Assignment 5

7.3 An interval estimator for is a range in which mu likely is, while a point estimator for is a specific value.

7.4 "We are 95% confident that an interval estimate contains " means that, of all possible values of , there is a 95% chance that lies within the given range.

7.18 a) 5.802 9.438 c) Yes if MiddleClass = 15.55, there is a difference between low income and middle income because the confidence interval for the low income people does not overlap MiddleClass at all.

8.1 The null hypothesis is the status quo hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis is the research hypothesis.

8.29 a) Ho: =16 Ha: <16 b) 1-pnorm(16, 9, 9/sqrt(33)) = 8.0*10-6 =.1 >1-pnorm, therefore the alternate hypothesis applies. c) Well, it is a rather small sample size, and thus the results are not guaranteed to represent all of the remaining WWII aviators.

8.34 a) Null Hypothesis: =100 Alternate Hypothesis: <100 test statistic = -1.697 p-value = pnorm(-1.69, 0, 1) = .0448

The Alternate Hypothesis is the valid one. Because the experimental average is less than 100 and the chance of having =100 is less than the cutoff of =.1. Therefore, the Null Hypothesis doesnt apply, so the Alternate Hypothesis would.

b) if =.05, the outcome would not change because the p-value would still be less than . If =.01, then the Null Hypothesis would actually be valid because, in that case, >p-value.

The conclusion of a Hypothesis Test can change with a different alpha because alpha is the arbitrary factor by which the validity of the Null Hypothesis p-value is judged.

8.71 Null Hypothesis: =40 Alternate Hypothesis: >40 = .05 test-statistic = 1.947 p-value = 1-pnorm(1.947, 0, 1) = pnorm(-1.947, 0, 1) = .026

Because >p-value, the Null Hypothesis can be rejected in favor of the Alternate Hypothesis. Therefore there is sufficient evidence to claim that the true mean PST of people with mild-tomoderate traumatic brain injuries is higher than the normal value.

10 Null Hypothesis: =8.8 Alternate Hypothesis: =/= 8.8 = .05 test statistic = 2.357 p-value = .024 m=lm((footwidth-8) ~ 1)

summary(m) gives: Estimate = .1923 Std Deviation = .0816 t value = test statistic above Pr(>|t|) = p-value above

This means that, the adjusted footwidth model has an average of .1923, which translates to an actual width of 8.9923. Also, the t-value is the number of std. deviations the original footwidth variable is from the null hypothesis of 8.8. The p-value reflects this. Because the p-value is less than .05, it is unlikely, and therefore the alternate hypothesis, that =/= 8.8, is the accepted one.

11 a) m = lm(footwidth~footlength) Intercept = 2.8623 Footlength = .2479

Confint(m) 2.5% 0.4144776 0.1490758 97.5% 5.3100746 0.3648197

Intercept footlength

b) Yes. This is important because it means that we can definitively say that there is a relationship between footlength and footwidth. This is important to consider because, if there wasnt a definitive relationship between footlength and footwidth, there would be no point in using the model. The answer tells us that there is a relationship between the two variables.

c) m = lm(footlength~domhand) Intercept = 24.40000 domhandR = .4065

confint(m) 2.5% 23.451 -.0658 97.5% 25.359 1.71

Intercept domhandR

Because the confidence interval for domhandR includes zero, we cannot definitively say there is a relationship between Intercept and domhandR.

12 a) m = lm((HWYMPG-27.5)~1) summary(m) Estimate Intecept .6497 Null Hypothesis: =27.5 Alternate Hypotheis: <27.5 Test statistic = t value from the chart p-value is .115 because the given p-value is for =/= 27.5, so I have to halve the given value to get the value for <27.5. Std. Deviation .5389 t value 1.206 Pr(>|y|) .23

Beause the p-value is greater than .05, I can conlude that the Null Hypothesis applies,

b) n=lm(HWYMPG~1) confint (n) 2.5 27.08462 97.5 29.2147

Intercept

The confidence interval shows the range that has a 95% chance of having the true average highway MPG in the USA. We can use this range to see if the EPA standards are most likely being met. In this case, because the standard is 27.5, and the range includes 27.5, we cannot conclusively say that the EPA standard is being met as the true mean highway MPG may be belowe 27.5.