POWER SYSTEMS LAB

POWER TRANSACTION BETWEEN UTILITIES IN REAL TIME

AIM: - Studying power transaction between utilities in real time, to observe basic aspects of operation modes, disconnection of contingency and import and export of power. Software Used: - Power World Simulator 4.1c. Theory: - The power utility has basically four modes of operation for any apparatus connected to it depending on percentage flow of rated volt-ampere through it. Normal mode: 80%. No monitoring required for necessary apparatus. Alert Mode: 80-100%.No action required but to be monitored in case the rated level is shot. Emergency mode: 100-150% .Can be sustained only for few hours beyond which the apparatus must be disconnected. Contingency: 150%.Apparatus needs to be disconnected immediately to avoid any damage.

The real problem is that the entire area needs to be monitored simultaneously as all or some part of the network might change from one mode to other as the load handled changes which calls for suitable protection mechanisms applied to each part of the network. Some of the widely used methods involve circuit breakers and automated switches. We will try to suggest some more methods that can be applied successfully to protect any damage to our network.

Case 1:6:00 AM 1 10:00 AM 1.5 12:00 PM 1.5

And both of tie lines are connected

In the graphs of power variation V/S time, we observe that load linearly increases between 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM till it reaches value i.e. 1.5 times value of load at 6:00 AM that was 300 MW and due to increase of load, power generated by generator increases with increase in load, and as load becomes constant so does the power generated by the transformer.

In the Graph of the area losses V/S time, we observe that losses in tie line are almost zero, all the time which implies that no power is lost in tie lines as, no power is actually transformed through lines.

In graph of power flow V/S time, we observe that power flow tie lines is almost zero, the small values are result of iterations, practically it doesnt imply anything.

Observation Table : (Load Variation Factor = 1.5) Both Tie lines connected Time Power generated(MVA) LOAD (BUS2) 300
6:00 300

Power flow through Tie line 1 0 0.4 0.5 0.3 Tie line 2 0 0.4 0.5 0.3

Total

0 0.8 1.0 0.6

316.3
6:30 318.9

338.4
7:00 337.5

356.3
7:30 355.8

375.1
8:00 374.4

0.3 0.4

0.3 0.4

0.6 0.8

393.8
8:30 393

412.7
9:00 412.3

0.2 0.3

0.2 0.3

0.4 0.6

431.5
9:30 430.9

450
10:00 449.4

0.3 0.3

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.6

450
10:30 449.4

450
11:00 11:30 449.4

0.3 0.3 0.3

0.3 0.3 0.3

0.6 0.6 0.6

450
449.4

12:00

449.4

450

Case 2:

6:00 am 1

10:00 am 1.5

12:00 pm 1.5

One of the tie lines is disconnected.

In graph of power flow variation, we see that there is no change in graph as compared to previous graph with both the tie lines connected. The power by generator increases with increase in load and then is saturated at load value required at load.

There is no change in area loss curve as it is at zero only, as still load is satisfied by generator, so no power is drawn from slack bus to satisfy the load.

In the graph of power flow, through single tie line, we see power flow is approximately zero, it is because the generator satisfies the load and hence, no power flows through the tie line. There would be only small values appearing because of the iterations occurring.

Observation Table:

(Load Variation Factor : 1.5)

One of the Tie lines is disconnected.

Power

Time

Generated(in MVA)

Load (Bus 2) ( Power flow in MVA) (Line 1) (in MVA)

Power flow (Line 2) (in MVA)

Total (in MVA)

6:00am

300

300.7

0.7

0.7

6:30am

318.2

318.9

0.7

0.7

7:00am 7:30am

336.5 355.8

337.3 356.3

0 0

0.8 0.5

0.8 0.5

8:00am

374.5

375.3

0.8

0.8

8:30am

402.1

402.9

0.8

0.8

9:00am

421.5

422.2

0.7

0.7

9:30am

440.1

440.9

0.8

0.8

10:00am

449.2

450

0.8

0.8

10:30am

449.2

450

0.8

0.8

11:00am 11:30am

449.2 449.2

450 450

0 0

0.8 0.8

0.8 0.8

12:00pm

449.2

450

0.8

0.8