LG 212 ll K 'odc 'hardly, just, while' ( **'only'?) > OG
odcn conj. 'while', cs-odcn 'so much', G -odc 'only' (ori-odc 'only two, samiodc 'only three', Sv vodc
'hardly, while' K 15O, K
2
145 ll D 'ut- 'a match, equal' > Tl uddi id., Tu udri 'a match, pair' D
#623 ll ?? A: Tg: Nn sx. -ragda - -rsgds 'only' (ogdadiragda 'only in\by boats', ? Ewk -ragda - -rsgds 'in
one place' (ilaragda 'three obkects in one place') On. RNS 234, Vas. 785 -r- may to be connected
with the Tg collective sx. '-r- ll ?? IE: NaIE 'cdj",- in Sl 'cd(+)-va 'hardly, only just' (> OCS
a(+)ao|cd(+)va, SCr, Slv |cdva, Cz |cdva, OR od(+)va, R o(na) and 'cd-in+ - 'cd-in+ 'one' (> OCS
auu+ |cdin+, aiu+|cdin+, R o) (nn, P |cdcn, etc. with '-in+ < IE 'ci_n- 'one'); Pedersen (Ped. PD 231)
supposed that this morpheme ({Ped.} 'i_cd-) originally meant 'only' ESSJ VI 11-3, 16 ^ AD SShS
3OO-1 ^ The FU and K cognates are valid if N '-yd- (or '-_d-) may yield U '-It- and if N '_y may be
lost in K clusters. If the FU and Tg cognates are rejected, the N rec. must be something like
'?uhdV.
1OO. '?ayV 'which?', 'what?' > HS '?ay(y)- 'which?' > S '?ayy- (- '?iyy-?) 'which?' > Ak nom.
ayy-u(-m) / acc. ayy-a(-m) / gen. ayy-i(-m), Ar ?ayy- id., BHb ia4 ?c / -Ia2 ?ayy- - eI$a2 ?ay'yc 'where?' (lb3e3
ia4 '?c 'hcbcl 'where is Abel?', ek`1I#a2 ?ay'ycIIa 'where art thou?) and in cds. : ez#-ia4 ?c-zc 'which?',
e7fia4 ?c-o 'where?', Kia4 ?c-I - ek1ia4 ?c'Ia 'how' (with zc 'this', o 'here', Ij-,, Iaj-, 'as'), Ug y
'whatsoever', y 'where?', Amr {G} ?ayya - ?iyya id., JA [Trg] ia4 ?c id., Sr ?ayna 'which?', Qt {Rk.}
?y(y) 'whoever, wha(so)ever', Mn ?y - enclitic indf. pc., Gz ?ay 'which?, what (kind of)?' Br. G I
56
327-8 [ 111-2], Lip. 328-9, Sd. G 47, KB 36-8, 41, GB 28-32, A ##161, 172, OLS 64-5, G A 13,
Lv. T I 23, L G 49, Rk. 9-1O, MA 8 C: EC {Ss.} '?ayy- / (precons. & pausal) '?ay- 'who?, which?' >
Sa ay, Sml N {Abr.} ayyo, Sml Db {AOM} ayyo 'who?', Rn ayyo, Bn {Hw.} ayyo (pl. ayyos) 'who?',
{AOM} 'who is?, Bs {HL} ayo 'who?', Or c-(n)nu 'who?', c-sa 'where?', Kns, Gdl ay-nu 'who?', Kns ay-sa
'where?', Sd/Hd {Ss.} ay - ayyc, Ged ayyc, Hd ay, ayy-c, Brj {Ss.} ayyc 'who?'; Dsn {To.} mayya
'who?' (< 'mi ?ayy-a, with N 'mi 'what?, which?', q.v. ffd.) || Ag {Ap.} '?av- 'who?' > Bln {Ap.} ?av,
Q/Xm {Ap.} av, Aw ay (Ap.: < 'av-i) || Bj {Rop.} au, {R} nom. av (< '?ay-u), gen. ay (< '?ay-i), nom. a-b
'who?' Ss. PEC 46, Ss. B 3O, Bl. 1O2, 214, 3O6, HL 79, Abr. S 2O, PG 71, Hw. B II 11O, AOM 6, Ap.
AV 3, R WBd 35, Rop. 15, PG 71, To. DL 516 Om: SOm: Ari {Fl.} ayi 'who?' || NrOm: Cha {C} ay
'what?', Bsk {C} ay 'who?', ayba 'what?', Dwr/Gf {LmS} ay, Wl {LmS} ay-ba, Ym {Wdk.} a`vu` 'what'?'
Fl. OO 321, C SE III 113, 163, LmS 3O6, Wdk. BY 118 ? Ch: ECh: Jg {J} ?au_va 'where?' || WCh: Hs
yaya 'how?', ? Klr {J} ?a`n 'which?', Fy {J} ?a...an 'where?' || CCh: Msg ya 'where?' ChC ll K 'may
'what?' (< N 'mi 'what?' [q.v.] + '?ayV) > Sv: UB/LB may - ma, L may, Ln ma; Mg, Lz mu-, ?? in the OG
and G cd. ro-mc-l- 'which' K 124, K
2
112 ('ma-), TK 554-5 ll A: Tg 'c 'what?', 'c - interr. verb
('quid facere?') > Ewk c, Sln i 'what?', Ewk, Neg c-, Lm a- - interr. verb N 'ya 'which' (q.v.)??
STM I 286-7 Tg 'c < pA, pN 'ay reg. ? M 'ali (< 'ay-li) 'which (one)?', 'what?' > MM [MA, IM, S]
ali 'which one?', [IsV] ali 'where?', WrM ali(n), HlM an id., 'what?', Mnr {SM, T} ali 'which?', ? MMgl
[Z] almad 'which' Pp. MA 98-9, 432, H 5, Lg. VMI 16, MED 31, T 314, T DnJ 133, SM 4, Iw. 85 ll ? U:
Sm '+- (= { Jn.} 'o-) -'+-m- 'what?' > Ne: T O {Lh.} qavs 'what, what kind of?', T {Ter.} axiy
'what?', 'what for?', T O {Lh.} amg_I 'what?', 'why', gen. pl. aAno' qavo? (< '+m-+-y-), F L {Lh.}
qammI (< '+m+y+) 'what?'; En d {Cs.} avuo, {Prk.} abbua, {Mik.} obu 'what?'; ? Kms {Cs.} umbi, {KD}
smbi - mbi 'what?' Jn. 15, Ter. 376, Lh. 4-5, KD 19, 38 ^ N '?ayV 'which?', 'what?' may be
somehow connected with N 'ya 'which?' [q.v.]. For instance, it may go back to a cd. 'ha (deictic pc.,
q.v.) + 'ya.
1O1. '?'ayV 'say, call' > HS: Eg BD iy 'Spruch (?)' EG I 36 C: EC {Ss.} '-iy(y)- 'say' pcv. > Af
-iy(y)- pcv., scv.: Sa, Af iy- 'say', Dsn {Fl.} y- (absent in To. DL), Sml {R} i-, ? (h)ay- 'say', Dbs ?iyanna
'he/she says; it means'; HEC 'y- 'say' > Ged, Kmb, Alb, Hd y-, Sd i- / y-, Brj iy- || Ag {Ap.} 'ys- 'say' >
Bln, Xm, Q ys-, Aw s- || SC: Irq {MQK} ?o-, {Wh.} o-, (?) 1 Mb {E} -yo id. AD SF 184-5, Ap. AV 23, R
WB 364, Ss. B 1O8, AMS 166, Hd. 128, MQK 79 NrOm: Kf {C}, Drz {Bnd.} y-, Zs, Zrg {Bnd.} iya- id.,
Ym {Wdk.} i- id. (the rising tone [low to high] pointing to a former bysillabic ) C SE IV 517, AD
SF 184-5, Wdk. BY 125, 78-9 (on Ym tones), Lm. Y 31O Ch {Stl.} 'ya?v- 'call' ( N 'avyV 'to
shout, speak', q.v. ffd.) > [1] ECh: Kbl {Cp.} yuvs , Ll {WeibP} ya 'say' || CCh: Lgn {Lk.} va,
{Mch.} va 'say' [2] WCh: Pr yo v. 'call' || CCh: Gudu {ChL} ?ya, Msg {Mch.} yi, Ms {Mch.} ya, {J}
yina, {Stl. ?) yu-mo, Bnn {Stl.} ya-mi, BnnM {Stl.} ya-mo id. || ECh: Gbr yc id. Frz. P 55, ChC, ChL,
Stl. IF 143 OS #2564 ll A 'ayV 'speak, sound' ( N 'avyV ''?) > NaT 'ay- 'speak, say' > OT ay-
id., XwT XIV ay- 'say, recite', Az , ET {Jr.}, SY ay-, Tk cy-, Yk iy- 'speak, say' Cl. 266, DTS 25, Rl.
I 9, ET Gl 99-1OO, Jr. 16, Rs. W 1O M 'aya 'sound, pronunciation, noise' > WrM aya, HlM, Brt a
'sound, tune, melody; pronunciation' , Dg {MYC} ailag, Mnr H {MYC} ayaq 'melody, tune' ; M 'ayi
> WrM ai, HlM an 'sound, noise', WrO aitai 'with noise', Kl o c 'sound', {Rm.} a 'sound, voice, tune';
? M d 'ayilad- 'know, say' > WrM ailad-, HlM ann(-ax id.; ? M d 'ayalgu 'melody, pronunciation' >
WrM ayalgu, HlM a niyy id., WrO ayalya(n), ayal_u, ayalyu 'sound, melody', Brt a nia 'tone, voice,
pronunciation'; M 'ayila- 'produce sounds' > Kl {Rm.} al-_a 'tnen, schreien, rufen; schwatzen', Dg
57
{T} aila- v. 'pronounce' Dg aila- points to the absence of initial 'q- in the pM word MED 19, 2O,
22, Kow. 127-8, Krg. 41-2, KRS 61, KW 25, Chr. 69-7O, T DgJ 119 , MYC 99 pKo {S} 'oi_`o- v.
'recite' (suggesting a pA final rounded vw.) > MKo oi_`o- id., NKo oyvu- vcu_- 'recite from memory,
learn by heart' S QK #636, Nam 387, MLC 1223 DQA #419 (A 'cyuo 'speak, cry, sound';
incl. T, M, Ko) ll IE: ? NaIE 'ai_- > L ai-o 'say, affirm', Um AIU 'oracula' || Gk ) 'he spoke' (prs. 1s
i, 2s oi, Gk D 2s ti) (unless these forms go back resp. to 'agi_o and 'cg-t, as supposed by
WH and F) WH I 24-5, F I 636, EI 535 (L and Gk < IE 'hcg- 'say').
1O2. '?'ayV 'mother' (originally a Ll ) ( 'female', marker of fem. sex or fem. gender in nouns,
pronouns and [originally as vocative] in verbs): I. 'mother': > HS: C {AD} '?ay(y)- > EC {Ss.}
'?ayy- 'mother' > Sml ay-o 'stepmother', Sml Mt {Lm.} ayo id., 'uncles wife, mothers sister', Sml
My/Dgl {Lm.} ay- 'mother', Rn {PG} ayo, {Hn.} 'ay-o, {Oo.} a'yo 'mother' (call-name), Bn a'y-o, Bs
ay-o, Or ayy-o, Kns ay-a 'mother', Sa ay-a 'elder sister', Hd ayy-a 'sister', ay-minc 'mater familias',
Kmb {C} aya 'sister', Brj ay'y-c 'mother, mother's sister, father's brother's wife', Hr/Dbs/Grs/Gwd
{AMS} yayyc, Gln {AMS} yayc 'mother' || SC: Irq {MQK} ?ayo, {E} ayo, Alg, Brn iyo 'mother' Ss. B 22,
Hn. S 51, Oo. 7O, PG 59, LmS 3O5, Hd. 1O2, HL 79, AMS 258, Wh. IC 24, E SC 317, MQK 18
NrOm: Wl/Zl/Gf {C} ayc, Gf {Mrn.} ayc - ayc - ay, Wl {LmS} ayu_, Malo ?ayo, Dwr ay-to, Gm/Dc {LmS}
ayo 'mother'; ? Ym {Lm.} cta - cti_ 'sister', {Wdk.} cta 'my sister' [if -tV is a marker of fem. (acc.
to Lm.) or a ppa. 'my' (acc. to Wdk.); otherwise it belongs to N ''?atV 'female, woman', q.v.] C SE
III 2OO, Lm. Y 326, LmS 3O5 CCh: Zm {KNC} ya 'mother; female' KNC 3O ll ? IE: pGmc
'ai_Oi 'mother' > Gt ai|ci, ON cia id., OHG fuotar-cidi Nhrmutter, wet-nurse' (fuotar 'food'), MLG cidc
'mother'; pGmc 'ai_Oi 1 F aiti, Es cit (gen. cidc), Lp L {LLO} citi, Lp N i'dc 'mother' Fs. E 2O, Fs.
28-9, Vr. 95, Kb. 3O2, SK 1869 ll ?? U: Sm: Kms {KD} iya', ya', ya, {Cs.} i|a, |a, En {Cs.} c?, {Dlx.} c?,
{Ter.} c 'mother' Cs. 54, 76, KD 22, KP 7O-1 ll D {Pf.} 'ay 'mother' ( 'woman') > Tm ay, ayi, Kn
ayi, Klm aj,y, Gdb aya-aya, Gnd ayal, Knd, Png, Mnd aya, Kui ai_a 'mother', Ku a(i_)ya 'woman', Krx
ayo 'mother', Mlt ayya 'my mother' D #364, Pf. 2O [#82] ^ It would be tempting to tie in
Alt/Tlt/Shor {Rl.} aya 'aunt, elder sister' (Rl. I 72O), but this form does not belong here, because
the intervocal cns. recorded by Rl. as -|- (i.e. -y-) is actually -- (voiced palatal affricate) < pT '-|-,
and the word should be reconstructed as NaT 'c|c > StAlt, Tb, Qmn y(c cc 'aunt, elder sister' (BT
189, B DChT 169, B DK 273), Qrg czc 'sister, cousin', Xk uc tc 'mother', Tk ccc 'queen', Tkm cc
'mother', 'elder sister', etc. (ffd. ET Gl 231-5) ^ AD NM #117, CNM 12 ( NrCs) lll II. marker of
fem. (sex\gender): > HS: a) HS '-i fem. in pronouns of the 2nd pers.: [1] 'I-i 'thee' f. ( 'thou' f.
[clitic]) > S 'Ii 'thee' in postverbal position > Ak, Ar -Ii, BHb -I, Gz -Ii WCh 'Ii 'thee, thou' f. > Hs
Ii id. | BT: Ngm ci, Dr {Nw.} i, Tng i-go 'thee' f. | Su yi id. | Ron 'Ii 'thou' f., used as a subject px.
> Klr Ii, Sha ci, Fy, Bks, DfB si ? but Eg OK cm, cn 'thee, thou' f. [enclitic] and cmt 'thou' f. [aut.
prn.] do not necessarily belong here (c- < 'Ii-), because the same c- is found in the prn. of 2m cv
[encl.] (cp. Eg OK Iv id.), and the fem. gender marker here is -m [2] 'I-i 'thy' f. possessoris
(enclitic) > S 'Ii 'thy' > Ak, Ar -Ii, Hb -I, Gz -Ii Eg OK -c 'thy' f. |-cV < '-Ii| C '-Ii 'thy' f. > Bj -Ii ||
EC: Hr -ahi AMS 91 WCh 'Ii 'thy' f. > Hs (-n)-Ii, (-r)-Ii | BT: Krf ci, Bl (s)si, Krkr (tI)ci | Ron: Klr
-m-iI', Sha -m-ic, -m-a-ac, Fy -is 'thy' f. [3] S 'an-t-i 'thou' f., aut. prn. > Ak atti, Ar ?anti, Hb T6a2
?atto, Gz ?anti l b) HS '-i fem. marker in verbs of the 2nd person > S '-i > Ak, Gz, Hb -i, Ar -i(-na), Mh
-i, e.g. BHb 'Ium-i 'stand up!' imv. 2f., ta'Ium-i 'you [sg. f.] will stand up', Ar qul-i 'say!' 2f,
taqul-i-na 'you [sg. f.] say, will say', Ak tarus-i 'you [sg. f.] separated', Gz Ium-i 'stand up!' [sg. f.],
58
toIavvom-i 'you [sg. f.] are standing', Mh tsmayt-i 'du [f.] stirbst' C: Bj -i, e.g. ti-dir-i 'you [sg. f.]
killed') l c) HS '-i- - yV, marker of f. in pronouns of 3s > S '-i- fem. in 's-i-?a 'she' (> Ak si, Ar hiya,
Ug hy, BHb aie5 hi, JA, Sr hi, Sb hy?) 's-u-?a 'he' > Ak su, Ar huva, Ug hv, BHb aue hu, JA, Sr hu,
Sb hvj?,) Eg O sy ({Lpr.}: 'siy) 'she; her (obj.)', enclitic prn. ( sv 'he') C: Or B isi 'she' ( isa
'he'), Or T {Mrn.} -si - -sc 'her' (px.) ( -sa 'his'), Sd {Mrn.} isc 'she' ( iso 'he') l d) HS '-ay > S: Ar
a -ay ([-a], OWAr [-ay]), fem. marker in some adjectives and a numeral: ra90Cu suyray suyra
'smaller' f. ( ?asyaru 'smaller' m.), rak0Sa saIray saIra 'drunken' f. ( saIranu id. m.), Lab0Hu
hublay (traditional Ar [hubla]), Lav ?ulay ?ula 'first' f. ( ?avvalu id. m.), daH0 ?ihday ?ihda 'one' f.
( ?ahad-un 'one' m.). As indicated by Sibawayhi (II 349), the spelling a (-ay) in the form Lab0Hu
hublay 'pregnant' was pronounced in OWAr (Hijaz) as -ay (hublay). Chaim Rabin (Rb. AWA 115-9)
has shown that the same is true about any final a. But in the orthoepy of ClAr (based
presumably on dialects other than OWAr) a is pronounced [-a]. MSUS 1O2-9, AD PP 69-73,
AD IPCV, AD EPCChL, Nw. KL 19, Ed. 7O-81, Kr. RChP 69, 74-8O, 85, J R 371-4, J S 88, Ap. ANE 8
(HS fem. marker '-Vi_ > '-ay/-a), Ed. 7O-8O, Lpr. 64-5 ll ??? K: traces of a fem. sx. '-ay may be
discerned in the OG form igi-a(y) 'she' (Naum 2.7) igi 'that, he' [without opposition of sexes] and
possibly in G cabuI-a 'girl' cabuI-i 'boy' DCh. 578, 17O1, Dirr G 11 (fn. 1) ll IE: NaIE '-i, '-i-, a
nominal sx. of fem. (sex and gender): 'vlI"-i 'she-wolf' (> OI vrIi, ON ylgr < pGmc 'vul"i)
'vlI"o-s 'wolf' (> OI vrIa-h, Gk uko), Gt vulf-s, Lt vilIa-s, etc.), 'nct-i-s > OI na't-i-h, gen.
na't-iy-ah 'female descendant', L nctis, OHG nift 'niece'; also OI '|anitr-i 'genitrix', Gk cvctcio,
etc., as well BSl '-i (< '-i), fem. marker in active prtcs.: OCS mip+mumir+s-i, Lt mirus-i 'dying' (act.
prtc. nom. sg. f.) Brg. KVG 29-33O, 4O5, Me. SC 4O3 ll A: M {Pel.} '-ay, marker of fem. sex of
nouns: WrM sutu 'emperor' sutay 'empress', qutugtu 'saint man' qutugtay 'saint woman'; MM
{Pp., Dr., Oz.} -y / -i, fem. marker of verbs [-b-i as fem. of the praet. perfecti non-feminine -ba/-bc;
-ligi--lii as fem. of the prs. perfecti; -Iu-y as fem. of ft. -Iu m.]; front harmonic vowels of words
(possibly going back to a sx. '-c) as a marker of female sex: WrM aqa 'elder male relative (elder
brother, uncle)' cIc 'elder female relative, mother', gatulgagci 'liberator (transporting across
water)' {Vld.} gctulgcgci 'liberatrix, salvatrix' (epithet of the goddess Tara) Pp. IM 265-7, Pp.
MM 1O1, Dr. SB 62-3, 68, Vld. SGR , Vld. 133-4, Pel. VNS, KW 3, 118, Snz. SGR 73-4, Oz. GHMDG
Tg: front (closed) harmonic vowels denoting female sex: WrMc dchcma 'uncle' dchcmc 'aunt',
amila 'male bird' cmilc 'female bird', haha 'man' hchc 'woman', {Sun.} arsalan 'lion'
crsclcn 'lioness', Nn aqa 'father-in-law' sqs 'mother-in-law', aga 'elder brother' sgs 'mother-in-
law' STM I-II, Z 8O1, Sun. M 171 The M pair aqa cIc and the Nn aga 'elder brother'
sgs 'elder sister' may be explained away as Lallwrter, but this is not the case in most other
aforementioned M and Tg words ^ D and A (D 'a and M and Tg marker of female sex '-c) suggest
pN 'a.
1O3. '?cy'o 'come' > HS: Eg fOK iy v. 'come' > DEg iy > Cpt: Sd ci , Bi id.; Vc. vocalizes the inf. of
this verb as 'iiyi.t; Eg fOK iv v. 'come' > DEg iv id.; Cpt ct ci v. 'come' may go back to the Eg verbal
noun iv.t; acc. to Vc., Cpt B/Sd:oee tauo v. 'send' goes back to DEg ty iv 'send' < Eg 'dy.t iv-a 'faire
qu'(il) vienne'; acc. to Ed. and Vc., Eg iy and iv are two different, albeit akin, verbs EG I 37, 44, Er.
18, 2O, Ed. 456, 724, Vc. 59-6O, 223 B '?yv > ETwl +yo-oyyo, Ty +yo-iyo 'come!' (imv. 2s),
imv. 2pm ETwl +yov+t - +ycv(v)+t - oyyov+t, Ty +yovat - (+)y+vat - yov+t; Mz oyya 'come' (imv. 2s),
imv. 2pm oyyat; Iz imv. co 'come!'; Pr. mentions ETwl pf. intens. ihay v. 'come' GhA 2O5, Dlh. M
241, Zl. KLV 12O, Pr. H #441 C: Bj ?i-/?c- scv. 'come': Bj A {ADP} p. 3m '?c-ya '(he) came', Bj {R}
59
p. 3m 'c-ya, 3f 'c-ta, 3p 'c-yan, {Rop.} p. 1s i-'an, 2m 'c-ta, 2f 'c-tai, 3m 'ca, 3f 'c-ta, 1p 'c-na, gerund
?i-a, pp. ?i-'c [Roper often does not indicate the initial ?-, because the hamzah is very elusive], Bj B
{Alm.} p. ?i- || EC: Sd {C, Mrn., Gs.} c?- v. 'go in, enter'; ?? Arr pcv. -i?it- / -c?ct- (ipv. ?it) 'go' ( N
'odU 'go', q.v. ffd.) AD SF 184, R WBd 3, R BedS II 41-2, Rop. 79, ADP BFN, C SE II 184, Gs. 89,
Hw. A 451-9 Om: SOm: Hm {Fl.} y-, Ari Gll {Bnd.} ay- 'go' || NrOm: Wl {LmS} y-, Bdt/Zs/Cha/Zl {C,
Mrn., LmS}, Hrr, Malo, Mj {Fl.} y- v. 'come', Ym {Wdk.} inf. yo / yo, 2s yc, Bdt {Fl.} yo, Oyda
{Fl.} yi?/yi-, Male {Fl.} yc?, Bnc {Wdk.} 2s yc?- id. AD SF 184, Fl. OO 318, Fl. OWL, C SE IV 88, 2O8,
C SO 36, 45, 51, 64, 69, Blz. OL #2O7 (Om 'yi-/'?i-), Wdk. BY 113, 139, Bnd. AL 151 [#33] Ch
{Stl.} 'ya?-/'yav- 'go' > WCh: Hs ya-Ia 'come here!', ??? yava 'wander trough' | Ywm ya 'go' | Dr
{Nw.} yai_ 'arrive', Krf yov-, {Stl.} yc?cy 'go' | Ngz {Sch.} ya 'go' | Bg {Csp.} yuvcy 'run' | DfB {J} yu
'go' || CCh: Db {Lnh.} ya, Kola {Sb.} ...ya... v. 'come' | Ms {Mch.} ya v. 'come, go' || ECh: Tmk {Cp.} yc
'run', Ll c-, Tbn {Cp.} ys 'walk' Stl. IF 143, JI II 82-3, ChL, Nw. 24 [#27] (Ch 'ya 'come' imv.),
Nw. KL 135, Abr. H 942, 952, Sch. DN 174, Csp. 64, J R 223 , Blz. LECh #92 ll IE '?ci_-/'?i- ({EI}
'hci_-) v. 'go' > Ht i-, (i)y-, Lw, HrLw i- NaIE 'ci_-/'i- > OI c-/i-/y- (prs. 3s 'c-ti, 1p i-'mah, 3p 'y-anti) v.
'go', Av aciti, OPrs aitiy 'goes' || Gk ci`-/i`- v. 'go' (prs. 3s c)))ioi, 1p i-cv) || L i-/i- id. (prs. 2s i-s, imv. i,
prtc. i-cns) || Gt idd|a 'I went' || Pru cisci 2s prs. 'gehst', Lt ci- (OLt ci-ti 'goes'), Ltv ci-mu " ic-mu 'I go',
Ltv C/E ic-t, Ltv W ic-ti v. 'go' | pSl inf. '|i-ti / prs. '|id-o 'go' > OCS u:uiti/ prs.uaido, SCr ici /
idcm, Slv iti, Cz |iti / |du, P isc, R n() rn / n) (y, Blg prs. n(a || pTc {Ad.} 'i- 'go, travel' > Tc A i-, Tc B
i-/ya- id.; - pTc {Ad.} rdp. '(y)iya- > Tc A {Wn.} ya- 'aller, rouler, voyager' (past prtc. yayo), B
{Wn., Ad.} [rdp. ] 'iya- 'go, travel' P 293-7, EI 227-8, Mn. 234, Pv. I-II 325-35, M K I 128, F I 462-
3, Fs. 88-9, ME II 79, Frn. 119, En. 165, Tp. P E-H 2O-2, Glh. 273, Wn. 589, Ad. 6O-1, 66-7, Ad. H
54, 65 ll U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'yui-vc- v. 'come' > OHg |o, NHg |o-n (|ovoI, |ottcm) id., pObU
'yuvV 'yivV v. 'come' > pVg 'yi-/'yiv-/'yay- v. 'come' > Vg: T
yi-/yuv- " yav-/yay-, LK/MK/UK yi-/yiv-/yay-, P yi-/yiy-/yay-/yay-, SV yi-/yay-/yay-, UL
yi-/ yay-, Ss yi-/yuv-/yay-; pOs {Ht.} 'yo-/'yoy- ({ Hl. 'yu- / 'yuy-) v. 'come' > Os:
V/Vy yo-/yo-, Ty yo'-/yo'-/yc-, Y yo'-/yc-/ycv-, D yc-, K yc-/ycv-, Nz yi-/yiv-/yuv-, Kz
yi-, yuv-, O yi- v. 'come' MF 34O-1, UEW 1O9, Ht. 14O [#169], Hl. rHt 67-8, 72-4 IS I 267 (U
'yc-c, unt. in the light of new achievements in FU hist. phoology), MF 34O-1 & UEW 1O9 [FU
'yEqV ({ UEW} '|qs, '|ys) based on unc. adduction of F/Es |aa- v. 'remain']; IS supposed that
the U stem is derived from the expected U cyV-, like IE 'ych- (i.e. '?ych-) v. 'walk, go' [> Ht (i)ya-(tta)
id., OI ya-ti 'goes', Lt |o-ti 'to ride', Tc A ya- 'go, travel'] IE '?cy- ll A 'i- > Tg 'i- v. 'enter' > Orc, Ud,
Ul, Ork, Nn, Ewk, Sln, Lm, Neg i- id. STM I 293 M: d : (1) 'i-rc- v. 'come' > MM, WrM irc-, HlM, Dx,
Ord irc-, Kl, Dg ir-, Mnr H, Ba rc-, Mgl ira'-"ira-, {Wr.} irn--irc- Iw. 1O7, MED 413, H 82-3, Rm. M 29,
Wr. 168, Klz. D I 11O, T 356, KW 2O9 (2) 'i-lc- v. 'go, go away' (> MM [S, SMD] ilc- id., H 81, H
SMD 53) -'ilc-gc- v. 'send' > MM [S, MA] ilc-, [HI] ilc-, WrM ilcgc-, HlM ilgcc-, Kl ilgc- Ms. H 62-3,
MED 4O4, KW 2O7, Pp. MA 195-6, 438 Pp. IAL 117, S AJ 292 [#482] ll D {Km.} 'cy- v. 'arrive,
reach' ( v. 'obtain'), d {Km.} 'cy-t- > Knd i-, Png iIa-, Ku c-, Kdg ctti, Klm cnd-, Prj cd"cy-, Gdb cd- v.
'arrive', Gnd cv- " av- " avvana, Kui ca- / ct- v. 'reach, arrive', OTl {Km.} cydu- - cyidu- - cdu- v. 'reach,
go to', v. 'obtain', Tl ctcncu v. 'come, arrive, go', Tm cytu v. 'approach, reach, obtain', Ml cytuIa v.
'obtain', cttal, cttu 'reaching', Td ic-, Tu ctto, cIIo v. 'reach', Kn ay-du, cydu v. 'approach, reach' D
#8O9, Em. DIL 1O4-11O, Km. 3O8 [#168] ^ Cf. AD LRC (HS, IE, A), IS I 265-7 [HS (Eg, B, C, Ch), IE,
D, A (M, Tg), ? U] Gr. II #177 ('i - 'ya 'go') [IE, U, A, Ko, J, EA + unc. Ko].
60
1O4. '?czcIU 'thorn, hook' ( 'tooth') > HS: S 'siII- 'thorn, pin, nail' [ N ?? 'cuKE 'thorn,
point (> blade), summit'] > BHb K64' scI' (pl. Mik`55 siI'Iim) 'thorn', JA ak`1x5 - ak`1ix siI'I-a,
at1k`6x5 - at1k`6ix5 siII-o't-a 'thorn, peg, nail of a tent', SmA sIh 'thorn', Ar kW$i siII-at- 'sharp
weapon, edge', Ak siII-at-u 'Spitze' (aphaeresis pS 'siII- < '?isiII-, like in pS ''- 'mouth'
< '?a-, cp. C '?a- 'mouth') GB 785, KB 1236, KBR 1326, Js. 988, 993, Tal 585, BK I 1256-7, Lv. III
521, L G 529, Sd. 1234 C {AD} '?isiI"- [{E} '?isI"-] 'tooth' > SC: Kz isiIuIo, pl. isiI"a, Asa
liga, 1 Mb i?iIc id. || EC {Ss.} '?ilI- id. > Sa iI-o, Sml ilig, pl. ilI-o, Rn {Oo., PG} ilah (pl. ilI-o) 'tooth',
Elm ilI-o?, Arr {Hw.} ?ilig (pl. ?ilI-o), ilIva id., Or ilI-ani 'teeth', Kns ilI-itta, Gdl ilh-itt, ilh-a,Sd
hinI-o, Alb inI-u, Kmb inI-c, Hd inI-c, Brj irI-a, Hr/Dbs {AMS} ?ilgaIIo (pl. ilgc) id., Gln {AMS} ?ilIc,
Gwd ?ilq-c, Bs {HL} ilI-o 'teeth' || Ag {AD} '?slI"-, {Ap.} '?orI"- 'tooth' > Bln {Plm.} ?srI"i, Xm {R}
croI", {Ap.} srsI", Q {R} ycrI", Km {Ap.} srI"s, Aw {Hz.} srI"i id. || Bj {R} ayoI" 'a front tooth' AD
SCLC 2O3-4, AD SF 132, Ap. AV 5, Ss. PEC 12, 22, 4O, Ss. B 1O6, Bl. 164, 19O, Hw. A 341, HL 66, PG
151, Oo. 72, AMS 165, 2O5, 281, E PC #342, E SC 292 (s.v. SC '?isiI"a id.) ll A: Tg 'clgu 'hook (for
pulling fish out of a net)', ( ?) 'bears fang' > Neg slgu/s 'hook, bears fang', Ewk slgu, Lm slg+-+lg+
'fish-spear', Orc sggu, Ul slu, Ork sldu, Nn slgu 'hook' STM II 445-6 M 'clgu- v. 'hang on (sth.),
hook' > WrM clgu-, olgu- v. 'hang, hang on (a nail), clgun qada- 'to nail onto (as pictures to the
wall)', HlM olgo- id. ('ncmar, no(-\npn-ncmnnar') , Mnr E {MYC} olgo- 'hang, suspend' MED
3O9, Luv. 319 , MYC 543 ? NaT 'il- v. 'hang on (sth.)' > OT il- , {Cl.} to hatch sth. (wuth the
hand, a hook, etc.)', {DTS} '(no(-, :a-)ncnn) r; nonnr (ipu) xn)', Tkm il- vi. 'hook, fasten upon (npn-
\:a-ncnn) rc) ) ', Yk il- vt. 'hang up, load )animals back) with', Qmq, Qrg, Qrql, Nog, Uz, ET, Tk il-,
Qzq n- il-, VTt, Bsh yn- il-, Xk n- tl- v. 'hang on', StAlt il- 'hatch sth.'(':a-\no(-ncnnr') DTS 2O7,
Cl. 125, ET Gl 343-6, BT 63, BIG 67 SDM95 ('clIu v.'hang on, hang on hook'); SDM97
[A'ol(I)i id.) and DQA #648 (A 'i_olc id.) [in both papers M 'clgu- and T 'il- are
unconvincingly equated with Tg 'ol- 'hook for hanging kattle; to hang over fire' and Ko 'ori 'a
fishing hook for several barbs'; in fact, Tg 'ol- and Ko 'ori belong to N '?'oLV 'bough, hook', q.v.) ^
AD NM #9O, Vv. AEN 5-6, cf. AD PNCPh #53
1O5. '?uV 'hear',(?) 'ear' > HS ''?u-(Vn)- > S ''?uoan- 'ear' > Ak uzn-, Hb Nz7a '?ozcn, Ug
dn (= '?udn-), JA [Trg.] Nd2ua ?u'dan, JA [Trg.], JEA em. an1d6ua ?udn-a, Sr 'oe ?cdn-a, SmA ?dn, Ar
30 ?uon-, OSA ?on, Gz AZN ?ozn, pl. AzN ?ozan, Jb C
{Jo.} ?i'dcn, Mh hsyocn, dim. ?iocnot, Hrs hsyocn, Sq {Jo.} '?sd(s)han DRS 1O, KB 27, A #89, OLS 9-
1O, Js. 22, Sl. 85, Tal 9-1O, Lv. I 3O, BGMR 2, L G 52, Jo. M 3, Jo. H 1, MiK I #1.4 Eg idn 'ear'
([inI] sm _rv mi idn ggvy 'I am he who hears a sound\voice like an attentive ear' [Coffin Texts
7.3Ok [from Vc. p.c.], Gilula IE 251), idn hier. *'ear' EG I 154, Tk. I 83-4, 248, 37 C: Ag
'vas- v. 'hear' > Bln vas-, Xm vas-, Km vas- id. || ?? SC: Kz vato 'ear' (unless akin to Asa yot-, Dhl
?cct-it- 'hear, Af ayti 'ear') Ap. AV 22, E K 15 , Blz. CL 178 Om {Blz.} ''vayz- (= {AD} 'vay-)
'ear; to hear' > NrOm: Male vayz-, Kf vay- ({Lm.}: -y- < '-z-), Ym {Wdk.} vc-so` - vcs-o v. 'hear',
Mch vai 'ears' (?) (in vai 'IaIIo 'earring'), ? va-mo 'ear', Cha {C} vay, Zs, Zrg vayc, Bsk
voyci, Doka vayci, Bdt vasc id., Shn {Lm.} vaza 'ear' Blz. OLBP 11 [#28], L M 56, Lm. Sh. 4O7, Lm.
Y 473, C SE III 87, 177, Wdk. BY 138, Ap. AV 22 ll IE '?Hou_s-/ '?Hus- ({EI} ''h_ou_s- / gen. ''h_cu_s-s
or 'h_u's-os) 'ear' > NaIE 'ou_s-/'ou_s-/'us- [/?''ou_s-] id. > Av usi, OPrs usi nom. du. 'both ears', KhS
ui 'intelligence' || Gk: A o)u), D )e) 'ear' || Arm unkn unIn 'ear' (-In on the analogy of akn aIn 'eye'?) || pAl
{O} 'vau_si, {Huld} 'vcs- 'ear' > MAl G [FB], Al T/G vcsh || L auris 'ear' || OIr au (later o) || Gt auso,
61
ON cyra, AS carc, NE car, OHG ora, OSx ora, NHG Ohr|| Lt ausis, Ltv auss, Pru ausins | pSl 'uxo (du\pl.
'usi) > OCS euxo (du.\pl. muusi), Blg y) xo, SCr u`ho, Slv uho, R 'yxo, Uk ) nyxo, Cz, Slk, P ucho
P 785, EI 173, Mn. 43, Bai. 35, Vn. A 99-1OO, WH I 85-6, F II 448-9, Fs. 69, Vr. 1O7-8, Ho. 85, Ho. S
57, OsS 666, Kb. 747, KM 521, Slt. 54-5, SchmB EV 37, Hamp EAlb 138, O 5O1, Huld 127, Frn. 26,
En. 149, Vs. IV 179, Glh. 651 In L and Ir av- is either a special development of 'ov- with a non-
apophonic 'o [cp. Hirt IG II 3O, BD I/1 153, 193 ('aus- = 'ou_s with non-apophonic 'o)], or some
kind of delabializing dis ( Mart. EChPh 229), or reflex of ''ou_- (in a zero-grade ''ou_s-?), Szem. SM
I 45 [hyp.: 'au_s- is original and 'o- in 'ou_s- (> Gk o)u)) is due to the infl. of 'oI"- 'eye'].
1O6. '?'u`?V (or '?'uh`V?) 'throat; to swallow' ( 'mouth') > HS: S '?z? > Ar ?z? G (pf.
?aza?a) 'rassassier (les moutons)' BK I 28, DRS 13 ? Eg Md izv 'Schilfrohr', Eg G iz.t 'Luftrohr,
Schlund' (if the meaning 'throat' is primary) EG I 127-8 Om 'j?v,ucc v. 'drink' > SOm: Hm B
{Fl.} vsc--vuc-, Bako, Ub, Gll {Fl.} vsc- || NrOm: Cha {Fl., C}, Bdt, Bsk, Zs {C} us-, Bdt {Fl.} ts-,
Hrr {Gr.} vus-, Ym {C, Fl.} us-, {Wdk.} usa, Shn {C} us-, Shn {Fl.} Anf {Fl.} uss, {MYTY} uco, uc-, Kf
{C} uy-/ucc-, {Fl.} tc, Mch {L} ?ussi-, Bnc {Wdk.} us(I)- v. 'drink' Fl. OWL s.v. 'drink', C SE IV 393,
L M 2O, MYTY 119, 122, Wdk. BY 112, 137, 15O ?? SC: Irq {MQK} isa (pl. is-o) 'neck' (esp.
'back part of the neck'), Brn isa, Kz isito, Asa isat 'neck' E SC 283, MQK 57 ll IE '?ho?hv(c)s- or
'?hov?h(c)s- ({Pv.} ''A"cEcs- / ''A"cEs-, {EI} ''hh
4
oh(c)s / gen. 'hh
4
ch's-os) 'mouth' > 'Hoi_s- id.
(= '?hoys-) > Ht ais, gen. iss-as (s-stem), Lw as(sa)- 'mouth' (?) NaIE 'ou_s-/'ou_s- 'mouth' > OI ah (=
as), as'yam, Av ah- || L os, oris || OIr a 'mouth' || AS or 'beginning, origin; forehead', ON oss 'mouth
of a river' - 'ovs-ta 'lip' > OI 'ostha-h 'lip', Av aosta-, aostra- id. || L ostium 'entrance' || Lt uostas,
uosta 'mouth of a river, golf (Haff)', Ltv osts, osta 'haven', Pru austo 'mouth', austin 'mouth of an
animal' | pSl 'us'ta pl. 'mouth' > OCS t:ousta, Blg, R yc) ra, SCr, Slv usta, Cz, Slk usta, P usta, Uk
nyc) ra Pv. I-II 15-7, P 784, EI 387, M K I 84, 133, WH II 224-8, Vr. 421, Ho. 241, Frn. 1167, Tp. P
A-D 172-4, En. 149, Glh. 656, Vs. IV 172, Vn. A 4, Ped. H 41, Ts. E I 6-8, Kron. VLHS 42 , Ivn, SA
154 NaIE 'ovs-/'ovs- suggests N '?'uh`V ll A {SDM95} ''ic`V (?) > T 'i- v. 'drink' > OT, Tkm,
Az, Qrg, Uz, ET, Tv ic-, Tk ic-, VTt yu-( ) is-, Bsh is-, Yk is-, Chv cA- is/z_- v. 'drink' Cl. 195,
Rs. W 168, DTS 2O1, ET Gl 391, Jeg. 66, Fed. II 159, SDM95 s.v. (?) 'ic`V 'drink' ^ The glottalized -
c- in SOm, the vl. -c- in NrOm and the fortis '-c`- in A (for the expected voiced cnss.) seem to go
back to the cluster '-?-.
1O7. 'Ia?V (='gya?V) 'grow, become' ( 'be') > HS: Eg : v. 'grow, become great\much' 'be
great\much' (Vc. interprets the verb as a triradical ?yv on the ev. of Cpt) > DEg : id. > Cpt
Sd/B/Lototaiai, Fotctaici'grandir, avancer dans l'ge, tre honor', qualificative OCpt etoi, octaci,
Cpt Aotcicv, octaci, Sd/Betoi'large, big';- Eg ? - ?y (prtc.) 'great, much' (on the spelling ?y cf.
Ed. 337) > Cpt Sd/B m.eo, f.wo; the Eg set phrase r-? 'big house' ( 'palace' 'king') has been
preserved in Cpt Sd/A/L pperro - cpecro, B epeuro 'king', Ak ir?u, Gk [Hdt.] ucev, AncHb eorf
'aro'o 'Pharaon' > BHb [Mas.] e7or6p2 ar'o and Gk [LXX] uooe, [JF] uooe) EG I 161-3, 516,
Fk. 37, Er. 53, Vc. 5-6, 154, 177, GB 66O-1, KB 913-4 Vc. 5-6 (Eg ? S 'ly v. 'rise') B
'h?? (= Pr.'s hhh) v. 'be in' > Ah oh, pf. int. iha, Tnsl, Ty, ETwl, Gh pf. int. iha id. Pr. H #119, Fc.
495-8, GhA 77 ll A: M 'a- v. 'be' ( N '?a 'become, be', q.v. ffd.) Not here Tg 'o- v. 'become,
happen' [< N 'hov'i 'become, appear' (q.v. ffd.)] ll D {Km.} 'a- v. 'become, be' ( N '?a id.?) > Tm a,
Kn agu 'come into existence, happen, be', Ml aIuIa 'be(come) that', Kt a-, Kdg ag- / a-, ? Td
ox- / o- 'become', Tu aini (2n p. and+) 'be, become, happen', Tl agu, avu, Knd, Png, Mnd, Ku a-, Kui
62
ava- 'be, become', Klm an- 'be (in a place), be (so-and-so)', Nkr and-, Nk an-, Gnd a-, Brh aan-/ar-/ as-/a-
'be' D #333, Km. 277 [#2], Cald. 355-6 Not here Kn, Tl agu v. 'be, become' [probably from D
'aI- < N 'haIV 'stand, stop, stay, be' (q.v.)]. In D both roots have formed one suppletive paradigm
^ Cf. IS I 243: D, A. IS reconstructs N '?a 'become, be' and assumes that there is a connection
between monosyllabicity of the stem and its function as an aux. word (a copula?). To my mind, this
connection does exist, but it is not original, but rather a result of later development. There is a
universal tendency of shortening syntactic words (cp. IE 'csti 'is' > Rum i_c, New Arm i_c; in New G
the verbum substantivum ar(i)s has been shortened to -a when used as a copula). But in our case
there was no need in special extra-normal shortening, since in D and A the lrs. were lost (with
compensatory lengthening of the vw.). K 'q- < a cluster g?-?
1O8. ''cbU 'female breast, bosom' > HS ''ib- > CS 'ubb- 'bosom' (or sim.) > JA [Trg.] aB1ua
?ub'b-a {Lv.} 'Scho, Inneres, Brust, Busen', {Js.} 'bosom, lap', JEA ubba 'bosom', JPA Bz ubba
'breast', Sr ":u {PS} ?ubb-a 'bosom, lap, womb', Ar wOuubb- 'neck of a sleeve' ({Fr.} 'manicae
inferior pars eiusque radix'), {Bel.} 'base de la manche', 'sein' Lv. T II 195, Js. 1O46, Sl. 84, Sl. P
397, Br. 5O3-4, SJPS 4O3, Fr. III 95, BK II 148, Bel. 468, MiK I #1.1O4 [S 'ya/ub(ab)- 'bosom, chest,
dewlap'; adduces Ar yabab- 'chaire pendante sous le menton; gorge', BK II 429] ?

B ''-bbV- (<
{Pr.}'-ybV- '-vbV-) 'female breast' > Sll ti-bbi-t, pl. ti-bbat-in, Tgn {La.} (not Gh, as erroneously
mentioned in IS I 275 and AD SF 146!) a-bbui_, pl. i-bbuin (unless developped from Lallwrter
independently in Sll and Tgn) Ds. 258, La. MChB 115-6 EC: Sml {R} ib - ib, Sml B {AD}, new
StSml (based on Sml B) {DSI} ib, ibbo 'nipple' AD SF 146, DSI 321, R SS II 7; IS I 275 (unc. : the Sml
word A Ar) Ch: CCh 'v?ub 'female breast': Lmn {Mch.} vuva, vuba, {Lk.} uba | McMdr: Mdr
{Kr.} ?uba, Glv {Rp.} uba, {Kr.} ?uba, Gv {Kr.} vuba`, {IL} uba, Dgh {Frk.} v ba, Nkc {Blg.} vuba |
BM: BuP {ChC} u?va, Bu/Cb {Kr.} ?uv`a, Mrg {IL in ChC} ?u?va, Ngx, Wmd ?uv`a | McHigi: FlK {Kr.}
?t?va, HgNk ?uv`a | ? Ktk: Lgn {Lk.} ivayc | Suk {Mk.} va, {IL} va JS 53 (Ch 'vb), JI II 46-7, ChC,
ChL Ch 'b < ''?b < '...b (mte ) Coh. #56 (S, C), AD SF 146 (C, S, Ch, B) ll K: pGZ {K} 'ubc- - 'uba-
{AD} 'bosom, lap, female breast' > OG, G ubc- 'bosom, lap, hem (of clothes)', Mg (l)uba-, lsba- 'bosom',
Lz uba-, oba- 'female breast, bosom' K 185, K
2
195, Abul. 416-7, DCh.1236, Chx. 1385, Q 274,
Marr 192ll A 'cb'u-: 1) M 'cbu-r 'breast, bosom' > MM [S] cbur 'breast, bosom, front',
WrM cbur~ obur, HlM ' n' p 'breast, bosom, front, lap', Kl ' np ovr 'bosom, breast', ? Mnr H {SM} ycr
'breast, bosom'; IS assumes that M 'cbu-r goes back to a plural form, with '-r being an ancient A
plural marker; 2) M 'cb-ci-un > MM [HI] cbccun 'breast' ({Ms., Lew.} 'poitrine'), [S] {H} cbccu(n)
'Brust', WrM cbcigu(n), HlM ' nu( n) 'sternum, chest', Kl ' nnn ovcun 'sternum', Ord ob_c`u, Shrn
iscu, Mnr H {SM} s_i_u 'poitrine, poitrail' MED 628, H 4O-1, H SMG I 28, KRS 4O9-1O, KW 3O3,
SM 492, Ms. H 51, Lew. II 12 ^ C and M suggest a front vw. in the first syll. (most probably 'c). In S,
Ch and K the vw. 'u is due to the ass. infl. of 'b (as well as possibly of the labial vw. of the second
syll.). S '- and K initial zero suggest a pN '- (rather than 'y- yielding S '- and K 'y-). Cf. AD LRC
#56 [HS (S, C), K, M]; IS I 275 [HS (S, B, Ch), K, M]. In some lgs. (e.g. Ch and B) the word got a Ll
connotation, but I do not share IS's opinion that the is of onomatopic origin.
1O8a. ? 'VCuj?V,PV 'salt' > HS: C: EC: pSam {Hn.} 'usubo (in Hn. S) or 'usu?ubo (in Hn. BD)
'salt' > Sml usbo, pBn 'usu?ubs 'salt' > Bn: Bi usu?ubs, J/Kj usubbs id.; Or {Grg.} assabo 'salt', {Brl.}
asabo 'salsedine, sale marino sciolto' (1 Anf asa'bo 'salt'); ?? Rn cimbi 'salt' || Ag 'csv ({Ap.} 'cov)
'salt' > {Ap.}: Bln, Q sova, Xm cova, Awn civi id.; Ag 1 Gz sov 'salt, salty land', Tgy, Amh cvv,
Tgr csva 'salt' Or assabo may be a loan from NrOm Hn. S 78, Hn. BD 125, Grg. 2O, Brl. 29, Ap.
63
AV 2O-1, L G 565 NOm: Mch {L} 'hicivo, Kf {Cc.} iccvo - iccbo 'salt' R K 255, L M 34 Blz.
SAAll A: OJ {Mr.} siu_o 'salt' > J sio id.; OJ 1 Ainu sio Mr. J 525 ll D 'cu- ({GS} 's-) 'salt' > Tm,
Ml, Kn, Tu, Tl uu, Kt, Td u, Kdg ui, Klm, Nk su, Nkr su, Prj cu, Gdb su " cuu D #2674
^ The equation between HS, J and D has been proposed by Blaz ek (Blz. DA 163 [#112].
1O9. ? ''ac`E 'to blow, yawn' > HS: S 'c > Ar cO sf G v. 'blow hard' (of wind) BK II 272ll
U: FU 'occV- - 'accV- v. 'yawn' > Chr ustcm id. | Z oc-sav- id., occst- id. mom. (':cnnyr') || Hg asit- v.
'yawn' | pObU {Ht.} 'vus- id. > 1) pVg 'usont- > Vg: T osont-, LK usont-, UL/Ss usint-, P usontol- id., 2)
pOs 'vus- > Os: O us- id., - a) V/Vy usIl-, Ty/Y usI-, Nz usIi_t-, Kz vusio- id.; b) D vascs-, K uscs- id.
LG 2O9, Ht. #72O ll ? A: NaT 'as- v. 'blow' ( v. 'yawn') > OT as- v. 'blow (gently)', Chg as- 'wehen,
blasen', Tk cs-, CrTt, Kr, Nog, Qq, Uz, Ln cs-, Az as-, VTt is-, Bsh iO- v. 'blow' (of wind), Qzq cs- v. 'blow
hard' (of wind), - NaT 'asin > OT asin 'breeze, gentle wind', - NaT {Bang} 'asina- > OT asna- to
blow gently, yawn', MQp [CC] csnc-, Chg csna-, Tk csnc-, CrTt, Kr, Qmq, QrB csnc-, Az asna-, Uz csna-,
ET asni-, csnc-, VTt isna-, Qzq, Qq, Nog csinc- id., Qrg, StAlt cstc- yawn (from time to time,
no:cninar') Bang TB VII 195, Cl. 24O-1, 248-9, Rs. W 49, 5O, ET Gl 311-2, 553, z. 157, MM 147,
Jud. 966.
11O. ? 'VcVLV 'guts' > HS: S 'cl > Ar isl-, asal- 'guts' ('intestins') BK II 272 ll K: 'c`cl-
'guts, intestines' ( N 'c'iljV,V 'side of body' [q.v. ffd.]).
111. ''icV 'seek, look for' > HS: S 'ss (- ''yss?) > Ar ss (pf. assa) v. 'seek, acquire'; ?
Gz _ss (js. yo_sos) v. 'seek, look for, desire' (as -_s- < '-ys- or a loan from an unknown C
source?) BK II 259, L G 266 C: HEC 'has- v. 'want, seek' > Brj has-, Ged, Hd, Kmb, Sd has- id. AD
SF 153 (s.v. 'hAs- 'nciar', 'xorcr'), Hd. 163, 195, 244, 281, 32O, 369, Ss. B 88 ll U: FU (att. in BF)
'c'ccV- > F ctsia v. 'seek, look for', Krl A ccci-, Krl Ld ccci-, Vp cc-ta, cc-ta, Vo sccia, Es otsi-, Es
otsi-, Lv vocco id. SK 42, Kt. 5O6 SK equates the BF word with Lp N occat v. 'seek' (< pLp {Lr.}
'ocs id.), but acc. to the reg. sound laws Lp 'ocs does not belong here, but is akin to F udclla v. 'be
curious, inquire' < FU 'uccV, Krh. 159, SSA I 1O9, Lr. #799 ll IE: NaIE 'ai_s-, 'ai_s-sI- v. 'seek,
wish' ({EI} 'h_ci_s- 'wish for, seek out') > OI 'csati 'seeks, looks for', c'sah 'wish, choice', ic'chati (<
'ays-sI-) 'looks for', Av isalti 'wishes' || Arm aj ayc" (< 'ays-sIa-) n. 'search, inspection' ( 'visit') ||
Um EISCURENT 'arcessierint', L acrusc-o /-arc v. 'beg, ask' || OHG ciscon v. 'search, question, require',
OSx cscon, cscian v. 'require', AS ascian v. 'try, require, ask (a question)' (> NE asI) || Lt icsIau /
icsIoti 'look for', Ltv icsIat 'to louse' | Sl '|isIa-ti 'look for, seek' > OCS utko:uisIati (prs. utka isIo
- uaisto), R nc'iar (prs. n'y) id., Blg 'na 'I look for', 'nciax 'I want', SCr isIati 'to wish' (prs.
istcm), Slv isIati, OCz isIati 'look for', P isIac 'to louse, seek, search' Dv. #14, P 16, EI 629, M K I
85, WH I 19, Bc. G 333, Ho. 7, Ho. S 17, EWA II 1O22-3, Kb. 196, Frn. 182, Slt. 366, ESSJ VIII 238-9,
Glh. 278 ll A: M 'ica- (unless it is 'qica-) 'hope' > WrM, WrO ica-, Kl nn-ic- v. 'hope for, expect', WrM
icag, WrO icaq, Kl nni icog n. 'hope' Gl. I 19O, MED 397, Krg. 99, KRS 275, KW 211-2 DQA
#588 [A 'ic`V 'hope, see' > incl. M].
112. 'avcV (or 'acvV) 'light of the sun below\on the horizon' > HS: S 'as'v- > Ar asiy-
'dernire partie du jour', asvat- 'obscurit de la nuit depuis quiil sest fait nuit jusquau quart de
la nuit' BK II 265 ? EC: Sml {ZMO} aso 'day, full day', Sml N aso 'day' Elm aotc, Arr ?avatc
f. 'sun'; cp. EC and Dhl words for 'sun, daylight' s.v. 'gaV 'white, bright' AD SF 3OO-1, ZMO
53, 62, Abr. S 16, Ss. SPhG, Grg. 9 , Hw. A 337, To. DL 476, To. D 127, Blz. DL s.v. 'sun' ?
ECh: Brg {J} ?ustaq 'morning' ChC ll IE: NaIE 'au_s-/'us- (/'vcs-?) 'shine (leuchten)' ({EI}
64
'h_(c)u_s-sIcti 'it lights up, dawns'), 'au_s-os- 'dawn, morning-twilight' ({EI} ''h_cu_sos, {Mn.}
'au_sa, 'au_sora 'dawn'), 'avs-tcro 'eastern' > OI usas-/usas- (nom. u'sah, acc. u'sas-am, gen.
u'sas-ah), Av us (acc. usqhom, gen. usaqho) 'dawn-light', OI us'ra 'dawn-light' || Gk Hm e)
(<'avs-os), gen. o) (oo)), Gk A ce), Gk D oe) id. || L aurora 'dawn', austcr 'southern wind' || Lt
ausra 'dawn, dawn-light', austa 'dawn is coming', Ltv aust id., austra 'morning twilight' | Sl 'ustro
'morning' > OP |ustrzcnIa 'dawn-light', |ustrzc|szy 'of tomorrow', naza|ustrz 'to the following day', OCS
ot:pozaustra 'in the morning', Blg ':acrpa, McdS 'astra 'morning, tomorrow' || Gmc: AS carcndcl
'morning star'; 'avstro- in AS castrc 'goddess of the spring', castron 'Easter', 'avs-t(c)ro- in OHG ostar
'stlich', 'to the east', ON austr 'east' 'vos-cr-/'vos-cr-: Vd vasar- 'in the dawn' (in the cd vasar-'ha
'striking \ (?) meeting \ (?) coming in the dawn'), vasa'rah adj. matutinus' || OIr fair 'sunrise', W
gvavr 'dawn', Br gvcrc-laoucn 'morning star, Venus' [IE '-sr- (after a long vw.) > Clt 'r-] P 86-7, EI
148, Mn. 43, M K I 113 & III 172, M E I 23,II 532, MW 93OKb. 749, F I 6O5-6, WH I 86, LP 26.3, SB
278, YGM-1 259, Hm. 357, Frn. 27, ESSJ VIII 2O1-2 (rejects pSl 'ustro), BER I 611, Sls. I 594-5 ll U:
FP 'acV 'early' > pChr {Ber.} 'os-n+ > Chr: L 'ono 'earlier', H ani azn+ 'earlier, long ago' | pPrm
'vo (= {LG} 'vo) 'early' > OPrm vu, Z vo, Yz 'u, Vt na:, vaz UEW 6O5, LG 6O, Ber. 47,
MRS 371, Ep. 1 ll ?? D (in KK) 'oc- > Kui osa / ost- v. 'be bright, give light', ostcri 'light', Ku o:i
'beautiful', o:u 'beauty' D #1O37.
113. 'acV 'bush, shrubs, forest' > HS: S 'is- (- 'iss-?) 'tree' > BHb o4 cc (pl. Mic5o4
c'cim), Pun s, Ug s {A} 'tree', IA qo I (etymological spelling for OA 'a_), em. aqo < 'a_a, IA
(Akkadianized) (AkSc) a_-_u, BA oa1 ?a 'wood' (em. ao1a1 ?a'a), Nbt oa ? id., JA {Js.} ?a, ?a'a
'tree', JEA {Sl.} ?a'a, SmA oa ? 'wood', Ar D aoa 'tree', Ar wOi {Ln.} 'small thorny tree', {BK}
' several kinds of coniferous trees and shrubs', ? Ar '5aOi ioah- {Ln.} 'any great trees having
thorns', {BK} ' famille darbres pines', {Hv.} 5aOi ioah- 'coniferous tree., acacia-tree',
OSA s 'building materials (wood?)', Gz os 'tree, shrubs', Ak is-u, iss-u 'tree' L G 57, KB 817-8,
KBR 863-4, HJ 879-8O, BDB 1982, Js. 99, Sl. 152, Tal 55, Ln. 2O7O, 2O76, BK II 277, 282, OLS 91; on
OA q _: AD AR & AD PSH 31-2 ?? Eg Md/BD 'branch\bough of a tree' (mt from'V?) EG V
535 ll K 'cc`ccj:,r- > G I/Gr cccr-i 'mit Riedgras, Gebsch, Gestruch usw. bewachsene Niederung', G
cccr-i 'Hain, Gehlz, Gebsch' Chx. 356 ll D (in SD) 'acar- > Kn a|ara-nili, a|ura-nili 'low under-
shrub', ? Tu a|ara ' moss' D #44.
114. 'ucE 'exchange, compensate\-ion' (> 'trade', 'revenge') > HS: S '-us- > Ar vo G
(aoa /-uou) 'remplacer une chose qn., lui donner une chose en change de' BK II 4O8 ll IE
'jL,vcs-/'jL,vos-, {EI} 'vcs- 'buy', 'vcs-no- 'purchase' > Ht vas-, vasiya- v. 'buy', usnyazi 'sells' NaIE
'vcs-/'vos- v. 'trade, deal' > OI vas'na-m 'price, value' | IIr 1 FU 'vos- 'exchange, trade' (ffd. see Jk.
298-9, UEW 585) || Arm gin gin (gen. gnoj gnoy) 'price, value' || Gk Mc o-no- 'price', Gk )evo) 'venum,
purchase-money, a price', ev, Gk L )ovvo (< 'vos-na) 'buying (Kauf)' || L vcno- (acc. vcnum, dat.
vcno) 'sail', {EI} 'that which is sold' P 1173, WP I 311-2, EI 185, M K III 177, WH II 753-4, F II
1149, Slt. 295-6, Ts. W 1O3 ll A: T 'o 'revenge, vengeance' > OT oc id., 'malice', Tk oc, Az o_,
ET, QrB, Qrg oc, Alt oc, CrTt oc, Uz uc, Qzq, Qq, Nog, Tv os, Xk, Yk os, VTt u us, Bsh us,
Chv ncAucA vi_i 'revenge, vengeance', Tkm oc, Qmq, Ln oc id., 'hostility', Kr oc id.,
'punishment' Cl. 18, ET Gl 558-9.
115. 'adV 'up to, until' > HS: S 'ad-ay, 'ad-u/i 'up to, towards' > OAk ad-um, Ak adi, adu, ad 'up to,
towards', Hb "dc, ad 'until', Ph, Ug, OSA d 'up to, till', Aram ad 'up to', Jb '?cd, d 'to, up to',
65
?cd 'till, until' Sd. 12, CAD I/I 115-121, KB 743-4, KBR 786-7, OLS 71-2, BGMR 12, Jo. J 1 ? EC: Sa
{R} -d, marker of acc./dat. R S II 95 ll K '-d > Sv -d 'up to, till' (lu_v-d 'till the springtime'),
homonymous with -d 'as' (transformative case) and therefore reinterpreted as one of the meanings
of this transformative case Ni. s.v. (o, GP US 41-2 ll IE 'uaT ({EI} 'h_cd) 'at, to' > NaIE 'aT 'towards'
(where 'T is an archiphoneme resulting from neutralization of the opposition '-d" '-d '-t in
word-final position) > L ad 'towards', ad- pv. of approaching, Um AR, ARS prep., -ar postp., 'towards',
Osc adud 'quoad' || OIr, Gl ad- pv. of approaching, W add- id. || Gmc 'at- pv. 'towards, near' (pv. of
approaching) > Gt, ON, OSx at 'towards, near', OHG az id., AS t, NE at, etc. || Phr oo-ookct 'af-fecit',
o|-|cct 'ad-ferebat' HrLw a`-ta 'towards' P 3, EI 59O, WH I 11-2, Bc. G 329, Pln. II 675, 727-8,
EWA I 4O5-6, Vn. A 13, Vr. 16, Fs. 6O-1, Ho. 13, Schz. 92, Mer. HHG 4O-41 ll ?? A: Tg '-d'Uja, 'to, in',
case sx. of dative-locative ({Bz.} '-dua / '-dua) [ N 'djoy,a 'place (within, below), inside' ( locative
pc.)] > WrMc -dc (e.g. ama-dc 'to the father'), Nn -du 'to, in' (e.g. amcn-du 'to the father'), with ppa.
-doa (amcn-doa-si 'to his father'), Ud -du, -di- (e.g. xoton-du 'zur Stadt', amin-du 'to the father', amin-di-hi 'to
his father'), Ul, Sln -dt/-du, Orc -du, Ewk -du (amin-du 'to the father', amin-du-s 'to his father')
- -tu (devoicing due to progressive as ), Neg -du--tu, Lm -du (aman-du 'to the father') - -tu Bz. 83, Ci.
256, Sun. S 212-223 ^ The rec. of '- is based on S '- and K initial '-. The AnIE reflex is qu. ,
because HrLw a`-ta may be also connected with Ht anda 'towards'.
116. ?? ''odU 'go' > K: GZ 'vcd-/'vid- 'go, walk' ( 'vVdjV,V id., q.v. ffd.) ll HS: WS 'dv 'go,
step\pass over' > BHb dv: pf. lo2 ed1o1 a'da al ... 'step over', Ug {OLS} dy D 'make go\dissapear'
('hacer pasar\desaparecer'), JA dy - dv G (pf. id4o9 "'dc - ad1o9 "'da) 'pass by', JEA dy G
'pass, pass over', Sr dv (pf. do0 o'da) 'come suddenly upon', Md ada, da 'pass by, pass over', Ar
dv G ("daOa ada / -du) 'transgress, run', Sb dv (- dy) 'move, march, go', Qtb {Rk.} dv 'go
beyond, exceed', Mn {MA} mdvt-n 'passage', Gz dv (pf. adava, js. yodu) 'cross over, pass over',
Mh dv (pf. ?addo) v. 'assault without reason', Jb C dvy (pf. 'a'dc) v. 'infect', a'tc'dc (sbjn.
ya'todc 'attack, set upon' KB 475, OLS 74, Js. 1O43-4, Sl. 844-5, Br. 511, JPS 4OO, Fr. III 122, BGMR
12, L G 56-7, MA 1O, Rk. 115, Jo. M 12, Jo. J 7 B {Pr.} 'vdH 'go' [ N 'vVdjV,V '', q.v. ffd.]
? C: EC: Sa {Wlm.} -ad/-cd- 'go', Sml N {Abr.} ad- 'go to', ? Sd {Mrn.} had- 'andare', {Hd.} ha?r-, {Gs.}
hara 'go' (1 caus. {Mrn.} haddidis-, {Gs.} harisisa 'accompany'); ? Arr pcv. -i?it- pf. / -c?ct- ip. / ?it
imv. m. 'go' ( N '?cy'o 'come'?) || SC: Asa {Fl.} adi 'go' AD SF 242, Abr. S 4, Mrn. S 22O, Hd. 369,
Gs. 147, Hw. A 451-9 SOm: Ari {Fl.} ada 'go', Male {Fl.} ad- 'come'?) In B, C and SOm there may
be contamination with N 'qadjV,?'o 'to step, walk' and N '?atj?,V 'to come'll A: M 'oj:,d- 'go, depart,
set out for' ( 'vVdjV,V ''?) > MM [HI] {Ms.} od- 'go, depart', [IsV] {Lg.} od- 'go', [S] ot_u (= od-_u)
'go, go away', WrM od-, HlM o(o- 'go to, proceed to', WrO {Krg.} od- id., 'depart', od- 'go', Brt W o(o-,
Kl o(- od- 'go, depart', Kl {Rm.} od_- 'sich begeben, sich auf den Weg machen' Ms. H 83, Lg. VMI 59,
H 129, MED 6OO, Krg. 112, KRS 393, KW 283, Chr. 35O, S AJ 27O [#153] ^ Qu. , because all
cognates outside HS have alt. etymologies.
117. 'udV 'follow, pursue' (> 'repeat, continue') > K: Sv L {Dn.} ud, Sv -ud - -od - -id 'still\even
(noch)' (_o_ar ud 'even less, even smaller'), 'again, also' Dnd. s.v. ud, TK 725 ll HS: S '-ud- 'do
again' > Ar ( S 'vd return') vd (pf. da'Oa ada) 'return to, do again' (ada-lIalbu fi Iay?ihi 'the dog
returned to his vomit', i.e. 'vomited again'), Sb vd 'return'; S 'ad- n. 'duration', 'ad- - 'avd- adv.
'again, still' > BHb d&o od 'duration' (d&oB6 bo-,od 'during': M&Ie2 d&oB6 bo,od hay'yom 'als es
noch Tag war', bo,od sona'tayim 'in two years', id5&om4 mc-o'd-i 'as long as I live' [lit. 'from my
66
duration']), d&o od 'still', 'as long as (still)', 'still more, again' ('noch'), Ph {HJ} d 'still, moreover,
Ug d 'time, period', BA d&o od 'still' (A Hb?), Nbt d id., IA l? ?d 'not yet' (l? 'not'), Ar dI'Oa ad-in
'while', Sb d 'again', Gz adi 'still, still more, again, once more', Tgr adu 'yet', Mh, Hrs ad 'still, yet,
again', Jb C d-od 'still', Ak fOAk adi 'as long as, while' ( Ak adi 'up to' < N 'adV 'up to, until' [q.v.])
KB 752, 1756, OLS 72, Ln. 2188-92, JH 2O3, HJ 831-2, L G 55-6, BGMR 22, Jo. M 35-6, Jo. H 12, Jo. J
19, CAD I/1 112-5 ll A: NaT 'uo- v. 'follow, pursue' > OT uo- ({Cl.} uo-) v. 'follow', Tk uy- v. 'follow,
suit, fit', Az uy- 'fit, correspond', Tkm uy- v. 'obey implicitly', {ET} 'follow', Uz uy- 'follow', Yk uta
'following' Cl. 38, DTS 6O5-6, ET Gl 573-4 M 'uda- follow, delay' > MM [S] udaadu 'following,
second (son)', [S, MA] uda- 'be late', WrM uda-, HlM y(a- v. 'delay', Mnr H {SM} ud_a- 'persister
longtemps dans le mme tat; tarder', Kl {Rm.} ud
a
-_o '(ein Tier) erfolgen, nachjagen' H 158, Pp.
MA 361, MED 86O-1, Kow. 38O, SM 463, KW 446, T 368 Hardly here ( DQA) T 'io- 'send (sth.)'
, () 'allow to go, release' [more likely from N 'vcdhA 'to cause to go (drive, lead)', q.v. ffd.] DQA
#678 (A 'i_udu 'lead, direct': incl. M), Rm. EAS I 143 (A 'udV 'follow' > M, T 'uo- 'follow').
118. ''EgU 'to drink' > HS: C 'g, {E} 'ag- v. 'drink' > EC '-ag-/'-ig-/'-ug- pcv. 'drink' > Bn pcv.
-a?aI- / i?iI-, Arr ?ig-, Dsn ?iI, Elm ?iI-, Kns iI-, Ya {Hn.} -c`q-; HEC 'ag- v. 'drink' > Sd {Gs., Mrn., C},
Kmb {C}, Hd {PB} ag- v. 'drink'; ( N 'yugE 'to drink') Gdl uI-, Hr/Dbs/Gln {AMS} uI-, Cm {Hab.} ug-
id. , ( N 'H'iKE 'eat'?): Yk cI- 'eat', cIto 'food' || Dhl {EEN} ag- 'eat', {Ss.} aga 'food' || ? SC: Irq
{MQK} ay-, Grw {Wh.} ay-, Brn {Wh.} ag-, ? Alg {Wh.} gag- v. 'eat' E PC #483, Ss. PEC 17, Wh. IC 56,
MQK 18, Bl. 1O8, BlSO s.v. iI-, Gs. 6, AMS 274, Hn. Y II 124, Hw. A 34O, To. DL 482 , EEN 13, Ss.
PEC 17, Hn. Y II 124-5, Blz. CL 178, Blz. SCL s.v. 'eat' S (d ?) 'gv v. 'suckle, ? to force to drink' >
Ar 'jOgv G 'put out (a child) to nurse', ? (mt ) Gz vg G 'feed with milk', Amh/Arg/Grg {L}
vvgga v. 'force to drink' Fr. III 117, BK II 186, Hv. 456-7, L G 6O7-8 ll IE 'hcg""- ({EI} 1s prs.
''hcg""-mi) 'drink' > Ht cIu-/aIu- (3s prs. cIuzi = {Pv.} cI"-ci), Lw aIu-, Pal a_u- v. 'drink' NaIE
'cg""-/'cg""- > Tc: A, B yoI- id. || L cbrius 'drunk' ( 'having drunk one's fill':
qom tu satura atquc cbria cris 'when you have had enough to eat and drink', Terence, Hecyra 5.2.3)
Not akin to IE 'aI"- 'water' ( Hrozny@ a. o.) (see Ph. l.c.); not akin to IE 'cI- v. 'eat' ( Mn.),
because Ht -Iu- and L -b- indicate an pIE labiovelar cns. Pv. I-II 261-8, EI 175-6, Mn. 235, 237,
Wn. 6O1-2, Ad. 5O9-1O, Ad. H 22, JGH 147-9, WH II 387-8 ll A ''cgu or 'ugu > M 'uyu- v. 'drink' >
MM [S] uu-, [MA] v" u-, WrM ugu--uu--agu-, HlM yy- u- v. 'drink', Ord u-, Mnr H u- id. H 16O, Pp.
MA 371, MED 864, SM 462 SDM95 (s.v. ? 'ugV ? 'drink'): (?) pA 'ugV, but SDM VC envisages a
possibility of A 'c in the first syll (A 'c - u > M 'u - u).
119. ? 'Ejya,gV 'fat' > HS: S 'gr, 'gn 'be stout, fat': [1] 'gr > Ar rjO gr (ip. -garu)
'crassus\obesus\ventrosus fuit', rjaO ?agar- 'crassus, pinguis, ventrosus' (vir); [2] 'gn > Ar gn
'pinguis fuit' (de camela), agin- 'compacto corpore et pinguis' (camelus) Fr. III 11O-1, 116 Eg
OK n. 'fat' EG I 239, Tk. SCC 94 [#24.1] ll ?? A {DQA} 'i_agi 'fat', {SDM97} 'agi > M
'cu-Iun ({SDM} 'cuIu, 'ucIu) 'fat' > MM [S] cuIun - ouIun, WrM ogcIu(n), HlM ' ' x 'fat,
lard, grease', Kl ' ' in oIon 'fat, animal fat (cano)', Mnr H {SM} oI`c 'grease, suet', Dg sugu, Dx qugun
(Hl., Md.: a secondary q-), ShY uIon 'fat' H 47, MED 631, SM 296, KRS 42O, St AJ 235 [#29] T
'|ag 'fat' n. ( N 'LzagujyV, 'fat meat', q.v.) > OT |ay 'grease, fat, oil' (incl. OT Og XI [MhK] |ay
'suet'), Tk yag, Tkm |ay 'oil, butter, grease', Az |ay 'fat, butter', Uz c'i |oy, ET |ay, |aq 'grease,
animal fat, butter', {Jr.} |ay, {Ml.} |aq 'grease, oil, animal fat', Ln yay - yaq 'grease, suet, fat', Slr |a_
'suet, fat, oil', Xlj |ay, Uz |oy, Qmq |av 'oil, butter, fat', Qrg S on zov 'fat, butter', Alt (yy u 'suet',
67
(y u 'animal fat', Qmn {B} u id., 'butter', Tb {B} u 'fat', QK {B} ay, Tv cay, Tf cay 'hard animal
fat (cano)', Xk cay, Yk sia 'fat', Chv su " s+v 'butter, fat' Cl. 895, Rs. W 177, ET J 58-9, TL 453, DT
218, Ra. 193, BT 57-8, BN 67, B DChT 11, B DK 213, B DLT 144, Jeg. 215, Md. 27, 16O Tg
'i_ag|aIta (= 'i_ag-|a-Ita) 'fat of a bear' > Ul yagaIta id. STM I 337 The word belongs here if '-|a-
goes back to a sx. (extension) SDM97 s.v. 'agi 'fat', DQA #632 (A 'i_agi 'fat').
12O. ''ogUlV (or ' oqUlV) 'offspring, child, young (of an animal); to beget, bear a child' > HS: ?
WS ''igul- 'calf' > BHb lg#o4 'cgcl 'young bull\ox', Pun, Ug, OA gl, JA lg@(i)o4 c'gal, JEA em. al1g6io5
ig'l-a, Sr \oge cg'l-a, Ar j0Oi igl-, Gz ?og"ol - og"ol 'calf'; Cn 1 Cpt orea agol 'ox' KB 741, KBR 784-
5, A #1995, OLS 75, HJ 824, Lv. III 618, Sl. 851, Br. 5O9-1O, L G 11 C '?I"l (or '?Il) 'give birth,
child' > Ag {Ap.} 'q"sr-/'?sq"sr-, {AD} 'I"sl-/'?sI"sl- v. 'beget, child' (< Early Ag ''?I"l?) > Bln
?sx"ra 'boy', f. ?sq"ra 'daughter', pl. q"sr 'children', Xm (s)x"sr 'child', pl. sq"sr, Km x"sra 'child', Bln
?x"ar-, Xm sx"sr- v. 'bear, beget'; Early Ag ''?I"l 1 Tgy I"vla 'child' || HEC 'Ial- v. 'give birth' > Sd,
Kmb Ial-, Hd {Hd.} Iar-, {Ss.} Iar- v. 'give birth' (of animals), Brj Ial- v. 'give birth', Iala 'child'
Ap. AV 17, R WB 23, Hd. 7O, Ss. B 123, AD SF 2OO ll K: Sv L qlav- 'child, boy' Dn. s.v. qlav-, K
2

243-4 (unc. : Sv 'ql- < K 'qlc- 'penis') ( N qul'a 'boy, child')ll A: T 'ogul (pT {Md.} 'ogju,l)
'offspring, child' ( 'male child') > OT oyul 'offspring, child', Chg oyul 'son', Tkm, Az, ET, SY, Ln, Xlj
oyul, Tk ogul, Qzl oyil, Uz uyil, Qrg, StAlt ul, Qq ul, Qzq ul, VTt, Bsh ul, Tv ol, Tf ol, Yk uol, Blgh va"
Vval, Chv inaAn iv+l, iv+l " +v+l " uv+l, Chv MK ul 'son', Xk Sg/Kc ol 'young man, son, Qzl oyil id.
Cl. 83-4, ET Gl 414-6, Rs. W 358, TL 313-4, DHST 299, DT 168, Ra. 213, BT 168, Md. 45, Md. OJ 133,
228, IsxP 57, BIG 123, 127, Fed. II 468, Jeg. 341 ? M: WrM ugala - ugula, HlM yian:, Kl uy+lza
'male wild mountain sheep' MED 863-4, KW 447 Starostin (S CNM 9 & S SN 154) equates T
with M ugala (which I accept) and MKo ahni_ 'child' and reconstructs pA 'uIa(lV) 'child, son' [not
convincing because the element 'lV has a proto-N age] ll Gil: Gil: A ola 'son, child', ES {Krn.}
clq - claq 'child', A olagu, ES clgun 'children' ST 241, ST RN 127, 369, 416, Krn. N 494 ll D (in
SD) {tr.} 'oIIal-, {GS} 'oIal- 'relations, kinsfolk' > Tm oIIal id., Ml oIIaliyan 'a cultivating class', Kt oIl
'family', Td viIil 'family within clan', Kn oIIal 'residing, residence, home', oIIala 'husbandman,
farner', Kdg oIIa 'patrilineal joint family', Tu oIIcl+ 'a tenant'; D 1 Prkr oIIia- 'a dwelling,
residence' D #925, GS 82 [#255] ^ If WS ''igjV,l- belongs here, we must reconstruct '- for pN and
suppose that the glottalized stop and its reflexes in C, K and D have developped from a cluster 'g
(> C 'I, Sv q-, SD '-II-, [GS] '-I-) ^ Starostin (S CNM 9, S SN 154) suggests to equate Sv qlav- 'child,
boy' with A 'IulV 'slave, servant' and with D 'Iuli 'hired laborer', i.e. to transfer it either to N
'Iul'a 'clan, village; everybody' and 'qul'a 'boy' ( 'servant, slave') or to 'IulV 'to work' ^ AD
NM #119, S CNM 9 ( NrCs, ST).
121. ??? 'oIKV 'listen' or 'ear' > HS: EC: Sa {R} oIIa, Sa I {CR} oII"a 'ear', Af {PH} oIIa 'ear-
wax', ? Brj {Ss.} aIIab- v. 'hear' R S II 23, PH 61, AD SF 264 ll D (in SD) 'oI- v. 'listen' > Td ox
'hear', Kt ogarv- 'listen without speaking' (BE: 'oI- + 'Iarv- 'lie hidden') D #1O32 ^ Connected or
identical with 'uKa 'see', 'eye' [q.v.]? The et. is qu. , because the cognates are isolated in both HS
and D.
122. ?? 'ayIa 'move (quickly), jump' > IE: NaIE 'ai_g- {P} '(sich) heftig bewegen, schwingen,
vibrieren' ({EI} ? 'hci_g- 'move') > OI c|ati 'stirs, moves' || ON ciIinn 'wtend, rasend, gewaltsam', NNr
ciI|cn 'streitschtig' || ? Gk [Hs.] o)ic) to kuoto 'waves', Gk oii) 'rushing storm, hurricane' || pSl
'|igra 'amusement, play, dance' > OCS urpo igra 'lusus', RChS, OR urpo igra 'toiviov, toioio, ludus',
68
Blg, R ni'pa, Cz, Slk hra 'play, amusement', SCr igra, SCr Ch |igra 'play, dance', Slv igra, igra``, HLs
|hra - hra, OP igra, P gra, Uk ipa 'play'; pSl '|igrati (sc) 'amuse oneself, dance, play' > OCS urpo:u igrati
'toiciv, ludere', RChS, OR urpo:u 'amuse oneself, jump', Blg ni'pa , McdS nipa v. 'play, dance', SCr
igrati, OP igrac 'to play, dance', SCr Ch |igrati, Slv igrati, P grac, R ni'par, Uk 'iparn 'to play', R
ni'par 'to dance', Cz hrati 'to play, amuse oneself' WP I 11, P 13-4, EI 388, M K I 126, F I 32, Vr.
96, ESSJ VIII 2O8-11, Glh. 274-5 ll HS: S 'yI > Ar yI G (aIa / -iIu) 'marcher en remuant les
paules' Fr. III 251, BK II 422 B 'HIy ('-HIuy-) 'tremble, jump' > Sll {Ds.} aI"i (3s pf. yuI"i) v.
'trembler, sautiller; sauter en se laissant tomber', Tz {Stm.} aI"y (= aI"i?) v. 'jump' Ds. 256, 284,
Stm. 162 ll D 'aI- v. 'tremble, fear' ( N 'qagj?,a 'to fear') > Ka agi v. 'tremble, fear', Tu aguruni v.
'totter, stagger', Tl agurvu 'fear, terror' D #12.
123. 'aKu 'water' > HS ''aI"- > S 'II > ? SS 'Iv-vI ( 'water surface', 'lake' or the
like) > Jb E {Jo.} 'o'Iot, Mh ?a'Iavt, pl. ?ivcI 'mountain pool', Hrs ?a'Iavt, pl. ?avcI id., ?? Sb
vI (h. l. translated in BGMR as '(?) bank, embankment', 'berge, talus'); Ar qq G (pf. WOa aqqa)
'in pluviam dissolvit (ventus nubem)' ( Ar qq G 'split, rend') Fr. III 188, Jo. M 36, Jo. H 12,
BGMR 23 C 'aI"- > Ag 'aI"- 'water' > Bln {Plm., R} aI" [au_I], Xm {R} ax", Xm T {CR} ax",
aI"i, {Bnd.} aq", Q {R} a_u, Km {CR} a_", {Bnd.} ay", Aw {Bnd.} agu 'water' || EC: ? Gdl
{Bnd.} haIa 'water' AD SF 273-4, R WB 62, Ap. AV 2 (Ag '?aI"-) NrOm: Ym {Wdk.} aIa` 'river,
water', {C} aI, {Bnd.} aIa 'water' Wdk. BY 116, C SE III 66., AD SF 273-4 ll IE 'ucI"- [or 'uaI"-]
({EI} 'h_cI"ch_- 'water') > NaIE 'aI"-a id. > L aqua 'water' || Gmc {Vr.} 'ah"o > Gt ala, ON o, a (- o)
'river', Dn a 'small river', AS ca, OSx, OHG aha 'water, stream, river' || BSl: R O) ia (river) ({Trb.}: A
Blt), ? Slk Oka (a lake in the Tatra mountains) P 23, EI 636, Mn. 31, WH I 6O, Vr. 1, Fs. 18, Ho. 82,
Ho. S 1, EWA I 1OO-3, Kb. 1O, Vs. III 127 ll ??? , A: T 'aI- v. 'stream, flow' > OT aq- v. 'flow', Tk aI-,
Tkm, VTt, Qzq, Qrg, ET, Ln, StAlt, Tv aq- id. | ? Chv L yux- v. 'flow' Cl. 77, ET Gl 118-12O, Fed. II
495-6 Md. 115, 165 ( DQA #62O) reconstructed ppT 'i_aI`- v. 'flow, stream' and equated Chv
yux- with Ewk yaIu- 'be flooded' and with WrMc yo_on 'ditch, trench, furrow'; but Tg 'yaI- is better
to be equated with T '|ag- > OT |ay- 'pour, pour rain' (Cl. 896) [see N 'yaIV 'pour; ground covered
with water'] DQA #62O (A 'i_aI`a '-I-); ^ Not identical with N ''EgU 'drink' [q.v.]. Cf. AD
LRC #54 (IE, C), IS I 275-6 [HS (S, C), IE, D + EC 'Vg- v. 'drink' and Ht cIu- id.], WNL s.v. 'water'
(HS-IE-T, as well as Esk uq-s-nsy 'a drop' and Gil si- v. 'stream [river]) Gr. I #414 ('aIva 'water')
[IE + qu. CK, Ai + err. U, A ('i_aI`a/i_aIa), Ko, J, Gil].
124. ''oIi 'sharp point\edge' > IE 'h"cI- (- 'hcI-?) / 'h"I- ({EI} 'hcI-) 'sharp, pointed' >
NaIE 'oI- / 'oI- id. > OI 'asri-h 'corner, angle, edge' || Gk oki) 'hill-top, mountain peak', ok
'point', oki) (gen. okioo)) 'pointed object'. oko) 'sharp' || pAl {O} 'ac-cta ({ O} 'atscta) > Al
athct adj. 'bitter, harsh, unpleasantly sour' || L acu-s (gen. acus) 'needle', acics 'edge (of a sharp
instrument)', accr 'sharp', Osc aIrid 'acriter' || OIr ochair 'angle, edge', W ochr {Vn.} id., {YGM} 'side',
hogi 'to sharpen, whet' || Gmc {Vr.} 'ag|o > ON cgg 'blade, edge', Sw cgg 'blade', OSx c'ggia id., 'edge',
OHG cgga - ccIa 'sharp point, edge, corner, Schneide', MHG ag - cglc 'perch', NHG EcIc 'edge, corner',
EcI 'angle', AS c'c 'edge, blade, sword', NE cdgc || Lt asmuo (pl. asmcns), asmcnys 'sharp point,
blade', Ltv asmcns 'blade, edge' | Sl 'ostr+ 'sharp' > OCS, OR et:p+ ostr+, Blg 'ocrp, SCr o``star, Slv
ostcr, Cz, Slk ostry, P ostry, R 'ocrpin, Uk '(i)ocrpnn id. || Arm asen ascln, asan aslan 'needle' || pTc {Ad.}
'aIc > Tc: A {Wn.} aI 'bout, fin, pointe, sommet', B {Ad.} aIc 'end', B aIcssu 'at the end, last' ? Ht
aIu- (nom. aIu-s) 'stone' P 18-22, EI 5O9, M K I 61, F I 52, 59, WH I 7, 11, Vn. O 6, YGM-1 347,
69
Schz. 119, KM 151, Ho. S 14, Ho 87, EWA II 955-6, Kb. 196, O 12, Frn. 19, Vs. III 166-7, Glh. 46O,
Slt. 123, Wn. 157, Ad. 37, Ad. H 131 ll K: G cI-al- 'thorn', G Ms hcI-al- id.; ( N '_aIoaRV 'top part,
tip, extremity') Sv: USv {TK} hoIcr, LSv {TK} voIcr 'the very bottom, end (Pskeri, Ziri, bolo, (no, ioncn)',
UB {GP} hoIcr 'at the very bottom, below' TK 897, GP 316, IS I 251 ll A 'oI`i ({Pp.} 'oIi) > T 'oI
'arrow' > OT, Chg, XwT, MQp, Chg oq, MOg o_, Tk oI, Tkm, CrTt, QrB, Qmq, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, Alt,
ET, SY, Ln, Tv oq, VTt, Bsh uq, Uz uq, Az, Yk o_, Xk u_ id., Tf o'q 'bullet'; Chv L yxaA ux+ 'shooting bow'
(IS: < 'oq-|ay 'arrow-bow'?) Cl. 76, ET Gl 437-8, TL 577, Rs. W 359, Ra. 212, Jeg. 279-8O, Fed. II
296 Tg: WrMc oIi yoro 'blunt-headed arrow' (yoro 'arrow with a head of bone') Z 123 M 'oIi
(unless it is 'qoIi) 'top, point' > WrM oIi, HlM ox id., WrO oIi 'top, point, summit', ? Kl oi, {Rm.} oI
i
'first strongest portion of distilled vodka' ( 'Spitze'?) MED 6O7, Krg. 118, KW 284 pJ {S}
'aIu_ayai 'pheasants spur' > OJ aIu_oyc S QJ #751 Rs. W 359, Pp. VG 98, 134, DQA #17 (A
'oI`a 'sharp point, notch')ll ? U: FU 'oIIV > BF 'oIIa 'thorn', 'oIas / 'oIIaha- 'thorn, spine, prick'
with a secondary variant 'oyas (generalization of the weak grade of cns. gradation) > F oIa / gen.
oan, oIIa 'thorn', F oas 'thorn, spine, prick', oIIas, Krl Ld ogaz id., Vp ogaz " ogah 'thorn, awn of a
plant ear', Es oIas / gen. oIIa 'thorn, prickle' AdS of Sm {Jn., Hl.} 'uIs 'tip, front part' < N
' ouIU 'head' [q.v.] SK 423-4, ZM 376, Jn. 3O, Hl. M #1113, KKIH 191 ll ? HS: S 'vIjI, > Ar
avaqq- pl. 'petits rejetons qui poussent au haut de la tige du palmier' BK II 3O6 The Ar
cognate is qu. , because it is isolated within HS ^ If Ht aIu belongs here, the IE reflex suggests N '-
or 'h- (the only lrs. that do not yield Ht h-, preserve the infl. of the following N vw. in NaIE and yield
zero in K). Without Ht aIu- and without the S cognate the rec. will be 'hhoIi. If the S cognate
belong here, the rec. must be 'oIi ^ IS I 251-2 ('HoIi; IE, K, A, U), Rs. W 359 (A, U). Gr. II #18
('oI 'arrow/point').
125. 'uKa (or 'uIV?a?) 'see', 'eye' > HS: S [1] 'VI- > Ug {OLS} I 'pupil of the eye', [2] SWS
'-uI (?) > Gz -uI- (pf. oIa, js. -uI) v. 'know, understand, take notice, observe', Amh
0wq avvvIv v. 'know, be familiar with', Har aIa id.; the EthS word is hardly a Cushitism ( C, L, IS,
AD SF), because its presumable Agaw origin does not account for the preservation of the ancient
labial element -u-/-o-/-vv- of the stem, while the EC word does not explain its cnss. OLS 86, C SE I
234, L G 78-9, IS I 255, AD SF 264 C: Ag '-'aI- v. 'see, know' > Q {R} ax- - ah- v. 'see', Aw {Hz.}
-aq-, Km {Ap.} ax-, {CR} ax- v. 'know' || C 1 Mb {Fl.} axo v. 'see' || ??? EC {Ss.} '?og- 'know' > Sml og
'knowing', van og ahay 'I know', Rn -og- 'aware of', ogahc 'be aware of, know', Dsn ?og adj.
'knowing', Or {Grg.} og-cssa (< 'og-ays-a) 'one who knows, wise, expert' (1 Brj o'gaysi 'one who
knows, skilful person, specialist, expert', Amh vvgcssa 'local medical practitioner'); ? Sd {Gs.} cgcn- v.
'know'; this EC cognate is highly problematic because of its initial and medial cnss. ; hardly here
Kns, Gdl aII- 'see' (acc. to Bl. 25O, from EC '?arI-, cf. N ?arjV,Ia 'see') ??? Dl: Hr {AMS} ?ax-iccc (pl.
?axxc), Dbs {AMS} ?axaccc, Gln {AMS} ?i_-tc (pl. ?ixxc), Gwd {AMS} ?axa, Cm {Hab.} ?axitc 'eye';
even if this Dl word belongs here (which is qu. ), it certainly does not go back to EC '?og- AD SF
264, R QW 21-2, Ap. K 331, Ap. AV 2 (Ag '?aI- 'know'), Ss. B 154, Grg. 3O3, PG 24O, Th. 259, Gs. 89,
To. DL 483, AMS 231 WCh: NgzB: Ngz {Sch.} i:I- / (y)I- 'see, look' (3s p. iIau_), Bd {IL in JI} iIa,
{Sch. in ChL} i:Ian v. 'see' Sch. DN 8O-1, JI II 284, ChL I 26O ll IE: 'u"cI"-/'ucu_I- 'eye', v. 'learn':
[1] 'u"cI"- ({EI} 'hoI"-) 'eye' (> NaIE stems 'oI"-(s)-'oI"i-, d : 'oI"-o-, 'oI"-yo-, 'oI"-mn-) > OI
'aIsi ntr., aIsi- f., Av du. asi || Arm akn aIn, gen. akan aIan, pl. nom. a ac"-I", pl. gen. aa ac"-ac" || Gk
o) (gen. ot-o)) 'eye, face', Gk D [Hs.] okkov acc. 'eye', Gk Hm oooc 'eyes' (Arm ac"-I" and Gk ooo- <
70
'oI"-y-; acc. to Me. EAC, '-y- belongs to the marker of du.), Gk e)' 'sight, face' (in set phrases, cds.
and ds : ci) )eto 'in Gesicht, Auge in Auge', u-e) 'short-sighted', et 'face', ut-et-io 'part of the
face under the eyes', etc.) || L oculus 'eye' || Lt aIis (du. aIi), Ltv acs | pSl 'oIo 'eye', du. 'oci >
OCSekeoIo / du.evuoci, Blg o) io / pl. o) un, SCr o`Io / o`ci, Slv oIo / oci, Cz, Slk, P oIo, R ) oio / pl.
) oun || pTc {Ad.} 'cI- > Tc A aI, B cI 'eye' [2] 'u"cI"- 'hole' ( 'eye') > Gk o`t 'hole (esp. in roof)' ||
Lt aIas 'ice-hole', Ltv aIa 'spring, source' [3] IE 'u"cI"-(y)- v. 'see, watch, show' > Av axs-, Gk
ottooi - oooooi, ft. o)ooi, pfc. oteto v. 'see', OFrs auvia - avia, AS cavian - cavan - covan v.
'show' [4] IE 'ucu_I-/'uou_I- 'eye', v. 'learn' ({EI} 'hcu_I- 'become accustomed') > pGmc
'au_an 'eye' ({ trad.} 'augan) > Gt augo, ON auga, OSx oga, OHG ouga, NHG Augc, AS cac 'eye' (> NE
cyc); Gt bi-uhts 'gewohnt' || Lt |unIti (prs. |unIstu) 'get accustomed', Ltv |uIt 'accustomed', Lt
|auIinti, Ltv |auIt vt. 'accustom', Pru iauIint 'exercise (ben)' | Sl 'uc-i-ti, 'uI-/'vII- > OCS, OR vu-:u,
R y'un-r, SCr uci-ti, Cz uci-ti, P uzcy-c v. 'teach', OR k+ 'learning', R na-'yia 'learning, experience,
science', Sl 'viI-no-ti v. 'learn' > OCS ak-ua-:u vII-no-ti, SCr vi_Inuti id., R ( npn-) nii-ny-r v. 'get
accustomed' || OI 'ucya-ti 'is accustomed to', Sgd yvct 'teaches' || Arm usanimusanim 'I learn' || OIr
to-ucc- v. 'understand' P 775-7, EI 4, 188 (does not connect between roots for 'become accustomed'
and 'eye'), Mn. 882-3, M K I 16, M E I 42-3, F II 281, 4O7-8, 1154, Ch. 811-2, Fs. 64, Vr. 19, Ho. 83,
87, Ho. S 56, KM 38, Kb. 751, Vn. U 13, Slt. 2O-2, 264-5, IS I 255 (IE 'ucu_I- > Gmc), Frn. 196-7, En.
183, Tp. P I-K 22-3, SJSS VII 357, Vs. I 368 & IV 179-8O, Glh. 452, 649, Wn. 141, Ad. 74-5, Ad. H 17,
37, 42, 137 I am grateful to Blz. for convincing me to adduce Sl 'uci- in spite of the semantic
distance between 'eye' and 'learn' ( M) ll? U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'voIV (or 'voV) v. 'see, look' > OHg
o-, Hg ov- v. 'protect' ( v. 'look after') | pObU 'vI-,'vI|-/'vIy- v. 'see' >
pVg 'vI-, 'vIy-/'vI-, 'vay- id. > Vg: UL/Ss va-, va-, P vs-, vs-, NV/SV/LL vay-, u-, T
va-, va-, vay-, vay-, LK va-, vay-, u-, MK u-, UK vs-, vay-, u- v. 'see'; pOs 'vu-, 'vuy- id.> Os:
V vu-, Vy/Y/K/Kr u-, uy-, Ty vu-, vuy-, Nz u-, Kz vo- v. 'see' MF 5O8-9, Ht. #652. The cognate is
doubtful for phonetic reasons: '-I- '-- for the expected '-II-, the change 'u- > 'vo- (probably
through 'vu-?) ll A {DQA} 'uI`u- v. 'look into, understand' > NaT 'uI- v. 'understand, find out' > OT,
MQp uq-, Qzq, Qq, Uz, ET, Tb uq- v. 'understand', Qrg, StAlt, ET uq- v. 'listen, hear', Az Mgn uy-uz
'knowing much, wise' Cl. 77-8, DTS 613, Rs. W 511-2, ET Gl 584 M 'uqa- v. 'learn, notice,
understand' > MM [S, HI] uqa- id., [MA] 'Qv" uqa- v. 'understand', WrM uqa-, HlM, Kl u_
a
-, WrO u_a- id.,
'perceive, be aware', d Ord u_"a 'intelligence, esprit' H 16O, H SMG 23, H SMD 57, Ms. H 1O5-6,
Ms. O 226, Lew. II 82, Pp. MA 365, KW 447, MED 89O, Krg. 162; Cl. 77-8: M A T pJ {S}
'uIa-(n) Ia- v. 'look into, inquire' > OJ uIaIa-, J: T uIaga-, K uIaga-, Kg uIaga- S QJ #197, Mr.
778 ?? Tg (in NrTg) 'jx,oIsa > Lm oysa 'think, ponder (how to live\survive in the next winter)',
Ewk oIso 'think over, change ones mind' STM II 11 SDM95 s.v. 'uI`a, DQA #25O3 (A 'uI`u
'understand, look into') ll D (in NED) 'aI- v. 'know' > Krx ax- v. 'know, realize', Mlt agc v. 'know,
understand', ag-rc v. 'get accustomed to' D #17, Pf. 184 NED 'a still need explanation ^ Hardly
here IE 'au_g- 'shine' (cf. N ''havI'a 'light (lux), bright') ^ EC and U apparently point to a plain '-I-
rather than to '-K-, suggesting an etymon with '-I- + '-?- (> '-I- - '-I-), i.e. N ''uIV?a ^ Cf. IS I
255-6 [IE, A (T, M), HS (C)]; IS MS 333 , Bl. LB #47.
125a. ??? 'EKV'`V 'peck' (of birds) > HS: CS 'Is - 'Ic v. G 'sting' > Sr Is T 'be
stung' (by a scorpion, serpent), oIu's-a 'aculeus', JA [Trg.], JEA Ic G 'sting' (e.g. of scorpions),
MHb Ic G 'sting, prick' (of insects, reptiles) JPS 425, Br. 543, Js. 11O7-8, Sl. 877, Klein 482 B
71
'HIsH (= 'aIsiH?) v. 'eat' > Ah oIs, Gd css, Izn, Gh, Mtm, etc. oc, Kb occ, Tmz ots, Zng {TC} ctsi
Fc. 736, Lf. II #O164, Nh. G 176, Pr. M I-III 58, MT 729, Dl. 68-7O, DCTC 285, NZ 163-9 ll A: M
'og:ugcjn, (unless with 'q-) > WrM ogugc, HlM ' i:' i 'food for birds' MED 633 ? T: OT igio- v.
'feed (a person, animal)', MT [MhK] igdil- v. 'be nourished, fed' ( N 'H'iKE 'eat', q.v. ffd.) Cl. 1O,
1O4.
126. ? 'alE 'height, top', 'climb, go up' > HS ''al- 'high place', v. 'ascend' > S 'al- 'height' > Hb
lo1 al 'height, high place', IA, Nbt, Plm lo l, Ar Oa al- 'above, upwards', Ug l 'darber', Mh alcv
'on the top', Hrs 'bala 'on, on top of', Cn 1 Eg (EgSSc) {Hlk.} a-l-ta 'upper room'; combined with
'la- 'to': IA [Frh.] ll 'up, upwards', Plm ll 'above, upon', Sr La0 loal 'above, on', Gz )l lalv (in
modern pronunciation) < OEth 'lala, Tgr l0L lval, Tgy L)li lsli id.; du. cs. 'alay > prep. '?alay 'above,
on' > Hb lo2 ?al 'on' [+ppa: K1il3o1 ?a'lcIa < 'a'layIa 'on thee (m.)', etc.], Ph lo, ilo l(y), Ug, OA, IA
l id., Ar laOaala [+ppa: alay-Ia 'on thee (m.)'], Sb ly id.; S 'ly, '-lay- v. 'ascend, go up' > Hb elo
lvy (pf. a'la, ip. ya"'lc), Ph, Ug ly id., Ar lv (pf. ala |aOa) v. 'ascend, be high', Sb ly v. 'go up
to (a place)', Ak clu v. 'travel uphill, go up, ascend'; S adj. 'aliy- 'high' > Amr {G} aliy- 'high', Ug
{OLS} ly 'altsimo, excelso', Ar aliy- 'high, elevated, lofty' KB 77O-5, KBR 824-3O, OLS 76-8, G A
15, JH 2O8-12, HJ 842-5O, 852-3, Fr. III 215-7, Ln. 2146-7, BK II 352-7, BGMR 15-6, Jo. M 23, Jo. H
8, L G 3O3-4, CAD IV 114-35, Hlk. #37, SivCR 78 Eg fOK ir, fMK {EG, Fk.} r [='l], {EG} ry v.
'mount up, ascend' > DEg l > Cpt: Sd oacalc, B oautalci, F oatali id. EG I 41, 2O8, Fk. 11, 45, Er. 67,
Vc. 6 B '-Hliy v. 'climb, ascend' (Pcj. I A 3, Fcj. 68) > Kb, Mz ali, pf. 3s yuli, ASgr, Wrg ali 'monter',
Shw {Hy.} ali 's'lever en l'air, monter comme un ballon', BSn ali v. 'climb (a tree, etc.)', Ah ali, 3s
pf. yuloi_, ETwl aloy v. 'be suspended (in the air)' Dl. 47O-1, Dlh. M 111, Hy. 1O7, Fc. 1O16-7,
2OO6, GhA 12O, Pr. M VI-VII 96 C: EC {Ss.} 'al- 'mountain, highland' > Sa al, Af alc, Rn
hal 'mountain', Sml al 'lofty, coastal range of mountains', Sml Mt al 'high mountain', Arr ?cl
'mountain', Hr, Dbs, Gln 'alc 'highland' AD SF 14O-1, Ss. PEC 35, Oo. 7O, PG 135, PH 53-4, AMS
15O, 195, Lm. SD 312, Hw. A 339 Ch: WCh 'aly- v. 'stand up' {Stl.} > pAG 'yaHal (<
'yaal from 'aly-, which Stl. explains by mt ) > Su {J} ya`ya`l, Ang {Flk.} yal | Tng ?il, Dr yil | Gj {Sh.} hilya
Stl. ZCh 228 [#765], J S 88 Coh. #58 (S, Eg, B, C), AD SF 14O-1 (C, S, Eg, B), Vc. 6 (Eg, S, B) ll ? U
'alV- v. 'raise, lift, carry' > pObU {Ht.} 'alom- v. 'raise, lift' > pVg 'alom- id. > Vg: T alm-, LK olm-,
MK olm-, P/LL alm-/alm-, NV/SV/ML/UL, Ss alm- id., LK olcmIat- v. 'rise' ('sich erheben');
pOs 'alom- v. 'raise, lift' > Os: V/Vy alom-, Ty/Y a'om-, D/K a'tom-, Nz atom-, Kz aom-, O a'lom- id. | ? Hg
cmcl- v. 'lift, raise' (mt ) Sm {Jn.} 'il+--'yil+- v. 'raise' > Ne T {Ter.} nnaA-, O {Lh.} yila-, Ne F L
yirra- v. 'raise', Ng |ilo|i id., En {Cs.} 1s aor. obcj. X i'labo, B |i'rabo id., Slq Tm {KD} 1s aor. tlab_ 'I
weighed', Kms {KD} |ild+lcm - cild+lcm 'in die Hhe heben' Coll. 5, UEW 24, MF 152-3, LG 211,
Ht. #27, Jn. 26, Ter. 139, Lh. 126-7, KD 16 ll A 'al'E- 'top, hill' > T 'al'uI > Qrg {Rl.} aliq - aluq 'peak,
summit' Rl. I 372, Cl. 135-6 M 'ala (unless it is 'qala) > WrM ala, HlM an 'flat-topped hill' MED
26 Tg 'ali-n > WrMc alin 'mountain', Mc Sb {Y} ?alin 'mountain, hill', {Mrm.} alin 'Berg, Berge,
Gebirge', Jrc {Lg., Kiy.} alin 'mountain', Tg 'alV 'hill, small mountain' > Mc ala 'hill, flat-topped
mountain', Nn ala 'small mountains' (the pTg word 'al-a [but not ''alin] results from a merger with
the 'ala- v. 'cross mountains' < A 'alV-, due to the merger of A 'l and 'l in Tg) STM I 27-8, Y
#2O67, Klz. MS 1OO, Kiy. 99 [#O39], Lg. IDT 225, Md. ChF 133 ^ AD LRC #64 (S 'l 'on, above,
top' IE 'al-, 'ol- 'over, on the other side' A 'olam- v. 'ford'), IS I 274-5 [HS 'lvy (presumably
'cross a mountain') > Ak clu 'cross mountains', Gz lvy {Di.} 'transgredi'] IE 'hcl- 'on the other
72
side' A 'ala 'cross a mountain'). But in the light of new ev. the Ak and Gz roots do not mean
'cross mountains' or anything similar, so that these earlier comparisons are not plausible. Gr. II
#10 ('ol 'arise'). ^ Hardly here G mayali 'high' adj., mayla 'high' adv., mayl- 'hcher machen' (Chx.
729-3O, Chik. 243); it would have been tenable if the had been -yal-/-yl-, but K
2
5 analyzes the
word as m-ay-al- 'high' < GZ 'ay- 'up, upwards'. If nevetheless the G cognate is valid, the initial N cns.
was 'y-.
127. ''alV 'burn (esp. sacrifices), use magic means (sacrifices, magic formulae etc.) to produce
a particular result' > HS: S 'ly v. 'infringe, act perversely' > Sr ly Sh (pf. ?ali) v. 'act perversely',
cl'ya 'scelus, injuria'; CS 'lv v. 'burn a sacrifice' > BHb el17o ~ el1o o'la, BA Ni!l1o9
"layan 'sacrifice which is wholly burnt', IA [Eleph.] evlo lvh, SmA elo lh 'burnt-offering', JA at1l1o9
"lata 'sacrifice', Sr 4l0 ola'ta 'offering, holocaust, sacrifice; altar', Plm atlo lt? 'altar' L G 61-2,
Tal 637, Br. 527, KB 785-6, KBR 83O-1, KB LVT 11O8, JPS 416 ECh: Smr {J} ?ul vt. 'burn' JI II 55
ll IE ''ucl- ( ''ual-) v. 'burn, burn sacrifices' ({EI} 'h_cl- 'burn') > OI alatam 'a fire-brand, coal'
( *'burnt') || ? Gk [Hs.] o`o| ovokc) 'coal' || L altaria ntr. pl. 'altar (for sacrifice)' (< 'al-t-ali-,
EM 43), ad-olco 'I am burning (a sacrifice)', Um urctu 'adoleto, in order to burn' (< Itc 'ol-) || Sw
{P Joh.} ala v. 'to blaze, flame' IS I 276, P 28, EI 87, M K I 55, WH I 13-4, 32, Bc. G 35O, Ch. 52 ll ?
K 'jh,al- v. 'flame', n. 'flame' > G al-i 'flame', al- (1s v-a- al-cb) 'aufflammen lassen', al-d-cba 'flammt auf',
G Ing haln- v. 'burn, flame', Sv UB hal (pl. hal-ar) 'flame' Chx. 12, 14, Jan. 274, TK 893, Ni. s.v.
nnax) ll U: FU 'alV- v. 'pronounce magic words, exercise magic forces; to sacrifice' [ N 'halV 'call out,
call, praise' (q.v. ffd.)] ll A: NaT 'al > OT {Cl.} al 'device' (esp. 'dishonourable device'), 'deceit, guile,
dirty trick', {DTS} 'ruse, contrivance, artful advice (xnrpocr, ynonia, yxnpcnnc, xnrpoyxnin concr)', Tk
al 'ruse', Tkm al 'ruse, contrivance, archness', Az al 'archness, a lie', Chg/MU {Rl.} al 'Schlauheit,
List, Betrug, Strategie' Cl. 12O, 138, ET Gl 126-7, 137-8, Rl. I 349 ?? Ko {Rm.}
alcin alcin hada 'deceive, adulate' Rm. SKE 8 Rm. l.c. (Ko - T), Vv. AEN 13 (rejects the Ko
cognate as "an obvious onomatopic word") ^ Cf. IS I 14O (HS, IE, [with a query] K). IS considered
the et. doubtful, since he envisaged an alt. explanation: the IE stem A S. But now, in the light of the
U cognate (unknown to IS), the et. becomes more plausible ^ AD NM #122, S CNM 9 & SN 155
(semantic doubts about the A cognate).
128. 'alU 'know' > HS: CS 'lm 'know' > Ar lm G id. (pf. alima, ip. -lam-), ilm- 'knowledge',
() Ug {A} lm G 'kennen (?), lm 'kundig, wohlunterrichtet' (the Ug root is not mentioned in OLS)
A #2O35, Hv. 495 ll U 'allva- (< 'allu-): FP 'alva- v. 'notice, catch sight of' > F aly 'intelligence,
understanding', alya-, alyta- v. 'understand', Lp L iclvc-alvc- 'merken, bemerken, gewahr
werden', Z P al 'Verstand, Vernunft' UEW 6O9-1O, W SDW 2, SZ 11, LG 3O, SK 1872 ll D
'c(:)l 'knowledge, wisdom' > Kui clu, clIi 'mind, reason, thought', Ku cdu 'wisdom', Brh hcl
'knowledge, wisdom' D #912 ^ S '-m- in 'lm is likely to go back to the N nominalizer 'm'a
(q.v.) (pre-S n. act. ''aVl-Vm- 'knowledge').
129. 'olV (= 'olu?) 'starve, die; dead' > HS: EC: Af {PH} ulul 'famine, shortage of food', ululc-
'be famished, be starved', Sa {R} olul- 'Hunger leiden', olul 'Hungersnot' PH 62, R S II 62, 432
?? S: possibly Ar yl G (ip. -il-) 'become poor \ destitute' BK II 422-3, Hv. 513 ll IE {EI} 'vcl-
'die' > NaIE 'vcl- 'dead', 'die' > OLt vc'lc's - vclc's 'ghost (soul of the dead person)', Lt vc'lc' id.,
'ghost', Ltv vclis (pl. vcli) id., Lt vclionis 'the deceased, Verstorbener', OLt vclinas, Lt vclnias, Ltv
vclns 'devil, deuce' || Tc A val, val- 'die' || ? Gmc 'val- ''bodies of those slain in battle' ( N 'vcl'hV
73
'hit, attack' 'to wound, kill', q.v. ffd.) Lw {Mlc.} valliya- 'of the dead' EI 15O, P 1144, Tr.
548, Frn. 1218-9, Wn. 554-5, Mlc. CL 253 Acc. to ADs theory of the pre-history of IE vowels (AD
NVIE), N 'o changed into pre-IE 'u (> IE 'vc-) before 'uu of the next syll. ll A 'olu- (/ 'olu-E >
'olvE-?) 'die; be hungry, starve', {DQA} 'olci- > T 'ol- 'die' > OT, MQp XIII-XIV [incl. CC], XwT XIII, Chg
XV, Tkm, Az, ET, Ln, Kr, Qmq, QrB, Qzq, Nog, Qq, Qrg, Alt, Xk, Tv, Yk ol-, Tk ol-, Uz yAn- ul-, VTt,
Bsh, Slr ul-, Tf o'l-, Chv vil- id., SY ol- - yul- id., 'be dead' Cl. 125-6, ET Gl 525-7, Md. 5O, 172, Ra.
214 M 'olu- 'starve, be hungry' (> WrO olu- id. - ol- 'be hungry', olod n. 'hunger', Kl {Rm.}
ol

'hungry') - [1] 'oluq 'starvation, famine, hunger' > WrM oluq, HlM ' n' n( i) , Kl {Rm.} olq
- oln id.; [2] 'olon 'hungry' > WrM {Cev.} olon, HlM {Luv.} ' n' n 'hungry, not having eaten', WrO
olon, Kl ' nn. {Rm.} oln, Brt nyn 'hungry', Ord {Ms.} olon 'qui est jeune, affam'; [3] 'olus-
'suffer starvation \ famine' > WrM olus-, HlM ' nc-' x, MM [L] olus-, [S} {H} olos- - olcs-, [HI, MA]
olcs-, Ord olos- id., WrO olos- 'feel hunger, starve', Kl ' nc- 'starve, go\be hungry', {Rm.} ols-_o
'hungern, hungrig sein', Brt nycy-xy 'go hungry', MMgl u'lvs, Mnr H {T} losc-, Mgl {Rm.} u'la's-, Dx {T}
u'nsu'- 'be hungry', Mnr H {SM} loss- id., los_i fug_u- 'starve'; - [3a] 'olusIu 'hunger' (> MM [MA]
olcsIu id., d : [IM] olusuIci 'hungry') - [3b] 'olusIulcq 'hunger, famine, starvation' > MM
[IsV] olosIulcq, [MA] olcsIulcn - -q, WrM olusIulcq, HlM ' nc' in' n( i) , Mnr H {T} loscguloq, Dx {T}
olicsulan, Mgl {Lg.} o'lasIu'laq - u'lasIu'laq; [4] 'oluglc- v. 'starve, be hungry' > WrM oluglc-, HlM
' n' in' -x id.; [5] 'olbcr- 'suffer extreme hunger, starve' > WrM olbcr- - olmcr-, HlM ' n' np' -x,
' n6' p' -x, WrO olbarc- id., Ord olbor- 'tre puis de faim'; [6] 'oludc- > WrM {Cev.} oludc-, HlM
' n(' - 'be very hungry', Ord olod_o- 'be hungry' (of animals), Brt n(y- 'go\be hungry' Ms. H 84,
H 123-3, Pp. L II 126O, Pp. MA 275-6, 443, Lg. VMI 61, MED 633-5, Kow. 529-3O, Luv. 318-2O, Cev.
434-5, SM 226, Krg. 14O-1, KRS 414-5, KW 294-5, T 343, T DnJ 131, Iw. 144, Ms. O 53O-2, Chr.
5OO-2 Tg 'ulbV- > Ewk ulbin- 'go hungry', ulbims- 'hungry' STM II 258 DQA #1567 'olic
'die', 'be hungry, exhausted', KW 295, Rm. EAS I 146, Pp. VG 1O8, S AJ 281 ll ? D (in McTm)
'oula- [ N 'guLV 'to destroy', q.v.]: > Tm ula- 'become diminished, die, terminate', Ml ulaIIuIa-
'shrink up' D #671 ^ The Sa/Af initial - and the AnIE initial zero suggest point to a N '- ^ The
supposed IE and A reflexes of this etymon may be alternatively (but less plausibly) explained as
belonging to N 'vcl'hV '' or N 'guLV 'to destroy, fight; war' [q.v.].
13O. 'gaulu or (if the Ht cognate is accepted) 'IaHVlu 'reddish, yellow, brown' > HS: EC
'avl- 'yellow, reddish, light brown' > Sml N {Abr.} avl 'yellowness', Sml C {DSI} avl(l)an 'be
reddish-gray (grigio rossiccio)', Kns avl- 'brown', Hr, Dbs avl-aIIo 'gray, green, light brown, sand-
coloured, gold-coloured', Gln avl-aIIo 'yellow', Gwd avl-cttc 'yellow', Sa ovla 'dust storm' Bl.
211, Ss. PEC 46, Abr. S 18, AMS 15O, 195, 244, DSI 96 ll IE 'Hclu-/'Hclv- (if the Ht belongs here, =
'xclu-/'xclv-) 'reddish, yellow') ({EI} 'hclu- 'dull red') > OI aru'na-h 'reddish, gold-yellow',
aru'sa-h 'fire-coloured', Av aurusa- 'white' || Gmc 'clva- 'brown, yellow' > OHG clo (aadj. clvcr)
'brown, yellow, yellowish' > MHG cl (aadj. clvcr), NGr Sw alv 'fahl, weigelb' (of sheep), NGr Sb
clb 'blagelb' ?? Ht {Pv.} hahli-, {Ts.} hahla- 'green, yellow', {Pv.} hahhal- 'greenery, verdure'; the Ht.
word suggests a variant with reduplicated lr. (or an original form of the ?) 'xcXlu- P 3O2-3, EI
481, M K I 49, Ts. E I 123ff., Frd. HW EG I 3, Pv. II 3-5 (derives Ht hahli- from hahhal- 'greenery,
verdure'; if he is right, the Ht cognate is to be rejected), OsS 132, EWA II 1O6O-2, Kb. 198 ll A: NaT
'al 'red, scarlet, yellow' > OT al 'scarlet', 'brown' (of eyes), MQp XIII-XIV al 'dust- or ash-coloured',
'chestnut tending towards yellow', [CC] al 'bright red', Tkm al 'bright red, pink', Tk al 'bright red,
74
pink', 'chestnut' (of horses), Az al 'scarlet, red', VTt al 'scarlet, pink'; T 1 M: WrM al, HlM an 'red,
scarlet, vermilion' Cl. 12O-1, DTS 31-2, ET Gl 125-6, Rl. I 349-35O, MED 26; the long pT vw.
(proved by Tkm) suggests a N postvoc. lr.; the back vw. 'a may be due to synharmonic ass. infl. of
the lost 'u of the second syll. ? M 'olc ' grey' > MM [S] olc 'dark-grey', WrM olc {Gl.} 'cn:in
(dove-coloured, warm grey), skewbald (ncinn, cnc:ncroio nncra)', HlM{Luv.}, Kl {KRS} ' n, Brt
ny 'dove-coloured (cn:in)', 'grey (cnnin)' (of horses), Ord olo 'grey'; the rounded vw. 'o may
reflect the infl. of the ancient root-final '-uu Gl. I 3O3, KW 294-5 (Kl ol

'graugespenkelt'), Dr.
TM I 145-6, Rs. W 371, H 122 DQA #1541 derives the T root from A 'qi_olc (> M 'olc, Tg 'qulc
'scarlet, pink', pKo 'nuri- 'yellow', pJ 'mura-saIi 'purple').
131. ??? 'ulc 'recent' (> new') > HS: WS 'ul-, 'vl 'child, young of an animal' > BHb luo ul, JA
al1v^o2 av'l-a 'baby, sucking child', MHb el1uo u'la 'girl', Pun l 'nursling', Ug l 'young of animal'
('lamb', etc.), 'member of a clan', OA l 'foal', Sr wu u'l-a 'foetus, infans',\oji i'l-a 'foal', Md ula
'embryo, foetus', Gz oval 'young of animal, foal, colt'; in BHb ul, Sr u'l-a, etc. there is
contamination with S 'vl 'suckle' pS lost the second '' of the expected ''(v)l (haplology)
KB 753-4, HJ 843, OLS 77, Br. 516, DM 343, L G 78 Eg L y 'child (?)' (< VyV < ''VlV <
''VlV) EG I 169 ll U: FU {Coll.} 'uzc ({ Coll.} 'uoc), {UEW} 'vuzc 'new' > F uusi (gen. uudcn), Es
uus (gen. uuc) 'new' | pLp {Lr.} 'oos id. > Lp: S {Hs.} urrc, U {Schl.} udda, L {LLO} ata, N {N} odas / -dd-,
Kld ott | Er, Mk od 'new, young' | pChr 'u 'new' > Chr L/H y u, Chr Uf u, Chr B uv | Prm 'vu'l 'new' >
Z, Vt vIl, Vt K/G vil || Hg u| 'new' Hl. (p.c., 1976) suggested to adduce here Slq Tz ocII 'again'
pY {IN} 'viljo,- 'new' > Y K ilo- 'new' Coll. 121, UEW 587, Sm. 551 (FU 'vudi 'new' > FP 'vudi,
Ugr 'vudi), Lr. #8OO, Lgc. #4481, Hs. 1381, Ber. 81 [#438], LG 72, IN 25O ll ?? A: Tg: WrMc
ulxiycn ({Z} ynxn) 'little by little' (unless < Tg 'xul-, cp. Ewk xul- 'small') STM II 261, Vas. 438-4O ^
AD LZL 364-5 (on '-l- > U '-z- Gr. II #277 ('ud 'new') [U + err. J]
131a. 'goljVy,V 'leaf' > HS: S 'a'lay- (or 'ya'lay-) 'leaf > BHb el3o1 a'lc 'leaf, foliage (Laub,
Blatt)', JEA ilo ly pl.t. (s.e. ailo ly?, vocalization is unknown) 'leaves'; ? perhaps Ak A clu 'sprout'
(but more plausibly it is from N '?clV 'sprout, twig' or derived from 'ly 'rise') If Ak clu belongs
here, the pS rec. is 'a'lay-, otherwise the initial cns. may be either '- or 'y- KB 785, Lv. III 65O,
Sl. 864, CAD IV 114 B: Ah {Fc.} cla, ETwl/Ty {PGG} +la (pl. ilatt+n) 'feuilles minuscules', Tmz ala
(pl. alatn) 'branche ave feuilles, feuillage' Fc. 984, GG 179, MT 366 EC: Sml alcn (pl. alcmo)
'leaf' ZMO 56, AD SF 161 Ch: WCh: Pr {Frz.} alav, Jmb {Sk.} a`luhu` 'leaf' || CCh: ?? Gzg {Lk.}
?alar 'Gemse'; "Muffu" {Srp.} clc 'leaf' (neither the lge. nor the word have been identified in
other sources) ChC, Sk. NB 28, ChL, Lk. G 117, Srp. WSH ll D: SD 'ol- ('olay?) 'leaf' > Tm olai_, Kt
ol 'palm leaf', Ml ola id., 'writing leaf', Td va 'writing, education', Kn olc 'leaf of a palmyra palm,
leaf used to write on', Kdg olc 'screw-pine leaf', Tu olc 'letter on a palmyra leaf, palmyra leaf
rolled up and put into the hole of an ear' D #1O7O ^ Alternatively, Gzg ?alar may be tentatively
equated with D 'alar 'to blossom, open up; flower' (> Tm alar v. 'blossom, 'full-blown flower', M alar
'a blossom', Kn alar, Tu alaruni 'to spread, blossom', Tm, Ml alari, Kn alar, Tl alaru 'flower', see D
#247) ^ Blz. LB #98a (incl. S, EC, Ch, Ah, D + unc. FP 'clV 'Ast, Zweig' and some other parallels),
Blz. DA 16O [#83].
131b. ? ''aLV 'weak, exhausted' > IE 'hal- 'weak, swooned' > Ht {Pv.} alant- 'swooned; weak,
mild' NaIE 'aol- > Lt al-ti v. ''faint (away), swoon', alc'-ti 'lie in a swoon', alimas 'a swoon' ||
Gk ootoovo) 'weak', ?? ootoe 'destroy' || ?? Al las- vt. 'exhaust, tire out', vi. become
75
exhausted, get tired out' P 33, EI 528 (IE 'h_clos 'weak'), Pv. I-II 38-9, Ts. E I 18 (interprets
Ht alant- as 'bewitched'), Frn. 8 (no et. of Lt alti), O 213, F I 64 ll HS: ? S 'l > Ar illavf- 'very
aged' (of an old man), ? ilfavt- 'sot, qui parle sans rflchir' Ln. 2132, BK II 342-3 ll A: Tg 'alba-
v. 'be unable' > Ewk, Neg, Ork alba-, Lm alb+- id., Nab Nh/KU albqto - albaqtt 'lazy' STM I 3O ^ IS I
239-4O [#96] (IE, Tg + unc. K 'yal- 'weak', cf. N 'g'oLa 'weak, small').
132. 'AllU (= 'allu?) 'a Liliaceous plant (garlic, onion, alo or sim.)' > HS: CS 'alv(ay) 'alo'
('Allium alo') > Sr wala alvay id., ChrPA wl ?lv?, MHb [Msh.] Nia5v!l6o2 alva'?in- Nii%v!l6o2
alva'yin id. Lw II 149-52, Js. 67 ll IE: NaIE 'a(:)lu- ' leek' ({EI} ? 'alu- 'esculent root', {P} 'alu-,
'alo- 'bitter plant') > L alium, (after I c. CE) allium 'garlic', Osc (or Msp) 'allo (< 'ali_a): [Hs.] o
o_ovov Itooi ("'garlic' in the speech of Italics" || Gk I o, Gk oo' in oo) (gen. oovto))
'force-meat, sausage' (Kr.: *'sausage with garlic'?) - oovto-cio) 'sausage-formed',
oovto-toio) 'maker of sausages' ({WH}: Gk A Osc) || ? OI alu'Iam 'the esculent root of
Amorphophallus campanulatus' P 33, EI 62O, WH I 3O, F I 75, Ch. 63, M K I 81 ll D 'ulli, {GS} 'ul-i
'onion, garlic' > Tm, Ml ulli, Tl ulli id., Kt uly, Td uy, Klm, Prj, Gdb ulli, Nk ullig, Gnd ulli " ulli " uli,
Knd, Mnd uli, Png ur`i, Ku ulli " ulli, Krx uli 'onion', Tu ulli, ulli 'garlic' D #7O5, GS 17O [#426], 51
[#127] ll A: Tg 'clu 'onion' > Ul, Orl, Nn Nh/KU slu, WrMc clu id. STM II 448 ^ Tg 'c- may be due to
vowel harmony: N 'allu > 'alu > Tg 'clu. The long 'a in L and OI may represent the apophonic
L-grade (Dehnstufe).
133. ? 'alj'o,qU 'to bend', 'a joint in a limb' (esp. 'elbow', 'ankle') > HS: Eg fOK rI ['lI]
'bend' > Cpt Sd/Bwak olI'plier, courber, contracter' EG I 211, Fk. 45, Vc. 249 ? B 'lI 'be bent'
[ N 'LuIa 'to bend; (?) flexible twig, q.v. ffd.] Bj {R} hlg 'biegen, krmmen' (1s: p. a-ha'lig, prs.
ahan'lig) R WBd 116 ECh: Mkl {J} ?olc 'elbow', Jg {J} luIho id. J LM 156, J J 114 ll IE 'uclIj",- (>
NaIE 'alIj",-) / 'uolIj",- 'bent, elbow' (with secondary Schwebeablaut NaIE 'olIj",-/'loIj",-) ({EI}
'hclcI- 'elbow, forearm'): [1] NaIE 'alIj",-/'olIj",-/'olIj",- > Arm olo oloI" shinbone, fibula, perone' ||
Gk [Hs.] o, oo t_u) ('fore-arm') || Lt uolcIti`s, uolcItis, Ltv olcIts 'ell' (both from 'olcIt-), Pru
voaltis, voltis (< 'olIt-) 'Unterarm', Pru alIunis, Lt alIunc', Ltv clIs, clIons 'elbow' | pSl 'olI+-ti 'elbow'
> OCSaok+:i, Blg ) nair, SCr la`Iat, laIat, Slv laIc``t, Cz loIct, Slk loIct`, P loIicc, R, Uk ' noior id.
[2] ?? NaIE 'lcI-/'loI- > Gk oo) 'slanting, crosswise, aslant' || OIr {SB} losc (gen. pl. luscu) 'lame' || L
luxus 'dislocated', licinus 'aufwrts gekrmmt, aufwrts gebogen (von Hrnern)' P 3O8-9, EI 176, F
II 136-7, SB 244, Slt. 322-3, Frn. 8, 1167, En. 14O, 276, Tp. P A-D 75-7, Glh. 367, WH I 798, 841 ll ??
U: FP 'lEIIc 'ankle' > pPrm 'lcIIE > Vt {W} lcIy (= '|lcII| 'ankle, knucklebone', Z lcI, lcIy- 'horse's
pastern, ankle, knucklebone'| ? Chr lcIan 'block of wood' LG 158 ll ? A: T 'aluI 'ankle joint' ( T
'ali - 'aliI 'knuckle-bone' < A 'al`a id., cp. Tg 'alu-Ian id., see ET Gl 144-5) > OT asuq 'ankle-bone,
ankle', MQp XIV, Chg XV asuq, OOs, asuq/asuy, Tk asiI, Tkm, Kr, Qmq, QrB, VTt, Bsh, Qrg asiq, Az
asig, Qzq, Nog, Qq asiq, Alt aziq, Ln asuq-assi, Uz osiq, ET osuq 'ankle' Cl. 259, Rs. W 3O, ET Gl
216-7, TL 288-9, ADb. SR 15 ll K: pGZ 'dlaqv- 'elbow' > OG (n)idaqvi, MG {SSO} dlaqvi, G
idaqvi, nidaqvi, Mg du-, Lz du(r)qu-, _c-duy- (_c- is 'hand, arm') K 74, K
2
41 ('d(l)av-), FS K 96-7,
1O5, FS E 1O1-2, Chik. 58-9, Chx. 522, 959 ^ The labial vw. in T may be due to the infl. of the final
'U; 'l- 'yl- > K 'dl- ?
134. 'im'c 'suck, swallow' > HS: Eg fOK m v. 'swallow' EG I 183-4, Fk. 42 ? S '-im- > Ar
yOym G (ip. -imu) v. 'long for milk' *v. 'swallow \ suck milk greedily', under the semantic infl.
of Ar y(-yim- v. 'be thirsty', S 'mm > Ar NY T mm (pf. amm, ip. yiumm) 'drink water' Fr. III
76
251, 3O7, BK II 423, Bns. NJ I 19O Ch: WCh: BT: Krkr {Al.} ?ima, Bole {Lk.} ?'um-, {Ib.} (n.
act.) ?'uma 'suck' | P {J} ?mma 'eat' || ECh: Smr {J} ?sm 'eat (soft food)', ? Ke {Eb.} hamc id., Skr
{Sx.} symc, Mgm {J} ?aymo 'eat (hard food)', EDng {Fd.} cmc id. JI II 119, 121, J PW 198, ChC,
Fd. 24 ? C: Bj {R} am- scv. 'essen, verzehren, gierig und viel essen, fressen' || Dhl {EEN} ham- v. 'toss
little food in mouth' R WBd 16, EEN 14 Tk. SCC 95 [#25.2] (Bj, Dhl, Eg, Ch + unc. Sml un-
'eat', Kz am- 'chew') ll U 'imc- v. 'suck' > F, Es imc-, OHg cm-, pOs 'cm-/'om- ({ Hl.} 'am-/'im-) > Os:
V/Vy cm-/omi, Ty/Y a'm-/oma', I cm- v. 'suck' Sm {Jn.} 'nim--'num- 'suck' > Ng {Cs.} caus. 1s aor.
obcj. nimabtcama v. 'suckle', Ne T d nnxnc-c 'suck out, start sucking', durative nnxnc-( x) 6aA-c v.
'suck', Ne O {Lh.} nimnc-- nu'mnc- v. 'suck', Slq Tz {KKIH} nim- id., Kms d 1s prs. nimctcrlam v.
'suckle', Mt {Hl.} 'nnumno- 'suck' (Mt: M {Sp.} d 1s [prs.?] nxn x 'I am sucking breast'); Sm {Hl.}
'nimmV 'female breast, milk' > Ng {Cs.} ni'miq 'breast', {Pl.} d nnxnni 'milk', Slq Tz {KKIH} nima id.,
Slq LTz {KD} numa' 'female breast, milk', Mt {Hl.} nnimujh, 'milk' (Mt T/K {Mll.} nimu 'milk', Mt M
{Mll.} nimu 'kumys [mares fermented milk]') pY {IN} 'iv- 'suck' > Y: K ibi-, T ivi- id. (-i- is a sx. of
vt.), ? K ibisi 'female breast, milk' Coll. 15-6, UEW 82-3, Sm. 536 (U, FU, FP 'imi, Sm 'nim-), SK
1O7, Hl. rHt 71, Jn. 11O-1, Hl. M ##759, 781, 786, KKIH 141, IN 218, Rd. UJ 35-6 [#1O] (Y A U) ll
A 'imV- v. 'suck' > T ''im--'cm- v. 'suck': (1) T ''im(-) > Chv cAx- im(-), im(-) id., (2)
NaT 'cm- - 'am- id. > OT cam(-), Chg cm-, Tkm, CrTt, Qmq, Kr, Qzq, Nog, Qqlp, Uz, Qrg, StAlt, Xk,
Tv cm-, Tk cm-, Yk am-, Az, ET am-, Ggz i_cm-, VTt, Bsh nx- im- id. Cl. 155, DTS 172, Rs. W 41, ET Gl
271-2, Rl. I 918, 945, 1414, 1571, Jeg. 63, Fed. I 149, SDM97 (T 'am-ig, 'am-caI 'fem. breast')
Hardly here ( DQA #2651) M 'cmIu- 'put into \ hold in the mouth' Not here Tg 'um(i)- v.
'drink', pKo {S} 'ma- v. 'drink' and M 'umda- 'drink' (in ds ), which are likely to belong to N
'q'um?V 'drink' [q.v. ffd.] DQA #2651 (A 'cmV 'to suck': T, M) ^ Cf. AD LRC: Eg, U, T, and IS I
248: U, A (T, M) Gr. II #371 ('ima 'suck') [U, A, CK + err. Y + unc. Ko, EA].
135. ?? ''omdE 'stand upright, rise' > HS: S 'md 'be raised, propped up, lean against', 'stand
upright' > BHb dmo md G v. 'stand', Ar md G (pf. damaOa amada) vt. 'stay [sth.], prop it up,
support', JA md D (pf. am'mcd) v. 'place'; Mh/Jb md [d ]: Mh pf. hamod 'prop up ones head
(with a pillow, arm)', Jb C pf. amid 'put a pillow under the head'; Ak cmcdu 'lean against, cling to,
stand near by' S 'a'mad- (- ''amad-) n. 'support, pole' > Ar amad- 'pole of a tent, column, pillar',
Ak imdu 'stanchion support', (here?) Sb md '(?) vine-support, vinestock', Gz amd 'column, pillar,
post' pWS 'ajm,mud- 'prop, pole of a tent, column, pillar' > BHb dum`o2 am'mud, SmHb ammod id.,
Ph, IA, Plm md, JA {Js.} dum`o2 am'mud, JA/Sr em. ad1um`o2 owmua ammu'd-a 'column', JEA {Sl.}
ammu'd-a 'pillar, column', Ug md 'column, ceiling beam', Ar amud- 'prop, support, column, base',
Sb (pl.) ?md 'columns, pillars', Mh {Jo.} ?amavd 'ceiling beam', Jb C {Jo.} 'a'mud 'beam, pillar'
(A Ar?) KB 795-8, Ln. 2151-3, Sl. 869-7O, Js. 1O86-7, Br. 529-3O, BGMR 16, L G 62-3, Jo. M 23, Jo.
J 13, CAD IV 138-47 & VII 1O9-1O Ch: WCh {Stl.} WCh 'um- 'rise, climb' | NrBc: Wrj {J, Sk.} ysm-,
Kry {Sk.} yimo, P {MSk.} h"un, Mbr/My/Jmb {Sk.} ysma-, Cg {Sk.} vum, {Sk. in ChC} y"um, Sir {Sk.}
ysmu 'mount (an animal), climb' | Bl {Lk.} ind-, Krkr {Lk.} hind-, Ngm {ChL} hindin, Tng ai_di id. Stl.
ZCh 227 [#759] (WCh 'imVd- 'stand up'), ChC s.v. 'stand up', ChL, Sk. NB 32, MSk. 183, Stl. IF 12O
C: SC: Irq {MQK} om- 'no longer give milk' (of a cow), 'dry up' (of a river), {E} om- vi. 'stop',
1 Mb -?uma v. 'stand, come to stop', -?umati vt. 'stop' E SC 278, MQK 8O ll A: M 'uondu- - [1]
'undu-s > MM [HI] undus 'upright (debout)', Kl ond
o
s 'hinauf, hoch', [2] M 'ondci_- > WrM
ondui- - ondui-, HlM ' n(nn- 'raise ones head, raise oneself, rise slightly', Kl {Rm.} ond
o
-_o 'sich
77
heben, sich aufrichten', 'undiyi- > Kl {KRS, Rm.} ' n(o-x ondc-xo 'rise slightly', Dg {T} undi- id., [3] M
'ondur 'high' > MM [MN, S] ondur id., WrM ondur, HlM ' n(' p, Kl ' n(p ondor 'high, tall; height', Ba
ondcr, Dx undu 'high', [4] M 'undur- > WrM undur-, HlM yn(pa-x v. 'rise' Ms. H 1O9, Pp. MA 276-7, H
164, MED 636-7, 876, KRS 416-7, KW 296, T DgJ 171, T BJ 146, T DnJ 137 ll ??? IE 'Hcnd"-/'Hnd"- v.
'rise, appear' > Gk Hm {Hofm.} cv-voc 'hat sich erhoben', {LS} ov-voc 'mounted up', {Ch.}
ctcvvoc 'slever, monter la surface', {LS} '[a thin coat] grew thereupon; was on it', Gk D )vov
'came' || (here?) ?? IE 'Hnd"-vcn- > OI d 'adhva / adhvan- 'way', Av Y adva id. WP I 13O, Hofm. 83-4,
Ch. I 87, LS 138, 167, F I 516-7, M K I 32, M E I 68.
136. ? 'omKE '( part of the) neck\chest' > HS: S ''unju,I- (- ''inju,I-?) [ N 'qiKa 'jugular
vertebra, neck'??] > Ar unq-, unuq-, aniq-, Ak unI- 'neck', Eb {Co.} in-gu = inIgujm,; - CS ''unaI-
'neck-chain, necklace' > BHb qn!o9 "'naI- 'neck-chain', Ug {OLS} nI, JA aq!n^o8 un'I-a, Sr cI'I-a,
cII-o't-a id., 'neck-lace', JEA aq!n^uo un'I-a 'neck'; - WS 'nI G v. 'put round the neck' > Gz nI
G id., BHb qno nI G 'adorn the neck' OLS 83, KB 812-3, KBR 858-9, BK II 387, Co. SQF 143, MiK I
#15 (S 'i/unI- 'neck') ?? C '?Vng"/'ng"- 'breast' > Ag {Ap.} '?sng"-/'ang"- id. > Bln sng"i, Xm
'sI", Km 'sng"s, Aw ang" id. || EC: Sa, Af angu ({Ap.}: AAg), Sml J {Blz.?} ?cncI id. || ?? Bj nug, nug"c
'female breast' ( EC 'nug, Ag '?Vng"- 'suck the breast', unless the verb is derived from the noun)
Ap. AV 4, Blz. CL 177, R WB 35 (Bln un'gu - uq'u_-i 'nipple') ll A: NaT 'omgcj:,n > OT {Cl.} omgcn ?
'jugular vein', Chg XV omgcn - omgun 'the base of the throat and the collar-bone', Brb {Tm.}, SbTt
Tv {Tm.} omgan 'horses chest', Qzq oqmcn 'breast, sophagus' Cl. 15O, Rl. I 1315, ET Gl 537,
Tm. 165 NrTg 'umcn 'Adams apple' > Ewk umsn, Lm Ol/B/P/Sk o'm id., Lm O um 'pharynx
(iopran)' STM II 213 Pp. VG 216 M 'oqgclcur [ N 'XUqgV(rV) 'throat', q.v. ffd.] ll ? D: SD
'oqI- 'womans breast' > Kn oqgu 'teat, pap', ? Tm onci - occi 'womans breast (nursery)' D #943.
137.' ''umqnV 'sleep, lose consciousness/remembrance of' > A 'umqU-(t), 'umqU-ta- 'sleep,
forget' > T: [1] 'umun- > Yk umun-, Chv man- 'forget'; [2] 'umNu-t 'oblivion' > Uz, Qrg, Alt, Qzq {Rl.}
unut, CrTt {Rl.} umut id.; [3] NaT 'umqi-t- - 'umni-t- v. 'forget' > OT unit- - unut- id., Tk unut-, Ggz, Tkm,
Az, CrTt, Kr, QrB, Qrg, Uz, ET, SY, Ln unut-, VTt, Bsh. +n+t-, Qzq umit-, Nog, Qq umit-, Tv ut- id.; [4]
NaT 'umqtu- > Xk umdu- - undu- 'forget', Alt undu-, Tb {B} uqdu Cl. 179, ET Gl 597-8, Jeg. 128 M: [1]
M 'umarta- 'forget' > MM [S, IsV] umarta-, [MA, IM] marta-, WrM umarta-, marta-, HlM yxapra-, Ord
mart`a-, Kl xapr- marto- id., Mnr {SM} musd_a-, MMgl [Z] mart, Mgl {Rm.} morta-, Dx {T} mata- id., 'not
to think of'; [2] M 'umta- v. 'sleep' > MM [HI, S, MA, IM] unta-, WrM umta-, HlM ynra-, Ord {Ms.} unt`a-,
Kl ynr- unto-, Mnr H {SM} nc`ia-, {T} nta-, nca-, Mnr M {T} nta- id., d : MM [S, HI] untara-, Mnr H {SM}
nt`sra-, Dx huntura- (with a secondary h-) id. H 163, 165, Pp. MA 234, 364, 441, 449, Ms. H 1O5, Lg.
VMI 71, Iw. 115, MED 874-5, SM 251, 285-6, T 352, T DnJ 128, KW 257, 45O Tg 'omqa- 'forget' >
Ewk, Neg, Nn KU omqo-, Sln, Orc ommo-, Lm omq+-, Ud oqmo-, Ork omgo- - oqbo-, Nn Nh oqbo-, Nn B
omgo- - oqgo-, WrMc oqgo-, Mc Sb oqo- STM II 17 S AJ 295, DQA #2523 (A 'umuq(t)o- 'forget'), KW
257 (M, T), 45O (M, T, Tg) ll HS: Eg XIX vn v. 'sleep' EG I 173 ?? S [1] 'my > Ar my G 'be
blind', Sr my D (pf. ammi) 'to blind', Tgr mv G (pf. ama) 'be blind' [2] S 'mh > Ar mh
'be(come) confounded \ perplex \ unable to see ones right way' BK II 373, Ln. 216O-2, F III 224-
5, JPS 416, Br 529, LH 457, MiK I #2.3 Ch {JS} 'yvn - 'vn ({JI} 'yvn) 'sleep' ( N
'avjy,V'avi?V 'to pass the night, sleep', q.v. ffd.) ll U: FU 'jv,unn` c 'sleep, dream, forget' > F uni
(gen. uncn), Es uni (gen. unc) n. 'sleep, dream', F uno-hta- v. 'forget', unho 'oblivion', Es unc- 'forget',
unu- 'fall into oblivion' | Er, Mk on 'sleep, dream' | Prm 'vun- > Vt vun- 'be forgotten', Z vun- id.,
78
'forget', Yz vunsi- 'forget' Sm: Ng {Cs.} qana?bta- 'forget' UEW 588 (U 'vunV 'vergessen werden'),
8O4 (FV 'unV 'sleep, dream'), LG 7O, Cs. 43 ll D (in SD) 'um 'dumbness', 'um- 'dumb' > Tm um
'dumbness', uman 'dumb man', Ml uman 'dumb, stupid', Kn umc 'dumb man, taciturn man' D
#746 [ll ?? K: G van- 'jmn. beherbergen, jm-m ein Dach gewhren', van-i 'Haus, Obdach'] ^ Coll. 65,
UEW 588, ET Gl 598 (all of them: A, U).
138. ? 'oynV 'see, look; eye' > HS ''in-/'ayn- 'eye', () 'spring' > S ''ayn- 'eye' > Ak in-, Ar
y00a ayn-, BHb Ni%o2 'ayin, Ph, Ug n, OA, IA, Nbt, Plm yn, BA cs. Nio4 cn, pl. Nin5i^o2 ?ay'n-in, JA
[Trg.], JEA em. an1io4 c'na, cs. Nio4 cn, Sr W Nj in, Sr E cs. Nj cn, Sr W em. 'nja ay'n-a, Sr E em.
'nj c'na, Sb yn, Gz ayn; the same word means 'spring (of water)' in Hb, Ug, Ar, Nbt, Plm, JA, Sb,
Gz, Ak, etc.; - WS 'yn D v. 'look, contemplate' and the like > Hb, Ug, Sr, Gz yn D id. KB 773-5,
KB LVT 11O7, KBR 817-9, JH 2O7, HJ 839-4O, A ##2O55-2O56, OLS 82, Lv. T II 212-3, Sl. 855-7, Br.
522, PS 2867, BGMR 23, L G 79-8O, MiK I #1.28 Eg n, yn hier. ''eye'; Eg G ny 'Name von
Gewern' (interpreted by Budge as 'well, fountain') EG I 189, Budge I 123 ? B
{Pr.} 'nhy - 'hny v. 'see, look' ( N 'n'c_a 'see') > Tnsl onhi = onhy, ip. intens. i-hannoy, vb. n.
a-hanay, Ah oni (Pr.'s phonemic transcr.: ony), ip. intens. i-hannoy, vb. n. a-hanay, Gh oni = ony, ip.
intens. i-hannoy, Ty, ETwl onoy, ip. intens. i-hannoy, Tdq onhy v. 'see', NB: Sll {Ds.} annay, prs. y-annay
'apercevoir qch. qui tombe sous les yeux', Izd {Mrc.} inni, iannay v. 'look at' Fc. 1357, Pr. H #563,
GhA 152, Mrc. 218, Ds. 296; in Pr.'s opinion, the variant 'nhy is original, while 'hny goes back to
mt (Pr. H 15-6), but in the light of external HS comparison the opposite seems to be the case C:
Dhl {E} cn-ad_- 'see from afar' || EC 'intV-'indV 'eyes' (< 'in-tV-'in-dV with loss of '- due to the
infl. of the sg. 'il 'eye'?) > Af {PH} intita, Sa {Wlm.} intit, {R} intit -intit 'eyes' (whence a bf : sg. Af {PH},
Sa {Wlm.} inti 'eye'), Sml N indo 'eyes', Bn inns, Rn indo, Gdl inda, Dsn ?innu, Elm inna?, Arr
?inda 'eyes' (in all these lgs. there is uppletivism: sg. 'il - pl. 'indV), ?? Bs {HL} ido 'eye(s)'; probably
from 'in- 'eye' with the pl. marker '-tV; the glottalization 't'd is still to be explained Bl. 196, AD
SF 149-5O, Hw. A 34O-1, PG 156, PH 137, Oo. 66, Lm. SD 315, HL 63, To. DL 482 , E 274 ?
NrOm: Kf {C} ino 'salt water spring', unno 'spring', Anf {Gt.} ino id., Gmr {Bulat.} an 'eye' AD SF
149-5O, C SE IV 4OO, Gt. 347, Bulat. 343 Ch: [1] Ch {Stl.} 'iyan- 'see' > WCh {Stl.} ''ayan- v. 'see'
> Bl {Lk.} ?inn-, NrBc: P {MSk} han, {IL in ChC} hani, SBc: Gj {Sh.} ycni, {Luc.} ycni, Plc {Luc.} ycnu; Ron:
DfB ycn v. 'see' || CCh: Gnd {ChL} anni v. 'see' || ECh: Jg {J} ?inn- 'knnen, kennen' [2] Ch ''HindV
'eye(s)' ( {Nw.} 'ido [i.e. 'idY], {Stl.} Ch '?ida-n- 'eye') > WCh '?inda > Hs ido 'eye', pl. idanu, Gw
ndani 'eye(s)' | pAG {Hf.} 'yit, {Stl.} 'yid 'eye(s)' > Su, Mnt, Gmy, Cp yit, Tal {IL} yit, Ywm {J} yit,
Kfr yIt | BT '?ijn,dV ({Stl.} '?idV) > Bl {IL} ido, Dr {J} ycro, Krkr ?ido, Gera {Sch.} i:di, Grm
{Sch.} ida, Bele {Sch.} ido, Krf {Sch.} iro, Tngl ido, {Lk.} idu, ? Pr {Frz.} ando | NrBc: Jmb {Sk.} ?ida,
pl. ?idi, Sir {IL} ita, My ai_ti- cti | Ngz/Bd {Sch.} da 'eye' || CCh: Tr {Nw.} yiti | Dgh {Frk.,
ChL} ndc | HgN {Mk.} tncs, HgK {Mk.} nci || ECh: Skr {Nc.} id-, {Brt.} yidi | EDng {Fd.} odo, Mgm
{J} ?idc | Jg {J} ?udc, Brg {J} ?udi 'eye' Nw.'s pCh 'ido, JS's pCh 'yd and S's Ch '?ida-n- do not take
into account the ev. for '-nd- provided by Gw, Pr and Dgh JI I 8O & II 126-7, JS 96, ChC, ChL, Mts.
GD 29, Stl. ZCh 23O [#784], Hf. AG #182, Sch. BTL 144, Frz. P 19, Stl. IF 119, 172 Sk. HCD
115 ll IE [1] ''jH,vci_n- > NaIE (in IIr only) 'vci_n- v. 'look, see' > OI 'vcnati 'looks, observes', Av
vacnalti 'sees', OPrs vainamiy 'I see', MPrs vcn-, NPrs bin- (imv. yBi bin, acp. bino 'seeing') v. 'see',
Sgd, Prth vyn- id. [2] ? 'ucn (or '?cn) 'siehe da!' ( N 'hEnV 'iste' [q.v.]) > Gk v, `v, L cn id.
M K III 259-26O, Vl. I 3O6, P 314, F I 637, WH I 4O3-4 ll U: FP (in Lp only) 'oynn`a > pLp 'uync v.
'see' > Lp: L {LLO} ai'n-ct, S {Hs.} vuo|ncdh, N oai'dnct v. 'see', Pa {TI} vuai_:nc-, Kld {TI} ui_:nc-
79
id., {SaR} ynnny 'see, notice' Y: Y K {IN} aqo 'eye' Lr. #819, Lgc. #4548, Hs. 1452-3, TI 765,
SaR 37O, IN 47, 295 ll A: M 'oy'un 'mind' > MM [MA] oi_n-dan bol {Pp.} '6y( n yxc' ', 'be [still] in
[your] mind!', [S] oyi(n) 'Sinn, Gefhl', WrM oyun, HlM oyn, WrO oyun~oyon, Kl on, onn 'intellect,
mind' MED 6O6, Pp. MA 262, H 13O, Krg. 118, KRS 393, 4O7 Tg: Lm tnq+ " tnqo 'hyaloid
membrane (of an eye), reindeer's eye' The A cd. 'ina-mu 'tears', lit. 'eye-water' (< N 'oynV +
'muhi 'water, fluid') > Tg 'ina-mu- v. 'weep' > Ewk inamu-; Tg '(i)na-mu-Ita 'tears' > Ewk
inamuIta - namuIta, Sln nama-Ita - naqmuIta, Lm tnq+mt+, Neg tnamta, Ud iqamuIta, Ork ycndumusqa, Nn
ni_amoqta - namoqta - ntmoqta id. STM I 319, Krm. 239 cp. pKo (> MKo nun-mir 'tears') and pJ
'na-mi(n)ta 'tears' - ffd. see s.v. 'n'c_a 'see' Cf. DQA #1473 (A 'ni_a 'eye'), S AJ 3O-1, 275 [#21]
(A 'nia 'eye', 'nia(l)-muri 'tears') ll ? D 'un_n_- v. 'look, think, consider' ( N 'hAvqV 'sense, mind,
soul') > Tm unnu v. 'think, consider', unni v. 'meditate', Ml unnuIa, unniIa, Kt, Td uny-, Kn unnisu v.
'think', Tl {Km.} uqIisu v. 'consider', Ku oninal v. 'intend', Brh hunniq v. 'look, look at, consider' D
#727 ^ The adduction of IIr 'vayn- has been suggested by Blz. (p.c., 1994) ^ S and WNL NC adduce
here A {SDM95-97} 'na: 'eye' [> Tg {SDM} 'nia-sa, {AD} 'nia-sa(l) 'eye(s)', M 'nidun 'eye', T '|al
'tear', pKo 'nun 'eye'], which is more doubtful than to connect A 'na: with N 'n'c_a 'see' (q.v.).
139. ? 'oNV (or 'oNV?) 'fang, stake' > 'weapon (dart, javelin, or the like)' > HS: S 'nz > Ar
anaz-at- ' javelin, staff with a pointed iron' BK II 383, Fr. III 231, Hv. 5O4 ll K: MG [KC] ana 'stake
(Pfahl, ion)', G ana id., 'mast' DCh. 4O ll ? IE ''xnsi-s ({EI} 'hhnsis) 'large (offensive) knife,
dagger, ? sword' > NaIE 'nsi-s 'sword' > OI a'si-h 'sword; knife (used for killing animals)', Av aqhu-
'sword' || L cnsis id. Pal hastra- 'dagger' P 771, Dv. #489, EI 561, M K I 64-5, WH I 4O6 ll ? U: FU
{UEW} 'onca-rV 'fang (of a bear, etc.)' > Prm 'voVr (= {LG} 'vosr) > Z voir 'fang', Z Ud vszir, Vt
na:cpnnn id. (nnn 'tooth'), vazcr, vacr || ObU: Vg: T sncor, LK/P ansor, Ss ansar 'tusk (Hauzahn)';
? Os: D/K a'qol 'bears canine tooth (Reizahn)', Km a'qol 'bears tooth', O a'nsar 'am Grtel
getragener Brenzahn', Kz ansar 'Eck-\Reizahn des Bren' | OHg XV agyar 'boars tusk (Hauer,
Hauzahn)', Hg agyar 'tusk, fang' UEW 34O, MF 74, LG 6O, Coll. 71, EWU 13 ^ Pal h- seems to point
to IE 'x and N 'y, while the K data suggest a weak lr. ('-). To solve the problem we need to check
well the interpretation of the Pal word and to elucidate the origin of Pal h-.
139a. 'iNjV,qV 'live' > HS: Eg fOK n_ v. 'live', n_ 'life' EG I 193-2O6 ll A: Tg 'in- 'live' > Ewk
in-, ins- 'live', Ewl in - inc 'life', Lm, Neg in- 'live', Sln inirgs- - insrgs- 'come to life', Orc ini, iniyi, inihi,
Ud inigi, Nn KU iqIi 'alive' STM I 315 ll D 'iqIju,- 'abide' > Tm iqIu (prt. iqIi) 'abide, stay', Tl iqIuva
a place, haunt' D #420 ^ It is tempting to adduce here SC {E} 'nij:,h- or 'nch- 'live, be alive' >
??? Brn ilanih 'to sprout'; SC 1 Mb nihi 'animal' (E SC 186), but its SC rec. is to shaky to be reliable..
14O. 'uE 'take wing', 'up' > HS: WS '-u- v. 'fly' > Hb v (prm. -u-), Ug v, Gz vf (js.
-uf) v. 'fly', Ph v (G imv. sg. m. ) v. 'fly, fly away', Ar vf G (ip. -ufu) 'circle over [sth.]' (of
birds); - CS 'av- 'bird' > Hb F&o o, Ug , Sr v'-a, Gz of, Ph -t 'fowl, bird', Ar avf- 'cock;
omen, fortune' KB 756-7, HJ 833, 878, OLS 84, Ln. 2198, Br. 517, L G 78 Eg L/G y v. 'fly' EG I
179 ll IE 'Huo [{EI} 'h
4
u'o 'up (from underneath)'] > NaIE 'uo- 'upon, on to' > Av ua, OPrs ua
'auf' || ON of 'over', OHG uf 'up, above' (> NHG auf 'on'), AS ufc-vcard 'up, upper, later', OHG ob(a)
'on, above, over', ON u, AS u (> NE u), OFrs, OSx u 'up', OSx uan adv. 'on the top, above,
over', OHG obana id., 'from above' > NHG obcn NaIE 'u-cro- 'upper' > Av uaro id.; 'ucr-(i) 'over' >
OI u'ari 'above, over', Av ualri, OPrs uariy 'over' || ? Gk utc, utc 'over' || OIr for 'over, on', W
gvarthaf 'height' (< 'vortamos) || Gt ufar, ON yfir, AS ofcr (> NE ovcr), OHG ubar, ubir (> NHG ubcr), OSx
80
ovar 'over'; Gt ufaro adv. 'above', OHG obaro 'upper, higher' (> NHG obcr), AS yfcrra adj. 'upper'
NaIE 'u-cmo- 'der oberste' > OI ua'ma-, Av uoma-, AS ufcmcst, yfcmcst NaIE 'us- 'high, upper' > Gk
u)i adv. 'high' || OIr os, uas 'above' (P: < 'ou-su), OW uuc, MW uch id., W uvch 'higher', Crn (a) ugh, OBr
uh, Br cuc`h, oc`h, ouc`h 'above' || 'usa- > Sl 'vIs- - [1] 'vIs-oI+ m. 'high' (f. 'vIs-o'Ia, ntr. 'vIs-o'Io) >
OCS atek+ vIsoI+, Blg nn) coi, SCr visoI, Slv viso`I 'high', R ni'coi 'is high', prnl. adj.: R ni'coinn, Uk
nn) coinn, P vysoIy, Cz, Slk vysoIy, [2] Sl 'vIsi f. height (what is high above)' > OCS ati vIsi, R nic,
Blg nnc id., SCr vis, Blg nnc 'top (of mountains); [3] Sl comp. 'vIsi|i 'higher', ntr.\adv. 'vIsc > SCr
visi, ntr.\adv. visc, OCS amuu vIsi|i, ntr.\adv. amc vIsc, adv.: Blg ) nnmc, R ) nimc, Slv visc, Cz
vysc WP I 192, P 11O6-7, EI 612, Mn. 1478-9, F II 966-7, 978, Fs. 5O9, Vr. 416, 635, 676, Ho. 24O,
376-7, Ho. S 57, 81, Kb. 74O-1, 1O54-5, 1O61, KM 36, 518, 799, Vn. O 31-2, Flr. 326, Glh. 672, BER I
152, Ma. CS 578, M K I 1O5-6 ll A: [1] A: M 'obuya > MM [HI] {Ms.} oboo 'tertre', WrM obuga(n), obu,
HlM o6oo 'heap, pile; heap of stones'; "obo", i. e. 'mound\cairn of stones built as a
landmark\monument for special religious ceremonies', Kl ona id., {Rm.} ova 'hill, heap, heap of
stons on roads or on a hill', Mnr H {SM} ob_o 'obo, monceau de pierres quon venre'; M 1 T: MQp
[CC] oba 'hill', Kr oba 'heap of stones', QrB oba id., 'grave', Qzq, Nog oba 'kurgan, tumulus', Bsh uba id.,
'hill' Ms. H 81, MED 598, Kow. 37O, KRS 391, KW 291, SM 296, Cl. 5, Dr. TM II 133, ET Gl 398-
4OO, Rs. W 356, Grn. 173 DQA #16O3 ('o`V 'hill, heap of stones' > M, T [treated as a
cognate and not as a loan]) [2] Tg 'uu-, 'uu-Itc 'feather' > Orc uuIts - ouItc, Ud ofoIto, Ork
uuIts, Nn Nh uults, Nn KU ufuIts, Nn B ufults 'feather, down'; Nn KU ufu-, Ud ofo-di- v. 'pluck
feather\down' '-Ita/c is a sx. of mass nouns STM II 281, Ci. 2O9.
141. 'VPVrV '(river-)bank' > IE: NaIE {P} 'acr-o-, 'acr-yo- 'shore', 'mainland' ({EI} 'hcHcros
(?) 'river bank, shore of sea') > Gk: A tcio), D )otcio) (long o), Ae otco) (o) 'mainland' [<
'acr-yo-] || AS ofcr, Dt ocvcr, MHG uovcr > NHG Ufcr 'shore' [< 'acr-o-], MLG ovcr id. [< 'acr-yo-]
|| ?? Arm an a"n 'bank, shore' Bc. #1.26, WP I 47, P 53, EI 515, F I 64O, Hofm. 1O9, Ch. I 415, Ho.
24O, KM 8O1, Ach. I 365 ll HS: S ''ibjV,r- 'the region beyond\across a body of water
(river\lake\sea)', '(further) shore' > BHb rb3o4 'cbcr 'opposite side (of a river, lake, etc.); side, edge,
bank', SmHb {BH} 'cbar id., JA ar!b6o5 ib'r-a - ar!b5o3 cb'r-a 'opposite side', Sr rob0e cb'r-a 'crossing
(a river), further shore', Md bra 'coastland, foreshore', Ar ibr- - abr- - ubr- 'shore', Ak cbcr-nari (n.
l., lit. 'the region beyond the river') [A WS?], Eb a-bar-ri-is = abar-is ({Frnz.} abaris) loc. 'on the
other bank'; S 'br v. 'cross (a body of water), pass over' ( *'pass over a stream to the other side')
> Hb, Ph, Pu, Ug, OA, IA, JA, Sr, Ar, Sb br G 'cross over (water, etc.), pass', Ak cbcru 'to cross
(water)', Eb a-ba-ri-im = {Krb.} abar-im inf. gen. id.; Cn 1 Eg (EgSSc) a-bi-ya 'ford, crossing' (Eg NK
y < r, cf. Erm. NG 23-4) KB 735-8, HJ 821-3, A #199O, OLS 71, Sl. 84O-1, Js. 1O39-4O, JPS 399,
DM 4, 34O, Fr. III 97-8, BK II 152-3, CAD IV 1O-2, Sd. 182, Slw. 145-6, Hlk. #28, SivCR 18, Frnz. EL
133 ll D (in SD) 'cri '(raised) bank, lake, reservoir for irrigation' > Tm cri 'large tank, reservoir for
irrigation; lake', Ml cri 'bank; stakes to support banking work', Kn cri 'a raised bank, the bank of a
tank, a tank', Kdg ctri 'parapet of well, bund (in paddy-fields, of tank)', Tu cri 'a bed for planting
vegetables' D #9O1.
142. 'VVrV 'wild boar' > HS: S 'r > Ar ifr- - ufr 'wild boar, swine, young pig' ({Fr.} ifr-
'porcus, aper', ufr- 'porcus') Fr. III 183 ?? Eg fXX ih 'swine' EG I 69 ll IE 'uccro- [{EI} 'hccros
'boar (adult male of Sus scrofa)'] > NaIE 'aro-s 'wild boar' (with 'a on the analogy of 'Iaro-s 'he-
goat'), > L acr, -i 'wild boar', Um aruf, ABROF id. (acc. pl.), abrunu id. (acc. sg.) || pGmc 'cbura- 'wild
boar' > AS cofor, MLG cvcr, OHG cbur, NHG Ebcr || BSl 'vcrya- (with 'v- on the analogy of a different
81
word) > Ltv vcris 'castrated boar' | Sl 'vcr+ - 'vcri 'wild boar' > OR acupi vcri, R ncnp, gen. 'ncnp ,
Blg 'ncnp 'wild boar', Uk 'ncncp 'wild boar, hog', SCr vc_ar (gen. vc_ra), P vicrz (gen. vicrza), Cz
vcr 'hog' || ? Thr c|o) 'ram' P 323, EI 425, WH I 56, Ho. 92, KM 15O-1, EWA II 941-3, Bc. G 327,
Kar. II 5O7, Glh. 666-7, Vs. I 292, Pln. II 724 ll A possible highly doubtful cognate: A 'c`VrV 'horn'
(if from 'fung' 'wild boars fung' 'wild boar'?) > M 'cbcr- 'horn' (> MM [HI, S, MA, IM] cbcr, WrM
cbcr, HlM ynyp, Mnr uycr), pKo {S} 's-ir id. (> MKo sir, NKo ul), Tg 'oorV 'nose' (> Nn
ooro " oforo, WrM oforo) DQA #646 (A 'i_o`crV 'i_aorV), S AJ 46, 291, MED 286, SM 48O, Ms.
H 52, H 4O, Pp. MA 15O, 436, S QJ #43, Nam 274, MLC 832, STM II 22) ^ AD NM #46, S CNM 13 &
SN 146 ( OChn?).
143. 'ir'i '(male, young) ungulate' > HS: WS ''ayr- - 'ir- 'male wild ass, ass foal' > BHb ri%o2
'ayir, SmHb 'ir 'male ass; young ass', BHb +ppa: ir-: rio5 i'r-o 'his male ass' (the pl. form of the
Masoretic tradition Mir5i!o9 - Mr5i!o9 "ya'rim is on the analogy of ''1a2a3- nouns, cp. the SmHb
cognate form Mrio 'irom), MHb ri%o2 'ayir, Ug r {A} 'ass foal', {OLS} 'ass', JA [Trg.] pl. Nir%i^o2
ay'r-in id., Ar ayr- 'wild ass, domestic ass', WS 1 Ak Mr _aru - _a?aru - ayaru 'ass foal' KB 777-8,
KBR 822, A #2O9O, OLS 87, Lv. III 643, Lv. T II 214, Js. 1O75, BK II 419, CAD VI 118, Sd. 328 Eg
fOK : 'ass' > DEg : > Cpt Sd ctw, Cpt B tw EG I 165, Vc. 6O-1 ? C: Dhl {EEN} hcri 'goat, sheep' ||
SC: Irq {MQK} ?ari 'she-goat', pl. ara 'goats', Irq/Grw/Alg/Brn {E} ara 'goats' EEN 15, E SC 297,
MQK 16 ? Ch: WCh: Mnt/Ywm ur 'he-goat' || ECh: Ll orc 'goats' JI II 167, ChC, ChL EG l.c.,
Ember ESS #3.b.6, OS #1O81, Tk. I 54, Tk. SCC 95 [#25.3] ll K 'ir- > OG, G ircm- 'deer' Abul. 189,
DCh. 582 ll IE ''hcr(i)- ({EI} 'hcr- 'lamb, kid') > NaIE 'cr-, cri- ' horned artiodactyl' ( N '?crq'i '
ruminant' [q.v.]; I am grateful to Blz. for drawing my attention to this contamination) > L arics (gen.
arictis) 'ram', Um crictu 'arietem' || BSl [< IE 'cr-, 'cri- IE 'ycHr- 'springtime, year' (< N 'nayrE
'young, new-born', q.v.)] > Pru cristian, Lt (|)c'ras, Ltv |crs 'lamb' | Sl '|ariIa 'female lamb' ( Sl '|ariIa
'|aro 'springtime' < N 'nayrE) > OR mp+ko |ar+Ia, R ' pia, ' pouia 'lamb (female)', Uk, Blr ) pia, Slk
|arIa 'year-old sheep', P |arIa 'heifer, a lamb of this year' || ? Arm oro oro 'lamb' (initial o- from 'c- by
as , according to P) NaIE 'cr(i)-b"- (with the sx. '-b"(o)- of animal names) ' horned artiodactyl' > Gk
cio-) 'kid' || Clt: OIr hcir ('crb"-i-) 'dama, capra', crb(b) ('crb"-a-) 'cow', NIr carb 'goat', ScGl carb 'roe
(deer)' P 326, EI 511, F I 56O, WH I 67, Bc. G 333, KSchm. TE, Ld. A 23ff., Ach. III 586, Frn. 121,
En. 17O, Tp. P E-H 72-5, ESSJ VIII 179-8O ll D 'ir- '() deer, stag' [ 'yErV - 'yayrV 'young of a
(ruminant) animal', q.v. ffd.] D '-r- (pointing to a N 'r-cluster) suggests that the main source of D
'ir- is N 'yErV rather than 'ir'i ^ AD NM #47, S CNM 7 & S SN 146 ( ST).
144. ?? 'VrV 'run' > ? HS: Eg fMK vr 'flee' EG I 286, Fk. 57 C: EC: Sml N {Abr.} arar- 'flee',
Sml {ZMO} arar- 'run away, flee', ? Rn ararsi vt. 'hurry, rush', caus. ararica vt. 'hurry up' || Ag: Bln
{R} haror- 'laufen, rennen'; Ag 1 Tgr {LH} hrr 'hurry' ({R} hrr 'laufen, rennen') 1 Bj {R}
hcrcr- - hircr- scv. 'marschieren, wandern, gehen, zu Fu gehen' R WB 2OO, R WBd 126, LH 1O,
Abr. S 14, PG 68 SES 'rmjd, > Hrs rm (pf. ?arom) 'run fast' (of a camel), Mh/Jb rmd (pf. Mh
?armcd, Jb C aar'mid) id. Jo. H 1O, Jo. J 15, Jo. M 28 ll ? D: Tl uru 'retreat, retire, withdraw' D
#713.
145. 'ar vu 'a ru 'back (dos), loins' > HS: S 'Hrv (= 'rv?) > Ak crutu - arutu 'back (dos)', ?
Ar urur-at- 'top of a camels hump, peak of a mountain' Sd. 248, BK II 225 Eg P/BD r.t 'hinder
parts (of men), hindquarters (of animal)' EG I 2O9, Fk. 45 B: Si {La.} orrao_, orrau_, {Bs. BrR}
vrE" ahrau 'back (dos)', Ah aruri, Gh {Nh.} aruri, ETwl oruru (pl. iroran), Ty +rori (pl. iroran), Ttq {Msq.}
82
aruri, Izn/Rf/SrSn {Rn.} arur, tarurt, Zww {La.} aarur 'back (dos)'; the unexpected presence (=
preservation?) of in Izn, Rf, SrSn, Zww has not yet found explanation ({La.} "ne sexplique gure")
Rn. 379, Fc. 166O, GhA 163, Msq. 95, La. S 228, La. MChB 115 [fn. 2] ECh: Mu {J} har 'back
(dorsum)' ChC ll A 'ar'u 'back (of humans, animals)' > NaT 'arIa 'back' > OT, MU, MQp, XwT, Chg,
OOsm arqa 'back (dorsum), upper part of the back', Tk arIa, VTt, Bsh, Qmq, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, Alt
arqa, ET a(r)qa, Uz orqa, Xk arya, Tv a'rya 'back, shoulders; back side', Yk arya id., nape, withers', Tlm
arqa, Az ar_a 'back, upper part of the back; animals back', Ln ayqa 'hind part', Chv ur_a 'animals
back' in ur_ala_ 'saddle-bag' NaT 'art 'back or hinder part of anything; nape of the neck' > OT
art id., Tk art, Tkm art, VTt art 'hind part, back (dos)', Az ard_, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Qq, Bsh, Qrg, Alt, SY
art, Tv art- (+ppa.) 'hind part' Cl. 2OO-1, 215, TkR 5O-2, ET Gl 174-5, 179-8O, TL 267-8, ADb. SR
116-7, 185, Pek. 142 Tg 'arIa-n 'back (dos)' > Ewk arIan, Sln arIa, Lm arq+n, Neg ayIan, Orc
aIIa(n-), Ud aIa(n-), Ork atta(n-) STM I 51, Krm. 2O5 M 'aru ({ADb.} 'aryu) 'animals back' > MM [S,
HI, MA] aru, WrM aru, HlM ap 'back (dorsum)', Dgr ar 'the northern side of a mountain, northern
side' ADb. MSR 9, H 9, Ms. H 37, Pp. MA 1O6, MED 54, Klz. D I 1O9-1O Pp. VG 76, 94, 192
(explains T 'arIa and Tg 'arIa-n as d from 'aru ['arIa < 'aru-Ia]) pJ {S} 'atu_a 'behind, trace' > OJ
atu_o, J: T ato, K ato, Kg ato S QJ #767, Mr. 387 DQA #48 'ara 'back (dos), behind', ADb. SR
3O5 (T 'arIa-n M 'aru) ll D (in SD) 'ar- 'waist, loins' > Tm arai_ id., 'stomach', Ml ara 'middle of the
body, loins, waist', Td ar nin` 'silver waist-string' (nin` 'string'), Kdg arc 'waist' D #23O ^ The long
'a in T 'art and the D cns. '-r- (normally from cns. clusters) point to a presence of an additional
element in pN (a lr. or 'v?). If Ar urur-at- belongs here, the pN postcons. lr. may be ' (N 'arV).
146. ?? 'arVbV 'dry, arid; arid land' > HS: WS 'arab- > BHb eb1r!o9 "ra'ba 'desert, steppe',
br@o6B2 ba-'rab, (in pause br!o6B2 ba-''rab) 'in the desert', br1o9 "'rab, Ar raOa arab-, Mh
arcb 'Arabs' ( 'inhabitants of a desert\steppe)', Sb rb coll. 'bedouins' and Mn rb coll. 'nomads'
(in both lgs. 'inhabitants of the desert'), Gz arab 'Arabia', ? (mt ) Gz br 'be dry, unfruitful' KB
831-3, GB 616, BGMR 19, MA 15, Jo. M 27 ll D 'ar_- v. 'be(come) dry' > Tm arru vt. 'dry (as the
hair)', Ml aruIa vi. 'dry up (as land, washed hair, wounds)', Kt ar- vi. 'dry' (as dew), 'heal' (as a
wound), Td or_- 'become dry by heating', Kn ar, aru, Tu aruni, Tl aru vi. 'dry', Kdg ar- vi. 'dry up'
(of a stream, cloth), Klm ar-, Nkr ar- vi. 'become dry', Nk ar- 'be dried, emaciated', Gnd Mn
arana vi. 'warm oneself', Krx arta?ana v. 'spread out in the sun for drying' In some D lgs a
homonymic merger with the verb 'ar_- ({GS} 'ad_-) 'to cool' (GS 15O-1 [#38O]) D #4O4, Zv. 44-
5, Sbr. DVM 56, Pf. 83 ('at-).
147. ? 'uRjV,KV 'to flee' > HS: CS 'rI 'run away, flee' > Sr rI G 'flee', JA [Trg.] rI 'flee,
run', JEA rI - ?rI 'flee', Ar {Ln.} rq G: ariqa (fi-l ?aroi) 'go away into the country', {BK} arq-
'way, road, beaten path' ('chemin, route, sentier fray') BK II 228-9, Ln 2O17-9, Br. 55O, Js. 1123,
Sl. 883, KB 841 ll U: FV 'urIc- 'flee, go away' > Lv {Kt.} urgs- 'flee, avoid', F prs. urIcnc- / inf. ur|cta
'wegkommen [komma stad (ivg, till vgs)], abgehen, abreisen, abfahren, sich entfernen' || Er
opio(c- orgodc-, Mk nopio(c- vorgodo- 'flee, run away' UEW 8O5, SK 1548, Kt. 457, ERV 442, Ker.
II 1O1 ll D 'ur_uI- 'run away' > Tl uruIu, Knd uv_I- id. [(partially) D 'ur_uI- 'jump' > Tm uruIIu id.)
D #713 ^ Not here WrM orgu-, HlM opio-x v. 'flee' (MED 617) because this word goes back to M
'qorgu- (cp. MM [MA] horgu- id., Pp. MA 186).
148. 'a'rV 'aRi 'without, no' > K: OG ara 'no, not', G ara 'no', ar 'not' Ser. 3 ll IE: NaIE 'ar- /
'or- v. 'deny' (P: 'verweigern, leugnen') > Gk ovcooi 'I deny' || Arm uranam uranam 'deny' || pAl {O}
83
'arn-cnya > Al: T rrc|, G rrc| v. 'deceive' - Al T rrcm 'mendacious, false' P 62, F I 145-6, 158, Ch.
112, Slt. 385-6, O 38O, Bugge BA 38ff., BFU 484, Me. EAC 111, 142 ll HS: S 'ryv (- 'rr) 'be(come)
naked\empty' > BHb ur&o o'ru 2pm imv. 'strip naked!', D er1o4 c'ra '(he) bared, made naked',
'blossgehen, ausleeren', Ph ry D (3s ip. yr) 'strip of', Ug rv 'naked, uncovered', Ar ry G (pf.
ariya) 'be(come) naked, bare of clothes', Ak criu " cru 'naked, empty'; 'Vry-at- 'nakedness' > BHb
ei!r^o3 cr'ya, Sr aryat, JA at1irio5 iryo'ta- at1i^r^o1 oryo'ta, Ar yar0Ou uryat- KB 834-5, HJ 887, OLS
9O, Br. 548, CAD IV 32O, Sd. 242 ll U: Y: Y T {Ku.} arav 'naked', {Ku.} aravya, {Ang. Jc.} araunc|c
'bald', K {Jc.} arau(lci), T {Jc.} araulci 'naked', T/K {Ang. Jc.} 'araulci 'naked, bare, undressed' Ku.
34, Ang. 23, Jc. JR s.v. arau, Jc. XR s.v. araulci ll ? D 'ar`i 'perish, be destroyed' > Tm ari v. 'perish, be
ruined', Ml ariyuIa 'be destroyed', Kt alc- 'beerased', alyv 'destruction', Td ody- '(money) is spent',
Kn ari 'be ruined, destroyed, perish', Tu aruni vt. 'efface, waste', aliuni 'perish', Tl arisina 'which
destroys', Prj andIi- 'destroy', Gnd ar`ih- v. 'destroy' D #277.
148a. 'gcrV 'rainy cloud' > HS: C {AD} Vr- 'cloud, rain', {E} 'ir- 'rain' > Ag: Awn {Hz.} sri
'rain' || EC: Af {PH} ir- - cr- 'smoke, steam', Arr {Hw.} ?iri, Elm {Hn.} iri, Dsn {To.} ?ir, Hr/Dbs {AMS}
iravvo, Gln/Gwd {AMS} irravo, Cm {Hab.} cro, {SLLE} ?crro 'rain', pSam {Hn.} 'ir- > Sm {R} iro 'fog,
cloud', Sm N {Abr.} iro 'fog', Sm {Hn.} ir adda ga 'continuous light rain', {ZMO} ir 'rain, weather,
sky', Rn {PG} hir 'rain' AD SF 143, E PC #489, PH 6O-1, Hw. A 342, To. DL 3483, Hn. S 77 (pSam
'ir- 'light rain'), ZMO 68, PG 141, AMS 263 NrOm 'irV 'cloud, rain' Kf {C} iro 'cloud',
Wl/Zl/Dwr/Gf/Dc/Bdt/Zs/Bsk/Cha {LmS} ira, Malo {LmS} ?ira, Gm {Hw.} ?iro, Hrr {CR} ira, Ym {Wdk}
iro, Na/Shk/Mj {Fl.} iru 'rain' Blz. OL (Om 'ir- 'rain'), AD SF 143, LmS 292, Lm Y 321, CR H 637,
Wdk BY 17O, Hw. EG s.v. 'rain', Fl. OWL s.v. 'rain' ll D: McTm 'cr`ili 'cloud' > Tm, Ml crili id. D #849
^ Suggested by Blaz ek: Blz. LNA #2 (N 'crV).
149. 'arK'u 'sinew' (> 'bow-string, bow') > HS: WS ''irI- (nom. ''irI-u) 'sinew, vein, root' >
Ar irq- 'root, sinew, vein', Mh ?arI- 'artery, sinew, nerve, root', Jb C arI- 'root, sinew', JA aq!r6o2
ar'I-a 'leather thong', Tgr arvI 'tendon, nerve', ? Sb rI 'neck-muscle, collar-bone' Fr. III 143,
Jo. M 28, Lv. III 7O5-6, BGMR 2O, LH 359, MiK I #1.2O AdS of Eg fP rv 'cord; bow-string; sinews'
(< 'rjv,KE 'sinew, cord, rope; bind, tie' [q.v.] [??] N 'loqKa 'bend' [ 'a bow']) EG II 41O, Fk.
148, Tk. I 249-5O ll IE 'ucrIu- - 'ucrI"- 'bow, net' ({EI} ''h_crIvo-s 'bow and\or 'arrow') ( N 'y'orIou
'to bend, be bent\crooked' [q.v.]) > NaIE 'arIu- 'orI"- 'bow, net' > L arcus id. || Gmc 'arx"o
[*'belonging to a bow' ] 'arrow' > Gt d arlazna, ON or (gen. orvar), OSw arf, AS carh 'arrow', NE arrov
|| Gk oku), -uo) 'net' WP I 81, P 67-8, EI 78, EM 78-9, WH I 64, Bc. G 329, Vr. 688, Ho. 85, Coll.
ULF 174, IS I 24O, Fs. 56, F I 142-3 ll A: NaT 'arIa- > Osm {Rs.} arqa- 'an den Sattelriemen festbinden'
( T 'arIa 'back, dorsum', cp. Chv ur_ala_, VTt arqal+q 'saddle-bag', Osm {Rh.} arqaliq 'porters knot for
carrying burdens', Tk arIaliI 'luggage carrier in a bicycle'), Chg {Rs.} arqa- 'den Faden einschlieen',
Tv apii- aryI- v. 'knit, plait, weave', Xk arya- v. 'embroider in satin-stitch'; NaT {ET} 'arIan 'lasso,
thick rope' > Chg {Rl.}, Kr Nqra arqan, Tkm arqan 'lasso, thick rope', CrT, QrB, Qzq, Nog, Qq, VTt, Bsh
arqan, Uz arqon, Tk {ET} argan 'thick rope, cable', Qrg, Alt arqan 'rope made of hair', Qzq {Rl.} arqan
'rope made of horsehair'; T 1 R ap'ian 'lasso' Rs. W 26, ET Gl 175-6, BIG 3O, TvR 68, Rl. I 288, Bu.
I 3O N 'r > T 'r in the precons. position (a law discovered by Hl.) M 'argam:i 'rope' > MM [IM]
aryami 'rope', [S] {H} arham|i aryami 'Leitstrick', WrM argam:i, HlM apiax, Brt apiaxa, Kl aplx'
'rope, tether', {Rm.} aryam
i
'rope (Strick)', WrO aryami 'rope, line, halter, hawser, bridle', WrM
argami-, HlM aipaxn- v. 'tie, fasten with a rope', WrO ar_ala- v. 'fasten, tether'; M 1 Tf argami 'lasso,
84
leather rope', Tv apiaxuiid., Xk aryami, Alt apxaiui armaqci 'lasso, rope', Qrg apiaxi aryami 'rope
(made of hair)' Pp. MA 432, H 9, MED 52, Krg. 52-3, KW 13, Ra. 155 ll D (in NED) 'cr`Vt- > Krx
cr`ct" 'long-bow', Mlt cr`tu 'a bow', cr`tyo 'archer' D #789, Pf. 186 [#34] ^ AD NM #25, S CNM 6 (
NrCs, ST, Yn), Vv. AEN 17-8 (points to the problems with the sxs. in M).
15O. 'EvVSV '() grass' > HS: C: EC {Ss.} 'avs-/'ays (?< 'avis-) > Sa, Af ayso 'grass, straw,
vegetation', Sml avs 'dry grass', ? Rn hos, Bn cs, Dsn ?is 'grass', Or cs ' corn' ({Th.} 'farro,
farragine, spelta, specie di frumento'), Hr, Dbs, Gln, Gwd as-Io 'grass', Sd {Ss.} ays-o 'grass', {Hd.}
haysso 'blade of grass', hays'so 'grass' Ss. PEC 44-5, 47, Hn. S 77, PG 143, Th. 123, Hd. 72, AMS 245,
263, To. DL 482 Ch: WCh: pNrBc {S} 'avasi 'grass' > Jmb avasi, My avasu || ECh: Skr {Sx.} usu, Bdy
{AlJ} ?avso id. possibly also 'vs > NrBc: Wrj vass-na, Mbr va`ss, Kry vasisi, SBc: Bg vssIl id. || CCh:
Ms {J} vusna, Bnn u`sIna id.; Gnd ustnna, Tr {Nw.} vuzsn, Pdl vuztndi id. Sk. NB 24, Stl. ZCh
26O [#183], ChL, ChC, AlJ 35, Blz. ChTP 8 , Tk. NB 183 [NB '(a)vas- < 'avas-] Tk. PAA 31
(NrBc, EC) ll A: M 'cbcsun (< ''cbcs-sun with a nominal sx .'-sun) 'grass, hay' > MM [L, MA, IM]
cbcsun, WrM cbcsun - cbusun, HlM ' nc( ' n) , Ord ovosu' - ovos id., Kl {Rm.} ovsn, Mnr H {SM}
vcss - ycss id., 'straw', {T} vcsc - ycsc, Mnr M {T} bcsc, MMgl [Z] cbvsun, Mgl {Rm.} cba'sun, Dg {T}
cu'_sc, Ba {T} vcsoq 'grass, hay' Pp. MA 15O, 436, Pp. L II 1254, Rm. M 27, KW 3O3, Iw. 1OO, Pot.
421, MED 287, 291, Ms. O 544, SM 483, 493, T 321, T DgJ 19, T BJ 136 ll ?? IE 'jH,vci_s- > NaIE
'vci_s- v. 'grow, sprout forth' (P: 'sprieen, wachsen') ( N 'vis?V or 'vus?V 'to grow' [esp. of
plants] [q.v. ffd.]).
151. ? 'cs'i 'make, do' > HS: WS 'sy 'make, do' > BHb eo syv G , Mb sy (1s pf. sty), Ug
sy G id., SmA eso sh [Hebraized spelling for s? (sy)] 'do', n. act. sy (for sy) 'doing, making',
Sb/Mn yiSo sy G 'do, make; acquire', Qt iSo sy G {Rk.} 'acquire' (OSA S s for the expected s is
puzzling) KB 842-5, HJ 89O-1, OLS 93, Tal 667, BGMR 2O-1, MA 16, Rk. 125 C: Ag {Ap.} '?ss-
'make, do' > Bln {Ap.} ?ss-, Xm/Q {Ap.} ss-, Dmb {R} cs- id. || EC: Sa {R} is-/is-, Af {R} is- id., pBn {Hn.}
'as- v. 'prepare' (> {Hn.} Bn Bi/K as- id., Bn J/Kj aqal as- 'brew beer'); HEC {Hd.} 'ass- / 'iss- 'do, make'
> Sd {Gs., Hd.} ass-, Kmb {Hd.} ass-, cs-, Ged (h)ass-, Hd {Hd.} iss- 'do', Brj {Hd., Ss.} iss- 'do, act, make' ||
SC: Alg {Wh.} csim-, Brn {Wh.} csim- 'do' AD SF 151, Ap. AV 5, Ss. B 1O7, R S II 52, Hn. BD 122,
143, Hd. 51, 95, 2O1, 244, 285, 3O8, 315, 35, Wh. IC 56 ECh: Mkl {J} sbjn. ?isc` (pl. ?asc), aor.
?izc 'do, make' J LM 113 AD SF 151 (S, C), Ap. AV 5 (S, Ag, EC), OS #1O97 (HS 'ic- 'do, make';
S, C, Ch) ll IE: Ht cssa- / issa- 'do, make' (unless an iterative of Ht iya- id.) Pv. I-II 3OO-5 ll U: FP
'cstc- 'make, make\be ready', ( 'succeed, have time to do sth.') > pChr {Ber.} 'isto- 'do, make' >
Chr L/B +stc-, Chr H ostc- id. | pPrm {LG} 'sst- > Z cstInI, Prmk, Yz ycst- 'be ready, be fulfilled (a
word)', 'succeed in fulfilling, have time to do' | pLp {Lr.} 'ssts- > Lp: N {N} as'tat 'have time\leisure
(to do sth.)', L {LLO} astat, Kld yccry sstc-o id., S {Hs.} astcdh id., 'arrive in time' | F chti- id. UEW
626 (FP 'cstc 'have time, be ready'), Sm. 552 (FP 'csti- 'manage'), Ber. 8, LG 333, SK 35, It. 3O3,
Coll. 76-7, Lr. #25, Lgc. #111, Hs. 25O, SaR 424 ^ N 's > U 's is puzzling: a positional change '-st-
> '-st-?
152. ''osV (Ka) 'hard-wood tree' ( 'ash-tree') > HS: Eg fOK s 'cedar, abies cilicica (as a tree
and esp. as wood)' EG I 228, Fk. 49 ll IE 'H"cs- 'ash-tree' ({EI} 'hcHos 'ash') > L ornus (< 'os-cn-os)
'mountain-ash' || W onn, snglt. onn-cn / pl. onna 'ash-tree' (< 'osna), MCrn onncn, Br onn, ounncnn, OIr
(h)uinnius, dat. uinsinn (< 'onn-ist-o) || Gk ouo - ou 'beech-tree' (< 'osIcs-?) || pAl {O} 'aIsa > Al
ah 'beech-tree' || Arm hai hac"i 'ash-tree' (< 'H'os-I-) || ON asIr, OHG asca id. || Pru voasis, Lt uosis, Ltv
85
osis id. | Sl 'ascn+ - 'ascni id. > Slv |ascn, |cscn, Slv R ascn, Blg ' ccn, SCr |a_scn, |cscn, OR
iotiuiyascni, R, Blr, Uk ' ccn, Cz |asan, Slk |ascn | The BSl vw. goes back to IE 'o (L-gr. of IE 'o) P
782, EI 32 (unc. : 'ash' 'burnings'), F II 4OO, WH II 223, Vn. U 2O, O 2-3, Vr. 15, EWA I 364-6,
Slt. 312-3, Frn. 1167, En. 276, ESSJ I 79-8O, Glh. 29O, Frdr. PIT 2O [#13], Frdr. PITA 92-8 ll U 'ossIa
' tree (ash-tree, elm, poplar)' > Chr H osI+ 'ash-tree', L osIo 'black poplar (Populus nogra),
ocoiop' || pMr {Ker} 'usI+ > (mt ) 'uIs+ > Er uIso, Mk uIs 'ash-tree' Sm: Kms [KD] azoy `a
'poplar' (`a 'tree') Ker. II 174, Ber. 93, KD 6, Coll. 138 ll ? A: T 'os > Sg, Qb, Qc, StXk os 'aspen,
poplar', Qzl {Rl.} os 'poplar', Chv +v+s, us 'aspen'; there may be semantic infl. of NaT 'asaI 'aspen'
(< N '?ac`PV ' leaf-bearing tree') Hoops 123-4 and after him Tenishev (TL 131) unconvincingly
suggested an IE origin of the T word (from the non-existent Sl osa 'aspen') ET Gl 6O7-8, Fed. I 8O-
1, BIG 131, Rl. I 1138, Ash. III 295 ^ Coll. IUS 87, Coll. HUV 121 (in both sources: IE, U), IS I 255 s.v.
'Hosn 'ash-tree' (IE, U), Jk. 333 (proposes as an alternative [with a query] that the Chr and Mr words
may be loans from Irn [Scythian]: "Entlehnung aus einer altertmlichen iran. (Skyth.) Sprachform
wre ebenso mglich, die Sippe ist aber in den iran. Sprachen kaum belegt").
153. ? 'at'u ' fish' > HS: S ''Vt- > Ug t id. OLS 94 Eg XVIII/G dv ' fish (forbidden to
eat)' EG I 237 ll A: Tg: WrMc atu 'a female fish (with roe)' 1 (or A?) WrM atu 'a female fish' ( Tg
'atV 'female' < N ''?atV 'female, woman', q.v.); WrMc atu_a 'a male fish' 1 (or A?) WrM atuqa id. Z
29, MED 58-9 ll ?? D (in SD) 'atV ' fish' > Tm atal ' fish', Tm atalai_, Ml atava ' marine fish', Tu
adaminu, adavu ' fish' D #68 '-t- for the expected '-t- is still to be explained ll IE: NaIE 'atcli-
(and ''ati-?) ' fish' [ N 'X'ot'i ' fish', q.v.] > Gk [Arist., Hs.] ctci) (or ctci)) ' fish' (F:
'Goldbrasse, gilthead'?) || L attilus ' a big fish resembling sturgeons (in the Padus)' (A Gl?) > It V
'(l)adano, It Ml 'ladan, OIt Pv 'agano; VL 'atillus 'sturgeon' id. > OIt V 'adcllo > It adcllo id. || Lt
otas 'halibut, turbot', (N 'X'ot'i > ?) Lt atis, Ltv atc id. P 7O, ML #766, Frn. 21, Bg. KS 274, F I
58O, Hld. I 275, WH I 78.
154. 'atV 'to throw, cast' > HS: EC {Ss.} 'ad- 'throw' > Kns, Gdl ad-, Hr ad-, Brj ad-ad- 'throw',
Sa cd- 'throw away', Af S id- 'throw, kill' Ss. B 23 S 'tt > Ar tt G 'fell so. on the ground'
BK II 283, Hv. 48O ll A: T 'at- 'throw, shoot (arrows)' > OT, Chg, XwT at- id., MQp at- 'shoot', Tk at-,
Tkm, Ggz, CrTt, Qmq, QrB, Qq, Bsh, ET, Qrg, Alt at- 'throw, shoot', Az, Nog, VTt at-, Uz ot- id., 'cast',
Qzq, SY, Xk, Tv at- 'shoot', Yk it- 'shoot (arrows)' || Chv L ut- 'throw', Chv iv+t- 'throw, cast' Cl. 36,
ET Gl 199-2OO ll D 'at- 'throw, shoot' > Tu adaIuni 'throw, cast out, discharge (as a gun)', Tl adrincu,
adarucu v. 'discharge, shoot (as an arrow or other missile)' D #61 ^ The irreg. reflex '-t- in D may
be due to some phonetic element in sxs.
155. 'otV 'breathe, blow' > IE 'H"ot-/'H"t- > NaIE 'ot-/ot- v. 'breathe' [-'ot-mcn- ({EI}
'hcht-'mcn)] 'breath' > OI at'ma (gen. at'manah) 'breath, soul, self' || AS m, OSx athom, OHG atum,
MLG adcm, Dt adcm, NHG Atcm, ( 1) Odcm 'breathing, breath' || OIr athach (< 'ot-aIo-) 'breath, wind'
WP I 118, P 345 ('ct-mcn), EI 82, Mn. 254, M K I 73, Ho. 13, Ho. S 4, EWA I 391-3, KM 34, Vn. A 99-
1OO ll HS: +exts. : S 'tn > Gz tn G 'burn incense, fumigate with incense' ?? S ''tm > Ak
ctcmmu 'spirit of the dead, ghost' ? WS 'tr v. 'exhale (as vapour\smoke\ steam)' > Sr rt0
tr (pf. o'tar) id., JA [TrgJ] ryo tr (pf. ry2o9 "'tar) 'rauchen, to exhale smoke', Ar tr G (pf. ra6aOa
atara) 'exhale fragrance, smell sweet', Mh ?otsr v. 'perfume', Mh ?atsr, Jb str 'perfume' Br. 521,
JPS 41O, Lv. T II 211, Lv. III 636, Js. 1O63-5, Fr. III 176, BK II 284, Jo. M 35, L G 76, CAD IV 397-O1
B '?adu? 'wind, odour' > Ah {Fc.} adu, Gd adu, Izn/Rf {Rn.} aou, Gh {Nh.}, ETwl/Ty {GhA}, Tmz
{MT}, Izd, Wrg {Dlh.} adu, Nf atu id., Kb {Dl.} aou, Mz {Dlh.} adu, Snd atu 'wind', Tz {Stm.} adu id.,
86
Sll {Ds.} adu 'gentle wind', BSn/BMn {Bs.} adu 'heavy wind', Izd adu 'smell', Zng {TC} aoih 'odor'
Pr. H #141, Fc. 252-3, GhA 3O, Nh. 213, Rn. 311, Lf. II #O332, Dl. 17O, Stm. 158, Ds. 29O, MT 86,
Dlh. M 37, Dlh. Ou 63, Mrc. 18O, 261, TC D 4, NZ 437-9 ? Ch '?VtVn 'nose' ( N ''hotE 'to
smell, smell at', q.v. ffd.) ll A: ? AmTg 'oti > Ul ott 'the north-eastern wind', Nn oct 'the north
wind' STM II 28 ll ? D 'ut v. 'blow (blasen)' > Tm utu v. 'blow (as a wind instrument, a fire)',
Ml utuIa id., uttu n. 'blowing', Kt ud- v. 'become swollen, bloated', Kn udu v. 'blow', Tu uduni v. 'blow
(as a pipe), swell', Tl udu v. 'blow with the mouth or with bellows', Klm, Nk, Nkr,
Gdb und-, Gnd ud- v. 'blow', ? Ku hutinay v. 'kindle' D #741, Km. 3O4 [#143] (reconstructs
'uy-nt-/'uy-t- for pCD [i.e. pSCD and pCD] & pSD, 'uy-r_-/-r- for pNED) ^ The quality of the D
vw. 'u (for the expected 'o or 'o) is still to be explained.
156. ??? 'avyV 'shout, speak' > IE 'Hcu_- > NaIE 'au_- > o Gk (ipf.) o)uc, ft. ouoe, aor. ouooi
'cry out, shout, call aloud' P 76-7, F I 193 ll HS: WS 'vy 'shout' > Ar vy 'shout, howl', Gz
avya n. 'moan, wail', avya 'wailing', vyv (pf. avyava) 'wail in mourning, howl, cry, cry out' L
G 7, BK I 414 C: EC {Ss.} 'iyy- 'cry' > Sml iyy-, Bs {HL} iyi, Or iyy- v. 'cry, shout', Arr {Hw.} ?iyy-
'cry out', Brj iyy- v. 'cry for help', Af cy iy- shout' (iy- 'say'); ?? Rn oya v. 'cry' Ss. B 1O8, HL 8O,
Hw. A 342, Grg. 228, PG 242 ?? Om {Blz.} 'ju,vV- 'say' > NrOm: Sz {Fl.} vc 'say', Ym {Wdk.} u` 'say',
? Gf {Mrn.} ivct 'speak' Blz. OL #238, Wdk. BY 137 Ch ( N '?'ayV 'say, call'): [1] ECh: Kbl {Cp.}
yuvs 'say' || CCh: Lgn {Lk.} va, {Mch.} va 'say'; [2] Ch {Stl.} 'yav?- 'call' (':nar') > WCh: Pr yo v.
'call' || CCh: Gudu {ChL} ?ya, Msg {Mch.} yi, Ms {Mch.} ya, {J} yina, {Stl. ?} yu-mo, Bnn {Stl.} ya-mi,
BnnM {Stl.} ya-mo id. || ECh: Gbr yc id. ChC s.v. 'say', ChL, Stl. IF 143, Lk. L 125 ll A 'ayV 'speak,
sound' ( N '?'ayV '', q.v. ffd.) ll ?? D 'u'v- 'speak' > Prj ub- 'speak, converse', ubal 'a saying', ? Tl
ubusu 'chat, talk', Tl Vs usul-aduIoni v. 'chat' D #631.
157. ? 'avjy,V 'avi?V 'pass the night, sleep' > IE: ''hcu_H- / 'hvcH- / 'hvoH- > NaIE
'au_- / 'ovc- / 'ovo- v. 'spend the night (bernachten), sleep', 'au_s- id. ( N ''?uu'qyc 'night, dark
hours') > Arm aganim ag-anim 'I pass the night', ot" < au_t"- 'pernoctation, passing the night in a
place; sleeping place, inn' || Gk ioue 'I sleep' (< rdp. 'i-aus-o) (aor. i-ouooi and unreduplicated
ocoo), Gk Hm oetce 'sleep well', Gk L [Sappho] oeo) 'sleep, utvo)', Gk d o)ui) 'place for passing
the night', ou 'court-yard; lair' ( 'sleeping place') P 72, Hofm. 28, 3O, 122, F I 186, 2O5, 7O6,
Ch. 139-4O, 454, 13O4, Slt. 442-3 ll HS: Eg MK/G {EG} v, {Fk.} vy v. 'sleep' EG I 169, Fk. 38
Om {Blz.} 'vay?- 'sleep, lie down' > NrOm: Bdt {Fl.} voy?- 'sleep', Hrr {Fl.} vay 'lie down', Oyda {Fl.}
vo?- - voy- 'sleep' Blz. OL #12O Ch ( N ''umqnV 'sleep' [q.v.] N ''?uu'qyc 'night, dark
hours'): [1] CCh: Nz {ChL} vI?I v. 'sleep' || ECh: Kbl {Cp.} yi, Skr {Sx.} vs?c v. 'sleep', EDng {Fd.}
vc|c - vc|c 'tre couch', vc|i - vc|i 'sommeil', Mgm {J} ?o?yo,
amb
Mu {J} ?cvcn n. 'sleep' [
Ch 'yvn 'sleep' (see below)] [2] Ch {JS} 'yvn - 'vn ({JI} 'yvn) 'sleep' ( N ''?uu'qyc '') > WCh:
Ngz {SCh.} yuvan 'spending the night; day and night (24 hours)', Bd {IL} ivan, {ChL} una 'sleep'
|| CCh: Msy {Mch.} va_q, Db {Lnh.} van 'sleep'; Gudu {ChL} viycnt 'sleep' (n. act.) || ECh: Mgm {J}
vani n. 'sleep',
amb
Mu {J} ?cvcn n. 'sleep' JI I 154 & II 298-9, ChC, ChL, Sch. DN 177, Fd. 147 ll
U: FU 'jv,oyV- v. 'sleep, fall asleep' > ObU {Ht.} 'voy- / 'vaya- id. > pVg {Ht.} 'ay- v. 'sleep' > Vg:
T/SV/LL ay-, LK/MK/UK ay-, P oy- - oy-, Ss oy- id.; Vg: T ayoltaIt-, LK ayoltaxt-, P/LL oyoltaxt-, SV
oyoltaxt-, UL oyiltaxt-, Ss oyoltaxt- v. 'try to fall asleep'; pOs 'vaya- / 'voy- ({ Hl.} 'vIya-/'vay-) 'fall
asleep' > Os: V vaya-, Vy vaya- / voy-, Ty voy- id.; Os: V/Vy voyomt-, Ty/Kz voyomt-, D/K/O
vayomt- id. Y: Y T {Ku., Krn.} avc- v. 'sleep', {Ku.} avc, {Krn.} avaq n. 'sleep', Y K {AD} abuda-,
87
{Jc.} a'buda 'lie down, lie down to sleep' Ht. #669, Hl. rHt 71, Ku. 13-4, Jc. JR s.v. abuda, AD YN,
Krn. JJ 27O ll A: Tg 'aj:,bV- v. 'sleep' > Ork a-, avt- - at-, Ul av- - at-, Ewk, Neg, Orc a- id., Nn Nh
avan- 'let sleep', avant- 'go [somewhere] to pass the night', Ul avya - atya, Ewk Urm avun 'bed
(sleeping place)', Neg avtn n. 'passing one night (o(na noucnia)', Ork avya - atya 'bed-clothes' STM
I 1-2.
158. 'uy'hV 'to bend' > HS: S (WS?) 'vy 'bend' > Hb it5iv%o9n@ na"'viti (N pf. 1s) 'I was bent,
bowed down, twisted', (G 3f pf.) et1v^o1 avo'ta 'she did wrong', eu!o5 iv'va (D pf. 3m) 'he twisted',
Ar vO vy G (ava / -vi, -viy-) v. 'bend, twist', Gz W av 'bending, curvature', ? Ak
OB cvum 'belasten mit' KB 752-3, KBR 796-7, Ln. 2185-6, L G 77, L ESAC 38 ll IE 'hvci_X- v. 'twist,
weave, plait, braid', {EI} 'vci_(H)- 'plait, wattle' > Ht {Ts.} vc_-/va__- (1s vc_-mi), md. vc_- 'sich
drehen, sich wenden' NaIE: OI 'vayati 'weaves, plaits', pfc. uvuh, pp. u'ta-, inf. otum, vaya- m.
'Weben, das Weben', 'vyayati v. 'envelop, wrap', Av vi- v. 'twist, wrap', Oss I bsysn (pp. bsd), Oss D
biyun (pp. bid) v. 'twist, weave, braid' || Gk [Hs.] uiov ovoocvoooo A 'vine that grows up trees' (u- =
v-) || L vic- v. 'twist, bind with withes' || ? OIr {P} tcch fithc 'a wicker house', Br gviad 'web, issue', W
gvau / gvcu v. 'weave, knit', Crn gvya id., v. 'twine, twist' || pGmc 'va||us 'wall' ( 'Flechtwerk') > ON
vcggr 'wall', Gt vadd|us 'Wall, Mauer'|| Lt vyti (prs. vc|u), Ltv vit (prs. vi|u) 'to twist, wind (up)'| Sl
'vi-ti 'to twist, curl' > ChS au:uvi-ti (1s prs. aumvi|-o), SCr vi`ti (1s prs. vi`|cm), Slv viti, Cz viti, P
vic, R nnr (1s prs.n) id., Blg ) nn 'I twist' - IE 'hvcX-'to-(s) ({Mn.} 'u_ctos) pp. 'woven,
enmeshed' ('weave, mesh') > ON va 'textile, fishing-net', MHG vat f. 'garment', NHG Wat 'cloth,
garment', AS vd 'robe' P 112O-1, EI 571 (no mention of Ht and hence no certainty about the
root-final lr.), Mn. 15O5, 1531, M K III 147 (OI Lt austi 'to weave'), Ch. 1153, WH II 786-7, Ab. I
277, YGM-1 259, ECCE 252, Hm. 36O, Vr. 637, 65O, Fs. 538-9, Frn. 1267, Vs. I 322, Glh. 67, Srz. I
266 ll A 'uya- > Tg 'uya-(n) 'flexible, soft; coiling (as a snake)' > WrMc uyan 'flexible, soft, fine,
tender', uyala- - uyana- - uyanca- v. 'be flexible, soft; to coil (as a snake)', Lm tyt, Lm T ty+v 'weak
(tobacco, wine), soft (metal)', Nn oya 'soft, flexible', oyan- v. 'become soft, flexible', Ul tya(n-) 'soft,
tender' STM II 251 Lm T ty+v 'soft' [referring to metal] may have been influenced by Yk
uyan 'soft, weak' M 'uya-n 'flexible, soft' > WrM uya-n, HlM y n 'soft, flexible, Kl uyn 'flexible';
M 'uya-d- v. 'become too soft an flexible' > WrM uyad-, HlM y (a-(x) id., Kl yn(- vi. 'to bend' (of trees,
spears); 1 Yk uyan 'soft (iron), weak', Xk uyan 'weak', Qzq n uyaq, Qrg, Qq uyaq 'soft', Alt uyaq 'soft,
weak', Tlt {Rl.} uyaq 'schwach, elend' The M word belongs here unless it is 'quya-n (that cannot be
ruled out for lack of ev. distinguishing between 'q- and zero) MED 867, KW 447, KRS

529, Rl. I
1629, ET Gl 577-8.
159. ?? 'azV'qV 'wedge' > U: FV 'asIa 'wedge' > Chr L nmic 'isIc, isI+, H nmii isIo 'wedge
(for splitting), wooden hook, peg (for hanging clothes)' | pMr {Ker.} 'asIo > Mk asIo, Er ycic csIc,
csIc 'nail (ino:()' It. #291, Ker. II 39, Ber. 9, ERV 788, PI 317, MRS 139, Ep. 23, Ps. sL 7 ll HS: Ar
zq (pf. azaqa) 'bcher (la terre) avec une bche ou un hoyau', mizaq-, mizaq-at- 'bche\pelle pour
remuer la terre; large pelle avec laquelle on nettoie le grain' BK II 244 ll ? K: G azyudi 'gore, gusset'
['keilformiger Stoffeinsatz (an Kleidern), Zwickel'] Chx. 9, DCh. 13 K -zy- < ''-zq- (as ) The K
cognate is doubtful, because the element -ud- has no explanation so far.
16O. 'i`V 'strong, healthy' > HS: S 'azz- 'strong' > Hb zo2 az (/ azz-), Ug z, Amr azz-, Ak czzu;
- S 'uzz- 'might, strength' > Hb z7o oz (/ uzz-), Ph, Ug z, Ug (AkSc), Amr {G} uzz- id., SmA z
'strength'; Pun zz, IA zyz 'strong', SmA zyz pp. 'excited', zyz 'strong' KB 762, KBR 8O4-6, Sd. 269,
88
A #2O21, OLS 95-6, Tal 629, G A 15, JH 2O6, HJ 835, Hnr. 252 ? B 'Hss (- 'dss) > Ah asos 'faire
effort', Kb sis (rare), it-ossos 'avoir du prestige, inspirer la crainte', tissas 'restige; autorit naturelle',
Sll {Ds.} duss / idus 'be strong' Fc. 1864-6, Dl. 751, Ds. 132 ??, C: SC: Alg aca 'mature', Irq
{MQK} acaramo (pl. acaray) 'old cow' E SC 275, MQK 17 Ch: ECh: Ll {Grgs.} c`si` 'strong'
ChC s.v. 'strong' ll IE: NaIE 'ci_s-/'oi_s- 'move with impetus' ({EI} 'hci_s- 'set in motion') ( NaIE
'ci_s-/'is- v. 'move [go\run] in a hurry' < N 'yosV 'go\run' [q.v.]), 'isoro-s 'vehement, strong' > OI
is'nati, 'isyati 'sets in motion, swings', isi'ra- 'vigourous, flourishing, refreshing', Av acs- (prs. isa-,
isya-) vi., vt. 'set in motion' || Gk ivoe, ivce {LS} 'carry off by evacuations', Gk L/I )io), Gk D
ioo) 'mighty', Gk A ico) id., 'holy', o)io (G o)ioto)) 'impetus', o)io (< 'ois-mat) 'impetus' || L ira,
[Plt.] cira (< 'ci_sa) 'wrath, anger, ire' || ON cisa 'vorwrtsstrzen', OSx ovast - ofst (< 'ob-aist-?) {Ho.}
'haste', {P} 'Eile, Eifer', AS of-ost - of-cst -of-st id. WP I 1O6-7, P 299-3O1, EI 5O6, M K I 93-4, M E I
271-2, MW 168-9, F I 712-4, 726-7, WH I 717-8, Vr. 98, Ho. S 57, Ho. 24O ll A: NaT 'csan 'in good
health, sound; safe' > OT {Cl.} asan id., MQp XIII, OOsm XIV, Chg XV cscn, Tk cscn, VTt isan - asan,
Bsh iOan, Nog, Qzq, Qq, SY cscn, Uz, ET csan, Qrg csacn - isan, StAlt, Tlt, QK, Sg, K czcn, Xk izcn Cl.
248, ET Gl 3O8-9, TL 684 ('csan), Rl. I 873, 889-9O Cl. is right in warning before confusing this
with NPrs 's oson 'easy' (,: {ET} T from NPrs oson]) M 'cscn 'healthy' (A T?) > MM [IM] cscn,
WrM cscn, HlM ycyn id. MED 333, Pp. MA 437.
16Oa. 'aV 'white, bright' > HS: EC {Ss.} 'azz- 'white' > Af {PH} ado 'be white\clear', Sa
{Wlm.} ?ado 'white', Sml N ad 'white colour', ad- 'be white', Sml N {Ss.} add-, Sml J {Ss.} ay, Or
ad-i?, Kns, Gdl at, Elm {Hn.} c'v-i-da, Arr czzi 'white', Dsn {To.} ?co 'white, bright' Bl. 2O3 (LEC
'ad-), Ss. PEC 36 (EC 'azz-), Ss. WOKS 137, AD SF 144 (C 'V-), PH 52, DSI 49, BlSO 1O, Bl. G 5, Hw.
A 341, Hn. E 282, To. DL 48O, Blz. DL s.v. 'white' [ N 'avcV (or 'acvV) 'light of the sun'?]:
??? Sml adcd 'sun, daylight', Or {Ss.} adu`, {Grg.} adu 'sun', Dsn {To} ?aou 'sun, sunlight' || Dhl
?addo 'sun, day') AD SF 3OO-1, ZMO 53, Abr. S 16, Ss. SPhG, Grg. 9, Hw. A 337, To. DL 476, To. D
127, Blz. DL s.v. 'sun' ll IE: Ht asara- - csara- 'white, bright' Pv. I-II 2O6-7 ll U: FU 'acIa 'white' > F
ahIa 'Eidergans (Anas mollissima)', hahIca, haahIca 'grey', Es hahI (gen. haha) id., ahIa 'eider duck
(Somateria mollissima) | Mk aIsa, Er aso 'white, clean' | pChr {Ber.} 'os+ 'white' > Chr: L omos id.,
'fair-haired', H om( i) os(+), E os(o) " osu 'white' || Os: D as 'white clay' Cng a's id., 'chalk', Kz
as-ami 'sprde' (ami 'similar') UEW 3-4, SK 45, Ber. 47, MRS 396, Ep. 83-4 ll A: M 'a:ay
(unless it is 'qaay) > WrM aay bugural, HlM a:an 6yypan 'silvery grey hair' (bugural, 6yypan 'frey, grey-
haired') Valid unless it is 'qaay MED 61.
89