284. ?

'cE 'that' (distal or intermediate deixis) > U {UEW} 'cc - 'ci {AD} 'that, ille' > F sc 'it;
that (iste, ille)', Es scc, sc 'this; that which' | Er sc, Mk sa 'that, this, that which' || pOs 'ci(-) > Os: V
i, O si 'iste', V it, Nz sit 'this' Sm: En {Cs.} scdco 'der, jener', Ng {Hl.} sItI, {Cs.} sctc 'he', Kms
{KD} so 'dieser dort, der dort' UEW 33-4, SK 987-8, Cs. GSS 35O, 358, Cs. 9O, Hl. US 137, KD
145 ll A: pKo 'co 'this' > MKo co S QK #6O6 AdS of M ca- and Tg 'a-, dem. pronominal stem of
distal deixis [< N 'ca id. (q.v. ffd.)] DQA #225 ll ? K '-s (- '-c), verbal ending of 3s > OG, G -s, Mg
-s - -c, Lz -s id., Sv -s id. (in the optative); according to Klimov, the primary usage of the affix is in the
opt. mood, from which it spread to other moods in OG, G and Zn K 161, FS K 263, FS E 292, Q
O56 In K there is desaffricatization (typical of grammatical affixes).
285. 'c`uqbE 'to carry away, throw (away)' > IE: NaIE 'sIcu_b"- {P} 'darinschieen, schieen,
werfen, schieben', {EI} 'push away, push ahead' > Gt af-sIiuban 'push away', ON sIufa - sIyfa 'shove,
push away (fortstoen)', OHG sciaban, NHG schicbcn, AS sccofan - scufan 'to shove, push', NE shovc ||
Lt sIubti 'to start hurrying' ( 'sIcub- > ON sIoa 'to run, jump') - sIubc'ti 'to hurry, make haste,
run in a hurry' WP I 377 & II 551, P 955, EI 471, Fs. 9, Vr. 5O6, 5O8, Ho. 284, Schz. 257, KM 646,
Frn. 82O ll HS: S 's_ 'throw down, throw away', 'wash away the soil' (of rain) > BHb sh (prt.
Fh4&x so'hc 'washing away' [of the rain]), MHb {Lv.} sh G 'fortschaffen, abrasieren', JA {Lv.}
sh v. G 'strzen, auf etwas legen, werfen', {Sl.} 'place upside-down, place above, cover, throw
down', SmA {Tal} sh G 'scatter', Md sh 'cast down, throw down', Ak s_ (inf. sa_au)
'umwerfen, niederwerfen', ?? Ar shf 'emporter' (se dit du vent qui emporte les nuages) [h for the
expected _ due to contamination with shf 'enlever le poil de la peau, raser'?] KB 7O8, Tal 578, Lv.
III 497, Sl. 798, Js. 371, BK I 1O6O, DM 32O, 325, Sd. 1OO4 S ' is due to as ('-qb- > '-q-) ll
?? A: NaT 'ob 'sediment, dregs, rubbish' ( *'what is to be thrown away'?) ( N 'caVE 'filth,
dung', 'litter'? [q.v. ffd.]).
286. 'coI_cV 'coI_cV 'to sweep, rub\scrape away\off' > K 'c`oc`_- 'besom' > G coc_-i, Sv
ccc_ " cac_ id., Mg {FS} 'corc_- 1 G G/A corc_-av-s '(he) sweeps', corc_-va 'to sweep' K 23O,
K
2
273, FS K 413-4, FS E 466, SSO II 341, Chx. 2O24 ll HS: S: Ar sysy 'arracher, tirer de sa place
force de remuer' BK I 1O95 ll U {Db.} 'cocV 'wipe off, rub off, sweep' > F huosi- '(ab-\auf-
)schwabben; schaben, kratzen', huosia 'Schwabber; Besen, Wischer' | Vt ucy- cuz- v. 'sweep, sweep
away' || ObU {Ht.} 'cac- 'sweep' > pOs 'cac- > Os: V/Vy cac-, Ty/Y cac- id. Sm: Slq UKe {KD}
cutc- 'schaben' Db. OS xxiii, UEW 6O, Ht. #89 (both adduce pOs 'cacom- 'pour out' and pVg
'sas- 'pour (out), strew', that are likely to belong to FU 'sVcV [Coll. 7, Stn. WV 171, BV 1O7]), KD
D 74 ll A: Tg 'uu- 'scrape' > Neg oo-, Ewk uuls-, Lm o'tls- v. 'scrape clean the inner side of
hide', Orc oolo-, Ork tottolo- - tuttulo-, Nn Nh/KU tuculs- 'scrape hide', Neg oon - oun, Ewk uun,
Lm o'un, Ork oo(n-), Ork totto - tuttu, Nn Nh/KU tucu 'round notched scaper for cleaning the
inner side of hide' STM II 418 ^ In K and U there was as of the original affricates: N 'c...c or
'c...c changed into K 'c`...c` and U 'c...c. In K there was a reg. mt (a lr. moves to the post-obstruent
position) bringing about formation of a "harmonic complex" 'c`_.
287. 'c'udV 'outstretched hand, span' > K: GZ 'cid- 'span of the thumb and forefinger' ({FS}
'halbe Daumenlnge' []) ({K} 'mcida- 'span of the thumb and forefinger') > OG cid-i, cid-a 'hand-
breadth' (in the G version of the OT [Ezek. 4O.43, II Chron. 4.5] cid(a) = LXX tooiot 'a palm of the
hand [four fingers breadth] as a measure of length' = Hb hf27y 'toah - hf2y3 'tcah 'hand-breadth'),
{FS} 'halbe Daumenlnge' [], G cida- {DCh., Chx.} 'span of the outstreched thumb and forefinger
(Cerisa da salokes TiTis gashlili zoma; altes Lngenmass: so lang, wie man Daumen und Zeigefinger
auseinanderspannen kann)', Mg {Q} ci(n)da id., Lz {Chik.} mcida 'span' K 141, K
2
266, Chik. 75, FS K
399-4OO, FS E 45O, Abul. 516, DCh. 1593, Chx. 2OO3-4, Q 37O, SSO I 376 ll HS: S 'ssdv > Ar sdv
(ip. -sdu / -sduv-) 'tendre\allonger la main vers qn.\qch.' BK I 1O73 ll D 'cutt- 'cott- ({GS} '-)
'span' > Ml cotta-ccan 'span of the thumb and forefinger', Kt cot 'breadth of four fingers', Kn
cotu, cutu, Kdg cuti 'the small span of the thumb and forefinger', Tu cot(t)u - contu id., cutti 'a
span', Tl |uttili 'the small span' D #2834.
288. ? 'c`odU 'defect, evil deed' > K 'cc`odjv,- > OG, G cod(v)- v. 'sin', codva n. 'sin', ??? Lz {BU}
cudi, mcudi 'a lie' (unless it is identical with Lz mcudi 'vain, idle, vergeblich', akin to G cudi 'vergeblich'
and Mg cud- 'be bad', see FS K 452) Abul. 518, Chx. 2O18-9, DCh. 1598, BU 419 ll HS: S 'ssd >
Ar Oad0Sa sad-at- 'mal, accident fcheux' BK I 1O71 ll D 'cott 'defect, blame; insinuation,
disparaging remark' [ N 'cUdV 'to be weak, damaged, weary' N (?) 'sotV 'to exercise magic' (>
'to curse, bless'?] > Tm cottu 'defect, insinuation', Ml cattu 'fault', Tl soddu 'defect, fault; blame,
imputation' D #2837 ^ If Lz (m)cudi belongs here, it points to a pK 'c- and a pN 'c-.
289. 'CcgV 'breast, milk' > ? K: Sv: UB/L li-sgi, LB li-sgi, Ln li-sIi msd. 'to milk' TK 49O-1, GP
178 ll A: M 'cccin 'breast, chest' > MM [S} ccci 'Brustkorb', [MA] cci(n) 'breast, chest', WrM
ccgcin, HlM nyy 'upper front of body, chest, breast, bosom', WrO cci 'chest, bosom, breast', Ord
c`c_i, Kl ucc' cc, {Rm.} cc
i
, Brt cyyy, Dg cci {T} 'breast, chest', {Mr.} 'chest (of body)', Mgl
{Rm.} ccii 'breast'; ? M 1 Chv Ll ucAucA ci_i 'female breast' (unless an independent Ll ) Pp. MA
132, H 26, MED 7O, Kow. 2124-5, Gl. II 365-6, Luv. 624, DRM 132, Krg. 625, KRS 646, Ms. O 699, T
DgJ 181, Mr. D 128, KW 438, Rm. M 25, Chr. 4O5 Merger with N 'cayVdjV,yV 'female breast'
cannot be ruled out ll D 'cc- ({GS} 'ccc-) 'milk' > Tm ccIIu 'breast milk', ccIIai_ 'womans breast',
Kn ccu 'gush\spurt as of milk', Kdg ccu v. 'secrete' (pf milk), Tl ccu " ccu 'become full of milk'
(of the breasts), 'be secreted' (of milk), Gdb scma- 'become ready to be milked' D #28O3.
29O. 'c`oIV 'shelter, primitive house' > HS: S 'suII- 'temporary shelter' > Hb ek`1x8 suI'Ia 'hut',
t&x`8e2 ,hag hassuI'Iot 'feast of tabernacles', SmHb pl. saIIot 'tabernacles', Ak OB suIIu 'shrine,
chapel'. SamHb s- proves that the S initial cns. is 's- rather than 's- CAD XV 361-2, KB 711, KBR
753 ll U: FU 'coIV-mV (or 'coV-mV) 'temporary shelter' ({UEW} 'zeitweiliges Obdach'), 'cave of
beasts' > Prm 'com ({Lt.} 'com) 'shelter made of branches', 'cabin' > OPrm com 'shelter made of
branches (manam)', Z uox com id., 'kennel', Z I com 'reindeer breeders tent (uyx)', Yz cu'm 'barn' || pOs
'soyom ({ Hl.} 'sayom < 'soyom) > Os: V/Vy soyom, Lk say"om, Ty (+ppa. 3s} suymo 'cabin dug out of
snow, Schneehtte', 'cave or winter den of animals, burrow' UEW 38, LG 3O9, Stn. D 1318, KrT
837.
291. 'CoI'u 'small, little' > HS: C: pAg {Ap.} 'csg"- ({ Ap.} 'cog"-) 'be small, young', Bln {R}
scg"- - scy"- 'be few', Xm {R} ciI"-, Q {R} scg"-, Km {CR} sog"- || EC: Kns {Ss.} saII- 'small', {Fl.} ssIa
'few, small', Brj saI-an-c 'light' (of weight)', ?? Sa/Af {Ss.} -isissiI- 'be fast, light, easy, leight-weight'
(of a person)' AD SF 119, Ap. AV 2O, Ss. B 171 ll A: M 'cocn > MM [HI] cocn, [MA, IM]
con 'little' (of quantity), 'few', WrM cogcn, HlM n' ' n 'little, few, sparce, rare', Ba {T} coq, Mnr {T}
cion 'little' (of quantity), 'few', {SM} c`ion 'peu nombreux, en petite quantit, peu' Pp. MA 136,
435, Ms. H 47, MED 2O1, SM 454, T 231, T BJ 151.
292. i 'c`c`'aKV 'to tickle' > IE: NaIE i 'sIcI-/'sIoI- > Sl: ChS tk+k+:o:usI+I+tati, R cio) rar 'to
tickle', Blg 'cioior, R c) ioria n. 'tickling', ? SCr cIaIl|ati 'to tickle' Vs. IV 5OO ll U: FU 'ciIIV- v.
'tickle' > Lp N {N} cagardi- 'be ticklish', cagalduvva- id., 'have a ticklish feeling', Lp L {LLO}
t|aIartit v. 'tickle' | Chr: H co-olto-, E ci-ilt+- id. || Hg csiIol-, Hg csiIland- id. MF 116, N I 351-2,
LLO 1124 ll A: Tg: Lm aIa-i-, Orc caIaca-, Nn B caqast-, ciqast-, Ul ciIir-ci- v. 'tickle', Ul
ciIiruvli adj./adv. 'ticklish, it tickles' CinR 685, STM II 378, Sun. UJ 257 ll D 'caIIul- ({GS} '-'s-)
v. 'tickle' > Tm aIIulu id., Ml aIIulam 'tickling' Kn aIala (a term used in tickling), aIIaliIc 'tickling',
caIIalaguli 'tickling another', :aIIulisu v. 'tickle, touch', Kdg IaIIuli 'tickling' (I- due to ideophony),
Tl caIIilgili 'tickling', Mlt {Drs.} ccqlIundc v. 'tickle'; ? D 'caIIVll- armpit' > Tm aIIul, Ml aIIulam, Tl
caIIili id. D #2274 ^ IS I 2O4.
293. 'ciIPV 'branch, shoot of a plant' > K: GZ 'c`Ii- 'small branch' > G I cIi-i 'small broken
branch', Mg cIi- 'fork', ?? Zan 1 G Gr cIvi-i 'shoot of a tree' K
2
274, FS K 415, Ghl. 679 ll HS: S
'sI > SmA Fvqx sIv 'offshoot', Mh sIf (pf. ss'Iau_f), Jb C sIf (pf. 'so'Iof) v. 'roof a hut with
branches', Mh saIf-, Jb E/C scIf 'roof of branches on a hut or pen', 'roof', Ak ziIu 'shoot (of a tree
or other plant), sapling' Tal 6O9, Jo. M 347, Jo. J 227, CAD XXI 127-8 ll A: NaT 'i:b- 'thin slender
branch' ( N 'ciPX 'branch, bough, rod', q.v. ffd.).
294. ??? 'C'alV ( = 'c`'alV?) 'cold' > IE: NaIE 'I"ol-d ( N 'KELjH,V 'cold, q.v.) > Sl 'xold+
'cold' (n.) (gen. 'xolda) > OCS ao+, Blg xna(, SCr, Slv hlad, Cz, Slk chlad, P chlod, R, Uk 'xono(
(gen. 'xono(a) ESSJ VIII 57-9, Vs. IV 256, Glh. 262-3 ll D 'cal- 'cold' > Tm cali 'cold, chilliness', Kn,
Tu cali, cali, sali 'coldness, cold, coolness', Krg talli 'cold', Tl cali 'cold' (n.), Gdb calandi 'cold rice
serving for breakfast', Knd salaq 'cold, cool', Ku salma 'cool'; ( N 'caljU,gV 'snow') Kn cali 'snow'
D #24O8 ll A: NaT 'ol 'icicle' > Alt/Tlt/QK {Rl.} col id., 'olda- > Tlt colda- 'zu Eiszapfen gefrieren'
Rl. III 2O22-4.
295. 'cclE 'to peel' > K: GZ 'cl- v. 'peel' > OG, G cl- vt., vi. 'peel' (of fruit peel, skin), Mg rc(v)-, Lz
rc- id. | Sv UB/L cil 'bark, crust, skin' K 225, Q 313, K
2
263 [Sv cil Sv ccl-/cl- 'tear, strip off'
(actually {TK} tear asunder, split' or {FS} 'cut'), see N 'caljE,o 'split, cut'), TK 473, 837, GP 277 ll ?
HS 'sl (de-affricatization 's- < 'c-) > S 'sl- + ext. : CS 'sl_ v. 'skin' > Ar sl_ G v. 'skin (a sheep or
other animal), take off clothes', JA slh G {Lv.} 'ablegen, ausziehen', {Js.} 'throw off, undress, flay',
{Sl.} 'remove clothes, flay', SmA slh 'strip', Sr slh G 'doff, take off, atrip off (clothes)'; BHb hl2S3
'sclah 'hide', MHb hl2S3 'sclah, JA ah1l6S5 sil'h-a {Js.} 'hide, fresh skin', Sr Xla so'lah 'hide, skin', Plm
slh 'skin', Ar UlSa sal_- 'peau quand elle est te dun animal corch' KB 14O4, HJ 1142, Tal 897-
8, Sl. 1147, Lv. IV 558-6O, Js. 158O, JPS 578-9, BK I 1121, MiK I #1.244 [ OAk, Ak maslu
'leather bucket; hide (used for wrapping)'] SC: Kz {E} sil- v. 'pluck bird', C 1 Mb {E} -silo 'bare,
naked' E SC 18O (s.v. 'sil- v. 'strip bare') ?? CCh: Bcm {Sh.} si`larc, {ChL} stlari, Mln {ChL} sira,
Bt G {Mch.} sirc 'skin' JI II 297, ChC, ChL ll IE 'sIol- 'peel' (n.) > Gmc 'sIol|o > Gt sIal|a 'kcoo),
brick' ({KM}: *'Schindel, Schuppenartiges'), OHG scala 'shell, scale (patera)', OSx sIala 'Schale,
Muschel', NHG Schalc 'skin, peel, shell', ON sIcl, AS scicll 'Schale, Muschel, Schuppe', NE shcll | Sl: R
ciannna 'bark', RChS tkeaiko sIoliIa 'shell' (< IE 'sIclH- v. 'split' < N 'caljE,o '' [q.v.]) Fs. 427-8, Vr.
488, Ho. 277, Ho. S 65, Schz. 257, Kb. 865, KM 633, Mn 1173 ll U 'ccllc '(to rub\scratch in order
to) to get the skin off', v. 'bark' > Lp N {N} calla-/-l- v. 'rub the antlers against sth. to get the skin
off', Lp L {LLO} t|alla- 'abkratzen, abschlen, abreien' Sm: Ne O {Lh.} scla- 'das Geweih von der
Haut reinigen, die Rinde von einem Baum reiben' UEW 35, LLO 113O, Lh. 436 ll A: NaT 'cal
'film, thin skin' > Tlt cal 'film (on an egg\meat\eye)', Qrg ccl 'film on the inner side of skin; wall-
eye', Qzq scl 'thin layer of epidermic fat; wall-eyed', Brb {Tm.} cal 'placenta' Rs. W 1O3, Jud. 856,
Sht. 233, MM 395, Rl. III 1975, Tm. 236, TL 392.
296. 'cElV 'to be quiet, wait' > K 'ccl- > Mg cal- (cal-cba, da-cal-cba, aor. va-cal-i) {Q} 'to give time,
wait' Q 369 ll HS: SES 'slb > Mh, Hrs, Jb, Sq slb v. 'wait' Jo. M 348, Jo. H 11O, Jo. J 228 ll U: FU
'c'ullV 'be quiet\still' > pPrm 'co'l 'quiet' > Z uocn csv 'quiet' (adj.), n. 'silence', Z U/V csl n.
'silence, quiet', Yz co'l, Vt uan cal 'without noise, silently' (acc. to Lt., before l pPrm 'o' yields Vt a) ||
Hg csillaod- 'become silent' MF 117, LG 31O, Lt. 129, SZ 416. Acc. to IS I 164, U 'u > pPrm
'o' under certain conditions (incl. the position before 'l?).
297. 'collV 'be\make empty' > K: GZ 'c`al-/'c`l- v. 'empty, be idle' > OG mo-cal-/mo-cl- v. 'be idle',
G cal-/cl-, Mg col- v. 'empty; have spare time', G calicri 'empty, idle' K 227, K
2
269, FS K 4O6, FS E
457-8, Q 366, Chik. 377-8, DCh. 1587, 1596-7, Chx. 2O12-5 ll D 'coll- 'be empty, carious' > Tm
collai_ 'that which is decayed, worm-eaten, carious', Ml collu 'stunted, worm-eaten', Kn |ollu
'unsubstantiality, emptiness, state of being without stuff', Tu collc 'cripple', Tl sollu 'empty' D
#2864 ll HS: ?? AdS of S 'sll v. 'take out\away' (< N 'sclV 'to take off, destroy, pull off').
298. 'caljE,o 'to split, cut' > K 'ccl- v. 'mow, cut' - 'ccl- 'scythe' > G ccl- v. 'mow', ccl-i 'scythe'
(1 Mg ccl-i id.), Mg cal-i id., cal- v. 'mow', Lz (n)cal- id. (Lz (n)cal- v. 'sharpen' seems to go back to a
derivate from Z 'cal- 'scythe') | Sv {K
2
} ccl-/cl- 'tear, strip off', Sv LB {TK} li-ccl msd. 'tear asunder, split
(gaxeva, gaxlea, gapoba)', Sv UB/L {FS} cil- (msd. li-ccl) v. 'cut, cut asunder' IS I 196, K 223, FS K 396,
FS E 445-6, GM S 77, GM S 313, TK 473 ll HS: CS 'sl v. 'split' - ''saljV,- 'a cleft in the rock'
( 'rock') > Ar lS sl v. G 'split', l0Sa sal- 'cleft in the rock', Hb ol2x3 'scla, JA ao1l6x5 sil'-a 'rock'
KB 715-6, KBR 75, Tal 591-2, Js. 996 B: Sll {Ds.} i-sli 'rocher', Izd {Mrc.} i-solli 'grosse pierre' Mrc.
353, Ds. 25O Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'sVl- v. 'cut' > Gera salls-mi id., Gw sara id., 'reap', Hs sara 'fell
(tree), chop, cut' (Hs {Ba.} sululu 'a handleless knife', adduced in Stl ZCh, is more doubtful) | Bd
{Gr. ?) salo v. 'cut' Stl. ZCh 179-8O [#319], Ba. 9O3, Mts. G 1O6, Gr. LA 51 [#2] IS I 196
adduces some C words: Bj sal- (misunderstood as an adj. 'sharp', but actually being a verb with the
meaning 'to sharpen', Rop. 231), Xm sil- 'knife', Q sol- v. 'be sharp'. In my opinion, these words are
too doubtful and too semantically remote to be adduced as cognates, the more so that Bj sal- and Q
{R} sol- seem to be S loanwords (maybe from Amh l salv v. 'sharpen' going back to the EthS root shl,
cf. Gz s1l sahala id.) ll IE 'sIcljL,-/'sIljL,- 'split', {EI} 'sIcl- 'split (apart)' > Ht isIalla(i)- v. 'slit, slash,
split, tear' Gk okoe 'I hoe' || Arm elum c"cl-um 'I split' (c"- < IE 'sI-, as shown in Me. EAC 32), Arm
skalim sIal-im v. 'open the chinks, split, gape, crack' || Clt {RE} 'sIolt- v. 'split' > OIr scoilt- v. 'split,
divide up', scoilt 'fente, fissure', Brtt: W holtti, ? Crn falsa, fcl|a [{Vn.} fclza], ? MBr fcutiff, ? Br
faoutan v. 'split', W hollt, ? MBr faout, faut 'fente' (Clt 'sI- > Crn, Br f- is still to be explained) OIr
sccilim v. 'slice', scailt 'fente' || ON sIil|a 'to split, separate', AS a-scicllan, to-scicllan 'to separate,
divide' || Lt sIclti (prs. sIcliu) v. 'split', Ltv sIclt (prs. sIclu) 'split lengthwise' | Sl 'sIala 'rock,
splitter' > ORtkoao , R, Blg cia'na, P sIala 'rock', Uk cia'na 'stone', SrCr sIala 'rock, slice, bit', Slv
sIala 'rock, chip', Cz sIala 'rock', 'Steinbruch', Slk sIala 'stone, rock'; Sl 'sccli > R cn (dim.
) [n-ia), Uk n, P szczclina, szczcl 'cleft, crevice, chink, slot', Slv scal|a 'a split' P 923, Pv. I-II
413-5 (invokes Arm sIal-im), EI 538-9, F II 715-6, Vn. S 29, 48-9, RE 134, Vr. 492, Ho. 277, Frn. 8OO,
Kar. II 347, Vs. III 63O-1 & IV 5O1, Br. 543, ZVSZ 383-4, Glh. 552-3, GK 552, Slt. 1O5, Ach. III 225
(derives sIal-im from Iranian 'siI-), 452-3 ll U: FU (in Prm) 'caLV- v. 'cut off, separate' > pPrm
'cal- v. 'cut off, split off, separate' > Z uanni- calls- 'cut off (e.g., the upper green leaves of
cabbage)', uancc calcs 'bran', Z UV calgsd- v. 'cut off, separate', Prmk caldst--caydst- 'split off' LG
3O1 [adduces Er uania- calga- v. 'brake (flax, hemp)' (obviously a sd of calga- v. 'tread', see ERV
737)] The palatality of the lateral cns. in Prm is probably an innovation ll A 'cal'U > T 'al(u)- v.
'knock down, beat (in order to split, break, slaughter), mow' ( N 'calV 'to beat, knock down, fell') >
OT cal- v. 'knock down, beat, beat out (fire)', Qzq sal- v. 'slaughter', Qrch cal-, Balq cal- v. 'mow, cut',
Qmq cal- v. 'cut off, slaughter', Chv L sul- v. 'mow', etc. Cl. 417-8, Rs. W 97, Ash. XII 2O8 & XIII 17,
Fed. II 132, Rl. III 1876, 1887 & IV 965 Tg 'alu--'olt- 'cut off' > Neg oli- id., 'trim', Ul
calu- - cali- 'cut, cut off', Nn Nh cali-, Nn B cali-, WrMc coli- v. 'cut' STM II 4O5 The M forms
quoted in IS I 196-7 and DQA (after KW 42O) are qu. : WrM cali (adduced by Rm. as a cognate of Kl
cal
i
- cal
i
'Schrfe, scharf') is not confirmed by standard dictionaries of WrM (Kow., Gl., MED) or by
the main sources of MM. The Kl {Rm.} word cal
i
- cal
i
is cognate with Brt cannn- 'be pointed' and
canniap 'pointed (gespitzt, ocrpoioncunin)' (Chr. 383) and goes back to M 'calijy,- 'pointed, sharp',
without reliable semantic connection with the meaning of the N . The latter is true also of pJ {S}
'turujn,Ii 'sword' [> OJ turugi_i - turuIi_i, J T curugi, see S QJ #1586, Mr. 557] (adduced in DQA)
DQA #267 (A 'c`alu 'sharp; to cut') ll D 'cal-, {GS} 'scl- v. 'cut, split' ( N 'saljV,qU 'to cleave, cut
asunder', q.v. ffd.) ^ Cf. IS I 195-7 (IE, K, HS, A + unc. U 'ssalc--'ssalc- v. 'cut, split' (= {UEW}
'salc-, UEW 459-6O). In view of the fact that there is no other known with U 's- < N 'c (= N 'c- in
the notation of IS), I prefer to adduce here FP 'caLV-.
299. 'c`ilXV 'to defecate' > HS: S 'slh (or 'slh) v. 'defecate' > Ar slh id. (of a person) BK I
112O An alt. etl. conjecture connects this verb with EC 'sal- 'cowdung' (Bl. 1OO, Ss. PEC 32, Ss. B
164) and Mb Ii-salo 'mud; dung of large animals' (E SC 326), but it fails to explain the absence of
the reflex of HS 'h in EC ll A: T [1] 'ila > OT {Cl.} cila 'dung'; [2] 'il- v. 'defecate' > OT {Cl.} cis
'urination, defecation', MT [AH, IM] sic- 'to defecate', Tk sic-, Kr {Rl.} sic-, QrB cic-, Qzq rim- tis-,
VTt riu- t+s-, QK {B} sis-, StAlt {B}, Qmn {B} cic-, Tel/Alt {Rl.} sis-, Chv sis/z_- id.; here T '-l(-)<
''-l-y(-) with 'y of suffixal origin Cl. 418, 43O, Rs. W 414 (s.v. syc-), Sht. 2O7, Rl. III 2O94 & IV 657,
661, B DK 271, B DLT 227, BT 184.
3OO. 'c`oLKV (- 'c`oLIV) 'to advance with effort (creep, crawl, climb, etc.)' > IE: NaIE {P} 'slcnI-
(- 'slcng-) 'creep, crowl', {Mn.} v. 'crawl, trudge, amble' > MBr lcncr 'glissant' ({P} 'schleichend'), ?? W
llyngyr pl. 'intestinal worms', MBr lnqucrncnn, Br lcnIcr(n)-cnn 'intestinal worm' || ? L lumbricus id.
(unless < IE 'slcnd"- 'crawl') || OSw slinIa 'kriechen, sich schmiegen', AS slincan 'creep' > NE slinI; d :
OSx, OHG slango, NHG Schlangc 'snake'; OHG {Kb.} zuo-slingan 'to slide away', MHG slingcn 'to crawl
along', {Lx.} 'sich schlngelnd winden, kriechen, schleichen', AS slinan {Sw.} 'to worm one's way',
{Ho.} 'sich schlingen, winden, kriechen' || Lt slcnIu / slinIti 'creep, crawl' (of a snake), 'move slowly',
'slink' || OI [Dhat.] sran'I- 'go, move, creep' P 961-2, Mn. 121O-1, MW 1O95, M K II 554 (considers
OI sran'I- - sran'g- not fit ["nicht geeignet"] for etl. comparisons), Ern. 362, LP 63, WH I 831-2, Ho.
299, Ho. S 67, OsS 818, 823-4, Kb. 906, Lx. 198, KM 653, Frn. 832-3, unc. : EI 607 ['slcnI- 'turn,
twist {like a snake)'] ll HS: CS 'slI > BHb qlx slI 'ascend', BA, Sr slI v. 'ascend, climb', SmA slI
'go up', Ar {Fr.} slq G 'run', TD (pf. tasallaqa) 'climb\scale (a wall)', ? (with deglottalization) Ar
slI v. G 'travel, go along' KB 716, BDB #5267, KBR 758, Fr. II 344, Tal 592-3, Br. 477, Ln. 141O
ll ??, K: G sliIin- 'gleiten, glittern, rutschen' Chx. 1268 ll A: ??? M 'colgi- > WrM colgi-, HlM nonin-
'come to the surface, emerge', M 'colgi-la- > WrM colgi-la, HlM noninno- v. 'hasten, rush' MED 197
ll D 'coII- ({GS} 's- or 's-) v. 'climb' > Klm soI-, Nkr soII-, Prj co--/co-tt-/ coII- id., Ku ho?- (p. hott-)
id. D #2828 ^ The IE var. 'slcng- and M 'colgi- point to a var. 'c`oLIV at the pN level
(progressive as ?). G s- (for the expected c-) may be due to a desaffricatization in the precons.
position.
3O1. 'c`alqV 'lean, thin; reduced (as body)' > HS: S 'sslI (as . 's...I < 'c...I [< N 'c`...q]) > Ar
[Qam.] {Fr.} musallaI- 'tenuis, gracilis (homo)' Fr. II 346 C: HEC 'clI ( N 'calV 'feeble, lean;
to shrink, diminish'?) > Hd {PB} ccraI- 'mager, dnn, schlank sein', ccraIa 'mager, dnn, schlank'
(Hd -r- < EC '-l-; HEC 'c- goes back to both emphatic and plain vl. affricates) PB 179, AD SF 12O
ll ??

K 'cc`qal- > G cqal- 'grow lean, abmagern' Chx. 22O8 ll U 'calIV (or 'calV) > ObU
'ccloy 'thin' > pVg 'calo > Vg: T calov, LK soli, MK/UK soli, P soli, Km (NV) soli, LL sola,
UL/Ss sali; pOs 'ccloy ({ Hl.} 'caloy) > Os: V/Vy cclo, Ty ca'lo, Y ca'lo, D cclo, Nz sclo, Kz
scli, O scl Ht. #77, Hl. rHt 71, KrT 9O7-8, Stn. WV 177 ll ? D (in SD) 'caII- ({GS} 'cc-) 'lean' > Kt
caI 'lean' (of meat), caIn 'lean man', Tu caIIo 'stunted, short, lean', caIIc 'a weakling, lean person'
D #2268 ? and ''cirI- (> 'ciqI-/'ciII-) v. 'become thin, meager' > Tm cin'Iu v. 'diminish, wane,
decrease', ciIal v. 'diminish, decrease, perish', Kdg ciII- v. 'become tired', Tu tirIani v. 'be lean, weak',
tirIt, cirIo 'fading, weakness', tirIot 'a lean\weak man', Gnd sirana v. 'grow thin', Knd siI- v. 'be
reduced (as body)'; D 1 pInA 'siIIa-/'siqga > Prkr sin'ga- 'lean, thin' D #25O3.
3O2. 'ci?amV ' grass' > K {K} 'c`am-/'c`cm- 'grass' > OG, G cam- *'grass' (in OG, G cam-al-
'medicine, drug'), Lz (n)cam- 'medicine, drug', Sv UB (TK, GP), Sv Ln/L {TK} ccm ({K
2
} Sv ccm
with an err. c?) 'hay'; the irreg. vw. in OG, G and Mg defies explaination Compound stem GZ
'lcl-c`am- 'reed Arundo donax' > OG lcr-cam-, G lcr-cam- - lcl-cam- 'reed', Mg larcam- - larccm-; the
first component of the cd is GZ 'lcl- 'reed Phragmites communis' (K 12O-1) ?? Mg (r)ccm- 'pubic
hair', Sv {K} cima id. K 121, 249, K
2
3O6; FS K 457-8, FS E 518-9 (both: 'c`am- in G - Sv without
Zan), Q 314, Rog. C , TK 861, GP 28O ll HS: S 'samm- 'grass' ( 'medicinal grass, perfume, etc.')
(infl. of N 'camVcV 'to wither' 'to get sour, foul'??) > Ak sammu 'plant, grass; hay, fodder; herb,
medicinal plant', BHb Mim`5x2 sam'm-im 'spice (used in incense)', 'species (Spezereien)', MHb Mx2 sam,
JA am`1x2 sam'm-a 'drug (healing or deleterious)', JEA {Sl.} am`1x2 sam'm-a 'drug, medicine, dye' Sr
sam'm-a drug, poison, pigment', Ug smm 'perfume', Ar samm- 'poison' (A Aram?) (1 Mh, Sq sam,
possibly Jb E scm, Jb schm 'poison'), Ak LB (A WS?) sammutu 'fragrance' The S belongs here
unless it is 'samm- (as tacitly suggested by BDB) CAD XV 12O & XVII/1 315-21, Sd. 1167, BDB
7O2, KB 716, OLS 404, Js. 998, Sl. 817, Br. 479, Jo. M 35O ? B 'smm v. 'be sour' (if 'sour\bitter
grass', cp. S) > Rf, Izn osmom 'aigrir, fermenter, tre aigre', Sll ismum 'sour', Kb ismum 'be sour', Ah
ismam 'be bitter', Zng {TC} samum (Z scmum) 'bitter', pf. ycsmcm 'il a rendu amer' Fc. 1836, Rn.
318, Ds. 1O, Dl. 776, TC D 8, TC Z 308 Semantic infl. of N 'camVcV 'to wither' 'to get sour, foul'
cannot be ruled out Eg fP sm.v 'plants, herbage; vegetables; pasture' EG IV 119-2O, Fk. 225 C:
Bj {R} sc'yam - si'yam 'grass' || SC: ? Kz ccmal-iIo 'straw' R WBd 2O7, E SC 2O1 OS #395 adduces
Irq camo 'kind of grass', but I have not been able to find the word in the available sources ECh:
Mkl scmi 'hay', Smr {J} scmdc pl. 'grass' || ? Hs cavrc (regularly from 'camr) ' a tall, coarse
grass' J LM 172, ChC, Abr. H 881 Ak samidu - simidu ' spice plant or vegetable' [CAD XV
114-5] (the stem pattern in Ak samidu suggests that this is an adj. from the root 'smd [='cmd],
making the connection with HS 'c'im- 'grass' implausible) OS #383 ('camid- 'grass': Ak, Smr),
#395 (HS 'cim- 'grass, plant': Eg, Mkl + erroneously interpreted or highly doubtful S, Ch and C
words), Tk. PAA 3 (Kz, Hs) ll A: NaT 'ij:,m 'sod, turf' > OT cim 'turf, peat', Az cim 'turf, sod', Osm
{Rh.} cim id., 'grassplot', Tk cim 'grass, greensward', ET cim 'turf, peat ((ypn, ropq)', Uz cim, Qzq,
Nog sim, Qrg cim 'turf ((ypn)' Cl. 421-2, Rs. W 111, z. 395, Rh. 747, BN 31 ll D 'cam- ({GS} '-)
' reed, elephant grass' > Tm camu 'elephant grass, Typha elephantina', Kn |amb- ' reed or sedge,
Typha angustifolia', Tl |ambu 'a bulrush, sedge' D #2347 D '-- may go back to an original sx.
^ K 'c`-, Kz c- and Hs c- < 'c..?-.^ The vowel(s) of the N are not clear. It may be tentatively
suggested that there was an internal group '-i?a- (still preserved in Bj as -iya-, but contracted into
a, c, i or i in all other descendant lgs.).
3O3. 'c'om E 'to smear' > K {K
2
} 'cvcm-/'cvm- v. 'smear with fat', {FS} 'ccm- v. 'smear' > Sv {TK}
msd.: UB li-cvm-cn-i, L li-cvcni, licvicni, Ln li-cvcm-i 'to smear, grease', UB {GP} li-cvm-i 'to plaster
(stucco)'; - GZ {K
2
} 'cjv,mcl-, {FS} 'cm-cl- n. 'fat' > OG cmcl- id. (Lev. 8.25), G cmcl- {FS} 'Fett,
Schmiere', Mg csmu- " cimu- 'fat, scum (Schaum, nainn)', {Q} csmu- 'fat (np, ryi)', Lz cimu-luy-
'overripe figs' (luy- 'figs') K 225, K
2
265, FS K 396-7, FS K
2
577, FS E 446, TK 475, GP 183, Q 373
ll IE: NaIE 'smc--'smci_-d- v. 'smear, stroke', {EI} ? 'smci_d- 'smear' > Gk inf. ov, aor. oooi 'smear,
wipe' || Arm mic mic 'mud, mire, dirt' (< 'smidi_o-) || Gt bi-smcitan 'cti_civ, to smear upon',
ga-smcitan id., 'spread on', OHG bi-smian to smear upon, soil', smian '(an)streichen, schmieren', AS
{Fs.} bc-smitan 'to smear upon', {Ho.} smitan 'to soil, to dirty', NE smitc || ? Sl 'smcd+, 'smcd|i 'dark-
coloured' > ChS tm1+ smcd+ 'ouo), co)', SCr smc`d 'brown', Slv smcd, OCz smcdy, OP smiady
'dark-brown' (Cz sncdy, P sniady with n due to the infl. of hncdy, gniady 'brown'); cf. also NaIE
'(s)mcru- 'fat, ointment' ( s.v. N 'smi 'fat') WP II 685-6, P 966-7, EI 528, F II 748, Ch. 1O27, Fs.
95, Schz. 262, Ho. 3O2, OsS 834-5, WW 266, Kb. 919KM 663, Vs. III 684, Br. 533, Glh. 565 The
intial 's- for the expected 'sI- is probably due to the unfluence of the synonymous NaIE 'smcru- 'fat,
ointment' (< N 'SamirV 'fat, grease') ll ? D (in KK) 'com- ({GS} 'ss-) > Kui homb- v. 'rub, stroke',
Ku Kt hombali " hombinai_ v. 'scour, shrub' D #2879 ll ?? HS: C: Bj {R} smt pcv. 'grease the hair,
smear butter on it; anoint, rub (pomadisieren, frottieren, reiben)' (1s: p. 'asmit, prs. asam'mit) R
WBd 216 N 'ci_mV 'fat'? Ch: Bl {Lk.} sam- v. 'einreiben' Lk. PVB II 138 ^ Without the K
cognate we would have reconstructed here an initial sibilant 's-.
3O4. 'c'uncV 'c'uNcV 'to crawl' > K: GZ 'c`oc`- 'crawl, creep, clamber' ( {K
2
} 'climb') > G
coc- v. {Chx.} 'creep, crawl' ({K
2
} 'climb'), Mg coc- v. 'clamber' ( {K
2
} 'climb'); Zan 1 G coc-
'clamber, drag on', Arm {K
2}
c"oc"- 'crawl, creep' K 23O, K
2
273, FS K 413, FS E 465-6, Chx.
1945-6, 2O23, Q 651 The semantic interpretation 'climb' (in K
2
) may be due to inaccurate
rendering of the R polysemic verb nc:r ll U 'cuincV > pSm {Jn.} 'c+ncV 'kriechen' > En d 1s aor.
{Cs.}: X toddoqaro, B toddoqado || Sq Ke {Cs.} d 1s aor. canonnaq, Kms {KD} d 1s prs. t`ansrolam id.
Jn. 31, Cs. 145, 243 ^ As 'c...c (or 'c...c) > 'c...c (for K) and 'c...c (for U).
3O5. 'CCuNdV ' mouse' > A: Tg 'undV-IV 'undE-IV ' small rodent' > Orc ubduIi 'harvest
mouse (Micromys minutus)', Ud cundi

s, {Krm.} cundc 'shrew-mouse', Lm Ol/B/P td+ya, Lm Pkh

tdaga 'arctic spermophile', Lm KO id'qa 'lemming' STM II 39O, Krm. 312 ll D 'cun`t- ({GS} 'cc-)
' mouse' > Tm cuntan 'gray musk shrew', cuntan 'Mus urbanus', Ml cunt-cli 'mouse, musk-rat',
Kn sunda, Tu sund-cli, Kdg cin`d-cli 'house-mouse, field-mouse', Tl cuncu 'mouse, musk-rat', Klm
cindrag 'musk-rat', Gnd cuci 'musk-rat', cuti 'small rat', cotc 'mouse', Krx cotto 'mouse' D
#2661.
3O6. 'c'uqV 'to know' ( 'to have seen'?) > HS: Eg L svn ({EG} svn) 'know, recognize', (with the
prep. m) 'von etwas wissen' > DEg svn, Cpt: Sd teusoun, B twcu soucn 'wissen' EG IV 69, Vc.
2O1 B '-sin- / 'vsn 'know (savoir, connatre)' [ N 'cc?NV 'to recognize, know (connatre)',
q.v.] : '-sin- > ASgr aor. -sin, 'vsn > Ah osson, Ty, ETwl osson, Gh osson / pf. isson, Gd csson / pf. isscn,
Nf, Si, Wrg osson, Izn/Rf/SrSn {Rn.} osn / pf. isson, Sll {Ds.} isson-osson / pf. isson, Kb osson / pf. issin,
Tmz {MT} sson / isin id., Zng {TC} csson / pf. yosscn 'savoir'; the cns. 'v is reflected in the gemination
of 's and in u of the Ah caus. s-uson ABs. LBV 97, Fc. 1837, GhA 176, Dl. 782, MT 647, Dlh. Ou
3OO, Lf. I 245 & II #223, DCTC 285 Ch 'c'in/'cun or {AD} 's'in/'sun 'know' > Hs sina, sani,
(with an object) san, Gw {Mts.} sina | DfB {J} sun, Bks {J} saqi, Klr {J} si_cn, {IL} scn | Wrj/My {Sk.}
ssn, Cg {Sk.} ssn, Kry/Jmb {Sk.} ssn, P {MSk.} stnc, Sir {Sk.} ssnivi, Mbr {Sk.} ss`ni, Dir {Sk.} csn ||
Cb {IL} zsndi, {ChL} ztnt, Hb {ChL} zin, Hld {ChL} stnt, Wmd {ChL} stnt | HgNk {ChL} stnata, HgG
{ChL} stnagsy, HgF {ChL} stnsgi, FlG {ChL} stnaIi, FlJ {ChL} st, FlB {ChL} stq, FlM {IL} sin | Mtk {ChL}
suna?, {Sb.} ssn, pMM {Ro.} 'ssn (> Mada/Myn sal, Mkt ss, Hrz scndiIa, Mlk sar, Gzg ssn, Mofu
ssrada 'know', Mf {BLB} ssn- 'reconnatre, dcouvrir'), Glv {Rp.} ssr | Db {Lnh.} stn, Kola {Sb}
-ssq- 'know' | Gdr {Mch.} ssn id.| Lgn {Lk.} ssn id., Bdm {Lk.} hin 'I know' | ? Mrg sini 'know,
remember' || Ll {Grgs.} scn 'wissen, kennen' | NdD {J} hs`na, Tmk {Cp.} han 'know' | Mkl {J} sunc id.
Dir csn seems to suggests a pCh initial affricate; the original vw. seems to have been 'i, while
forms with 'a are likely to go back to a derived 'a-imperfective (suggested by Gr. and J) JI I 1O7 &
II 216-7, ChC, ChL, Ba. 896-8, 94O, Ro. 278-9 [#4O5], BLB 323-4 ?? EC:
amb
Or scna 'memory'
(unless d from scn- v. 'enter' or belong to N ''saNa 'word, say' 'think' [q.v.]) Grg. 354, Brl. 371
(scna 'ricordo, memoria') OS #2198 (HS 'saniH--'siniH- 'know, remember'), #2294 (HS 'sun-
'know'), Tk. I 128-9 ll ? U ''cuqV (< ''cuqX?) > Sm 's+q+ 'see, look' > Ne T d ca o 'a glance, look', T
O {Lh.} saqu 'Blick', Ne F {Lh.} _aqqu id., _IqqIro 'sieh', Ng {Mik.} d ssqursa 'to see, look', En X
{C} d soqaro, En B {C} soqiqado 'sehen, betrachten', En {Mik.} scqid 'see', Slq Tz {KKIH} saqa- 'try,
check' ('nonpo6onar, nponcpnr'), Mt {Hl.} 'sia- (?) 'see' (Mt: T {Mll.} schischaguram 'video', M {Mll.}
ingumsia 'non video' [ingum- 'I do not') FU 'csuncV (or '-ns-) > pVg 'suns-v. 'look, glance' > Vg
{Stn.} T so'ns-, LK sons-, MK sons-, UK/UL/Ss suns- Jn. 133, Cs. 91, KKIH 168, Hl. M #875, Stn. WV
275, MK 575 ll K: GZ 'c`an-/'c`n- 'know, learn, recognize' ( N 'cc?NV 'to recognize, know (connatre)'
[q.v. ffd.]) ^ A: DQA reconstructs pA 'ciqV 'listen, consider', presumably reflected in T 'tiqla- 'hear,
listen' (> OT tiqla-, Tv tiqna-, Tk dinlc-, Az, Tkm diqlc- etc.; may be derived from the Chinese loanword
A Chn t`i`q, MChn t`cq 'listen'), M 'ciqla- 'listen' (> WrM cingla--cingna-, HlM uaina-; to my mind, may
be a loan from T) and Tg 'iq 'consider' (in fact, WrMc iq - in 'exactly, just' A Chn in
'completely and\or cn 'just, exactly'; in other Tg lgs. the word is a loan from Mc). This alleged pA
root (based on controversial phonetic hypotheses) cannot be taken into consideration DQA
#238. Cl. 522, MED 19O, STM 258, Z 982, Is. 93, 19O, 23O ^ IS I 2O1-2 [#42] ('cinn 'know': K, HS).
3O7. 'c`uqV 'finger, knuckle' > U: FU 'c'uqV, {UEW} 'cEqV 'finger, (finger) knuckle' > Prm
{LG} 'cEni > Z uyn cun, Vt unni cinI 'finger', Yz cu'n 'finger, toe' || Os: D oqcn-u_ id. (u_ 'head'),
Kz soqon 'finger knuckle' | Hg csud, cud " cug " cug " cog 'pastern (of a horse), foot (of a
bird)' UEW 49, LG 314, MF 129, EWU 238 ll D 'cun`t--'cutt- ({GS} 's-) v. 'point at with the finger,
indicate' > Ml cuntuIa 'to point at, aim', cuntal-viral 'forefinger', Tm cuttu 'to point out, indicate',
Kn suttu, Kui suta 'to point at with the finger', Kui suta van:u, Ku huta vvan:u 'the index finger',
Tu tunduni 'to aim, point at', Tl |utta-vrclu 'forefinger' D #2658 ll HS: S ''sin- > Ar sin- 'os de
la paume de la main qui joignent les doigts la main; poignet lendroit o lavant-bras se joint
la main, os du pied o la jambe se joint au pied' BK I 1152 ^ ADb. MSR 22 [#33] (U, D).
3O8. 'c`c`'cqKV 'to break' > HS: WCh {Stl.} 'cinI- 'break (e.g. a stick)' > Hs cinIa v. 'snap (a
thread, a rope)' | SBc: Dw csq vi. 'snap (a stick)' Stl. ZCh 182 [#344], ChL I 227, Abr. H 885-6 ll U:
FU {It.} 'ccqIa, {UEW} csaqIV 'break' > Er sivc- vi. 'break, brechen, abbrechen' | Prm 'ccg- > Z
uci- ccg- vt., vi. 'break, break off' ('cnoxar, -c) , ornoxnr, ncpcnoxnr'), Yz 'cig- id., Vt uniini cigs- vi.
'break' ('cnoxarc) , ncpcnoxnrc) ') || pObU {Hl.} 'scqI-, {Ht.} 'scqI- > pVg 'saqI- > Vg: Vg T saqg-,
LK/Nz saqI- 'brechen', P saqI- 'schlagen'; pOs {Ht.} 'soqI- ({ Hl.} 'soqI-) > Os: V soqI-, Ty/Y
sa'qI"-, D/Kz scqI-, Nz/O scq- 'schlagen' | Hg szcg- 'cut (bread), break (the neck)' Coll. 117, UEW
31/2, Sm. 549 (FU, FP 'saqIi- 'cut, break', Ugr 'saqIi-), LG 3O3, Ht. #598, Hl. rHt 71, MF 575-6 ll A:
Tg 'cq > Ewk PT sqdit-/sqdi- 'tear (clothes), tear out (a piece of sth.)' STM II 421 ^ Hardly here
G cvniI- 'zerkleinern' (Chx. 2157), because it is almost certainly derived from cvniI-i 'klein, winzig,
xcninn' (Chx. l.c., DCh. 1676).
3O9. 'ca'V(-qV) 'to cover', 'roof, plated cover' > HS: CS 'sn > BHb sn (pf. cons. N7px6I%v@
vayyis'on) v. 'cover, lay a table', Np8x5 si'un 'ceiling (of a room)', Pun msn 'roof (?), ? IA sn v. '(?)
care for, respect' ( *'protect' *'cover') KB 722, KBR 764-5, HJ 666, 798 ll IE: NaIE '(s)Ic- v.
'cover' > Gk okcto) (gen. okctoo)) 'a covering, shelter', Gk A/I okct id., 'protection', Gk okcte,
okctoe, okctoe v. 'cover, shelter' || Lt Icurc' 'cap', Ltv ccurc 'cap, hat'; Blt 1 F Iyari,
Iyara 'helmet, casque' | Sl (originally dim.) 'ccici 'head cover, cap' > OR vcuiiccici 'head-
dress, head cover', R uc'ncn - 'ucnuni, P czcicc, Cz cccc, Slk ccicc, Slv cccc, HLs ccc, LLs
coc " ccc 'cap', SCr ccac 'cap (of women)' WP II 559, P 93O, F II 724-5 (sceptical about the Gk-
BSl connection), Frn. 241, Bern. I 143-4, ESSJ IV 58-9 (no IE et. of the Sl word), Srz. 1499.
31O. 'caqV 'to jump up' > K 'caq- > Mg co- v. 'walk in a jumping gait' Q 371 ll HS: S
'nsI (or 'nsI), prm. '-nsaI- > JA [Trg.] (n)sI (ip. -ssaI, imv. saI) 'go up' [JEA
saI'Iu lis'lam lo'vat ?abu'Ion 'get you (pl.) up in peace unto your father' - TrgO of Gen. 44.17
(BbV)], Sr nsI (Qs`o no'scI 'ascendit' - Peshitta, Apoc. 14.11); 'n- goes back to a px. of intransitive
verbs Lv. T I 116-7, Lv. III 4O9, Spr. BA I 76, Js. 918, PS 24O1 ll U: FP 'caIcc- 'jump, leap
(springen, hpfen)' > pLp {Lr.} 'ccIcs- v. 'kick', 'Futritte geben, mit dem Fu stoen' > Lp: N {N}
cicI'ca- / -vc-, L {LLO} t|cIt|a-, Klt P {It.} ci_c_:cv- id., S {Hs.} t|icIt|cdh 'kick with the foot' | Prm
'cccc- ({LG} 'cctc-) 'get up', (?) 'jump up' > Z ucuui- ccccI- 'get up',
ucuuimri- ccccIstI- 'jump, jump up', Vt ryrui- tcccI (t- due to dis ) UEW 612-3, LG 3O4, Lr. #149,
Lgc. #6O4, Hs. 1316-7 ll ?, A: NaT 'iI- 'go out, come out' > OT ciq- id., Chg ciq- 'come out, rise',
Tkm ciq- 'go out, appear, climb', VTt uii- s+y-, Qmq ciq-, Qzq, Qq siq/y-, Alt ciq- 'climb up, ascend;
go out, appear (on the surface)', Nog siq- 'go out, appear' Cl. 4O5-6, Rs. W 1O7, MM 4O1, Sht. 237,
TkR 745, BT 183.
311. 'carV (or 'c`arV) 'hard\firm, hardened crust, hard\rough surface' > ? K 'ccr- > Lz {Marr}
cara 'hard unfertile ground' Marr 214 ll IE: NaIE 'sIcr- 'hard\dry skin, crust' > NNr, Sw sIarc
'hardened surface of snow', with exts. : ON sIra (< 'sIraho) 'piece of dry leather', MLG, MDt schra
drr, mager' || Lt sIrcsti (1s p. sIrcndau), sIrcsti (1s p. sIrctau) 'get covered with a dry crust of dirt'
(< 'sIr-cnd-, 'sIr-ct-) | Sl 'sIora > OR tkepo, R cio) pa 'hide', 'ciopia 'crust of bread', Uk 'ci pa, 'ci pia
'skin', Blr 'ciypa, Cz sIora, P sIora 'skin, hide' (1 R ) miypa 'hide'?), HLs sIora, LLs sIora 'cust', Slv
sIora, sIor|a 'skin' P 933, Hlq. 928, Vr. 5OO-1, Frn. 816, Vs. III 65O & IV 451, Srz. III 381-2, Ma.
CS 447 ll U ( 'cARjV,yV'cAyRV 'to freeze, feel cold' [q.v.]?): FU 'carV- 'hard, firm; frozen hard
surface layer of snow' > Lp N {Fri.} carroI 'rigidus, asper', {N} carcs / carras- 'coarse' (of wool); stiff
(of hair and bread), Lp L {LLO} t|a(r)rcs - t|arris 'difficult, coarse' | Prm: [1] 'corit ({LG} 'corit)
'hard (rncp(in)' > Vt uypi( curId, Z uopi( corId, Z US curId, Yz 'curo't; [2] Z carsm, Prmk ca'rsm, Yz
ca'ru'm 'ice crust on the snow', as well as Z cars 'hard ice crust on the snow' Possibly Sm {Jn.}
'sIra 'snow, winter' > Ne: T cipa, T O {Lh.} sIra, F N {Lh.} _Irr+a id.; Ng {Cs.} 'siru, {Mik.} suru id.;
En {Ter.} cipa, En {Cs.}: X 'sila, B sira 'snow'; Slq Tz {KKIH} sIrI id.; Kms {KD} sorc, {Cs.} sira, Koyb {Sp.}
cipa, {Pl.} sirra; Mt {Hl.} 'sira (Mt T/M {Mll.} sirra, M {Pl.} cnpp , Mt K {Mll.} scrrc, {Pl.} sira)
Because of the vw. it is preferable to connect the Sm with U ''sc'irV- < N 'z'iR V
'z'i RV 'be very cold' [q.v.] Coll. 7, UEW 3O, 464-5 (ties in Hg
szirony ~ szilony ~ szirogy ~ szilogy ~ sziroty ~ szityor 'frozen surface layer on the snow after melting
weather' and reconstructs 'sarV [in spite of Prm 'c-]), LG 3O2, 31O, Lt. 68, Jn. 14O, Ter. 574, Cs. 66,
91, 274, 3O3, Lh. 412-3, Hl. M #891 ll A: ? T: Alt, Tel {Rl.} carim 'hardened surface of snow'; acc. to
Ps., Blgh 1 Z carsm id. TL 3O, BT 176, Rl. III 1865, LG 3O2, Ps. ES 184 (Blgh 1 Z), UEW 464-5
(rejects Ps. hyp.; supposes that Z carom is from U 'sarV 'frozen snow, ice crust on snow' with a
"sporadic phonetic development" 's- > c-), see s.v. N 'z'iR V 'z'i RV 'be very cold' M 'car >
WrM car, HlM, Kl nap 'hardened layer of frost on the surface of snow', Kl {Rm.} car 'crust, hard
surface (of snow, of melted fat)', ? WrO car 'scabs, mange'; the abscence of a final vw. suggests that
the word is borrowed (from an unattested T source?) Merger with N 'c'aR?V 'hoar-frost' is not
ruled out MED 165, KRS 625, KW 422, Krg. 621 KW 422, Vv. AEN 15 (suggests that the M word
and Tlt carim 'layer of frost' are loans from Tib Ihyag.rum in modern Tib C pronunciation, Jschke
TG 7) ? Tg: Ewk sri 'excrescence (nannin) on the bark of a birch-tree' 1A Yk cari - cari id.
STM II 421 DQA #287 (pA 'c`crao 'crust, snow crust') ll D 'cara- ({GS} 'cc-) 'rough on surface' >
Tm caracara 'rough on surface', caral, caralai_ 'gravel, laterite', curacura 'be rough, have a rough
surface', Ml caral, caraIIalu 'gravel', Tu carat 'what is coarse', Kui srogu 'a rough surface' D #2354
ll HS: ?? WS 'carnai-at- - 'curnai-at- ' skin disease' (originally a cd ?) > Hb to2r@c1 ca'raat id., JA
ao1r^uc cur'a (em. at1o9r^uc cur"'t-a - at1o9r^c5 cir"'t-a) & SmA srt - svrt 'leprosy' (< 'car'ratu <
'car'natu due to the infl. of the derivational pattern 'Ca'C:aCt- of nouns of diseases), Gz sornoot
'scab, malignant ulcer', Ak {Sd.} scnncttu - scrncttu, {CAD} scnnitu - sirnittu ' skin disease' KB 989,
Tal 744, JA 1272, L G 564, Sd. 1O9O, 1588, CAD XVI 127, MiK I #1.257 ^ If we accept the Lz
cognate and reject the doubtful comparison with S, the N rec. must be 'carV, but if the S rather
tham the K cognate is recognized, the rec. is 'c`arV ^ IS 2O5 [#45] 'Carn (= 'CarV) ^ It is also
possible that there were two roots: one beginning with 'c- and meaning 'crust', and the other with
'c`- ('cc-) meaning 'hard, rough', both roots coalescing in those lgs. that lost the difference
between 'c- and 'cc-, which brought about the meaning 'hard crust' and sim.
312. 'cERV 'small, little' > K: GZ 'm-cir-c 'little, small' ({K} d with the derivational pattern
'm(c)-...-c that builds nomina of quality-bearers, K 131) > OG, G mcirc 'little, small, few', Mg
cira 'girl' K 14O-1, K
2
129 ll U: FP 'cErV 'small' > Chr H {Rm.} cora 'sehr fein, sehr dnn', Chr L
{MRS} uip 'small' (e.g. uip oxo 'sleep of short duration'), {} uiApiAi iiAna 'a wee bit, uyrouiy' | pPrm
{LG} 'cir- > Z cir 'tiny particle\grain (xcnuanma) uacrnna, ipynnna), Prmk tu'run-cir 'feines Heustreu', ?
Vt uipi cIrI, uipi-nipi cIrI-IrI, Vt Kz csr(i)-sri 'Kleinigkeit, Kleinsachen' UEW 615, MRS

685, LG
3O6-7 ll ??? IE: NaIE (att. in Gmc only) 'sIcr- (+exts ) 'to shrink, wrinkle, shrivel' [ 'c`UrV 'narrow'
(q.v. ffd.)].
313. ??? 'cuRV 'to move (go, swim, fly) away (or from one place to another)' > HS: WS
'-sur--'sir- 'go away, leave' > BHb -sur- 'leave, deviate', Ph. svr caus. 'entfernen', ? SmA svr 'turn
aside', ? JA svr G {Js.} 'turn around\away, go astray', JEA svr G {Js.} 'turn aside', Ar syr (ip.
-sir-) 'go, walk, go away, leave', Ar NY ysr (ip. -sir) 'go', Mh {Jo.} syr (pf. ssyur, sbj. yssycr), Hrs {Jo.}
syr 'go' KB 7O6-7, Sl. 797, Tal 576, Js. 969, BK I 1174-5, Bns. NJ I 2OO, Jo. M 355 Tk. PAA 3
(Hb svr Hiphil 'remove' Irq -cavar- 'choose') ll K: GZ 'c`ur- vi. 'swim' > OG cur- id., G cur- v. 'swim,
slide', Mg (n)cur-, Lz (n)cur- - (n)cvir- - ncir- - mcvi(r)- 'swim' K 23O, K
2
273-4, FS K 414-5, FS E 466-
7, Chx. 2O31-2 ll ?? A: Tg: Lm ordtn- vi. 'gallop' (of animals), WrMc cur_un 'flight (of birds from
place to another)' STM II 4O9, 417.
314. 'cajvc,RV (or 'c-?) 'finger, (?) hand' > K: GZ 'c`cr- 'thumb' > G ccr-, Mg can()- id. (Mg -a-
pointing to a pK 'c) K 228, K
2
271, FS K 414-5 ll ?? HS: S 'ssvr > Ar sivar- (pl. sur-) 'armring',
?asvar- id. BK I 1163 WCh {Stl.} 'sarV 'hand' > AG: Su {J} sar, Ank sa, Ang {ChL}, Kfr {Nt.} sar |
BT: Krkr, Bl, Ngm, Maha sara, Krf sara JI II 178, Stl. ZCh 179 [#314], ChC, ChL ll A: NrTg 'aratIi
'toe, (?) finger' > Ewk aratIi - irat-Ii 'toe', Sln {Iv.} ca'ratIi, Neg {PSchm.} cayatli 'finger' STM II 385
ll D 'ccr_- - 'ccr- ({GS} 'c-) 'handful' > Tm ccrai_ id., ccrai_ 'palmful (quantity that can be held in
the hollow of the palm)', Kt dcr 'handful (with open hand)', Kn sarc - sc(:)rc, Tu sc(:)r 'the palm of
hand bent so as to receive\hold anyth.', Tl ccra 'the hand hold so as to contain anyth.',
ccrcdu 'handful', Gnd\Ku hcra, Knd scra id. D #2821 ^ In addition, one shoud pay attention to S
'sr > Mh {Jo.} ss'rayn 'leg', {Nak.} 'srayn (pl. ss'rantsn) 'leg, foot', Sq {Jo.} 'ssrshan 'legs' (Jo. M
182, Nak. 9). If this S belongs here (?), the N rec. may be 'carV (with ' responsable for the
length of the vw. in K and D, but the quality of the vw. 'c remains unexplained). If Ar svr and
WCh 'sara is not accepted as a cognate, the initial cns. may be either 'c- or 'c-.
315. ? 'c`caRV 'to burn sth.' > HS: ? S 'ssr v. 'kindle' > Ar sr (pf. saara) v. 'kindle' BK I
1O91-2 ll U: FU 'cacr- > ObU 'ccr- 'verbrennen' > pVg 'carVy- > Vg: T ciray-, LK saroy-,
MK/P/NV/LL saroy-, UL sary-, Ss sariy- id.; pOs 'ccroy- - 'ccroy-, 'ccrV ({ Hl.} '-i-) > Os: Nz
sariy-, Kz sari-, O sa'ri- 'verbrennen', Nz saro, Kz sar, O sa'r 'verbranntes Stck' Ht. #84 ll K:
AdS (accounting for the meaning 'fever') of OG, G c_ro- 'fever', Lz ccc_ur- 'fever' < K (GZ) 'c`_ro-
'cold, fever' < N 'cARjV,yV 'cAyRV 'to freeze, feel cold' ( 'fever') K 232-3, FS K 418, Chik. 236-
7, Q 369.
316. 'co jV,rV 'to drip, flow; drops' > HS: WCh {Stl.} 'cVHVr 'dew' > pAG {Sch.} 'ssysr > Su {J}
ssgsr, Ang {Sch.} ssr ({Hf.} suur, {Flk.} sur), Kfr M ssysr, Ank {Sch.} ssr || BT: Krkr {Sch.} ssvsr, ?
Bole {ChL} sinsori, ? Ngm cincir, Gera {Sch.} sinsiri || SBc: Gj sisil, Plc sisir, Buli, Sy sisirc, Dw susur Stl.
ZCh 183 [#347], Hf. AG 2O [#1O7], Sch. ChV 48 ?? S: Ar sariy- (pl. ?asriyat-, suryan-) {Ln.} 'rivulet,
streamlet' Ln. 1356, Fr. II 313 ([Qam.] 'rivulus qui ad palmas deductus est'), BK I 1O86 ('rigole
creuse au pied dun palmier pour larroser') ll K 'cvar-/'cur- 'to drip, flow' > OG cvar- / cur- v. 'drip',
Sv {Zhgh.} li-cur-c 'to flow'; 'cvar- 'drop, drop of dew' > OG cvar- 'drop, dew', G cvar- 'dew', Mg
cun-i - cund-i 'dew', Sv cvar 'drop' (< pK or A G) K 224, K
2
265, FS K 399, FS E 449, GM S 451, Q
371, Zhgh. SP 79 ll U: FU 'corV 'leak, flow, drip' ( N 'corV 'to drip, trickle') > F soro 'a falling drop',
sorotta- v. 'drip' || ObU {Ht.} 'cVroy- > pVg {Ht.} 'cur- 'flow, leak, drip' ({MK} 'flieen, rinnen,
trpfeln', {BV} 'rcu, counrc) ') > Vg: T corI-, K sor-, Yk {Vxr.} sor|--sur|-, P surr--surr-, Ss cpi-
sur-; pOs {Ht.} 'coroy- v. 'flow' > Vy oroy-, D aro " oro-, Nz soriy-, Kz sori-, O sari- | Hg csorog-,
csurog- v. 'flow, drip', csordul- 'spill, overflow', csurran- 'spill, pour out, drip' UEW 4O (U 'corV), MF
123, Ht. #87, MK 6O7, BV 111 Hardly here ( UEW & IS) Sm: Ne T cpx6aAc 'to run', Slq N
sormba- 'tropfen, flieen', etc., because they go back to pSm {Jn.} 'Iur(+)- 'run' (Jn. 79-8O) ll A: [1]
NTg 'urgjij- > Ewk urgi- vi. 'drip, leak', urgi n. 'drop', Lm ctrg+- vi. 'drip, flow' [2] A 'cUr- 'pour,
stream' ( N 'corV '', q.v. ffd.) ll D 'cor-/'cor- 'trickle, pour, flow down' > Tm cor- vi. 'trickle down,
drop, ooze out', cori v. 'flow down, rain, spill', Ml coruIa vi. 'flow, ooze, tickle, leak', coriyuIa vi. 'flow
down, pour, shower', Kt :or- 'run in streams', Kn sor vi. 'drop, drip, trickle, ooze', suri vi. 'flow, drop,
pour (as tears)', Kdg cor-, Krg :ori vi. 'leak', Tl soruni vi. 'leak, ooze, run', Gdb cor- 'pour (of
water), Gnd :orcc 'the flowing of a liquid', Krx cur_- vt. 'pour, let fall in drops, leak', Mlt curgc 'ooze
out, fall in drops', Brh curriq vi. flow, gush'; the meaning 'flow' may be partially induced by a
paronymous reflex of N '`ur'u '`ur'u 'to stream' cp. also D 'cor`- 'trickle, drip' [< N
'corV ''] D ##2883, 2893 ^ IS I 198 [#35]. N 'c- regularly yieds U 'c- ( IS, who considered
this reflex an exception). If Ar sariy- 'small river' belongs here (which is highly doubtful), the N lr.
must have been '? or 'h.
317. ?? 'cARjV,yV 'cAyRV 'to freeze, feel cold' ( 'fever') > HS: ? S 'ssr 'fever, heat' > Ar
sar- 'douloureux, cuisant', sr (pf. saara) 'communiquer la maladie lun lautre', 'brler, causer
une douleur cuisante' (influenced by the homonymous root sr 'ignite'), sur- 'contagion, miasmes',
sar-at- 'toux' BK I 1O91-2 ll K: GZ 'c`_ro- {K
2
} 'cold, chill; shivering' > OG, G c_ro- 'fever' ({DCh.}
'nnxopa(ia', {Chx.} '[Wechsel-]Fieber, Malaria'), {K
2
} 'chill, shivering', Mg c_uru n. 'severe cold',
c_ur-i adj. 'cold', Lz ccc_ur- (< 'c_c-c_ur-) 'fever' ({K
2
} lit. 'fever-shivering') K 232-3, K
2
277, FS
K 418, Chik. 236-7, Q 369 ll possibly U: FU 'carV- 'frozen hard surface layer of snow' ( N 'ccarV
'hard\firm, hardened crust, hard\rough surface' [q.v.]?) > Z carsm, Prmk ca'rsm, Yz ca'ru'm 'ice crust
on the snow', as well as Z cars 'hard ice crust on the snow' possibly Sm {Jn.} 'sIra, {Hl.} 'sIra
'snow' ( N 'ccarV '' [q.v.] and 'z'iR V 'z'i RV 'be very cold' [q.v. ffd.]) LG 3O2, UEW 464-
5 (ties in Hg szirony ~ szilony ~ szirogy ~ szilogy ~ sziroty ~ szityor 'frozen surface layer on the snow
after melting weather' and reconstructs 'sarV [in spite of Prm 'c-]), Jn. 14O, Ter. 574, Cs. 66, 91,
274, 3O3, Lh. 412-3, Hl. M #891 ^ If the Ar root sr is rejected, the initial N cns. may be
reconstructed both as 'c- and as 'c-, and the lr. is '_y. IE 'srig- 'cold' and HEC 'sirg- 'cold' hardly
belong here (for the mentioned IE, HEC and Hg words see s.v. N 'sVri_Ka 'cold').
317a. ?? 'c`URIa 'watch, watch over' > IE: NaIE 'svcrgj",- - 'svcrgj",- 'watch over, be concerned
about' > ON sorg, OHG s(v)orga, AS sor 'sorrow, care (angor, cura)' (> NE sorrov), ON syrg|a 'be
concerned about', AS sorian 'grieve, be anxious about', Gt saurga 'sorrow, care' || Pru but-sargs
'householder', abscrgisnan 'protection', OLt, Lt scrgc'ti (prs.: OLt scrgmi, Lt scrgiu), Lt scrgc'ti v.
'guard, keep (behten, bewahren)', Lt sargas 'Warnung, Be-, Anmerkung', 'guard', Ltv sargs 'guard',
Pru abscrgisnan acc. 'Schutz' || OI surIsati 'takes care of' The IE variation '-vc-/'-c- is explained by a
kind of Schwebeablaut (see AD NVIE & NGIE) EI 636 ('svcrHK- 'watch over, be concerned of'), M
K II 495, Kb. 1OO7, Ho. 3O7, En. 136, 155, Frn. 776-7 ll K (reg. mt ): G cIcr-/cIir- 'blicken, schauen'
Chx. 2O34-5 ll U: FU ''cVrIV 'look' > Chr L uypic 'curgc '(look, stare) fixedly, intently' || Prm 'orI- >
Z orgI- 'look\stare vacantly (as a new-born baby)', orgI- 'stare at one point, fix ones eyes', Vt
urIII ucI- 'stare at one point, look vacantly (as a new-born baby)' LG 92, MarR 679.
318. 'c`'arV 'dirt, dung, rubbish' defecate' > HS: S 'syr > Mh syr T (pf. 'satysr) 'have
diarrhoea', ShT (pf. sstsyur) 'go to stool, excrete' Jo. M 355 ll IE: 'sIcr(-d")- 'cacare; dung,
excrements', {EI} ''soIr- [gen. 's(c)I'n-os] 'human excrement' (metanalysis reintepreteing -r- as a
heteroclytic sx.?) ( N 'cUyrV 'to rot, stink' [q.v.']) > YAv sairya- 'dung, manure (Dnger, Mist)', MPrs
sargcn, NPrs ygrS sargin 'dung' | OI sardhatc 'farts'; ? chr'natti, chardayati 'vomits' || Gk oke, gen.
okoto) 'dung' || L musccrda 'mouse-dung' (metanalysis mus-sccrda > mus-ccrda, whence buccrda
'cowdung', oviccrda 'sheep-dung', etc.) || MIr {WH, P ?} sccirt- v. 'spit out, vomit' || ON sIarn, MLG,
MDt scharn, OFrs sIcrn, AS sccarn 'dung, manure', NE sharn || Ltv sarni pl. 'slag, dross, rubbish, faeces,
menstrua', Lt sarvas, pl. sarvai 'placenta, menstrua' | Sl inf. 'sirati / prs. 'scro - 'scro 'defecate' >
SCr sra_ti / sc_rcm, Blg cc'pa, Slv srati / scr|cm, Cz srati / scru (3s scrc), P srac / siorc (2s sicrzcsz), R
cpar / cpy (3s cpccr - 'ccpcr); R sor 'rubbish' ? Ht saIIar (gen. saI-n-as) 'faeces' P 947-8, EI 186,
Vl. II 284-5, M E I 557, M K I 4O9 & III 31O, Brtl. 1568, McK 74, Sg. 677, F II 746, WH II 133-4,
Vn. S 39, Vr. 485, OsS 781, Ho. 274, Frn. 966, Kar. II 156, Vs. III 72O, 74O, Glh. 573, Ts. W 67 ll
U: FU 'carV 'dung' ( N 'siharu 'dirt, earth', q.v.) > Os: Nz sor '(reindeers) dung', Kz sor 'dung'
|| pMr {Ker.} 'saro- > 'saro- 'defecate' > Er scrnc-, sarnjoj-, Mk sarondo- id. UEW 4O5-6, Ker.
II 138 ll D 'car`a- 'cowdung' > Prj cari, Gdb sar`i - sadi, Gnd sarai, sar`ai - sadai, Knd, Png, Mnd
r`ai, Ku r`ai - rai D #24O2b.
319. ?? 'c`EtV 'to cover' > HS: WS (with ext.) 'str v. 'cover, hide' > BHb str N 'hide, conceal', JA
[Trg.] str D id., SmA str G 'hide oneself', JEA {Sl.} str Sh 'conceal', Sr r4i so'tir ps. prt.
'concealed', Ar str v. G 'veil, conceal, hide', Gz str 'hide, conceal' KB 728-9, BDB #5641, Js. 1O32-
3, Ln. 13O4, L G 518, Sl. 834, Tal 614, Br. 5O3, JPS 394 ll IE: NaIE '(s)Icd- 'cover' > OI A 'chadati, OI
cha'dayati v. caus. 'covers, wraps', cha'd-is- n. 'lid, cover', Av sadayanti- ' part of garment' || ? Gmc
(without 's mobile): MHG ha 'garment, cloth', NGr Sw has, gchas 'Kleidung, Wsche', AS htcru pl.
'clothes', NE hatcr M K I 4O3, M E I 554-5, Ho. 146, OsS 377, Lx. 82, WP II 558, P 919 ^ IS I 198-
9 [#36].
32O. 'c'avV 'to look at, look after, protect\guard' > K: GZ 'c`cv-/'c`v- v. 'protect, take care,
watch' > OG ccv-/cv- id., G (da-)cav-/cv- 'protect (verteidigen, schtzen)', Mg c(v)- v. 'preserve, keep
safe; take care; hide', Lz c(v)- v. 'watch, wait' K 229, K
2
27O [unc. : + Sv li-lcc, actually Sv UB/L
li-lcc, Sv Ln li-lccc msd. 'preserve, defend, guard (watch over)'], Chik. 372-3, FS K 4O5-6, 417-8, GP
158, Chx. 1971, TK 44O ll IE: NaIE '(s)Icv- 'worauf achten (beobachten, schauen)' > Arm uanem
c"uc"ancm v. 'show, indicate, point out', oj c"oyc" 'showing, indication' || Gk {Ch.} uo-okoo) 'prtre
qui examine les sacrifices' || ON sIoa 'behold, inspect', WGmc {Vr.} 'sIau_von > OSx sIauvon, MDt
scouvcn, Dt schouvcn 'inspect, view', OHG scouvon 'to see, look' (> NHG schaucn), AS sccavian 'look
at, behold', NE shov || Pru au-schauditvci 'vertrauen', auschaudisnan, auschaudisnan "Zuversicht, Treue,
Hoffnung" without 's-: L cavc- 'sich in Acht nehmen, sich versehen' || OI Ia'vi- 'wise, skilful; seer,
sage, poet'', a-'Iuvatc 'beabsichtigt' || Gk koce 'I notice, hear', ovoke) c_civ 'Sorge tragen' || ? Sl
'cu-ti (1s prs.) 'cu|-o) 'feel, perceive' > OCS v:u cuti / vm cu|o 'feel, notice, learn (noscere)',
OR v:u cuti 'to feel, hear, understand', SCr cu`ti, Uk ) uyrn 'to feel, hear', Blr uyn, Slv cuti, Slk
o-cut` 'to hear', Blg ) uy 'I feel hear', Cz cit, P czuc 'to feel', R ) uy 1s 'I feel' - inf. ) uy r 'to feel
P 587-8, Ch. 448, 551, Slt. 268-9, Ho. 275, DM 638, Vr. 496, Vr. N 62, Skeat 559, Kb. 89O, M K I
187-8, WH I 186-7, En. 148, Tp. P A-D 161-3, Vs. IV 39O, ESSJ IV 134-6, Glh. 182 ll D 'cov-/-- v.
'watch, notice' > Kn sovu, sohc 'trace, mark, sign', Tu sovu 'spying, watching, observing secretly;
trace, mark, sign', Kui :oa v. 'watch over, guard, lie in wait for' D #2892 ^ IS MS 367 s.v. 'cnvn
' crcpcu'.
321. 'cAv'hV 'to cover, to dress, to put\hang (on)' > K 'cv- v. 'put on\in\into, wear,
string\hang (on)' > OG cv-, sta-cv- v. 'put on', ay-cv- 'hineinstecken', sc-cv- v. 'string (on sth.)', G
cv- 'put on, string', Mg cun- 'abschlieen, abdecken', mo-cun- v. 'put on', o-cun- 'darinstoen', Lz o-con-
'auffdeln, aufreihen', do-cun- 'hineinstoen', Sv xa-cv-c 'er hngt es daran', Sv UB li-cv-cm 'to hang
[sth.] on the back', {GP} 'to shoulder sth.' FS K 396, FS E 448, K 226, K
2
264, Chx. 1994-6, 2O48,
GP 183, TK 475 ll HS: S 'svy > BHb ev#x6m2 mas'vc 'covering, veil, hull', MHb ev#x6m2 mas'vc {Js.}
'cover, sheath', Pun (pl.) msvy?t 'clothing, dress'; BHb su-t' 'garment' (+ppa.: e7tux su't-o 'his
garment'), Ph svt 'garment', Pun 'svyh (cs. svyt) 'veil, curtain (?)', SmA vxm msv, evxm msvh n. 'veil'
KB 572, 7O7, KBR 6O5, 749, HJ 663, 78O-1, Js. 8O4, Tal 573 Eg s {EG} hier. *'ein Tuch', {Gard.}
hier. *'folded cloth' EG IV 1, Gard. 507 [#S-29] C: Ag {Ap.} 'sa-: 'sa-t- v. 'dress oneself', caus.
'sa-s- v. 'dress sb.' > Bln {R} so-r-, Xm {R} si-t-, Km {Ap.} svy-, Aw {Ap.} sct-/scy-/sit- 'dress oneself', Bln
{R} so-s-, Xm {R} si-s-, Q {R} so-s- vt. 'dress' || SC: ? Irq {Wh.} -ci-t- 'wear', {Mgw.} -ci-t- v. 'dress',
-ci-t-is v. 'clothe' R WB 291-2, Ap. AV 18, Wh. SI, Mgw 1O3 Tk. PAA 4 (treats Irq and SC 'c as
c) ll IE '(s)Ij",cu_H-, {EI} '(s)Icu_(H)- 'cover, wrap' > NaIE '(s)I"cu_o- - '(s)I"cu_o- v. 'cover' > Arm iy
c"iv 'roof, tiling'; from 'I"cv-: Arm xu _uc" 'cot, hut, cell, small room' || Gk cti-okuviov 'the skin of
the brows which is knitted in frowning', r okuvio pl. 'eyebrows', okuo) 'animals skin, hide', ? keo)
(pl. keco) 'fleece' || [1] AS scu(v)a 'shadow, darkness, protection', OHG scuvo 'shade (umbra)', ON
sIuggi id., 'mirror', Gt sIuggva 'mirror', ON sI|a-r 'transparent calf skin used to close windows',
sI|a 'window closed with a transparent film'); [2] ?? ON sIy (< 'sIcu_yo-) 'cloud, clouding', OSx sIio
'Wolkendecke', AS scio 'cloud' (unless OIr cco 'fog') || Sl 'xova- v. 'hide; take care of' > Cz chovati id.,
Slk chovat` 'to feed, keep (livestock)', 'conceal, keep', HLs chovac 'to keep, conceal, hide', OP, P
chovac 'to hide, conceal; feed; bury', OR XIV eao:uta (a+okeu1taecm+) 'keep oneself (in ones
religion)' [i.e. 'remain faithful to ones religion'], R S/W/Psk/Kl xo'nar 'to bury, hide, conceal', R
Tv/Rz xy'nar 'to hide', Uk xo'narn, Blr xo'nan 'to hide, keep, bury', OCrt K hovati 'to put, place' || OI
[Dhat., Bhatt.] sIu- v. 'cover', sIunati 'covers', KhS {Bai.} bu-sIvc 'covered', Ihauca 'covering, face'
Mayrhofer (M K III 5O8, M E II 751) rejects the connection of the OI sIu- with words for 'skin',
because sIunati 'covers' is "vereinzelt und jung", but the late attestation of the OI word does not
rule out its ancient origin (confirmed within IIr by the KhS cognate) WP II 546-8, P 951-3, EI 134,
MW 1257, Bai. 76, 3O1, F I 541, Ch. 36O, Ho. 279, 284, Ho. S 66, Vr. 5O6, 5O8, Kb. 9O2Fs. 435, Slt.
338-9, ESSJ VIII 86-8 (all of them do not mention the connection of Sl 'xov- with the IE in
question), Srz. III 1377 NrGrm and Gt Verschrfung (ON -gg|-, Gt -ggv-) points to the presence of a
lr. ll ?? D 'cavali 'cloth' [ N 'c'avbV '(hide as) cloth', q.v. ffd.] ^ NrGmc and Gt Verschrfung (ON
-gg|-, Gt -ggv-) points to the presence of an IE lr. which is likely to go back to N 'h (a lr. liable to be
lost in HS and K).
322. ?? 'cE_u 'mix, deal with each grain (one by one), separate them' > K: GZ 'cc_- v. 'thresh,
knead', {K
2
} 'remove stubble' > OG sa-xcc_u-cl- 'mowing board', {FS} sa-cc_vl- 'flail', G I/G {Chx.} v.
cc_- 'husk (e.g. maize), cruck (rice)', G {DCh.} cc_- 'thresh', {K
2
} cc_- 'remove stubble', Mg ca_-
'knead' ({Q} 'xcnr') , {K
2
} 'grind, crush' FS K 397-8, FS E 447, K
2
264, Chx. 1994, DCh. 1994, Q
37O ll HS: ? C: Bj svy {R} 'mix, add' ({R} 1s: p. a'savi - a'sau, pqpf. 'isva, prs. csu'vi - 'csvi) R
WBd 218-9 ??? S: Ar shh 'flog, strike' Ln. 1313 ll ? IE: NaIE 'sIcu_- 'poke\rake\stir (the fire)'
('stochern') > OI {MW} sIu- 'pluck, pick, poke, tear': Vd cosIuyatc 'stbert auf, bringt
durcheinander, stochert', OI [SB] a sIauti 'verkleinert durch Stochern', [Ap.] danta-sIavana 'das
Stochern in den Zhnen', KhS busIuta 'burst' || ? AdS of Blt 'sIu- - 'sIut- 'scrape, scratch, peel' (mt
< NaIE 'Ics-/'Iscu_- v. 'scratch, comb' < N 'Ia'cU 'to scratch, scrape off scales', q.v. ffd.) WP II
552-3, P 954, M K III 5O8, M E II 751, MW 1257, Bai. 3OO ^ Qu. (loose semantic connections).
323. 'c`'i_E 'to sweep, rub\scratch away' > HS: CS 'shy 'sweep (away)' > Ar shy 'sweep away',
BHb ehx shyv N (ip. 3pm yis'sa'hu) 'be swept away', shvy D 'sweep away', so'hi 'litter', SmA shy G
'wash', JEA {Sl.} shy G 'wash oneself, bathe', JA, SmA shy D 'wash, cleanse, bathe' KB 7O7, Sl.
797, Tal 576-7, Js. 971, BK I 1O63-4 ll A: Tg: Ewk i- 'scratch away, clean away' STM II 388 ll D 'ci-
({GS} 'ccs-) > Tm ci v. 'sweep off, brush away, wipe off', ciy 'sweep', Gnd hcyana " hcy- " hay- " cy- id.,
Krx ci:c- 'rub with sth. soft for cleaning, wipe away', Mlt {Drs.} cicc v. 'wipe, clean' D #2599 ll ??
IE: Ht sanh- 'sweep, wipe away' Frd. HW 182, Ts. W 7O.
324. 'c`a 'c`a (= 'Hic`c`a?) marker of relative constructions [(in descendant lgs.: sx. of
adjectives \ singulatives ( diminutives)] > HS: C: EC: Or -icca " -ica , sx. of snglt. m., Brj -acco,
-icco, -co, -cca, Sd -icco, -icca, -co, Kmb -(c)cu, Alb -co, Hd -V(c)co, Dsn -(V)c id. || ?? Dhl -c id.
It belongs here unless it goes back to '-ay-t- (snglt. '-ay- [as -ay- in Bj: ta'vig-ay- 'a mosquito' tavcg
'mosquitos'] + HS snglt. '-at- > pS '-at- id., Sa -t- id. [{R} adam-to 'a man'], etc.) Zab. MNPC 3, 21,
125, 133-4, 219-24, To. DL 75 ll IE: NaIE '-isI-, sx. of relative adjectives: Gmc '-isI-, Lt -isIa-, Sl '-isI-:
Gt mannisIs 'mnnlich', OHG irdisc 'irdisch', Lt dc'visIas 'gttlich', OCS u1cctitk+ncbcsisI+
'himmlisch', ? Gk -ioko- dem. (toioioko) 'child' [dem.]), as well as possubly
amb
Arm gen.-dat.-abl. pl.
-- -c"- Brg. KVG 327, Me. EAC 71-2 ll U '-cV, qualifying sx.: F Iaritsa 'lamb' (cp. Iar|a 'cattle'?), Mr
Iurca 'shoulder yoke' (cp. Prm {LG} 'Icr 'beam' > Z Icr, Vt Ior), Chr L Iuv+lc+ 'fem. capercalzie' (cp.
F Ioclo, Lp N goa'cl), Os: O a'si, Kz asi, Nz aoso 'younger brother, nephew (younger than ego)',
as well as Vg: N/ML {MK} asi - asi, Ss ancn asi ({MK} A Os) (cp. Vg: N/ML aI - aI, Ss anii
'nephew, grandson') Ne -c, -cc, dimin. sx. SSA I 313, Lh. 2O6, 212-3, Stn. D 15O, MK 46, BV 17
ll A: NaT [1] '-, sx. of diminutives and forms of endearment: OT ogucum 'mein Mtterchen' (
og 'mother'), atacim 'mein Vterchen' ( ata 'father') (Gbn. ATG 59), atac 'das Kind, das den Vater
spielt', anac 'Mdchen, das die Mutter spielt' (Rm. EAS II 215), etc.; [2] '-a/-a, diminutive and
intensive > OT: anca 'ein Paar', azraq-ca 'ganz wenig' (Gbn. ATG 59-6O, Deny 517) (acc. to IS), [3]
'-i/-i, sx. of n. agentis (trade, etc.) ( N 'c'u 'that of, that which') ( SIGTJM 144-6, Kon. GJTRP
84-6, Gbn. ATG 6O) Tg '-an: Rm. mentions Nn diminutive -ca [amaca, abaca 'Vterchen',
mamaca 'Mamachen' (mama 'old woman')], but in grammars and dictionaries of the Tg lgs. I found
only Nn {On.} mamacan 'old woman' (dim.) Ul {Sun.} mama-ca(n) 'old woman', cp. also Ewk -iIan
[including Tg dim. '-Ian] (oroniIan 'young of a reindeer' - oron 'reindeer')] Rm. EAS II 215-8, On.
256 Sun. UJ 212, Vas. 797 Ko {Rm.} -ci: aaci [abai] 'Vterchen', omoci [omoi] 'Mtterchen'
Rm. EAS II 215-8 ^ IS I 2O4 (N -Ca) ^ The rec. 'Hic`c`a is based on the presence of 'i in IE '-isI- and
in EC '-ic-. It is quite possible that the pc. 'c`c`a (= 'Hic`c`a?) goes back to the N noun
ic`_V'-c`- ('-Ih-) 'father, head of a family' (q.v. ffd.). A semantic parallel: Ar ?abu 'father' as marker
of relative constructions, as well as the use of words for 'son' in similar constructions in Hb, Aram,
Berber and Chinese.
325. 'ca v. 'away, downward' > K: GZ 'ca- 'downward, away' > OG, G ca- pv. 'away', Mg, Lz
co- pv. 'dowbward'; - GZ 'ca-rc- (- 'ca-lc-?) adv. 'downward' > OG pv. car-, G adv. carc, Mg, Lz
calc '-rc is a morpheme of adverbs of place, e.g. GZ 'ga-rc 'outside' (> OG garc, Mg, Lz galc) K 59,
241-2 ll IE: NaIE 'sI- > Sl 's+ (+ gen. [< abl.]) prep. 'downward from' > OCS, OR t+ s+, R c / co, OCz,
Cz, OP s / sc, SCr s / sa, ( Sl '|iz 'from'): Uk z, P z / zc, Slk z / zo; pv. 's+- 'downward from sth.' >
OCS, OR t+- s+-, R c- / co-, Uk c- / :-, P zc- / s-, OCz, Cz s- / sc-, Slk z- / s-, Slv s-, Blg c- || possibly
Arm gen.-dat.-abl. pl. -- -c"- ( IE adjectival suffux '-isI- < N 'c`a 'c`a, marker of relative
constructions [q.v.]) Me. EAC 71-2, Vs. III 54O (unc. : Sl 's+ < NaIE 'Iom 'with'), EtSSJ-SGZ I
244-6, 249-55 (unjustiied rec. of '-n in Sl 's+n), Rcz. 437.
326. 'c`c`i 'cci, marker of verbal frequentativity\iterativity > IE sx. '-sI-, marker of
iterativity\frequentativity > AnIE: Ht iterative sx. -sI- (denoting iterative and durative stems) , Lw,
HrLw, Pal -ss-, -s- 'id. (?)' NaIE '-sI- > Tc: B -sI-, A -s-, caus. sx. ( iterative-intensive) and sx. of the
middle voice: Tc B 'tanmasI-au 'I beget', tan'masI-cmar 'I am born', also without caus. meaning:
anasIcm 'we breathe' in most other branches of NaIE '-sI- functions as a marker of the ip. aspect
("present"): 'gm-'sI-cti ({Be.} 'g"m-'sIc) 'goes, is going' > OI 'ga-cch-ati, Av (3s) |asaiti id., Gk (1s)
|ooke, 'gno-sI-o ({Be.} 'gnh-'sIc) 'I recognize, know' > L (g)nosco, Gk Ep veoke id., OPrs
xsna-s-atiy 'noscat', 'rI-'sI-o 'I ask' > OI rc'chami id., L osco 'I ask, request', OHG forscon (>
NHG forschcn) 'to explore, inquire', 'is-'sIc-ti 'he requires, looks for' > OI ic'chati 'requires', fossilized
as part of the stem in Sl '|isIati 'to look for' (> OCS utko:uisIati, R nc'iar, etc.), Lt icsIoti id., OHG
ciscon (> NHG hcischcn 'to require'), AS ascian (> NE asI) Brg. KVG 519-62O, Szem. EVS-7O 253-4,
Bks. VT 271, 274, Kb. 28O, Vn. A 86, Ivn. OPA 139-72, Bn. TIE 96, Ad. H 76-8, ESSJ VIII 238-9, Frd.
HEB I 14O-1, Mer. SGA 33O-1 ll U: FU '-cc-, sx. of frequentative verbs: F -tsc (with partial lost of clear
frequentative semantics): ruosIitsc- v. 'flog, whip', 'give a terrible beating' | Lp Vfs {Lgc.} -s-, sx. of
durative verbs and verbs of state: g_varyasit v. 'lie' [cp. g_u'r+yct 'lie down'] | Mk -so-, Er -sc-, sx.
of frequentativity: Mk mor-so- v. 'use to sing', il-so- v. 'saw frequently', Er yaI-sc- v. 'stop
frequently', {Ps.} sovsc-ms, suvsi-ms, frequ. from suvams v. 'go in, enter' || ObU ''c> Vg N {Rmb.} -s-,
-s-, sxs. of durative verbs: oyoIs(a)- v. 'pray' (i.e. 'be begging, imploring' [ oyI(u)- v. 'beg,
implore']), vaqIs(a)- v. 'be crawling, non:ar' [ vaqI(u)- v. 'crawl (in a certain direction), non:rn'];
ObU compound sx. '-cl-, marker of durative and iterative verbs > Os N -sl-: laulaslcm 'I am waiting'
(durative of laullcm 'I wait'), Vg UL {Lh. [ Mu.?]} cryc'slcim 'I sing now and then, sing often'
( cri- v. 'sing') Lh. PUAS 218-22, Srb. IMMJ 229-3O, Sz. 1O6, Rmb. 172-3 ll A: M '-ci-, sx. of
verbal intensivity: WrM IcmIc-ci- v. 'break in pieces' IcmIc 'in pieces', compound sx.
'-caga-/'-ccgc-, marker of polypersonality: WrM -caga-/-ccgc-, HlM -niaa-/-nioo-/-niyy-/-ni' ' -, e. g.
WrM yabucaga- v. 'walk\go' (of many people) yabu- 'go, walk' Pp. GWM 63, 66, Snz. SMJ 66 Tg
'-i-, sx. of intensive and durative verbs > Nn xola-ci- v. 'go on reading', Ul gu'sl-ci- v. 'shake (many
times)', Lm tan-i- v. 'draw (with effort)' Bz. 119, Pt. UD 71 ll HS: possibly (but not certainly) the S
root-extension '-c-, e.g. CS 'sc D [> JA, MHb pS sc D v. 'repair'] - CS 'sy v. 'sweep bare'
[> MHb efs sy, Ar sfy id.] ^ It is likely that this N pc. goes back to some aux. verb (forming a
construction that meant 'used to..., tries to...'), e.g. to the verb 'cih'i 'to carry' (q.v. ffd.) ^ IS I
2O6 (IE, U, A), Gr. I 2O6-9 ("conative SK" in IE + qu. FU {Sz.} '-sI- of frequentativity, intensivity,
etc., + err. Tg conative '-Isi, ?? ChK, EA).
327. 'c`oXibV 'belly' > HS: S 'chb > Jb C sahb 'belly under the navel' Jo. J 237 ll U 'coyva -
'covya 'belly, stomach' > pLp {Lr.} 'covyc id.> Lp: S {Hs.} t|oa||ic, L {LLO} t|ai'vc, N {N} coav'|c /
-v|-, Kld covvy id. Sm {Jn.} 'ctcyv+ ({Jn.} 't
1
c|vo`) 'stomach' > Ne: T rnn, T O {Lh.} t
s
i| id., F L
{Lh.} ci_c| 'Pansen, Inhalt des Pansens'; Kms {KD} su'i_s 'Magen, Bauch, Inneres', {Cs.} soyo 'das
Innere' Coll. CG 4O1, UEW 4O, Lr. #18O, Lgc. #667, Hs. 1326-7, Jn. 156-7, KD 66 ll D (in GnD)
'ci- ({GS} 'ss-) 'upper belly' > Gnd Ch sii id., Gnd B sii 'the part over the liver', Ku
sia-daIi " hia-daIi 'chest' (cp. Kui daIi 'breastbone, chest') D #262O ^ D '-- < '-Xb-. In U the
variant 'covya (in Lp) is due to metathesis.
328. 'c`uubjV,gV 'to dip in' ( 'dye'), 'immerse' > HS: S 'cby 'to dye, dip' > BHb, IA, BA obc
cb, NNEA sb v. 'dye', Ar bC sby v. G 'dye, dip', Sr sb G 'dip, moisten, dye', JA sb G 'dip;
dye', JEA {Sl.} sb G id., 'moisten', SmA sb G 'wash, rinse', Md sb? 'immerse, dye', Gz sb_ G
'dip (into a sauce)', Sq {L} sb 'paint', Ak NB sabu 'dyer'; ( N 'ccjy,V 'to sink, immerse; swim;
flow'): Ak fOB sabu 'to soak, bathe' KB 937, 1768-9, KBR 998-9, HJ 958, Tal 72O-1, Js. 1259, Lv. IV
165, Sl. 951, JPS 472, Br. 62O, DM 388-9, BK I 13O7-8, L G 546, CAD XIII 45-6, 55 EC {Ss.}
'cubjV,- ({ Ss.}'dub-) v. 'dip in' > Or {Ss., Th.} cu-/cub- id., {Grg.} cu- (= cu-) v. 'dip', Dbs
tua- v. 'swim', Ya tob- v. 'sift', HEC: Brj {Hd.} cub-, Ged {Hd.} cu- 'immerse' (infl. of HEC
'cc- v. 'immerse' < N 'ccjy,V '') || ?? Bj {R} -dif pcv. 'dye' (1s: p. a'dif, prs. an'dif) Ss. PEC 3O,
Grg. 89, Th. 72, Hd. 184, 235, Hd. 83 (Brj, Ged < HEC 'ccf-), R WBd 73 B: Izd -zubb 'plonger la
tte dans leau' Mrc. 196 But HEC 'cc- v. 'immerse' is to be kept apart, because it belongs
together with FU 'ccV- v. 'immerse, drown' and M 'cibIi- v. 'dive, dip' to N 'ccjy,V (q.v.) ll A:
NaT 'ub'it` > OT QU [MhK] {Cl.} cuvit, {DTS} cuvut '() dye-stuff', Tk civit 'indigo,
ultramarine', Tlt {Rl.} cibit 'ochre' Cl. 395, Rl. III 2155, TL 399 ? Tg 'oV 'obb- v. 'drown,
dive' > Ewk oo- id., Neg o ttI- v. 'disappear (in water), drown', Orc ubbs- vt. 'drown, immerse'
STM II 4O8.
329. 'c'udV 'point with a finger', () 'true, just' > K 'cvd > Sv m-cod: Sv L macvdi 'right,
innocent, found not guilty' Dn. s.v. mcod ll HS: WS 'cdI, '-cdaI- > Hb ca'daI / -cdaI- 'be right,
be in the right, be just', IA cdI G 'be (considered as) just', Amr {G} sdI 'be just', JA cdI G 'be
right, true', JEA {Sl.} cdI Sh 'make right\legal', Sr cdI (Sr cad'dcI 'justificavit'), SmA sdI 'give
charity', Ar sdq 'tre vrai, sincre', Sb {BGMR} sdI v. (D ?, Sh) 'perform\fulfil (a duty\obligation),
justify', Qtb {Rk.} sdI v. D ? 'grant one his due', Mn {MA} sdI id., 'sacquitter dun devoir', Gz sdI
(js. yosdaI) 'be just \ justified\ righteous \ true'; WS ''cidjV,I- (- ''cadjV,I-?) > BHb 'ccdcI
'rightness, righteousness, justice', Ph/Yd/OA {HI} sdI 'correct \ justifiable conduct', legitimacy', Ug
{OLS} 'justicia, legitimidad', {A} sdI 'Zuverkssigkeit, Tugend', Amr {G} sidI-um 'justice', SmA sdI
'righteousness, justice', Ar sidq- 'veritas, sinceritas', sadq- 'truth' (1 Mh sadI id.), Sb sdI 'right,
justice, justification, truth', Qt {Rk.} sdI 'goodwill, concurrence, favour', Mn {MA} sdI 'droit', Gz
sodI 'justice, righteousness, truth'; BHb qid`5c2 cad'diI 'just, righteous', JA {Js.} cad'diI,
caddi'I-a 'virtuous, just, pious man', IA, JEA {Sl.} cad'diI 'righteous, righteous man', SmA sdyI
'righteous', Ph sdI 'legitimate', Pun sadyI 'correct\justifiable in conduct, legitimate', IA sdyI adj.
'being entitled to, having the right', n. 'just\righteuos one', Ar sadiq- 'amicus, amicus sincerus'
KBR 1OO3-7, BDB ##6659-66, HJ 961-4, A #23O5, OLS 414, G A 34, Js. 1262-4, Sl. 952, Tal 724, Fr. I
488-9. L G 548, BGMR 141, Rk. 133-4, MA 93, Jo. M 35, Siv. GAG 269 ll D [1] 'cutt- / 'cunt- ({GS}
's-) v. 'point at with the finger, show' > Kn suttu 'point at with the finger', suttunbc 'the index
finger', Kn, Tu cuti, Tl suti 'aim', Tm cuttu v. 'point out, show, designate, indicate', Ml cuttu
'pointing', cuntuIa v. 'point at, aim', Kui suta v. 'point with a finger', Ku hut- " hutali v. 'point out'
? [2] 'cutt- / 'cut- ({GS} 's-) 'clever' > Tm cutti 'intelligent person', Ml cutti, Kn suti
'smartness, quickness', Kn suti 'clever, able', Td sutm 'cleverness, skill', Tu cuti, suti 'smart, clever',
Tl suti 'clearheadedness' D ##2656, 2568.
33O. ? 'caj?,idV 'to hunt for, wish' > HS: S 'cyd 'hunt, hunt for' > Ar syd G 'chasser, prendre
la chasse (une bte fauve, etc.)', JEA cvd G 'catch creatures', Sb syd G 'hunt, perform a ritual
hunt', d : Mh pf. sstsyud, Jb E/C ss'tod v. 'fish'; ''cayjV,d- n. 'hunt, hunting' > BHb di%c2 'cayid, JA
ad1ic4 ccd-a, Sr say'd-a id., Ar sayd- id., 'killed game', Md said 'Jagd, Fischfang', Ug sd 'killed
game', Pun sd (??) sacrifice of game', Sb {Bll.} sd - syd 'hunt; game, hunted animals', Mh sayd, Jb E
sud, Jb C sod, Sq {Jo.} 'sodsh 'fish'; d : JA ad1I!c2 cayya'd-a, Sr sayya'd-a, BHb dI!c2
cay'yad (A Aram) 'hunter', JEA {Sl.} cayya'd-a 'fisherman', Ak sayadu {Sd.} id., {CAD} 'stalker,
stalking', Mh ssyyod, Ar sayyad-, Sb syd 'hunter', Jb E ssb'bcdi, ssb'di, Jb C s_cd 'fishermen' KB
956-7, HJ 959, A #23O2, OLS 414, Js. 1274, Sl. 953, 959-6O, Ln. 1753, BK I 1389, Bll. 421-2, Jo. M
369, Sd. 1O75, CAD XVI 66 Dhl {E} tat_iIuo- 'long for' || SC: (here?) Qz {E} salim- 'want, need' E
SC 226 (SC 'tad- 'want, need') ll U 'caoa- v. 'run, race' (of animals), 'rut' ( N 'c`a'idV 'to
advance with effort', q.v. ffd.) K 'c`ad- 'to wish, desire' > OG, G cad- 'wish, desire', Sv had- / hd(v)-
'wish' (inf. li-hdv-i) K 242, K DE, K
2
3O6, FS K 457, FS E 517-8.
331. ?? 'c`a'idV 'to advance with effort (run, climb, etc.), step' > HS: WS 'cd v. 'step, climb' >
BHb doc cd G 'stride solemnly, walk along [sth.], climb', 'caad 'step', Ar sd (pf. saida, ip.
-sad-) v. 'ascend, step' ('monter par degrs, monter sur une chelle; marcher dun pas affect et
saccad, marcher sur une pente; aller, se diriger (vers un lieu)', ? d : OYmn sd ({Slw.} sud) 'tripod
(cookingstand)', Ar Y sud id., Ar D sud 'tre fait de trois pierres', Ar B {Stace} sud 'cookingstand
for pots', Amh {L} tadv 'put the pot on the fire (on the cookingstand)' GB 688-9, KBR 1O4O, BK I
1337-8, Slw. 133, Lb. 2131, Stace 4O, L EDG III 612 ?? C: SC: Irq {Wh., Mgw, Wd.} -ca-am- 'climb',
Irq/Alg {E} -caam- id., 'mount' Wh. SI, Mgw. 1O4, Wd. #381 Tk. PAA 2 (SC Hs caya 'stand')
ll IE: NaIE 'I"ad- or 'I"od- 'go, walk' > Gk _oooi 'go away, draw back, retire' || Sl 'xodi- 'to walk', n.
act. 'xod+ > OCS, OR e+, Blg, R xo(, SCr hod, Slv hod, Cz chod, P chod n. act. of 'to walk'; OCS eu:u,
Blg 'xo( , SCr hoditi, Slv hoditi, Cz choditi, P chodzic, R xo'(nr 'to walk' F II 1O61, Kzl. GSC 384,
ESSJ VIII 48-52 (unconvincingly connects the Sl root with IE 'scd- 'to sit'), F II 1O61 (no cognates of
the Gk word) ll U 'caoa ({UEW} 'caoa - 'saoa) v. 'run, race' (of animals) ( 'rut') ( N 'caj?,idV 'to
hunt for, wish', q.v. ffd.) > FU: F suota 'group of mares which are in heat', suoti- v. 'rut, be in heat'
(BF 'o < 'a) | Lp: N {N} cuoddc-/-d- v. 'go outside the herd to look for female reindeer' (of a weak
male reindeer), cuoddcli- 'set off to look for female reindeer' (of a male reindeer in the rutting
season), I {It.} 'cu'oooc 'Rentierstier, der besiegt wurde und der danach die Flucht ergriffen hat' |
Prm: Z Vc cusd-, StZ uyan-ni cuav-nI, Z Ud cual-, Yz cu'lal- v. 'rut'; Z culav- v. 'elapse, vorbeigehen'
(of time), Prmk culav-, Prmk N culal-, Prmk In cuav- - cuvav- 'vorbeigehen, vorbergehen (z. B. an
einer Kirche), 'pass, be over, elapse' (of time, winter, etc.)' || Hg szalad- v. 'run, flee' ? Sm: StNe T
ca' c-, Ne BZ/W {Ter.} sa?yc-, Ne E/Y {Ter.} sayc-, T O {Lh.} sayc- v. 'rut' (of mammals and birds)
Coll. 58, UEW 28 (Lp N misquoted with c- for c-), SK 112O-1, N I 428, LG 312-3, KPR 547-8
{UEW}: Z '-sd-, -al-"-av- and Hg -ad- are sxs. BF, Lp, Prm and Sm data suggest (or are compatible
with) the rec. of U 'c-, while Hg sz- requires a special explanation ll A: Tg 'idX- v. 'run' (of animals)
> Neg tda- id., Ul ctdu- - ctdu- v. 'trot, gallop' (of horses) STM II 389-9O.
332. 'cuyya 'thorn' > K {K
2
} 'c_vi- id., 'arrow' > Mg o-c_va-c_vi-n-aia 'thorny, burning' ({IS}
'needles of cereals') (IS: < 'sa-c_vc-c_v-in- with rdp of 'c_v-), Sv: UB/LB/Ln c_vi, L c_u 'arrow' IS I
197, K
2
26, TK 843, GP 277 ll HS: S 'cn > Ar musaan- 'termin en pointe, effil' (se dit, par ex..,
des oreilles de quelques animaux) BK I 134O ll IE 'sI"vci_jH,- 'thorn', {EI} ''sIvci_-s (gen. 'sIu'y-os)
'needle' and\or 'thorn' > pAl {O} 'sIuna (with a secondary 'n-sx. from earlier 'sIuya) > Al T hu 'stake,
pole, ox-goad, penis', Al G hu, (with the article) huni 'penis' || Clt: OIr scc (gen. pl. sciad < 'sIj",viy-at-)
'thorny bush, haw (Crataegus)'; Brtt 'sii_at- > OW dir isidattcn 'up to the thorny bush', MW ysydat
'(bark of) haw', W ysyddadcn 'Spinus albus, spina acuta', ysbyddad 'Santis, Leucacanthe', Crn scthcs,
{Ern.} scdhcs 'thorny shrubs', MBr sczadcn snglt. 'groseille' || Lt sIu|a 'needle of a conifer', Ltv sIu|as
(f. pl.) id. | Sl 'xvo|a - 'xvo|i 'needles of a conifer' > OCz chvo|c, Cz chvo|c, R 'xno id., Slv ho|a 'fir-
tree, conifer', P cho|a 'conifer, pine-tree', Blg 'xno 'pine-tree'; Sl 'xu|i 'penis' > Blg, R xyn, P chu| P
958, EI 8O, Frn. 821, Vn. S 37, Ern. 642, O 15O-1, Bern. I 4O8, ESSJ VIII 114, 125-6 ll A: NaT 'uy(a)
'needle of a coniferous tree; coniferous tree' > Alt ca 'young coniferous forest', ET I cua 'penis',
Nog suy, VTt siy, Bsh siy 'nail, wedge', Tkm cuy 'wedge', Tk civi id. (< 'uy-i < [as] 'u`y-a)
NTg 'iyca > Ewk iys, Ewk Nk iya 'needle of a coniferous tree (fallen out to the ground); an animal
hair (that has come out)', Neg iya 'dogs hair (that has come out)' STM 39O ll D 'cijya,- ({GS} 's-)
'thorn' and 'cijya,-IIay 'soap-pod' (lit. 'thorn-pod') > Tm ci-IIay, ciya-IIay 'soap-pod wattle, Acacia
concinna', Ml ciya-IIayi, ciIIa-Iayi 'Mimosa abstergens', Td si-x 'Acacia delibata, Acacia
melanoxylon', Kn sigc ' a climbing prickly shrub; Acacia concinna', Tu sig, sigc-Iayi 'pods of
Mimosa abstergens reduced to powder and used as soap', Tl si-Iaya 'Acacia concinna', Knd siIo
'soap-nut tree' D #26O7 (a) ^ IS I 197 [#34] ('cu|ha on the basis of K, IE, Tg and D) ^ The S
cognate points to a voiced lr. ' or 'y, while the presence of a lr. in K suggests that it was 'y. In K
there is assmilation 'c (from N 'c) + 'y > 'c_-.
333. 'c`AIj,V ' snow (thin layer of snow?), hoar-frost' > HS: S 'cI > d Ar saqi- 'hoar-frost'
BK I 1353 C: Ag { Ap.} 'coq-/'caq- (= 'csI-/'caI-) 'rainy season' > Bln ssq, {R} siq, Xm {R} a,
{Ap.} ca-ra, Xm T {CR} car ({AD} = cay?), Km sai, Q {R} sag'c, Aw cs Ap. AV 2O, AD SF 1O3-4,
2O5-6 ?? S (+ ext) 'ssaIt- > Ar saqt- 'snow, dew' Hv. 326 ll U: FU 'caIa 'drift-ice; thin ice' >
pLp {Lr.} 'coIc 'ice-crust on snow' > Lp: S {Hs.} t|uogic id., L {LLO} t|uohIc 'ice-crust on the
ground', N {N} cuoIIc / -gg- 'ice-crust on pasture' || ObU: pOs 'coy > Os V {KrT} toy 'thin floating ice
(before freezing of a river)', Vg ML {Mu.} sai 'drift-ice' | Hg za|, sza|, sa| 'Eissto, Eitreiben; dnne
Eisdecke auf der Wasseroberflche' UEW 29, Lr. #19O, Lgc. #755, KrT 898 U 'caIc(rV) > FU:
pLp {Lr.} 'ccIsr 'winter pasture for reindeer' > Lp: S {Hs.} t|icgcrc, L {LLO} t|icIar, N {N} cicgar, Kld
ciyar; Lp 1 F IicIcro id. | ObU 'cVyor > Vg: LK sor, UL sir, Ss sar 'trampled snow'; Os: V tIyor
'snow-drift, Schneewehe, cyipo6', Y tayor, O sa_or id., 'winter pasture (with trampled snow) for
reindeer and elks' Sm {Jn.} 'scIV(-rV)- > Ne T schc 'large snowball, hard snow', schcri 'algemeiner
Winterweg' Lr. #147, Lgc. #6O8, Ht. #82O, Trj. S 492, Trj. VD 195, Resh. NEN #1 [err. adduction
of Kms {KD} ssr 'reindeer pasture', while in fact Kms 's- is from 'I-] ll A {DQA} 'ci_aga ({ DQA}
'ci_aga) > Tg 'i_aga 'thin ice-crust over snow' > Ewk ca, Lm aIay, Lm A aIay id., WrMc {Z}
caqa- 'to arise' (of ice-crust over snow), {Hr.} caqa- 'verkrusten', caqaqa-bi 'hat sich verkrustet, ist an
der Oberflche gefroren (Schnee)' STM II 381, Hr. 135 ?? M 'cajy,-sun 'snow' > MM [MA, IM, IsV,
LV] casun, WrM casun, HlM nac( an) , Kl cason, MMgl [Z] casun, Mgl {Rm.} cosun, Dg cas, Dx casun, Ba
casoq, Mnr H {SM} c`i_ass, {T} casc, Mnr M {Pot.} uaxcc, uacyn, {Rkh.} chcIscu, Mnr H {Pot.} uaci
MED 166, T 378, KRS 626, KW 423; -x- and -I- in Pot.'s and Rkh.'s records of Mnr M seem to reflect
to M 'y. KW 423 connects this M word with WrM caq 'hoar-frost', cai- 'to become white and ca-gan
'white' ( MED 158, 16O, 164), which is possible, but still qu. If Rm. is right, this will corroborate
the assumption of a pM 'ca DQA ##3O4 (A 'c`i_aga 'cold, frozen snow' > T, M + unc. pK {S}
'c"n- 'cold') ^ The HS glottalization ''I > 'I is due to the infl. of ' and\or that of the initial
'c`- ^ Resh. NEN #1 (A - U).
334. i 'ciIV 'small' > K: GZ {K
2
} 'c`iIu- 'tiny, wee; small things', {FS} 'c`iI- 'small' > G T
ciI-u-y 'very small, crumb', G K ciI-o-maI-o {FS} 'winzig kleines Stoffstck', {K
2
Ghl.} 'small
things', G Kzq ciI-a-maI-a 'ganz kleiner Kram, Kleinigkeiten', ? G M cuIana 'very small', Mg ciI-u
'small' FS K 465, FS E 527, 529, Fn. KW-4 37 [#75], Ghl. 7O2, K
2
313 ll HS: Om: SOm: Dm {Fl.}
ccII-snd 'small' f. || NrOm: Male {HLw.} ciIo id. Fl. OO 32O ll D {tr.} 'ciII-, {GS} 'ciI- 'little, small'
> Tl ciIiciIi id., Tm ciIIa 'in brief', Ml ciIIini 'young, small' (of girls), Kn ciIIa, ciga 'little, small,
young', ciIu 'smallness', Kdg ciII-adaIc 'very young, tender areca-nut', Tu ciIIa 'little, young, small,
short', Tl ciIiciIi 'small, little', as well as possibly words for 'mouse, muskrat': Kt ciIn 'mouse', Tl
ciIIcli ' small variety of mouse', Gnd ciIIal " ciIIal 'muskrat', ciIIal 'mouse' D #2495, GS 122
[#317] ll A 'c`'cIa > M 'caqa (< 'c`'cIa by as ?) > MM [S] {H} caqa 'child', WrM caqa, HlM nax 'small
child, infant', WrO {Krg.} ca_a-s 'child(ren), infant(s)' H 23, MED 166, Krg. 614 T: [1] 'cI- > OT
ccIun 'the young of the marmot' [2] (?) T 'agqa (< 'c`'cIa by as or A M) 'child' > OT U [IS] caya
'boy, young dancer', Chg {Bu., Shaw} (a'8 caya 'nestling', Chg {Rs. ?} caqa, Osm caya 'little boy',
Tkm uaia caya 'child' Tz. UIS 87, Rs. W 96, Bu. I 458 ? Tg: Ewk sIss 'tarbagan' ( OT ccIun)
STM II 419 pKo {S} 'ci_aI- - 'ci_sI- 'small' > MKo ci_aI- - ci_oI-, NKo caI-, Ko: Ph caI-, Sl c"aIta,
PhN caIta, Hmg ca_Ita, Chj taIta, Chs cogin, Ks cogin, Kw cain S QK #79, Nam 419, 425, MLC
1386 DQA #3O9 (pA 'c`i_aI`cu or 'c`cI`a 'small: T, M, Tg, Ko), Rm. SKE 2O, Rm. EAS I 64 ^ Sp
chico 'little, small' (phonetic siilarity without etl. connection with N 'ciIV) confirms the ideophonic
character of the N word.
335. 'c`ali ??? 'c`VlU 'to wind (round sth.), tie' > HS: WCh ''CVl- ({OS} 'cal-) 'rope' > Bl {Stl.
?} coli, Ang {Flk.} sal 'a tree supplying bark to make ropes from' || CCh: Mln {ChL} salu, Bcm {Sk. in
ChL} saliIc salaIc 'rope' ChL, ChC, Flk. s.v. sal OS RPV I 67 ll U 'colV 'bind, tie', 'colmc 'knot',
v. 'bind' > FU {UEW} 'colmc id. > F solmi 'knot', solmi- v. 'knot, tie', Es solm 'knot, loop' | pLp 'colms
'knot' > Lp: S {Hs.} t|uolmc, L {LLO} t|uol'ma, N {N} cuol'bma / -lm- id.; L {LLO} t|uol'ma- 'knpfen,
knoten', S {Hs.} t|uolmcdh 'zubinden, zuknoten' | pMr 'sulm+ > Er cnxo sulmo, Mk
cnxa sulmo " sulma 'Knoten, Bndel', Er/Mk cnxa- '(zusammen)knpfen, (zu)binden, stricken' || Hg
csomo 'Knoten, Bndel' pY {IN} 'cala- 'bind, add, na(crann) r (patch on?)' > Y {IN}: K colo-, T
cala- id. UEW 38-9, Lr. #194, Lgc. #765, Hs. 1346-7, Ps. sL 6O, Ker. II 149, IN 216, Ku. 316 ll A: two
alt. hypothetical pA roots may be envisaged as cognates: [1] A 'c`ali > NaT 'ali- v. 'wind' > Qmn {B}
cali- vt. 'wind round, entangle (o6nnr, :anyrar)', QK {B, Rl.}, Tlt {Rl.} cali- 'embrace, entangle
(o6n) r, :anyrar)', Kr cal-, VTt {Bu.} sal- v. 'wind', Qmq cal- v. 'plait'; - NaT 'al-ma > Chg XV calma
'stripe of cloth wrapped round the heads', MQp XIV [CC], OOsm XVI calma, Tk calma 'turban', Alt,
Qmn, Tlt calma 'loop', VTt uanxa salma, Kr calma " calma 'turban' Cl. 42O, Rs. W 97, KRPS 611-2, B
DK 266, B DLT 22O, Rl. III 188O, 1892, Bu. I 464, TL 395 Ko {MLC} cari- v. 'tie up tight' MLC
1376 Rm. SKE 24, KW 421 or [2] ??? SDM suggest A {SDM95} 'calu- v. 'twist, wrap round' and
{SDM97} id., 'hang' > NaT 'tolga- id. > OT tolga- id., Tk dola-, Az, Tkm dola-, Chg, SY tolya-, Tv tolya- id.
Cl. 497, Rs. W 486 M 'cilbujyu,r 'bridle, rein' > MM [HI] cilbur 'longe', WrM cilbugur, HlM nyn6yyp
'long leather cord attached to the headstall of a halter or bridle', WrO culbuur 'rein, guiderope, lead;
halter', Kl nynnyp culvur 'Leitriemen, Leitzgel', '(bridle) rein, ucx6yp' Ms. H 47, MED 182, Krg. 649,
KRS 64O, KW 433 pKo {S} 'cnrn v. 'hang up, strangle' > MKo cnrn-, NKo cari- id.; MKo cnro,
cnrn, cn`r, NKo caru 'handle' S QK #726, Nam 412, 416, MLC 1376 pJ {S} 'tur- 'handle (of a pot,
basket)' > J T curu SDM95 and SDM97 (A 'calu 'to twist, wrap round') adduce here Tg '|alan
'joint (cycran)' () ^ If we could have taken for granted that Orl & Stolbova's rec. of the WCh is
reliable, we could assume that the pN initial cns. was either 'c or 'c; but in my opinion the rec. is
more than qu. , because even the primary source (in the case of Bl coli) is still to be checked, and
there is no ev. of the initial cns. being emphatic. IS I 2OO reconstructed the U as 'solmc, and this
served as one of the arguments for his hyp. about N 'c (his 'c) > U 's. But in view of recent
research both the U rec. ( UEW 38-9) and IS's hyp. must be revised. If the pA 'c`ali is chosen as a
cognate, the N rec. must be 'c`ali.
336. 'c`aLV 'to bend, incline' > HS: WS (or CS) 'clv > JA cly - clv G (pf. il4c6 co'lc - al1c6
co'la) v. 'turn, incline, bend', JEA cly G {Sl.} 'turn aside, incline', Sr o so'la 'se inclinavit,
inclinatus est; flexit', Md sl? 'bend, incline', Ar Y sala prep. 'in die Richtung auf, zu, nach', ?? sly
L (pf. sala, ip. yusali) 'be opposite\vis--vis', OYmn {Slw.} sly (L ?) id. (unless Sb slvt, slv
'faade, portico'), ? Gz slv (pf. salava) v. 'listen, incline (the ear)', solova lobb 'inconsistent, non
constant' (lit. 'inclining [his] heart'), ? Sb slt 'prayer, supplication' Br. 628, Lv. IV 191, Js. 1283,
Sl. 964-5, L G 556, Slw. 134-5, BGMR 143 ll IE: NaIE 'sIcl- 'bend, be bent\twisted', {EI} '(s)Icl-
'crooked' > Gk okoio) 'curved, winding, twisted' || pAl {O} 'scala > Al calc 'crippled, lame;
wrinkled' || OHG scclah 'sloping, squint-eyed' (> MHG schclch 'scheel, schielend, quer, krumm', NHG
schccl 'squint-eyed' NHG schccl 'envious; - MHG schilhcn 'schielen, blinzeln', NHG schiclcn 'to
squint, be cross-eyed'), AS sccolh 'wry, oblique', ON sI|algr 'schief, schielend' || ? L scclus / gen.
scclcris 'crime, evel deed' || ?? Arm xe _cl 'crippled, maimed', 2el scl 'squint-eyed, goggle-eyed' P
728, Mn. 1155, Mn. AHG 38, F II 723-4, WH II 492, Vr. 495, Ho. 275, OsS 787, Kb. 874, Lx. 181, 183,
KM 64O, 647, O 49, Slt. 35O-3, Bedr. 28O, 547, EI 142 (unc. : adduces Pru culczi 'hip, haunch', Lt
Iulnas 'heel' and Blg ) iynia 'thigh' and hence reconstructs 's- mobile in '(s)Icl- 'crooked').
337. 'c`ElV ('c`cylV?) 'to jump' > HS: S '-cul- - 'cll > Ar svl (ip. -sul-) v. 'dart furiously
upon' (of beasts), 'assault', ?? BHb lc2l1c6 colacal 'locust' (h.l., Dt. 28.42), Jb C sll (pf. scll, 3m
sbjn. 'yosssl) 'be startled, jump in fright; run fast' deglott.: ? MHb sll D {Lv.} 'sich hin-\her-
schwenken, sich erheben' Fr. II 533-4, Hv. 41O, KB 965-6, GB 685, Jo. J 238, Lv. III 532 C: HEC:
Kmb {Hd.} cal-, Hd {Hd.} call-, calal- 'jump' | SC: Kz {E} cal- v. 'fly' Hd. 86, 273, 312, E SC 194
Ch: Hs callc 'jumping' || ECh: Ll {Grgs.} cal 'jump' Abr. H 875, ChC s.v. 'jump' OS #411
('ca?al-/'caval-), Tk. PAA 2 (SC, Hb sll, Hs) ll IE: NaIE '(s)Icl- 'jump' > OI sala'bha-h 'grasshopper',
salura-h 'frog', OI A salu-, saluIa- id. || MHG schcl 'aufspringend, auffahrend' || Lt suolis, suolys
'Sprung, Auf-\Emporspringen', Ltv solis 'step' WP II 6OO, P 929, M K III 313, M E II 616
(mentions OI sala'bha- without et.), Lx. 181, Frn. 1O35 ll U: FU 'cEllV- or 'ccyllV- ({IS} 'cclV-)
'jump' > pLp {Lr.} 'cclo- id. > Lp: L {LLO} t|allot, K {Gn.} ccallc id., N {N} cllot / -l- 'to make
long jumps\bounds' | Z Ss {Wc.} cil- in cil-nI mun-nI 'vom Wasser zurckprallend hpfen (Stein, wenn
man "Seejungfern" wirft)' (-nI is an inf. marker, mun-nI 'go') || Hg Sz csillai- 'jump (ciaiar)'; LG 3O5
mentions Hg csillcn- 'o6ciaiar, ncpcnpiiar' [= 'outgallop, jump over'?] (?) [not found in standard
Hg dictionaries and in the dialect dict. UMT] The vowel corrs. within FU are irreg. (Lp points to 'c
or 'c, while Z and Hg suggest 'i); a possible solution is to postulate pFU 'ccylV Lr. #129, Lgc.
#54O, N I 454, Wc. FUAA 192, Wc. SW 3OO, LG 3O5 (connects Z cilnI munnI with Z unnii- 'cast [a
disk, etc.]') ^ IS I 2O3 [#44] ('ccln).
337a. ? 'c`ilu or 'c`'ulV 'entire, intact, pure' > HS: WS 'cll 'purify' > Ar sll G (ip. -sull-)
'clarify (a beverage), clear wheat from dust', Pun {HJ} sll 'purified', BHb llc cll G {Drv.} 'be cleared
(gate) of traffic', MHb {Js.} cll G 'settle, be cleared' (of liquid), 'clarify', pp. lulc1 ca'lul 'clarified',
JEA cll G 'be clear', JA [Trg.] pp. lilc6 colil 'clarified', Sr sll D 'cleanse, purify', pp. G so'lil
'limpid, clear, transparent' (of air, water), 'clarified' (of wine, honey, ointment), Gz sll G
'percolate, filter; be filtered' Hv. 4O2, BK I 1355, HJ 568, Drv. HH 62, Js. 1284, Sl. 965, Br. 627,
JPS 478, L G 556 ll U: FU (att. in FP) 'cillV 'entire, pure' > pChr {Ber.} 'cila > Chr: H nnna ci'la, L
uina c+'la 'whole, all, all kind of (ncc, nc) inn), Uf/B c+la 'alle, alles' | Prm {LG} 'cil- or 'cu'l- > Yz cil
'entirely, quite', Vt {Bor.} uiniai, Vt Sr cIlI-aI 'im ganzen, rein', {Wc.} cIlIIt 'rein, klar' UEW 613,
Ber. 7, MRS 660, Ep. 138 (Chr H nnna), LG 3O6 ll A: M 'culu 'entire, pure, monolithic' > WrM
{MED} culu, HlM nyn 'pure, unmixed; solid, monolithic; monochromatic', {Kow.} WrM culu 'compacte,
qui nest pas vide; fort, inbranlable', IM {MYC} cul " cul 'pure, unmixed', Kl {Rm.} cul
u
'ganz (nicht
gelchert, nicht hohl), kompakt, komplett, ungemischt, lauter', Ord c`ulu 'qui prsente une masse
compacte, massif', Brt cyna 'entirely; robust (of health, healthy person), pure (cnnomnon, e.g.
cnnomnoc x) co)', Mnr E {MYC} cul 'pure, unmixed' MED 2O7, Kow. 22O5, KW 433, Ms. O 719, Chr.
396, MYC 581 ^ If the N etymon is 'c`ilu, the first vw. of M 'culu is due to as ; if the rec. is
'c`'ulV, we have to accept delabialization in U ^ , Blz. LNA #7 (N 'cilu 'all' > FP, M).
338. ? 'cUlV 'stalk, stick' > K 'cvcl- 'dry stem, straw' ( 'staff') > OG cvcl-i 'stalk(s)' (Mark
4.28) [in the Gk text _oto), but K 243 translates it as ' crc6cn' ('stalk')], 'a straw (Strohhalm)', G
cvcl-i 'chaff', {FS} 'straw', Mg cu- id., Lz cu- 'straw (stalks), stem', o-cval-c 'barn of chaff (x) innnni)',
{FS} 'Scheune', Sv UB/LB/L cuv, cvi {FS} 'straw, stalk[s]' ('Stroh, Halm'), 'stem of a plant', Sv UB
{GP} cvi 'blade of grass' K 243 (GZ 'cvcl), K
2
294-5, Q 382, FS K 443, FS E 5OO-1, Chx. 2154, GP
279, TK 856 ll HS: ? S ''cill- ''cull- 'thorn' > Ak OB/OA sillum, Ak OB sullum id., 'pin, needle'; a
deglottalized CS variant 'salv- - 'sall- - 'sull- may be suggested by BHb N&l`x2 sal'lon 'thorn', JA [Trg.]
{Js.}, JEA {Sl.} av!l6ix sil'va, JEA {Sl.}, Sr sal'v-a id. and Ar sulla?- 'pines du palmier' KB 714, KBR
756-7, Js. 993-4, Sl. 8O4, Sd. 11O1-2, CAD XVI 193-4, BK I 1117 B '-ziljy,- '-zuljy,- 'branch' > Ah
a-zol (pl. i-zl-an) 'branche', ETwl a-zol (pl. i-zol-an), Ty a-zol (pl. ozl-an), Gh azol (pl. izlan), Sll
ta-zoly-it (pl. ti-zoly-a) id. 'iu is reconstructed on the ev. of ETwl and Ty 'o, because pB 'a yields
ETwl/Ty '+ [= 'a], while ETwl/Ty 'o goes back to pB 'i and 'u Fc. 1955, GhA 221, Ds. 45 ll U: FU
'cuilV - 'culV 'stalk, stick' > Chr L uinii c+l+I 'a thin twig\rod used to clear pipes', Chr H ni'ni'i
coloI 'a pipe of the Cheremis Dudelsack', Chr L uinix c+l+m 'pipe' || pOs 'colV ({ Hl.} 'culV) > Os
Kz su'li 'Knttel beim sor-Spiel, Knttel zum Schleudern von Zirbelzapfen', su'lu'v 'Knttel
beim sor-Spiel; eigens zum Abschalgen von Zirbelzapfen hergestellter Stock' 251, MRS 684, Ep.
141, KrT 9O7 ll ? A: Tg: Sln {Iv.} olo'xu 'transverse perches of the roof' STM II 4O6, Iv. 34
(uon`uoxy), Vv. AEN 14 (rejects the Sln cognate as isolated within A; misquotes Iv. by ascribing a
non-existing length to the first o) ll D ( N 'cula 'stalk, branch' N 'ssulV 'trunk, log'??): [1] (in SD)
'culiII ({GS} 'cc-) 'stick' > Tm culiIIu 'pikestaff, sharp-pointed stick carried by travellers', Kn
culiIc 'a stout stick to beat cotton with'; [2] 'cull- ({GS} 'c-) 'stalk, branch' > Tm, Ml culli 'dry
twigs, branch, brushwood', Knd culI 'long pliable stick, stalk' D ##27O1, 27O6 ^ AD NM #85, S
CNM 4 ( NrCs, ST).
338a. 'cujV,llV 'small' > HS: S 'cl > Ar saal- 'tat de ce qui est mince', sal- 'qui a la
tte petite est le cou mince' BK I 134O ll K: GZ 'cvl-il- 'little, small' > OG (m)culil-, curil- 'small,
little, narrow', G cvril- 'small', Lz culu- 'little, small' K
2
295, Abul. 552 ll D 'cul- 'light (not heavy)'
> Tu culaIa, Ku sulIara id., Kn culaIa, culuIu 'lightness of temper', Tl culuIa(n) 'lightly, with
slight\disregard, easily', culuIani 'light, easy'; ( A InA: OI sulabha- 'easy'): Tm culuvu 'ease', Kn, Tl
suluvu 'facility', Kt culv 'easy work, easy' [the cns. -l- proves that these words are not simply loans
from InA, but have a D source as well] D #27O3 ll A: M 'coluyi- v. 'decline, diminish' and pKo
{S} 'cur- v. 'shrink, grow less' ( 'cU?'iljv,V 'little, small', q.v. ffd.) ^ If ISs hyp. on N 'l yielding K
'r (r) (> G, Zan r, Sv l) is right, the N etymon must be 'cujV,lV ^ Blz. KM 13O-1 [#2] (K, D, M,
Ko) .
339. 'cil'?A 'to be wet\moist, moisture (water, etc.)' > HS: S 'cVll- 'heavy rain, moisture' > Ar
sall- 'pluie abondante', sall-at- 'terre humecte', sull-at- 'reste\rsidu deau dans un vase', 'mollesse
des viandes trempes et humides' BK I 1355-6 ll IE: NaIE 'sIlc-I- / 'sIlo-I 'wet', 'splash, sprinkle'
> ON slag 'Ne (von Regen)', slcginn 'wettened', Nr slagcn 'moist', MLG slaggc, Sw slagga-vadcr
'schlackiges, regnerisches Wetter', MDt slaggc 'rainy weather', NLG slacI 'large heavy drops', NHG
SchlacI 'rain with snow', schlacIig, schlacIcrig 'rainy, wet, sloppy, slushy' (of weather), NE slaggy,
slacI 'swamp' || Lt slaIas 'drop, spot, splash (of)', slaIc'ti (1s prs. slaIu) 'to drip, dribble, drop',
slc'Iti (prs. slcIiu) 'to sprinkle', Ltv slaIa 'drop, besprinkling', slacit 'to (be)sprinkle, water,
asperse' WP II 6O2-3, P 957, Vr. 512, Paul 5O8, Frn. 998, Kar. II 213 ll A: NaT {Cl.} 'ila- v.
'moisten' > OT {Cl.} cila-, {DTS} cila- - cila- v. 'moisten', Tk An cilc- v. 'drizzle, be moist', VTt {Rl.}
s+lan- 'befeuchtet \ bewssert \ na werden', s+lat- 'besprizen, begieen, na machen, bewssern'
Cl. 418, DTS 146, Rl. III 2O55, 2O85, 2135-6 ?? Tg: WrMc cilci- 'rise' (of water during the rising
tide), but Nn cilIan 'flood-time' belongs to Tg 'tilIan id. STM II 18O-1 ll ? K: GZ 'cqal- 'water, well'
> OG, G cqal-i 'water', Mg cqu- 'well', cqu-rgil-i 'spring' Mach. K 91, FS K 455, K 159-6O ('rcqa-
'water') ll A possible D cognate: D 'cil- ({GS} 'cc-) 'to flow' [ N 'silV 'to be(come) liquid, melt,
flow', q.v.] > Tm cilucilu v. 'rain gently', cilu-nir 'raindrop dripping from the leaves' (nir 'water'),
cilumu v. 'flow\gush out', Kt cilI v. 'drizzle', Kn cilIuniru 'water in fine drops', |iliu v. 'ooze', Krg cilbi
v. 'splash water', Tl ciluIu vt. 'sprinkle, shed', vt. 'be spilled', cilacila i (imitation of flowing), Ku silI-
vi. 'splash'; D 1 Prkr cilicilia 'shower' D #2569 But D 'cil- ({GS} 's-?) 'pond, brook, river'
hardly belongs here because its initial cs. is likely ro be 's- [see N 'sizV 'stream, small body of water
(lake & sim.)']; for the same reason one cannot adduce here D 'cclc ({GS} 's-) 'spring of water' (D
#2785) ^ K 'cq- may go back to N 'c...? (cp. K 'tqu- < 'tu?'o 'two') ^ Blz. KM 132 [#4]
(equates the K root with IE 'sIol- 'wash', D ccl- 'spring' and T 'alaI- 'bucket, pail') .
34O. 'c'ullyE 'to prick, wound' > K: GZ 'c`qal-/'c`ql- v. 'wound' > OG, G cqal-/cql-, Mg cqol-
id. Schm. 157, K 254, FS K 468, FS E 532 ll HS: WS 'cl (and with deglottalization: 'cl) > Gz
sal- - sol- 'abscess wound, ulcer, sore', Tgr sl (pf. svla) v. 'be wounded', salo 'wound', Sb
{BGMR} ols sl v. 'quarry stone, dig', Ar sl v. G 'cleave, wound' L G 554, BK I 1124, Hv. 331, BGMR
138 SC: Irq cil- v. 'sting', Kz {E} cal- v. 'stab', ccl-ct- v. 'drill' E SC 193 WCh: Su {J} sul 'dig',
Mpn {Frz.} su`l 'pierce, male a hole', Sha cul- 'durchbohren, erstechen' J S 82, Frz. DM 57, J R 284
Tk. PAA 5 (SC, Sb, WCh) ll D (in SD) 'cull- ({GS} '-) v. 'prick' > Tm cul, cullu 'pungency',
cull-itu v. 'prick', Ml culuculc 'wuth sharp pain', culuculuIIa 'feel hot, irritated by the touch of
nettles, piercing pain', Kn Cr :ullu v. 'prick' D #2699.
34Oa. 'c'iLhV '(char)coal, soot' > K 'caol- > Mgr cola 'soot' Q 381 ll HS: EC 'cilh- ({Ss.}
'dilh-) - 'culh- > Sa dilh-cno 'charcoal', {R} dilhcno 'live coals', ?? Rn {PG} ilah 'burning charcoal,
glowing coal' [ N 'ujhi,lyV (or 'ujhi,lyE) 'to smoulder'], Or 'cilc?, {Grg.} cillc, cillatti, {Th.}
cilc, {Brl.} cilc, Or H {Ow.} cilc, Or B {Sr.} cilc, cilcti, Or O/W {Sr.} cillati (< ''cilc-c <
''cilh-c?), Kns {Bl.} 'dil-a, Gdl {Bl.} 'dilh-a, Sm duhul, Ya {Ss.} tcho id., ? Gwd dili v. 'burn' || Dhl
{EEN} tiliha, {E} ti'lihc, {To} tilihc (pl. tiliha) 'embers' || AdS of SC: Irq cirih- v. 'glow' (< N
'tcrjh,a 'to heat, roast, fry') Bl. 2O2, 215, Ss. PEC 22, 3O, R S II 1O6, PG 167, Grg. 82-3, Th. 68, Sr.
281, Ow. 256, To. D 148, EEN 17, E SC 175, E PC #127 Om: SOm: Gll {Fl.} cilsi 'charcoal (used in
smithy)', Hm B {Fl.} cilsi 'sheep with black skin' || NrOm: Gm {Hw.} cicinci, ? Kf {C}
'cicino 'charcoal' Fl. OO 317, C SE IV 419, Hw. EG ?? S 'cOlh > Gz silah 'filth, dirt,
mud' ('dirt' *'soot, charcoal'?) L G 555 ll ? A: M: LM cildcq qara 'jet-black', HlM unn(yn xap 'black as
soot' (qara, xap 'black'), Kl {Rm.} cilm _ar
a
morn, {KRS} unnx xap x' pn 'kohlschwarzes Pferd,
absolutely black horse' (_ara morn, xap x' pn 'black horse'). The word may have been assosiated
with the system represented by LM cclbcq sagan, HlM nyn6yn naiaan 'white as snow' MED 171, 183,
Rm. KW 440, KRS 650 ^ The K vw. still defies explanation ^ Blz. KM 13O [#1] [Mg, HS + unc. : D
'cull-/'cul- 'fireplace' (see N 'ujhi,lyV (or 'ujhi,lyE)) 'to smoulder, burn) and T 'ul 'heat'].
[34Oa. 'c'ul_V 'embers, charcoal' > K: [1] 'c_'ul- > Sv L c_ul-, c_vl- v. 'singe, burn the surface
of (onannr, o6cu)', msd. {TK}: UB/Ln li-c_vlc, L li-c_vli id. TK 478, Dn. s.v. c_ul- [2] 'cc`_l-
'fire' (< N cd 'isV c'ul_V 'flame embers', cf. below N 'isV 'fire' [q.v. ffd.]) ll D 'cull-/'cul-
'fireplace' ( N 'uj?i,lV (or 'uj?i,lE)) 'to smoulder, burn [intr.]) > Tm cullai_ 'potters kiln,
furnace', culai_ 'kiln, furnace, funeral pile', Ml culla 'potters furnace', cula 'brick-kiln'; D 1 OI,
Prkr culli- 'fireplace' D #2709 ll HS: EC 'cilh- ({Ss.} 'dilh-) - 'culh- > Sa dilh-cno 'charcoal', {R}
dilhcno 'live coals', ?? Rn {PG} ilah 'burning charcoal, glowing coal' [ N 'uj?i,lV (or 'uj?i,lE)
'to smoulder'], Or 'cilc?, {Grg.} cillc, cillatti, {Th.} cilc, {Brl.} cilc, Or H {Ow.} cilc, Or B {Sr.}
cilc, cilcti, Or O/W {Sr.} cillati (< ''cilc-c < ''cilh-c?), Kns {Bl.} 'dil-a, Gdl {Bl.} 'dilh-a, Sm
duhul, Ya {Ss.} tcho id., ? Gwd dili v. 'burn' || Dhl {EEN} tiliha, {E} ti'lihc, {To} tilihc (pl. tiliha)
'embers' || AdS of SC: Irq cirih- v. 'glow' (< N 'tcrjh,a 'to heat, roast, fry') Bl. 2O2, 215, Ss. PEC 22,
3O, R S II 1O6, PG 167, Grg. 82-3, Th. 68, Sr. 281, Ow. 256, To. D 148, EEN 17, E SC 175, E PC #127
Om: SOm: Gll {Fl.} cilsi 'charcoal (used in smithy)', Hm B {Fl.} cilsi 'sheep with black skin' || NrOm:
Gm {Hw.} cicinci, ? Kf {C} 'cicino 'charcoal' Fl. OO 317, C SE IV 419, Hw. EG ?? S 'cOlh >
Gz silah 'filth, dirt, mud' ('dirt' *'soot, charcoal'?) L G 555 ll ? A: M: LM cildcq qara 'jet-black',
HlM unn(yn xap 'black as soot' (qara, xap 'black'), Kl {Rm.} cilm _ar
a
morn, {KRS} unnx xap x' pn
'kohlschwarzes Pferd, absolutely black horse' (_ara morn, xap x' pn 'black horse'). The word may
have been assosiated with the system represented by LM cclbcq sagan, HlM nyn6yn naiaan 'white as
snow' MED 171, 183, Rm. KW 440, KRS 650.] To remove!
341. 'c`EmV 'to maim, torment' > K: 'cam- v. 'torment' > G cam- id., Lz cam- id. (A G?) Chik.
392-3, Chx. 21O2 ll HS: S: [1] WS 'cmy > Ar smy 'tomber roide mort, tre tu sur place' ( smy
'tomber limproviste'), Sq {L} samc v. 'die' L LS 353, BK I 1373 [2] ? WS 'cmm 'have a damaged
ear, be deaf' > MHb Mim`5uc sum'mim, Mm`1uc cum'mam 'a person whose auricles are a shapeles
mass', Sr sam'm-a 'deaf anf dumb', Ar smm G (pf. samma) 'become deaf', 'be obstructed' (ear-hole),
Gz smm G 'be deaf, dumb' Js. 1268, Br. 631, BK I 1366, Hv. 4O4, L G 32O, MiK I #2.64 ll IE: NaIE
'sIcm- 'mutilated, hornless' > OI 'sama- 'hornless', 'samala-m 'stain, spot, fault' || Lt smulas, Ltv
smauls 'hornless' || Gmc: [1] ON sIammr, AS scamm, OHG scam 'short' [2] NaIE 'Ioam- OHG ham
(aadj. hammcr) 'mutilated' [3] NaIE 'Ioam-Vl- > AS hamola 'one whose head has been mutilated or
shaved', OHG hamal 'mutilated; wether', NHG Hammcl 'wether', ON hamla 'to mutilate', AS hamclian 'to
mutilate', OHG hamalon 'to castrate' || Sl 'Iomol+(|i) 'hornless' > R io'xonin, Slv Iomol, OP Iomoly, P
gomoly id., Cz Iomoly 'truncated, tailless, hornless', Iomoliti 'to mutilate' P 929, M K III 2O8-9, M E
II 61O, Vr. 2O7, 482, Sw. 81, Ho. 171, 271, OsS 368, 776, Kb. 866, KM 286, Frn. 1O15, Vs. II 3O4,
Ma. CS 216, EI 273 ('Icm- 'hornless' without taking into accpount OI) ll ?? A: M cimad- > WrM
cimad- v. 'reproach, blame; be dissatisfied' MED 184 pKo {S} 'cnmh- 'endure, bear' > MKo c"nm-,
NKo c"am- S QK #727, Nam 448, MLC 1571 pJ {S} 'tamar- 'endure' > J T tamar- S QJ #65O
DQA #268 ^ IS MS s.v. 'yncunr' 'cnmn.
342. 'c'imV 'eyelid', 'to blink (eyes)' > K 'cam- 'a blink' ( 'moment, instant') > OG cam-i 'a
blink' (camis qoa 'to blink', lit. 'to make a blink'; cami tvalisa 'twinkling of an eye' [tvalisa 'of an
eye'] - I Cor. 15.52), G cam-i 'moment, second', Mg cum-i 'minute, second', aIa-cun-s 'in a
minute\second', Sv UB/Ln cam, L cam 'moment' ({Dn.} 'xni, xinoncnnc'), cam-cam 'quickly'. The pGZ
word 'Iamcam- ({K} 'camcam-) 'eyelashes' (> G camcam-, Lz Iamcam- id.) may go back to a word
group, cp. D: Kn Hl Icn:cmc 'eyelid' (D #2545) with the first component D 'Ian`n`- 'eye' (D #1159, Zv.
42, 116, 171) K 242, K
2
292, FS K 439-4O, FS E 496-7, Chik. 45, Chx. 21O3, DCh. 1634, NCh. RKL
I 515, Mol. AGG 225, Dn. s.v. cam, TK 851 ll D 'cimV ({GS} 's-?) v. 'wink', 'eyelid' > Tm imai_ v.
'wink', imai_ 'eyelid', cimir` v. 'wink, blink', Ml ima, cima 'eyelash', imcIIa v. 'blink', Kn imc, cmc
'eyelash, eyelid', cimutu v. 'twinkle\wink with the eyes', Kdg cimm- v. 'twinkle', Tu im, sim, simm
'eyelash, Tl cimutu v. 'wink' D #2545 The vw. 'i suggest that the word may be contaminated
with N 'silV(-ma) 'to look, examine' [q.v.] ll ? HS: S: Gz samlat 'bleary-eyed, who has no eyelids', Tgr
cvmtvlv 'bleary-eyed' Likely to go back to a cd with the first element ''cVm- 'eyelid' L G 557
C: EC: Brj {Ss.} cimmiy- v. 'close\cover the eyes', Kmb {Hd.} timbi?-, Ged {Hd.} himmi has- id. (has-
'do') || ??? Bj {R} simbchani - simbani, {Rop.} sambo'hani 'eyebrows' (unless to N 'samjV,gc '(lock of)
hair, fine hair' [q.v.]) Ss. B 48, Hd. 42 (reconstructs 't-), R WBd 215 (equates Bj with Bl scbIa
'hair'), Rop. 238 ^ Blz. DA 154 [#16] #15 (D, C).
343. 'c`amgV 'cold' > U: FP 'camKV- > Z UV camgi- 'begin to freeze hard' (of frost) LG 3O1 ll
A: ?? M 'caq 'hoar-frost' > WrM caq, HlM nan( i) , Ord c`aq, Brt cyn (with puzzling y), Kl na id., Kl
{Rm.} caq 'Reif, Frost' MED 164, KRS 625, KW 421, Chr. 4O3, Ms. O 694 The word is not attested
in MM and has a strange phonetic shape (no final vw.), which suggests borrowing ll HS: WS 'cnn >
MHb, JA, ChPA cnn 'be(come) cold', JEA {Sl.} cnn D vt. 'cool', BHb cin'na' (att. cs. tn`2c5 cin,nat
'coolness', SmA enc cnh, envc cvnh n. 'cold', JA at1n`6c5 (- at1n`6ic) 5cinno't-a id., Qtb (ArSc)
oat sannatji, '(goddess) of coolness' GB 688, KB 972, Js. 1278, 1292, Sl. 968, Tal 737 WCh: DfB
{J} cycn 'wind, air' J R 213 OS #119.
344. 'c`EmV (or 'c`-?) 'bent, crooked' > IE: NaIE {IS} '(s)Kcmb- 'crooked', {EI} '(s)Iamb- 'curve' >
Gk oko|o) 'crooked' (< *oko|o) < 'sKmb- with reintroduction of due to the infl. of different
words of the same ) || OIr camm, W cam 'crooked' P 918, EI 143, F II 716-7, Vn. C 28-9 ll U: FU
'cEmV ({IS} 'cima) '(sth.) bent; to bend' > pLp {Lr.} 'cimc > Lp: N {N} cibbc, U {Schl.} t|ibbcc
'knee' ( 'bent'), L {LLO} t|ibbcc ctbbc 'lower part of the human leg' | ? Chr L cam'bal 'hummock,
tussock' (irreg. c and the vw.) | Prm: Z ib / iby- 'a salient height, hillock, hill', ban in 'the salient
part of a cheek' || ObU 'camol > pVg 'camol > Vg Ss samol 'Schwebung', samalal- 'sich nach
beiden Seiten neigen (die Ente, beim Herabfliegen)', ? Vg N {Mu.} samc'lali 'hin und her drehen,
erwgen' ( samc'lti 'drehen'); pOs 'camla > Os D/K/Kr/C a'mla' 'schwankend, schaukelnd
(Boot)' LG 9O, Lr. #137, Lgc. #566, LLO 1151, Ht. #78, MK 587 ll ? HS: S: Gz snv (pf. sanava)
'twist, disturb', sonov 'distorted, twisted' (unless snv 'crush', sonov 'crushed, shattered')
L G 561 ^ IS I 2O6-7 ('Cima: IE, U).
345. 'ccnV 'to tie, bind, plait' > K ''c`an-/'c`n- 'to wicker' > G (da-)can-/cn- v. 'plait, wicker',
cnuli 'wicker-work (e.g. 'basket'), Geflecht'; ?? GZ 'c`n-cl- 'rod' > OG, G cn-cl-i, Mg cin-i " con-i, Lz
cinu " cunu 'rod, sapling (Rute, Gerte)' FS K 458, FS E 519, FS K
2
66O; K 252 & K
2
3O7 ('c`ncl-
'rod'), Chx. 2187-8, DCh. 456, 1699, KEGL VIII 116O-2, SSO II 386 K ''c`an-/'c`n- 'to wicker' is a
legitimate rec. if in GZ 'c`n-cl- the meaning 'rod' is from 'staff for wickering' ll HS: CS 'sinn- - 'sann-
'basket' > JA {Dl., Lv.} an`!c5 cin'n-a 'basket, wicker-work as container', {Js.} an!ic5 cina - an!c1 cana
'basket of palm-leaves', JEA an`!c2 can'n-a 'basket', Ar sinn- 'panier couvercle dans lequel on met le
pain', BHb rdp tn#c3n^c5 cin'ccnct, SmHb san'scnct 'basket' KB 973, BK I 1373, Sl. 967-8, Js.
1277 & 129O, Lv. IV 2O2 WCh: pAG {Hf.} '|in 'to tie' > Gm din 'to tie (e.g. a goat)', Ang {Hf.}
|in id., Su {J} di`n 'festbinden (Tiere, Boote)', Kfr |in 'to tie (a goat, cloth round waist)', ? Kfr {Nt.}
|an 'to tie up, bind (pl. obj.)' Hf. AG 23 [#166], J S 64, Nt. 11 ll U 'ccnn`V 'to tie, bind; a tie' > pLp
{Lr.} 'csns- 'to tie, bind' > Lp: U t|ad'na-t id., N {N} cadna-t / -n- id., 'fasten by tying; catch and tie (a
reindeer)', L {LLO} t|atna-t 'binden, fest-\an-binden', Lp P {TI} csnna- 'binden' Sm: Ne T O {Lh.}
san 'halter (in reindeer bridle)', san, Ne T {Ter.} c n 'two flat bones within the halter', Ne F P {Lh.}
sanni 'Hslsband, womit das Argischrentier den vorangeheenden Schlitten gebunden ist' UEW 37,
Lr. #112, Lgc. #469, Lh. 429, Ter. 6OO ^ The rec. of 'c- is legitimate only if GZ 'c`ncl- 'rod' is
derived from the K verb 'to wicker' (which in this case must be 'c`n-), otherwise we remain with an
unspecified N 'c`- (= 'cc-).
346. ??, 'c`c`aqnV 'be of a shining white', 'be enlightened (as sky)', 'moon' > IE (+ext.) NaIE
'sIcnd- 'be of a shining white', 'moon', {EI} '(s)Icnd- 'shine', 'moon' > L candco 'be of a shining white,
shine, glitter' || OI 'candati 'shines, is bright', can'dra-h (in cds -scan'drah) 'moon' || pAl {O} mt 'Isanda
> Al T hcnc, Al G hanc id. P 526, EI 385, M K I 372-3, WH I 151-2, Huld 24 (Al < IE 'sIan-ncH),
15O, O 146-7 (IE 'sIcnd-) ll D 'caqI- ({GS} '-) 'moon' > Nk :aqgo, Gnd :aqo - :aqgo id. D #2287
ll ? HS: Ch: WCh: Tng {J} saqq 'bright, clear' | Ngz {Sch.} sanu 'be come light\enlightened',
da sanI-gara 'it has dawned' (da 'it, country') J T 141, Sch. DN 53, 162, Stl. ZCh 199 [#5O5]
(pWCh 'can-).
347. 'c`aPV (or 'c`aPKV, 'c`aKPV?) 'stalk, pointed stick, spear' > IE: NaIE sIc- 'stalk, spear'
> Ltv sIcs 'spear, lance' || OHG scaft 'spear, shaft', NHG Schaft 'shaft, handle', OSx sIaft 'spear,
shaft', ON sIat 'Schaft, Stab, Stange, Griff' || L scaus 'stalk of plants, weavers beam' ME IV 32-3,
Ho. S 65, OsS 772, Kb. 864, KM 632, Vr. 483, WH II 49O, Kar. 348, P 93O-3 ll A 'c`aIV 'spear,
pointed stick' ({SDM97} 'spear, axe') > Tg 'aIa 'fish spear' > Ewk, Neg aIa, Ul caqa, Nn Nh
caqa:, Nn B ca(f)qa, Nn KU caqa id., Ork caqa id., 'fork' STM II 384 pKo {S} 'caI- > NKo
caI-sal, caI-suqi 'fish spear' S QK #715, MLC 1387 M 'caqu or 'caqa 'wooden prop, support, peg' >
WrM caqu - caqa, HlM nax 'prop, support', Kl nax 'rack (io=:ni)', {Rm.} ca_
a
'Zapfen, Pflock, hlzerner
Nagel (um etw. aufzuhngen), Brt caxa 'wooden platform, cross-beam serving as a rack for drying
clothes' MED 167, KRS 626, KW 419-2O, Chr. 386 NaT 'aIV 'pointed stick, knife' > Osm {Rh.}
caqi, Tk caIi 'clasp-knife, pocket-knife', Kr caqi 'Klappmesser', Tlt caqi 'Pfosten zum Anbinden der
Pferde' Rl. 1834, Rs. W 96, Rh. 7O7 SDM97 s.v. 'c`aIV (T, Tg, Ko), DQA #271 [A 'c`a`(V)-I`V
A 'c`a`aui 'to chop, hit', cf. N 'c`aj,a 'to beat, strike, chop'].
348. 'c'iV 'navel' > K 'c`i- 'navel' > Mg ci(c)-, caan-, Lz cia-; Zan 1 G ci-i K
255 (reconstructs GZ 'ci-, but finds no explanation for the irreg. reflex of 'c- in Zan other than a
"symbolic quality" of the word), Chik. 69 ll HS: Ch: Hs cibiya 'navel' (loc. form cibi) (1 P {MSk.}
siiya id.), ? Bg {Sh.} sva, ? Kir {ChL} sa id. Abr. H 139, Stl. ZCh 175 [#281] ('saVv/y).
349. o 'c`iu(-rV) 'small bird' > HS: S: [1] CS 'ciur- '(small) bird, sparrow' > BHb r7pc5 r&pc5
ci'or (pl. Mir%p0c5 ci`'rim) 'bird(s)', MHb r&pc5 ci'or, Pun sr, SmA svr, syr 'bird', JA r&pc5
ci'or, em. ar!p6c5 cio'r-a 'fowl, bird', JEA {Sl.} ar!p6c5 cio'r-a - arvfic cyvr (unk. voc.) 'bird,
fowl', DA sr, IA snr ' bird, sparrow', Plm sr?, Sr roe sco'r-a 'bird', Ar usfur- 'sparrow,
small bird'; [2] 'ci'ar- > JA rp2c5 ci'ar, Sr rae sc'ar 'bird', Ak A sibaru ' bird' (probably
'sparrow') (A Aram?) KB 98O, HJ 973, Js. 1298, Lv. IV 213, Sl. 962, BK II 272-3, Br. 635, Tal 743,
CAD XVI 155, Sd. 1O97 ??, Ch: WCh: Hs zabo, Gw {Mts.} abuva 'guinea fowl' | Mbr {Sk.}
'caur, Jmb {Sk.} abur, Wrj {Sk.} za`briyai_, {Gw.} zabriyc, Cg {Sk.} sabun, Kry {Sk.} zabu`r, My
{Sk.} zaburIu, {ChL} abtraIu, P {MSk.} avuna, ? Sir {Gw.} zuhunchi, Dir {Sk.} avuna` id. | Bg
{Sh.} sa, Kir {ChL} sam, Tala {Gw.} zubbcn, Plc {ChL} zibtn, Zar {ChL} ztbm, Zar K {Sh.}
zcm id. | Ngz {Sch.} zabanu, Bd {ChL} savanin id. || CCh: Tr {Nw.} civan | Br {ChL} cIvtr, Mrg
{ChL} cIvtr, Klb {ChL} civIr | HgF {ChL} zIvInu, HgG {ChL} stvtnc | Gude {ChL} zovIna id. | Lmn {Lk.}
zsvsnaIa id. | Glv {Rp.} zvbsra, Gv {ChL} zabura, Dgh {ChL} zavIra, {Frk.} zavsra id. | Mtk {Sb.}
zaan, pMM {Ro.} 'avan > Gzg {Lk.} civoq " cuvoq, (Ro.} cuvun, {Ro.}: Mkt zavur, Mada zavar, Myn,
Mofu avar, Hrz savna | Db {Lnh.} zavtn | Gdr {Mch.} zavuna | Lgn {Bou.} safaq id. || ECh: Smr {J}
sibs`ri, EDng {Fd.} zoulo, Mgm {J} zobilo, Mkl {J} subilo, Jg {J} zobolo, Brg {J} zobolo id. Abr.
H 959, ChC, ChL, Sch. DN 181, JI I 84 (Ch 'zbl 'guinea-fowl') & II 174-5, Ro. 265, Fd. 393 ll IE: NaIE
'scr-, 'scrv- 'sparrow, small bird' > Gmc: Gt sarva, OHG saro, MHG sar, sarvc, ON sorr, AS
scarva 'sparrow', NE sarrov; MDt srcvc, Dt srccuv, NLG sra - srca 'starling', dim.: MHG scrlinc,
NHG Scrling 'sparrow' || ? Clt: Crn frav 'crow', Br {P} frao, {Hm.} frav 'crow, raven' (< 'srava) || Tc: A
sar (nom. pl. saran), B {Ad.} sara- ' bird' ('sparrow'?), sara-yaIrc ' bird of prey' ('sparrow-
hawk'?) (Tc < IE 'scrvcH) || Gk [Hs.] (o)tcoo) ovioiov oiov 'a small bird living in fields',
Gk [Hs.] otoooiov ovcov ccc) oto) 'a bird resembling the sparrow' || Pru surglis 'sparrow'
WP II 666, P 991, EI 534 ('scr-), Ch. 1O4O-1, Fs. 443, OsS 847, Kb. 93O, Ho. 3O8-9, Vr. 54O, Vr. N
684, Lx. 2O3-4, KM 724, LP 26, Hm. 297, En. 253, Wn. 46O, Ad. 666-7 ll ? K: G R/Lch ciia
'eben ausgeschlpftes Truthahn- \ Gnse- \ Enten-junges' Qu. , may be purely onmatopic, cp. R
ninnc'noi 'a chicken' Chx. 2174 ll A: Tg 'ii- 'small bird' > Ewk A/UL/I/Urm ivIan, iIan 'small
bird, sparrow' (-Ian is a diminutive sx.), Ewk PT/Y/I/Np/Tp iia 'small bird', Lm trt 'nestling
(not fully fledged), ttaIa 'young of partridge', Lm ivIa-an " uqa-an, Neg ivit-Ian, iv(Ia)-Ian
'small bird', Ud {Shn.} civyau 'sparrow', Nn Nh ciiaqo - -u, Nn KU cifaqo, Nn B cifqo ;'swallow',
WrMc {Hr.} cibin id. STM II 398, Hr. 144 pKo {S} ci_oi 'swallow' ( N 'siV '(young of a) bird']
> MKo ci_oi, NKo ccbi 'swallow' S QK #183, Nam 425, MLC 1464 ? NaT 'ibi 'young of a bird' >
Qrg cibi(y) id.; rdp. i ()o) NaT 'ibiI - 'imiI 'small bird, sparrow' > MQp cicuq, Bsh s+s+q, Chg
ciciI - cimciI, {TL ?) cucuq, 'sparrow', Tk cimccI / -gi ' small sparrow', Kr nnnnni "
ninnii 'small bird, sparrow', uinuix 'bird', ? unnuy " unnu " nnnn) 'chicken', Kr T {Rl.} cici_, ET
ciciI, Qzq sibisiq, Qzq/Qq simsiq, Qrg cimc`iq, Uz cumcuq 'sparrow', Nog simsiq 'any small bird',
VTt uinuii s+s+q, Qmn {Rl.} cibilciI ' bird' TL 176, Jud. 88O, NogR 422, TatR 646, RKazS,
KrkR 748, Rl. III 2O98, 2155, 2161, KRPS 614, 617, 628-9, 637, Bu. I 5O8 ?? pJ {S} 'tua-mai_/-ia n.
'swallow' > OJ tubamc, J T cubamc S AJ 293 Rm. EAS I 63, DQA #3O8 (pA 'c`i`'u 'small
bird') ll D (in GnD) 'ci- (-'civ-), 'ciVr`- 'young of birds' [ N 'siV '(young of a) bird', q.v.] > Knd
sir`i, sii 'chicken', Gnd civa " civa(l) " civna " civa, Kui sia, Ku hia " hia "hia id.. 'chick' D
#2636.
35O. 'coPV 'to watch, look out, spy' > K: GZ 'ca- {K
2
} v. 'study, learn' > G ca- v. 'teach,
study, learn', OG, G m-ca-cl-i 'leader', Lz co- - nco- v. 'study, learn' K
2
293, FS K 441, FS E 497-
8, Chx. 2119-2O, Chik. 4O2 ll HS: S 'cv v. 'watch, look at' > BHb efc cy (pf. ca'a) 'watch;
reconnoitre, keep a look-out; spy, look', Ug s n. 'look (Blick, mirada)', JA {Js.} ifc cy D 'look out,
wait', JEA {Sl.} ifc cy G 'look', SmA sy G 'look, observe', Mh ssfot 'news, information;
knowledge', Jb E/C 'sc'fst id., Mh caus. pf. sssfu, sbjn. yssssf, Jb E caus. pf. sss'fc, Jb C caus. pf.
s`ss'fc id., Ak subbu(m) 'mit Abstand ansehen'; the Ug variant yy (< 'Oy) v. 'spy, observe' is
irreg. KB 977-8, KBR 1O44-5, OLS 158-9, 419, Tal 741, Sl. 97O, Js. 1297, Sd. 1O82, Jo. M 359 ll IE:
NaIE 'sIIc- > Gk okcttooi 'I watch, look about, look after', okoto) 'one that watches \ looks
after', okotce, okotcooi 'look at\after, behold, contemplate' P 984, Ch. 1O14-5 and EI 5O5
(all of them believe that it is a mt of 'scI- 'sphen, scharf hinsehen', but in fact both directions of
mt are possible), F II 725-6 ll D 'cov-/ 'co- v. 'watch over, guard' > Tu sovu 'spying, watching',
Kui :oa v. 'watch over, guard, lie in wait for' D #2892.
351. o 'c`aj,a 'to beat, strike, chop' > IE: NaIE 'sIcjH,- - 'sIcHbj",- 'split' > Gk okctovo)
'carpenters axe' || Lt sIalis id., sIoti / sIaiu (- sIoiu), sIobti / sIobiu 'hollow\gouge out' ('mit
dem Beitel, Schaber oder Deichsel aushhlen'), sIatas 'gouge, chisel', Ltv sIcclc 'splinter' | Sl: [1]
'sIoiti 'to castrate' > OCS tkeuu:usIoiti, Slv sIoiti, Cz sIoiti, P sIoic, R cio) nnr id., Blg cion 'I
castrate'; [2] 'scca- v. 'split, chop (wood)' > P szczcac, LLs sccas, Blr c'nan id., R c'nar ny'unny
'chop sticks'; - Sl 'scca - scc+ 'wood chips' > OR cuo scca id., R c'na id., 'splinter' (- 'cnia
'chip, sliver'), Slv scc 'wood chips, shaving', P szczca 'log, billet (of wood)' F II 724, Frn. 812,
Kar. II 348, Vs. III 65O & IV 5O2-3, ME IV 32-3, Bc. 1391, P 93O-3 ll HS: [1] WS 'c > Ar sf
'taper lgrement le derrire de la tte quelquun; donner un soufflet', Mh/Jb {Jo.} sf (pf.: Mh
hssfc, Jb E/C csfa) 'make a rude noise with the tongue protruding between the lips, blow a
raspberry'; [2] IS adduces S roots with 's- and ext. : 'sI 'strike with a noise' (> Hb sI, Ar sfq)
and 'sd id. (Ug sd id., Hb and Ak sd 'wail'), which is less plausible, the more so that there are
similar onomatopic roots with 'c: 'cI (> Ar sfq 'frapper avec qch. de manire faire
entendre un bruit', Mh {Jo.} sfI 'clap ones hands'), etc., so that ISs conclusion about the S non-
glottalized initial 's- loses its basis BK I 11O1, 1347-8, Jo. M 358, Jo. J 235, GB 549-5O, A #222 ll o
U 'caV 'strike with a noise, chop; clap ones hands' > Vp caa- 'schlagen, dreschen; brechen
(Flachs, Hanf)' | pLp {Lr.} 'cos 'chop, cut, cut up' > Lp: N {N} cuo'a- / -- id., amputate', S {Hs.}
t|uocdh 'cut (off), chop', L {LLO} t|uohs- '(auf)schneiden, aufhacken (z. B. Fleisch \ Fisch zum
Kochen)', K {Gn.} cuhc- 'cut, chop' | Mk caa- 'schlagen', Er caa- 'clap ones hands' | Prm 'ca-IV-
> Z uanii- caII- 'throw (for the object [a small stone, etc.] to fall flat)', Yz caIi- 'throw, hurl', Vt G
{Wc.} caII- 'clap ones hands', uaniiniid., 'strike with the palm of the hand' || Hg csa- 'strike, hit,
flap, slap' Sm: [1] 'sa'a- (or 's+'a-) v. 'chop' > Ne T caAnaA-c id., T O {Lh.} saa-, Ne F
{Lh.} _a"`o- v. 'hauen, schlagen (mit der Axt)', Koyb {Sp.} d ca6iro6(cx 'ni6nna', Mt {Hl.}
'sabotd- 'chop' (Mt M {Sp.} ca6i( x 'no(ccia', ca6arrc 'o6py6a') UEW 29, Lr. #2O3, Lgc. #794, Hs.
1348-9, MF 113, LG 3O2, Lh. 399, Hl. M #832, Jn. 134 (Sm 'so`to` = 's+ctIs+ without sufficient
justification of o` and t) ll A: T 'a(a)- v. 'strike' > OT, MQp XIV ca- id., Chg XV ca- 'strike with the
sword, behead', ET ca/b-, Uz co-/b-, Qzq sab-, VTt ua6/n- sab/- 'chop, mow', Tkm ca/b- 'chop,
strike with a sabre', Qrg ca-, Xk sa- 'strike, beat', Chv L yn- su/b_- 'slap in the face', VTt qul sab-,
Bsh qul sab-, Alt qol cab-, Chv anaA yn- 'clap ones hands' (qul, qol, anaA 'hand') Cl. 394, Rs. W 99,
Jeg. 219 M 'cabci- v. 'hew, chop, cut (with a weapon)' > MM [IM] cabci- 'hew, chop', [MA] cabci-
'cut (with a sword)', [S] {H} 'ab-\durch-schlagen, abhauen', WrM cabci-, HlM nanun- 'hew, chop',
'blink', 'kick the forefoot\forefeet' (of a horse)', Brt canma- 'chop, mow', Ord {Ms.} _ab_c`i- 'hacher,
couper', Mnr H {SM} _iab__i- id., clignoter (yeux)', Mnr H/M {T} ciavci- v. 'hew' Pp. MA 129,
434, H 25, MED 154, SM 76 Tg 'aV- > Neg aa--at- v. 'destroy, break', Ewk
aa-Ii - aiIi - auIi 'chip, sliver (of wood), Ewk Tmt aiIit/- 'place of chopping wood', Ud
caca- v. chop wood', Nn Nh/KU cact-, Nn B cafct- 'chop, split'; the forms of Ud, Nn and some
other lgs. may be of M origin STM II 384 KW 437, DQA #271 'c`a`aui 'to chop, hit' (T, M
Tg 'aIa 'fish-spear' & pKo 'caI- id., cf. N 'c`aPV 'c`aPKV 'c`aKPV 'stalk, pointed stick,
spear') ll D: [1] D (in SD) 'cavVr- ({GS} 'cc-) 'cut (off, down)' > Kt cavr- 'cut down (standing plants,
bushes)', Kn savaru 'cut off side branches', chip, cut, cut down', Tu ta(v)uru-ni 'to strip off, cut away
(leaves of a tree), cut away brushwood'; [2] D 'ca- ({GS} 'c-) 'clap hands', 'slap' ( N 'zaV 'strike'
[q.v.]) > Tm caani, Tu caali 'clapping hands', Kn caatc, caali id., caarisu v. 'slap, pat', Kt
caat 'noise of a hand-clap', Tl caata, Nkr caat, Mnd haar`, Ku saor` 'a slap of the hand', Gnd
caur " cata 'a blow with the hand, slap'; D 1 OI cacta- 'slap with the open hand' D ##2335,
239O, Tu. ##4673, 4696 ^ Some of the forms (e.g. those meaning 'clap hands') may be of
independent onomatopic origin ^ IS I 2O1 [#41] ('ca`a) ^ S ' may go back either to N ' or to N
'y, but N 'y is hardly plausible (this cluster of obstruents would have been assimilated almost
certainly to 'by, while the approximant ' does not usually require as ).
352. 'c`EV (as > 'c`EbV) 'finger' > K 'cc`i- > G M/X ci-i 'Verbindungsstelle zwischen
Daumen und Zeigefinger' Chx. 2146 ll HS: S 'c'uba- (> '?ucba-) 'finger, toe' > BHb ?cc'ba, (TV)
oB2c6a3 ?cc'ba id. [in ltHb T (bases of the Masoretic BHb spelling) word-final '-a yielded -a rather
than -a (spelled o 1- -a), Blau BNPA], Sr scb'a id., Ug sb 'finger, claw', IA sb (pl. sbn)
'finger', BA pl. No1B6c6a3 ?ccbo'-an, pl. em. at1o1B6c6a3 ?ccbo-a't-a 'fingers, toes', JA {Js.} oB2c6a3
?cc'ba / em. ao1B6c6a3 ?cc'boa, JEA {Sl.} ao1B6c6a2 ?ac'boa, SmA ?sb ({Tal} = isba), Ar ?isba-
(- ?asba-, ?asbi-, ?isbu-), Ar Cr suba, Ar Hm usba, Mn sb, Sb ?sb, OEth '?ocbat (> Gz
?osbat ?osbat), Tgr csbst, Tgy pl. ?asabsti 'finger, toe', Mh {Jo.} ss'ba, Hrs {Jo.} ha-sba, Jb C
{Jo.} ?is'ba, Sq {L} '?csbah, 'sobch id., Eb is-ba-um (= {Krb.} ?isbaum), ? Ak A ncsbcttu 'finger' GB
61, 896, KB 79, 1573, OLS 55-6, Tal 72O, Js. 11O, Sl. 159, Br. 62O, BK I 13O7, BGMR 14O, MA 93, L G
45, LH 627, Bsn. 58O, Jo. M 397, Jo. H 126, Jo. J 5, L LS 7O, 345, Krb. 18, Blz. EP, CAD XI/2 19O (Ak
ncsbcttu A WS), Sd. 782, MiK I #1.256 Eg fP b 'finger' > DEg tb > Cpt Sd :uuac tccbc, Cpt B :ua
tcb; Eg d b.t 'signet (on a signet-ring)' 1 BHb to2B2y2 tab'baat 'signet-ring, ring' and possibly B:
Gd {Lf.} ta-da|ut (pl. t-do|va) 'bague dargent' ({R. Tk.} 'Fingerring'), ? Tw {R.} ta-dohot
'finger-ring' (not in Fc.) EG V 562-5, Fk. 321, Er. 625, Vc. 21O, KB 353, Wlf. EAW 48, R. SL 132,
Lf. II #O337, Pr. H 28 B: Zmr a-tad (pl. i-dubd-an) 'finger' Wlf. EAW 48 NrOm: HzMa zab- / zaba,
Sz zab-i 'finger' Bnd. RL 343 OS #434, Tk. I 98 ll U: FU 'cEV 'finger-tip' ( N 'iV 'a pinch;
to pinch' [q.v. ffd.]) UEW 49 (he is right in rejecting the adduction of F hyy, hyi 'finger-pit' and
of Lp Kld cich 'finger, toe' because of the initial cns. going back to FU 'c-; the F and Lp words
belong rather to N 'coV(RV) 'finger-nail, claw' [q.v.]).
353. 'cVqV 'to make dirty, revile' > HS: WS 'c_y id., 'be dirty' > Sr shy D (pf. sahi) 'revile',
suh'y-a, Sr W suhit-a (Sr W sohi't-a) 'railing, abuse', Ar s_y (pf. sahiya) 'tre sali, abm (se dit
des habits), ICa sa_i(-n) 'sali, abm', ? Gz @W sahv [sahv] 'filth, rubbish' (unexpected h for _ due
to contamination with a different ?) Br. 625, JPS 475, 477, BK I 1317, L G 553 ll K: GZ {K}
'c`qcv-/'c`qv-, {FS} 'c`q- v. 'curse, damn' > OG {K} cqcv-, {FS} cq-cv-, G cqcvl- id., caus. cqcvin-
'make so. curse', Mg cq(u)-, Lz (n)cI- v. 'curse' K 253, K
2
318, FS K 47O-1 (GZ 'c`qcv-), FS E 531
(GZ 'c`q-), Chx. 2122, DCh. 1698, Q 393.
354. 'c`iqU 'mouse' [- 'c'uIV (or 'ciIU?) 'mouse'?] > K: either [1] 'cc`iqv- > G ciqv-i
{KEGL, Chx.} 'squirrel' (sciurus)', {DCh.} 'mus glis, nonuci', G mciqv-i 'mus glis, mus agraria' or [2]
K 'c`uI- > Mg cuI-i 'mouse' ('-I- due to contamination with N i 'ciIV 'small') KEGL VIII 634,
DCh. 823, 1596, Q 393, K
2
316 & FS E 529-3O (Mg cuI-i G M cuIana 'very small', likely to
belong to N 'ciIV '' [q.v.]) ll HS: S: Gz {L} soI"onI"on - soI"onI"cn 'field mouse, lizard,
crocodile' L G 562 ll D (in SD) 'ciII- ({GS} 'c-) 'mouse' > Kdg ciIn, Gnd ciIIal id., Tu ciIIcli 'a small
variety of mouse' D #124-5.
355. i 'coqja,E to beat\hit (so.), hurt; pain' > K: GZ 'cq- v. 'feel pain' - 'cq-Vn- 'ache, hurt'
> Lz cI- id. (m-cI-u-s 'es schmerzt mich'), Mg cq-in-/cq-on- v. {Q} 'be pained\bored', OG
cq-cn-/cq-in- {FS} 'betrben, belstigen' (momccqona c_orcbay 'I am weary of life' - Gn. 27.46), G
cq-cn-/cq-in- 'do harm, grieve; feel hurt (by), resent' Chik. 399, K 247, K
2
3O3, FS K 454, FS E
514, Chx. 2212-3, Q 384 ll HS: S 'cI > Ar sq 'strike\beat (so.)' Ln. 17O6-7, BK I 1352-3 ll IE:
[1] 'sIcHtjH,- ({EI} 'sIctj", or 'sIchtj",-) 'injure, harm' > NaIE 'sIc-t"-/'sIo-t"- 'hurt, injure' > Gk Hm
o-ok) 'unhurt, unscathed' || OIr scith 'fatigu, las', cscid {Vn.} 'indefatigable' ( 'vif, alerte'), Br
sIuizh 'fatigu', Crn squyth id., 'las' || Gt sIa||an (p. sIo|) 'to do wrong, damage (ooikciv, |ottciv)',
ON sIc|a 'to harm, damage', AS scican 'to injure'; sccaian 'to damage', ON sIaa, OHG scadon,
NHG schadcn 'to harm'; n. act.: Gt sIa|is 'damage, wrong-doing (ooikio)', AS sccaa 'damage', OSx
sIatho, OHG scado 'damage' (1 Cz, Slk sIoda, OP, P szIoda 1 OR mkeo sIoda, Uk, Blr, R ) mio(a id.),
NHG Schadc id., ON sIai 'harm, damage (Schaden, Verlust)'; [2] ?? {WP} NaIE 'sIc-n- 'push, strike'
> OIr fo-scann- 'throw, push, winnow' WP II 557-8, 564, P 95O, EI 312, F I 164, Ch. 124, Vn. S 32,
46-7, Hm. 739, Fs. 429-3O, Vr. 479-8O, 487, OsS 771, Kb. 862, KM 63O, Ho. 274, 278, Rcz. 859, Br.
549, Vs. IV 449 ll A: M 'coIi- 'hit, beat, strike, knock, peck' ( N 'caoIV 'to prick (stechen), to
gouge', q.v. ffd.) > WrM coIi-, HlM noxn- v. 'hit, beat, thrash, strike; knock', WrO coIi-, Kl noi- coIo-
'beat, strike', Kl {Rm.} coI- 'schlagen, hauen' MED 196, Krg. 641, KRS 636, KW 429 ll D (in GnD)
'coII- ({GS} '-) > Gnd :aI- 'kill' " :oIIana 'strike, kill', Kui soIa " soIa- 'strike at', 'bite' (of snake,
dog, etc.) D 2831.
356. 'caqja,'lV (or 'caqV) 'elbow, part of a limb' > K: 'c`qrta 'elbow' ( [1] 'ell', [2] 'door-
post, jamb of a window\door') > OG cqrta 'cubit', G cqrta id., 'ell', Mg cqs(r)ta -- cqi(r)ta-, d G
cqirtl- '(door\window)post', as well as G cirt_l-i id., Sv UB {GP}, LB/Ln {TK} cit_ 'ell, cubit' (both
from 'c`rt_a - mt + fricativization of 'q - GM S 96, 99, Gm. DS 1O) K 254, K
2
315 ('c`rt_a-), FS
K 471-2, FS E 534-5, K DE 358 (reconstructs pK 'c`rt_a- [> Sv cit_ G cirt_l-i] as a different ), GP
28O, TK 861 ll HS: EC 'ciIl- 'elbow' > pBn 'ciIilc (> Bn: Bi ciIilc, J/K/Kj |igilc), OSml '|iIali (>
Sml Og ciqil), Rn {PG} diIIil, {Oo.} 'diIil, Arr (mt ) cilig (pl. cilI-o), Or {Grg.} ciIilc, Kns
diIl-, diqil-, Gdl dilI, Hr tihilc, Gln tihillc, Gwd D dixilxo, Hd tunIul- id., Brj tangil- 'elbow, heel', ?
ingi'lays 'elbow', Ya toIl-c 'forearm' Lm. SKE 536, Ss. PEC 3O, Ss. B 1O5, Bl. 216, Hn. BD 1O4, Grg.
83, AMS 189, 226, 239, PG 96, Oo. 66, Hw. A 35O ? S ''cuIjV,l- > Ar suql- flancs' BK I 1354 ll
IE: NaIE 'sIIcl- > Gk okco) 'the leg from the hip downwards' ( N 'c'iljV,V 'side of body', 'hip',
q.v. ffd.) ll A 'c`ajy,I`a 'elbow, forearm' ({ADb.} 'cajy,I`a-) 'elbow' (< ''caI`yV < ''caI`lV) > NaT
{ADb.} 'ayI`an - [1] 'ayI`anaI 'elbow' > Chg {Rl.} 'n'q'* caqanaq id., wrist' ({Rl.} 'Ellebogen, Elle =
noior, :an) crc'), Alt {BT} uaianai cayanaq, Tel {Rs.}, Qmn {B} canaq, QK {Rl.} caqnaq, Sg {BIG}
siyana_, {Rl.} sayanaq, Shor {Rl.} sayinaq, {Dyr.} miianai id., Nog siyanaq, Qq syanaq, Qrg ciqanaq, Xk
ciyana_, ET aynaI, {LQ} canaI 'elbow', SY ciIcncI, MQp [CC] ciyanaq, VTt {Rl.} s+yanaq 'elbow,
door-hook, hinge (of a door)', Tbl c+yanaq 'elbow, door-hinge', bf : ET coqa 'elbow'; [2]
'ayI`an-aI/-iI 'elbow' > Alt caqcaq, Tlt {Vrb.} caaqcaq, QrB cinaciq, Qq sintaq id., Qzq sintaq
'elbow, ell', sintaq sucI 'funny-bone' (- Uz cintaq id.) TL 249-5O, ADb. SR 169-71, Rs. W 96,
1O7, Rl. III 1833, 1851, 2O63 & IV 262, 938, BT 174, B DK 265, BIG 2O5, 325; ADb. TMCT ( Osm
{Rs.} caIin 'shoulder [near the neck]' and Chg {Rs.} ciIin 'Nacken, Schulter', belonging to N 'ciIU
'side part of the base of limbs (shoulder, hip)' [q.v.]) Tg 'aIa 'forearm' > Nn Nh ca_a, Nn B
ca_a(n-) 'ell (forearm as a unit of length)', ?? Ewk aIa ;'calves of legs' STM II 378, 38O, ADb. TMCT
119 ADb. SR-D 447 (pT 'ca|Ian 'elbow'), 458 (pT 'caIa 'forearm') But T 'oI- v. 'kneel' does
not belong here ( N 'coKE 'to sink to a kneeling\squatting\lying position') ^ Blz. KM #3 (K, C
A [T 'oI-]) ^ A 'y seems to suggest N 'l (cp. ISs hyp. of N 'l > K r > GZ 'r, see IS I iv-v).
357. 'c`aRV (= 'caRV?) 'to cross; across, over [direction], through' > ? K: GZ 'car- {Schm.}
'durch-, vorber', {K, Chx.} 'down, away, off' > OG car-, G car- - ca- id. (1 Zan ca-), Mg. Lz co- id.
K
2
292-3, Schm. 154, Chx. 2O97 ll IE: NaIE '(s)Icr(-s)- 'across, through' > Gk c-kooio), cti-kooio)
'athwart, oblique, crosswise' || BSl '(s)Icrsa- > Pru Iirscha, Iirschan, Icrscha, Icrschan 'over, more than',
Ltv sIcrs, sIcrsam 'quer', Lt sIcrsas, Ltv sIcrss 'transversal, cross', Lt sIcrsiai 'across' | Sl 'ccrs+
'over' (direction), 'through' (- 'ccrz+ with voicing on the analogy of some other prepositions) >
RChS, SrChS vp1t+crcs+ - vp1+crcz+, R 'ucpc:, Blg upc:, SCr crc_z, Slv crcz - crcz, Slk ccz, ccz
P 949-5O [ '(s)Icrt-(s-) with an unjustified '-t- [based on the arbitrary conjecture connecting this
stem with '(s)Icrt- 'to cut'], F I 637, ME IV 35-6, Frn. 8O2-3, En. 193-4, Vs. IV 338, ESSJ IV 76-7,
ESlSJ-SGZ I 49-52 ll HS: Eg fP :y v. 'cross, ferry (sb. across water), cross' EG V 511-3, Fk. 318 S
'cry 'cut through \ asunder' > Ar sry (pf. raCa sara, ip. -sriy-) id. ('retrancher en coupant') BK
I 1336 ^ IS MS 372 ('ucpc:' 'cnrn [K, IE]).
358. 'corV ( 'cavrV 'carvV?) 'tip, top, edge' > HS: EC: Or {Ss.} cara 'tip, top, edge', Brj
car(a) 'edge, blade', cari 'point, summit, peak; pointedness, sharpness', carc- v. 'sharpen (knife)'
Ss. B 46, Hd. 183 ll K: GZ 'cvcr- 'tip, point (Spitze)' > G cvcr-i id., Mg cvani - cvandi 'tip, top', OG
mcucrval- 'summit' K 243, K
2
311-2, FS K 443-4, FS E 5O1 (all of them do not distinguish this
from K 'cvcr- 'beard' [> G cvcri, Sv vcrc " var(c) id.]), Chx. 2155 It is possible that in pK the
in question coalesced with 'cvcr- 'beard', which may be helpful in explaining the unexpected 'v in
GZ 'cvcr- 'point, tip' ll D (in KK) 'cor_ru ({GS} 'ss-) 'hill, mountain' > Kui soru id., Ku horu id.,
'rock' D #2887 ll Possibly AdS of IE: NaIE {WP} 'I"ar- 'pointed, sharp' (< N 'qa rV 'hard, firm,
sharp' [q.v. ffd.]) ^ D 'o and K 'v point to a presence of a labial element in N. If the etymon is
'cavrV.
359. 'c`UrV 'narrow' > HS: S 'carr- 'narrow, tight (?)' > BHb rc2 car narrow, tight', crr 'be
narrow' (rc2 car 'is narrow'), SmA sry 'narrow passage', Ak sarir 'is (?) narrow'
(summu mu__asu sarir 'if the top of his head is (?) narrow' [followed by _abis, raas 'is wide']), Ar
sarr- 'serr, nou' (infl. of the verb srr 'serrer, nouer'), srr Gt (pf. ?istarra) 'be narrow' (of a hoof),
masrur- 'serr, nou; troit, pinc'; WS 'crr 'tighten (by wrapping, tying up)' > Hb crr, Sr srr, Ar
srr G 'bind, tie up', Mh/Hrs/Jb {Jo.} srr 'tie the foreskin before circumcision' KB 984, 99O, BK I
1325-7, BDB 864-5, Tal 741, Jo. M 365, Jo. J 241, Jo. H 116, CAD XIV 1O7 ll IE: NaIE (att. in Gmc)
'sIcr- (+exts.) 'to shrink, wrinkle, shrivel' ( N 'cERV 'small, little'?) > NNr sIrana (< Gmc 'sIraxnan)
'to shrink (verschrumpfen)', MLG schra, NGr NrF schrah (both from Gmc 'sIrcxa-) 'drr, mager', ON
sIra (< 'sIraho) 'thin leather', NE Ork (A NrGmc) sIruc 'Ma von Trockenheit', Nr sIranta 'become
lean (mager werden)', Nr sIrinn (< 'sIrcnOa-) 'drr, mafer, unfruchtbar', MLG schradc 'dnn, mager,
kummerlich' P 933, Vr. 5OO-1 ll A: NaT ''or 'tight, dense' > OT {Cl., MKD} cor, {DTS} cor id.
Cl. and Dnk. reconstructed an OT long vw. o on the insufficient basis of the plene spelling with v
in Mah mud al-Kashgari Cl. 428, MKD 95, DTS 94 ll ? D: [1] D (in McTm) 'cur- > Tm curam
'narrow and difficult path', Ml curam 'difficult road'; [2] D 'cur- - 'cur- 'to shrink, wrinkle, contract'
( N 'c'uPrV 'to twist, plait' N 'c`'UgRV 'small, diminish', q.v. ffd.).
36O. 'caIrV 'to be in pain, feel hurt, resent' > K 'c`qar-/'c`qr- 'take offense (at), be angry
(with)' ( *'resent') > OG, G cqcr-/cqr- id., 'take offense' (Chx.: 'rgerlich\bse ein'), Mg (n)cqor-
id., Sv {Fn.} cqr- (msd. li-cqr-un-al 'sich strben, sich widersetzen', {K
2
} v. 'bristle') FS E 533, K
253, K
2
318, FS K 469-7O, Mach. XS 266ff. (on 'a in this ), Zhgh. ChMP (on the prothetic n- before
the dental\lingual cnss. in Zan), Chx. 2222, 2227, DCh. 17OO, Q 395, Fn. KW-4 37 ll HS: WS 'cyr
'be in pain, suffer, grief' > MHb ro2c2 'caar 'pain, grief, trouble', JA ro2c2 'caar / em. ar!o9c2 ca"'r-a
'pain, grief, trouble', JEA {Sl.} ar!o9c2 ca"'r-a 'trouble, distress, pain', SmA sr, srh 'distress', Md
saiarta 'pain, grief', Gz sr (js. -sar) 'be in pain, suffer', )R sar [sar] n. 'anguish, torment, pain'
Lv. IV 2O9, Js. 1294-5, Tal 74O, L G 544 ?? Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'uvar {AD} 'pain, anger' > Ngz
{Sch.} zIra 'intetrnal bodily ache\pain, being in pain, being warlike\belligerent' | Ang {Flk.} dor,
dur 'anger' | My {Sk.} zuvar, Kry {Sk.} sivsr 'be angry' | Fy {J} do`r 'rger, Unwillen' Stl. ZCh 2O4-
5 [#552], Sch. DN 46, J R 83, Sk. NB 1O ll U: FU 'carIc- v. 'ache, pain' > F sarIc- id. (1 Lp N {N}
sr'ga- / -rg- v. 'ache, be painful'), Vp sargc-, sargc- v. 'ache, pain' | ? Lp: N ccrgiidi- 'go to sleep
(of limbs), L {LLO} t|icr`Ii|tit id., 'become numb' (of limbs), U {Schl.} t|ar'Ia 'scharfes Prickeln in
eingeschlafenene Gliedern', Pa {TI} ccarg_+- v. 'ache (of a wound)' || ObU {Ht.} 'caroy- > pVg
'caro- > Vg: Ss saro- v. 'ache, pain', UL/SS sar-, UL/Ss T carI-, LK/MK sor-, P/NV/LL sarr- v.
'deplore'; pOs {Ht.} 'caroy- - coroy- v. 'ache, pain' > Os Ty cro-, K a'roy-, Nz saroy-, Kz sari- id. |
OHg scr 'be hurt (verletzt werden), ache', Hg scrt- v. 'injure, damage, harm, hurt', scrcs 'pain,
ache, illness' FU '-Ic may be due to contamination with FP 'sarIc- 'break, split' MF 551-2, Ht.
#86, LLO 1161, TI 653, EWU 1322, UEW 32-3 (does not distinguish between this and FP 'sarIc-
'break, split' < U 'sarIc- < N 'saRKE 'break, split') ll A: NaT 'cr 'illness' > Qzq {Rl.} scr
'langjhrige, alte Krankheit', Qqz {MM}, Qq scr 'grief', Nog scr 'illness', Qrg {Jud.} ccr 'tumour',
Shor {Rl.} sar 'Schwindsucht', ? Chg {Rl.} cir (= ccr?) 'Pickel, Geschwr', VTt unp sir 'illness' (> Chv
cir id.), Bsh sir id., Tk cor 'illness' ( cor 'devil'), Az car-la- 'be ill' Rs. W 1O4, Rl. III 2122 & IV
1OO4-5, Jud. 858, Jeg. 326, DTS 144, MM 395, NogR 41O, TrR 199.
361. 'c`'UgRV 'small, diminish' > K 'cc`_jv,r-/ 'cc`_jv,cr- > G c_ra-, c_cr- v. 'wane' (of the
moon), {DCh.} c_roma n. 'wane of the moon' DCh. 161O, Chx. 2O44 ll HS: S 'cyr v. 'be small' >
BHb cr 'gering werden', Ak s_r (inf. sc_cru - sa_aru 'become small\few\young', ? Sr sr (pf.
soar) 'beschimpft werden'; S 'cayir- 'little, young' > BHb ca'ir 'klein, jung, gering', PH, PUN sr
'small', Ug syr 'small, young', SmA syr 'young', Sr so'ir / soi'r-a 'despised, vile', Sb syr 'little', Ak
sc_ru - sa_ru 'small, few, young' KB 974-7, HJ 971-2, A #234O, OLS 415, Grd. UT #2182, Tal 739,
JPS 482, CAD XIII 12O-4, Sd. 1O87-9 ll D 'cur- - 'cur- 'shrink, lessen' ( 'c`UrV 'narrow'
'c'uPrV 'to twist, plait') > Tm curun'Iu 'shrink, lessen, be reduced', Ml curun'n'uIa v. 'shrivel, shrink,
decrease', curuIIam 'contraction shortness', Kt curI- 'make small, draw up (legs, fingers), shrink', Td
tur`- vi. 'shrink', Kn surIu, Tu suruntu-, surutu- v. 'contract, shrivel, shrink', Tl surugu v. 'shrink', Prj
curI- v. 'shrivel', Krx {Hahn} cog`rc 'person with sunken cheeks'; cp. Brh Iurring, Iurrcnging v. 'shrink
from, contract' D #2687, DED #2213, Em. DS 365 D The initial 'c- (> Brh I-) is likely to
reflect N 'c- in 'c'uPrV, while Krx cog`rc (if it belongs here) reflects N 'cc- of 'c`'UgRV and\or
'c`UrV.
362. 'c`a'hurV 'circle; to twist' > HS: CS '-cur- - 'crr v. 'twist, tie around' (a merger with
several homonymous roots) > Hb rvc cvr (ip. -cur, imv. ruc cur) {GB} 'zusammenschnren', {KBR}
'tie up [in a bag], bind [money in ones hand]' (i.e. 'carry money wrapped up in the hand'), MHb
{Js.} rvc cvr v. 'tie around, wrap', JA {Js.} rvc cvr G v. 'tie around', JEA {Sl.} cvr G v. 'besiege',
Md sur, srr v. 'surround, hem in, tie in', Ar rwc srr G 'tie up (a purse), tie up with a lace (the
udder of a female camel)' KB 951-2, 99O, KBR 1O15, GB 678-9, Js. 127O-1, Sl. 956, DM 391, BK I
1325-6 ll ? K: G crc 'circle' (unless DCh. is right in claiming that the word is an Arm loan, but to my
mind the resemblance of the G word with Arm cem crcm v. 'bend, bow', cran- cran- v. 'become
round' or crabolor crabolor 'circle' is not close enough to suppose a borrowing, because there is no
Arm word able to be the source of G crc) KEGL VIII 1168-9, Chx. 2194, DCh. 1693, NCh. 454, Xud.
I 548-9, Bedr. 316 ll U: FP 'c'ayUrV 'circle, spindle' > Es soor sor 'circle', {W}
soor sor - tsoor tsor 'Kreis, Umkreis, runde Scheibe' | Prm 'cars 'spindle, axle' > Z csrs, Yz co'rs,
Vt ccrs id., Vt ccrsInI v. 'spin' LG 311, Lt. 157, W EDW 1O8O, 12O8 ll A: NaT 'abur- v. 'twist' (<
''avur-) > OT {Cl.}, XwT cavur-, Chg ccvur- v. 'twist, turn (sth.)', Osm {Rh.}, Az ccvir- v. 'turn,
turn round', Osm {Rh.} rv* ccvrc 'circumference, circuit', Az ccvra 'circle', Brb {Tm.} cura
'around' ('noipyi, ipyiox'), {Rl., Tm.} cur- vi. 'turn round' Cl. 398, Rh. 735, 741, Hs. 342, Tm.
243, 247, Rl. IV 213 ^ FU '-y- and Pre-T ''-v- developped in hiatus. The only N lr. that can
disappear in intervoc. position both in S and K is '-h-.
363. 'cUyrV 'to rot, stink, be spoiled\bitter' > HS: S 'cVrjV,y- > Ar siry- - sary- 'stagnated water
with spoiled taste' ('aqua diu restagnans ut sapor corruptus sit'), sary- 'depravatum saporem
habens' Fr. II 496 ll K: GZ 'c`ar- v. 'be bitter', d 'm-c`ar-c 'bitter' > OG, G m-car-c 'bitter', Mg
gito-cor-a-a- {FS, K
2
131} 'remove the bitter taste', {K
2
3O7} 'calm down, cool down' FS K 458-9,
Abul. 3O9, K
2
131 ('m-c`ar-c 'bitter'), 3O7 ('c`ar- v. 'anger; irritate') ll IE '(s)Icr-(d"-) 'cacare; dung,
excrements' ( N 'c`'arV 'dirt, dung, rubbish' [q.v. ffd.]) ll U: FU 'c'uyrV 'bitter, spoiled, rotten' >
pPrm 'cu'r- > Vt uipc cIrs 'sour', cIrsa- v. 'turn sour, be fermented', Z unp- cir- v. 'turn
rancid\bitter\tainted, turn sour' || pObU {Ht.} 'car- > pVg {Ht.} 'car- v. 'turn bitter' (of fish) > Vg:
P sar-, NV/SV/LL sar-/sar, UL/Ss sor- id.; pOs {Ht.} 'car-, {Hl.} 'cIr- v. 'turn tainted\bad' (of fish
and meat) > Os: V/Vy/Ty/D ar-, Nz/Kz sor-, O sar- LG 3O7, Ht. #82 ll A 'c`uyri- or 'c`uri- v.
'stink, be rotten' > T 'uri- or 'uyri- id. > Tkm cuyrc-, Tk curu-, Az curu-, Chg, ET Tr {Rs.}
curi- 'verfaulen, verrosten', Qmq, ET {BN}, Uz, Qrg, Qmn {B}, Tlt {Rl.} ciri-, Qzq, Qq, Nog sir(i)-, StAlt
unpn- ciri-, Tki {Rl. Shaw} -vry8 ciru-, VTt ucpc- siri- (inf. ucp siru), Bsh ccpc- siri-, Qzq
m p - siri- (inf. siru), Qq, Nog siri-, Chv cAp- sir-, sir- vi. 'rot', ? ET {Jr.} coru- - cu'ru'-
'become worn, decayed, rotten'; - 'curi-I 'rotten' > Tkm cuyrcI, Tk curuI, Tbl, Tlt {Rl.}, ET, Qrg,
Qmn, Tb ciriI, SbTt T, Brb ciriI, StAlt ciriI id., VTt ucpci siriI id., n. 'rot, dust of rotten wood', Bsh
ccpci siriI, Nog siriI n. 'rot, rotten stuff' Rs. W 121, Md. 64, 163, TkR 74O, Tum. 245, TatR 634,
Rl. III 2124-6, 2194, BN 32, Nj. 4O8, Jr. 77, Jud. 863, B DK 268, B DChT 165, Jeg. 211-2, Fed. II 111-
2 Tg 'iri- v. 'stink, be fetid' > Ewk iri- id., Nn B ctrtftala- v. 'be fetid', Ewk iriu adj. 'stinking'
STM II 399 pKo 'ciri- v. 'be foul, emit a foul odour' > NKo ciri- S QK #722, MLC 1531 DQA
##3O1 ['c`irc 'stink, be rotten' > Tg, Ko + unc. M 'ccr 'phlegm, tumour' and T 'cr 'bodily
heaviness'].
364. 'ccrja,V ' (stinging?) insect' > HS: CS 'carjV,y- ' stinging insect (wasp, or sim.)' > BHb
eo1r^c5 cir'a 'hornet' or 'wasp' (?) [Ex. 23.28, Deut. 7.2O, Joshua 24.12: ?ct haccir'a - LXX okio),
okiov], SmH 'sara id., SmA atirc cryt? id. (unless the original meaning is 'leprosy', as in JPA B aorc
cr?h - Sl. P 47O-1) GB 695, KB 989, Tal T I 32O (SmA atirc in Ex. 23.28 & Deut. 7.2O) ll K 'mc`cr-
'fly, insect' > OG mccr-: aylis mccri = LXX kuvouio 'dog-fly', G mccr- 'insect', 'fly', Mg
can--cand-, Lz mca-, Sv UB/L mcr, Sv Ln mcr 'fly'; Zan 1 Arm 4an4etn cancctn 'fly, flies' K
141, K
2
131, DCh. 93O, Chx. 878, Q 386, TK 57O, GP 217 ll ? A 'c`ar- + sxs. ({SDM97} 'c`arc`u)
' insect (locust, dragon-fly)' > M 'carca > WrM carca, carcaga(i), carcaqai, HlM napnaaxan 'locust,
grasshopper', {Luv.} napnaa 'locust', WrM damigur carcaqai 'dragon-fly', Kl {Rm.} carc
a
, carca, carca_a
'grasshoper, locust', Dgr carcan 'locust', Mnr H {SM} c`i_ar_i_ag_ 'sauterelle, cigale' MED 165,
Luv. 6O5, KW 422, T DgJ 18O, SM 443 NaT 'saringa 'locust' ( 'sarig 'yellow'?) > OT [MhK] saricya,
MQp [AH] sarincqa, sarincqan, Qb {Rl.} sarisqa 'locust', Sg {BIG} saris_a 'grasshoper', Xk saris_a 'io6inia
( grasshopper \ locust)'; T 1 R capan'ua 'locust' Cl. 845-6, Rs. W 4O4, TL 187, Rl. IV 325-6, BIG
183 Tg: WrMc cacaraqu ' locust' STM II 486 ?? pJ {S} 'sunsu-musi ('musi 'insect') > OJ suumusi,
J T suumusi ' cricket' ( N 'U'ncU 'ant, stinging insect' [q.v.]) pKo {S} 'cnncari > MKo
'cnncari, NKo camcari 'dragon-fly' ( N 'U'ncU ''?) S QK #293, Nam 416, MLC 1396 SDM97
s.v. 'c`arc`u 'locust, dragon-fly'; KW 422 (M, T) ll D 'ccr_- ({GS} 'cc- - '-) ' insect' > Kn |ari
centipede, scolopendra', Ml ccratta - tcratta, Tu tcrant " ccratc - scra(n)tc 'centipede,
millipede', Tl |cri, |crri, Prj :crri " ccrri, Gnd :cr " :crru, Knd scr_i 'centipede' D #2797 ^ D '-r_-
(the reg. reflex of N intervoc. '-r-) suggests early loss of N ' or the presence of a vw. between 'r and
'. The length of the D 'c reflexes the lost lr. On the ev. of D the N vw. must have been front ('c?),
while A 'a may be explained by as (vw. harmony) within A bi-\poly-syllabic stem.
365. 'ciryX 'to scratch\chisel, shape (an object), fashion' > K 'c`cr- 'scratch; depict' > OG ccr- v.
'write', 'produce an image' (uaris daccra 'made a sign of cross', i.e. 'cross oneself'), G ccr- 'depict,
write' (varus daccra v. 'cross oneself', lit. 'depict a cross'), G Kzq ccrva- 'make paintings on
windows\doors', G M ga-ccra- 'depict a line', Mg car-, Lz (n)car-, Sv yr- / r- / cr- (msd. UB li-yr-i)
'write'; FS adduces here OG, G ccrt- 'to prick', ccrt-il-i 'point', which is doubtful (because of the
unexplained -t-) K 249-5O, K
2
3O9, FS K 461, FS E 521-2 (+ err. K 'mc`cr- 'fly, insect', N
'ccrja,V ' insect'), Chik. 4O7, GP 163 ll HS: CS 'cur-/'cir- v. 'fashion, shape' > BHb cvr G (pf. c.
rc2I!v@ vay'ya-car) 'fashion, delineate', JEA {Sl.} cvr G 'fashion, draw, form', Plm svr v. 'paint', Sr
svr (pf. sar) 'form, fashion, paint'; D : Ar svr v. D 'shape out (a th.), paint, picture', MHb/JA
cyr D id.; 'cur-at- 'drawing, form' > BHb er!uc cu'ra 'form, fashion', ChrPA svr?, Plm svrh
'Bild', Sr sur'-t-a 'form, image, statue', Ar ravCu sur-at- 'shape, exterior appearance, picture' KB
954, Sl. 956, JPS 476-7, BK I 1383-4 ll A: T 'ir- - 'ir- v. 'scratch, draw a line' > OT U VIII {Cl.} ciz,
{Gbn., DTS} ciz- 'scratch, draw a line', Osm {Bu.} Mz*i ciz-maI - Mz*i ciz-maq 'to draw a line, to
mark a boundary path', {Rh.} Mz*i ciz-mcI 'to draw (a line, mark, scratch), sketch, delineate', Tk
ciz-, Ggz ciz-, Qrg siz-, Qrg S ciz- v. 'draw a line, mark', Az un:) n ciz-gi 'line, stroke (nnnn) , mrpnx)',
Tkm ui:- cio- 'draw a line, draw (ucprnr), scratch' Cl. 432, Rs. W 112, DTS 147, Bu. I 476, Rh.
72O, Hs. 345, TkR 743, Jus. 675, 883, Rl. III 2148-9 Tg 'iri- > Ewk iri- (3s iri-rsn) 'scratch
off (skin on the face)' STM II 4OO, Vas. 522 DQA ##322 [A 'c`irc 'cut, scrape': Tg + unc. T
'Ert- 'cut'] ll D 'ciran`- ({GS} 'cc-) 'small chisel' ( 'c'urV 'flintstone, knife'?) > Kn cirana, cirna,
|irna 'a small chisel, esp. used in cutting metals', Tl ciranamu 'a small chisel' D #2627.
365a. 'caRji,V (- '-b-?) 'to scratch\chisel, hew, cut' > IE: NaIE 'sIcrb-/'sIrcb- (- *--), 'sIrci_b/-
'scratch, scrape' > AS sccoran 'to scratch, gnaw', OHG scarbon 'to cut', scarf 'sharp', MHG scharf adj.
'cutting', NHG scharf, AS sccar 'sharp', NE shar; AS sccorf 'Einschnitt', OHG scurfcn 'aufschneiden',
NHG schurfcn 'leicht abkratzen', to dig (for st.)'; MHG schrcffcn, AS scrcan 'scratch'; NE scra || BSl: Lt
sIrcbc'ti 'to scrape', Ltv sIract 'to scratch, scrape', sIrabt (1s prs. sIrabu) id., 'scoop, hollow out'.
sIirba 'chink, split, gap', Ltv sIriat 'einritzen, kratzen' | Sl 'sIrcb- (inf. 'sIrcsti) > ChS etkpcca
o-sIrcb-o 'scrape off', R cipc) 6-y (inf. cipc) crn), Uk cipc) 6-y (inf. cipc6) rn), Sln sIrcbl|cm (inf.
sIrcbati), Slk {Ma.} inf. sIrct` 'scrape'; d (iter.): Cz sIrabati 'scratch, scrape', Slk srabat`, P sIrobac || L
scrib-o, -crc 'write' || Clt: OIr scri- ({Vn.}: -- = [b]) 'scratch', NIr scriobaim 'scrape, rub the surface,
scratch', Brtt {RE} 'sIrcbami 'scratch' > W scrao, Crn scravynias id., Br sIaran 'scratch, rub' || Gk
okoioooi, okoice 'die Oberflche eines Krpers aufritzen', 'scratch an outline' P 943-7 (unj.
adduction of homo-\paro-nymous words of different origin), Frn. 815, Kar. II 2O3, 355, F II 72O,
WH II 499-5OO, Vn. S 55, RE 126, Ho. 274-6, 282, Kb. 869, KM 635-6, 684, Vs. III 656, Ma. CS 5O,
Srz. II 73O ll HS: WS 'crb > Gz srb G (js. yosrob) 'hew, do carpentry', Sb srbt '(?) cutting of a
road', ? srb n. 'harvest', Mh {Jo.} mssrab, Jb C {Jo.} mss'rcb 'saw-edged knife used to cut grass', Sq
{L} srb G , Ar rc srb G v. 'cut', BHb tb3r#c1 ca'rcbct 'scab, scar (of a sore)' ( Hb srb 'burn,
scorch' < CS 'srb 'kindle'?) L G 56, BK I 1327, Hv. 393, Ln. 1674, KB 985-6, BDB 863, BGMR 144,
Jo. M 365, Jo. J 241.
366. ?? 'corV 'to drip, trickle' > HS: S ''crr > Ak fOB srr G (p. isrur) 'flow, drip', 'libate, pour
out' Sd. 1O84-5, CAD XVI 1O5-6 ll K 'cur- 'squeeze out, strain' ( N 'corV 'squeeze out [liquid)],
strain, sift' [q.v. ffd.]) ll U {UEW} 'corV 'leak, flow, drip' ( N 'co jV,rV 'to drip, flow; drops' [q.v.]) ll
D 'cor`- ({GS} 'cs-?) 'trickle, pour, flow down' ( N '`ur'u '`ur'u 'to stream') > Prj cor`- v.
'trickle', Png hor`- v. 'drip'; cp. also N 'co jV,rV '' [q.v. ffd.] D ##2883, 2893 ll A 'cUr- 'pour,
stream' ( N 'co jV,rV '') > ?? M: Ba cur- vi. 'pour' (of tears) T BJ 151 Tg 'or- 'stream', 'run' (of
water) > Ul coru- id. ('crpynrc) '), 'flow down', ? Nn B caoqa 'rivulet (in the mountains)', WrMc
adj. i cor scmc 'welling out, spounting' STM II 4O9 ^ Doubtful, because the etymon has a non-
contaminated reflex in Ak only. Due to the loss of the opposition "emphatic plain voiceless" in U
and D and the loss of the lr. in K it was doomed to coalesce with paronymous N roots of a similar
meaning.
367. 'corV 'squeeze out (liquid), strain, sift' > K 'cur- 'squeeze out, press; 'strain', {K
2
} 'flow
out' ( N 'corV 'to drip, trickle' [q.v.) > OG cur- 'squeeze out' (gamo-v-cur-c sasumclsa sina 'I pressed
[the grapes] into the cup'- Gen. 4O.11), G cur- 'squeeze out (juice, etc.), strain', Mg cur- / cir- (-csr-),
Lz (n)cor-/(n)cir- {FS} id., Sv ncur- / ncsr- 'strain, drain off (a vessel)', ? Mg cur- {K} 'fall, sink' K
246, Fn. KW-4 #66, FS K 451-2, FS E 511, Chx. 2199-2OO, Q 382 ll HS: Eg G r 'sieve' EG V 541.
368. 'cotV 'drop' > K (GZ or pK) 'c`vct- n. 'drop' > OG cuct-, G cvct-, Mg cvct- - cvat-, Lz d
o-cot-u-a {FS} 'Tropfstelle', o-cvct-cl-a - o-cot-ur-a 'place for litter in the yard'; GZ 'c`vct-/'c`vt- v.
'drip' > OG cvct-/cvt-, G cvct-, Mg cvat- id.; ?? Sv {K} vcd- id., 'dew', adduced in K 25O, was not
mentioned as cognate by K
2
K 25O, K
2
31O-1, FS K 462, FS E 524, Chx. 2152-3, Abul. 551 ll D
'cott ({GS} 's-) n. 'drop', 'cott- v. 'fall in drops' > Tm cottu, Kt cot, Td svit, Kn tottu, Brh cut 'a
drop'; Tm cottu, Td svit- 'fall in drops', Kt cot-, Mlt catc id., leak', Brh cuttiq v. 'drip' D #2835 ll
?? HS > S ''sa'day- 'dew' > Ar dAsa sada 'night dew', sdy (pf. sadiya) 'copiosum habet rorem (terra)'
Ln. 1335-6, Fr. II 3O2 S 's (= '[c]) is from a deglottalized 'c. S -d- (for -t-) still needs explanation.
369. ? 'c`utV (or 'c`utV?) 'to throw, fling, pour' > K o '-cc`it- > G -cit- 'zwischen den
Zhnen ausspucken' Chx. 2176 ll IE: NaIE '(s)Icu_d-/'(s)Iud- 'throw, cast', {EI} '(s)Icu_d- > pAl {O}
'sIcu_da > Al T hcdh- (aor. hodha), Al G {Mn.} hudh v. {AlED} 'throw', {Mn.} 'fling' (= Al G {Kf.} hudh,
hudhi 'itte') || ON sI|ota, AS sccotan 'shoot, throw', OHG scioan 'to shoot (arrows), throw', NHG
schiccn, MDt scictcn, Dt schictcn, OSx sIiotan 'to shoot', NE shoot || Sl 'Iida-ti / pfv. 'Ii(d)-no-ti
'throw' > ChS {Mikl.}, OR ko:uIIdati 'to throw', OCSutko:uis-IIdati 'throw away', R in'(ar (pfv.
) innyr), Uk ) in(arn 'to throw, cast, fling', Cz Iydati 'throw, throw away', SCr Iidati id., 'clean the
cattle-shed', Iinuti 'to throw, cast', Iinuti sc 'to clear off (intr.)', Slv Iidati, Slk Iydat` (pfv. Iydnut`), P
Iidac 'to throw', HLs Iidac, LLs Iidas 'to pour out, shake out' WP II 554, P 955-6, EI 581, Mn.
116O-1 [unc. '(s)Icu_d- {Mn.} v. 'fling, shoot, impel'; adduces OI codati v. 'incites, animates', Lt
]skudru~s 'quick'], Kf. 135, 138, O 143-4, Vr. 496, Ho. 276, Ho. S 66, OsS 797-8, Schz. 257, Kb. 885,
KM 647-8, Vs. II 23O, ESSJ XIII 252-4, Glh. 316-7 ll HS: Eg fP sty 'throw (out\away), pour, shoot
(arrow)' ( N 'SidV 'sprinkle, pour' and possibly Eg sty 'lay' < N ''satV 'to sit [down]', accounting
for the unexpected s-) EG IV 328-9, Fk. 252 ?? WS '-ssut- v. 'pour, spill' > Gz -sut- (pf. sota, js.
yo-sut) id., ? Ar savt- 'place where water collects', {BK} 'mare deau stagnante; le superflu deau
dun vivier qui dborde'; some scholars adduce to this doubtful Sb and Hb forms (h. l.) that are
semantically interpeted on the basis of this et. (a vicious circle!): Sb tiSa ?syt ({BGMR} 'rainwater
cisterns' [?]) and Hb y&S sot in the phrase 'sot so'tc (interpreted by some as 'flieender Flut',
discussion in GB 814); if the Hb and Sb parallels are correct (that is highly qu. ), the is to be
reconstructed as 'svt; otherwise both 'svt and 'svt are possible L G 521, BGMR 13O, BK I
1164 ll A: M 'citdqu- 'pour (schtten, gieen)' > MM [MA] citqu- 'schtten', WrM cidqu-, HlM nyria- v.
'pour, pour into, smelt, cast', WrO cud_u- 'pour in, flow into', Kl {KRS} nyrx- cut_+- v. 'cast (metal,
glass); drive out (a gopher from its burrow by pouring water in it)', {Rm.} cut_o-_
a
'gieen, in
Formen gieen; sich ergieen, ausflieen (ein Flu)' Pp. MA 135, MED 177, Krg. 649, KRS 642, KW
434 ^ The de-emphatization and desaffricatization of the initial N 'cc in HS is a typical process. In
K the glottalization of the final cns., if not original, may be due to ass. infl. of the initial 'cc`. The S
with its final 't belong here only if the glottalized 't is original. In this latter case the IE tenuis
'-d- will be hard to explain.
37O. 'cAhtV 'cAhdV 'red' > K: GZ 'c`it- 'be(come) red' > OG, G cit- id. (OG. G cit-s 'is red'),
Mg cit- 'become red'; - GZ 'c`it-cl- red' > OG, G citcl-, Mg cita-, Lz (m)cita id. K 251, K
2
313, FS
E 526, Chx. 2162-3, Q 388-9 ll HS: S 'shd > Ak {Sd.} scd-um 'red' Sd. 1O34; CAD XIII 2O6
considers the meaning of this word uncertain C: SC ({E} 'ccd-, {Tk.} 'ccd-) 'red') > Brn {Wh.}
ccdc, Irq/Grw {Wh.} ccrc, Alg {Wh.} ccrc 'blood', ?? SC 1 Mb m-scrc 'red(-brown) cow' || ? Dhl
{EEN, To.} cirara?c 'red' Wh. IC 22, E SC 179, E PC #171, EEN 17, To. D 149 Tk. PAA (pHS
'cayd- red') ll D 'cat- ({GS} '-) 'red colour' > Kn |a|u - |adu id., 'colour of red ochre', Tl |a|u ~ |adu
'redness' D #2437 D '-t- seems to go back to the cluster '-Ht- (D '-t- goes back either to N '-t-
or to a 't-cluster).
371. 'c`oQtV 'dark, darkness' > K 'cc`qud- (dis from ''cc`qut-?) 'dark' > OG
cqvdiadi, cqudcva 'darkness (xpai)', G cqvdiadi id., cqviadoba 'darkness (rcxnora)' Chik. 2OO, DCh.
17O1 ll IE: NaIE 'sIot- 'shade, darkness, shadow', {EI} ''sIoto-s 'shadow, shade' > Gk okoto)
'darkness' || OIr (L-gr. of apophony) scath 'shade, shelter, shadow, reflection (in a mirror)', W
ysgodigo 'tre ombrageux', MW ysgavd - isgaud 'ombre, obscurit, esprit nocturne', cy-sgaud 'shadow,
image', W cy-sgod, OCrn scod, MCrn scos, NCrn sIcz, MBr squcut 'shadow', Br sIcud 'shade, shadow' ||
Gt sIadus 'shadow', Dn, Nr sIoddc 'fog', OHG scato (gen. scatuvcs) 'shadow', NHG Schattcn id., 'shade',
Dt schadov 'shadow', AS sccadu (dat. sccadvc) 'shade, shadow', NE shadc, shadov WP II 6OO. P 957,
AHDI 61, EI 5O8, F II 739-4O, Vn. S 36, Ern. 646, YGM-1 151, Hm. 728, Fs. 427, Skeat 552, Schz.
255, OsS 782, Kb. 87O, KM 637-8 IE 'sI- for the expected 'sI"- has not yet found explanation ll U:
FP 'cottE 'black' > Prm: pZ 'co't- ({LG} 'co't-) > StZ uo'( csd / csdy-, Z csd, Yz 'cu'd 'bilberries' |
Chr L {} uoriAp cot+r 'dark-haired person' LG 31O, Lt. 148, 246.
372. 'covV 'to inform, make know\hear' > K: GZ 'cav-/'cv- v. 'communicate, inform,
announce' > OG, G scav- v. 'mean, designate, inform, teach' (< 3m px. 's- 'to him\her' + 'cav-), Mg
c(o)- v. 'inform, tell', Lz 'c(v)- v. 'speak, tell' K
2
291-2, Chik. 393-4, Fn. KW-4 54, FS K 438, FS E
494-5 ll HS: CS 'cvv - cvyv > Ar vWCu suvv-at- (pl. vACu suva-n) 'pierre qui indique la route;
cho, retentissement de la voix \ dun son', ? Hb uc2 cav n. 'command, ordinance', cvyv v. D

(pf.
eu!c5 civ'va) 'command, order, lay charge upon' ( S 'vcy [> Ar vsy G 'recommend, appoint as
executor', Sh

(pf. Ca0 ?avsa) 'order, command']) BK I 1388 & II 1551-2, KB 946-8, BDB 845-6
ll A: M 'cobuya > WrM cobuga, cobugu, HlM nonoo 'clever, smart, quickwitted, alert' (usually of
children) MED 193.
373. 'cV_U 'to be alive\healthy' > K: GZ 'c`_ov- 'live' - [1] GZ {K} 'c`_o(v)n- 'save (soul)' > OG
c_ovn- 'save (so.), make so. whole' (gacxovna scn 'hath made thee whole, Mt. 9.22), c_ond- ps. 'live', G
c_on- 'save (soul), be saved; live, be alive', c_ovncba 'life', c_ovr- v. 'live', Mg cxon- v. 'save'; [2] GZ
'c`_ov-cl- 'living, animal' > OG c_ovcl- 'alive, animated, animal', G c_ovcl- 'animal', Mg
cxo-u - cxu - cxu-u 'cow' K 232, K
2
276, FS K 417-8 ll HS: WS 'chh v. 'be alive, healthy' > Mh ssh,
Jb C sa'hi 'alive, awake, healthy', Hrs ssh 'alive, healthy', Mh sshhat, Jb E/C ss'hat 'health', Ar
shh G 'be in good condition, be healthy', Ar sihhat-, Sb sh, shh 'health, good condition' BK I
1O56, 131O-1, Jo. M 36O, Jo. J 238, Jo. H 115, BGMR 142 ^ In K there is a compulsory glottal as
(here deglottalization) within "harmonic" cns. clusters ('c` + '_ > 'c`_).
374. 'ca dem. pronominal stem of the ille-deixis > A: Tg 'a- id. [ N 'cE 'that' (ille- or iste-
deixis)?] > Nn Nh cadt 'there' (place), Ul cadu id., 'there' (direction), Nn Nh cala id., Ul cala 'there'
(direction), ? Ud {Krm.} cayla 'far away', Ewk avu " cayu 'that which is father, the following', Lm
ay id., 'that which is far', Sln ayt 'the opposite, that on the other side', WrMc casi ({Pp.} casi)
'there' (direction), 'to the other side', cala 'there, on the other side' STM II 376-7, Krm. 3O9 ? M
'ca(ya)-, {Pp.} 'ca-: M 'cayada ({Pp.} 'cagada) > MM caada 'bei, jenseits' ({H} 'eng, nahe'), WrM cagana
{Kow.} 'au del de, plus loin', {MED} 'farther, beyond, behind, yonder, trans-, after', HlM {MED}
naana id., {Pp.} cana 'on the other side'; M 'cayasi > WrM cagasi 'away from, farther', HlM {MED}
naamid., {Pp.} caisi 'in jener Richtung, weiter dorthin', WrM {Kow.} ca-si 'un peu de ct, un peu plus
loin' MED 158, 187, H 24, Lig. VMI 24, Kow. 2O88, 2O96 AdS of pKo 'co 'this' > MKo co [< N
'cE 'that' (distal or intermediate deixis)] S QK #6O6 Pp. VG 26 (M. Tg), DQA ##255 [A 'c`a
'that, beyond (not very far)'] ll HS: CS ''Oamma 'there (place)' > Hb MS1 sam, Mb, Ph, DA sm, Ug Om,
BA em`1T2 'tamma, JEA {Sl.} MT2 tam, JA {Js., Lv.} MT1 tam, Sr tamma, NNEA {Mcl.} tama, Md tam, Ar
W@a Oamma id., SmA tm 'then' KB 143O-2, 1799, OLS 495, Js. 1675, Lv. IV 649, Mcl. 322, Br. 82,
Tal 953 ^ Related to (or identical with?) 'c'u 'that of'? (q.v.).
375. 'c'u 'that of, that which' > K 'cvc-, first component of poss. pronouns: [1] K {Gm.}
cvcmji,, {K
2
} 'c(v)cm-, {K, FS} 'ccmji, 'my' > GZ 'ccmji, > OG, G ccm-i, Mg cIim-i, Lz
cIim-i - sIim-i 'my' | USv mi-sgu, USv/L mi-sgvi, Ln mi-sIvi 'my' K '-v- is preserved in Sv, but was
lost in GZ (dis due to the presence of 'm?) K 219, K
2
255, FS K 387, FS E 434-5, Gm. SSh 41-2,
TK 571, GP 22O, Dn. s.v. misgvi, Top. SJ 83 [2] 'cvcn- 'our' > OG cucn-i, G 'cvcn-i, Mg
cIsn-i - cIin-i, Lz cIun-i - sIun-i - cIin-i - sIin-i 'our', Sv {TK}: UB gvis-sgvcy - gu-sgvcy, LB
gvisgvc - gusgc, L gusgvc, Ln gusIvc 'our' incl., UB {GP} ni-sgvc(y), LB {GP} nisgvc 'our' excl.;
GZ 'cvcn 'we' > OG cvcn, G cvcn, con, Mg cIs - cIi, Lz cIun - cIin- sIu 'we' K 219-2O, K
2
256-
7, FS K 388-9, FS E 436-7, Q 367, TK 183, Top. SJ 83, GP 94-5, 237 [3] pre-K ''cv-scn- > K 'svcn-
'thy' > Sv UB {TK} isgv-i - isgu, Sv L isgvi, Ln isIvi 'thy' || GZ 'scn- > OG, G scn-i 'thy' ( OG, G scn
'thou'), Mg sIan-i, sIan-i, Lz sIan-i, cIan-i 'thy' FS E 427-8, K 216, K
2
25O, Schm. 142, TK 299, Top.
SJ 83, GP 299 These K poss. pronouns emerge from N constructions 'c'u mi my ('mi 'I'),
'c'u nV 'our' ('nV 'we' excl.), 'c'u s'u nu ('s'u 'thou', 'nu 'of' marker of obl. cases) ll HS: S
'O- nota genitivi > OAk sg. m. nom. O-u, acc. O-a, gen. O-i 'which', sf. f. nom./acc/ O-at, gen. O-at-i, pl. m.
nom./acc. O-ut, gen. O-ut-i, pl. f. nom./acc. O-at, gen. O-at-i (O = s s < S 's & 's), Ak sa 'which', ?
BHb [Deborahs Song] sa +gmc. [subordinative cnjc.] 'that', MHb sc +gmc. cncj. 'which, that', Ph s,
Pun (LSc) SA, SY Sd. G 46, KB 1271-2 ll IE '-istHo- > NaIE '-ist(")o-, sprl. sx. > Gk oioto), OHG
suoisto, OI 'svadisthas 'sweetest', Gk tcioto), ON flcstr, Av fracsta 'plurimus', Gk cioto), OI
'mahisthas 'greatest', Gk co_ioto), OI 'laghisthas 'longest'; acc. to Hirt, '-ist(")o- goes back to
'-is-st(")o-, where '-is- is a sx. of cmpr. (it means that the N prototype of the IE sprl. may be
reconstructed as nomen + 'yi sV cV (lit. 'than + this + that which') Acc. to Hirt IG III 196, '-t(")os
of some ordinal numerals (OI catur'thas 'fourth', sas'thas 'sixth', etc.) is of the same origin Hirt IG
III 195-6, BD II/1 659-6O, Bks. 199 ll A: Tg '-i, nominal sx. with several functions: [1] sx. of ordinal
numerals: Ewk -i (umuci, |ui 'second', ilai 'third') WrMc -ci (cmuci 'first', ilaci 'third'), Nn -
ci_a-/-ci_s (toyqgaci_a 'fifth', nadaci_a 'seventh', nuqgunci_s 'sixth'), [2] sx. of adjectives denoting age
(d from numerals): Ewk |ui 'two-years-old', ilai 'three-years-old'; probably here also Nn -ci that
forms adjectives from words of time: bala-ci 'ancient custom' ( bala 'long ago') [3] sx. with the
meaning 'having X', having relation to X', e.g. Ewk huts-i 'who has children' ( huts 'child'), Tg
'oro(n)-i 'reindeer-breeder' ( 'oron 'reindeer') > Ewk oroi 'reindeer-breeder', Lm or+ id. (a name
for Lamuts of some regions), Orc oroi, Ud oroci, Ul oroct, Nn orocc 'Orochi' (ethnic name
'reindeer-breeder'), WrMc oronco 'reindeer-breeder' Vas. 797, Avr. GNJ I 221-2, 239-42, Hrl. 4O,
STM II 25 NaT '-i, denominative sx. for names of proffesions and other nomina agentis (possibly
N 'c`a 'c`a, marker of relative constructions > sx. of adjectives?): OT -ci /-ci, {Cl.} -ci / -ci, e.g.
[MhK] amci 'medicine man', ayici 'treasurer', umduci 'beggar', ayaqci 'bowl-maker', otugci
'intercessor', as well the cognate sx. of later T lgs.; it is theoretically possible that the T sx. '-n of
the ordinal numerals (OT ucu-nc 'third', bisinc 'fifth', etc.) belong here as well, but is better
explained as related to FU '-nc- of ordinal numerals MTD 315, Cl. xi, 53, 8O, 136, 157, 271 ^ AD
PP .
376. ??? 'ccibV 'stem of a tree, log' > IE: NaIE 'stcb(")- 'post, pillar, stem of a tree', 'staff,
stick' ( N 's'objV,tV [or 'sVbjV,tV] 'stem, piece of wood' [q.v.]) [1] 'stcb"-, 'stcbj",- > Gk otou
'grape vine, grape' || OIr {P} sab 'shaft, arrow, stick', {Vn.} 'tige, pieu, bton servant dappui' (P: <
'stobj",a), NIr sabh 'bolt\bar of a door\gate; a short, thick stick' || ON staf-r 'staff (Stab, Stock)', OHG
stab 'staff, stick, club' (> NHG Stab 'staff, stick'), AS stf 'staff, stick' (> NE staff) || Ltv stabs 'post, pole,
pillar', Lt stabas id., 'idol', Ltv stcbc 'mast' || NaIE stcb- 'pillar' > ON stoull 'post, pillar', {Vr.}
'dicker Pfahl', AS staol 'pillar, prop, stem' [2] NaIE 'stobj",-Vr- > Lt stabaras 'stalk, stem, dry
twig\branch' | Sl 'stobor+, {Vs.} 'st+b+r+ > SrChS t:ecep+ stobor+ 'column', d OR, RChS t:ecepua
stobori|c 'row of posts, colonnade', SCr sto`bor 'column, pillar', Slv {Kmc.} stcbcr id., 'pier (of a
bridge)', {Vs.} 'idol', Blg 'cro6op - cro'6op 'pale fence' || Gmc: Dn stavr 'high mast, high pole', Sw
{P} 'pale (Zaunpfahl)' P 1O11-3, EI 442 ('sthb"o/c_- 'post, pillar'), F II 778-9, Vn. S 3, Dnn. 585,
Vr. 541, 559, Ho. 314-7, Kb. 947, OsS 861, KEN 647, Tr. 28O, Frn. 89O-1, Mikl. E 323, Mikl. L 885,
Kmc. 819, Vs. III 762-3 ll U: FU 'civolV > ObU {Hl.} 'civol ' beam' > pVg 'sivol 'cross-beam' > Vg:
LK scvol, MK/UK scvol id., P savolta 'Gestell'; pOs 'ciyol - 'ccyol 'supporting beam' > Os: K/Km
ccot id. Ht. #98 ll D 'civva ({GS} 'c-) 'piece of wood, stick' > Nkr sivva 'wood', Klm sivva 'piece of
fuel', ? Tl cuvva 'twig, small flexiblr stick or cane' D #26OO ^ Qu. because the IE has an alt.
et.
377. ?? 'cubV or 'cubE 'to bend, turn, turn back, give back' > HS: WS (or S?) '-Oub- 'return,
give back' > BHb svb (ip. -sub-), OA bvs [Ovb] G , JA, Sr tvb G (ip. -tub-), Ar Ovb G
(ip. -Oub-) 'turn back, return', JEA tvb G 'answer, raise an objection', Ug Ovb 'turn back; turn to;
answer', Sb Ovb G 'repair; complete\execute (construction); reward, recompense', Mn {MA} Ovb G
'decree', Qt {Rk.} Ovb G 'succeed; offer', Mh Ovb G (pf. Ovub), Jb C/E Ovb G (pf. Ovub) 'requite
(so.)', ?? Ak fOB svb (p. i-sub) 'tremble, sway' KB 1326-31, A #2828, OLS 484-5, Sl. 1196, Ln.
361ff., BGMR 151, MA 99, Rk. 178, Jo. M 419, Jo J 285, CAD XVII/1 16 Eg MK vsb v. 'answer' EG
I 371-2, Tk. I 313 -s- (for the expected -s) may be due to contamination with a different ,
namely HS 'sVb 'answer' > Ch 'sb 'answer' > WCh: AG 'la (< 'sab) > Ang {Flk.} la, Su {J}, Mpn
{Frz.} la id., Chip ls g"c, Gm ni la 'to answer' | Bl {Lk.} lov- (< 'sob-), Ngm la, Dr luvi || CCh: Pdl
ssva | Hld suva (s- for s- is puzzling) | FG zubati | ? Mwl uluaa | Db ti zovula id. (ChL, Nw. 22
[#1], J S II 72, Frz. DM 31, Lk. PVB II 137) Tk. I 2O3, 399 (Blv.s law: Eg v- S '-u-) ll ?? IE: NaIE {P}
'stcu_bj",-ma, 'stou_bj",-ma > Clt: W ystum 'bend' 'shape, posture', Br stumm 'forme, aspect' P
1O34, YGM-1 447, Hm. 765 ll ?? Gil: Gil A (o-) = zo-/o-/|o- vt. 'bend' ST 88.
378. 'c'avba '(hide as) cloth\sack' > A: M 'cuba 'fur coat' > WrM cuba {Rm.} 'large fur coat',
{Ms.} 'short fur vest', {Kow.} cuba dcgcl ' coat (manteau)' (dcgcl 'jacket'), WrM {MED} cuba, HlM nyn,
Brt cy6a 'raincoat', Kl nyn 'sheepskin coat, fur coat (rynyn, my6a)', Kl /T cuv
u
'berrock, groer Pelz,
groer Regenrock' MED 2O3, Chr. 395, Kow. 22OO-1, KRS 639, KW 435 pJ 'taara 'sack' > OJ
taara, J: T/Kg tavara, K tavara S QJ #665, Mr. 544 ? pKo 'car 'sack' ({DQA}: < 'cavar- <
'cabar-) > MKo caru, NKo car S QK #751, MLC 1392 ? Tg '|au(Iu) 'quiver' > Orc
au, aIu, auIu, Ul aat(n-), Nn B aft id., WrMc abqu 'small quiver' STM I 251 DQA #221
[A 'caba 'sack' > Tg, Ko, J] ll HS: S: Ar Oavb- '(any) cloth' BK I 24O-1 ll D 'cavali '(any) cloth' ( N
'cAv'hV 'to cover, to dress') > Tm cavali 'cloth, piece-goods', Ml cavali, Kn |avali 'any cloth', Tu
|avali, |auli 'cloth', Tl |avali 'clothes, drapery' D #2394 ll ? K: [1] G cob-al-i 'Netz (Teil des
Bauchfells) or [2] G X/M cav-i 'pritschenartige Liegesttte aus Geflecht' G cav-i is a valid cognate if
'-vb- > K '-v- Chx. 19O6, 1942 ^ If any of the G words belongs here, the original meaning of the
in question may be not only 'hide', but 'plaited work' as well.
379. 'cayVdjV,yV 'female breast' > HS: WS ''Oaday- id. > BHb pl. [< du.] Mi%d2S1 sa'dayim 'female
breasts', sg. ( pl.\du.) dS1 sad, BHb B sg. sad 'mothers breast' [acc. to Nld NB 121 and GB, BHb T
d7S sod id. is an erroneous vocalization for dS1 sad], Ug Od - d, JA pl. NiD5T2 tad'din / aI!D2T2
tadday'ya pl., Sr to'd-a, SmA td, Ar Ud0@a Oady-un, dA2a Oada-n, Mh Oodi (pl. Oi'day?), Hrs Oodi, Jb E/C
'Oodc?, Sq {Jo.} 'todi; Ak fMB saddu ' a chest or container' KB 1316-7, A ##2723, 2842, OLS 139,
487, Tal 942, Js. 1647, Br. 816, Jo. M 415, Jo. H 132, CAD XVII/1 42, MiK I #1.28O AdS of Eg fP
sdy v. 'suckle' N 'suNV 'milk' 'sutjy,V - 'sujy,tV 'milk; to suck\drink' The unexpected Eg s-
(for s-, which is the reg. cognate of S 'O) is due to the above homonymic merger with N 'suNV)
EG IV 564-5, Fk. 273-4, Tk. I 314 ll A: M 'ccc:in 'breast, chest' ( N 'CcgV 'breast, milk', q.v. ffd.)
Tg ''ai_|acn - 'ad|an 'breast, female breast' > WrMc cccn 'upper part of the chest', Ewk Uc |adan,
Lm |s|in " |a|an, Lm A |c| 'udder', Neg |oyan, Ork dada-qta 'female breast' STM I 242 & II 419 pKo
{S} 'ci_oc 'female breast' > MKo ci_os, NKo coc cot S QK #11, Nam 426, MLC 146O DQA ##26O
'c`ay:V 'breast' (M, Tg, Ko pJ {S} o'ti, 'titi 'female breast' T 'iig - 'iig 'ewe; fat tail'), S AJ
32-3, 76, 88, 279 A '-:- < '-dy- ll ? IE: NaIE 'dj",cd"- ({P} 'd"cd"n-, {Dv.} 'dad"-) 'milk' ( N 'dodj ,V
'point, nipple') > OI 'dadhi 'sour milk' || Pru dadan 'milk' || pAl {O} 'dcdi- > d (dim.) d|athc 'cheese' If
the IE belongs here, 'dj",- (for the expected 'st-) may be due to as and the Ll-factor P 241-2, EI
382 [''d"cd"hi (gen. 'd"cd"'nos) 'coagulated (sour) milk'], Dv. #934, M K II 15, M E II 923-3, En. 155, O
67; M, O and EI suppose that the IE word is derived from 'd"ci_-'to suck'.
38O. 'cEgV 'to pick' (> 'to butt') > K {F} 'cig- > G X cig- v. 'butt', cig-av-s 'butts with horns'
Chx. 1934 ll IE: NaIE 'stcg"- 'to prick' > ON 'stcggi (*'pricker') in andarstcggi 'male duck, dracke', Ic,
Far stcggi 'male fowl', Sw stagg 'Nardus stricta' ({WP} 'steifes und stehendes Gras'), 'stickleback
(Gasterosteus aculeatus)' || Lt P stcgc', stc'gis 'stickleback', Ltv stagars, stagaris 'stickleback, tittlebat'
(with an obscure r) | Sl 'stcg- 'to quilt' ( *'to prick') > R crc'iar 'to quilt; to whip, lash', 'crccia 'a
quilting, stitch', P scicg, scig, Cz stch 'a stitch' WP II 622, P 1O14-5, Vr. 545, Bv. 696, JM 41O, Hlq.
1O63, Tr. 285, Frn. 9OO, ME III 1O37-8, Turk. 628, Ma. CS 471, Vs. III 751, Mikl. E 32O ^ Fn. KD
#59 (+ err. D 'ciI- 'split', at variance with the reg. sound corrs. (D '-I- does not correspond to K
'-g-), hence it is preferable to connect D 'ciI- with IE '(s)tcig- 'to prick' < N 'ciIa 'to prick, split'
[q.v.]).
381. 'ca'ha 'to stop, stand (up)' (> 'to raise') > HS: S 'Ovy > Ar Ovy (ip. -Oviy-) v. 'halt,
remain\settle (in a place), stay' BK I 243, Hv. 74, Ln. 365-6 ll IE 'stcu- (= 'stco-) / 'stuc- / 'stu- >
NaIE 'sta- / 'st"c- (preserved in OI only) / 'sto- 'stand' > OI (1s aor.) a-stha-m || Gk (1s aor.) cotv || L
sta- (prs.), Osc stait (3s prs.) || Clt: Brtt {RE} 'stabimi 'stand' > OBr sab, MBr saff, sav; vb. n. in '-il: MW
scuyll, W scfyll, C, Br scvcl || Gmc: Dt, NNr, Sw sta, OSx stan, OHG stan - stcn, NHG stchcn 'to stand'; (d
?): Gt, OSx, AS standan, ON, NNr, Sw standa, OHG stantan 'to stand', NE stand || Lt stoti (1s prs. sto|u) 'to
stand (up), take ones stand', Ltv stat 'to stop, cease'; - (res.) Lt stovc'ti, Ltv stavct 'to stand' | Sl
'sta- (inf. 'stati) 'stand up, halt' > OCS t:o:u stati, SCr sta`ti, Slv stati, Slk stat` 'stand up, halt', Cz
stati sc id., 'become'; d (res.?) 'sto|ati to 'stand' (1s prs. 'sto|o) > OCS t:em:u stoyati, R cro' r, Uk
cro' rn, SCr sta|ati, Slv stati, Cz stati, Slk stat`, P stac id., Blg cro' 'I stand' rdp 'sista- > Gk prs.
ioti 'I stand' || Av histaiti 'he stands', OPrs a-istata 'he stood' (3s ipf.), OI tisthati 'he stands' (t- due
to the morphophonemic law preventing an initial s-) || OIr siss- 'stand', tair-isscm 'fait de se tenir
ferme \ persvrer \ sarrter' (< 'to-air-siss-) || L caus. sisto 'I put', Um SESTU id. P 1OO4-1O, M K
III 526-7, M E II 764-6, F I 739, WH II 596-9, Bc. G 324,345, Vn. S 118-2O & T 13, RE 135, Hlq.
11O1, Ho. 317, Ho. S 7O, OsS 863-4, Kb. 95O-1, KM 743, Vr. 543, Frn. 914-6, Vs. III 748, 769, Glh.
579-82, EI 542-3 ['(s)tch- 'stand' with unc. 's- mobile that us based only on Tc B taIa 'will be'] ll
A: Tg: WrMc ca- 'raise' STM II 374 ll ? D 'ca- ({GS} 's-) v. 'die' (if from *'to stop') ( N
'cAV 'perish', q.v. ffd.).
382. 'ciIa 'to prick, split' > IE: NaIE {EI} 'stci_g- 'prick' (or '(s)tci_g- 'to prick; pointed') > Gk oti-
(prs. otie, pfc. ps. cotioi) v. 'mark with a pointed instrument, tattoo', otio 'the mark of a
pointed instrument, tattoo-mark' || L in-stiga- v. 'goad, incite, stimulate' ( 'spur on') || Gt stiIs 'stab,
puuncture, point', OSx stiIi, MLG stcIc, MHG stich, NHG Stich 'prick, puncture, stab', AS sticc 'stab,
puncture', NE stitch; OHG stcchan " stchhan 'to stitch, stab', NHG stcchcn 'to prick'; OHG sticIcn
'stipare; to stitch, stuff (?)', NHG sticIcn 'to embroider', AS stician 'to prick, goad, pierce', NE v. sticI
|| ??, Ary: OI tc|atc 'is\become sharp, sharpens', tc|ah 'blade, point (Spitze)', Av bi-tacya- 'double-
bladed', broi|ro-tacza- 'with sharpened edge', Av tiyra-, OPrs tigra- 'pointed', ? NPrs yTi {Vl.} tcy,
{BM} tiy ''sword, blade, blade of a weapon, knife, razour, awl', {Vl.} 'point of a spear\arrow, blade of
a knife, awl' WP II 612-3, P 1O16-7, EI 451, M K I 525-6, Sg. 342-3, BM 142, Vl. I 492, F II 797-8,
WH I 7O6-7, Fs. 453, Ho. 321, Ho. S 71, OsS 868-71, Kb. 956, 964, KM 742, 748, Dv. #645 ll K: GZ
'cicI-vn- v. 'dig in, rummage in' ( N 'cEcIV 'to crush, split') > eNG {SSO} cicIna 'dig badly', G
cicIna 'dig (the surface of the ground), dig\rummage in, peck\pick at', {NCh.} 'ionar, ionip) r',
{DCh.} 'ionip) r', Mg cIicIon- 'dig\rummage in, tear asunder' K 22O, K
2
257, FS K 389, FS E 437-
8, Chx. 194O, DCh 158O, NCh. 431 ll ?? D 'ciI- ({GS} ''cig-) 'split, tear' > Kn sigi v. 'split (as wood),
tear\rend with the teeth (as sugar-cane)', Tu sigiu - tigiu- - tiguu- v. 'split, slit, cut, saw, tear', Prj
ciI-, Gnd M hiIana, Gnd G/Mu/HMS hiI- v. 'tear', Kui siIi inba 'be torn\split'; cp D 'ccaII-, {GS} 'ccI-
v. 'chip' (< N 'cEcIV '') D # 2491.
383. 'ciIU 'side part of the base of limbs (shoulder, hip)' ( 'thigh') > HS: WS
'OVIVm- 'shoulder' > Hb Mk3S3 'scIcm - Mk3S6 so'Icm id., Ug OIm {OLS} 'shoulder', {A} 'Nacken mit
Schulter', Gz sIm G 'carry on the shoulders, carry a burden' HJ 1266, GB 826-7, A #2866, OLS
489, L G 496, MiK I #1.282 Ch: WCh ({Stl.} 'ciIuni): Hs cina 'thigh' ({Stl.} < 'cicina < 'ciIina),
Gw {Mts.} cirina | SBc: Bg {ChL} sigIn, Zul {ChL} ctguni, Gj {ChL} ci`IIn, Buli {ChL}, Kir {Csp.} cigIn,
Kir Mn {Csp.} sun, Dw {ChL} cuin, Plc {ChL} cIIn, Zar {ChL} cIgn, Zar K {Sh.} ciIq, Grn {J} siq | ?
pAG 'ci 'thigh' > Su {J} ci, Ang {Flk., Hf.} ci, Gmy {Hf.} si, {ChL} si id., Kfr {Nt.} ci 'thigh, leg' ||
ECh: Kwn M {J} cnvgn id. Stl. ZCh 184 [#357] (WCh 'ciIuni with an arbitrarily reconstructed
glottality of the initial affricate), Abr. H 146-7, JI I 167 & II 324-5, ChC, ChL, Jgr. 188, Csp. 36, 69,
Hf. AG 22, Flk. s.v. ci, Nt. 5 ll IE: NaIE '(s)tci_g"-, {Mn.} '(s)t"ci_g"- 'shoulder, thigh' > Arm kn t"cIn /
ikan t"iIan {Bdr.} 'top of the shoulder, shoulder-bone, shoulder, arm' (< 'stoyg"-no-) || Clt 'toi_bos (<
'toi_g"-os) > OIr tocb, toib, W, Crn, Br tu 'side' || pSl 'stcg'no 'thigh' > OCS t:crue stcgno 'femur', SCr
stcgno, Slv stcgno, R , Uk crci'no, Blr cn i'no, Cz stchno, P (with secondary nasalization) scicgno (<
'stcg-no-) WP II 614, P 1O18, Mn.168 (IE 'sthcgno--'sthigno- > Arm, Sl + Gk otcvo) 'water-proof,
covering'), Vn. T 91-2, ZVSZ 4O7, Vs. III 751 (rejects the comparison of Sl with Arm and Celt), Glh.
583, EI 518 ('tci_g"- 'side'; no account of Sl) The traces of the alternation 'ci_/'c in IE are
expected in the light of my theory of the prehistory of the IE vowels (AD NVIE) ll A: NaT 'ciIin
({ADb., TL} 'cEIn) 'shoulder' > OT U {Bai.} ciIin 'part of the body between the neck and the
shoulder', MQp cigin - sigin 'shoulder', Chg XVI ciIin 'upper part of the shoilder betwee the neck
and the shoulder-blades', Chg {PC}, Tki {Zn.} ciqin 'shoulder', Osm ky8 in ccIin, {Rh.} ccyin 'the
ridge of the shoulder between the neck and the shoulder-joint', Tk ccIin 'shoulder(s)', Az ciyin, Tkm
cigin, Xlj cin, ? SY igin id., ?? Chv san 'body'; cp also OT {Cl.} cugdc 'the projecting bone behind
the ear' Cl. 414-5, TL 238-9, ADb. SR 129-3O, 19O, Bai. TK 293, Rh. 72, Rl. III 1949, TrR 177, TkR
781, Hs. 345, PC 3O8, Zn. I 379, DT 1O1 M 'ccgIc > WrM {MED, Gl.} ccgc 'the hind flat part of
the ankle-bone', {Kow.} ccIc ') xia y no(iin, le ct de losselet qui a un trou'; ?? MM
ccIcray - ccIcrcy 'breast, neck' H 26, Pp. MA 132, MED 169, Kow. 2124-5, Gl. II 365-6, Luv. 624,
DRM 132, KRS 646, KW 438, RKS 124, T DgJ 181, Mr. D 128 Tg 'aIan > Nn Nh caxa, Nn B
caxa(n-) 'ell' STM II 378 ? pKo {S} 'ci_aIai_- > MKo 'ci_aIai_`i_am, NKo cagami 'groin, inguinal
region' S QK #119O, Nam 419, MLC 1372 Tg 'aIa 'forearm, el' (< N 'caqja,'lV or
'caqV 'elbow, part of a limb', q.v.) DQA ##264 [A 'c`aI`c 'forearm' > T, Tg, Ko] ll D
'c'cI- ({GS} 'c-, -I-) > Tm ccIil 'upper part of the shoulders', Kn tcgal 'shoulder', ? ( N 'Sug'E 'back
of the neck, back') Kui suIor`i-suIoli 'shoulder-blade' D #2696 ^ '-nV in Sl, Ch and T and 'm in S
may go back to ancient derivational sxs. or last components of a compound (word group) ^ Blz.
LB #6j (S, IE, T, M), Blz. LNA #8 ('cayIu 'back'; unconvincingly adduces the T and Tg reflexes of
'caqV 'elbow') ^ Cp. pCK {Md.} 'cuqma 'nncuo, npc(nncuc' (Md. ECK 25).
384. 'caoIV 'to prick (stechen), to gouge' > HS: S 'OIb v. 'pierce' > Ar Oqb G 'percer, forer'
('b due to the infl. of the synonymous verb nIb?) BK I 228 ll K 'ccI- > G ca-ccI- 'zerstechen.
zerlchern', ccI-i 'Feuerhaken, Schr-\Schab-\Kratz-eisen, Scharre' Chx. 1919 ll A 'c`oIV- v. 'peck,
gouge' > NaT 'oIu- v. 'peck' > OT {Cl.} coq-, Alt {Rl.} coqi-, StAlt {BT} coqu- v. 'peck, peck out', Tkm
coq- v. 'peck, sting', Osm {Rh.}, ET {Nj.} coqu-, Qzq soqu- v. 'peck' Cl. 4O6, Rs. W 114, Rh. 738, Nj.
394, BT 18O, Sht. 235 M 'coIi- v. 'hit, beat, knock, peck' ( N 'coqja,E to beat\hit (so.), hurt;
pain', q.v.) > WrM coIi-, HlM noxn- 'hit, beat, knock, peck'., MM [S] coIi- v. 'bore', Kl {Rm.} coI-
'schlagen, hauen', nudig coI- 'das Auge aushacken', Mnr H {SM} c`ug_u- v. 'peck' MED 196, H 29,
KW 429, SM 44O Tg 'oj:,I(i)- ({DQA} 'coI(i)-) v. 'peck, gouge' ( 'dig') > Ul, Nn Nh coqt- v.
'peck', Ewk oI-, Ewk Tp oIi- v. 'dig, dig out', Ewk Urm oI- v. 'pick out (niionipnnar)', Lm uq- id., v.
'take out the eyes (of a slaughtered animal)', Neg oI- v. 'gouge, carve (an ornament on birch-bark',
Orc coIto 'woodpecker' STM II 4O3 ? pKo {S} 'c"n- v. 'kick' > MKo c"n-, NKo c"a- S QK #5O9,
Nam 447, MLC 1562 KW 429, DQA #336 (A 'c`oI`au 'peck, gauge') ll D 'caII- > Krx caII"-/caII- v.
'pierce with a prick, prick', Mlt caqc v. 'sting, pierce, stab', Brh axxiq 'to run into, pierce' D
#2278, Pf. 19O [#1OO], Hahn KG 3 (on the Krx phoneme I"), An. JB 19-21 (on Brh cnss.) ^ NaIE
'(s)tci_g- 'to prick' cannot be adduced here (,), it belongs rather to N 'ciIa 'to prick, split' [q.v.] ^
IS MS 344 'ionor' (A, D).
385. 'c'oKV 'much, heavy' > HS: S (+ext. ) 'OIl v. 'weigh' > Hb sIl G , Sr tIl G id., Pun
sIl, IA sIl - tIl, BA/JA/Md tIl G 'weigh, weigh out', JEA tIl G vi. 'weigh, be even \ equal to',
Ar Oql G 'peser un objet dans la main pour en apprcier le poids; galer en poids; rendre pesant',
Oaqil- 'heavy\weighty', Mh, Jb, Hrs OIl 'be heavy', Gz sIl G 'weigh, suspend, hang up', Ak sIl
{Sd.} 'aufhngen, (ab)wgen, (dar)wgen'; - S ''OiIil- 'weight' > BHb lq#S3 'scIcl (pl. soIa'l-im)
'weight, sheqel (a unit of weight)', Ph (GkSc) oi, oik 1 Gk oiko) id., Pun. sIl, Ug OIl, OA
sIl ['OoIal], IA tIl, BA lq$T6 to,Icl, JA al1q^T5 tiI'l-a 'shekel, sikl (a unit of weight, coin)', JEA al1q^iT5
tiI'l-a 'weigh, shekel', Yd ?tIl 'shekel (unit of weight)', Sr scI'l-a 'weight, ponderous mass', Ar Oiql-
'weight, burden', Ak siIlum 'sikl, a unit of weight', Eb sa-gi-lum (OaIil-); the meaning 'suspend, hang
up' (in EthS and Ak is secondary, the semantic change 'weigh' 'suspend' (from a basic meaning
'weigh by lifting\hanging' [as suggested in L G 51O]) is typologically possible (cp. R
(cpar na nccy) KB 1515-6, 1779-8OO, Beyer AHG 26, HJ 1187-8, A #293O, Grd. UT #2735, Sl.
12O7, 1227, JPS 618, Tal 96O, L G 51O, Jo. M 418, Sd. 1178ff., 1248, Krb. EG 16, Lok. #188O ? C:
Ag: Xm {R} siqav- 'be heavy, weighty' R Ch II 1O2, R WB 338 ll U: FU 'coIIV 'dense', thick' (of
grass, hair) > | Prm 'co'I- ({LG} 'co'I-) (or 'ccI-) > Z rmoii( csIId 'dense', Z LV/Lu, Prmk c`sI id. ||
pVg 'sIv > Vg: T sav, LK sov, P sav, Ss sav 'much' | ? Chr: L uoia co'Ia id., H/B coIa 'dicht; fest,
kompakt', YO coIa 'dicht', L uoiara coIa'ta 'dense'; hardly here ( UEW) H {Wc.} caIata 'dicht', not
confirmed by other sources (MaRS, Ep) that translate it as 'aiiyparnin' ( Chr L uaria'ra id.); to my
mind, Wc. in 19O6 misunderstood this Chr H word (by association with Chr L coIata 'dense') || Hg
soI 'much, many' Most cognates suggest FU 'o, while Hg o (seemingly pointing to a FU 'u) is still to
be explained; one cannot rule out the possibility (mentioned in Rm. W 113) that Hg soI is a loan
from T UEW 62-3, Coll. 114, MRS 664, 668, 673, Ep. 141, Wc. FUsc T 31, LG 29O, SZ 386, KPR 497
ll A: NaT 'oI 'much, many' > Chg, XwT, MQp coq id., Kr/Sg {Rl.} coq 'much, too much', Osm {Bu.}
'much, many, too much, very', Tk coI 'much, many', Az uox co_, Sg {Rl.} coq id., 'very', ET coq
'very' Cl. 4O5, Rm. W 113, Bu. I 495, S AJ 18O [#51], BN 33, Rl. III 2OO4 M 'cogca 'heap, pile,
mass' > WrM cogca, HlM noin id., Kl noin cogc+, {Rm.} coIc+ 'heap, pile', - M 'cogca-la- v.
'accumulate, heap' > WrM cogcala-, Mnr {SM} cu_i_olo- v. 'accumulate' MED 194, KRS 635, KW
429, SM 46O ? pJ {S} 'taIu-a- v. 'hoard, assemble' > OJ taIua(a)-, J: T/Kg taIuvac- - T
taIuvac-, K taIuvac- S QJ #144, Mr. 762 DQA #265 ['c`aI`o '-I- 'many, be full, enough' > T
Tg 'aI- 'full' and pKo 'c"n- 'be full'] ll Gil: Gil A `oy / soy 'group, flock' ST 45O ^ IS MS 331
('big'; A, U), Blz. LB #11, UEW 63 (FU, T, M) Gr. II #261 ('coI 'many') [U, A d + qu. K, CK +
unc. J].
386. ? 'cAlV 'stalk' > K 'cal- > G cala 'straw, reed', cal- 'cut stalks of maize' Chx. 1874 ll HS: S
'OlOl > Ar OilOil-an-, OulOul-an- 'hey' BK I 233 ll IE: NaIE 'stcl- 'branch, stalk, stem' ( N 'cula 'stalk,
branch, twig, a tree with flexible branches' [q.v.]) > Arm sten stcln 'branch, bough, stalk, stem' || Gk
otcc_o) 'bottom part of the trunk, stump' ({LS} 'crown of the root'), otcco, otccov 'haft\shaft of
an axe' || L: [1] stolo / -onis 'root-shoot'; [2] stilus / -i 'stake, pale; pointed iron\bobe instrument'
( NaIE 'stoi-lo- > Av stara- 'mountain-summit') || AS stcla 'stalk', OHG stil 'handle, stylo', NHG Sticl
'haft, handle' || Ltv stulms top of a boot' P 1O19-2O, ZVSZ 415, WH II 592, 599-6OO, F II 785-6, Sw.
161, Ho. 319, OsS 872, Kb. 964, KM 749, Slt. 332-3, Kar. II 313 ll A {SDM95} 'calu > pKo 'cur-Ii
'stalk, branche without leaves' > MKo curIi, NKo culgi, culgori S QK #16O, MLC 15O7 ? Tg
'|ali-Ita 'haw-thorn' > Ewk |aliIta - naliIta, Neg |alta, Orc araIta, Ud aliIta, Ul araqta-artqta, Nn
KU altqta, Nn Nh artqta id., Nn B/KU alaqta 'willow' (the last meaning on the analogy of a different
Tg stem represented by Ul atala 'willow') STM I 246, 253, Krm. 231 ? pJ {S} 'turu 'willow,
'vine' ( ''rod') > OJ turu id., J: T/Kg curu, K curu 'vine' - (?) J T curu- v. 'angle (for fish), fish with
rid and line' S QJ 189, Mr. 557, Kenk. 2O73 S AJ 288 [#278] & SDM97 s.v. 'calu 'a kind of
broad-leaved plant'. Not here ( S AJ & ADM97) T 't`al (reconstructed by S with a lenis 't [= {S,
SDM} 'd-], in spite of the Tkm and Tv ev. for 't`-. T obviously belongs to N 'talV - 'talV 'shoot,
sprout, twig' ( 'willow, elm') [q.v.]. pJ 'turu 'willow, vine', which is semantically near to the T
stem ll D (in SD) 'call- ({GS} '-) 'reed; grass' > Ml call- ' grass\reed', Tm calli 'reed; grass', ? Kn
|allc 'sugar-cane', 'bamboo pole', Kdg :allc 'sugar cane' D ##2382-3.
387. ? 'calV 'to beat, knock down, fell' > HS: S 'Oll: Ar Oll 'dtruire, renverser, dmolir' BK I
231 ? B 'zll > Kb tizlollit 'coup vigoureux' Dl. 942 ll A: T 'al(u)- v. 'knock down, beat' ( N
'caljE,o 'to split, cut' [q.v. ffd.]) ll D 'cal- ({GS} 's-) 'beat' > Tm alai 'beat, slap', Gnd: Mu {Bh.} hal-,
HMS {Lind} halasna, ChM {LuS} halsna 'beat' D #2374.
388. ?? 'c'alV 'to plait' > HS: ECh: Ke cili 'to plate (a mat)' || CCh: Azm {Pc.} silaa 'weave' Eb.
36, Pc. 35O ll K: G cclt-i 'wickerwork' Chx. 1919 ll U: FU (att. in ObU) 'cUlIvV (or 'cUvlV)
'stripe\piece of cloth' > ObU 'coyvol > pVg 'sovol 'stripe (in a garment)' > Vg: LK/MK/UK sovl,
P/LL sovl, UL/Ss sovol; pOs 'coyol 'linen cloth' ({ Hl.} 'cuyol) > Os: D co_ot, Nz so_ot, Kz so_o
Ht. #97 ('U in FU is obscure), Hl. rHt 71-4 ll D 'cali- [{GS} 'c-] (+ sx.) 'weaver' > Tm caliIan ~ caliyan
'a caste of weavers', Ml caliyan, Kn saliga, saliya, Tl sali:du, salcva:du, Ku salicsi, 'weaver', Tu
talyc id., 'spider', Tu {Shanm.} salyc, Tl salc 'caste of weavers', Gdb salc indaIc 'spider' D #2475.
369. 'ccLV 'to pull away, take away\out, rob' > HS: WS 'Oll v. 'take out, rob' > BHb llS sll (ip.
-soll-) id., Sb ll3338 Oll 'carry off (booty)' GB 835, BGMR 15O C: ? Dhl {EEN} colao- v. 'pick up'
EEN 9 ll IE: NaIE 'stcl- v. 'rob' > pGmc 'stcl- v. 'steal' > Gt stilan, ON stcla, OHG stclan, NHG
stchlcn, OSx, AS stclan id., NE stcal || Arm alnem t"alncm, allem t"allcm v. 'pillage' Mn. 1283 (Gmc, Arm);
Fs. 453-4, OsS 869, KM 743, Vr. 546 (all of them do not find any IE parallels for Gmc), Ho. 319, Ho.
S 7, Kb. 959, EI 543 (tries to derive Gmc 'stcl- from IE 'stcr- 'steal') Mn. unconvincingly adduces
Gk otce v. 'send', Ltv stclu id. and OCS stcl|o / stla-ti v. 'spread' (??) On Arm t" as the reg.
reflex of IE 'st Mn. AIE 166-8 ll D {Km.} 'ccl- ({GS} 's-) v. 'draw, pull (of\out), rob' ( N 'sclV 'to
take off, destroy, pull off', q.v. ffd.).
39O. 'cula 'stalk, branch, twig, withy, rod, a tree with flexible branches' > HS: S ''Oul- > Ak
sul- 'reed-stalk'; +ext. (with the sx. '-b-) is the S stem ''OuljV,b- > Ak sul- 'a straw, reed, tube', Ug
Olb 'flute' Sd. 1269-7O, OLS 49O ll D 'cull- ({GS} 'c-) 'stalk, branch', 'culiII ({GS} 'cc-) 'stick'
( N 'cUlV 'stalk, stick' [q.v. ffd.] N 'ssulV 'trunk, log'??) D #27O1, 27O6 ll IE: NaIE
'stcl-/'stvol-o- 'branch, stalk, stem': [1] NaIE 'stcl- ( N 'cAlV 'stalk', q.v. ffd.) [2] 'stvol-o- > Sl
'stvol+ > Cz stvol 'stalk', R crnon, Blg nnon 'stem', OCS t:aeaua stvoli|c 'nettle' P 1O19, ZVSZ 415, Vs.
III 749, Vr. 549 (s.v. st|olr), Sw. 161, Slt. 332-3 In IE there is a reg. SA 'cv/'vc (/'vo) with loss of the
glide 'v preceding the sonant 'l - a normal IE reflex of N 'u (AD NVIE) ^ AD AltAD #13 (HS, D, IE,
A [Tg, M + T]).
391. ? ''cVLV(-bA) ' canine' > HS: S 'Ou'al- 'fox' > Hb lo1uS sual, OA sl [O--l], JA (incl. JEA)
al1o9T ta"'l-a, Sr tala, Md tala, Ar Oual- - Oual- 'fox', Ug Ol (n. pr.) S 'Oalab- 'fox' > Ar Oalab-, Ak
sclcbu(m) id. KB 1341, Lv. IV 657, Sl. 1223, A #291O, OLS 483, BK I 225, Sd. 121O, CAD XVII/2
268 Ch {Stl.} 'c'ulib- 'wolf, jackal' > CCh: Msg cc-cclcbc 'jackal' || ECh: Mkl sullibc 'wolf' Stl. IF
73, J LM 178 OS #464 ll U: FP: Lp N {Fri.} cal - ccllu - col 'wolf', Lp T {TI} ca'l id. Fri. 75O,
TI 645, Coll. 8 ^ HS data suggest a N 'c-, while Lp c- seems to point to different sibilants ('c`-, 'c`-
or 's-).
392. 'caljU,gV 'snow' or 'hoar-frost' > HS: S ''Oalag- 'snow' > Hb gl3S3 'sclcg, JA (incl. JEA) gl2T6
to'lag, em. aG1l6T2 tal'ga, SmA tlg, Sr em. "gla tal'g-a, Ar l02a Oalg-, Ak salg-u id.; SCn ''Oalag- 1 Eg
(EgSSc) {Alb.} sa-ra-qu, {Hlk.} sa-l-qu 'snow' KB 1392, EG IV 2O4, Burch. AFE #81O, Alb. VESO 55,
Hlk. #199, SivCR 84, Sl. 12O8, Tal 949, Lv. IV 644 The posttonic 'a has been reconstructed on the
ev. of BA and the Eg reflex of SCn ?? B: Kb {Dl.} a-salu (pl. i-sula) 'thick layer of snow'; unless the B
word goes back to N 's'uLV 'dew' (q.v.) Dl. 771 ll U: FU ''c'alj,V > pVg 'sal- 'hoar-frost' >
Vg S: T sal " sal, Vg W (P/SV/NV/LL) sal, Vg E: LK sal, MKo/U sal, Vg N (UL/Ss) sol id. Kn.
VW 78, Stn. WV 231 ll A: Tg '|alIa 'fine snow' > Neg |alIa id., |alIa- v. 'snow' (of fine snow), Ud B
aIa- 'be a snow-storm' STM I 246, Krm. 231 ?? pJ 'turara 'icicle' > OJ turara, J: T curara, K
curara, Kg curara S QJ #154O Acc. to S and DQA (AD NM), the Tg word is akin to T 'tol 'ice'
(> NaT 'tos > OT {DTS} tos 'glacier in the mountains', etc.)'; but this comparison is based on Ss
highly contoversial hyp. on pA 'c- > T 't- (= 'd of his notation), Tg '|- (= his '-) and pJ 't- (S AJ
14) and therefore cannot be unequivocally accepted (as I did in treating this word in AD NM).
Nevetheless cases of N 'c- yielding M '|- should be studied carefully because they may reflect an
ancient phonemic opposition. Vovins criticism of my et. in NM (Altaic 'c is never reflected as 't
in proto-Turkic" - Vv. AEN 8) is justified, but another of his remarks: "Altaic does not have a 'c, but
only 'c" is based on misunderstanding of my system of symbols: in my notation A 'c [not 'c!] is a
sign for the unspecified vl. affricate (i.e. one without specification of its place of artuculation, which
is the case in pA) DQA #244, Vv. AEN 8 [critical remarks based on my etymology in AD NM;
the change from A 'c to pT 't- (as in my etymology in NM) is Ss hyp., that still has to be checked].
On the N et. of T 'tol see N 'tulV 'to drip; drops of water, dew' ll ??? D: Kn cali 'snow' [ D 'cal-
'cold' (D #2408) < N 'C'alV ( = 'c`'alV?) 'cold'].
392a. 'calVmV 'orifice, pit' > HS: S 'Olm > Ar Oalm- 'brche, cassure', Oulm-at- 'brche, trou',
Olm G 'brecher' ll D 'calVm- ({GS} 'c-) 'orifice' [ N 'salVmV 'collect on the bottom' (of liquid),
'place (depression) where water collects'] > Kn calamc, calimc, calumc, cilumc 'orifice, a bore, small pit,
hole dug in the dry bed of a river', Tu cilimbi - cil(i)m 'a small tank', Tl cclama 'hole\pit dug for water
in the dry bed of a river\rivulet', Ku salma 'well' D #2367 ^ Blz. DA 161 [#93] (HS, D; does not
distinguish this N etymon from N 'SilV 'hole').
393. 'c'imX 'to be(come) quiet\silent' > HS: B 's-vsm v. 'keep silence' > Ah {Fc.}, Izn {Rn.}
susom, BSn susom id. Fc. 1833, Rn. 347, Ds. B 335-6 ll K: GZ 'cum- 'calm down, be quiet' > G cum-
v. 'calm down; fall silent; quiet', G Kzq cuma 'a quiet person', G cumi 'leise, still, ruhig', Zan 1 Sv Ln
cIvim 'quiet, calm' Chx. 195O-1, K
2
258, TK 833 ll A: Tg 'im-, 'imam- 'be quiet' > Ewk Okh
tnmtn 'calm down, abate' (of a wind, storm), Orc imamdi 'in silence', Nn Nh ctmo-ctmo, ctmcam
'fallen silent (npnxoninyn)', Ul ctmcam id., 'quietly, without noise', Ork cttamdt bu 'be quiet!', 'hush',
? WrMc cibsc 'be quiet, silent' (of a person)', cibscn n. 'quiet, silence' STM II 396 NaT 'im 'quiet,
silent' > QK {Rl.} cim, {B} sim 'quiet', {Rl.} cimca- v. 'be silent', Qmn {B} cim 'quietly, withou
stirring', Tb {B} cim 'quietly', StAlt {RAS} cim 'motionless' (adv.), 'quietly', Tv uixaapian cimaryay
'quiet, shy' adj., uixaapap- cimarar- v. 'become quiet, shy' Rs. W 2O1, Rl. III 21O2-3, B DLT 224,
227, B DK 271, B DChT 166, RAltS 756, TvR 557 ^ K 'u < 'i under the ass. infl. of 'm.
394. 'coma 'aurochs, wild bovine' > K 'coma > G I coma 'cattle (Rindvieh)' Chx. 1943 ll D (in
GnD) 'coma 'wild buffalo' > Png homa, Mnd hama 'bison', pKK {GS} 'soma > Kui soma 'wild buffalo', Ku
homma " homa 'sambar' D #2849, GS 13O ^ AD NM #4O, S CNM 1O ( NrCs).
395. ? 'camVcV 'to wither' (> 'to get sour, foul') > U: FP 'camcV 'sour, foul' (of food) > Lp: N
{Fri.} cuoba, cuob, cuobca, cuoca 'putridus', T {TI} cIm:c ({Gn.} cimc) 'verfault', {Gn.} cimci
'verfaulen' | Chr: L {MRS} mauia sac'Ia 'tasteless' (of beverage), B uran sac Ioo+n 'das Bier ist
berstndig' | Prm {LG} 'soy- ({LG} 'so|-) 'turned sour, turned too sour, turned tasteless' > Z
zoa (ysv) 'milk that is turning\turned sour', Z US zoa id., Z zom- v. 'turn sour, but not
clotted' (of milk), Vt C suam 'tasteless' (of kvas), 'not boiled enough' (of water, milk), Vt Tl
suam 'turned too sour, grow mouldy' (of kvas) UEW 617-8, Gn. 877, TI 634, LG 1O2 ll A: T: OT
tinci- - tounci- v. 'be(come) putrid, smell foul' Cl. 516-7 ll ?? HS: Possible semantic infl. on S 'samm-
('grass' drug, perfume') and B 'smm v. 'be sour' (see 'cijya,mV ' grass', q.v. ffd.). The alt.
connection with WCh 'cami 'sour' < N 'ccmjV,_V 'sour, bitter (astrigent)' (q.v.) is less plausible
because the sibilant in B and S is not emphatic.
396. 'cinV 'other' > HS: S 'Oin- 'two' (m.: nom. 'Oin-a, gen./acc. 'Oin-ay, df. [ abs.] 'Oin-a-ni,
'Oin-ay-ni) > BHb cs. in$S6 so,nc, abs. Mi%n@S6 so'nayim, Ug m. On(m), JA/Sr m. abs. to'rcn, JEA Nir4T6
to'rcn, SmA tryn, JA cs. ir4T6 torc, Ar m. cs. nom. ?iOna, gen./acc. ?iOnay-, abs.: nom. ?iOna-ni,
gen./acc. ?iOnay-ni, Sb m. Ony, Mh {Jo.} m. Osro, Oroh, Hrs {Jo.} m. Osro, Jb E/C {Jo.} m. Oroh, Sq {Jo.}
tro, Ak m. sina; S f. 'Oin-at- > BHb Mi%T2S6 'stayim [traditional spelling for ?cs'tayim], Ug Otm, Om, SmA
trtyn, JA iT4r^T2 tartc - NiT5r^T2 tar'tin KB 1482-3, Lip. 282-3, OLS 498-5OO, Sl. 1233-4, Tal 963-4,
BGMR 171, Jo. M 418-9, Sd. G 91 B 'sin- / 'sin- 'two' > Ah {Fc.} m. ossin, f. sonat, Gd {Lf.} m. son, f.
sonct, Kb {Dl.} son, f. snat, Sll {Ds.} m. sin, f. snat, Si m. son, f. son(o)t, Zng {TC} sincn || Gnc {Wlf.} 'sini,
f. 'sinctti (Gnc. GC[?] {Mlt. NicR} smctti, Gnc T {Mlt. ?} si|n 'two') Fc. 1841, Lf. II #1479, Dl. 781-
2, Ds. 94, AiM 176, 214, Bs. NLB I 389, TC Z 304, Nic. 60, Wlf. 635, Zl. AHD 226 Eg sn.vy m.
'two', {Vc.} 'siny- (> Cpt: Sd/B tuo snav, A tuc sncv - tuesno), sn.ty f. 'two' (> Cpt Sd tu:c sontc, B
tu[ snuti) EG IV 148-5O, Vc. 196 (Eg stem 'siny-) C: Ag 'sVn- 'equal, similar' > Bln/Q/Dmb {R}
sona, Km {CR} sana 'Gleichnis; wie, gleich wie' R WB 3O6, AD SF 111 ll K 'csVn- > US, Sv L isgcn,
Sv Ln isIcn 'other' Ni. s.v. (pyion, GP 121, TK 311-2 ll A: M 'cina 'the other side' > MM [S] {H}
cina-na, cinaun, cinaru 'on the other side', MM cinadu 'jenseitig', WrM cina-du 'the other or opposite
(side)'; WrM cinagsi, Ord {Ms.} c`as, Mnr {SM} ci_ag_ss 'on the other side, further'; WrM cinagsiIi-,
HlM uanaimxn 'being on the other side'; MM [S] {H} cinai 'on the other side', [MA] {Pp.}
cinaci odur, {Lg.} cinai odur, [IsV] {Lg.} canai odur 'the day after tomorrow', [ZhY]
cinai udur {Lg.} id. (but {SM} 'le jour qui suit laprs-demain'), Shrn {Lg. ?} cinai, Mnr M {Pot.}
chcncta, MMgl {Z} cinazda, {Lg.} cinazda 'the day after tomorrow', Mnr H {SM} c`inad_ag_, {T}
cinadag, Dx {T} cina-cr id. H 27-8, MED 186-7, SM 442, 451, Pp. MA 134, Lg. VMI 24, T 38O, T DnJ
141, Iw. 96.
397. ? 'c'aNdV 'to rise, emerge, jump (up)' > K: GZ 'cnd- 'appear, emerge' > G cnd-, Mg
(r)cIind-, Lz cIind- id. K 22O, K
2
257-8 ('cn-d- with a ps. sx. '-d-), FS K 385-6 & FS E 433-4
( 'can-/ccn-/cin-/cn- 'be seen, know') ll IE: NaIE 'sIand- 'jump up, rise' ({WP}: 'aufschnellen, in die
Hhe gehen'), {EI} 'jump' > L scand-o / -crc / scandi / scansum 'climb' || OIr {Vn.} sccnd- 'sauter,
slancer', MW cy-chvynnu v. 'aufspringen' > W cychvyn 'rise, stir' ( 'star, begin') ({Vn.} 'partir',
{WP} 'auffahren, aufbrechen') || OI 'sIandati 'jumps; spurts out' The cluster 'sI- for the expected
'st- is due to the IE law (of dis ?) ruling out 'st-...-T-roots: in the presence of a root-final dental stop
N 'c-, 'c- yield IE '(s)I-, '(s)I-, '(s)I"-, cf. IE 'sIai_d- (L cacdo) < N 'caydV 'to strike, beat' [q.v.]
WP II 54O-1, EI 323, WH II 488, M K III 5O6, M E II 749, LP 25.2, Vn. S 41, YGM-1 118 ll U ? 'canca
'jump, gallop, trot' > Er sansnc, Mk sancI ardo- 'galoppieren, in vollem Galopp fahren', sanza 'a
long step, jumping' || ObU 'cuc- > pVg 'sus- v. 'wade' > Vg: T sos-, LK sos-, P sus-, Ss sus- id.;
pOs 'coc- > T soc-, D cus-, O sos- 'schreiten, zu Fu gehen' Sm {Jn.} 'ct+ntcV- 'run, trot' (of
animals) > Ne T d raAncraA-c 'run at a moderate trot' (of draught-reindeers), T O {Lh.} tancta, F
K {Lh.} tannoa:tas id.; Ng d {Ter.} (bamo) toncuradu`o '(my dog) started running (noinanac)', d
{Cs.} 3s (aor.?) tanta|ua; En d {Cs.} 1s aor. toddccro " toddccdo 'run'; Kms 1s prs. {KD} t`unola'm-
v. 'gallop'; Mt {Hl.} 'tandol- 'rennen, schnell rennen' (Mt M d {Sp.} 1s ran(annix 'ciouy') The U
belongs here if its meaning is 'to gallop, jump' [as in Coll.] rather than 'schreiten, gehen' [as in
UEW] U medial '-c- for the expected '-t- by as ? Coll. 6O, UEW 53, Jn. 147, Ter. 625, Hl. M #955
The change 'jump' 'run quickly' R ciaiar.
398. 'cuqV 'smoke, smell' n. > HS: S: [1] d 'Ont > Ar Ont 'have a bad smell' (of meat)
( ''OVn-at- n. ''OVn-); [2] ? ''Onn > JA [Trg.] Nn!T6 to'nan (em. an!n!T6 tona'n-a) 'smoke', 'stink'
(Is. 34.3), Sr tona'n-a 'smoke'; JA/Sr tnn G 'emit smoke' BK I 238, Lv. T II 547, Lv. IV 655-6, Br.
828 Eg MK/G snsn v. 'smell (sth.)', Eg BD snsn 'rot' or 'stink' (of a corpse), Eg {Mks.} snsn.t
'perfume' N 'suqc 'to smell' 'suqc 'to breathe' [q.v.] EG IV 172-4, Mks. III 2634, Tk. I 13O (Eg
sn - sny 'smell, breathe' with HS cognates referring to N 'suqc '') ? some Ch words for 'nose': Wrj
{Sk.} cinna, Jm {Sh.} icin, Gj {Sh.} icin, Bt {Mch.} cinnc, Gudu {IL} cin, Bdm {Cfr.} ccnai_, {Lk.}
cinay, Ms {Mch.} cin, ZmB {J} cin, ZmD {KNC} ci`n JI II 258-9, KNC 4 ll U: FU 'cuqV 'smoke, fog,
steam' > Prm {LG} 'cu'q 'smoke' > Z rmin cIn, Vt u'in cIn, cIq id. || ObU {Ht.} 'cuqI- 'fog' > pVg
'siI", 'siq"I" id. > OVg S Vt uci, OVg S SSs schucht, tschocht, OVg W P mc( x) , OVg W Sol uc xy id.,
Vg: T siI", LK scx", scq"I"-, P scx", LL scx", Ss scq"I" id., T d siI"itaIt- 'sich abkhlen'; pOs
{Ht.} 'cuy 'fog' > Os: V/Vy cu, Ty ci", Y/D/K civ, Nz si, Kz siv, O siv id. pY {IN} 'ciq- > Y
T {IN} ciq-i-co 'xina (haze?), darkness, night' (-co is a nominal sx.) UEW 59, LG 291-2, Lt. 197, IN
216 ^ Possible infl. of 'civnV 'bad smell, malodorous sweat' [q.v.] ^ IS I 2O7-8 [#51] ('cungn)
[adduces S, Ch and FU words that do not belong here].
399. ? 'ccaqjI,X 'to push, kick, stumble' > IE: NaIE 'stcngj",- ({WP} 'stcng-) v. 'kick, stumble'
({WP} 'stoen, mit dem Fue [an]stoen') > Gt stigqan 'zusammenstoen', bi-stigqan, ga-stigqan vi.
'stumble, strike against' ({Fs.} 'anstoen', [NT] tookottciv), ? stigqan h.l. 'meet [a hostile army]'
({Fs.} 'zusammenstoen'), d ga-stagq|an vt. 'anstoen, tookottciv', d bi-stugq n. 'stumble, stumbling'
('Ansto, tookoo') || W {WP} sangu v. 'tread (treten)' || OI 'taqgati 'stumbles' The Gt cognate
points to IE 'g", while W suggests lack of labiality WP II 618, 627, Fs. 452-3, M K I 469 (OI-Gt
connection "ist unerweisbar") ll U: FU 'caqV- 'strike, push, kick' > Er cavo-, Mk savo- 'strike, beat' |
Chr: H {MRS} uaniam'caqga-s 'to notch logs (for building a house), {Rm.} 'caqga-s 'einhauen,
einschneiden', L uo` am{MRS} coq'ga-s 'erect a house (of logs), build', Uf {Ps.} 'coqcm 'Einschnitte in
die (Enden der) fr einen Blockverband bestimmten Balken hauen' || ObU {Ht.} 'cuqI- > pVg {Ht.}
'sIq"I"- > Vg: T saqI-, LK saqx-, MK ssqI"-, P saqI-, NV/LL ssqI-, SV ssqI"-, ssx"- 'aussclagen
einen Futritt geben', N {Mu.} saq_v- 'stoen', Ss {BV} saqx"-, Yk {Vxr.} saqx- 'kick with the foot';
pOs {Ht.} 'coqI- 'kick' > V/Vy coy-, coy- 'ausschlagen, einen Futritt geben', T/Y coq-, K coq_-, Nz
suq_-, Kz su'q_-, O soq_- 'mit dem Fu stoen (nnyr), aussschlagen (n) inyr), D coq_- id., 'ein Bein
stellen, durch Beinstellen umwerfen' UEW 53-4, Ht. #1O7, BV 99, Stn. WV 195, Ps. OT 154, Rm. BT
157, Stn. D 255, LG 312 ll AdS of K: G cant- 'jem-m einen Futritt versetzen' (< N 'cao'qtV 'to
step, tread' [q.v.]) Chx. 1894 ^ If the K cognate is ignored, we lose the distinction between N 'c
and 'c, so that the N rec. must be 'ccaqjI,X.
4OO. ? 'cao'qtV 'to step, tread' > K: G cant- 'jem-m einen Futritt versetzen' (possibly N
'ccaqjI,X 'to push, kick, stumble'?) Chx. 1894 ll U 'contV (or 'tss- and -ncss-) > Sm {Jn.}
'cant+- (or 't- and '-c-) 'to step, tread (treten') > Ne T ranaA-c, T O {Lh.} tana, Ne F L {Lh.} tanna-,
En d {Cs.} 1s aor. obcj. tadduabo id., Kms {KD} 1s prs. t`onim 'gehen, wandern', d {Cs.} thonolam,
{KD} t`onu`lom 'treten', d {KD} t`onoa`la'm 'zertreten' Jn. 151 ll ? HS: CS 'Ot > BHb ty2o9S2
sa"'t-at n. cs. 'stamping', Ar Ot v. D {Fr.} 'contudit in partes, comminuit' GB 853, BK I 224, Fr. I
217 ^ If the S cognate is legitimate, it means that under some conditions N 'q yields S '.
4O1. ? 'caa 'sack, vessel' > K: G ca-i 'earthenware jug', 'a measure for liquids (36 Russian
pounds [19th. c.])' Chx. 19O6, DCh. 1562, SSO II 316 ll U: FV 'cava 'sack, vessel' > Krl A hoavo
'Sack(stoff), Beutel, Sckchen', Krl Ld ahvad, huavo, hoavo, Vp havad 'sack' | Er cava 'dish, bowl'
('Schale, Napf', '6n(o'), Mk sava 'wooden dish/bowl' UEW 619, ZM 111, ERV 734, PI 3O1 ll A 'c`a-
'container, vessel' > ? T: NaT 'aaq '(wooden) container' > CrTt cacaI 'tub' ('Zuber'), VTt
uanuai sasaq id., 'barrel', Bsh sasaq 'tub (made of a log)', 'hollow of a tree-trunk', Brb cscaq
'barrel', Alt uanuai cacaq {BT} 'tub', {Rl.} 'barrel', Shor sacaq 'barrel', Tlt {Rl.} cacaq 'bucket'
Rl. III 1927, Rs. W 99, TatR 631, BT 176, BR 463 pKo {S} 'caa- (or 'ci_aa-) 'earthenware jar, bowl'
> NKo cabagi S QK #1129, MLC 1379 DQA #316 [pA 'c`i_o`c 'water container, vessel': T, Ko +
(unc.) pJ {S} 'tsi 'tu_ai 'gutter' (without unequivocal ev. for '--) (> J: T toi, K toi, Kg toi) +
unj. pM 'coycrum 'pond, small lake, pool'].
4O2. ?? 'ciq'U (or 'ci_'U) 'to chop, cut' > K 'ccq_- > G cc_- 'chop (wood), split' Chx. 1929-
3O, DCh. 1576 ll HS: Ch: WCh {Stl.} ci- v. {AD} 'chop, cut (wood)' > Tng {J} sc 'cut (wood, tree),
chop; slay (with a sword), hew, fell' | Sir {Sk.} ci 'cut, chop' Stl. ZCh 181 [#336], J T 142, ChC, Sk.
NB 17 ? Eg L sx ({EG} sh) 'injury', 'wound' or sim. EG IV 267 ^ If Eg sx belongs here, the rec.
must be 'ciq'U.
4O3. 'ca'qyV 'to shine' > HS: ? Eg NK s_y 'shine' (of the sun) [unless Eg fP s_y 'appear'] EG
IV 237-8 ll K: G ca_ca_- 'glnzen, strahlen', ca_ca_-i 'Glnzen, Gleissen, Strahlen' Chx. 1918 ll A:
M 'cay- v. 'be(come) bright\white, shine' > MM [S] cayi- v. 'become bright\white', [MA] cai_- v.
'become white', WrM {MED} cai-, HlM nan- v. 'be(come) white, turn pale, dawn, grow light', Ord {Ms.}
c`a- 'become white', Mnr H {SM} c`ic- 'devenir blanc, jaunir (moisson)', or c`i- v. 'dawn'
('commencer faire jour'), WrM [AT] ciugcn - ccugcn 'shining' Pp. MA 13O, H 25, MED 18O,
12OO, Kow. 2O75, SM 441, 447, AT 8 ^ N '-q- if the Eg cognate is valid, otherwise '-q_-.
4O4. 'car'u 'to spread, scatter' > IE: NaIE 'stcr-, 'stcru-/'strcu_-, 'stcro-/'stroa- id., {EI} 'stcr-
'spread out' ( N 'tarXV 'to throw, disperse, scatter' [q.v.]) > OI star-: str'nati, str'noti 'spreads,
scatters', Av storonaiti 'streut hin', Phl vistar-tan 'to spread', NPrs drtasgu gostar-dan id., 'to expand;
make a bed' || Gk otovui, otocvvui v. 'spread', oteto) adj. 'spread', oteo 'anything
spread\laid out for lying\sitting upon' || L stcrn-o / -crc (pfc. stravi, pp. stratus) 'stretch\spread out,
strew, spread', stramcn 'straw, litter' || OIr scrn- {Vn.} 'tendre, joncher, distribuer'; OBr strouis
'stravi', MBr strcoui 'joncher', strcucin v. strew, spread' ('parsemer, parpiller'), Br strcvin id.,
'rpandre, joncher' || pAl {O} 'strinya > Al shtri| v. (prs. strin|) 'stretch (out), spread' || pGmc 'strau_|an
to spread, strew' > Gt strau|an, ON stra, OHG strcvcn (> NHG strcucn 'to strew, spread'), AS strc(o)vian
'strew, scatter' (> NE strcv); ON stra (1 ME stra, stro > NE strav), OFrs strc, OHG strou " stro (> NHG
Stroh) 'straw' ( *'sth. spread\scattered') || Lt stirta 'stack, rick', stra|a 'Streu(stroh)' || Sl 'ro-stcrti
to spread, stretch' > OCS upet:p1:u ro-strc-ti, R npo-crc'pcr, Slv rostrcti 'to stretch, extend', SCr
npocrpcrn " ro-stri|cti id., 'to spread, spread out', Blg npo-'crnpaxv. 'I stretch, extend', Cz rostriti
'to spread (out)' P 1O29-3O, EI 539, M K III 517-8, M E II 756-7, Vl. II 1OO2, Sg. 1O89, F II 8O2-3,
Cowg. EG 155ff., WH II 59O-1, Vn. S 93-5, Flr. 3O9, Ern. 662, Hm. 76O, Ho. 326, Fs. 456Kb. 976, OsS
878, Schz. 273, Kb. 973, KM 757-8, Vr. 552, O 442, AlbED 844, Frn. 9O9-1O, 917, Vs. III 379 ll HS: S
'Orr > Ar Orr 'sparer, disperser, dissminer' BK I 22O ll D 'car- ({GS} 's-?) v. 'spread, extend' >
Tl sarincu id., Knd sar- v. 'spread (e.g. sore)' D #2466 ^ IS MS 359 (equates IE 'stcr(H)- with HS
'dr- 'scatter').
4O5. 'cUR'i(-Ia) 'to stand, stand up' > HS: CS '-Our- > Ar Ovr (ip. -Our-) v. 'become raised,
stirred up' (of things), 'leap', SmA -tur- ip. G 'raise' Ln. 364, BK I 241, Tal 946 ??? WCh: NrBc
{Tk.} 'curv--'csrv- 'stand, stop, wait' Sk. NB 142, Tk. NB 17O The initial glottalized cns. may
suggest a N 'cu?rV, but the hissing (rather than hushing) cns. finds no explanation ll K: G
(ga-)ccr- v. 'make (so., sth.) stop' ('zum Stehen bringen, anhalten, abstellen') Chx. 1925-6, DCh.
1576 ll A ''curV- ({S AJ} 'curV, {SDM97} 'cura) v. 'stand' > Tg '|ur- v. 'stand still' > Ewk |trtl- v.
'stand still, in silence' STM I 278 Tg '|- < N 'c- (cp. also Tg '|ali-Ita 'haw-thorn' < N
'cAlV 'stalk', Tg '|alIa 'fine snow' < N 'caljU,gV 'snow' or 'hoar-frost' and Tg '|aaIun 'quiver' < N
'caa 'sack, vessel') S AJ and SDM97 adduce here pJ 'tat- v. 'stand' > OJ tat-, J: T tacu, K tattcru,
Ns/Sh tac- S AJ 267 [#7O], S QJ #7O, Mr. 765 S AJ 1O1, 277 [#66], SDM97 (A 'cura id.),
DQA #247 [A 'ci_uri 'even, straight' > Tg '|ur- T 'tur (> OT tuz 'level, flat, even'), that goes back
to N 'turyV 'turyE or 'turV 'turE 'row, line; to string' (q.v. ffd.)].
4O6. 'c'igRV (- 'c'iR'gV?) 'to stop up, thrust, plug, dam' > HS: S 'Oyr > Ar Oyr 'remplir,
boucher (le trou, la crevasse); barrer, barricader un dfil contre lirruption de lennemi', ? Sq {L}
pf. G (y)hoor 'split', ? Aram mt : SmA tr G 'breach' (pp. try 'breached'), Sr tr 'fregit, perfregit;
perfodit' BK I 225, Tal 965-6, Br. 836-7, L G 481 ll K 'c_cr- / 'c_ir- / 'c_r- v. 'pick (with stick') >
OG da-c_cr-, G c_ir-/c_cr- {K
2
} 'pick (with stick'), {Chx.} '(hinein)stecken' ( K 'c_ir- 'stick' > G c_ir-,
Mg 'c_in- [1 Abh a-c_onc - a-c_on], Sv c_ir " c_ir), d Gz 'c_r-cI-/'c_r-iI-/'c_r-I- v. 'pick (with
stick) > G c_rcI-/c_riI-, Mg c_irI-, Lz c_raI- id. G _ < 'y due to the law of compulsory as within
clusters ("harmonic complexes") K
2
259-61, Chx. 1963-4, Abul. 132 ll A: M 'cirga- > WrM cirga- v.
'stop up, dam'; M 1 WrMc cirga- {Z} 'hold in (within some limits), dam, fill with mud' ({Hr.} 'stecken
bleiben, in der Klemme sein'), {Hr.} cirga-bu- 'stecken bleiben lassen; anhalten (Atem); stauern
(Wasser)' MED 191, STM II 399, Z 941, Hr. 151 ll AdS of SD and SCD 'ccr- v. 'shove in, thrust,
insert' [< D 'Icr- < N 'sErvV 'insert, thrust in' (q.v. ffd.), see also N 'cEr V 'to stick in, to gauge, to
chisel'].
4O7. 'cEr V (= 'cErV?) 'to stick in, to gauge, to chisel' > K: G cr- / car- 'hinein-\durch-stecken,
hinein-zwngen\stopfen' Chx. 1946-8 ll A: Tg: Ul cirgs- v. 'gauge, chisel' STM II 399 ll AdS of SD
and SCD 'ccr- v. 'shove in, thrust, insert' [< D 'Icr- < N 'sErvV 'insert, thrust in' (q.v. ffd.), see
also N 'c'igRV - 'c'iR'gV] ll ?? () HS: WS 'Or > Ar Or 'tre importun qn. par ses visites trs
frquentes' (if a from 'thrust, shove [oneself] in'), ? Sq {L} pf. G (y)hoor 'split', SmA tr G
'breach' (pp. try 'breached'), Sr tr 'fregit, perfregit; perfodit', JA [Trg.] tr 'zerbrechen,
zerschlagen', MHb eo1ir%T6 tori'a 'Ri, durchbrochener Ort' Tal 965-6, Br. 836-7, Lv. IV 673, L G
481.
4O8. 'cVRuqV 'to pile up, put\lay on, over' > IE: NaIE 'strcu_jo,- / 'strou_jo, / 'struj:,- 'pile up,
build' > L stru-o, -crc (pfc. struxi, pp. structum) 'pile up, put in layers (schichten); build', strucs (gen.
struis) 'a heap', Um struhcla, strucla, STRUS`LA 'struiculam, struem' (acc. dim. 'a heap') || Lt
strunyti, Lt Z striunyti 'errichten, erbauen' It is tempting to suppose that -I- in L struxi, structum is
somehow connected with N '-q- WH II 6O7-8, Bc. G 347, Pln. II 756, Frn. 927, EI 539 (L struo
'build up' < IE 'stcr- 'spread out') ll K: G c_or-i n. 'heap, piling up' ('Anhufung, Haufen'), c_or- v.
'unordentlich anhufen oder bauen' Chx. 1965 ll HS: B 'srH > Kb {Hy.} ti-sri 'tas de
claies\planches'; ?? BSn {Ds.} a-sarsur (pl. i-scrsar) 'tas de pierres (sacr)' Dl. 79O, Ds. B 338
Eg fMK sr_ 'memorial stone (Denkstein)', possibly also Eg fXVIII sr_ 'throne' (if *erected') EG IV
2OO, Fk. 234.
4O9. 'c'irIV 'pus, rotten\filthy liquid' > HS: S ''OarI- > Ak sarI- 'pus' ('Eiter') Sd. 1187 ll IE:
NaIE '(s)tcrgg / '(s)trcgg- 'rotten liquid, filth' > Gk [Hs.] otcovo) kotev {LS} 'sterquilinium'
('dung-heap'), Gk toovov 'wine vinegar, spoiled wine' || ON |rcIIr, MHG drcc / gen. drccIcs 'filth,
dirt' > NHG DrccI 'mud, dirt, filth' NaIE '(s)tcrI- / '(s)trcnI- > L stcrcus / gen. stcrcoris 'excrements,
dung, muck, manure' || Br stronI 'excrements (ordure, crotte)', troazh 'urine', W trvnc 'urine', trocth (<
'troIta-) 'lye, urine', trocthi v. 'urinate' || pAl {O} 'strcIa > Al shtrcI (pl. 'shtriqc) 'corpse, carrion' || Lt
tcrsti (prs. tcrsiu) 'to soil, make dirty', Lt trcsti, Lt E trcsti (prs. trcsiu) 'to manure, dung', Lt
trasa 'manure', trasIanos 'pus in the eyes' P 1O31-2, WH II 589, F II 79O, 856, Vr. 62O, Lx. 32, KM
141, YGM-1 418, 42O, Hm. 763, 815, Frn. 1O83, 1112, 112O-1, O 441 The variation 'gg - 'I still
needs explnation ll A: NaT 'irI 'dirt' > Az cirI 'dirt, pus', Osm {Rh.} cirI 'dirt, pollution, matter,
pus', Tk {RYS} cirI 'dirt, rust', 'pus, matter; manure', Tkm cirI 'stain, stained spot'; T 1 G cirI-
'pus' Rh. 718, Chx. 1937, Rl. III 2127 ^ IS I 2O7 [#5O] ('ciru 'inon, na').
41O. 'c'av'urV (or 'cavVyrV, 'cavirV, 'cuRV??) 'bull, calf' > HS: S {AD} ''Oavar- 'bull, ox' >
BHb r&S 'sor, pl. Mir5v!S6 sova'rim, ? Ph e, Ug Or (Oor-), BA pl. Nir5&T to'rin, JA ar1&T to'r-a, Sr
oa tav'r-a, Ar rv0@a Oavr-, OSA Ovr, Gz, Tgr R sor, Ak sur-, Eb su-lum (= Oour-um) id.,JA ar!&T
to'r-a 'ox'; S 1 IE 'tavro-s 'bull, aurochs' > Gk Mc tavros, Gk touo) id.; pAl {O} 'tau_ra > Al tcr
'bull'; L taurus, Osc acc. touo, Um acc. pl. turuf, TORU id.; Gl TARVOS, OIr tarb, NIr tarbh, W tarv, MBr
{Ern.} taru, Br tarv, Crn tarov id.; pSl 'tur+ > OCS :p+ tur+ 'aurochs'; Lt tauras 'aurochs', Pru tauris
'bison'; Blt 1 F tarvas 'reindeer'; ON ||orr, Sw t|ur, Dt dcur 'bull' KB 1346-8, 1797-8, AD PhSS 1O-
1, AD PSH 93, Br. 819, OLS 5O5, Siv. GAG 281, Sl. 1199, L G 511, Sd. 1287, IS DIES 3, WP I 711, P
1O83, Mn. 137O, EI 135, F II 86O-1, WH II 65O-2, Bc. G 325, 349, Vr. 614, Frn.1O67-8, En. 263, Vn.
T 31, Ern. 681, Hm. 777, YGM-1 4O5, Hamp AIEW 15O, O 432 Eg: OK s: 'young bull' ({Mks.}
'taurillon'), ?? MK {Fk.} s: 'byre' Mks. I #3325, Fk. 2O7, Hng. 654 SC 1 Mb curu 'bull' E SC
227 (err. SC parallels) Tk. PAA 7 ll IE: NaIE 'stcu_r-/stou_r- 'bull' ({EI} 'stcu_ros 'large domestic
animal') > Av staora 'large cattle', MPrs stor 'draught-animal', NPrs rvtS sotur - rvtS" ostur 'beast of
burden (horse, mule)' || Gt stiur 'male calf, (young) bull', ON {Ho., KM} st|orr (not mentioned in
Vr.!), OHG stior 'bullock', NHG Sticr 'bull, bullock', Dt sticr, AS stcor 'bullock, steer', NE stccr WP I
6O3-4, P 1O1O, Mn. 1316-7, EI 23-4, Vl. I 95 & II 227, Sg. 55, 656, Fs. 454, Ho. 32O, OsS 873, Kb.
966, KM 749, Vr. N 699 ll ? A: NrTg 'ur- (- 'ir-?) > Ewk uru 'wild deer (2-3 years old)' and possibly
Ewk Urm iraI, Ewk M ira 'elk (4 years old)', Neg tra 'male elk (3-4 years old)' STM II 399 T:
possibly Alt/Tlt/QK car 'ox (Ochs, Arbeitsochs)', Brb/K car 'ox' (Rl. III 1859 & IV 192) 1 WrM
{Rm.} car, Kl car, HlM map 'castrated ox' (in this case N '-avR- > A '-aR-) ll D: [1] D {tr.} 'car`- > Gdb
sar`it 'bullock', Knd P sar`a 'bull', Ku sr`ahnu Iodi 'bullock' (Iodi 'cow, ox') D #24O2 [2] ?? D (in
CD) {tr.} 'cir, {GS} 'cir 'buffalo' > Klm sir, Nkr sir 'female buffalo', Nk sir id., 'buffalo', Prj cir, Gdb
sir " cirru 'buffalo'; D 1 OI sai_ribha id. D #2554, GS 127 [#33O] ^ AD NM #41, Vv. AEN 19
(legitimate doubts about the supposed cognates in the Altaic lgs.).
411. ? 'ci'tV 'to clean, (?) wipe' > K: G I cit- 'subern (Reben)' Chx. 1934 ll ? HS: S 'Odm
*'strain, filter (a liquid)' > Ar Oidam- 'linge, etc., quon applique une vase pour filtrer, coller un
liqueur' BK I 22O ll U: FU {Coll.} 'cicV- v. 'wipe' > Lp: Ar {Lgc.} cih:cuot, Vfs {Lgc.} cahcot
'abwischen' '-c- for the expected '-t- is probably due to the infl. of the paronymous FU root
'cocV (< N 'coI_cV 'coI_cV 'to sweep, rub\scrape away\off' [q.v.]) Lgc. ##3O5, 353, Coll. 75
(Lp cicco / cio- 'wipe'; Prm & Vg words belonging to the abovementioned U 'cocV).
412. i? 'citjh,a 'small bird' > K 'cit- 'small\young bird' > G cit- 'small bird', cit- v. 'bring up
nestlings' (of a bird)'; possibly some K lge. 1 Arm cit cit 'sparrow' Chx. 1938, DCh. 1579 ll HS: EC:
HEC {Hd.} 'cida 'bird' > Brj {Ss.} cidda, {Hd.} ci'da, Ged cicco (< 'cid- + snglt. -co), Kmb
ciccu-ta, Alb cicuta 'bird' || ? SC {Tk.} 'cid- > {E}: 'cir- 'bird' > Irq ciri, Alg/Brn ciraa, Asa
siraa id.; '-d- < (as ) 'dh- Hd. 27, 183, Ss. B 47 , E SC 226, Tk. NB 176 Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'cita
'bird', {AD} 'small bird' (mte 'c..t > 'c...t) > Hs tsita cita ' small bird' | Mbr {Sk.} 'co`ti, Dir {Sk.}
a'cida` 'bird' || ECh: Nd {J} cadin id. Stl. ZCh 193 [#443], Ba. 1O41, ChC ? Eg XXII sth ' bird' (t
for the expected 'd due to as 'th > 'th), Eg MK sh id. (affricatization 't > 'C) EG IV 345, 394 ll o
U {UEW} 'cica (- 'cinca) ' small bird' > pLp {Lr.} 'cicc- ' a small bird' > Lp: N {Fri.} ciccc, siccc / -c-
'passer, avicula', {N} cias / -a- 'Calcarius lapponicus', (last part of cds ) 'sparrow, small bird', S
{Hs.} tsu|tsc-Ic, L {LLO} tsihtsc '() 'small bird', Kld {SaR} ni:a cIza 'a bird belonging to the order of
Passeriformes (sparrow and sim.)' | Prm: Z I i 'small bird', i Iay 'Arctic sparrow', Z US/MS II,
Prmk I, Yz ii 'swift (Apodidae)', StZ (i( I id., 'sand martinet (Riparia)' || Os: D ccn`c 'a
small bird', Kz scs 'a song-bird', K sis 'goldfinch' Sm: Slq Tm {KD} cici 'a small bird', Slq Tz {Erl.
JP} ciciI, ciciIa 'a small bird' UEW 58-9, Lr. #81, Lgc. #355, Hs. 137O, SaR 382, LG 89, Erl.
239 The unexpected '-c--'-nc- (for '-tt-) are due to onomatopic associations (and to as ?). The
additional cns. -n`- in Os D and in prePrm ('-n`c- > Prm ') is obscure ll D 'citt- ' small bird' > Tl
|itta - the generic name of several birds (warblers, babblers, wagtails, etc.), Kn cctti 'hen-sparrow',
Kt gugr-ccty 'pigeon' ('a bird that says gugr'); D 1 OI cataIa- 'sparrow' D 'citta (preserved in Tl
|itta) > pSD 'cctta ('i > SD 'c before 'a of the next syll.) - Kn cctti and Kt ccty D #2763, Zv.
65-6 ('i > SD 'c), Tu. #4571 ^ In WCh and D one may see a shift of emphaticity 'c..t > 'c...t (> D
'c...t) ^ ^ An alt. rec. is 'citV, that presupposes a shift of emphaticity in K ^ If Eg sth (- sh)
belongs here, the etymon is 'citjh,a (the combined ev. of Eg h and of K suggesting N 'h) . But if
SC 'cid- > {E}: 'cir- belongs here, the N etymon may have been 'cita [Eg th < '-t- (assimilative
deglottalization and voicing)]
413. ?? 'cAyV 'to bring, give' ( 'allow') > HS 'cayy- > CS 'Oayy- 'gift, donation' > BHb iS2 say,
EpHb is sy id., Ug Oy {A} 'Votivgeschenk', {Grd.} 'tribute, gift', Yd sy ['Oay-] 'gift, donation' KB
1368, A #2857, Grd. UT #2666, HJ 1125 WCh: NrBc {Tk.} 'cay--'ciy- > Wrj {Sk.} ca-, Jmb
{Sk.} si - sa, My, Mbr c-, Kry ciy- 'give' Sk. NB 23 , Tk. NB 174 Eg OK sv, sv.t, ysv 'Ersatz,
Lohn, Entgeld; EG I 131 Tk. PAA 17-8 [S, NrBc, Eg + err. pSam ''si: 'give' (in fact, < N
'cih'i 'to carry, bring' 'to give', q.v.)] ll ? D 'cay- 'leave, let go, (?) give' > Klm say- 'leave, let go,
release', Nk say-, Prj cay- 'leave', Nkr say-, Gdb O {Bh.} say- 'leave, abandon', Gdb {BBh.} say Icy-
'leave, let loose', Gdb K say- 'leave, heal' || ? Td toy- 'give the slip to' AdS of D 'ci- / 'ciy- ({GS} 's-)
v. 'give' ( 'allow') [< N 'cih'i '' (q.v. ffd.)]; cannot be the direct reflex of 'cAyV because of D {GS}
's- D **2458, 2596, Zv. 1O5.
414. 'cabi'?V 'a horned animal' > HS: S ''Oabiy- 'gazelle' > Ak fOB sabitu(m), Ebl za-ba-a-tum,
BHb ib5c6 co'bi (pl. Mia5b1c6 coba'?-im - Mii%b1c6 coba'y-im; pl. with pretonic a on the analogy of
most segolate nouns), Ug Oby, OA sby [O'abiy-], IA tby, JA (incl. JEA) ai!b6y2 tab'y-a, Sr
tab'y-a - tobi-'t-a, Md tabia, Ar Ub07a oaby- CAD XVI 42-4, Sd. 1O71, Krb. EG 42, KB 937, HJ 419,
958, OLS 551, Grd. UT #1O45, Sl. 493, Br. 266, DM 173, BK II 132, Ln. 1O98 Eg OK bn.v
' antelope' EG V 568 ll A {DQA} 'c`a`i 'c`c`a ' horned animal' > T {DQA} 'acil 'kid' > OT
ccis 'a kid more than half grown', Osm cais 'half-year-old kid', Tkm ccbis, ccbscI id., Az
cais 'one-year-old kid', Qzq sibis 'one-year-old goat (she-goat?)', Qq sibis 'goat that has kidded
once', Qrg ccbic 'kid of the second year' Cl. 399, Rs. W 1O5, Shch. Zh 12O ? M: 'ca'|a > WrM
ca, ca bugu, HlM naa 'domesticated reindeer', Kl na( a) ca 'reindeer', ? Brt caiaa(n) saga(n) 'sire
reindeer' Kow. 2O73, MED 154, Gl. III 333, KRS 62O, Chr. 382 ?? Tg: Ewk ubuIi, Ewk I
ccvaIun 'mountain sheep' ('iopnin \ iaxcnnin 6apan') 1 Yk cu(b)buIa - cu(b)buIu id. STM 41O
DQA #273 ^ A '-`- < N '-b+?.
415. ? 'cXc_yV 'be born; a young (of an animal)' > K: G cicqina ' young fish, fry' Chx.
226O ll U 'caca (- 'canca) - (Ugr) 'cocV 'be born' > FU: Er saco- - caco-, Mk saco- id., 'appear, be
a (good) crop' | Chr: L soca- (inf. mouamso'ca-s), B soca-, Uf soca-, H saca- (inf. mauam'saca-s) 'be
born' | Prm 'cuz- id. > Z uy- cuz- id., 'appear, germinate', Prmk, Yz cuz- id., Vt uii cIzI 'clan',
uii-nii cIzI-vIzI 'clan, relative(s)' (nii 'root, clan') || ObU {Ht.} 'cocoy > pVg {Ht.}
'soso - 'sosa 'native land' > Vg: LK/MK saso, P sosi, Ss sossa id.; pOs {Ht.}
'cocoy - 'cacoy 'of this country, local, indigenous' > Os: D/K caco, Nz soso, Kz sosi, O sasi
Sm: Ne T ryn:, T O {Lh.} tcnc 'clan, tribe; kind', En X {Cs.} tido, En B {Cs.} tiso, {Mik.} tIz
'Geschlecht', Ng {Hl.} tanso 'clan', Slq {Cs.}: O ca, MO 'cacaI - caccaI, NP catccaI, Ke caccaI, B
cci|ca, Tz ccccta, cccc|a, tctcta 'Geschlecht' UEW 52, MRS 722, LG 312, Lt. 216, U3S 49O-
1, Ht. #92, Stn. D 241, Ter. 69O, Hl. US 139, Cs. 89, 134, 228 ll A: NaT 'ougI - 'oIa 'young of an
animal ( 'young of a pig'), child' ( *'born') > OT cocuq, Trm 'o'yI ouq, Az uomia cosga, QrB
coc_a 'suckling pig', Tk cocuI / cocug- 'child', Ggz couq 'boy, son', Uz uyAuI a cucqa, ET, Qmq
cocqa, Qzq/Qq/Nog sosqa, VTt uyuia susqa, Bsh susqa, Qrg cocqo, StAlt uouio cocqo, Qmn {B}
cocqa - cocqo - cocIo, QK {B} cocqa - sosqo, Xk sos_a 'swine' Cl. 4OO, MKD 94, Rs. W 113, TkR
326, BT 18O, B DK 269, B DLT 223, RKB 455 The length of the vw. 'o reflects the loss of the
postcons. lr.
416. 'caydV 'to strike, beat' > K 'ccd- / 'cad- v. 'hammer in (metal), forge; nail' > OG ccd-
(aor. -ccd-c < 'ccd-) v. 'hammer (metal), forge', G ccd- (aor. -ccd-c) id., v. 'nail on, affix, shoe',
Mg cIa(n)d-, Lz cIad- v. 'nail, shoe', Sv -sIad- / -sIid-, Sv L -sIad- id. ({TK} msd.: UB lisIadi,
LB/Ln lisIadi, LB lisIdi, L lisIadi) K 254-5, K
2
32O, Chik. 412, FS K 474, FS E 537-8, Chx.
2238-4O, TK 462; on the phonological basis of the full-grade aorist in G: Vogt AVG 133 & GM S 269-
7O The K long vw. reflects N 'ay ll D 'cat- v. 'strike, beat' > Tm catu v. 'beat, trample, gore, kill,
destroy', cattu v. 'beat, strike', Tu cadayisu- id., 'flog', Kn |adi 'beat, pound, crush', Tl sadincu v.
'pound, beat', Prj cad- v. 'strike, beat, hammer', Kui :ar`sa 'a whip, scourge', Mlt {Drs.} |arc
'beat\shake down as fruits' D #23OO ll ?? IE: NaIE 'j(s),I(")ai_d- 'strike' > L cacd-o / -crc (pfc.
cccid-i) 'strike, beat, kill, cut (trees)' || OI Ihcd- {MW} 'strike, press, press down', {M} 'drcken,
stoen' [to keep apart {M} Ihcd- 'tear'?] WH I 129, MW 339-4O, M K I 3O9, M E I 454-5
Though the IE 's mobile is not attested in any language, there is indirect ev. of it: the OI aspirated
Ih- is accounted for by NaIE '(s)I"- < N 'c- The cluster 'sI- for the expected 'st- is due to the IE
law (of dis ?) ruling out 'st-...-T-roots (in the presence of a root-final dental stop N 'c-, 'c- yield IE
'(s)I-, '(s)I-, '(s)I"-, cp. IE 'sIand- < N 'c'andV 'to rise, emerge, jump (up)' [q.v.]) ll HS: ? EC {Ss.}
'cdit- v. 'kick' > Or {Grg., Sr.} dita , Arr {Hw.} dit-, Ya dit- {Ss.} v. 'kick', Hr {AMS} dic-'treten' Ss.
PEC 26, 3O, Grg. 126, Sr. 297, Brl. 118 (Or dit-u 'pestare, calpestare, pigliare coi piedi'), Hw. A 356,
AMS 155.
417. 'c'oIa (or 2 roots: 'cEIa and 'ccUKV?) 'to shut, stop up, cover' > K: G ccI-
'vollstopfen' Chx. 2245 ll IE: NaIE {P, EI} '(s)tcg- v. 'cover' > OI sthagayati 'covers, hides' (: no et.) ||
Gk otce 'I cover, protect' || L tcg-o, -crc v. 'cover' || ON |cI|a, OSx bi-thc'IIian, OHG
dccIcn " dccchcn " thcchcn, NHG dccIcn, AS c'ccan 'to cover', NE thatch || Lt sticgti (prs. sticgu) 'to roof,
thatch' - NaIE '(s)tcgo-s - '(s)togo-s 'roof' > Gk otco), tco), otc, tc 'roof, house' || OIr tcch, OW
tig 'house' || ON |aI, AS c, OHG dah " dach " thah, NHG Dach 'roof' || Lt stogas, Ltv stags, OPrs stogis
'roof' P 1O12-3, Dv. #1O9, EI 134, M K II 523 (the adduction of OI "remains questionable"), F II
78O-1, WH II 654-5, Vn. T 39-4O, Vr. 6O5, 6O7, OsS 94-5, Schz. 1O5, 1O8, Ho. 359, 361, Ho. S 77,
EWA II 553-5, Kb. 147, KM 119, 124, Frn. 9O4, 911, En. 257 ll U 'cuIIa- 'versprerren, verstecken' >
Hg csuI- 'sperren, versperren, zuschlieen' || ? Vt cuIa- vt. 'hamper, bar' (':a(cpar, npcipa(nr')
Sm: [1] 'cVI- > Slq Tz {Cs.} caIacam - taIatam 'einschlieen, verschlieen'; [2] ? Sm {Jn.} 't+I- v.
'hide' > Sq Tm {KD} taIIu 'xpannr' (= 'keep'?), Sq N {Cs.} 1s pf. tahha 'I buried'; - Sm {Jn.} 't+II+l-
'verbergen' > Ne T raiaAn-n 'to hide, conceal', {Lh.} taIIal- 'verbergen, verstecken', Ne F 2s obcj.
imv. ta`IIarot, Slq Tz {KKIH} taqqIl- v. 'gather', {Cs.} ? En X/B tcIa- 'sich verstecken' UEW 62, Coll. 7,
MF 126, LG 313, Jn. 146, Cs. 133, KKIH 179, Ter. 617 ll A: ? Tg 'oIu- v. 'screw up\close ones eye' >
Ewk oIon- - oIor- id., v. 'take aim (when shooting)', Lm oIan- id., Neg oxot-, Ork coqortct- id., Orc
coIcomici- v. 'cover ones eyes with the hand' STM II 4O4.
418. 'cciIV 'to cut' > K: GZ 'cccI- v. 'cut (fine)' > G cccI-, Mg cIacI- id. K 255, K
2

321, FS K 474-5, FS E 538 ll A: Tg 'iIa- > Ewk iIa- v. 'cut off', Lm tqt, Neg t_a " tIa id., 'cut into
pieces', Ork ciIs 'a support (piece of log, etc.) on which sth. is chopped, cut, broken up, crushed'
STM II 39O ^ The initial cns. may have been either 'c- (preserved in K) or 'c- (glottalzed in K by
as ) ^ IS MS 361, IS I 21O [#55] (K, A).
419. 'cEIV (or 'caiIV?) 'to squeeze, make tight' > K: G ciIn- 'prallvoll machen,
vollstopfen' Chx. 2251 ll HS: ? WS ''OI > Gz sI 'be squeezed, pressed' and possibly Hb qic5e4
hc'ciI 'drive [smb.] in the corner, press [smb.]), hc'ciI lo- 'harass, press hard' [absence of ' due to
contamination with CS 'syI 'be narrowed, pressed' < N 'ciKV 'tight, narrow' (q.v. ffd.) N
'cVjC,jV,qV 'to squeeze, press' (q.v. ffd.)] L G 543-4, KB 951, KBR 1O14, BK II 49, OLS 42O-1, Js.
1O56 ll U: FU 'caIIV 'tight; to press, suffocate' > Prm: Z (aii( agsd 'tight' (e.g., of a collar),
agsd-nI 'to press, strangle (with a loop)', agav-nI 'to strangle oneself', Yz 'agal- 'hang oneself', Vt
coiani oIa- vi. 'suffocate', oIat-InI vt. 'to strangle, suffovate', oI-oI IcanI 'to close tightly \
hermetically' || ObU {Ht.} 'caI- > pVg 'saI- - 'saI-Vt- vt. 'suffocate' > Vg T suIit-, Vg P
saIot- id., pVg 'saI-V- vi. 'suffocate' > Vg: LK/P saIo-, MK saIo-, LL saIa-; pOs {Ht.}
'caIon-, {Hl.} 'caIon- vi. 'suffocate' > Os: V/Vy caIon-, Ty/Y/D/K ca'Ion-, Nz/Kz saIon, O
sa'Ion- id. ('ersticken') UEW 55, LG 88, Ht. #132, Stn. D 247 ll A: M 'ciqul 'narrow, tight; pressed'
( N 'ciKV '', q.v. ffd.).
42O. 'calV (or 'ca?lV) 'feeble, lean; to shrink, diminish' > K: GZ 'm-cl-c 'lean, thin' (with
the derivastional circumfix 'm- -c) > OG, G mclc, Mg cIola id. K 143, K
2
133, FS K 472
('ccl-/cl-) ll HS: SES 'Oll v. 'be weak' (animal, person) > Jb E Ocl 'weak', Jb C ms'Ool'lot 'weak, sickly
(cow)', ms'Oi'lcl 'weak (person, young animal)', Jb cO'lcl v. 'cause (animals) to be weak', Mh Oal, Hrs
Ocl 'weakly goat' Jo. H 132, Jo. J 284, Jo. M 417 Eg MKL s: 'weak' in s:- 'the weak of arm' ( N
'suv?V 'weak' ? 'sul'u 'lax, loose') EG IV 14, 17 C: SC: Kz {E} ccl- 'slow down' E SC 199
|| AdS of EC 'c'lI > Hd {PB} ccraI- v. 'be lean, thin' ( N 'c`alqV id., q.v.) Tk. PAA (S, Eg, SC)
ll U: FU 'c'clV 'a small thing' > pPrm 'uly- id. > Z ol, oll- id., ola 'small', Z UV sla id., Prmk
ol 'a few' || pObU 'ccloy 'thin' > pVg 'calo > Vg: T calov, LK soli, MK/LK soli, N sali; pOs
'ccloy ({ Hl.} 'caloy) > Os: V/Vy clo, Oy a'o, D/K clo, Nz sclo, Kz sci, O scl LG 91-2, Rd.
rLG 422, Ht. #77 FU 'c- (for the expected 'c-) is puzzling; Prm 'l is due to the infl. of the
following 'y ll A: NaT 'al- > OT cal-in- v. 'be emaciated (azaEa hazala)' (of a horse), ncxy(ar' (MKA
342:3) Cl. 421, DTS 137 Tg: WrMc cclmcri {Z} 'slender, lean'
('crponnin, c ronion ranncn, cyxoanin'), 'thin and dense' (of cloth), {Hr.} 'schlank, rank' STM II
42O, Hr. 142, Z 929 M: [1] M 'cilc- > WrM cilc-, HlM unny- 'be(come) ill \ weary \ tired \
exhausted', Kl unn- 'run low, be exhausted (ncucpnarc) , ionunrc) )', {Rm.} cil(o)- 'ein Ende nehmen,
zu Ende gehen, kraftlos\krank sein', Ord c`ilc- 'prouver de la fatigue; tre puis' MED 182, KRS
65O, KW 44O, Ms. O 7O1 [2] ?? WrM cilgcr {MED} 'slender', {Gl.} 'crponnin cranox', HlM {MED}
unniyp 'slender' MED 183 ll D 'call- ({GS} 'c- or [?} 'c-) 'weak, feeble, undevelopped' > Tm
calluIIay 'tender and undevelopped green fruit', Ml callu 'unsubstantial, unripe', Kn |alluga 'a
weak, feeble man', Kn Cr salIc 'lean', Tu callo 'stupid, weak', Kui sadu 'an empty ear of corn, an
unformed grain' DEDS #1951, D #2415 ^ U '-l- and D '-l- suggest N '-l- ^ S 'O- and Eg s- either
result from deglottalization ('c > 'c > S 'O, Eg s) or represent N 'ca?lV. If 'ca?lV is the right
rec., K 'c- and Kz c- go back to 'c + '?.
421. 'c'oljv,V 'shadow, shade, dark' > HS: S ''Oilal- 'shadow' > Hb lc4 ccl 'shadow' (pl. Mil5l1c6
cola'lim), Ug Ol, Amr {G} sillum, JA to'lal / em. tola'l-a, tul'l-a, SmA tl, Sr \oloe tclala (= tolo'lo), Ar
&i oill-, Gz d solalot, Ak sillu id., JEA tola'la 'ceiling' (+ext. ) S 'Olm id. > Ak salamu 'be
black\dark', salmu 'black, dark', Ar l7 olm G (pf. oalima) 'be dark', Ug Olmt - ylmt 'darkness', Gz
slm G 'grow dark, be darkened\black' KB 96O-3, KBR 1O24-5, OLS 551, G A 34, Tal 311-2, Js.
537, Sl. 5O5, Br. 275-6. L G 555-6, Sd. 1O76-8 EC: Ged tillo 'black' || Ag: Aw {Hz.} carIa id. AD
SF 113-4, Hd. 263 WCh {Stl.} ''cVla- 'shade, shadow' > Sha cala, Ang il id. ? (+ext. ): Tmk
ds`lmi - du`lmi (f. ds`lmsr, pl. ds`lmav) 'black' (unless Ar) Stl. ZCh. 194 [#455], J R 233, Flk. s.v.
il, Cp. 53, Blz. LECh s.v. 'black' Om {Blz.} 'cal-/'cil- 'black' or 'green' > NrOm: Gm {Hw.} cililo,
Drz {Fl.} cilila, Malo {Fl.} ctlilo, Oyda {Fl.} cililo, Bsk {Fl.} culla, Nao {Fl.} cilu, Mj ctl-ts, Gmr {Fl.}
cil, Cha {Fl.} silata, Hrr {Fl.} |iluIa 'green' || SOm: Ari B cal- 'black', Ari G -cal, -ccl, Dm cilo
'green', Ari {Bnd.} calc-mi 'black, green' Blz. OL #197, Fl. AGC 623, Hw. EG, Bnd. AL 145, 151 ???
B 'dlvH: Ah odlu v. 'be green & profuse' (of vegetation) ( B 'dal 'green, dark'), Shl {NZ} dlu - dlu
'be(come) black', Sll i-dili 'black', Ntf dlu 'be black', Zng {TC} cocy 'black', 3m pf. ycoiy / m aor. yioiy
'become black' Fc. 271, Ds. 199, Dray 335, NZ 463, DCTC 296 To distinguish from B 'dal 'green,
dark' (NZ 326-7) ll U *ctsolvV > Sm {Jn.} 'ctalv+ 'dark' > Ne T rann, Ne T O {Lh.} tal| 'the darkest
part of night (in winter)', Ne F {Lh.} it tann id., Kms {KD} t`ou 'dark', Koyb {Sp.} rono 'rcxno' Jn.
151, Ter. 618.
422. 'cVhhmV (= 'cVmV?) 'to taste, eat' > HS: WCh {Stl.} 'cm 'to taste' > Hs {Ba.} camc
'a small amount of food taken (out of a pot on the fire) to taste if it is good' ( Hs cama v. 'take, pick
out') | Ang {ChC} cam v. 'taste' {Flk.} cam, Kfr {Nt.} ca`m id., 'touch (in darkness)', Mpn {Frz.}
ca`m v. 'taste, feel, touch, test sth.' | Fy {J} cami 'taste, touch' || ECh: Mu {J} cam 'eat (hard food)'
Stl. ZCh 193 [#446], ChC, ChL, Ba. 1O26, Flk. s.v. cam, Frz. DM 9, Nt. 5, J R 84 OS #111 [+ err. Ar
Om? 'make food fat, feed with fat food' (in fact, the basic meaning of Ar Om? is 'fat')] ll K
'cam-/'cm- 'eat' > OG, G cam- (aor. -cam-c < '-cam-), Mg cIom--cIum-, Lz cIom-, Sv L {K
2
}
cm-, {Dn.} cm- (aor.: 1s l-o_v-cm 'I ate', 2s la_-cm, 3s lal-cm, 1p l-o_v-cm-d, 2p la_cmd, 3p lalcm-_) K
254, K
2
319-2O, Schm. 157, FS K 472-3, FS E 535-6, Dn. s.v. cm-; on the length of vowels evidenced
by the G aorist: GM S 241, 244, IS rGM 132-3 ^ IS I 211-2 [#57] (+ err. S 'tm 'taste') ^ The long
vw. in K points to a N "light" lr. ('h, ' or 'h, less probably '?).
423. 'ccmjV,_V 'sour, bitter (astrigent)' > K [1] G cma_- v. 'become sour' (of wine)', cma_-i
'sour' (wine); [2] ?? GZ 'mca_c- (< ''m-cma_-c-?) 'sour' > OG mca_-, G mca_c-, Lz mco_a- id. FS
K 231, K
2
133 ll HS: NrOm 'cm 'bitter' > Hrr {CR} cam-, Wl {C} cam-, Kf {C} camm- v. 'be bitter',
Mch {L} cammo 'bitter', Anf {MYTY} samo 'bile' C SE IV 421, L M 24, MYTY 118 Ch: WCh: Hs
cami 'acidity, sourness', Gw cami | Tng {J} scm, {Kr.} som 'sour, -ness' | P {MSk.}
cI`muvu - cs`mu`mu 'sourness', Mbr {Sk.} samin, Dir {Sk.} ns 'sa`n'sa`m 'sour'; ?? NrBc 'smm
'bitter' > Cg {Sk.} sc`mama`, P {MSk.} sa`m(u)ma, Sir sama`mi id. (or akin to Jmb {Sk.}
|ama|ama 'bitterness', Kry {Sk.} dcmdcmsna` 'bitter'?) || CCh: Pdl som som 'sour', ZmB {Sa.}
ciccm, ZmD {KNC} csmoI, Zm {Kr.} cumoI 'sour' || ECh: Brg {J} |cma 'bitter' Ba. 1O27, ChC, ChL,
JS 43, JI II 26-7, Sk. NB 13, 41, MSk. 2O8-9, KNC 28 OS #58O, Sk. HCD 268, Tk. PAA 2O (NrBc
{Tk.} 'cam- 'bitter' S 'cmss 'be sour') ll U: FU 'ccmV 'sour', vi. 'ferment' > Prm 'so'm ({LG}
so'm) 'sour' > Z mox som, Z US som, Prmk {UEW} ssm, Yz su'm 'acidifying ferment; sour', Z Ud/I
som 'leavened dough', Vt mocx ssm 'taste, acidifying ferment' || Os: Ty cim-, O sim- vi. 'ferment, rise'
(of dough) UEW 56-7, LG 321-2, KrT 949 ll D {tr.} 'cam- v. 'go bad, become rotten' > Nk sam- 'be
rotten', Prj cam-, Gdb sam-, Krx canx- v. 'turn stale' (of food), 'turn mouldy' (of bread), (?) Krx
ca:va:r- 'get an unpleasent taste', Mlt cangc 'be[come] rotten', cangro 'rotten' D ##2341, 2424, Pf.
5 ^ IS I 2O9-1O ('camV HS-U), Tyler DU 8O7 (U, D), Blz. C (D, U).
424. 'civnV(-cV) 'smell, stench, malodorous sweat' > HS: SES 'Ovn - 'Onv > Mh Osnct (pl.
Os'vantsn) ({Jo.} donct, dovanton), Hrs Osnvct 'bad-smelling, malodorous sweat', Gz, Tgr snv
'be fragrant, smell (vi.), emit an odour', Tgy cnv (pf. ccnvvv) v. 'smell', cvna 'odour' (c- due
Cushitic infl.?), Amh tcna 'odour, smell'; a variant with an unexpalined change S 'O > 'c is
represented in Ar sunan-, sinn-at- 'bad odour, fetid smell of the arm-pits', ?sanna v. 'to be altered,
stink', in Sr sona'n-a 'smell of the arm-pits; savour\smell (esp. of the roasted meat)' and in Md
santa 'stench' Jo. H 3O, Jo. M 85, Lonnet p.c. (on the phonetic meaning of {Jo.} d in Mh/Hrs/Jb),
L G 562, LH 646-7, BK I 1373-4, Br. 632, JPS 481 EC: Brj {Hd.} cinc-, cincay- vi. 'smell', {Ss.
Hw.} cincay-, {Ss.} cincay- 'smell, esp. pleasant', Or {Th.} cincavu 'puzzare, essere nauseante',
{Brl.} cinc-avu 'puzzare (di bruciaticcio), bruciacchiare', Or B {Vnt.} cinca / cincofta 'puzzare,
essere nauseabundo', {Sr.} cinca / cincofta v. 'transpire abundantly' Hd. 184, Ss. B 48, Th. 68,
Brl. 78, Sr. 281, Vnt. 3O NrOm: Kf {HHM} 9i cinno, {Bbr.} cinno 'smell', Gm {Hw.} cinIo 'smell
foul' HHM 3O2, Hw. EG OS #442 ll K: G ccnci n. 'sweat', G K ccncc_i id., G Lch ccnc- v.
'sweat' Chx. 224O-1 ll U: FU (att. in FV) 'civnn`V 'smell, stench' > Lp: N {N} civna 'which has a
smell of burnt hair or cloth or the like', L {LLO} tsiuna 'scharf\bitter schmeckend, stinkend', Kld {TI}
cIu'n(a) 'stench of a stoat (and a cat)' | Er unnc cinc, ciync, Mk sina 'smell, stench' UEW 621 ll
D: [1] D (in SD) 'cin`t- 'bad smell' > Tm cintu 'stench (as of racid curd)', Kn sindu 'a disagreeable \
nauseous smell (as of sheep, tiger, rancid butter, etc.)', Kdg cindi 'scent (found by dog in hunting,
etc.)', Tu |iddu, |idda 'rancidity' [2] D (in NED) 'cEn_- > Krx ca?(a)na (p. ca:cas) v. 'stink, give
forth an offensive smell; smell', Mlt ccn_yc (p. ccn_ca) 'emit odour' D ##2264, 2523.
425. 'ccn?V 'narrow, thin' > K: G {NCh., DCh.} cani 'lean, meager', G cnavi id., 'skinny' (Chx:
'mager, ausgemergelt') Chx. 2265, DCh. 17O2, 1713, NCh. 457, 459 ll HS: EC: Brj cin?-a {Ss.} 'very
small', {Hd.} 'small, little' Ss. B 48, Hd. 183 ll IE: NaIE 'stcn- 'narrow' > Gk A otcvo), Gk I otcivo)
'narrow' WP II 627, P 1O21-2 and EI 391 (all of them suggest a doubtful comparison with Gmc: ON
stinnr, OFrs stith, AS sti| 'steif, fest, hart, stark'); F II 788-9 & Ch. 1O51 (no et. of the Gk word) ll U: FU
(att. in FP) 'ccnn`V 'small, thin, eng' ('klein, dnn, schmal') > F hicno, Krl Ld hicn, hicno id., 'fine' |
pKomi {LG} 'cnit ({ LG} cnit) 'short' > StZ, Z US cnId, Z UV cnid, Prmk cnIt, Yz 'innt id.
UEW 62O-1, LG 89, Lt. J 118 ^ The stem-medial lr. is tentatively reconstructed on the ev. of the long
'c in U. But the lack of traces of the lr. in IE and K suggests that it was '? (confirmed by the C
reflex) ^ Trnt. NE 159 (IE, U).
426. ? 'c'ancV (or 'c`'ancV) 'tip, (back) end' > K: G coci 'Spitze, Ecke', 'spout (of a
jug') Chx. 2267 ll U: FU 'can`ca 'tail, back end' > F hanta (gen. hannan), Es hand 'tail' | Lp Vfs
{Lgc.} ca'cIa 'Fleisch am Hinteren' || ObU 'cun`c ({Ht.} 'cunc) 'back (dorsum)' > pVg {Ht.}
'sis id. > Vg: T/LK/P/NV/SV/LL sis, MK/UK/UL/Ss sis; pOs {Ht.} cun`c id. > Os: V/Vy/Ty cun`c, Y
cunc, D/K cunc, Nz suns, Kz sus, O sus Sm {Jn.} 'saanV's--'saant- 'tail' > Ne T W
canc' sanc? / obl. cancc- sancs-, Ne {Cs.} sana, sanc 'tail', En {Cs.} soddaIi 'birds tail', Ng {Cs.}
santu id. Sm 's- (the reg. reflex of U 's) is accounted for by dis 'can`ca > 'san`ca; an alt.
conjecture: if U 'c- yields Sm 's- (which has not been demonstrated), the N etymon may have been
'c`'ancV, whence U 'can`ca, while G c- and FU c- are due to as Coll. 81, UEW 56 (rejects
the Sm cognate because of Sm 's-), Lgc. SL #2779, Ht. #1O5, Ter. 529, Cs. 29, 65, 91 ll HS: B 'zz >
Kb ti-zzi-t (pl. ti-zzi-yin) 'barbe de grain dorge, brindille', Izn {Rn.} taza 'quill of a porcupine,
thorn'; ? Ah {Fc.} ti-zz 'anus' (if 'back part of the body'), ?? ETwl {GhA} ti-zz (pl. tizzavon)
'vagina' (if 'anus' or 'penis') Dl. 927, GhA 219, Rn. 32O, Fc. 1927 ECh: Kwn {J} cin, Kbl
{Cp.} cinda 'tail' JI II 317 ll ? A: i pKo {S} 'ca(:)ci > NKo ca(:)ci ca:i 'penis', coc cot S QK #718, MLC
1383, 1488 Tg i 'Vu > WrMc coco, Ud cicIo, Ork tttt, ? Nn {PSchm.} cilcu 'penis', Ul ctct id.,
spout (of a tea-pot)', Nn Nh tct- v. 'pour water through a snout' STM II 4O3 ??, M 'cici > Kl
{Rm.} cis 'kurze Stange, spitzes Holz', WrM cicigur 'thorn, prickle', Kl unup 'crow-bar, boar-spear',
Kl {Rm.} cicur 'Instrument, um etwas durchzustechen', d Ord _ic`in 'droit au but'; bf : M *cici-
v. 'poke, thrust, prod, prick, stick' > WrM cici-, HlM unun- id., Ord _ic`i- 'piquer, aiguillonner', Kl
unu-x cicoxo 'to prick, pierce (with a spear), punch', {Rm.} cic-xo 'durch-stechen/-bohren' MED
176, Ms. O 2O5, KRS 654, KW 442 DQA 'c`'ic`u 'spout, prick, penis' (Tg, Ko, M) The Ko and
Tg words for 'penis' may be Lallwrter.
427. 'coV(RV) 'finger-nail, claw' > HS: S ''Ou'ar- 'finger-nail, claw' > BA to'ar' id. (ie5&rf6y5
ti'rohi 'his finger-nails', Er@f6y5 ti'rah 'her claws'), JA rf2y6 to'ar, em. ar!f6uy tu'r-a, SmA tr, Sr
rofe tc'r-a 'finger-nail', JEA ar!f6uy tu'r-a 'finger-\toe-nail, hoof', Md tura 'claw, nail, hoof', Ar
rf0&u oufr- - rf0&i oifr- - rfu&u oufur- id., 'claw', Jb C {Jo.} 'Oi'fcr ({ Jo.} difcr), Hrs {Jo.} Osfir
'finger\toe-nail', Mh {Jo.} Ofcr ({ Jo.} dfcr) id., 'claw', Sq {Jo.} 'tsyfsr, 'tsfhsr, {Nak.} 'tifhcr 'finger-
nail', Gz sofr (pl. sofar) id., 'claw', Tgy ssfsr 'finger-\toe-nail', Tgr ssfr id., 'claw', Ak suru(m) 'finger-
\toe-nail, claw, hoof', BHb d Nr37pc5 ci'orcn 'finger-nail' KB 983, 1716, GB 693, 9O8, Dlm. 1174,
Spr. BA III 176, Lv. II 183, Sl. 498, Br. 286, Tal 322-3, DM 178, Jo. M 83, Jo. H 49, Jo. J 48, Nak. 6
[#48], L G 549, LH 65O, Bsn. 975, Sd. 1113, CAD XVI 25O, MiK I #1.285 ?? AdS of B 'tfr 'front
part of the foot (including the toes)' (< 'tVPRV - 'tVRPV, ' part of the foot', 'foot', q.v. ffd.) C
(mt ): SC: Brn/Alg carafu {Wh.} 'finger-nail', {E} 'nail, claw' || ? Ag: Q {R} crfa, Xm T {CR} za'fcr
'finger' || ? EC: Kmb {L} zuru

m-ic-uta (pl. zuru

m-ata) 'finger', Alb {CR} zuruma, {PB} zurma 'thumb'

AD SF 129, Wh. IC 23, E SC 329 ? NrOm {Blz.} ''Vn- - ''abar- > Kf {C} yafaro - yabaro 'finger-
nail', Mch {L} yabaro, Anf {Gt.} ya'bcro, Ym {C} difna id.,
amb
Shn {Lm.} aba 'branch', Iisi-aba
'finger' (Iisa 'hand') ( HS 'cb > S 'cb 'finger') Blz. OLBP s.v. 'finger-nail', AD SF 129, C SE III
72, Lm. Sh 321-2, 331 Ch: WCh: Su {J} cibcn, Krkr {Mk.} yarfctu, Bd {RLk.} ssbar-sn 'finger-nail' ||
CCh: Mdr {Mch.} sirba id., 'claw', Msg {GKrs.} 'dufra 'bino 'finger, toe', ? Msg Ng {Rlf.} dzhrum id., ( HS
'cb > S 'cb 'finger'): FlJ {ChL}
amb
Ivistqga cIvu 'finger' (cIvu 'hand, arm'), FlMc
ztvIctgIci 'finger' JI II 246-7, ChL III 6, Lk. DQM 93, RLk. NB 222 AD SF 129 [C, Om, S, Ch], OS
#12O ('cuar- 'fingernail') [S, C, Om] ll U 'cUV (- 'cca?) 'finger' > F hyy, hyi, hyyncn
'finger tip, fingers end; finger' | pLp 'ccV > Lp Kld {TI} ci_c:(+_), {SaR} ncln, Lp T {TI} ci_c::(+_)
- ci_c,v 'finger, toe' Sm {Jn.} 'toa, {Hl.} 'toa 'claw, hoof' > Ne T ro6a 'hoof', Ne T O tob_a 'toe
(of a ruminant), hoof', Ne F L {Lh.} too+ id., Slq Tz {KKIH} toI 'foot', Mt {Hl.} 'tohao 'hoof' (Mt K
{Pl.} tohoto` 'its hoof') SK 93, TI 632, SaR 378, N I 311-2, Jn. 166, Ter. 664, Lh. 492, KKIH 185, Cs.
148, Hl. M #1O44, UEW 49 The pLp vw. 'c (regularly from FU 'c) is obscure (contamination with
a different ?) ll A: Tg 'o'a-, 'oar- 'claw' > Ewk ovomo, Ewk I obi, Ewk Skh/Tng/Urm ovi 'claw
(of a bird)', Neg ovoIi 'claw, bears paw', Orc cooIto, Ud {Krm.} cofo?o 'claw', WrMc soforo 'claws
(of a hunting claw); a pinchful (of five fingers)' STM II 4O2, Krm. 311.
428. 'cVV(-tV) 'thong' > HS: S 'O > Ar off G (pf. W7a oaffa) 'lier, serrer (les pied dune
chamelle)' BK II 86-7 C: Ag 'cVVt- > Bln {R} 'sabcr (pl. 'safct), Xm {R} 'sabcr 'leather-strap
(Lederriemen)'; Ag 1 Tgr svfarv 'pack-rope, leather-strap', Amh tvfsr 'leather-strip, thong' R WB
316, LH 65O, L CAD 236 ll K: G {DCh.} ca-i 'leather-straps of footwear', G R ca-i 'Riemen zum
Zubinden der Kalamani (Art geraffte Ledersandale)' DCh. 17O3, Chx. 2232 ll U: FU (att. in Vg)
'ciV'ttV > pVg {Stn.} 'siVt > Vg {Stn.}: T scat, LK sot, MK sot, P/SV/LL stt, NV/ML sit,
UL/Ss siat 'Schnur am Netzrand' Stn. WV 3O3, Kn. VW 49.
429. 'ciPX 'branch, bough, rod' > K: 'ccl- 'rod' > Mg {FS} cIaul- 'Gerte, Rute', Zan
1 OG, eNG [SSO] cIcl-, G cIcla-, cIccl-, G cqcla- 'Gerte, Rute' Chx. 218O-1, K 244 &
K
2
298 (GZ 'cIcl- GZ 'cIc- 'to split, splinter'), FS K 447 & FS E 5O5 (GZ 'cIcl-) '-l-
is likely to go back to a sx. ll A: NaT 'ij:, 'slender branch' ( N 'ciIPV 'branch, shoot of a plant') >
OT ci id., Osm {Rh.} v* cu 'little bit of wood, stock' ( A NPrs v* cub 'log, wood [as material],
tree' [A some T lge?]), Yk {JkR} si 'thin twig' (in si IurduI 'thin as a thin twig'); - NaT 'ib-iI
- 'ib-uI (Cl., Dr: dim.) 'flexible rod, switch' > OT cibiq, OT QU civiq id., MU cibiq, MQp XIII
cibuq - cibiq, XwT dalniq cubuqi 'a willow shoot', XwT, Chg cubuq, Tkm cibiq 'rod, switch', Az
cubug id., twig', MQp, QrB cibiI, Chg cubuy - cubuq, XwT cubuq, Tk cubuI 'rod, branch', Ggz
cibiq - cubuq, CrTt, Qmq, ET Tr {Rl.} cubuq, ET, Uz civiq, Qzq, Qq, Nog sibiq, VTt s+b+q, Qrg cibiq,
StAlt cibiq, Bsh s+b+q 'switch, rod (npyr, xnopocrnna, po:ia)', Uz cibiq - civiq, Xk, Shor simi_, Tv
si|iq 'rod, switch (npyr, xnopocrnna)', Tv d siqir id., Qmn cibuq - cibu_ 'twig, rod', Yk sia_ ' small
willow (rannni) with twigs used in loops for catching birds'. Stems with cub- are due to the analogy
of NPrs v* cub 'wood (material), tree, log' and to the labializing infl. of '-b- and the ending '-uI
Cl. 393, 395, TL 118-9, Rs. W 1O6, Rl. III 2O99-21OO, 2185, Sg. 4O1, Dr. TM III #1O59, Sg. 4O1-2,
Rh. 733-4, GRMS 552, 554, BN 32, UzR 519, BT 182, Sht. 235, KrkR 745, NogR 419, KumRS 36O, RKB
5O5, 551, 686, TatR 643, BR 487, Jud. 88O, B DK 269, B DChT 166, B DLT 223, BIG 2O7, TvR 585,
587, JkR 36O, Pek. 2472 Compensatory lengthening of 'i (evidenced by Tkm) is due to the loss of
' and 'I and ('ciPX and 'ciIPV > 'ci:b-) Tg (att. in NrTg) 'iua- 'sharp stick' > Lm tan
'sharp head (tip) of the braking stick (used when driving a dog-sledge)', Neg t-i- 'pointed' (of
sticks, pencils) STM I 398 DQA ##327 (A 'c`i`a 'branch, sharp branch') ll D 'civv- (- 'cuvv-?) >
Tl cuvva, cuvaIa 'twig, small flexible stick or cane', Klm sivva 'piece of fuel', Nkr sivva 'wood', suvval pl.
'fuel' D #26OO ll HS: Eg P b 'sceptre' EG V 536 ^ Eg b and D '-v- are accounted for by as
'-- > '-b-. The lr. ' is reconstructed on the ev. of Eg , K ' and the D length of the vw.
43O. 'ccjy,V 'to sink, immerse; swim; flow' > HS: HEC {Hd.} 'cc- v. 'immerse' > Hd {Hd.}
ccf-, Kmb {Hd.} ccf- v. 'immerse' Hd. 83, 273, 313 CS '-Ou- ('Ov) 'float, overflow' > BHb
cv (pf. Fc1 ca, ip. -cu-) 'overflow', Sh

(pf. Fic5e4 hc'ci) 'cause to flow over, cause to float',
MHb cv G 'flow, overflow, float', JA tv (ip. -tu-), SmA tv v. Sh

'flood', tvn 'deluge', JEA
tv v. Sh

'inundate', Md tv G 'overflow', Sr tv G 'float, overflow, be inundated' KB 94O-1,
BDB 847, Br. 271, Sl. 497, Tal 3O7, DM 181 B (deglot.) 'syf v. 'stream', 'swim' (or 'float') > Kb
ossof 'ruisseler, suinter', Si {La.} siyof (pf. isiyof), Izd {Mrc.} sscf (pf. isscf) 'nager', Tmz {MT} ssof
'tre baign, se baigner, nager' B 'suf - 'sif 'river, stream' ( N 'saV 'riverbank, river', q.v. ffd.)
La. S 264, 289, Msq. Z 527, Hy. 456, Mrc. 174, 4O2, Ds. 131, Rn. 313, Dlh. M 184, MT 617, 685, Dl.
78, 759, Beg. N 317, Fc. 18O6 ll U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'ccV 'einsinken, versinken, untersinken' > Vg K
sc'- 'untersinken', Vg LL {Kn.} sc-, ML/LL {MK} sci, Ss {Kn.} sc- {MK} 'untersinken, ertrinken' |
OHg fccduI, Hg sucd- 'einsinken, sich senken, sich setzen, versinken' UEW 841-2, MF 557-8,
MK 542 ll A 'c`iPV > M 'cibu- v. 'become submerged, drown' > WrM cib-, ci(b)bu-, HlM unny-x v. 'sink,
become submerged', Kl civ- v. 'drown, become submerged' MED 174, KRS 647, KW 443 ??? T:
OT [MhK, QB] ca- 'swim' (highly qu., because it may be a sd of NaT 'a- 'run quickly' > Chg XV,
Tkm, Qrg ca-, Alt ca- 'run', Osm {Rh.}, ET ca-, Uz co- id., 'gallop') If the OT ca- 'swim'
belongs here, its vw. a may be due to contamination with ca- 'run quickly' Cl. 394, TkR 722, BN
27.
431. 'c'arV 'to cut' > HS: S 'Orr > Ar orr (pf. rW7a oarra, ip. -ourr-) 'rendre aigu, tranchant
(p. ex. une pierre fusil)', 'gorger (une bte) laide dun instrument tranchant de pierre'; S
'O'urja,r- (> Ar rw7i oirr-, rra7u ourar- 'pierre tranchante propre couper comme un couteau', Ak
surru(m) 'obsidian, flint-stone', Hb br#h3 r7c cor 'hcrcb 'blade of a sword' ['hcrcb 'sword']) [< N
'c'urV 'flintstone, knife' (q.v.)] BK II 132, KB 985, KBR 1O52-3, Sd. 1114 Eg:
amb
Cpt: Sd ;wp
or, ;cp- cr-, ;eep- oor-, B ;ep- or- 'aiguiser, affiler' (in Eg and DEg texts this word is not attested)
( N 'c'urV ''?) Vc. 331 EC: Or {Grg.} cir- v. 'cut', Or B/O/W {Sr.} cir- v. 'cut into pieces', Or
H {Ow.} cir- v. 'cut, slice', Rn {PG} cura 'trim lower edge of a girls hair, cut girls hair', Sd {Gs., Hd.}
cir- v. 'shave (beard)', Brj {Ss.} cir- v. 'chop', {Hd.} cir- v. 'clear (forest)' Grg. 84, Sr. 281, PG 87,
Gs. 58, Hd. 184, 357, Ow. 256, Ss. B 49 (Brj A Or) ll K {K
2
} 'ccr-/'cr- v. 'cut, chop' > OG cr- v.
'cut, reap', G ccr-/cr- (prs. -cr-i, aor. -ccr-) v. 'cut, chop, fell', G Gr car-/cr-, Lz cIi(r)-, cIor-, Mg
cIsr-, cIir- v. 'cut, chop, reap', Sv d la-r-c 'meadow' (lit. 'place of mowing'), Sw {TK}: UB/L larc,
LB/Ln larc 'hayfield (saTibi), field' K 255-6, K
2
321, FS K 473-6 ('car-/'cr-), GM S 234, 354, Chx.
2256, 2272, GP 136, TK 387-8 ll ? D 'car_r- to be split, torn, cut' > Prj car- v. 'be torn (cloth, etc.)',
Gnd sarrana 'be split as wood, be torn' (of clothes, etc.), Gnd HM a-, har- - ar- v. 'be torn', Krx
carr- v. 'tear, rend', Mlt carc v. 'cut as with the teeth or scissors' D #2416 ll A: ? NaT
amb
'ar
'whetstone' > Alt uap car, Tel {Rl.}, Qmq car, VTt uap sar, Brb/SbTt Tom {Tm.} car, Qzq, Qq, Nog,
Shor {Rl.} sar, Bsh sar id. An alt. et. (more plausible semantically, but with an irreg. vowel corr.)
derives the T from N 'c'urV '' [q.v.] (S CNM 8) Rs. W 99-1OO, BT 176, Tm. 234, Rl. III 1859,
BR 463, KrkR 726, NogR 4O6 Tg 'ari- > Ewk ari- v. 'tear' STM II 385 pKo {S} 'cnri- 'cut off,
chop off' > MKo cnri-, NKo cari- S QK #912, Nam 413, MLC 1376 pJ 'tat- 'cut (off)' > OJ tat-, J: T
tat-, K/Kg tat- S QJ 11O9, Mr. 766 DQA #274 [A 'c`aro 'cut off, tear off'] ^ IS I 2O9 (HS, K, D).
432. 'ciRV 'to look after, guard' > K 'cir- 'care, need' ( N 'ciRj ,V 'heavy, hard, stiff, difficult'
[q.v.]) > OG cir- v. 'care', G cir- v. 'need' (m-cir-s 'mir fehlt et., ich leide [an]'), cir- 'Not, Unglck',
G X cir- 'Trauer', Mg cIsr-, cIir-, Lz A ci(r)- ({IS}: Lz A c- < Zn 'cI-) v. 'need, be in want of', Lz
cIsr-, ncIsr-, cir- n. 'need', (?) grieve', Sv LB -ncIor-, Sv L -cIor- v. {FS} 'need; grieve', Sv {TK}
msd.: UB/L li-cIor-c, LB li-ncIor-c, Ln licIorc 'to think, grieve, worry', Sv cIora 'care, meditation',
{K
2
} 'anxiety, thought' K 255, K
2
32O, 322, FS K 476, FS E 539-4O, Chik. 41O, Chx. 2255-7, TK
482 ll HS: S 'nOr v. 'guard' > BHb rcn ncr G 'observe, watch over; keep from; protect, preserve;
observe, comply with', Ug nyr {OLS} 'atender; proteger, guardar', Amr {G} nsr, IA, JA, SmA, Sr ntr
G 'guard', Ar nor G 'look at, watch', naoar- regard; soin, surveillance', Sb nOr 'observe', Gz nsr D
'look at', Ak nsr G 'bewachen, schtzen, bewahren', Eb {Krb.} nOr G (inf. na-za-lum = naOarum, 3m
i-na-sar) v. 'guard' KB 678, KBR 718, OLS 32O-1, Br. 426, Sl. 745-6, Tal 51-2, BK II 1287-9O, BGMR
1O2, Bll. 3O3-4, Sd. 755, Krb. EG 34; S 'n- apparently goes back to a px. Ch: Hs carc v. 'guard,
protect, preserve' Abr. H 879, Ba. 1O3O OS #5O6, Sk. HCD 269 ll IE: NaIE 'stcr-g-, 'stcr-I- v.
'guard, care, take care of' ({P} 'sorgend worauf achten, hegen und pflegen') > Sl 'stcrg- (inf. 'stcrgti,
prs. 'stcrgo) > OCS t:p1ustrcsti (prs. t:p1rastrcgo) 'to guard', R crc'pcu / crcpc'iy, Slv strcci /
strczcm, Cz strici / strchu, P strzcc / strzcgc id.; - 'storz+ > OCS t:poi strazi, Blg crpa, P stroz', R,
Uk 'cropo 'watchman, guard'; 'storza 'guard (Wache), watch' > OCS t:poo straza, Blg crpaa, SCr, Slv
straza, P stroz'a, Uk, R cro'poa | ? (loss of 't due to contamination with NaIE 'scrg"- v. 'languish' <
N 'sirKa 'pain; pine, languish', q.v.) Blt: Lt scrgc'ti (prs: OLt scrgmi, Lt scrgiu) 'to guard, watch
(over)', Pru abscrgisnan 'Schutz'; Lt sargas 'watch(man)', Ltv sargs id., 'guard, guardsman', Pru but-sargs
'Haushalter' || Gk otce 'I love, am fond of', oto 'love, affection' || OIr scrc, W scrch 'love', MBr
scrch, Br T scrc`h 'concubine, one who lives in concubinage'; IE 'st- > Clt 'ts- > 's- is reg. (LP 25.5)
cp. also NaIE 'stcr- > Sl 'starati sc 'to take care of, exert oneself, do ones best' ( N 'ciRj ,V '',
q.v. ffd.) P 1O32, F II 79O, Vs. III 746, 757, 768, Glh. 587, Ma. CS 469-7O, 481, Frn. 762-3, 776-7,
En. 136, 155, Vn. S 91-2, Ern. 623, Tp. P A-D 52-3, 274, ME III 716 ^ IS I 21O-1 s.v. 'cirn.
433. 'c'urV 'to seize, take, carry' > HS: WS 'Ovr ('-Our-) 'carry, support' > Gz svr (pf. sora,
js. -sur) 'bear, carry, wear (clothes), support (old parents)', Sq {L} svr 'carry (porter)' (caus. sbjn.
'l-(y)o-sir, ps. pf. is'rauvoh), OSA {M.} Ovr 'mit Pfeilern sttzen', Ovrm 'Pfeiler', Sb {Rk.} Ovr
'besiege', Mn Ovvr {MA} 'entourer dun mur', {M.} 'mit Pfeilern sttzen', Qt {Rk.} Sh

hOr ({Rk.}
zvr) 'fortify, establish', Mn {MA} tOvrt, Nbt tvr 'wall (mur), Ar ou?ar- 'pierres places sous une
marmite pour la soutenir', o?r L (pf. oa?ara) v. 'nurse an others child', r`07i oi?r- 'nurse', 'foster-
father' and 'column (Strebepfeiler)' ({Rk.} 'buttress', {BK} 'colonne, pilastre') [from the basic
meaning 'support'], OYmn O?rh ({Slw.} oi?ra) 'Strebepfeiler, Tragestange' The cns. '? in derived
forms in Ar and OYmn is due to adaptation of a biconsonantic to triconsonantic derivational
patterns and to hiatus-closing development L G 567, L LS 347, BK II 131-2, Hv. 445, Rk. 78, MA
111, M. WMT 77-8, Slw. 143 ll K: GZ 'ccr-/'cr- - 'car- 'hold, catch, grasp' > G Gr/X car-, OG
'ccr-/cir-, G ccr-/cir- (< proto-G 'car-) id., Mg d cIor-i 'slave' K
2
32O, Schm. 157, FS K 473 &
FS E 536 ('car-), Mach. K 6O, Chx. 2241-4, 2286, DCh. 17O5; for the change a > c in G Mach. XS
269ff. and Gm. SSh 55, 61 ll D 'cur_- ({GS} ''s-) 'rob, plunder' > Tm curai_ 'robbery, pillage', Td
sur_y 'loot', Kn surc, Tu surc 'plundering, pillaging', Tl cura 'plunder, loot', Ku :uria 'dacoit' D
#2744 ^ The lack of labialized vw. or 'v in K is still puzzling.
434. ''cuRV 'to soil, stain, dirty' (partial infl. of N 'c'irIV 'pus, rotten liquid' [q.v.]) > HS: EC
'cur- ({Ss.} 'dur-) v. 'be dirty' ( N 'to_quryV or 'tU_qrV 'dirt, be dirty') > Kns |ur-cta, Sd, Hd tur-,
Brj cu'r-c 'dirt', Kns |ur-av- 'become dirty', as well as (unless exclusively from 'to_quryV
'tU_qrV): Or {Grg.} tur-i 'dirt, filth', Or H {Ow.} turi 'dirty', Arr tur-av- id., turc 'dirty thing', ?? Ya
tcr- 'bad' Ss. PEC 29, 31, Ss. B 49, BlSO 54, AD SF 56-7, E PC #76, Grg. 386-7, Ow. 272, Hw. A 398
ll A: Tg: ? Ewk Ald urarga- v. 'get dark' (of a face) STM II 416 ?? M: Dg circ 'dirt, soilage'; ? Kl
{Rm.} ccr 'Schleim in der Gurgel, Speichel' Mr. D 13O, Rs. KW 427 ll D (in SCD) 'cur(-) 'soot' ( N
'curtV 'soot', q.v. ffd.) ll IE: NaIE '(s)tcr- 'filth, filthy liquid; to stain' ( N 'tUryV 'tUrV 'litter, dirt,
dust' [q.v.]) > Av star- 'be stained' || Arm arax t"ara_ {Xud.} 'pus (of wounds), ichor' || Nr stor 'Faulen,
Verwesen' || pSl 'stirvi 'carrion' > Blg crpn, SCr, Slv strv, P scicrv id., RChS t:ipai stirvi 'corpse';
morphological variants with '-o, '-a: P scicrvo, R crcpna 'carrion' P 1O31-2, Mn. 1285-6, WH II
589, O 441, BFU 553, Xud. I 427, Glh. 591-2, Srz. III 586, Chrn. II 2O2 ll ?? K: G curcli 'droppings (of
mice, etc.)' Chx. 2O32 G c- (for the expected c-) is likely to be due to as .
435. 'c'urV 'flintstone, knife' (coalesced in some lgs. with 'c'arV 'to cut') > HS: S
''Ourar- - ''Oirja,r- > Ar rw7i oirr-, rra7u ourar- 'pierre tranchante propre couper comme un couteau',
Ak surru(m) 'obsidian, flint-stone', Hb br#h3 r7c cor 'hcrcb 'blade of a sword' ('hcrcb 'sword') BK II
132, KB 985, Sd. 1114
amb
Cpt: Sd ;wp or, ;cp- cr-, ;eep- oor-, B ;ep- or- 'aiguiser, affiler' ( N
'c'arV '' [q.v.]) (in Eg and DEg texts this word is not attested) Vc. 331 The Cpt word may
alternatively be a loan from the Ar verb orr (so Ap. AN 22) ? B 'zVru/a 'stone, rock' > Kb a-zru
'pierre (matier premire); pierre, caillou; rocher', Ah a-zoru 'muraille rocheuse', Tmz a-zru (pl. i-zra)
'rock, large stone', ti-zra 'small stone'; in B the coalesced with the cognate of S 'Ourr- 'rock'
(unless the latter belongs to the etymon in question, too) Dl. 955, MT 826, Fc. 1988 Ch: WCh:
Hs cura 'knife\sword without handle' || CCh: Gude cIr.a, FlM ctrt, FlB cIrtn 'hoe' Abr. H 392, Ba.
1O46, ChL, Sk. HCD 276 OS #514 ('cur- 'flint, flint knife' in S, B, Ch) ll A ({S} 'c`i_ora): Tg
'i_uru-jI,c(n-) 'knife' > Sln sirtxa: 'knife', Ul curs(n-), {PSchm.} curun, Nn Nh curus, Nn KU ciurs
'knife used by women in carving ornaments' STM II 426 ? NaT
amb
'ar 'whetstone' > Alt
uap car, Tel {Rl.}, Qmq car, VTt uap sar, Brb/SbTt Tom {Tm.} car, Qzq, Qq, Nog, Shor {Rl.} sar, Bsh
sar id. The vw. 'a is obscure; an alt. et. (less plausible semantically, but without phonetic
problems) derives the T from N 'c'arV '' [q.v.] Rs. W 99-1OO, BT 176, Tm. 234, Rl. III 1859,
BR 463, KrkR 726, NogR 4O6 AD NM #8O, S CNM 8 (suggests to adduce here T 'ar
'whetstone'), Vv. AEN (suggests to reconstruct Tg 'uru-'Ian) ll ? D 'ciran`- 'small chisel' ( N
'ciryX 'to scratch\chisel', q.v. ffd.) ^ AD NM #8O, S CNM 8 ( ST 'cVr(H)- 'hoe, pick-axe').
436. 'cUhrV 'vessel', (?) 'basket' > HS: S 'OVhjV,r- > Ar re0&a oahr- 'old cooking-pot' Ln.
1929, BK II 146 ll K: GZ 'cur- 'vessel' > OG cur- 'vessel', G cur- 'vessel, thing', Mg cIu-, cIud-
'vessel, ship' K 256, K
2
323, FS K 477, FS E 541, Marr AI 3-4 ll D: D 'cora ({GS} 'cc-) 'vessel' >
Krg cora 'milk-pot', Prj cora 'earthern pot', Gnd B {Tr.} sora 'a large earthern vessel for holding
water', Gnd Ch {BB} sora 'pot', Gnd M {Wll., Ph.} sora 'pitcher'; D 'cur- ({GS} 'c-?) 'basket' > Ml
curiyal 'round rattan basket', Gnd G {BB} curIi, Gnd M {Ph.} curIi, Knd, Ku surIi 'a small basket'
Apparent different Gnd reflexes of the affricate in the words for 'vessel' and 'basket' may be due to
dialectal disparity, therefore they do not necessarily point to a differnce at the pD (and hence the
N) level -r- in Trenchs record of Gnd B (1919-21) is likely to be a mistake for -r- ( the quite
reliable records of Gnd Ch [T. Burrow & S. Bhattacharya, 1958]) with -r- D ##2691, 2886 ^ D '-r-
(rather than '-r_-) reflects a pN cns. cluster ('-hr-).
437. 'cuuhjV,rV 'top, edge, highest point' > HS: S ''OuhjV,r- - 'OahjV,r- 'top', 'the highest point
(of the sun in the sky)' ( 'noon') > BHb re27c 'cohar 'roof', Mi%r@e0c1 coh`'rayim (pseudo-dual from
loc. 'coh`'ram) 'noon' ( 'the point of culmination of the sun'), Ug Or 'back (espalda, dorso),
highest point', JA ar!e9iy5 tih"'r-a, JEA {Sl.} ar!e6iy5 tih'r-a, Sr tah'r-a 'noon', Arre07u ouhr- 'noon'
(1 Sq {L} duhr id.), Sb b-Ohr 'on the back of, upon', Ak su?ru - suru (A WS?) 'back'. In CS this stem
influenced S ''sahjV,r- 'back (of a body)' (< N 'cchrV 'back', q.v.), bringing about a contaminated
CS stem ''OahjV,r- 'back, noon' > Ar re07a oahr- 'back [dorsum], noon' (1 Mh Oahr, Jb C 'Oohur 'noon,
midday'), Ug Or 'shoulder, back, top'. The contamination is probably based on interpretation of the
back (of an animal) as its highest point. The Ak word su?ru ~ suru 'back' is probably a WS loan (
CAD XVI 261) and reflects a CS contamination of both stems KB 946, KBR 1OO8, A #2378, OLS
552, Sd. 1O93-5, 1115, CAD XVI 138-47, 261, Br. 269, Lv. II 142, Sl. 5O1, BGMR 171, Jo. H 151, Jo. J
48, 324, Jo. M 83, 475, L LS 361, MiK I #1.284 (S 'OVhr- 'back') AdS of EC: Or cara 'top, top,
edge', Brj car-i -ccr-i 'point, top, peak' (< N 'corV 'tip, top, edge', q.v.) ll K: G ccr-i 'ceiling, roof'
Chx. 2245, DCh. 17O5 ll IE: NaIE 'stu(:)r- ({Mn.} 'stj",ur-) 'edge, tip, peak, point' > ? Gk otuo
'a spike at the lower end of a spear-shaft' || Ltv sturis 'corner', Lt sturis " sturys 'Winkel, Ecke,
Kante' ?? NaIE {Mn.} 'stovro- 'post, stake' > Gk otouo) 'upright pale\stake', ON staurr 'Sttze', OHG
stiura {Kb.} 'rudder, support' Mn. 133O ( NPrs rts" ostorc 'razor', which is in fact d from ostor- v.
'shave, erase', Bai. 42), P 1OO8-9, Ch. 1O44-5, 1O67, Hofm. 332, F II 778, F II 814, Frn. 932, Kar.
II 316-7, ME III 111O, Vr. 544, OsS 874, Kb. 966 ll D 'cur- ({GS} 'c-) 'edge of the roof' > Kn curu,
sur, suru 'the part of the sloping roof that projects beyoond the walls', Tu curi 'border of the roof',
Tl curu 'eaves, edge of a roof', mun|uru 'eaves', Prj munir, Knd munzuru id. D '-r- points to a N
cluster (here '-hr-) D #2729 ^ In addition, we may draw attention to a possible (though highly
doubtful) cognate in A: M: WrM corui-, HlM nopon-x v. 'rise up on the hind legs' (of quadrupeds), 'rise
on tiptoe and raise ones hands' MED 199 ^ Blz. LB #6e (N 'cahri 'back').
438. ?? 'c'aR?V 'hoar-frost', () 'frozen soil' > HS: S 'Or? > Ar r07u our?- 'frozen earth, frozen
mud' BK II 133 ll K 'c_qar- > G T c_ar-i 'hoar-frost' ('Rauhreif') ?? G cir_l- 'hoar-frost', cir_(v)l-
'es reift' Chx. 1961, 2258, Ghl. 668 ll A: An additional source of M 'car 'layer of frost on the
surface of snow (going back mainly to N 'carV (or 'c`arV) 'hard\firm, hardened crust, hard\rough
surface', q.v. ffd.) ^ IS I 2O5-6 ('Carn 'hardened crust') S CNM 2. In some lgs. there was
contamination between the N word in question and N 'cARjV,yV 'cAyRV 'to freeze, feel cold' [q.v.]
^ AD NM #9, S CNM 2 ( NrCs, ST, Yn).
439. 'ciRj ,V 'heavy, hard, stiff, difficult' > HS: Eg MK/N ry 'strong (of walls, etc.)', {BnH} 'fest,
hart', Eg MK {Fk.} ri 'be hard, solid', Eg XVIII-XX ry 'difficult (schwierig, mhselig)', 'strong (fest)'
(of stones, walls) > Cpt: Sd ;wwpc, B ;wpt 'fort, solide' EG V 599, Fk. 323, BnH s.v. Dr|, Vc. 33O ll K:
G {Chx.} cirv-/cir- 'be heavy, difficult'; K 'cir- v. 'need, suffer a misfortune' ( K 'cir- 'care, need'
< N 'ciRV 'to look after, guard' [q.v.]) > G cir- v. 'need', Mg cIir-, cIsr-, Lz cIsr-, ncIsr-, cir-
n. 'need, grieve', Sv cIor- 'worry, upset'; K 'cir- 'need, plague' > G cir- n. 'want, need, plague', Sv
d cIora- 'anxiety, thought' Chx. 2255-7, K
2
322, K 255, FS K 476, Chik. 41O ll IE {EI} '(s)tcrh-
'stiff' > NaIE '(s)tcrjo,-/strc- v. 'be stiff, firm, hard, strong' ( 'exert oneself') > Gk otcco) 'stiff, stark,
firm, solid', otv) 'strong, hard', otco) 'stiff, firm, solid, strong', Gk otv) 'strong, hard' || L
strcnuus 'strong (krftig)' ( 'brisk, prompt, active, vigorous') || W trin ''battle' ( 'effort'?) || ON
stir-r 'stiff, heavy', stir-na 'to stiffen'; Gmc 'stara- 'stiff, fixed (esp. of eyes)' > ON stara, OHG
starcn - staron 'to gaze', AS starian 'to stare, look fixedly at (starren, stieren)', NE starc; ON, NHG starr
'stiff, rigid' || Lt starinti (prs. starinu) 'angestrengt ziehen, spannen, straff anziehen, steifen,
straffen', Ltv starigs 'assiduous, zealous' ({ME} 'strebsam, ttig, fleiig'), Pru sturnavisIan
'sternness' | Sl 'starati sc 'to take care of, exert oneself, do ones best' ( N 'ciRV '') > SCr sta`rati
sc id., Cz starati sc, Slk starat` sc 'take care of', P starac sic, R cra) parc , Blg crapa cc vr. 'endeavour,
exert oneself' || pTc {Ad.} 'scarcn- (= 'scarcn-?) > Tc: A tsar 'hard, rough', B scirc 'hard, harsh'
(of words) P 1O22, EI 547, WH II 6O1-2, F II 79O-1, 8O9-1O, YGM-1 417, LP 26.2, Vr. 543-4, 549,
Ho. 317, OsS 865, Kb. 953, KM 74O, Frn. 896, Ad. 639-4O, Ad. H 41, Vs. III 746, Chrn. II 198-9, Ma.
CS 469-7O, ME III 1O45 ( P) Al shtcro| 'run dry, dry up' shtcr- 'stop flowing, dry up' (see O
439) ll U: FU 'csVrIV > ObU {Ht.} 'Oaryot--'Oayort- 'heavy' > pVg {Ht.} 'taro- > LK torvo,
tarvo, MK torvo, P tarvo, S tarvit 'heavy'; pVg 'taro-Vq id. > Vg: T tarIoaq, P tarvooq,
tarvooq, NV/LL tarvooq id.; pOs {Ht.} 'ayort > Os: V laort, Vy yaort, Ty/Y a'ort, D/K ta'ort, Nz
tavort, Kz avort id. Ht. #161 ll A: M 'cirday- > WrM cirdai-, HlM uap(an- 'make sth. with great effort,
exert oneself', Kl unp(o-x cirda-_ id. MED 191, KRS 653 Tg 'ira- 'taut, tense, strong; to stretch
sth. taut' > Nn Nh ctra 'taut (ryion, ryio)', ctrambo- v. 'stretch sth. taut', ctran- v. 'be stretched taut',
WrMc cira 'strong, tight, taut (bow)', ({Hr.} 'fest, hart, krftig'), Mc Sb cira 'severe, strict, tight'
The Tg cognate is valid unless the Mc and Nn words are loans from M 'ciirag 'strong, firm' (see N
'tiRga 'force, strength, effort') STM II 399, Z 939, Hr. I 15O, Pt. 156, Y #2468 ^ The NaIE long vw.
'c suggests the presence of a lr., which must have been "weak" (' = '?hh) on the ev. of K.
44O. 'curtV 'soot' > K 'cvart(v)l- 'soot' > G cvartl-i id., cvart(v)l- (trans. cj.) v. 'make
sooty', (ps. cj.) v. 'become sooty' Chx. 2247, DCh. 17O6 -t- for the expected -t- is due to as ll
IE: NaIE 'svordo- 'black, dirty' ( N 's`URtV 'dirt(y)' [q.v. ffd.]) ll D 'cur(-) 'soot' ( N ''cuRV 'to soil,
stain, dirty' 'soot') > Tl G curu in: oga curu 'smoke to coat walls, roof, etc. with soot', Prj
curuI 'deposit of soot on the ceiling or on any object that has been near the fire', Gdb suygur, Kui
srobi"sro?i, Ku ro?va " ro?ya " roova 'soot' D #2686, Km. 36O [#453] D '-r- is a reflex of 'r-
clusters (in this case '-rt-), hence 'curtV (rather than ''cuRV) is the main source of the D .
441. 'curV - 'curV 'to see, look' > HS: Eg fMK r 'search out, investigate, seek' (with the
variant Eg [< ': < 'CVr-?] id.) > Cpt Sd ;wp or, ;eep- oor-, Cpt B ;cp- cr-, ;ep- or- 'examiner,
tudier' [ N 'g'urV 'to look for', q.v.] EG V 534, 539, Fk. 32O, Vc. 33O B 'zrH (pf.
'-zraH - '-zruH) 'see' (Pcj. I A 7, Fcj. 25) ( N ''uhRV ''uR?V 'to see, know'??) > Kb zor (3m pf.
yozra) 'see, know; look', Tmz {MT} zor id., 'look', Sll {Ds.} zor (pf. izra), Mz {Dlh.} zor (pf. yozru)
'see', BSn {Ds.} zcr (pf. iizru ['yizru]?), Zkara {Ds.} zor (pf. izri), BMn {Ds.} zcr (pf. izru) 'voir,
apercevoir', Wrg {Dlh.} zor (pf. yozru), Izn {Rn.} z+r 'see, look', Izn/BSlh {Ds.} zcr (pf. izra) 'see,
perceive', SrSn/Rf {Rn.} zar 'see, look', Izd {Mrc.} izir (pf. izra) 'avoir connaissance', Nf {La. ?} zor
(pf. izru) [not registered in Beg. N], Si {La.} zor, Skn {Srn.} zorr (pf. yorza), Gd {Lf.} czor (pf. izru),
Zng {TC} imv. zzu?r / 3m pf. yuzza?r 'voir' Dl. 953, MT 826, Ds. 296, Ds. B 37O, Fc. 2OO1, Pr. M
VI-VII 1O9-1O, Mrc. 59, 365, 355, Dlh. M 254, Dlh. Ou 395, Rn. 323, La. S 313, Lf. I 258-9 & II
#1838, DCTC 293 ll K +ext. 'cvrct-/'cvrit- > MG [VTq., Vsr.], G cvrct- 'look at', G
(gan-)cvrct- / cvrit- 'forsee (voraussehen)' Chx. 2248, DCh. 17O6, NCh. 458 ll D 'cur`- 'look, see'
( N ''uhRV ''uR?V '') > Svr sur`-, sud-, Gnd sur`- " sur- " hur`- " hur-, Knd sur`-, Png/Mnd
hur`-, Prj cur`-, Gdb sur`- " cud-, Kui sur`a 'see', Tl cud- 'see behold, look', Tm cur v. 'deliberate,
consider, know' D #2735, Zv. 56, Km. 359.
442. ? i 'cav_V 'to cry, exclaim' (> 'to praise', 'fame') > HS: S: CS 'cvh (prm. '-cvah-) 'cry' >
BHb cvh G (ip. paus. 3p yi-'cvah-u) 'cry aloud', MHb cvh (pf. ca'vah) 'cry', Ug svyh (pf. sh)
'call, exclaim, invite', Amr {G} syh 'call', JA {Js.} cvh (pf. co'vah) 'cry (schreien), complain', JEA
{Sl.} cvh 'shout, protest, complain', SmA svh 'cry', Sr svh (pf. so'vah, ip. -svah) 'scream (as an
eagle), sova'h-a 'wailing sorrow', Ar syh (pf. saha, ip. -sih-) 'cry aloud, call out' S: ? Gz sv D
(pf. savvoa) 'call, call upon\out', Tgr sv G 'call' KB 949, KBR 1O11-2, A #2313, OLS 415-6,
Grd. UT #2162, Sl. 953-4, Tal 725-6, G A 34, Js. 1266, JPS 476, L G 566, LH 644 C: Ag 'cVv- > Bln
{Plm.} siv-, {R} siv-, Dmb {R} sov- 'ask for, demand', Q {R} scv- 'cry (schreien), beg, demand', Xm
{R} cav- id., 'go begging' AD SF 1O5, R WB 331-2, R Ch II 52, R QW 128-9 , Ap. AV 2O The
change S 'c- < HS ''c- (< N 'c-) may be interpreted as loss of a marked phonemic feature (which
sometimes occurs in S and has been mentioned by IS in OS I 21O); it is likely to be a conditioned
phonemic change (that will account for the unusual rareness of the phoneme 'O- in S and the total
absence of 7 o- in Ar roots with II rad. v and y) This HS root my have contaminated with S
'cvy 'ask' > Gz sv D '', NrBc {Tk.} 'cay--'ciy- 'ask' (Tk. NB 169) ll K: G
cqav-il-/cqa(v)-/cqavl- 'heulen, jaulen, schreien (ein Tier)' (as 'c_ > 'cq) Chx. 2279 ll IE:
NaIE 'stcu_- 'praise loudly', {EI} 'praise' > OI stav-: 'stauti 'praises' (aor. 'astavi), pp. stu'ta- 'gepriesen,
angerufen', Av staomi 'I praise', 'stut- 'song of praise' || ? Gk Hm/A otcutoi 3s prs.
'promises\threatens that he will, makes as if one would' ({P} *'rhmt sich') WP II 62O, P 1O35,
EI 449, M K III 519-21, M E II 757-8, F II 793-4 ll A: NaT 'ab 'shouting, rumour, fame' > OT cav
'fame, good reputation', XwT XIV cav 'fame', OOsm XIV, Chg XV cav 'reputation', Osm {Rl.} cav
'Geschrei, Schrei, Ruf', Tk cav 'voice, sound', 'news', Tkm cav 'fame', Alt {BT, Rl.}, QK/Tel {Rl.}
ca 'fame, rumour (Ruhm, Ruf)', Brb {Rl.} ca, Qmn {B} ca id., QrB sa Rs. W 93, Cl. 393, TkR
715, Rl. III 1915, 1934 & IV 196, SDD I 31O, BT 176, B DK 266 M: WrM cuu, HlM nyy 'sound, noise;
fame', Kl {Rm.} cu 'Schrei, Getse, Gelrm' MED 2O7, KW 435 Tg 'ab- 'sound, (make) noise' >
Nn KU cavalt- v. 'resound', Ewk ivi-, Neg avgt-, Ud caugda-, Ul catgalt-, Ork aytqott-, Nn Nh caogt-,
Nn KU caogt-, Nn B caolgt- 'make noise', Ewk ivin, Nn Nh cao 'noise' STM II 389 ? pJ 'tu_a- v.
'address; ask (a question)' > OJ tu_o-, J: T to- - to-, K to-, Kg to- S QJ #15O4, Mr. 771 Pp. VG
44 (T, M), DQA ##277 [A 'c`abu 'sound, fame'] ^ IS MS 337 ('ionopnr' 'cnvn) [HS, K]. The length
of 'a in T reflects the N lr. ^ Qu. , because the word has onomatopic associations.
443. 'cuc`V (or 's-?) 'clean; to clean' > HS: WS '-suc- v. 'clean ones teeth' > Mh pf. sos /
sbjn. yssos, Jb C pf. 'sos / sbjn. y'scs, Ar svs - svs (ip. -sus- - -sus-) id. Jo. M 388, Jo. J
258, BK I 1287 ll U: FU 'sucV - 'cicV (both most probably from ''cucV by dis ''c.c. > 's.c. and
delabialization ''u > 'i) 'clean' > Prm {UEW} 'so' > Z co'(: ss 'transparent, clean, clear, pure',
Prmk, Prmk Zz ss, Yz so' id., StVt cy: ni suza-nI, Vt Sr sual-, Vt Kz/Gl su'zal- v. 'clean' || pObU
'cic- - 'cic- (both from FU 'cicV) > Vg MK/N sc':s 'immaculated, clean' (MK sc':s oay 'virgin', lit.
'immaculated girl'), Os: Os Ty ct vay 'Glocke', K/Kr i va_ 'money' | OHg szuz 'rein,
unvermischt', Hg szuz (acc. szuzct) 'jungfrulich, keusch; Jungfrau, Jungfer' Lt. 224, LG 262-3,
Ht. #822.
444. ?? 'cEcIV 'to crush, split' > K: GZ 'c`ccI- ({K, K
2
, FS} 'cccI-) 'crush, split' ({K
2
} v. 'hollow,
break') > G cccI- 'crush, beat to pieces' ({FS} 'zerstoen, zerklopfen', {K
2
} 'hollow, pound', {NCh.}
'ronou', {DCh.} 'n:x) r', {K} '(on6nr', {Chx.} (da-)cccI- 'zerstoen, zerquetschen; weich klopfen',
(ga-\da-)cccI- j-n. durchdreschen'), Mg cIacI- 'break (e.g., an apple), split', Lz cacI- v. 'pound' Lz
c- points to an initial K 'c`-, while G c- (for the expected c-) and Mg cI- (for c-) are due to as : G
''cacI- > cacI-, Zan 'cacI- > Mg cIacI- acc. to Gudavas law of Mg rdp of the velar element of the
stem-final cluster ["harmonic complex"] 'K after the initial dental cns. or affricate (identical to
that of the cluster) [ K 23]; Ks and FSs rec. of the initial GZ 'c- fails to explain Lz c- K 219, K
2

256, FS K 388, FS E 435-6, Chx. 1928-9, NCh. 43O, DCh. 1576 ll HS: S 'sII, '-suII- 'split, cleave,
pierce' > Ar sII G {BK} 'fendre, pourfendre (le bois)', Mh/Jb {Jo.} sII v. G 'skewer (meat)', Ak
sII (p. -suII-) v. G 'harrow' BK I 1252-3, Sd. 1134, Jo. M 375, Jo. J 25O The loss of the reflex
of the N stem-medial 'c is due to the S law ruling out roots with sequence of two similar cnss.
(hence ''sOI > 'sII) The S belongs here unless it is connected with S 'siII(-at)- 'thorn', 'pin,
nail' < N '?czcIU 'thorn, hook' [q.v.] ? Ch: Ngz {Sch.} sasIu, v. 'hollow out' Sch. DN 148 ll ?? D
{tr.} 'ccaII-, {GS} 'ccI- v. 'chip', n. 'chip, splinter' > Tm caIIai_ 'chips, small wooden peg', Kt ccI, Kn
caIIc, ccIIc, saIIc, scIIc 'chip', Tu caIIc, ccII id., 'split, splinter', Tl ccIIu v. 'pare, cut the side\rind
of', ccIIa 'piece, chip, slice', Klm scI- 'make pointed (piece of wood), scIIa 'bark of tree', Nkr
scIIa id., scII- v. 'chip, scrape', Prj ccII- v. 'chip, scrape, plane', ccIIa 'piece, slice', Knd scI v. 'plane,
fashion things out of wood', Ku scIali 'scrape (with a hoe)', Krx caIta, Mlt caIa 'slice'; D 1 OI saIala-
'piece, fragment' D #2748, GS 115 [#3O5]. ^ In some lgs. this N my have contaminated or
coalesced with N 'saIa 'to split, cleave' [q.v.].
445. ?? 'cUdV 'to be weak, damaged, weary' > K: GZ 'c`vc'd-/'c`u'd- 'sexually impotent' (of a
male person), 'vain' > OG cud-i 'vain, futile', G cvcdan- 'impotent', Mg cut-u id. K 229, FS K 41O,
DCh. 16O2-3, K
2
271-2 (OG, G, Mg 'c`vct-/'cut- 'wear out') ll HS: SES 'sdd > Mh sdod, Jb E/C
ss'dcd v. 'get tired' Jo. M 372 ll D 'cIott- ({GS} 's-?) 'defect, fault' > Tm cottu 'defect, blemish',
Ml cattu 'fault', Tl soddu 'defect, fault' D #2837.
446. ? 'cVd'i(Ka) 'wait, stay, have leisure' > K: 'c`ad-/'c`d- 'have time, wait' > OG cad- 'wait, let
(do sth.)' (acadc irvclad ganyomad svilta 'let first the children get sated' [Marc. 7.27]), G cad-/cd-
'wait, delay', Lz cod- 'have spare time', Mg cod- id., 'wait', Sv -cd- 'be, exist' K 227 (GZ 'c`ad- 'have
leisure, wait'), K
2
269 (GZ 'c`(a)d- 'have time, wait'), FS K 4O5 (GZ), FS E 456 (GZ), Ser. 195, Chx.
1979, Q 366, Chik. 377-8 ll HS: Eg N sdsd.ty {EG} (?) 'wait (for so..)', {Hng.} id., (?) 'lie in
wait\ambush' EG IV 569, Hng. 845 ? B 'zdy (< ''sdy by as ) 'stay, remain, dwell' > Sll {Ds.}
(c)zdcy ozdoy id. ('rester, habiter'), Wrg ozdoy 'habiter, loger', Tmz {MT} zdoy 'habiter, loger,
demeurer', Kb ozdoy 'habiter, loger', Ah {Fc.} ozzoy, Nf/Snd {La.} ozdoy 'habiter', Gh {Nh.} ozzoy, Ttq
{Msq.} ozzay, Izn/Rf/SrSn {Rn.} ozday, BSn {Ds.} ozdoy, Izd {Mrc.} zdoy, Gd {Lf.} czdc 'habiter,
demeurer' Ds. 149, Ds. B 93, 161, 248, MT 192, Dl. 936, Dlh. Ou 384, Fc. 1993, Msq. 81, 146, Mrc.
77, 135, 441, Rn. 321, La. S 246, Lf. II #1758 AdS of SES 'sdd 'get tired' ( N 'cUdV 'to be weak,
weary') ll ? IE: NaIE 'stci_g- 'stand still' > Lt stygti (prs. stygau) 'keep quiet, stand still', stigti (prs.
stingu) 'auf einer Stelle ruhig weilend aushalten', Ltv stigt 'to get stuck' || OHG {OsS} stccchcn, stccIcn
'festsitzen', {Kb..} stccIcn 'to stick, infigi', NHG stccIcn 'be, stay, remain; stick fast', AS stician vi.
'remain fixed, stick', 'be inside', 'lie' (of direction, boundary') > NE sticI Frn. 9O5, Turk. 632, PiesS
673, Sw. 161, Ho. 321, P 1O16-7, OsS 86 (OHG stccchcn stcchan 'to prick'), Schz. 27O, Kb. 959,
KM 742, Ho. 321 Secondary association with NaIE '(s)tci_g- vt. 'stechen; spitz'.
447. 'codhV 'break (esp. a body part), strike' > HS: S 'sdh > Ar 'sdh v. 'break (the head)'
BK I 12O6 ll D (in SD) 'cIott- v. 'beat\strike (with fingers)' > Tm cottu v. 'strike with knuckles, tap
gently (the udder of a goat for inducing the free flow of milk)', v. 'beat, hit, peck (as a crow)', Ml
cottu a slap on the head', cottuIa v. 'rap with the knuckles, knock with the fingers (esp. on the
head)', Tu sontuni v. 'box with knuckles of the fingers' D #2836 ll AdS of K: GZ 'c`vct-/'c`vit- v.
'cut, chop' (from 'cijv,tV or 'cutV? 'to split' [q.v. ffd.]).
448. 'cVdjV,qV 'cVqjV,dV 'to tear, split' > IE: NaIE 'sI(")cd-/'sIcnd- 'split' ( N 'cijv,tV [or
'cutV?] 'to split' [q.v. ffd.]) ll HS: S 'sdI v. 'tear', ''sidjV,I- 'chink, crack' > Sr sdI (pf. sodaI) G
'tear asunder', SmA sdI G 'be cleft', JA [Trg.], MHb sdI G 'split, tear asunder', JEA {Sl. sdI G
'split', MHb qd3x3 'scdcI 'Spalt, Risse', SmA sdI n. 'cleft', Ar sidq- - sadq- 'coin de la bouche,
lendroit o les deux l`vres se joignent' ( *'slit, chink'), Gz stI G vt., vi. 'cleave, split, tear
asunder', Ak stI abspalten' Br. 46O, JPS 361, Sl. 789, Tal 568, BK I 12O5, Lv. III 48O, L G 537-8,
Sd. 12OO Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'caIt- v. 'tear' > Tng sugd-/suIt- 'make a hole' | SBc: Dw {ChL} zaItiy, Zr K
{Sh. in ChC} zaItt, Plc {ChL} sc_tu, Zl {ChL} ya sati, Buli {ChL} sadu v. 'tear' Stl. ZCh 199 [#5O1], J
T 147, ChL, ChC ll K 'c`qvcd-/'c`qvid-/'c`qvd- v. 'tear, break' > OG cqvcd-/cqvid- {FS} 'tear off
(abreien)', {DCh., Ser., K} 'exterminate', G cqvct-/cqvit-/cqd- 'break, tear; cease, end', Mg
cqvad-/cqvid- id., 'strike', Lz cIvad-/cIvid-/cIid- 'tear out, decide', Sv sqcd-/sqad-/sqd- {FS}
'tear off (abreien), fall', {GP, K, TK} 'fall', Sv L {Dn.} sqad-/sqad- 'throw, be thrown, fall', Ian-sqad
'(er) sprang her', cm-sqad 'y xcn) ynano' K 253, K
2
319, FS K 471, FS E 534, Chik. 413-4, Ser. 119,
NCh. 456, Chx. 2213-4, GP 18O, Dn. s.v. sqad-/sqcd-, TK 466.
449. 'cih'i 'to carry, bring' ( 'to give') > HS: WS (or SES) 'shy > Jb C shy in cs'hct 'carry
sth. under ones arm on a rope over ones shoulder', Mh shvy (pf. shu) 'carry under the arm sth.
supported by a rope over ones shoulder', Sq {L} sc 'give', ??? Ar say?- 'thing' (if *'sth. brought')
Jo. M 378, Jo. J 25, L ESAC 53 B ? 'Hsy v. 'carry' > Sll {Ds.} asii_ (pf. yusii_) 'porter, transporter',
Izd {Mrc.} asi (pf. yusi) 'porter, contenir' Ds. 226, Mrc. 198, 3O8 EC: Arr {Hw.} sih-is- (imv. sih /
2s sit") 'give', pSam {Hn.} ''si: - ''si:ca 'give' > Sml, Jbr si, Rn {Hn.} 'si: - 'sica, {PG} sic- / imv. si,
Bn si:, 'sia , Dsn {Bnd.} siyc, {To., Ss.} si-(s) (1s pret. si), Elm sisc Hw. A 393, Hn. S 73, PG
26O , To. DL 528, Blz. DL s.v. 'give' ll K: GZ 'c`- 'give' > OG, G c- 'give', Mg, Lz c- 'give, feed' K
227, K
2
269, FS K 4O4, FS E 454-5 (both K and FS identify GZ 'c`- 'give' with GZ 'c`- 'beat' [highly
qu., though not ruled out]), Chik. 369-7O ll A: pKo {S} 'ci- 'carry on the back, bear' > MKo ci-, NKo
ci- MLC 1527, Rm. SKE 31, S QK #6O1 ll D 'ci- / 'ciy- ({GS} 's-) v. 'give' ( 'allow') > Tm i- 'give to
inferiors), agree', Knd i- 'give, allow, permit', Tl iccu (i-/iyy-, ivv-) id., Klm si-, Nk si-, Gnd si-" hi- " i-,
Mnd, Ku hi-, Kui siva, Krx cii- id., Mlt ciyc 'give away' D #2596, Zv. 1O5 ^ One is tempted to
adduce here IE: NaIE '(s)tai_- 'deprive so. of sth. secretly, steal', 'tayu-s-, tati-s 'thief' and AnIE 'tay-
'steal', which cannot belong here (: IE '(s)t- does not go back to N 'c-). It is preferable to equate it
with Eg sdy 'take, take away, take out' and T 'sat- 'to sell' ( s.v. N 'sat'ahi 'to take away').
45O. 'cEIV, ? '-rV 'to step, tramp, trample down' > K: GZ 'c`cI- v. 'step, tramp' > G ccI-v-a v.
'dance', Mg caI- v. 'tramp and waddle while walking' FS K 4O7-8 ll HS: SES 'sI > Mh sI G v.
'step' Jo. M 379 ll ? U 'caIc(-rV) 'trampled groundsnow; to trample down (snow)' > FU: pLp
'ccIsr 'snow-field which has been trampled and dug up by reindeer feeding there' > Lp: N {N}
cicgar / -II- id., L {LLO} ti|cIar id., S {Hs.} t|icgcrc id., 'hole in the snow made by reindeer looking for
lichen', Nt {Gn.} cicyar, Kld {Gn.} ciyar 'reindeer pasture' || pObU: Vg: LK sor, UL sir, Ss sar
'stamped groundsnow' ('niedergetretener Schnee'), LK soroy-, P sort-, UL sirt-, Ss sart- v. 'trample
down'; ? Os: V Iyor, Y ayor, K a_or, O sa_or 'snow-drift'; Os Vy {Stn.} cay- 'den Kopf des Nagels
hitfrmig schmieden, curch Schlagen einen "Kopf" machen (z. B., an der Spitze des Ladestockes'
Sm: Ne T scxc 'hard snow', scxcri 'winter road', Ne F sixa 'witer pasture of reindeer', Kms scr
'reindeer pasture' Coll. 7-8, UEW 31, Lr. #147, Gn. 733-4, Hs. 1316, Ht. #82O, Stn. D 246-7 ll A
'c`iIV (or 'c`iga) v. 'tramp, ram (ground)' > NaT 'ig-ru- > OT [MhK] ciyru- v. 'trample down
(ground)'; NaT 'igir - 'agir 'trampled ground\snow' > OT QU [MhK] cayir (read by Cl. as ciyir)
'foot-path, narrow track', Chg XV cigir 'snow which has become hard owing to wind action', Osm
ciyir 'track\path through snow, the track left by an avalanche', Tk ciyra 'goats path', Uz cibir
'trace of sheep', Qzq siyir 'tramped place, sth. tramped', Tv si:r 'stamped snow' Cl. 4O9-11, TL
533, TvR 59O M 'cig:i- v. 'stamp, ram down' > WrM cigi-, HlM unin- v. 'ram down; calk, make
waterproof\airtight by filling tracks', v. 'cork, close an opening'; M 1 Yk cigdi 'stamped hard snow',
cigdian id. (1 Ewk Ald/Ucr ig|an, Lm iaq id.) MED 18O, STM II 389 Tg 'iIi- > Ewk Tmt iIi
'stamped snow' STM l.c. DQA ##262 [A 'c`iIau 'to stamp ram; stamped path'] ^ T '-g- < N
'-I- regularly (cp. N 'haIV 'to stand, stay, be' > T 'ag- v. 'rise' and N 'taIV 'to touch' > T
'tcg- id.).
451. ?? 'cuKE 'thorn, point ( blade), summit' > HS: S 'siII- 'thorn, nail' ( N '?czcIU 'thorn,
hook', q.v. ffd.); WS 'savI- > Ar v0$a savI- 'thorn, prickle, point', Gz soI 'thorn, spine (of
hedgehog), sting' GB 783, KB 1236, Js. 988, 993, L G 529, Sd. 1234 ll U: FU 'cuIIV 'summit, hill;
sharp' ( N 'zugU - 'zuKU 'hill' [q.v. ffd.]) > Lp Kld {SaR} uoii 'sharp' || Os {KT}: Ty a'I
'vorragendes Ende, Spitze', D a'I '(Spitze einer) Landzunge; vorragende Spitze, Ecke', O sa'x - sa'I
'Hammer' UEW 42, Lr. #159, Lgc. #45O, SaR 398-9, KT 897, Stn. D 1495 The FU has two
semantic variants: [1] 'sharp' 'edge, hammer'' (< N 'cuKE), and [2] 'hill' (< N 'zugU - 'zuKU),
while the menaing 'summit' is derivable from both ^ Qu. (both the U and the S cognates are
ambiguous).
452. 'calV 'to pour (out)' > HS: S 'sll > Ar sll (pf. salla) 'verser, rpandre' BK I 1262 ll IE:
[1] NaIE 'sclg- (P, EI 'sclg-) v. 'pour out, let go\flow, discharge', {EI} 'release, send out' (< N 'silKV
'to let out' 'to throw', 'to fall out', q.v. ffd.) ll ? U: FU 'collta- > FP 'colta- (< ''calta- <
'cal-Hta?) v. 'draw out, pour, separate' > F suolta- 'ziehen; allmhlich ausziehen, ausreien und
verschtten', pLp 'colts {Lgc.} 'separate' > Lp: N {N} cuol'da, S {Hs.} t|uoldcdh id., L {LLO} t|uoltc-
'ausscheiden, aus-\absondern' | Prm {UEW} 'co'lt- ({ UEW} 'co'lt-), {LG} 'calt- > Z csvt- v. 'throw,
pour (soup from the kettle to the bowl)', Yz co'lt- v. 'throw', Vt cslt- v. 'throw, cast lots' UEW 613,
LG 31O, 158, Lr. #196, Lgc. #768, Hs. 1345-6 ll D {tr.} 'cIall-, {GS} 'cal- v. 'pour, sprinkle (water)'
( N 'zagulV 'zugalV 'to flow, pour'?) > Tm callu v. 'sprinkle water', Kn callu v. 'scatter, pour out,
shed, spill', {Km.} calc, calcya, calaIa 'sprinkling', Kdg ccll- v. 'throw away (liquid), scatter (grain)',
Tu callu- vi. 'spill, shed', ccllu- v. 'sprinkle, spill', Tl callu v. 'sprinkle, scatter', |allu 'rain, a shower,
spray of rainwater', Nkr sall- v. 'sprinkle', Prj cal- 'rain falls in a shower', Gnd :al- v. 'strain water
from boiled rice', :all- v. 'swill with water', Ku :al- v. 'throw out liquids' D #2384, Km. 351 [#413],
GS 35 [#55].
453. 'co'hlV 'similar; as; alone, one of two' > K: GZ 'c`al- 'similar' > G cal-i id., 'one (of two)',
{Chx.} 'ebenbrtig, gleichkommend; der eine (von zweien)', Sv {FS} sal, Sv UB/L {GP, TK} -sal,
LB/Ln -sal (postp.) 'like' FS K 4O6-7, GP 271, Chx. 1973, TK 812 ll HS: S 'svl > Mh ss'vayl (pl.
ss'vol), Jb E {Jo.} 'sil, Jb C scl 'like, likeness', Mh 'satvsl v. 'look alike, seem alike' Jo. M 388 ll IE:
NaIE 'solo- > L solus 'alone' WH II 557, P 884 ll A: NaT {Cl.} 'ol- - ({Cl.} ps. deverbal
noun/adj.) 'olXI > OT {Cl.} coluq '(a person) with one arm', ET colaq - culaq id., Tk colaI, Kr colaq
'a person with one arm or with a paralyzed arm', Tkm colaq, Az colag, Qzq solaq 'cripple, crippled',
Qq solaq 'a person with one arm or with one leg', Nog solaq 'a person without arms or with one
arm', Qmq, Ggz colaq id., 'a person with a palalyzed arm', Qrg coloq 'a person with one arm\leg,
without arms\legs', Uz uyAnoI culoq 'lame, a person without arms\legs', VTt uynai sulaq, Bsh sulaq 'a
person with a crippled arm'; VTt 1 Chv c+lax id., 'cripple' Cl. 419-2O, Rs. W 115, TkR 735, Jeg.
319, Sht. 234, BN 33-4, Fed. II 4OO ? M: WrM {MED} cilc-n 'as, according to, like', {Kow.} cilc-n Iu
'de mme que, pareillement, ainsi' Qu., because the morphological structure is not clear MED
183, Kow. 2162 ^ The K, IE and S cognates point to a lr. 'h, because this is the only lr. that both
causes Ersatzdehnung in K and IE and may disappear in S.
453a. 'cumV 'to lift, raise' > HS: S 'smm > Ar {Ln., BK} samim- 'high, elevated' (of a saddle)',
{BK} 'haut, lev', {Ln.} smm G 'be high\elevated in the nose', 'he magnified himself' Ln. 1593-4,
BK I 1264-5, Hv. 375 ll D {Em.} 'Ium- v. 'carry on head' > Tm cuma 'bear, support, carry a burden',
Ml cumaIIa 'carry a burden', Kn simbi, simbc 'ring\cloth to be put under a burden (vessel, etc.) upon
the head', Kn H tomata 'carrying on the head', Tu tumbu - sumbu - humbu 'bear, carry on head', Nkr
cumma 'pad on head for carrying', Prj/Gdb Iumt- 'carry on head', Krx Iumna 'take and carry on the
head', Mlt Iumc 'take upon ones head' D #2677, Em. DS 365 ll A: ? M 'comu- > WrM comu-,
HlM n' x' - v. 'pluck, pick (as fruits and flowers)', Ord c`omo- 'arracher, cueillir', Mnr: H {SM}
c`imo- 'cueillir (des fruits, des pois, etc.)', H {T} cimo, M {T} cumu- 'gather, reap (co6npar)' MED
2O2-3, Ms. O 715, SM 45O, T 379 Valid if the primary meaning is 'to pick' ll ? U (+ext. ) 'cunCtssa
> Sm 'c+ncta- 'rise (steigen)' > Ne: T rana-c 'to rise, climb on sth.', T O {Lh.} tana-, F {Lh.}
tann+a-s 'climb' ('klettern, auf etw. steigen'), T {Ter.} ran 'slope upgrade (no(yx); En {Ter.} toda- v.
'rise'; Slq Ch can- 'rise' Jn. 31, Ter. 624.
454. 'ci_mV 'fat' > K 'c`_im- 'fat, grease' > G c_im- n. id., Sv UB {GP} moc_im id. FS K 417, K
232, K
2
276, GP 224 ll HS: S 'sahjV,m- 'fat (of meat)' > Ar sahm- id., shm G (pf. sahuma) 'be fat' (of
animals, humans), Jb C {Jo.} shs'mct 'temple (as far as the eye)' (it is cut in a slaughtered animal to
see how much fat is on the carcass), Ak LB scmu 'fat, grease', f. pl. scmctu id. Ln. 1513-4, BK I
1199, Jo. J 25O, CAD XVII/2 276, 287, MiK I #1.263 B 'siHm 'fat' ( N 'smi 'fat' [q.v.]) > Ah {Fc.}
c-sim, Ttq {Msq.} i-sim 'melted tallow', Kb ta-(s)som-t 'tallow' Fc. 1835, Msq. 141, Dl. 778 ?? C: Bj
{R} smt pcv. 'grease the hair, smear butter on it' ( N 'c'om E 'to smear', q.v. ffd.) ll A: M 'cimugcn
> MM [HI] cimugcn, WrM cimugc(n), HlM u' x' i, Kl unxin cimgon - cimgn, Mnr H c`imug_c, Dg {T}
simug, {Mr.} simchc 'marrow'; M 'cimugc-lc- > WrM cimugclc-, Hlm u' x' in' x v. 'put on weight, become
fat' MED 186, Ms. H 47, SM 451, T 38O, T DgJ 183, KW 44O, KRS 651, Mr. D 216.
455. 'cc?NV 'to recognize, know (connatre)' > K: GZ 'c`an-/'c`n- v. 'know, learn, recognize' ( N
'c'uqV 'to know' [q.v.]) > OG, G can-/cn- id., Mg {Q} cin- v. 'know (so.), recognize', Lz cin- v.
'recognize' K 229, K
2
27O, FS K 4O7, FS E 458-9, Chik. 376-7 ll HS: WS 's?n G 'know (connatre)'
'sny G v. 'see' > Ar s?n 'connatre, s'informer', ( N 'SonV hear') Mh {Jo.} sny (pf. sini, sbjn,
yssnc, ps. s(s)nay), Hrs, Jb, Sq sny v. 'see' BK I 1179-8O, Jo. M 381-2, Jo. J 253, Jo. H 12O-1
B '-sin- / 'vsn 'know (savoir, connatre)' [ N 'c'uqV 'to know' ( 'to have seen'?), q.v.
ffd.] ll A: STg 'cndc- > WrMc ccndc- {Hr.} 'nachprfen, erproben', {Z} v. 'try, examine, taste', Jrc
ccntcmci tuvanila 'to examine' STM II 421, Hr. 143, Z 927-8, Kiy. 142 [#8O4] ? T {ADb.} 'siyn
({AD}: or 'sin?) 'external appearance' ( 'stature, human body'), {AD} 'observation, external
appearance' > OT sin 'external appearance, stature; human body', Tkm Oin 'observation
(na6n(cnnc, o6:op)', Nog sin 'a mans figure, outward appearance', Qzq sin id., 'test, trial,
exploration', Qmq sin 'outward appearance', Qq sin id., 'criticism', ET sin 'a mans stature \ figure \
appearance', VTt s+n, Bsh h+n id., 'image, picture', 'statue over the grave', Qrg sin 'test, trial', StAlt
sin 'stature, trunk of the body', Tv sin 'Menschengestalt (cran, rcnocnocnnc), stature', Xk sin 'stature;
truth', Tk sin 'grave', 'age'; T 'sina- or 'siyna- v. 'watch, observe, test (so.\sth.)' > OT sina- v. 'test',
XwT XIV, MQp XIV, OOsm XIV, Chg XV sina-, Tkm Oina-, Tk sina-, Az, Qmq, Qq, Xk sina-, VTt s+na-, Bsh
h+na-, ET, Uz sina- 'test, try', Qzq sina- 'investigate, explore, try, test', Nog sina- 'watch, notice; test,
try', Qrg sina-, Chv (A VTt?) s+na- 'observe, test' The rec. 'siyn is suggested by the d {ADb.}
'siyn-aI- > Qzq, Qq siyaq 'appearance (of a person), exterior, outward arrearance', Qrg siyaq id.,
'face', n. 'similar (to)', Nog siyaq 'exterior', ET siyaq 'shape, appearance', Uz siyoq 'face, appearance'
Cl. 832, 835, DTS 5O3-4, Rs. W 417, TL 266-7, Pp. VG 115, Jeg. 181-2, TkR 6O4-5, Sht. 181, 183,
Jud. 679-8O, NogR 32O-1, 323, KrkR 6O3, 6O7, KumRS 293-4, TatR 495-6, BIG 2O7-8, Rl. IV 628-9,
BT 136, TvR 397, Jud. 683, Nj. 54O ? NKo songo- (spelled si_on-) 'be interesting' DQA #2O75
[T M 'sonus- 'hear'] ^ If the ADb.s pT rec. 'siyn is right, it suggest a pN rec.'cc?VnV. Contrary to
IS's opinion (IS I 2O1-2), K 'c`an-/c`n- cannot be equated with DEg svn v. 'know', Hs sani, Mrg ssni v.
'know' and the related words of other Ch lgs., because they represent HS 's- (not akin to K 'c`-) and
go back to N 'c'uqV 'to know' (q.v.).
455a. ''cunj?,V 'to sound, utter' > IE: NaIE 'svcn- 'produce sounds' > OI svan- v. 'sound,
roar, be noisy, rattle', Av altis-_
v
ana 'Gegen-Lrm', KhS hvan- 'speak', Phl _van- 'call, read'. NPrs
-"vX _van- _on- id., 'sing' || L sona- 'sound, resound, make a noise', sonus 'a noise, sound' || AS svinn
'music' || ? OIr scnn- v. 'jouer (dun instrument de musique), 'faire de la musique', scnim 'fait de jouer
dun instrument' musique; son' WP II 542-3, P 1O46-7, Mn. 1346, M K III 56O-1, Brtl. 838, Bai.
5O2-3, BM 199, WH II 559-6O, Ho. 338, Vn. S 86 ll A: Tg: Neg un- 'cry' (of a baby) STM II 414 ll
HS: ? Ch ''cun- > Hs suna v. 'urge\incite to fight, direct smb. to a place' Ba. 943, Stl. IF (on Ch
'c- > Hs s-) ? S 'sn? G > Ar sn? G 'avouer qc.', 'acknowledge, give smb. his right' Ln. 16O3,
BK I 1274 ^ IE 's- (if cognate with Tg '- and Hs s-) may go back only to N 'c-. If Ar sn? belongs
here, the N rec. is 'cun?V.
456. ? 'caEncV 'large' ( 'high, broad') > U 'caEnn`cV > Sm {Jn.} 'caanc+, {Hl.} 'canco
'broad' > Ne T d r nc'n id., Ne F L {Lh.} cc_a'n 'breadth', cc_a'nnu' 'broad', Ng {Mik.} tantsgs id.,
trantsou 'breadth', En d {Cs.} tcddc 'broad', Slq Tm {KD} can 'id., Slq Tz {Prk.} tantI 'breadth,
broad', Slq Kat/Tz {Cs.} tand, tan, Slq Nr {Cs.} canc, Slq B/Tz {Cs.} can, canc, Kms {KD}
t`ano - t`ano 'broad', Mt {Hl.} 'tandujh, 'broad' (Mt K {Pl.} dccndu id.) Jn. 32, Erl. 248, KD 68, Cs.
134, Hl. M #985 ll HS: S 'snO > Ar sanoat-, sunouvat- (pl. sanaoi) 'summit of a mountain' (
*'high') BK I 1233 ^ For an alt. et. of the Eg see N 'doNnCE 'large', 'heavy'. The irreg. U 'c- for
the expected 's- can be explained by as in pre-U: 'caENcV > 'caENcV > U 'caENcV.
457. ''cc'V 'heel, foot, part of leg' > HS: S 'sajy,- 'foot, track' > Ak sc-u, Ak OB si-u
- sc-u, Sq {Jo.} sab " saf 'foot' Sq {SSL} sab " s"af " sof " saf 'foot, leg', Jb scf 'trace, track; foot
under the ankle', Mh saf 'trace, track', Hrs scf 'foot, footprint' Sd. 1214, Jo. J 246, Jo. M 373, Jo.
H 119, L LS 424, SSL LSNP 1472, SSL CLS 97, MiK I #1.269 (S 'say-; includes Grg camba " camba
'sole of foot as measure' wihout recognizing them as loans) ? C: Ag 'ca-/'can- > Bln {R}
saf-a, pl. saf 'sandal', 'sanfi 'sole of foot, sandal', Xm {R} caba 'foot, heel, sandal', Km
{CR) sam-ba; 1 Grg En/Gt camba, Grg Ed camba 'sole of foot serving as measure' AD SF 12O-1,
R WB 317, 326, L EDG III 173 ll A: Tg 'ccbc 'heel (?)' > Ewk svs 'prop (of a stick supporting a kettle
suspended over the fire)' STM II 419 ll ?? U: FU 'sscvca ' part of the leg' > Lp N cv'a,
cv'c 'hock of reindeer or other quadruped', 'calcaneus, the heel-bone of reindeer' || pOs
'soyojn,c ({ Hl.} 'sayojn,c) > Os: Ty say"on 'heel', Kz su_os, O so_os 'Hinterseite der
Fuwurzel\des Unterschenkels', Nz su_os 'Rckseite des Unter-\Oberschenkels'; pOs 's- is evidenced
by Os TY and some other dialects (Kr, Likr etc.) recorded by Karjalainen, while s- in Os Kz/Nz/O is
due to as by the final -s Coll. 75, Stn. D 132O-1, KrT 84O If this is a valid cognate, FU
'-ca must be considered a sx.].
458. 'c'ayPV 'vegetation, leaves' ( 'hedge\mat made of leaves') > IE: NaIE 'sai_- 'thicket,
hedge' (originally of plants) > Gk [Aesch.] oio) 'coppice, thicket' (P: < 'sai_-mo-?), Gk oiooio
'wall (of stones, thorns)' || L saccs / -is 'hedge, fence', racsaccs 'crib, manger'; stall' P 878, WH II
462-3, Fr. I 39 ll HS: SC: Alg {E} saba 'bush, thick undergrowth' || Dhl {To.} sabu, {EEN} sa|u 'leaf,
leaves' (snglt. sabunc, sa|unc) || EC: Rn {PG} scb, Arr {Hw.} scb 'leaf'; HEC: Ged {Hd.} safa,
Hd/Qbn {OS ?} saf-ita 'leaf', ? Sd {Gs.} safinco 'branch of the ensete plant' PG 358, Hw. A 392,
Hd. 89, 259, Gs. 298-9, To. D 142, EEN 26, E SC 2O8 (SC 'sab- 'foliage, vegetation') S 'sj?, > Jb
C 'scfc? 'untouched \ uncropped grass' Jo. J 246 Ch ({AD} 's 'leaf, leaves') > WCh {Stl.} 'cai
> Hs safi 'one side of a leaf (of paper), one side of a writing-board \ of a slate' | NrBc {Tk.}
'sa--'si- 'leaf' > {Sk.}: My, Kry sii, Sir sai leaf', Mbr siuzu 'leaf of corn-plant' || CCh: ,
Bnn {ChL} sabana, ZmB {Sa. in ChC} saa, {ChL} sab, ZmD {KNC} sa, Lame {ChL} sa`b, LamP
sab, Mdr {Mk.} saa 'leaf' AD ChCS #44, JS 16O-1, Stl. ZCh 197 [#489] (pZCh 'cai 'leaf'), Abr. H
797, Ba. 921, ChC, ChL, Sk. NB 28, KNC 25 , Tk. NB 179 On the alt. (and less plausible) et. of
Dhl sabu and the Ch see s.v. N 'lc'?aa 'leaf, foliage' OS #54O, #2318 ('sab- 'plant') ll D
'ca (actually 's-) 'leaf, foliage' > Ml cau 'leaf', Tm cual, ]cuppi 'twigs', uval(ai_) 'twigs and spays,
dried leaves'Kt co broth made of plants, plants used in making broth', Kn sau, sou 'green leavs
of plants, foliage', Kdg caala 'leaf', Tu cou, soppu 'leaf, foliage, greens' D #2673 ^ ( Blz.)
IE 'so- 'cane' (Mn. 1247) and S 'sbb 'grow, grow up' [actually 'ascend, climb'] (> Ar sbb 'grow,
grow up', subb- 'jeunesse'), Mh sbb 'climb, grow up') ^ Blz. LB #98c & Blz. DA 16O [#85]
(suggested to add D).
459. 'cijV,E 'to be\make sate (with food)' > HS: pS 'sb 'have eaten ones fill, be sated' (<
''s by as) > BHb ob sb G id., 'have\get enough of', adj. o@b41 sa'bc
a
'satt'), ob27 'soba
'satiation', Ug sb G , OA sb (= sb), IA obs sb (traditional spelling for sb) (DR KAI ##222-3),
SmA sb G 'be sated', JA ob - obx sb, Sr sb, Ar b$ sb (pf. sabia) id., JA ob - obx sb 'be
satiated\ satisfied', Sb Sh

obe hsb v. 'give in abundance', Sb, Hdr {MA}, Qt {Rk.} mob
sb-m 'abundantly, to satiety', Mn {MA} Tob sbt 'satisfaction', Mh pf. siba, sbjn. yss'bc(?), Hrs pf.
soba, sbjn. yss'bs?, Jb C pf. sc, sbjn. yss'ba, Sq pf. 'scba v. 'be satisfied', Ak: A (inf.) sabau, B
scbu(m) v. 'be satisfied (satt sein)' KB 1214-6, KBR 13O2-4, DR KAI ##222-3, A #2579, OLS 428,
Js. 1516, Sl. 1188, Tal 561-2, BK I 1184-5, BGMR 131, MA 85, Rk. 164, Sd. 12O7, MiK I #2.65 ECh:
Ch: Ke {Eb.} scc 'sttigen' Eb. 91 ll IE 'sch- id. [{EI} 'sch-, 'sch(i)- 'be satisfied, be filled,
thrive; be sated, prosper'] > Ht {Pv., Ts.} isai_- / isiya- 'eat to satiety, be filled, get full' (isai_ <
stative pf. 'sohyc-, 3p isiyanzi < 'sh'y-onti) NaIE 's(")ci_-/'si- and 's"c-/'s"o- 'be filled \
sated, prosper' [ N 'P'uHQyV 'to get ready (food), boil, ripen', q.v. ffd.] > OI sha-: prs. shayatc
'grows fat, increases (wird feist, nimmt zu)', Oss D afsadun, Oss I afsadsn v. 'eat to satiety', KhS sata-
'sated (gesttig, satt)', sai- v. 'be rich, abundant, satisfied' Ts. W 3O, Fr. HW 429, Pv. I-II 429-3,
Pv. EA 91-2, WP II 68O, P 983, EI 458, 5OO, M K III 541-2, M E II 776-7, Ab. I 479-8O, Bai. 437, Ho.
312, Vs. III 734, StSS 62O, Frn. 866, WH II 375-6, 573-4 ll A: NaT 'ib- > OT {DTS, not in Cl.}
civag 'nutritiousness, satiety', {Cl., DTS} civgin n.\adj. 'fattening (food)', civginlcn- v. 'be nourishing
for the body' Cl. 396-7, DTS 147 ?? Tg 'sabju,li- 'treat (a guest with food)' > Neg savlt-, Orc
savli- - sauli-, Ud sauli-, Ul satlt/t-, Nn saolt- id. STM II 52) ^ If the Tg stem is adduced and the T one
is not, the N rec. must be 's'aa. Cf. also Sv ub- 'fill ones mouth with food' (- < K '`- < [??] N
-?). Otherwise Sv ub- belongs to N 'uovV 'to eat, taste'.
46O. 'ca'URV 'calf of the leg, shank' > IE 'scH"r-VH > NaIE {P} 'soju_,ra 'calf of the leg' > Gk
Hm oeoi '(those) without calves: oeoi tooc) 'legs without calves', Gk I e 'part of a sacrifice
animal', 'calf of the leg' || L sura 'calf of the leg' P 98O, WH II 632, F I 2O5 ll HS: mt SES 'sr >
Mh {Jo.} ss'rayn 'leg', {Jahn} srayn 'shank' ('Unterschenkel'), Sq {Jo.} 'ssrshan 'legs' Jo. M 382,
Jahn 242, Nak. 9 [#8O] (Mh srayn 'leg, foot') ll U: FU 'cayVrV 'shin, forearm' > F saari 'shank, shin,
leg, calf of the leg', Es saar 'shank, shin, the leg below the knee' | pMr {Ker.} 'sayoro > Er
ilgc-sc|crIs, Mk ilgo-sa|ar 'the lower part of the leg' (ilgc, ilgo means 'leg'), Er Icd-sc|crIs, Mk
Iad-sa|arIs 'forearm' (Icd, Iad means 'arm') | Prm 'cao'o'r > Z IoI-csr 'shank' (IoI- means 'leg')
( FU 'sarV 'stalk' > Z I csr 'stalk of plants'). LG reconstructs here 'car, but in the absence of Vt and
Yz data no unequivocal rec. of the pPrm vw. is justified UEW 612, LG 311, Raun EKET 167, Ker. II
134.
461. 'curi 'vulva' > K 'c`ur- id. > Mg, Lz curi id., possibly also G cur-i 'udder', cur-i-tavi 'nipple'
( N 'carV 'female breast, udder') FS K 415 ll HS: S 'sr > Ar ?asar, pl. sur- 'pubis (surtout
de la femme), bord du vagin' ( S 'sr 'hair' < N 'sayUrV 'hair') BK I 1237-9 B: Ah tososscrut
'vagina of a female animal' Fc. 165O ll D 'cIur_- - 'cIutt- (< ''cIur_-t-) 'anus, private parts' > Tm
curu 'anus', cuttu id., 'private parts', Ml cuttu 'testicles, penis', Kui suti 'female urinal passage' D
#2724.
462. 'cUr'i (or 'cUry?V?) 'to twist, twine' > K 'c`ar- id. > Sv li-ncr-c id. ('drehen, winden,
zwirnen'), G (da-)car- v. 'unbraid, untwine (a rope)' FS K 4O7, Fn. KW-3 51, Chx. 1976, 2O48 ll HS:
SS 'sry > Gz sry G (pf. saraya) v. 'weave, spin', Tgy sry (pf. svrrvyv) v. 'weave' L G 536 ll U: FU
'corjV,IV > ObU 'caroI 'fest gedreht, fest gebunden (vom Schnur)' > pVg 'carIa - 'cIrIa 'fest
gebunden (vom Schnur)' > Vg: T carIa, LK sirxo, MK/UK sorIo, P sirIa id.; pOs 'caroI 'fest gedreht'
> Os: Ty 'aroq, Nz soro_ id. Ht. 131 [#85] ll D: [1] 'cIur`-, {GS} 'cur`- v. 'whirl, spin, move round'
> Tm cural v. 'whirl, spin, rotate', Ml curali 'whirling', cural 'revolving', cura 'round about', Kt culy
'whirlpool in river', Kn toral v. 'move round, turn round', Tu suliini, suliuni 'to whirl, go round', ? Tl
sudi a whirl, circle', sudiyu v. 'turn round', Kui dur`i 'rolling' D #2698 (a), Km. 5O1 (proposes a
different et. for Tl sudiyu), GS 172 [#431], 53 [#134] and/or ? [2] ? 'Iur- (= {Pf.} 'Iur-/'cur-) v.
'wind spirally, roll, rotate' > Tm curi v. 'be spiral as conch, whirl round', Ml curuluIa v. 'be rolled up',
curuttuIa v. 'roll up', Td tul- v. 'be rolled up', Kt curn`- v. 'lie in coils (snake, rope)', Kn surutu,
suruntu vi. 'coil, roll up', Kdg turId- v. 'be rolled up', turIt- vt. 'roll up', Tu surali, suruli 'coil, roll of
sth.', Prj cird- v. 'turn', Gdb sirl- v. 'revolve, rotate', Gnd surund-v. 'roll', Krx Iur- v. 'tie a sari round
ones waist', Mlt Iur`gc v. 'roll up', Brh Iuruq id. D #2684, Pf. 66-7, Em. DS 365 By D 'I (= {GS}
'I|) we denote a phoneme yielding c in SD, CD, but in Krx, Mlt and Brh (for discussion Em. DS
363-9, GS 2O3-7) ^ If the D cognate is 'cIur`-, the N rec. is 'cUr'i, but if is 'Iur- (a less plausible
alt.), we have to rec. N 'cUry?'i, because D '-r- represents 'r-clusters, and the only cnss. compatible
with the S ev. are 'y, 'h and '?.
463. ? 'catV 'to separate, scatter' > HS: S 'stt > Ar stt G v. 'separate, disperse' BK I 1189
ll IE {EI} '(s)Icd- 'scatter' > NaIE '(s)I(")cd- v. 'scatter, disperse' > Gk okcoovvui 'I scatter, disperse' ||
AS {Skeat} scatcrian 'to scatter, squander', {Ho.} to-sccaccrian [{Ho.} to read: -tcrian] 'zerstreuen' > ME
scatcrcn 'to scatter' > NE scattcr; possible lexical interaction with the source of ME schcttcrcn and NE
shattcr || Tc: A Iat-, Iat- 'rpandre, jeter, dissminer', B {Wn.} Iat-, Iat-, sat- id., {Ad.} Iat- 'strew (to
some purpose), sow' P 918-9 (does not distiguish this from NaIE 'sI(")cd-/'sIcnd- < N
'cVdjV,qV or 'cVqjV,dV 'to tear, split' [q.v.]), EI 5OO, F II 721, Wn. 211, Ad. 157, Ad. H 18, 4, Skeat
539, 554, Ho. 274, AHD 116O.
464. 'cijv,tV (or 'cutV?) 'to split' > K: GZ 'c`vct-/'c`vit- v. 'cut, chop' ( 'codhV 'break (esp. a
body part), strike') > OG cina-da-cuct-/-cvit- v. 'circumcise'-, da-cvct id. (Ges. 17.24, Lev. 12.3), Lz cit-
v. 'cut, chop' (e.g. disIa -cit-u 'I chop wood') FS K 41O, Ser. 211, DCh. 1682, K
2
271-2 (OG
cvct-/cvit- 'citcumcise' 'wear out') ll HS: WS (+ext.) 'str G 'split, tear' > BHb str N nistar 'burst
open (of ulcers, boils)', Ar str G 'cut, split', IA str 'einbrechen', Gz str G 'rend, tear to pieces'
GB 795, KBR 1363-4, BK I 12O6, L G 537 ll IE: NaIE '(s)Icd- - 'sIci_d- [/ with a nasal infix: '(s)Icnd-]
'split' ( N 'cVdjV,qV or 'cVqjV,dV 'to tear, split' [q.v.]): [1] '(s)Icd- / '(s)Icnd- > OI [Dhap.] sIhadatc
'splits' (< 'sI"nd-?) [M: "fraglich"], Av scandayciti 'breaks to pieces, destroys', sIand- 'break', NPrs -
ka$i scIan- vt., vi. 'break' (inf. scIastan) , KhS hatcan- 'break' [< 'fra-scanday-) || Arm ert scrt
'splinter of wood, chip' (< 'sI"cdri) || pAl {O} 'ccnya > Al {Hamp} can|, ca|, {O} ca| (aor. cava) 'split,
cleave, smash' || Lt sIcdcrva, sIcdcrla 'splinter', Ltv sIcdcrns 'abgespaltenes Stck' | Sl 'sIod+ >
OCS tka+sIod+ (renders Gk cvoc)) 'too small quantity, scantity', adv. ue(-)tka o-sIodu 'little
(wenig)', tkae 'little (wenig), scanty, scantily', R 'ciy(-n-in, Blg o'ci(cn, SCr osIudan 'scanty, poor'
[2] 'sIci_d- v. 'split' > OI chid- (3s prs. chi'natti, chindati, caus. chcdayati) 'cut off\through, hew, chop,
split', Av sacd- v. 'split', Blc sindag id. || Arm tem c"tcm 'rub the skin off, scratch, bruise' || Gk
o_ie 'split, cleave' || L scindo / scidi / scissum v. 'cut, rend, tear asunder, split' || MBr {Ern.} squcgaff 'to
cut', sIigca, sIi|a 'dcouper, dchiqueter', Br sIc|an 'couper, tailler, inciser' || Gt sIaidan, OSx sIcthan,
AS sccadan, OHG sccidan, NHG, Dt schcidcn 'to separate' || Lt sIicd- (inf. sIicsti, 1s prs. sIicdziu)
'separate (a fiber from a flax stalk \ from a thread)', ? Lt Iisti (1s prs. Iindu, p. Iidau) 'get worn out'
P 918-9 (does not distinguish IE '(s)Icd- 'split' from the paronymous '(s)I(")cd- 'to scatter', N
'catV 'to separate, scatter'), P 919-21, Hamp AIEW 148, O 49, M K II 5O6-7, M E II 561, Horn 175,
BM 314, Bai. 449, F II 838-4O, Slt. 269, Ern. 645, Hm. 727, Frn. 233, 259, 799, 8O5-6, StSS 483, 6O8,
Vs. III 661, Wn. E-5 464-5, Fs. 427, KM 64O-1, Kb. 872, Ho. 272, Ho. S 66, AHD 1191, Skeat 554 ll D
'citV ({GS} 'cc-) v. 'harm, crush' > Tm citai_ 'be injured, spoiled, be broken', Tl cituIu, ciduIu, cidiyu
'be crushed\broken\smashed', Knd sidli- 'be crushed (as an overripe fruit)', Mlt cithgc v. 'squeeze out
the seed or stone from a fruit' D #2526, Km. 354-5 ^ D '-t- (prob. from postcons. N '-t-, unlike D
'-t- < intervoc. N '-t-) and GZ 'v suggest the present of 'v in the N etymon ^ An alt. conjecture: two
N roots: [1] 'ccotV 'split' > GZ 'c`vct-/'c`vit-, NaIE 'sIj",cd-/'sIj",cnd-, D (in SD) 'cott- v. 'beat\strike
(with fingers)' [> Tm cottu v. 'strike with knuckles, tap gently (the udder of a goat for inducing the
free flow of milk)', v. 'beat, hit, peck (as a crow)', Ml cottu a slap on the head', cottuIa v. 'rap with
the knuckles, knock with the fingers (esp. on the head)', Tu sontuni v. 'box with knuckles of the
fingers' D #2836] and possibly
amb
WS 'str (if the latter belongs here, the N etymon has an
initial 'c-), and [2] 'ccccitV (or 'cithV?) 'split, crush' > NaIE 'sIci_d-, D 'citV- v. 'harm, crush'
and possibly S 'sdh; D '-t- (rather than '-t-, the reg. reflex of the N intervoc. '-t-) may go back to a
cns. cluster, but the voiced S 'd nas no explanation.
465. 'cao'tV 'to deviate from the right path, incline, be lame\crooked' > K 'c`cct- > G cct-
'unbesonnen handeln', cct-i 'unbesonnen, leichtfertig' Chx. 1991-2, DCh. 1591 ll HS: WS 'sty
'deviate from the right path' > BHb styv [pf. ey11 sa'ta, ip. ey36T5 ti-s'tc, y66i$ 'ycst(o)] id.,
MHb sty (pf. ey1x1 sa'ta), JA pf. iy4x6 so'tc - ey1x5 so'ta, JEA sty G 'deviate', SmA sty G 'turn
aside\away', Sr stv (pf. to so'ta) 'deflexit, aberravit', Md st? G 'turn aside, deflect, lead
astray', Gz d t-sty (pf. tasatya) 'deviate from the right path, be bent, lean to one side', sotyat
'misleading', Ar stt (pf. 6W$a satta) 'be(come) far off' ( *'go beyond the due distance'), 'go
beyond the due bounds in offering a th. for sale & demanding a price for it' KB 1227, GB 782, Js.
972, Sl. 798, Br. 467, Tal 58O-1, DM 323, Ln. 1548, L G 578 ll U: FV 'cattV 'limp, be lame' > Prm
'cot- (= {LG} 'cot-) id. > Z uor- cot-, Vt uyr- cut- id. | Chr E {MRS} ua'ran, Chr Uf {} uaran 'a lame
person, cripple' (belongs here if u = c) UEW 611 ('catV, although Chr -t- and Prm '-t- point to
'-tt-), MRS 241, 668, LG 31O ll D: [1] D (in SD) 'cIott- ({GS} 'c-?) 'lame' > Tm cotti 'lameness,
crippledom; lame person', Ml cotti-Iai_ 'withered hand', Kt cot 'deep depression on the arm where
rope\chain has been tied', cot gay 'one arm smaller than the other (i.e. is withered)', Kn cottu, sottu
'crooked(ness)', cotta, sotta 'a male with crooked\crippled limbs', cotti, sotti 'a woman with crippled
limbs'; [2] (less certain) D 'cott- ({GS} 'c-?) 'crooked, lame' > Tm cottai_ 'crookedness, bend as in
the sheath of a sword', Ml cattu 'lameness', catta 'person with bent feet, lame', Kn cotta, cotti,
cottu, sotta, sottu 'crooked(ness)', Tu cottu, cotta, sotta 'handless, maimed in the hand', Krg
con`tc 'lame person', Tl cotta, sotta 'lame(ness), crooked(ness)', Gdb m. sotatond / f.\ntr. sotitc,
Png cota, Ku soti " sotta, soto " sota 'lame', Brh cot 'crooked' D #2838 In D 'cott- the
unexpected cns. '-tt- is probably due to a prehistoric sx. or to contamination with a different word.
465a. ''cuvj?,V (or ''covj?,V?) 'meat' > HS: Ch: WCh: NrBc: Kry {Sk.} sivi, My {Sk.}
siviya, P suvi, Sir suyi, {IL} 'suvi, Wrj {Sk.} su`na`, {IL} suna, Cg {Sk.} sun 'meat, animal'
| SBc: Kir {Sh.} so, Tala {Sh.} su, Jm {Grgs.} so, Buli }Sl.} su, Tule {Sh.} savo, Wng {Sh.} sau, Zar
{Sh.} su, Bg {Sh.} sav 'meat' | Ngz {Sch.} suvai_ (pl. suvavin) 'meat, animal' || CCh: Tr {Nw.} zu,
Hona {Mk.} sua | HgNk/FlK {ChL} sti | Lmn {Mk.} sui | Mdr {ChL} xtva, {Mk.} hyuva, Glv {Rp.} suv,
{ChL} stva, Gdf {IL} suvn, Dgh {IL} suvc, Ngs {IL} ssbo | Mtk {Sb.} zuvcd 'meat', MfG {Ba.}
asav, sav 'viande; chair animal (viande ou poisson)', pMM {Ro.} 'sav > Mkt {Ro.} ssb, Myn {Ro.}
aso, Vm/Zlg {Ro.} suvc/a 'meat', Mada {BaB} osso 'meat, flesh' | Gdr {Mch.} sva 'meat' | Ktk {Bou.}
su, {Mch.} su, sva id. JI II 232-3, JS II 177 (pCh 'sVv- 'meat'), Nw. ChCR 29 [#83] (pCh 'hlov- =
'siv- 'meat, anumal'; does not distinguish this root from WCh {Stl.} 'luvV 'animal, meat'), Stl. ZCh
2OO [#515] (WCh. 'cav'ay 'meat'), Sk. NB 31, Sch. DN 163, Ro. 253 [#278], 29O [#459], Ba. MG II
78, BaB 163 C: Bj {R} sa?, {Rop.} sa 'meat' || EC 'so?- 'meat' > Or fo-ni, Kns {Bl.} sov-a, Gdl {Ss.}
so?-a " soh-a, Msl soh-a, Gato, Bss so?-a, Bs so, Dsn {To.} so, Elm sov?, Arr {Hw.} so? 'meat' R WBd
2O8, Rop. 235, Bl. 2O5, Ss. PEC 5O, 52, To. DL 526, Hw. A 394 possibly (not certainly) S 'say-
'sheep' > BHb e3 sc (+ppa.: &i4 sc'y-o - uei$6 so'y-chu 'his sheep'), Ph, Ug s, OA s?t, Ar sa?-
(coll.), sglt. sa?t- - sahat-, Sb sh, Ak fOB sum, suu, Ak mA subu 'sheep' KB 1221-2, HJ 1O94-5, A
#2561, OLS 424, Ln. 1623-4, BGMR 132, Sd. 1255, CAD /3 417 ll IE: Ht {Ts.} zuva 'food, bread' Ts.
W 111 ll D 'c'uv- 'flesh, meat' > Brh su, Gnd savi " savvi " savvi " savi, ? Tm tu, tuvu, tu(v)vai_ id.,
? Ml tuva 'raw flesh' D #3373 ll cf. also E: MEl, NEl suhi (unknown meaning, but possibly
connected with 'sheep': it is used after the word for 'sheep': 26 hi-du-mc su-hi '26 sheep su-hi') HK
1176 ^ MfG {Ba.} asav 'viande; chair animal (viande ou poisson)', Myn {Ro.} aso 'meat', Mada
{BaB} osso 'meat, flesh' may be alternatively equated with NOm 'ac- 'meat' (> Bnc {Wnd.} ac, Jnj
{Wnd.} asa, Wl {LmS} asuva, etc.'meat' (see LmS 298-9), with Awn {LmS} sss 'meat, flesh' and
with T 'acIu 'goat' (Cl. 24) ^ The N lr. '? is suggested by Ngs and Mkt -b- (< '-v?-) and by EC '-?-.
Alternatively, a N lr. '-h- may underly Sb h, Ar, Gdl and Msl -h-. Ht z- [c-] suggests that the N intial
cns. was an affricate ('c- rather than 's-) ^ Blz. DA 152 [#2] (D, HS, E) .
466. 'c'a?ivE (or 's'a?ivE?) 'body of water', (??) 'wet\swampy ground' > HS: Eg s 'pool, lake,
basin' (acc. to EG and Tk., the spelling of theword represents sy; acc. to Vc., it is 'syv) > DEg {Er.}
sy 'lake, well' > Cpt Sd/B utsci (pl. Sd uscv) 'puits, citerne, fosse, bassin' EG IV 397-8, F
26O, Er. 485, Vc. 258-9 C: Dhl {EEN, E} caa 'lake', {To.} caa 'river, lake' ( N 's'ayyU 'surface
of water', that accounts for --?) || SC: Irq/Alg {E} cavi, Brn cava 'lake' E SC 214, EEN 18, To. D
149 ? S 'sa?jV,v- > Ar sa?v- 'vase, limon quon extrat dun puits' BK I 118O Tk. PAA 9 (C,
Eg) ll IE: NaIE (att. in Gmc) 's'oi_v- 'body of water (lake?)' > pGmc 'sai_va- - 'sai_vi 'lake' > Gt saivs
'lake, swamp', ON s|a-r, s|o-r, s-r, OSx sco, OHG sco (gen. scvcs) 'sea, lake' (> NHG Scc id.), MDt scc
(gen. scvcs) id. (> Dt zcc 'sea'), AS s id. , 'swamp' (> NE sca); NrGmc 1 F saivo 'clear place in a sea'
Fs. 4O6-7, Vr. N 856-7, Vr. 575-6, Ho. 266, Ho. S 63, OsS 757, Schz. 249, Kb. 843-4, KM 676, EI
503 (the Gms word A non-IE sources) ll D 'cIav- > Kn |avugu, |ogu, |avalu, |avulu 'swampy ground'
D #2398 ll ? A 'sic id, 'swamp' > M 'sibcr 'swampy' (of ground), 'swampy ground' > MM sibcr, Kl
{KRS} mnnp 'swampy' (of ground)', Kl {Rm.} sivr 'nasses Land mit Gebsch und Wald, Waldung,
Urwald', WrM sibcr, HlM mnnyp 'dense shrubbery on a marsh, overgrowth on a river bank; dense
forest, thicket', Ord {Ms.} sivcr 'terrain humide et o il ya du gazon touffu' MED 695, KRS 669,
KW 362, Ms. O 625 pJ {S} sima / sima 'turf' > OJ siba, J: T siba - siba, K siba, Kg siba S QJ
#276, Mr. 522 DQA explains the unexpected '-m- by the infl. of pJ 'sima - 'sima 'firewood'
?? Tg 'sibc-gi 'swampy ground where horse-tail grows', 'sibc(-Itc) 'horse-tail' > Ewk sivsy - sivsyi
'swampy lawn where horse-tail grows', Lm hivsy 'horse-tail thicket', Ewk sivs-Its, Lm hivrt, Neg
sivu-Its, Ul, Nn siu-Its, WrMc sibiya ~ sibc 'horse-tail' STM II 7, Z 599 ?? T 'scb- > Tkm
Oov-dcI 'spurge, euphorbia' TkmR 587 St AJ 79, DQA #2O99 (A 'sic 'swamp ground, swamp
vegetation') The A can belong here if A 'i may go back to N 'ay ^ A '-- may go back to ''-?b-
< N '-?v-. A 'sic (if it belongs here) suggests N 's-, while the C cognates seem to point to a N
affricate 'c-, but SC/Dhl c may also result from glottalization of 's (as to '?) that involves
affricatization ^ Hardly identical with N 's'ayyU 'surface of water' [q.v.], because Eg s and IE
'soi_v- cannot be cognate with S 'ssy and with K 'zyva (irreg. corrs. of the initial sibilant and no
lr. in Eg and IE).
467. 'cV_V 'to burn' (tr.) > K 'c`_- v. 'burn, make hot', 'scorch' (of the sun) > Sv s_-, si_- vt.,
vi. 'burn', UB/LB msd. {TK, GP} li-s_-i vt. 'burn', OG, G c_- v. 'make hot, scorch' (Marc 4.6), 'be hot'
(of hot weather, sun)', Mg d c_ana- 'heat, hot weather', Lz c_- v. 'be hot' (of weather), 'roast', Sv s_-,
si_- 'burn' K 231, K
2
274-5, FS K 415-6, TK 467, GP 18O ll HS: C {E} 'sahjav,- vt. 'burn' > Bj -luv
pcv. 'burn, burn up, light' (1s: p. a'luv, pqpf. 'iluv, prs. an'liu; prtc. 'luva), {Rop.} -liv vt. 'burn', rf. -lau
'be burnt, burn' (intr.) ( N 'LahPV 'flame; to glow'?) || Ag {E} 'lax- 'fire' > Aw lcg id. || Dhl {To.} sah- v.
'put on fire', {EEN} sah- burn up' || C 1 Mb -saha?ia vt. 'burn', -saha vi. 'burn' E PC #567, R WBd
16O, Rop. 213, E SC 21O (reconstructs SC 'sah- vt. 'burn' on the basis of Dhl and Ma'a), EEN 26, To.
D 142.
468. 'cVyj,V 'girl, (younger) sister' > K 'c`ca > G Gr ca (voc. ca-v!), cica 'girl' The form cica is
on the analogy of G cicav- 'liebevoll ansehen' or due to ideophonic associations (Ll ?) Chx. 1972,
2O11ll IE: NaIE 'sci_jH,- 'sister' > BSl 'scy- > Lt (?) {Otk.) sc|a ~ sc'|a id. | SCr sc|a id. end Otk. DME
195, Tls. 539 ll U: FU 'cVyV 'sister' > Prm 'coy > Z uon coy id., Z I co|Io id. (end; -Io is an
endearment sx.) | ?? F siIIo, Krl ciIIo, Vp ciIa 'sister' end; BF '-IIo is an diminutive sx. The
adduction of BF is valid unless these BF words are not a a hyporistic contraction from sisar-Io, a
diminutive from 'sisar 'sister' (a BF loan from Baltic) LG 3O8-9, Wc. FUAA 254 ll ? HS: S 'syv >
Ar Oa'4a sa-at- (< 'saya-at-?) 'woman, wife' (unless derived from the verb sy 'accompany').
469. ? 'cAV 'perish' > HS: S '(-)su- > Ar '-ou- G 'perish' BK II 47 ll D 'Ia- ({GS} 's-)
'die (sterben)' > Tm ca-, Ml caIa- / p. catt- id., Kt Iar` cav 'person who dies somewhere so that his
body is not found (Iar` 'jungle'), Tf soy-, Kn say, Kdg cal (p. catt-), Tu sai_i-, Tl caccu / ca- / cav-,
Png, Mnd, Ku ha-, Prj cay-, Gnd say- " cay- " sa-, Knd sa-, Kui sava (p. sat-), Krx xc?c-na / Iccas, Mlt
Icyc / Icc-, Brh Iahiq 'die' D #2426, Em. *C 366.
47O. 'c'a?bV '() fish' > HS: S 's?b > Ar `0%i oi?b- {Fr., BK} 'animal living in water, animal
marinum', {Bel.} 'fish' Fr. III 1, BK II 1, Bel. 428 ? NrOm: Ym {Wdk.} co`a` 'fish' Blz. OM #173,
Wdk. BJ 12O ? Eg G bh '(ein Gewsser mit dem Netz) durchfischen', bh.v '() Fischer', ?? Eg Md
db '() fish' EG V 568, 633 Blz. OM #173 reconstructs HS 'cabu?/ 'water creature' > NrOm,
SC (Brn cambc?u, Alg ccmbcu 'frog'), WCh (Hs cu`mbc ' frog') and S; but some of these words can
be better explained as belonging to HS {OS} 'camb- 'lizard, frog' (cf. OS #581) ll A: T 'aaI (>
'abaq - 'aaq) '() small sweetwater fish' (= 'Cyprinidae'?) > OT [MhK] cabaq '() small sweetwater
fish', Chg [San.] cabaI ' small fish', Tk caaI, Az caag, Qq sabaq, CrTt caaq 'bream (Abramis
brama)', Tkm caaq, Nog sabaq 'Caspian roach', Uz covoq 'roach', Qmq, Kr cabaq 'fish', Qzq
sabaq baliq {Sht.} 'bream, small fry', {MM} 'small fish (pi6cmin)', VTt ua6ai sabaq, Bsh sabaq 'roach
(nnorna, copoia)', Qrg cabaq '(all kinds of) small fish', QK {B} cabaq 'small fish, all kinds of
Cyprinidae fish', Alt/Tel {Rl.} cabaq '() small fish', StAlt cabaq 'uc6ai ( small fish)', Tv savaya
'small fish', Chv sub_a_ " sob_a_ 'bream' TL 177, Cl. 395, Dr. TM III #1O61, DTS 135, KumRS 351,
Sht. 227, MM 385, KRPS 619, Jud. 831, B DLT 219, Rl. III 1928, BT 174, Jeg. 219 ll D 'co- '() fish
or sim.' > Krx {Hahn} coo 'young frogs', coo in|o 'prawn fish' (in|o 'fish'), Mlt {Drs.} coc-minu
'cuttlefish' (minu means 'fish'), ?? D (in McTm) 'cam- > Tm camai_ 'fish', Ml cama 'a fish, boat-load
of fishes' D ##2348, 2847, Hahn KD 33, 69 ^ The vl. '-- in pT and the glottalized in Ym are
due to the infl. of '?, i.e. '-?b- > T '- (> --/-b-), Ym .
471. 'cabV?V 'war', 'warriors, host' > HS: S 'sb? v. 'make war, fight' > BHb cb? G, Sb sb?,
Gz sb? G - sb? G (late spelling) id., Ak sb? G (inf. sabu) 'zu Felde ziehen'; the nom. act. ('war' >
'host') is represented in BHb ca'ba ab1c1 'military men, troops', Ug {A} sb? 'troops, army' (not in
OLS!), Sb sb? 'military operation, battle', Gz sab? 'war', Ak sabu 'people, soldiers, army'; Cn 1 Eg N
a-bi-?i, a-bi-?u (= 'cabiu) troops, army' KBR 994-7, KB 933-5, A #2299, L G 544-5, BGMR 4O, EG
V 562, Hoch #573 ll A: Tg 'cabju,Ia 'army, war' > Neg cavxa - catxa, Nn caoxa, Ul catxa id., Sln co'a,
Orc catxa, Ud {Krm.} cava 'army', WrMc coo_a 'army, soldier', Jrc {Kiy.} cau_a cchci 'military
commission' (Gru.: err. interpetation as 'military official' based on an error in copying the Chn
translation) STM II 4O2, Krm. 3O9, Kiy. 112 [#278], Gru. SSJ #278, Md. ChF 138 T 'abulj, > OT
cabus 'military commander', Tk cavus 'sergeant, guard'; T 1 Prs v'* covus 'Feldgendarm,
Hofwchter' Cl. 3O9, Dr. TM II #1O55, Rs. W 1O1 (T A Prs) M 'cayur > WrM {Vld.} coura
'alarm\turmoil of war', HlM {Vld.} cura 'war, troubles [civil war], army', Brt su'r 'revolt, war, army'
Vld. 2O9 pJ {S} 'tua- > OJ tua-mono 'army, weaponry', J: T cuvamono, K/Kg cuvamono 'soldier'
S QJ #111O, Mr. 558 DQA ##257 [A 'c`abu 'army, war'].
472. 'cbV 'shoulder' > HS: S ''sabj V,- > Ar b0%a oab- 'arm, upper part of the arm',
aba6a%0 ?iotabaa v. 'wrap oneself in a cloak in covering the left shoulder and leaving the right
uncovered' Hv. 413 ll U: FU 'sca 'neck, nape of the neck' > F sca, F sci, scvi 'hochgebogener
Vorderteil des Schlittens', Est scba id., 'Heunetz, welches das Heufuder umschlie', F scalus 'collar' |
pLp {Lr.} 'cccttc - 'ccottc 'neck' > Lp: N {N} cbct / cvc 'neck (whole of) or throat
(outside); collar on clothing', L {LLO} t|icct, S {Hs.} t|cabuoh, Kld ca,:ot 'neck' | pMr {Ker.} 'sivo >
Er cnnc sivc, Mk cnnc siva 'collar on a shirt' | Chr L myn, E {Ps.} suy, M/B suy 'neck', Chr H {Ep.}
my 'collar' | pPrm 'sI- in Z cnio'rmsi-Isc 'beads' (lit. 'neck-circle') and in pPrm 'siycs (< 'sIycs)
'horses collar' > Z cnno'c siyss, Yz si'yns, Vt cncc siycs id.; pPrm 'su'-l- 'neck' ('-l- is a sx.) > Z cin
sIli, Z LVc sili, Yz sn'li id., Z sIv- in sIvys sssdcInI 'to throw oneself on so.s neck', Vt
cnnco'p sil-ssr 'nape' (lit. 'hind part of the neck') || ObU 'si(V) 'neck' > pVg 'si > Vg (partially
in cds ): LK si, MK/UK/UL/Ss si, P si - sI 'collar'; pVg 'si-luv 'neck' ('luv means 'bone') > LK
silov, P sIluv - suluv, Ss siluv 'neck'; pOs 'saol 'neck' > Os: V/Vy savol, Ty/Y sa'o, D/K sa'ot,
Nz saot, Kz sao, O sa'ol UEW 473-4, Sm. 548 (FU, FP 'sca, Ugr 'sca 'neck'), It. #334, Ht. #6OO
(and #352), LG 255, 271, Lr. #13O, Hs. 131O, MRS 74, Ep. 157, Ps. OT 132, SZ 357, Lt. J 181, 183,
Ker. II 143-4 ll D 'cIa- - 'cIc-, [GS] 'abb- 'shoulder, outer side of the thigh' > Tl |abba id., Tm
caai_ 'hips, haunch, shoulder blade', ccu 'hip', ? au 'thigh', Kn cac 'the hip bone', |abbc
'outer side of the thigh', Prj :abba, Knd zcba 'shoulder', Gnd ata :aba id. D #2339, GS 9O [#261] ^
The U cognate and D 'cIc- point to N 'c, while D 'ca- (and S 'sab-) suggest 'a (or 'a).
473. 'c'ibVyV (or 'c'ibVV) 'hyena' > HS: WS ''sabu- - 'sa'bu- id. > PBHb [BS] ca'bo, BHb
[Mas.] o@ubc1 ca'bu
a
'hyena' (u for o due to folk et. interpreting the words as a pp. o@ubc1
ca'bu
a
'a dyed one'), pl. Mio&bc6 cobo'-im, Sr '90o ?a-a (?- < - by dis ), Ar bu5a
oabu- - bo5a oab-, Gz *B) sob 'hyena' GB 672, KBR 997, L G 147, Br. 42, KB 936 ll ? A: Tg
'ibIa > Ewk A iIaIu 'wolf' STM II 399 ll D 'cIivVqIi 'hyena, tiger-wolf' or sim. ( N 'SibVV
'beast of prey' N '`ivVmjV,gE 'leopard') > Kn sivan'gi 'tiger-wolf, hyena', Tl civagi, civvagi, civvan'gi,
sivagi, sivan'hi, sivvan'gi 'hyena', as well as Tm civin'Ii 'Indian lynx, hunting leopard', Ml
civin'n'i 'hunting leopard' D #2579 ^ AD NM #2, S CNM 14 (rejects the comparison because in
his opinion Ewk iIaIu 'wolf' is a loan from Alt ccIc 'wolverine', which is hard to believe because
of the enormous distance between the Altay lge. in Southwestern Siberia and the Ayan dialect of
Ewk [near the Pacific coast]), Vv. AEN 14 (doubts about Ewk iIaIu as isolated within A).
474. ? 'cobVRV 'to press together, squeeze (as in a fist)' > HS: S 'sbr > Ar rb% obr (ip.
-obur-) {Ln.} 'make (books, writings) into a bundle; collect together (books, writings), collect
together an army for war', {BK} 'assembler, runir les feuillets en cahiers', obr D 'assembler,
runir' Ln. 1764, BK II 5 ll U: FU 'ssuovVr- > FP 'suovVr- 'squeeze, press together' > Er
cnop(-axc suvorda-, surda-, Mk suvorda- 'press together, squeeze (in a fist)' | ? Lp S {Hs.}
t|uovcridh 'mssen, sollen, drfen' | Es sooruta- 'make milk flow (by rubbing the teats)'
[ *'squeeze'] | Prm {LG} 'sur- 'collect, gather in one place' > Z cprui- vi. surtcI- 'accrete, grow
together', 'unite into one group', cpr- surt- vt. 'tuck up (a haystack after stowing the hay)' LG
275, MF 594-5, Hs. 1349-5O, UEW 487 (does not recognize the connection between these words).
475. ? 'cVjC,jV,qV (possibly 'cVcjV,qV - 'cVcqV) 'to squeeze, press' > HS: SC: Irq ccq-
'squeeze', Kz caI- v. 'pinch' E SC 36O, E K 2O S 'syI 'be narrowed \ straitened \ pressed'
( N 'ciKV 'tight, narrow', q.v. ffd.) ll K: [1] GZ i 'cccq- 'press, squeeze' > G cccq- id., {Chx.}
'(zer-)drcken, (zer-)quetschen, (zer-)malmen, (zer-)traten', Mg cqacq- {FS, K) 'press, squeeze',
[2] GZ i 'cqccq- 'squeeze, press (einklemmen, quetschen, drcken' > G {FS} cqccq-, Mg cqacq-
id. K 255, FS K 455, 475, FS E 515-6, 538-9, Chx. 2246 The initial affricates 'c- and 'c- are due
to as ^ Doubtful, because the S cognate has a good alt. etymology.
476. 'cVhvji, 'to burn' (vt.) ( 'to warm' [of the sun], 'heat of the day') > K 'c`v- vt., vi. 'burn',
vt. 'bake, fry' > OG cuv-, G cv- v. 'burn, roast', Mg, Lz c(v)- v. 'burn, be hot' (of the sun), 'fry', Sv
-c- (prs. -aci) v. 'bake (up to dryish consistency), scorch', msd. UB li-c-i Mach. K 29-3O, K
25O, K DE 359, K
2
31O, Chx. 2144-7, DCh. 1674, Q 392-3, Dn. s.v. -c-, GP 187 ll HS: WS 'shy >
Ar oihh- 'soleil, clat du soleil', ouha, ouhayy- 'heure du jour o le soleil est dj lev sur
l'horizon; soleil', OEth 'sahay > Gz (modern pronunciation), Tgr, Tgy svhay 'sun' BK II 1O, 13, L G
149 C: SC: Alg {E} cah- v. 'set out to dry'; ?? Irq {MQK} ccama 'sunshine, midday sun, warmth',
ci- v. 'get hot, be at sth.s highest temperature' E SC 36O (reconstructs pRt 'cah-), MQK 1O8 ll ?
A: NaT 'abar > OT cavar 'kindling' (Cl. ED 398); the T is ambiguous: it may belong to N
'cV_V 'burn' as well.
477. ? 'coKE 'to sink to a kneeling\squatting\lying position' > HS: WS 'sg v. 'lie down' >
Ar j% og G 'lay down ones side upon the ground, lie down', 'set' (of a star), Gz sg G v. 'make
up a bed, lean upon', Tgr svggoa v. 'lean against, lie down' Ln. 1769, BK II 9, L G 148-9 WCh:
[1] NrBc: Wrj {Sk.} caI"at v. 'kneel, squat', Cg {Sk.} zugu id. | ? Ngz {Sch.} oIulolo`I 'in a squatting
position' [2] ?WCh {Stl.} 'cug- v. 'squat' > Hs cuguna 'squatted on heels', cugunc 'act od
squatting' | pNrBc {Stl.} cg v. 'sit' > Wrj {Sk.} csgs, My/Mbr {Sk.} csgs, Cg {Sk.} csgu || ECh: Bdy {AlJ}
oIom 'squat (saccroupir)' Sk. NB 28, 4O, Stl. ZCh 184 [#355], Sch. DN 85, Abr. H 89O-1, AlJ 85
Sk. HCD 275 The voiced cns. 'g in S and Ch may be either original or resulting from an as
'II > 'g ll A {SDM} 'c`oI`i > T 'oI- (= {Md.} '`oI`-) v. 'kneel down' ( 'to sink') > OT coI- v.
'kneel' (esp. of camels), 'sink' (Ioqulum coIti IorIti 'my heart sank and was afraid'), XwT coI- v.
'kneel, collapse', Chg coI- v. 'subside', MQp, Qrg coI-, StAlt {BT} cog-odo- v. 'kneel', Tk coI-,
Qzq soI- v. 'sink, kneel', Tkm coI-, Qq soI-, Nog soI-/sog-, Uz uyAi- cuI- v. 'kneel, sink', Az
coI- v. 'sink', diz coI- v. 'kneel', ET {Nj.} coI- v. 'sink', tiz coI- v. 'kneel', Ggz coI- v. 'sink', Qmq
coI- v. 'squat, sink', VTt ui- sug- v. 'sink' (of a building), Bsh sug- id., 'kneel', Yk sox- v. 'sink', ?
sug-uruy-, Chv cai- s+I/g_- 'sink (as ears of cereals)', Chv caian- s+g_+n-, {Md.} s+I+n- v.
'kneel'; T (Tk?) 1 OG [KC], G coI- v. 'kneel down (niederknieen)', coI-i 'knieende Stellung', Mg coI-
v. 'kneel' Cl. 413-4, Rs. W 117, TkR 738, Sht. 239, TatR 651, Nj. 392, BT 181, Pek. 2312, 2379, Jeg.
2O5, Fed. II 9O-1, Md. 51, Chx. 1944-5, DCh. 1581, KEGL VIII 532 M: MM [MA] coIc- v. 'squat,
make (a camel) squat' (A T?) Pp. MA 136 Tg 'oIo- v. 'squat' > Ewk coIo- v. 'squat', Ul coqcoo-
v. 'squat down, squat', Nn Nh coqcomta- v. 'squat down', coqcoract- v. 'be squatting' STM II 4O4
pJ {S} 'tuIu-(m)a- v. 'squat' > OJ tuIu-ba-, J T cuIuba- id. S QJ #564 pKo {S} 'cuI- 'to squat;
bow\ incline' v. 'die' - 'cuI-yo- v. 'kill' > MKo cuI, NKo cuI- v. 'die', MKo cusIur- v. 'squat', MKo
cuIyu-, NKo cugi- v. 'kill' SDM97 55, S AJ 252 [#17], S QK #17, Nam 63, 433-4, MLC 219, 147O,
1494, 15O3-4 KW 431 (Kl coI
o
- 'elend sein, mutlos sein' the above T ), S AJ 286 [#252] (A
'c`oI`u) and DQA #329 (A 'c'oI'i 'to incline, sink' (T, Tg, Ko, J; shares Rm.s opinion by
unconvincing adducing M 'coIu- 'elend sein', 'lose all hope').
478. 'ciKV 'tight, narrow, dense' > HS: S '-suI- - '-siI- v. 'be narrow, tight' ( N
'cVjC,jV,qV 'to squeeze, press'?) > BHb Sh

pf. qic5e4 hc-ciI, ip. qic5i! ya-ciI v. 'drive [smb.] in the
corner, press [smb.]), hc'ciI lo- 'harass, press hard', Ug syvI Sh

'exert pressure', JA yvI (pf. qo1
aI) v. 'be narrow(ed), pressed', JEA vI D 'cause trouble, distress', SmA vI G 'be in dread',
yIh 'distress', Ar y% oyq (pf. oaqa, ip. -oiq-) v. 'be straitened, be narrow', Mh sayI ({ Jo.}
zayI), Jb E siI ({Jo.} ziI) 'narrow, cramped', Hrs ssI ({Jo. HL} zcI, {Jo. ML} zoI) 'narrow', Ak
-siI- (inf. siaIum, saIu) v. 'be(come) narrow\tight' KB 951, KBR 1O14, Js. 1O56, Tal 627-8, OLS
42O-1, Js. 1O56, Sl. 848,BK II 49, Fr. III 35, Hv. 424, Jo. M 479, Jo. H 132, Sd. 1O39, CAD XV 169-7O
B: Ah zuImot v. 'be narrow (a place)', ?? Zng {TC} azzig 'trangler', pf. yuzzag Fc. 1952, DCTC
287, TC Z 306 ll U: FU (att. in FP) 'ssiIV - 'ssiIIV 'dense' > pMr {Ker.} sio-do > Er ccc(c scycdc,
saycdc, Mk cn(c sido 'dense\thick (forest, fence)' | F siIca 'deep (sea), heavy (sleep)' | Prm 'siI >
Vt {U3S} siI 'forest' ( *'thicket'), {Set.} siI 'dichter Wald' Set. FULL 267, UEW 774 (FV 'siIV), Lt.
182, ERV 575, Ker. II 134, U3S 389, KC 192, PI 248, LG 255 (Vt < Prm 'siI 'set of homogeneous
objects'), Ps. sL 32, 74-5, SK 1O22 In FV the stem has '-I-, in Prm it has '-II-; the lack of
gemination in FV is still to be explained ll A: M 'ciqul 'narrow, tight' ( N 'cEIV 'caiIV 'to
squeeze, make tight'?) > MM [HI] ciqul 'troit, reserr', WrM ciqul, HlM nyxan 'narrow, tight', Ord
{Ms.} _u_ul id., WrO {Krg.} cu_ul 'close, narrow'; ? M 'ciggq > WrM {Rm.} cig ~ cig, WrO ciq 'dense'
(ciq modon 'dense forest'), Kl cig 'eng, schmal, gedrngt', ?, M 'ciq 'thicket' > MM [MA]
ciq 'brushwood' (':apocnn iycrapnnia'), [HI] ciq 'treillis de bambou' MED 193, Kow. 2143, Ms. H 47,
Ms. O 216, Krg. 636, 648, Pp. MA 134, KW 438 The structure of M 'ciggq 'dense' and M 'ciq
'thicket' is not typical of M and therefore seems to suggest its foreign (T?) origin, but no plausible
source of borrowing has been found so far ll D 'cIiII- v. 'thicken; congeal' (of liquid), harden'
( 'siKU 'to get\be cold, to cool'?) > Tm ciIIanavu 'hardness', Kn |igi 'stickiness, thickness', ciIani
'thick, hard', Klm siIot 'sticky', Knd siIa 'thickness (of fluid)', siIani 'thick' (of fluid), D 1 OI ciIIa
'gum, birdlime' D #2488, Tu. #478O ^ Cf. 'cIV 'to be tight\cramped, tighten' (q.v.).
479. 'cU?'iljv,V 'little, small' > K {K
2
} 'c`ul- (= {K} 'cuz-) '(male) child, boy' > OG cul-
'child', G cul- 'baby, (male) child', Sv {TK}: UB cus, cvis, L cus id. K 252, K
2
316, FS K 463
('c`ul-), TK 863 ll HS: S 's?l > Ar o?l G (pf. au5a oa?ula) 'be lean \ thin \ little \ mean' Fr. III
1, Hv. 412 ll A {AD} 'c`olvc ({SDM97} 'c`olc) v. 'diminish, shrink' > M 'coluyi- v. > WrM colui-,
HlM n' nnn-x 'decline, decay, deteriorate, diminish' MED 2O2 Tg ''ulbi- v. 'grow thin\lean, lose
flesh' > Ewk PT ulbt-, ulbtn- v. 'get lean (person, animal)', Ewk Tmt ulbtn- v. 'be starving', Ewk PT
ulbtIa, ulbtn 'lean (person, animal), thin (tree)' STM II 413 pKo {S} 'cur- v. 'shrink, grow less'
> MKo curi-hi- id., NKo cul- 'reduce, diminish, decrease' S QK #725, MLC 15O8-9 ? ? NaT
{DQA} 'uliI- > OT [MhK] culuI- {MKD, Cl.} 'be in a shabby condition', {DTS} 'fall into decay',
{Rs.} 'vernichtet werden' Cl. 42O, MKD 96, DTS 157 Rs. W 121 (T, M, Ko), DQA ##337 'c`uli
'grow less, shrink' ll D 'cIill- ({GS} 'c-) 'small' > Ml cillara 'small, trifling matter', Kn cillara
'smallness', Tu cillar 'small money', Tl cillara 'small, unimportant', Ku cillcra rancu v. 'retail' D
#2574 ^ K 'l (> G l, Sv s) seems to go back to '-yl- (contraction of '-?il-?), if ISs hyp. supposing
that N 'l yields K 'r (r) (> G, Zan r, Sv l) is right . N '-v- is suggested by Tg '-b-. The adduction of D
is tentative and highly qu.; it is possible on assumption of a N medial '-i-. If the D and T
dubious cognates are is accepted, the original lateral is '-l- (because N '-l- would have yielded D
'-l- , and N '-l- would have been represented by D '-l- and pT 'l). A contamination with N
'cujV,llV 'small' (in some daughter lgs.) cannot be ruled out. .
48O. ? 'ccVhLV 'to be compassionate, have mercy' > K: GZ {K
2
} 'c`qal- 'feel sorry (for),
regret, spare' > OG, G cqal- id., Mg cqol-o-ua 'charity' K 252, K
2
317, FS K 468-9 ll HS: SS
'shl (deglottalization from 'shl?) > Gz tasahala, tasahalc v. 'be gracious, have mercy, be
compassionate', Tgy svhlv v. 'be benign', Tgr svhala v. 'be merciful' L G 528.
481. 'c'iljV,V 'side of body' ( 'rib'), 'hip' ( 'thigh') > K 'c`cl- 'loins, waist' ( 'guts,
intestines') ( N 'VcVLV 'guts') > OG ccl-i 'loins' [Luke 12.35], 'guts', G ccl-i 'waist, loin; intestine',
pl. ccl-cb-i 'guts', Mg cs-, ci-, Lz (m)cu-, ? Sv UB/L {TK, GP} rdp cincil 'gut, intestine' K 249, K
2

3O8, FS K 46O, FS E 521 (K 'c`cl- 'gut'), Ser. 2O9 (OG ccl- 'loins, waist'), Chx. 1973, 2135-6, DCh.
1671, NCh. 448, Chik. 69-7O, Q 396, GP 28O, TK 862 ll HS: S 'si'la- - ''sila- 'rib', 'side (of body)' >
BHb ol1c4 cc'la- id., Ug sl 'rib; meat on a rib', BA ol2o9' "'la' (pl. Nio5l6o5 il'in) 'rib', IA pl. cs. iolo
ly 'ribs of', JA {Js., Dlm.} ao1l6(i)o5 il'-a, JEA {Sl.} ao1l6io5 il'-a, SmA l 'rib', Sr ?cl'-a, Ug sl {OLS}
'rib', {A} 'Rippenstck', Ar l0%i oil- - la%i oila- 'rip, side (of body)', Sb d slt '(?) malady
affecting the chest', Mh/Hrs {Jo.} sala, Jb C/E {Jo.}, Sq {Jo.} sal, {L} salh, Sq {SSL} sols 'rib',
Ak fOB sclu 'rib, side (ob body), side'; Cn 1 Eg (EgSSc) {Hoch} i-ra--tu ('cilatu) 'plank' KB 965,
176O, A #232O, OLS 416-7, HJ 864, Sl. 855, Dlm. 314, Js. 1O85, Tal 641, Br 22, JPS 18, BGMR 41, Jo.
M 476, Jo. H 152, Jo. J 325, L LS 361, SSL LSNP 148O, Sd. 1O9O, CAD XVI 124, Hoch #592, MiK I
#1.272 ll IE: NaIE '(s)Ij",cl- 'hip, thigh; rib' ( N 'caqja,'lV or 'caqV 'elbow, part of a limb'?) > Gk
okco) 'the leg from the hip downwards', (?) o_cioc) pl. 'ribs of beef', keco 'thigh-bone with the
flesh on it' || ?? BSl: Lt Iulsc', Iulsis 'hip, haunch', Pru culczi 'hip' | Sl 'I+lIa - 'I+lI+ 'hip' > ChS ka+ko
Il+Ia 'ham' ({Mikl.} 'oku, poples'), SCr Iu`I 'hip joint, hip', Slv IolI 'hip, haunch', Blg 'inia id.,
thigh'; the BSl word is adduced by WP and P, but not accepted as a cognate by ESSJ and Frn.; it is
doubtful because of the unexplained stem-medial 'I WP II 597-8, P 929, Frn. 3O8, En. 199, Tp. P
K-L 256-62, ESSJ XIII 188, Mikl. E 154, F II 6O-1, 723-4, 837-8, Ch. 1O13, EI 142 (F, Ch and EI
connect Gk okco) with 'sIcl- 'bend') ll D (in SD) 'cIilaman`d- ( N 'si'lvV 'shank, meat of a limb')
> Tl cilamanda, (1?) Kn cilamandc 'ankle' (D 'man`t- means 'knee', see D #4677) D #2633 ^ The
IE data do not contradict the possibility of a N 'i. Acc. to ADs theory (AD NGIE, AD NVIE), the pre-IE
'i_ (< N 'i) was lost before sonants . IE '(s)I- for the expected 's-may be due to the contamination
with N caqja,'lV ^ Blz. KM 131 [#3] (incl. K, S). .
482. 'cV jV,mV 'daylight' > K 'c`am- 'morning' > Mg cumc- 'to-morrow', ocumara, Lz cuman-
'morning', cumcn- 'tomorrow', Sv UB/LB ham 'morning' K 247-8, K
2
3O6, Chik. 19, TK 892 ll HS:
SC: Alg {E} cchcmu 'sun, daylight', Brn {E} ccma 'sun', ccmati 'today', Irq {E} -ccmu in amcccmu
'noon', ? Asa {E} dcmoI 'morning' E SC 36O (reconstructs pRt 'cchcm- 'day, daytime, daylight')
? NrOm: Hrr {Abb} zomc 'artificial light' [Abb: z = (EthSc) 8] CR H 668, AD SF 122 ll A: ? M
'comur > WrM comur 'clear, legible, evident; accurate; suitable', Brt coxop 'orderly' (of a person)
('aiiyparnin, co6pannin') MED 197, Chr . 39O.
483. 'cVmjV,'sV 'to interlace, plait\tie\wrap together' > K: GZ 'c`mas`- v. 'interlace, twist;
plait\braid together' > OG, G cmasn- v. 'weave, interlace tightly', Mg cimos-, cumos- v. 'twist, tie
up (tobacco leaves, etc.)', Lz cimos- v. 'interlace, twist (ropes)' K 251-2, K
2
314, FS K 465 ll HS: S
'smd (from 'sms + a sx.?) v. 'tie\bind together, attach' > Ak smd 'an-\zusammen-\verbinden,
anschirren', Ar omd v. 'bandage', BHb cmd N (pf. nic'mad) 'attach oneself to' ({KBR} 'be involved
with'), 'ccmcd 'team (of oxen/donkeys), team', MHb cmd G v. 'join, attach', Ug smd 'pair; pair of
oxen', Gz smd G v. 'yoke, harness, bind together', somd 'yoke; pair (of animals, objects)' KB 967,
KBR 1O32-3, OLS 417, Sd. 1O8O, L G 149-5O Eg fP (mt ) dm 'assemble, bring together; unite' EG
V 457-9, Fk. 313 SOm: (mt ) Ari sudumt- v. 'gather' Bnd. AL 151 Tk. I 259 (Eg, S, Om)
WCh: NrBc {Tk.} 'cim- 'sew' > Sir cimu, Jmb sim-, P cimba Sk. NB 39, ChC, Tk. NB 178 ll U
''sim'sa [''s = 'sst] (as from 'simsa?) > pSm 't+mta/+ 'wrap round, bind, (um\zusammen)wickeln'
> Ne T {Ter.} raAx(aAn, Slq Tz {KKIH} tamtIl- 'zusammen-drehen\-rollen-\-drcken' Jn. 147, KKIH
178 ll A: ?? M 'camcajy, 'shirt' > MM [S] camca, [MA] camcay, WrM camca, HlM naxn, Kl naxna, Kl
camco id, WrO camca id., 'blouse' The second 'c < 's by as ? H 25, Pp. MA 13O, MED 164, Krg.
617, KRS 625, KW 421.
484. 'c'aN?V 'to give birth' > HS: S 'sn? > Ar {Ln.} n0%a oan?- 'children, offspring', n%
on? G 'have many children' (of a woman), 'multiply, become numerous' (of cattle), 0na%a
oana?at 'she brought forth' Ln. 18O6, BK II 41, Hv. 422 Eg fP :n.v 'junge Leute' ( *'children')
Metathesis 'n? > '?n EG V 524 ll D 'cIan_- ({GS} 'c-?) 'foetus', 'be(come) pregnant' > Ml cana
'pregnancy', cancIIa v. 'conceive' (animals), Kn |anc, Tl |cna 'yolk of an egg', Kn tanc, tcnc 'foetus of
beasts, pregnancy', Tu tan, san 'conceiving, breeding' (of cattle, sheep, etc.); (with an obscure i)
Tm cinai_ 'embryo, foetus, pregnancy', cinai_ v. 'be impregnated' D #2592.
485. ? 'cENjV,qV 'to press, squeeze' > K: GZ 'c`ncq_/'c`niq_- id. > OG, G cnc_-/cni_- v. 'press
(grapes)', G sa-c_cn-cl-i 'press-vat (for grapes)', Mg cina_- v. 'press', {FS} o-cina_-u , {Q} o-cina_s,
o-csna_-i, o-csna_-u 'press-vat', Lz cina_-u 'press, squeeze', o-cina_-u 'auspressen, keltern', n.
'press-vat' K 252, K
2
315, FS K 466, FS K
2
671, FS E 527-8, Q 389 ll HS: CS 'snI (<''snq <
''snq - mte ) > Ar {Ln.} 'hang [smb.] by the neck till he dies', 'bind the camel with the sinaq-; bind
the head of the beast\horse', sanaqa-l-qirbata '(he) bound the mouth of the water-skin with the bond
called viqa?- and then bound the extremity of its viqa?- to its fore legs', {Fr.} snq (ip.
-sniq-, -snuq-) 'strangulavit', 'ligavit [camelum] fune vel loro 'n$ appellato', MHb qnx snI G 'press,
stuff', JA {Dlm.} snI D 'erdrcken (?)', {Lv., Js.} snI D 'stuff, press' or (acc. to some scholars)
'choke, cause loss of breath' Ln. 16O6-8, Fr. III 457-8, Lv. III 558, Js. 1OO8, Dlm. 283 ll D 'cIcqII-
({GS} 's-) 'breathe with difficulty' ( *'be suffocated') > Ml cn'n'uIa id., cn'n'a 'breathing with
difficulty', cIIal 'asthma', cIIam id., 'hard breathing', Tm cn'Ial 'asthma in children', Tu scn'Iu- v.
'pant, breathe quickly\heavily', scn'I 'panting, breathing quickly', Kui scIc 'panting, gasping for
breath', Ku scIc scIc ncn:inai 'pant' (ncn:inai_ 'breathe, gasp') D #28O4, An. SG 137 (D '-qII-)
Kap. ALM 13 (equates the K with the non-existent Ak sanaIu 'to press', i.e. actually with S
'snI, as well as with Arm 4n2el cns-cl 'to press, squeeze').
486. 'cUntV 'mucus' (> 'sweat', 'snivel', 'dung, filth') > K: G cvintli 'nasal mucus' Chx. 2157
ll HS: SS 'suinjV,t- > Gz sont 'urine', (bf ?) SS '-sin- > Gz syn (pf. scna, js. yosin) v. 'urinate', Tgr
syn (pf. scna), Tgy pf. scnv, svnv id. (possible infl. of S 'Oyn 'urinate') L G 54O ll IE: NaIE {P, EI}
'svci_d- v. 'sweat', 'svci_dcs n., 'svoi_do-, 'svcidro-/svidro- 'sweat' > OI 'svidyati, 'svcdatc 'sweats', Av
x
v
isat 'geriet in Schwei'; OI 'svcdah, Av x
v
acoo n. 'sweat, perspiration' || W chvys id., chvysu 'to
sweat' || Gmc 'svit|an id. > OHG svizzcn, NHG schvitzcn, AS svtan id., NE svcat v.; Gmc 'svai_ta- n.
'sweat, perspiration' > OHG svci, NHG Schvci, OSx svct, MDt svcct, Dt zvcct, AS svat id. || Gk Hm
(c)ioie, Gk A ioie v. 'sweat' || L suda- id. || Ltv svist id., svicdri n. pl. 'sweat, perspiration' || Tc B sya-
v. 'sweat' (< 'svidyc- + a-) 'svoi_d-os id. > L sudor, -oris id. P 1O43, WP II 521, EI 56O, Mn. 164,
M K III 57O, M E II 798-9, WH II 623-4, YGM-1 158, LP 153, F I 7O9-1O, KM 691, 695, Kb. 999,
1OO7, Kar. II 34O, Wn. 448, Ad. 721, Ad. H 38 ll U: FU 'ssontV > FP (or FV) 'sontV 'dirt, dung' > F
sonta id., Es sonniI 'dung, muck, manure' | Chr: H {Ep.} 'sand+ 'excrements, urine', {Wc., , Ep.}
'sand+ 'lavatory', {Ep., MRS} 'sand+ 'urine with blood (an illness of animals)', L d {MRS, } son'dan,
Uf {Wc.} 'sond+ 'dung, urine', d {} sondcm 'lavatory' | ? Vt Sr zud 'black mud (used as dye)' UEW
764-5, SK 1O72, It. #122, Wc. TT 92, MRS 691, Ep. 146, 257, 268, LG 269 ^ If W. Mller (p.c. to L)
is right in supposing that Gz is syn (rather than syn, which in his opinion is not the etl.
spelling), the EthS cognate is to be rejected, so that the N etymon will be 'c`cUntV.
487. i 'caqU 'to jump, skip' > HS: S 'smd > Jb smd (pret. sud) v. 'jump a certain height',
somdun 'a good jumper' Jo. J 325 ll U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'saoqX- v. 'gallop, jump' ( 'saqV 'to run,
jump, climb' [q.v. ffd.]) ll A: Tg: Nn caqgoar, cansoa, Nn B consoq, Nn KU camso 'quickly, suddenly
(to get up, rise, jump up)' STM II 384 ll D 'cIaqI-, {GS} 'caq- v. 'jump, climb' ( 'saqV ''?) > Kn
can'gu, ccn'gu v. 'jump, skip', Tl ccn'ganalu 'leaping, frisking, gambol', ccn'guna 'nimbly, agilely, quickly'
(applied to leaping), ccn'gu, |an'gu 'agility', Nk caqgay- v. 'climb' D #2285, GS 127 [#333] ^ N
'-U is suggested by Tg and by S 'm [regularly from N '-q- near a labial vw.].
488. 'caV v. 'clay, mud; smear, moisten' > HS: C: SC: Alg {E} cufa 'mud' || EC: Sml dobo 'mud,
dirt, soil, clay', dob- v. 'mould (out of clay), plaster, daub with mud' ZMO 122, E SC 328 (s.v. SC
'cuf- 'mud') ll K: GZ 'c`cb- vt. 'glue' > G ccb-, Mg, Lz cab- id., OG ccb-' id. (att. within verbs with
pxs.); GZ 'c`cbo- n. 'mistletoe, gum (vegetable glue)' > Mg, Lz cabu- id., OG, G ccbo- gum, glue' K
248, K
2
3O8, FS K 459, FS E 52O-1, Abul. 541 ll A: M 'caba'yun 'glue' > MM [IM] {Pp.} cabun n. 'glue'
[(ArSc) with a spelling mistake: vsbj], WrM cabau - cabagu, HlM nanyyn, Brt ca6yy( n) sabu(n) 'glue', Ord
{Ms.} c`avu 'colle forte', WrO {Krg.} cabaq, Kl {KRS} nani cav
a
g 'starch', Kl {Rm.} cav
a
g 'glue, fish-
glue'; M 'cabug 'sth. glued' > WrM cabug, HlM nanai 'layers of paper\cloth glued or pasted together',
WrM cabug-la-, HlM nanaina- 'paste layers of cloth\paper together' Pp. MA 435, MED 154-5, Ms. O
697, KW 423, Krg. 615, KRS 621, Chr. 379 T {DQA} 'a- > OT [MhK] ca- v. plaster (a6aLa)'
[ar avin cadu 'the man plastered his house (with mud)'], Uz cai-, ET {Nj.} ca-li-, ET Tr {Rl.}
ca-la- vt. 'plaster (a wall\house)', Qrg ca-ta- 'glue up, stick up, stop up (:aincnnar, :aiynopnnar)', ?
Chv {Ash.} su- ':anopaunnar nnpoi ' (= 'wrap the filling of the pie with dough'?) Cl. 394, Rs. W 99,
Nj. 279, Rl. III 1925, UzR 515, Jud. 847, Ash. XII 247-8 Tg 'a > Ewk PT/Y/I avi|a, Ewk PT
avida - aida 'white clay' STM II 74 DQA #272 (A '`a`aui 'glue, clay' > T, M, Tg), KW 427ll D
'cava 'brackish\saline earth, fullers earth' ( N 'sah'ibV 'desert; saline earth', q.v. ffd. 'sab'?V
'clay') D 'cavar- - 'camar- ({GS} 's-) 'to smear, to oil, to rub in (oil, etc.)' ( N 'smi 'fat') > Kn
savaru id., 'rub in or apply to (water, oil, etc.), convey a sticky substance to a vessel', Tl camuru 'oil,
any oily\unctuous substance', camuru v. 'smear, daub, run as with oil', EpTl samaru 'ghee' D
#2389, 2674b ^ IS SS #12.24, IS MS 344 s.v. ' incn' 'cabn.
488a. ?? i 'caPV 'to grasp, take' > K: GZ 'c`a- v. 'grasp, take' > Mg, Lz co- v. 'take, grasp,
hold', OG ca- ('acquire, take much' >) v. 'drink greedily', G ca- v. 'drink greedily, steal' (o: R
na) 6panc 'took much' 'got drunk') K 248, Chik. 418 ll HS: WS 'sbt v. 'take' > Hrs sbt (pret.
saybct), Mh sbt (pf. sat) v. 'take', Jb sbt (pf. sct) v. 'hold', Sq zcbat (= scbat) v. 'be
apprehended', Ar obt 'firmiter tenuit' Jo. M 473, Jo. H 151, Fr. III 4, BK II 6 ll A 'c`aV (- 'c`abV )
> Tg 'a- - 'ab- v. 'grasp' > Ewk avua- v. 'grasp, squeeze so.'s hand', Neg ava-, Ul avaqtala-
aaqtala- v. 'grasp' pKo {S} 'ca- v. 'catch, take hold' ( Altaic ':abV < N 'aV '-- 'to hold,
catch', q.v.) > MKo ca-, NKo ca- id. S QK #512, MLC 1397 STM II 375, SDM97 (A'abV v.
'catch, hold' (equates pKo with Tg '|ava- v. 'catch, hold' [STM I 24O-1] and reconstructs pA 'cabV)
^ The is ideophonic and hence doubtful.
489. 'cuX 'to be narrow, compressed' > HS 's - 'sbb id. > CS 's v. 'be narrow,
crowded' > MHb ca'u (pp. of c) 'crowded', Ar oaff- 'narrow, straitened', off 'se presser en
foule', WS 'sbb v. 'be narrow, compressed' > Gz sbb (late spelling for sbb?) id., Ar (derived )
obn G 'be narrow' (of place) Ln. 1794, BK II 3O, Lv. IV 212, L G 545 C: Ag 'cbb > Bln {R}
sa(b)bav- 'enge\schmal sein', Aw {Hz.} ccbcb- 'be narrow' || EC: Or Wt {Sr.} dio 'narrow', diu
'narrowness', Or Wl {Brl.} dibu 'valle, depressione, strettoia' AD SF 118-9, R WB 316-7, Hz. VSSA
113, Sr. 298, Brl. 11O ll K ? 'c`'i- 'thin' > Mg cic, Lz mcic id., ?? Sv UB/L mc-c_c, Sv Ln
mc-c_cc 'lean' (a person) Chik. 231, GP 219, Ni. s.v. xy(on, GP 219, TK 567 ll U: FU
'ssuV 'narrow (schmal, eng)' > F sua 'schmal, nach oben schmaler werdend', ? Lp N {N} co'c
'bag-shaped end of a rug', Lp L {LLO} t|uha 'Spitze, Zipfel' | pPrm 'so- ({LG} so-) 'tight, narrow,
compressed (zusammengedrngt)' > Z {W} soId id., Vt c6ci 'narrow', Vt {Mnk.} subag 'tight' (of
footwear, etc.) || Hg szuo|Io, szuu|Io 'pltzlich schmaler werdend; drr, eingeschrumpft; klein;
schlank, dnn, mager' UEW 44 (reconstructs 'cua, though Prm and Hg suggest 's- or 's-), LG
252-3, MF 6O1-2 ll A: NrTg 'i- 'squeeze (with fingers)' > Ewk iaI- id., ? Ewk Ald ivIan- v. 'choke',
Neg ttxtla- 'grip in ones hand, squeeze out (liquid)' STM II 389, 398-9 pKo {S} ci- 'pick up,
pinch' > MKo ci-, NKo ci- S QK #1O18, MLC 1554 pJ {S} tumsm- ''to stuff, press into' > OJ
tuboma-, J: T cubomc-, K cubomc-, Kg cubomc- S QJ #1498, Mr. 771 DQA #3OO [A 'c`i`u 'press
(with fingers), pinch': Tg 'i-, Ko, J] ^ K anf Tg suggest a front vw. in the first syll. The U vw. 'u
may go back to 'u with depalatalization due to the back vw. of the second syll. (suggested by the
Tg data, too) ^ Gr. II 275 ('cua 'narrow') [U, A, Ko + qu. OJ tiisa 'small'].
49O. 'caVE 'filth, dung', 'litter' > HS: WS 's 'excrement, filth' > BHb pl. cs. k cou'c, q
coi'c 'animals droppings, dung', Ar oaf- 'elephant dung', of G v. 'fart and go to stool' | Mh
sofsy, Jb E sofy, Jb C 'sofuy 'partly formed almost liquid cowdung', Hrs sofa? 'cow dung', Gz
sof - saf 'filth, excrement', Tgr cvfs - svfs, Tgy svfi 'cowdung' KB 981, KBR 1O48, BK II 32,
Jo. H 151, Jo. M 473, Jo. J 323, L G 148, LH 631, MiK I #1.273 C: ? Ag: Bln {R} dif'fa 'faeces of
animals' R WB 98 ll A: T 'ob 'sediment, dregs, rubbish' (> 'sth. worthless, rubbish' > 'splinters,
bits of chaff, straw', acc. to Cl.) [ N 'c`uqbE 'to carry away, throw (away)'??] > OT {Cl.} cob, {DTS}
co 'residues, dregs, sediment', Chg XV, OOsm XV co 'rubbish', MQp XIV cob id., [CC] 'residue',
OOsm, Az co, Tk co 'rubbish', Tkm co 'mote, brushwood', VTt un su, Bsh su, Qmq, Qrg
co, Alt, QK/Tel {Rl.} co, Nog so, Xk so 'litter', Qzq so-salam, Qq so-sar id. (and Qzq, Qq
so, Qrg, Alt co 'grass, hay'?); Tb {B} co 'litter', cotc- vt. 'litter, stain (:acopnr, :axapar)' ||
Chv su, sub_i 'litter, sweepings' || T 1 M: WrM cob, HlM n' n 'deposit, sediment (left after melting
butter); cracklings' In Az, Tk and Tkm the meaning was influenced by NPrs v* cub 'wood', as well
as possibly by onomatopoeia Cl. 394, DTS 155, Rs. W 118, MM 4O4, Rl. III 2O47, B DChT166, Jeg.
223, Fed. II 148, MED 2OO Cl. reconstructs 'cob, but Tkm provides ev. for a short vw. in pT; Tb
o is not a reg. reflex of T 'o, but must be explained otherwise Tg: [1] ? Tg 'aa 'roe' > Ewk
aa 'soft roe', Orc, Nn Nh caa, Nn B safa - cafa, Nn KU cafa 'hard roe', Neg caa 'roe-bladder (of
fish)' STM II 384 [2] ??, Ewk ua 'flour porridge', Ewk Brg ua 'sediment (left after distillation
of araq)' (A M?) STM II 415 DQA #2724 [A 'c`o`ic 'dregs, dirt'] ll ? D (in SD) 'cIavar_- ({GS}
'ccavvar_-) 'rubbish' > Tm cavaru 'rubbish, sweepings', Ml cavaru, cavar 'green leaves and rubbish
used as manure, sweepings', Td tofIr 'afterbirth' D #2395 ^ The labialized T 'o (in 'ob) may be
ascribed to ass. infl. of '.
491. 'c'uPrV 'to twist, plait' > HS: S 'sr v. 'braid, plait, weave' > Ar ofr G 'braid', oafir-at-
'crown, diadem', BHb er!if5c6 coi'ra 'wreath, garland', Ug {KB} sr 'winden (Ranken)' (not in A &
OLS), Gz sfr G 'braid, plait, weave, interwine', Ak sr (inf. sccru) v. 'strand (hair\linen), dress
(hair)', siirtu ' a sash woven or treated in a special technique' KB 981, 983, L G 148, CAD XVI
132-3, 2O1 ll IE: NaIE 'scr- 'turn, twist' , {EI} 'wrap around' ( N 'PoRvV 'to turn, revolve' [q.v.]) >
Gk otcio f. 'anything wound\coiled', pl. otcioi 'coils\spires of a serpent', ou-otcioooi 'be coiled
up', 'be formed in close order', Gk Hl otcioooi 'be coiled \ folded round'; Gk otcio 1 L sira
'anything coiled\wreathed\twisted', 'a coil of a snake' || OLt sartas 'Band' P 991-2, EI 644, F II 761,
Frn. 861 ll D 'cIur- 'shrink, lessen' ( N 'c`UrV 'narrow' N 'c`'UgRV 'small, diminish', q.v. ffd.).
492. 'cEPtV 'to close, shut, hide' > HS: S 'st > Ar 6f% oft 'serrer avec les cordes, ficeler',
'constringere' Fr. III 23, BK II 32 ll U 'sEtV- v. 'close, cover' > Prm 'sit- > Z sitI-, Yz siti- v.
'close a door, a window, a stove)' || pVg 'sat- > Vg : T {Kn.} sct-, ML {MK} sati - sati, LL {MK}
scti, P {Kn.} sc_ct-, {MK} sati, MK {Kn.} sat-, K {MK} sati - sati, N {MK} sati - sati v.
'bury, hide' Sm: Kms sa`bdo- v. 'hide, conceal' Coll. 57, Coll. CG 4O8, LG 256, Wc. SW 25O,
WVD VII 327, MK 529, KD 61 ll A: Tg: Ewk PT ia- v. 'hide, conceal' Vas. 522 ll ? D 'cIatt- v. 'wear
(clothes)' > Tm cattu v. 'put on', Tl catu v. 'wear' D #2449, Km. 352-3 [#416] ll IE (mt ): ? Ht
ista()- v. 'shut, close' Pv. I-II 471-5 (proposes a connection with OI stabh- v. 'make firm', etc.) ^
Cf. AD SShS 3O9.
492a. 'cchrV 'back' > HS: S ''sahjV,r- 'back (of a body)' > Mh sahsr 'back (of a camel)', Hrs
sahr, Jb E/C 'schsr 'back', Ak fOB/OA scr-u 'back (of animals and humans)', 'over, on top of', Ebl
za-lum (*[sahr-um]) 'back'; it influenced S ''OuhjV,r- - 'OahjV,r- 'top' (< N 'cuuhjV,rV 'top, edge,
highest point', q.v. ffd.), bringing about a contaminated CS stem ''OahjV,r- 'back, noon' > Ar re07a
oahr- 'back [dorsum], noon' (1 Mh Oahr, Jb C 'Oohur 'noon, midday') MiK I #1.284 (S 'OVhr-
'back'), BK II 14, 23, Fr. III 16, Ln. 1787, Jo. M 83, 475, Jo. J 48, 324, Jo. H 151, Sd. 1O93, 1115, CAD
XVI 138-47 B '-zir- shoulder' > Ah a-zir, Gh a-zir, ETwl +-zir Ty o-zir id. Fc. 1288, PGG 39O ll U:
FU 'ssErV ( N ''sErV 'back, nape of neck', q.v.) > Prm 's'o'rV- > Z Ud ssr 'space behind sth.'
(Iarta ssr 'behind the cattle-shed'), Vt ssr- in cnncocp sil-ssr 'occiput' (sil 'neck'), cocp ssr
'behind, over' (baIca ssrti 'behind the kitchen-garden', sur ssrIn 'over the river'), cocpnan ssr-lan
'in the opposite direction, back [direction]', cocpnac n ssr-lasan 'from the back side' U3S 4O3,
LG 27O ll D 'ccr- 'back of the neck, shoulder' > Tm cruttu 'nape of neck', Ml crattu, Kui scrIi 'the back
of the neck', Ku hcrIi " hcrIi 'shoulder, neck' D ##2817, 2419.
493. 'carV 'female breast, udder' > HS: S ''sar- 'female breast, nipple, teat, udder' (with
glottalization 's- > 's- of unknown origin) > Ar r05a oar- 'mammelle', Sr scr'-a 'mamma lactis
plena' (dis ruling out the expected sequence '..., Br. G I 237 [ 85.d|]; or a Canaanism?), Tgr
svrs 'udder', Ak scr(rc)tu 'female breast, udder' Br. 638, Sd. 1O93-4, BK II 14, 23, Fr. III 16, Ln.
1787, L G 637 (unc. : Tg A Ar), MiK I #1.274 Eg fP ssr ({EG} ssr) v. 'milk, suck (a cows udder)'
(s- is a verbal px.) EG IV 295 ll U: FU 'ss'arV > pObU 'ssar- - 'ssir- > pOs 'sar- / 'sir- 'front,
front part' > 1) Os: V/Vy sar, Ty/Y sa'r - sir- 'front' (adj.), 2) Os: V/Vy siri-, D/K siro-, Nz siro, Kz
siri 'earlier' Stn. D 16O-1 ll D (in GnD) 'cIarr_- 'udder, breast' > Gnd harva " rava 'udder', Kui
:rambu id., sr`angu " srangu 'breast', Kui raqgu id. D #2364 llAdS of K 'c`cur- 'udder, female breast'
> G cur-i 'udder', cur-i-tavi 'nipple' (tavi 'head') ( N 'curi 'vulva', whence G c- rather than c-?) FS
K 415, Chx. 2O32 ^ Alternative solutions of the irreg. corr. of K 'c`c- and S 's- are possible. One
may envisage two solutions of the problem: [1] to assume secondary de-emphatization of N 'c- in
K (infl. of ', namely 'carV > ''cVrV > K 'c`ur-???), [2] to assume secondary glottalization in S
(caused by some unknown factor, e.g. lexical attraction of some semantically related word). The
latter solution is supported by the Eg cognate. To explain the K vw., one may take into account a
different root structure: 'ccaUrV > ''ccUrV > K 'c`ur-.
494. 'ccrjV,XV 'wing, feather' > HS: S 'srh 'wing' > Ar d ra50Ma maorah- adj. 'having large
wings' (of a bird) BK I 21 ll D 'Icr_r- (- 'ccr_-?) (also + sxs. '-VII-, '-VI-) 'wing, feather' > Tm cirai_,
ciraIu 'wing', Ml iraIu, ciraIu, Kt Icrqgl - Icrgl 'feather, wing', Kn craIc, raIIc, rcIIc, Kdg rcIIc, Tu
Icdi 'feather', cdin'Ic, rcn'I, Tl craIa, rcIIa, Ku rcIIa 'wing', Tm irai_, iraIu, Kt rcI 'wing, feather',
Gnd RSr {Bh.} rcIIa 'wing-feather', Gnd DM {Mitch.} rcIa 'feather', Gnd KM {Pat.} rcIa 'wing', {BB}
gcrq(g) 'feather', Knd rcIa 'wing, upper arm', D ##1983, 2591, Em. DS 366.
495. 'cotV 'mud' > HS: WS 'svt - 'svt > Ar oavit-at- slime' ('limon au fond dun
rservoir deau'), Gz cot 'mud, mire' L G 565, Di. 13O2, BK II 45 ll D 'cott- 'mud, mire' [ N
's`URtV 'dirt(y)'??] > Ml cotta, Krx cot
o
r id. D #2843.