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Kultur Dokumente
Distribution transforme r
Location
GSU xfmr
52
52
Aux. xfmr
1300 MVA
343 2x1.9% / 25 kV 60 Hz 3-phase
24 MVA
1000 MVA 346 17x3.66 kV / 225 kV 60 Hz 3-phase OA/FA/FA (self-cooled/ forced air cooled)
Single-phase transformers
Three-phase transformers
45kVA, 24.94kV/480V 3-phase Pole Mount Up to 300kVA Prim. voltage - up to 36kV 3-phase substation installation 2 MVA, 13.8/600kV Pad - Mount
OIL PUMP
COOLING FANS
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
VS NS IP = = VP N P I S
PP = VP * IP = VS * IS = PS
Stray loss - stray capacitance and leakage inductance losses Apparent loss loss due to magnetizing current in the primary winding Iron loss loss due to varying flux in the core( hysteresis and eddy losses) - hysteresis loss
As the flux builds, the exciting current grows with the flux.
The flux builds up from zero, when the voltage is applied at zero crossing, and can reach 2 times the maximum flux. The magnetizing current becomes even higher, if the transformer is energized at zero point of the voltage wave, and there is residual flux
OVERVOLTAGE
UNDERFREQUENCY
OVERHEATING
blockage of coolant flow loss of fans or pumps Buchholtz relay and thermal elements protections such as Hottest Spot temperature, Aging Factor and Loss of Life are normally used
OVERFLUXING
Continuous overfluxing can gradually lead to isolation breakdown. The detection is provided by Volts/Hertz protection Overpressure in the transformer tank occurs due to released gases that accompany localized heating. An example is the turn-to-turn fault, that can burn slowly, releasing bubbles of gases, which increase the pressure. Sudden Pressure relay, or Buchholtz relay
OVERPRESSURE
Phase-to-phase faults Three-phase faults Ground faults Core faults Tank faults
*
WYE connection T60 T60 i1 sec i2 sec
Id ,p u
WYE connection
* *
DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL: IDIFF. = I1COMP + I2COMP RESTRAINING SIGNAL: IRESTR. = max ( |I1COMP| , | I2COMP|)
S1 M in .P K P B1 B2
S2
Ir, p u
NO TRIP
NO
Id > PKP
YES NO
Ir < B1
YES
Id/Ir%>S1
NO NO
B1 < Ir < B2
YES
Id/Ir,% >S1&S2
YES
YES NO
Ir > B2
Id/Ir, % >S2
YES
TRIP
NO
Igd, pu
Slop e
Questions