LECTURE 4

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Stoichiometry of Chemical Formulas

Lesson for Today

4.1 The Mole and the Avogadros number 4.2 Determining the Molar Mass of Compounds 4.3 Interconverting Moles, Mass and other chemical entities 4.4 Determining the Mass Percent from Chemical Formula 4.5 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound

How can we possibly count quantities that are so small?

The Mole Concept

Mole (mol) - the amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. This amount is 6.022 x 1023. The number is called Avogadros number and is represented by N or NA. One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022 x 1023 entities (to four significant figures)

The Atomic Mass Scale

1 amu = 1 g / mole

Example:

H has an atomic weight of 1.00794 g

1.00794 g of H atoms = 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

Mg has an atomic weight of 24.3050 g

24.3050 g of Mg atoms = 6.022 x 1023 Mg atoms

The Atomic Weight Scale

The atomic weight is the weighted average of the masses of its stable isotopes

24Mg:

78.99% 25Mg: 10.00% 26Mg: 11.01%

The Molar Mass

Mass in grams numerically equal to the atomic weight of the element in grams.
For elements atomic mass For compounds sum of the molar masses of the atoms of the elements in the formula Unit: g/mol

The Molar Mass

Oxygen 32.00 g One mole of some familiar substances.

CaCO3 100.09 g

Water 18.02 g

Copper 63.55 g

Exercise 1

Determining the Molar Mass

How do we calculate the molar mass of a compound? 1.The molar mass of propane, C3H8, is:

Exercise 2 Determining the Molar Mass

2. Calculate the formula weight of calcium nitrate:

Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2

Exercise 3 Determining the Molar Mass

3. Calculate the MW of the following: a. b. c. d. e. Sodium hydroxide Glucose, C6H12O6 Barium phosphate Silver Nitrate Aluminum chloride
NaOH: 39.997 or 40 g/mol 180.16 g/mol

Ba3(PO4)2 : 601.93 g/mol

AgNO3 : 169.87 g/mol AlCl3 : 133.34 g/mol

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

no. of grams 1 mol 1 mol

Mass (g) = no. of moles x

No. of moles = mass (g) x

mol

no. of grams
No. of entities = no. of moles x 6.022 x 1023 entities 1 mol 1 mol No. of moles = no. of entities x 6.022 x 1023 entities Atom/ molecules

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

Summary of the mass-mole-number relationships for elements.

Exercise 4 Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms in

a Given Number of Moles of an Element 4. Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no longer in U.S. coins. How many grams of Ag are in 0.0342 mol of Ag?

SOLUTION:

a) 0.0342 mol Ag x 107.9 g Ag = 3.69 g Ag mol Ag

Exercise 5

Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms in a Given Number of Moles of an Element

5. Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important metal in industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe?
SOLUTION:
23 atoms Fe 1 mol Fe 6.022 x10 x 95.8 g Fe x = 1.04 x1024 atoms Fe 55.85 g Fe mol Fe

Exercise 6

Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms in a Given Number of Moles of a Compound

6. Calculate the number of C3H8 molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

SOLUTION:

Exercise 7

Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms in a Given Number of Moles of a Compound

7. How many grams of propane contain 1.6510 x 1024 of C3H8 molecules?

SOLUTION:

Exercise 8

Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms in a Given Number of Moles of a Compound

8. How many (a) moles, (b) molecules, and (c) oxygen atoms are contained in 60.0 g of ozone, O3? The layer of ozone in the stratosphere is very beneficial to life on earth.
SOLUTION:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Exercise 9

Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms in a Given Number of Moles of a Compound

9. Calculate the number of O atoms in 26.5 g of Li2CO3

SOLUTION:
23 26.5 g Li2CO3 x _1 mol Li2CO3 _x __3 O mole__ x 6.02 x 10 O molecules 73.8 g Li2CO3 1 mole Li2CO3 1 O mole

=6.49 x 1023 O atoms

Mass Percent from the Chemical Formula

Mass % of element X =
moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (g/mol) x 100 mass (g) of 1 mol of compound

Exercise 10 Calculating Mass Percents and Masses of Elements in

a Sample of a Compound

10. In mammals, lactose (milk sugar) is metabolized to glucose (C6H12O6), the key nutrient for generating chemical potential energy.
(a) What is the mass percent of each element in glucose? (b) How many grams of carbon are in 16.55 g of glucose?
SOLUTION:

6 mol C x 6 mol O x 12 mol H x

12.01 g C mol C
16.00 g O mol O 1.008 g H mol H

= 72.06 g C
= 96.00 g O = 12.096 g H

M = 180.16 g/mol

Exercise 10 Calculating Mass Percents and Masses of Elements in

a Sample of a Compound

72.06 g C mass percent of C = = 0.4000 x 100 = 40.00 mass % C 180.16 g glucose 12.096 g H mass percent of H = = 0.06714 x 100 = 6.714 mass % H 180.16 g glucose mass percent of O = 96.00 g O = 0.5329 x 100 = 53.29 mass % O 180.16 g glucose

(b) How many grams of carbon are in 16.55 g of glucose?

16.55 g C6H12O6 x 0.4000 = 6.620 g C

Exercise 11

Calculating Mass Percents and Masses of Elements in a Sample of a Compound

11. Which of the following compounds has the highest percentage of N (AW 14.00)? a. Ca(NO3)2 (MW 164.03) b. N2O5 (MW 100.02) c. (NH4)2SO4 (MW 132.16) d. C3H7NH2 (MW 59.4) a. Ca(NO3)2 2 mol N (14.00 g/mol)= (28.00 g N/164.03 g) x 100 = 17.07% N

Exercise 11

Calculating Mass Percents and Masses of Elements in a Sample of a Compound

b. N2O5 (MW 100.02) 2 mol N (14.00 g/mol)= (28.00 g N/100.02 g) x 100 = 27.99 % N

c. (NH4)2SO4 (MW 132.16) 2 mol N (14.00 g/mol)= (28.00 g N/132.16 g) x 100 = 21.19 % N
d. C3H7NH2 (MW 59.4) 1 mol N (14.00 g/mol)= (14.00 g N/59.4 g) x 100 = 23.57 % N

Empirical and Chemical Formula

Empirical Formula
The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with the elemental analysis and gives rise to the smallest set of whole numbers of atoms.

Molecular Formula
The formula of the compound as it exists; it may be a multiple of the empirical formula.

Exercise 12 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements

12. Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed 2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and 7.83 g of O. What is the empirical formula and name of the compound?
SOLUTION:

2.82 g Na x

mol Na = 0.123 mol Na 22.99 g Na

mol Cl 4.35 g Cl x = 0.123 mol Cl 35.45 g Cl mol O 7.83 g O x = 0.489 mol O 16.00 g O
Na1.00 Cl1.00 O3.98 NaClO4

NaClO4 is sodium perchlorate.

Exercise 13 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements

13. During physical activity, lactic acid (M = 90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental analysis shows that this compound contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3 mass % O. (a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid. (b) Determine the molecular formula. PLAN: a) Assume 100 g of lactic acid and find the mass of each element. Convert mass of each to moles, get a ratio and convert to integer subscripts. b) Divide molar mass by empirical mass to get the multiplier then write the molecular formula accordingly.

Exercise 13 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements

SOLUTION:

In 100.0 g of lactic acid, there are: 40.0 g C; 6.71 g H; 53.3 g O

We convert the grams to moles and get a ratio for the empirical formula. 40.0 g C x mol C = 3.33 mol C 12.01 g C mol H = 6.66 mol H 1.008 g H mol O = 3.33 mol O 16.00 g O

6.71 g H x

53.3 g O x

Exercise 13 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements

SOLUTION: 3.33 mol C

6.66 mol H

3.33 mol O

We now divide by the smallest number and get a ratio for the empirical formula.

C3.33
3.33

H6.66 O3.33
3.33 3.33

CH2O empirical formula

molar mass of lactate mass of CH2O

90.08 g 30.03 g

C3H6O3 is the molecular formula

Exercise 14 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements

14. Determine the empirical and molecular formula of a compound that contains 71.65 % Cl, 24.27 % C and 4.07 % H. The molecular weight of the compound is known to be 98.96 g/mol.

Answer: Emprical formula: ClCH2 Molecular formula: Cl2C2H4

Exercise 15 Determining the Molecular Formula from Mass Percentage

15. Cortisol (MW=362.46 g/mol), one of the major steroid hormones, is used in the treatment of rheumatoid athritis. Cortisol is 69.6% C, 8.34% H, 22.1 % O by mass. What is the molecular formula? 1. Assuming 100 g of sample 69.6 g C x 1 mol C 12.01 g C 1 mol H = 5.795 mol C C4.20 = 8.275 mol H H5.99 =1.381 mol O O1.00
~ 4.00 ?

8.34 g H x

1.008 g H
22.1 g O x 1 mol O 16.00 g O C4.2H6O

~ 6.00 ok!

362.46 g/mol 72.49 g

= 5.0

C21H30O5

Exercise 15 Determining the Molecular Formula from Mass Percentage

15. Cortisol (MW=362.46 g/mol), one of the major steroid hormones, is used in the treatment of rheumatoid athritis. Cortisol is 69.6% C, 8.34% H, 22.1 % O by mass. What is the molecular formula? 2. Using mass percentage 362. 46 g/mol x 0.696 = 252. 27 g C x 1 mol C 12.01 g C 362. 46 g/mol x 0.0834 = 30.229 g H x 1 mol H 1.008 g H = 30 mol H = 21 mol C

362. 46 g/mol x 0.221

= 80.104 g H x

1 mol O
16.0 g O

= 5 mol O

Molecular formula: C21H30O5

Combustion apparatus for determining formulas of organic compounds.

Exercise 16

Determining the Molecular Formula from Combustion Analysis

16. Vitamin C (M = 176.12 g/mol) is a compound of C,H, and O found in many natural sources, especially citrus fruits. When a 1.000-g sample of vitamin C is placed in a combustion chamber and burned, the following data are obtained:

mass of CO2 absorber after combustion

mass of CO2 absorber before combustion mass of H2O absorber after combustion mass of H2O absorber before combustion What is the molecular formula of vitamin C?
PLAN:

= 85.35 g
= 83.85 g = 37.96 g = 37.55 g

The difference in absorber mass before and after combustion is the mass of oxidation product of the element. Find the mass of each element from its combustion product, convert each to moles and determine the formula. Using the molar mass and empirical mass, determine the molecular formula.

Exercise 16
SOLUTION: CO2

Determining the Molecular Formula from Combustion Analysis

H2O 37.96 g - 37.55 g = 0.41 g 1.50 g CO2 x 12.01 g C 44.01 g CO2 2.016 g H = 0.409 g C

85.35 g - 83.85 g = 1.50 g

There are 12.01 g C per mol CO2.

There are 2.016 g H per mol H2O.

0.41 g H2O x

= 0.046 g H

18.02 g H2O
O must be the difference: 1.000 g - (0.409 + 0.046) = 0.545 g O 0.409 g C 12.01 g C C1.00H1.3O1.00 C3H4O3 = 0.0341 mol C

0.046 g H
1.008 g H

= 0.0456 mol H

0.545 g O 16.00 g O

= 0.0341 mol O

176.12 g/mol 88.06 g

= 2.000 = 2

C6H8O6

Exercise 17

Determining the Molecular Formula from Combustion Analysis

16. Menthol (MW =156.3 g/mol), a strong smelling substance using in cough drops , is a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. When 0.1595 g of menthol was subjected to combustion analysis, it produced 0.449 g CO2 and 0.184 g H2O. What is menthols molecular formula?

Quiz 4
June 26, 2012; Total points: 13/13

1. Calculate each of the following quantities: 2 pts each a. Mass in grams of 6.44 x10-2 mol of MnSO4 b. Number of moles in 15.8 kg Fe(ClO4)3 c. Number of N atoms in 92.6 mg NH4NO2 2. Ethyl acetate, the compound responsible for the characteristic smell of plastic balloon, has an empirical formula of C2H4O. If the molar mass is about 88 g/mole, give the molecular formula of ethyl acetate. (AW C = 12.01, H = 1.01, O = 16.00) 2 pts

3. Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains 26.7% P, 12.1% N and 61.2 % Cl and has a molar mass of 580 g/mol. 5 pts

Additional Exercises: Stoichiometry of Chemical Formulas

1. An analytical balance can detect a mass of 0.1 mg. What is the total number of ions present in this minimally detectable quantity of MgCl2?

Additional Exercises: Stoichiometry of Chemical Formulas

2. The volatile liquid ethyl mercaptan, C2H6S, is one of the most odoriferous substances known. It is used in natural gas to make gas leaks detectable. How many C2H6S molecules are contained in a 1.0 L sample? (d = 0.84 g/mL)