ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol .7, No.3, August 1991 Science Press, Beijing, China Allerton Press, INC.

, New York, U . S . A .

ISSN 0567- 7718

BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR ORTHOTROPIC THICK PLATES*

Wang Jianguo ( q : : f l ~ )
(Departmentof civil engineering,Hefeipolytechnic Univerisity,230009, Hefei, China)

Huang Maokuang ( ~ j ~ : ~ )
(Department ofmodernmechanics, Universityof scienceand technologyof China, 230026 , Hefei, China)
ABSlrRACT : The fundamental solutions of the orthotropic thick plates taking into account the transverse shear deformation are derived by means of H6"rmander's operator method and a plane-wave decomposition of the Dirac 6-function in this papey.The boundary integral equations of the thick plates have been formulated which are adapted to arbitrary boundary conditions and plane forms.The numerical calculation of the fundamental solutions is discussed in detail. Some numerical examples are analyzed with BEM. KEY WORDS : orthotropic thick plates, fundamental solutions, BEM

I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the boundary element method which is considered to be a powerful numerical procedure for solving partial differential equations has been applied to the static analysis in elasticity and the problems of plates and shells. The fundamental solutions play an important role in the boundary element methods for the analysis of engineering problems. In general, it is difficult to find the fundamental solutions for anisotropic bodies. In this paper the fundamental solutions of the orthotropic thick plates taking into account the transverse shear deformation have been derived by means of H6rmander's operator method Ill and a plane wave decomposition of the Dirac &functionTM. The boundary integral equations of the orthotropic thick plates have been formulated by the weight function method. The fundamental solutions derived are used as the kernel functions of the boundary integral equations. Some numerical examples are analyzed with BEM. H. BASIC EQUATIONS The coordinate plane ofxl and x2 is assumed to coincide with the mid-plane of the plate of constant thickness h. The distributed transverse load, per unit area in the x3 direction, is q. The principal axes of orthotropy coincide with xl and x2. Ui represents the generalized diaplacements of the plate, i. e. U~ are the rotations ~/x and ~/y, and U3 is the deflection in the thickness direction. Throughout the formulations Greek indices take values of I and 2, and Latin indices I, 2 and 3. Repeated indices imply summation according to the convention of Einstein, unless stated otherwise. I. Relations between the generalized forces (M~ and Q~ )and displacements ( ~ and W)are :

M,#=D,# (q/,,#+ q/#,,)+C,# r

Q, =C~ (W,, +~, )
Where
and flare not summed and
(1)

Dll=-~-(1-1Zyx)

D22= - - ~ - ( l - #

xy)

Received 17 May 1990 * The project suppolted by National Natural Science Fotmdation of China

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Wang & Huang : BEM for Orthotropic Thick Plates

DI2 = D21 =Dk Cl!

259

=l~ltyx

C22=D2 i.Lxy E x h3
Dl= 12 (1-#xyltyx)

C12= C21=0

Eyh 3
1)2= 12 (l--#xyPyx)

Dk= Cxy h3
12

C1=G~x kh

G =G~ykh

in which k = 5 / 6 in the Reissner's theroy, Ex and Ey are Young's moduli Gxy , Gzx and Gzy are shear moduli,/t~y and #yx are Poisson's ratios. 2. Differential equations of equilibrium A q Uj + b i = 0 (2)

where b i represent 0 , 0 and q respectively, and A ~- are differential operators, which can be written as follows
A 11 =D1 ~

02 +z~

0~

-Cl

*
A; "

: +D2:
= - - A31 = - C I d Xl

9 9 02 A~2=A21 =(Dil.ty x + Dk) OXItqX2

9 * 0

(3)

A23 = - A32 = - G

Ox2

A; = c,

+ c2 ox--]-

3. The generalized forces and displacements on the boundary S. If n~ and t ~ represent the direction cosines of the outward normal and the tangent to the boundary S of the plate respectively, the generalized forces and displacements on the boundary S can be expressed as

P~ = M~,/~ n#

P3 =Q~, n,,

M . = M,,tjn~,n#

(4)
For the treatment of the boundary conditions see Ref. [ 10]. llI. FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS
1. Derivation o f the F u n d a m e n t a l Solutions

The fundamental solutions of the orthotropic thick plate taking into account the transverse shear deformation are a set of particular solutions of the differential Eq. (2) under unit concentrated load, i. e. the solutions satisfy the following inhomogeneous differential equations

a:: Ukj (~,x) = - ~ (~, x)~ki

(5)

in which 5 (~, x)denotes the Dirac & function, ~ represents the source point, and x is a field point. Following H6rmander's operator method, the solutions of Eq. (5) can be written as follows

UK:(~,X) =C~
where ~ (~, x ) is an unknown scalar function and C~ ments of which are given as follows

(6) represents the cofactor matrix of A*, the ele-

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C~
* ~4
C~ Dk ~

-c,c

~(e,

+B,3

-ClC )

~4
+(D, 02-D~l#2x-2D~Dk#yx ) dx~dx2

+D2Dk ~X~ --(O1(72 "['ClOk ) ~X2

~2

- ( C102+ C2 Dk ) OX'~2 +CIC2

where ~t and fl are not summed. In Eq. (7) the following symbols have been introduced.

(7)

Ell = 0 2 Bll=O2-Ok

E,22=D1 B22--Ol-Ok

E12=F__,21=0

Bl2=W21=(Dll2yx ~Dk )
E23 = C2Dk B13= ClDk

E~3 = C~02- G ( l ~ y x +Ok) B23 = C2 1)1 - CI (Di #yx + Dk )

~2 +c2 ~2

v2= :

By substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5), we obtain the following equation

V~ DI Dk O-~l + (D102- D21z2yx - 21~Dk I~'x ) 3x21Ox~ + 02Dk ~---~2

- Cl G ~ - ~ 1 + 2 (24 + ~ y x )

0xo' 10x (8)

By the above procedure, the derivation of the fundamental solutions of Eq. (5) is reduced to that of Eq. ( 8 ) . As soon as the solution of Eq. ( 8 ) is obtained, substituting it into Eq. ( 6 ) and by differentiation we can get the solutions of Eq. (5). Eq. (8)is a sixth order partial differential equation. Following the plane wave decomposition method, the partial differential Eq. (8) can be reduced to an ordinary differential equation, which simplifies the treatment of the problem. We first expand ~ (~, x) into a plane wave.

_!

I oJ~(x-~)+o~ (y -~ )1 -2dO

(9)

in which (col, o2 )are the co-ordinates of a point on the unit cirle, i. e., ml =cos0, ~ = s i n 0 , (x ,y ) and (~, ~ )are the co-ordinates of a field point and a source point respectively. Similarly, ~ (~, x )can be written as

o(~ ,x )=

~p(p )dO

(lO)

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261

where p = col ( x - ~ ) + ~ (y - t/). q~(p) is a function depending only on p. By substituting EXl. (9) and d Eq. (10) into Eq. (8), and considering differential relationship ~ --to = -~p , we obtain the following equation

@4
in which

~(P)=

4~

Ipl-2

(11)

a2=C,D, Dk o~ + C, (DID2 - Z~ lZ2x - 2 D~Dkl~yx )ta4 o}2

+C,D~DkO~+C:Z~ &

o~o~ + C2D2DkM + C= ( ~ De

b2 =CIC2 [ Dlco~ +2 (2Dk + D I ~ , )COl2 a~ +D2o~]

The solution of Eq. (8)is now reduced to solving the ordinary differential Eq. (11). After four times integration of Eq. (l 1 )and leaving out the constants of integration, we obtain d2cp(P) p2cp ( p ) = - - l - L - p21nl p J dp2 8~d The solution of Eq. (12)can be written as follows: cp(p) =fl (p)exp (pp) +f2 (p)exp ( - p p ) (12)

(13)

By the method of variation of parameters the coefficients f l (p)and f2 (p)can be obtained. By substitutingJi (p)and f2 (p)into Eq. (13), we obtain ~O(p)--8/t214a 2 {p2p21nlpl+21nlpl+3 +exp(pp)I; -exp (-PP) exp(-po)o

do

exp ~ o ' ) do
O"

-0o

(14)

Substituting Eq. (14)into Eq. (10)and integrating, we can obtain the function q~(~, x ). Because it is difficult to obtain the analytical expression of q~(~, x ), the numerical integration method suggested in ref.[ 9] is used. The generalized displacements and boundary tractions can be expressed in the following forms.

,x) =

b*j(o )dO
(15)

~.7(~,x) =

Pq (p)dO

From Eqs. (6), (1)and (4), we can easily obtain Ui~ (p)and ~p(p )as follows

b=~ (p) = a,o d4tp -GC2a~=oJ# d2tp dp 4 dp 2

(16)

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1991

U3* (p)

= -

Uu3(P) =fu - ap - ~
-ill

d3~o
-

Ca C2(Dot ap

(16)

d4tp U~ (p) = oq dP4

d2tp +CaC~q~ d p = '= = = = ~

C2`8

in which
aot/~ = ( E u # Bot/~OJu co/~ )(C,

092+

)
(17)

fot = (Eu3 ( ~ -I-Bu3 0.)2 )(Du

/~a =(c2~ +CaDk)o~+(GD~+GZ~ ),8

where ~ and fl are not summed

dSe
dp 5
d3q) - [ 2D#r Ca C2 o)u co# cornr+ Cl 6"2C#r coot nr] --

dp 3

/;3*(9)=[ Dur ~u~or+fro~u)+Cur g] n, d4~~

dp 4

- [ 2Dot~ogufor+Cur]

nrCIC2

d2cp
aa 2

(18)
clp~ ,Iv 3

dSq) dp 5 g=f ~ogr

(19)

in which a and fl are not summed and

dot=aur o~r

2. Numerical Computation of the Fundamental Solutions

(1) tp (p) and its derivatives In order to find the generalized displacements and tractions it is necessary to calculate the function tp (p) and its derivatives. The calculations will be made simpler, if the following two functions are introduced.

Ao (p p ) = e x p

- p a) d a - e x p ( - p p ) (lap)f; exp (or exp(-po')

or

exp
oo

(pa) dor
or

(20)
Aa(pp)=exp (pp) da+exp(-pp)
-oo

exp (por) do"

or

Differentiation with respect to the variable p gives

dAo(t,p) -paa %,)

dp

dAa(p.)
dp

-pAo (pp )

(21)

Then we have the expressions of tp (p) and its derivatives as follows

Vo1.7,

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Wang
- -

& Huang : BEM for Orthotropic Thick Plates

1 -

263

(p2p21nlp I +21nip

I +3+Ao(pp

))

d~o _ 1 - (2p2plnlp I +p2p+pAi(pp)) dp 8~pSa2

d2tp

dp2
datp_

l 8~p4a2 1

in
]~AI

Ipl + 3

+ Ao

)
(22)

dp3 d4cp d p4

8n2p'a 2 1
8/t2p4a2

(,p)

dp5
d6~~ -

8 p'd
l

l (:

A, (p p ) -

2,')
.

(p6Ao(pp)+ 2p4 )

d:

8 p'a

-7

(2) The computational formulas of A0 (pp)and At (p p ) The functions Ao (p p ) and A~ (pp) may be expressed in terms of the exponential integrals Ei (pp) andEl (pp). (a) For p>0

Ao (p p ) =exp (p p ) E1 (p p ) -exp ( - p p ) Ei (p p )
.41 (pp) =exp (pp ) E1 (pp ) +exp ( - p p ) Ei (pp ) (b) For p<0 A0 (pp) = -exp ( - I p p l ) E ~ ( I p p l A 1(PP) = -exp ( - I p p l ) E ~ ( ) p p l )+exp ( I p p l ) E l ( I p p )-exp (Ippl)El(Ipp I)

(23)

(24) I) The approximate formulas of El (p p ) and Ei (p p ) may be found in [ 7] and [ 3] . (3) The numerical computation of the fundamental solutions In the calculation of the fundamental solution, we have to deal with the integrals of the following form. I~=(

Jo

Fl(O) - dktp dO dp k

k=1,2,3,4,5

(25)

In the range between 0 and 2n, there are two points which make p = 0 . We first determine a value 00 which makes p = 0 and then split (0, 2x) into four intervals. As the integrand is a periodic function, the four intervals are [ 00,00+n/ 2 ] , [ 00 +It/ 2, 00+It], [00 + n , 00 + 3 n / 2] and [ 00+3n/ 2, 00+27t]. We employ Gaussian formula to evaluate the integrals Ii for each interval. Only four Guassian points are usually required to obtain a good approximation. The value 0o is determined by the following equation. 0~ = a r c t g ( - y-r/x-----~) (26)

A sixth order derivative of tp (p) will be used in the calculation of internal stresses. So we will have to deal with the following integral.

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12 =

--~ FE(O)dO

(27)

where F2 (0) is a function of 0. As p has two zero points between 0 and 21r, I2 is a divergent integral. In general, the divergent integral [2 has no meaning. But if we explain I2 from the point of view of the generalized function and consider the Hadamard finite part of /2, the integral 12 can be meaningful. The general method to treat the integral f ( x ) dx is given in Ref. [2]. The

integral/2 is a periodic function and has two singular points between 0 and 2g. We first determine the value 00 of the singular point of the integrand and then split [ 0, 2~] into four intervals. The method of determining the value 0o and the intervals is the same as Iv The integral/2 can be written in the following form

2 I O0+n 1 f O0+rJ _ _ 1 -p2 - (F2 (0) -F2 (0o+ n))d0 12 p2 (F2 (0) - Fo (0o) )d0 + dOo+n/ 2 =dO 0

+l~ +3'~/2 I
JO0+x

f 00+2. 1

p2 (F2(O)-F2(O~

)dO+I.Joo+3./2 p2 (F2(O)-FE(Oo+2n) )dO

(28)

After the above procedure,/2 becomes a convergent integral. So/2 can be calculated with any numerical integration method. In this paper Gauss quadrature has been employed to evaluate 12. It gives good results. IV. ANALYSIS OF ORTHOTROPIC THICK PLATES BY BEM

I. The Boundary Integral Equations

The boundary integral equations of the orthotropic thick plates taking into account the transverse shear deformation can easily be obtained by the method of weighted residual, which can be written as follows.

,aS
+ ; , U*3 (~, x) dfl (29)

in which Cij (~) depends on the position of ~. If(~ f~, then Cij (~) = 6 q ; if~ is on the smooth boundary, then Cij (~) = 6 ij / 2 ; and if ~ is on the nonsmooth boundary, Cq (~) depends On the geometry of boundary. In general, if ~ is on the nonsmooth boundary, it is difficult to obtain C O (~) analytically. But Cij (~)can be obtained by the method of Ref. [ 6] from the point of view of numerical calculation. As the point ~ is selected arbitrarily, the corner point can be avoided. For the kernel functions of the boundary integral Eq. (29), see Eqs. (15), (16) and (18).

2. The Numerical Treatment

The boundary integral equation (29) can be solved only numerically. In the present work the following discrete procedure has been employed. The boundary of the plate is discretized into N elements with M nodes. The generalized boundary displacements and tractions are expressed in terms of their nodal values. Over every boundary element between two nodes the generalized boundary tractions and displacements are interpolated linearly.In the procedure of the discretization,continuous elements and partially discontinuous elementsE41 have been used. Partially discontinuous elements have been employed in points close to the corner, and continuous elements are used away from the corner to

Vol.7, No. 3

Wang & Huang : BEM fo~ Orthotropic Thick Plates

265

avoid the complexity in the treatment at that point. By using the above procedure and introducing the boundary conditions, Eq. (29) is transformed into a system of algebraic equations.

[ k] {x}={p}

(30)

where [k] is a coefficient matrix, { x } is the unknown vector of boundary nodes, { p } is the load vector of the boundary nodes. Eq. (30) can be solved numerically. After all boundary unknown nodal variables are obtained, we can calculate the generalized displacements at any internal point with the aid of Eq. ( 2 9 ) . Substituting Eq. (29)into Eq. (1)and differentiating it with respect to ~, we can obtain the generalized internal forces at any internal point.
V. EXAMPLFS A N D CONCLUSION I. Examples In order to demonstrate the correctness of the formulas presented and the accuracy of the solutions, we have written a computer program on IBM-PC and made calculations for the simply supported rectangular plate and the clamped circular plate subjected to a uniform distributed load for the different values of Ex / Ey and h . The results obtained are compared with the analytical solution [5' sl as shown in Tables 1 - - 4. In the procedure of calculation, the boundary of the plates is divided into 16 elements. The material constants and some parameters in Tables 1 - - 4 are

Gyz=O.5Ey

Gxy=Gxz=O.6Ey /~xy=0.25

a - - the side length of the rectangular plate or the radius of the circular plate. q - - uniformly distributed load.
Table 1 Centre deflection of the simply supported orthotropic rectangular thick plate

E x / Ey

EyWmax /
present solution 547.37620 42.06563 310.9022 27.04617

(qh / 2a4 )
Ref. [ 5] 586.62240 42.35701 315.63200 27.15566

h/2
20 10 20 10

3 10

Table 2 Centre deflection of the orthotropic thick circular plate of clamped boundary

ex/ey
3 10

E y W c / (qa4 ) present solution 103.78090 16.32336 51.14804 9.98845

h 10 5 10 5

Ref.[8]
98.9057 12.3632 41.5389 5.1924

Table 3 Bending moments at the center of the orthotropic circular thick plate of clamped boundary precsnt solution thin plate solution, [ 8]

Ex/ Ey
3
10

h
10 5 10 5

Mxx/ (qa2 )
0.1089584 0.1104649 0.1468117 0.1483345

Myy/ (qa2 )
0.0424345 0.0473511 0.0203297 0.0281589

Mxx/ (qa2 )
0.1094276 0.1094276 0.1428173 0.1428173

Myy/ (qa2 )
0.420875 0.420875 0.0174168 0.0174168

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Table 4 The boundary bending moments of the orthotropic circular thick plate of clamped boundary present solution
Ex a

1991

thin plate solution [ 8]

ey
3

h
10 5 10 5

M x x / qa2 ~ : 8
- 0.2023033 0.1969599
-

Myy/ qa2 X=Oy=a

- 0.0692860 - 0.0809654 - 0.0373753 - 0.0596292

M x x / qa2 y=vX=a
- 0.2020202 - 0.2020202 - 0.2786679 - 0.2786679

Myy/ qa2 y=aX=O

- 0.0673401 - 0.0673401 - 0.0278668 - 0.0278668

10

- 0.2815692 0.2552864
-

From Tables 2 - - 4 , we see that the present solutions are in close agreement with analytical solutions when h / a is small and Ex / Ey is not large, which is in accordance with the practical case.

2. Conclusion
The fundamental solutions derived in this paper is simple and its computation is easy to carry out. From the calculated results it is seen that the present solutions have high accuracy. The present method can be generalized to problems of general anisotropic thick plates and thick shallow shells. REFERENCES
[ 11 H'~rmander, L., Linear Partial Differential Operators, SpringerVerleg, Berlin (1963). [ 2 ] Gel' land, I. M. and Shilov, G. E., Generalised function, Vol. 1, Academic Press, Inc. New York (1967). [ 3 ] Cody, W. J. and Henry, C. Thacher Jr., Chebyshev Approximations for the Exponential Integral Ei (x), Math. Comp., 23 (1969), 289-- 303. [ 4] Pattersom, C. and Sheikh, M . A . , Interelement Continuity in Boundary Element Methodss, in Topics in Boundary Element Research (Ed. C. A. Brebbia), 1(1984). [ 51 Sundara, K. T. and Raja Iyengar,Analysis of Orthotropic Rectangular Thick Plate, Fibre Science and Technology, 18 ( 1983 ), 19-- 36. [ 6 ] Vander Weeen, F., Application of the Direct Boundary Integral Equation Method to Reissner's Plate Model, Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng., 18(1982), 1 - - 1 0 . [ 7 ] Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.A., Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Grapus, and Mathematical Tables, National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics series- 55, New York (1965). [ 8 ] Lekhnitzkii, S . G . , Anisotropic Plates, Gordon and Breach, London (1968). [ 91 He Guangqian, Lin Chunzhe and Shao Lazi, Fundamental Solution for Thin Shallow Shell with Quadratic Surface, S&mgha/ Mechanics 2(1984), 1 - - 11. [ 10] Cao Zhiyuan and Yang Shengtian, Theory and Application of Dynamics for Thick Plates, Science Press (in Chinese), (1983).