Fundamentals of Fluid Structure Interactions

Raghav. H. V Final Year B. Tech Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Tutor: Prof. S. Mittal

Contents
Fundamental results and discoveries concerning VIV Modes of vibration The importance of mass and damping The concept of a critical mass The concept of effective elasticity

Fluid Structure Interactions

E.g. Interactions between pipe movement and the unsteady flow of a fluid within the pipe (water hammering, coriolis force meter, aircrafts etc.) Initial cause of the interactions may be a disturbance to the flow (e.g. valve or pump activity) or a disturbance to the pipe (e.g. vibrating machinery) In both cases, the resulting dynamics will involve an extensive collection of pressure waves in the fluid and stress waves in the pipe wall Interactions are inherently two-way

Vortex Induced Vibrations

What are Vortex Induced Vibrations? What are the effects of VIV? What are the different kinds of VIV? How to eliminate VIV?

Vortex Induced Vibrations

Usually involves an interaction that is dominantly one-way When fluid flows across a cylinder, vortices develop which are shed alternately from either side of the cylinder The resultant lift and drag forces (coefficients fluctuate) excite forced oscillations of the cylinder known as vortex-induced vibrations

A complex interaction dependent on both flow parameters and mechanical properties of the cylinder When the vortex-induced vibration frequency nears one of the natural frequencies (oscillating frequency) of the structure, resonance happens also known as lock-in, enhancing the vibration amplitude

Off-shore oil and gas drilling and production face hazards caused by exposure of submerged rig components to underwater currents Critical among these components are the marine risers, consisting of a series of steel pipes linking the surface platform to the sea bed During drilling, a marine riser contains the drillstring and carries the mud and debris from the rock face, while during production it carries the oil or gas The integrity of the marine riser under a variety of conditions is crucial to the entire operation



Is of practical interest to many fields of engineering Can cause vibrations in heat exchanger tubes Influences the dynamics of riser tubes bringing oil from the seabed to the surface Is important to the design of civil engineering structures such as bridges and chimney stacks Can cause large-amplitude vibrations of tethered structures in the ocean

Vortex Flow Meter

A small bluff body of known dimensions is kept in the flow Vortices now get shed from the body, and the frequency of shedding depends on the velocity of flow and shape of the body A microphone kept behind the body picks up pressure fluctuations due to the vortices formed From the frequency of vibration, the flow velocity is estimated

Solving the FSI Problem

Principal Modes of VIV

2S - 2 single vortices formed per cycle 2P - 2 vortex pairs are formed per cycle P+S One single vortex and one vortex pair Equation of motion to represent VIV of a cylinder oscillating in the transverse Y direction

&& + cy & + ky = F my

In the regime where the body motion is synchronized with the periodic fluid force, a good approximate solution for the equation is F(t) = F0 sin (t) y(t) = y0 sin (t - ) is the phase lag The amplitude of the vibration, in terms of nondimensional parameters is given by

where

CA is the added mass coefficient CEA is the effective added mass coefficient - It includes the apparent fluid force in phase with the body acceleration

Time Domain Approach

In the time domain approach, we solve the system equation in the time domain A typical outcome of a time-domain analysis may be a series of graphs showing how parameters vary with time This is an intuitively obvious way to model real phenomena It is often an appropriate way too but not always the best

Frequency Domain Approach

Here, we solve the system equation in the frequency domain, using the Fourier or the Laplace Transforms A typical outcome of a frequency-domain analysis might be a series of graphs highlighting the dominant frequencies in the response of various parameters Is a valuable representation because most responses are composed primarily of a small number of dominant frequencies Such analyses can tell us very easily whether the structure is likely to respond in a lively manner to expected stimuli The time domain solution can be got by taking the inverse transforms

Free vibrations of a cylinder

The amplitude of the vibration is related to the product of mass and damping 2S and 2P modes are formed 2S with initial branch of response and 2P with the lower branch There is a hysteretic transition between the two branches Lock-in happens when the vortex shedding frequency is close to the natural frequency of the structure

Free vibration at low mass and damping is associated with the existence of an upper branch of high amplitude response appearing between the initial and lower branches The frequency of the lower branch is not close to the natural frequency and is remarkably constant There are three principal branches and corresponding two jump phenomena

Critical Mass

As the structural mass decreases, the regime of velocity over which there are large-amplitude vibrations increases A surprising result shows that the synchronization regime becomes infinitely wide, when the mass falls below a special critical value whose numerical value depends on the shape of the vibrating body

Critical Mass Ratio

The synchronization regime of high-amplitude vibration (shaded regime) extends to infinite velocities as m approaches the value 0.54 The lower plot, at infinite U*, shows that there is a sudden appearance of large-amplitude response when m* just falls below 0.54

Critical Mass Ratios

Tethered sphere system: m* ~ 0.3 A pivoted cylinder m* ~ 0.5 Elastic Mounted Cylinder in two degrees of freedom m* ~ 0.52

The Griffin Plot

Skop-Griffin Parameter

S Strouhal Number m mass - damping factor Griffin Plot is the plot of peakamplitude parameter versus the Skop-Griffin parameter as shown in the figure My interpretation: Combining both the massdamping and frequency into one plot, thereby studying their combined effect

Forced Vibration of a Cylinder

One approach to predicting VIV has been to generate an experimental force data base by testing cylinders undergoing forced or controlled sinusoidal oscillations in a free stream The transverse force on bodies in harmonic, as well as multi frequency motion, is generally decomposed into two components, one in phase with the velocity and one in phase with the acceleration

There are parametric regions where such comparison is successful, and other regions where the comparison is not close In summary, despite the extensive work on controlled vibrations, it is still an open question whether (strictly sinusoidal motion) controlled experiments can be used to predict free vibration accurately

Effective Elasticity
For systems with very less damping, the parameter k*, given by *2m+k = k* is called effective elasticity The inertial and the spring terms, which are precisely out-of-phase are combined in this

From these figures, if one chooses a particular mass ratio (m*), then one can deduce the amplitude (A*) and frequency (f*) as a function of U* (velocity), and build up a complete response plot for the chosen m*

XY Motion of Bodies

A large number of papers are dedicated to the problem of a cylinder vibrating transverse to a fluid flow (Y motion) Only a very few papers deal with bodies that are also allowed to vibrate in-line with the flow Principal question - How does the freedom to vibrate in-line with the flow influence the dynamics of the fluid and the structure?

Bodies in XY motion do not lead to surprising changes in the expected maximum resonant amplitudes as compared to bodies in Y motion. One of the most interesting results from is that even small amounts of stream wise motion (Ax/AY = 20%) can inhibit the formation of the 2P mode of vortex formation Full-scale piles in an ocean current, and similar cantilever models in the laboratory, vibrate in-line with the flow with peak amplitudes of the cantilever tip

In most practical cases, cylindrical structures (such as riser tubes or heat exchangers) have the same mass ratio and the same natural frequency in both the stream wise (X) and transverse (Y) directions When m* < 6, there is new response branch with significant stream wise motion appears - super-upper branch This yields massive amplitudes of three diameters peak-topeak (A*Y 1.5) This response corresponds with a new periodic vortex wake mode, comprising a triplet of vortices in each half cycle, defined as a 2T

Vortex Induced Vibration Suppressors

Various devices and configurations are attached to pipe surfaces to break up, or suppress, the vortex-causing currents

Suppressors

Suppressors can be Alternating buoyant and bare joints of drilling riser in the high current area Placing fairings or strakes on the outside of the drilling riser STRAKES - Three strakes, each made of the long-lasting SPLASHTRON, break up the current path, preventing eddies. The strakes are bonded to the coating in a spiral fashion, with each strake making a full 360 turn around the pipe every 19 feet. The strakes can be custom-designed to fit particular riser requirements.

Summary
Fundamentals Different modes of VIV Full-scale data are inadequate for fluidstructure interactions in a variety of conditions, including sheared flows in the ocean VIV Suppressors

References

Williamson. C. H. K and Govardhan. R, Vortex Induced Vibrations, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 2004, 36:413-55 Singh S. P and Mittal. S, Vortex-induced oscillations at low Reynolds numbers: hysterisis and vortex shedding modes, Journal of Fluids and Structures 20 (2005) 1085-1104 Wikipedia www.marktool.com

Thank you!