HYDRAULICS

Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and/or motion through the medium of a confined liquid. In a hydraulic de ice! "o#er is transmitted $y "ushing on a confined liquid. %orce that is a""lied at one "oint is transmitted to another "oint using an incom"ressi$le fluid. &he fluid is almost al#ays an oil of some sort. &he force is almost al#ays multi"lied in the "rocess. In fluid "o#er! hydraulics is used for the generation! control! and transmission of "o#er $y the use of "ressuri'ed liquids.hydraulic to"ics contain "i"e flo#! dam design! fluidics and fluid control circuitry! "um"s! tur$ines!hydro"o#er! com"utational fluid dynamics! flo# measurement! ri er channel $eha ior and erosion

(ressure)
"ressure is force e*erted against a s"ecific area+force "er unit area, e*"ressed in "si +"ound "er square inch,!$ar or "ascal."ressure can cause an e*"ansion!or resistance to com"ression of fluid that is $eing squee'ed.A fluid is any liquid or gas.

(-%/A

Units of "ressure)
./S Units0 /gf/m1 and /gf/cm1 SI Units 2 3e#ton/m1and 3/mm1+"ascal, other commonly units of "ressure are "si+"ound "er square inch, and $ar. 4 (ascal +3/mm1, - 4.5 6 4507 $ar- 5.55548759::9; "ounds "er square inch %orce. &he force is an e*ternal agent #hich "roduces or tends to "roduce change in the state of rest!motion!sha"eor si'e of an o$<ect and is e*"ressed in 3e#ton.3e#ton is the SI unit for force.

% - (/A
=here %- force (- (ressure A- Area

(ASCAL>S LA=)
?laise (ascal formulated the $asic la# of hydraulics in the mid 4:th century.He disco ered that "ressure e*erted on a fluid acts equally in all directions.His la# states that "ressure in a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in e ery direction and acts #ith equal force on equal area and at right angle to a container>s #all. According to this la#!@In a close liquid the "ressure a""lied at any "art is equally transmitted in all direction and in the same amount@.

or
AIf a liquid is in equili$rium then the "ressure in e ery "art of it is equal. (4 -(B

%/A-f/a %-fA/a

%LC=)
%lo# is the mo ement of a hydraulic fluid caused $y a difference in the "ressure at t#o "oints.In a hydraulic system flo# is usually "roduced $y the action of a hydraulic "um" 2 a de ice used to continuously "ushethe hydraulic fluid.&he t#o #ays of measuring flo# are elocity and flo# rate.

DELCCI&Y)
Delocity is the a erage s"eed at #hich a fluid>s "article mo e a gi en "oint!measure in m/s.Delocity is an im"ortant consideration in si'ing the hydraulic lines and carry a fluid $et#een the com"onents.

%LC= RA&E)
%lo# rate is the measure of ho# much olume of a liquid "asses a "oint in a gi en time!measured in Liter "er minute+L(.,. %lo# rate determines the s"eed at #hich a load mo es and therefore!is im"ortant #hen considering "o#er.

DISCCSI&Y)
Discosity is defined as "ro"erty of fluid #hich offers resistance to mo ement of one layer of fluid o er another ad<acent layer of fluid. Unit of Discosity) ./S Units 2 /gf0sec/m1 CFS Units 2 dyne 2 sec/m1 SI Units0 3e#ton0sec/m1