by PSP

Volume 13 No 11b. 2004

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

FIELD TRIALS OF WILD PLANT SPECIES GROWING IN POLLUTED SOILS OF THE GUADIAMAR RIVER AREA FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION PURPOSES
Mercedes Del Ro, Fabien Ferchaud, Rafael Font and Antonio De Haro
IAS-CSIC. Alameda del Obispo s/n. 14080 Crdoba. Spain Presented at the 12th International Symposium on Environmental Pollution and its Impact on Life in the Mediterranean Region (MESAEP SE!"#"$%& Antalya& #ur'ey& () * (+ "ct, 2((-

SUMMARY On 25 April 1998, t e !ail"re o! a tailin# pond dam in t e p$rite mine o! A%nal&llar 'S( Spain) released a to*i& spill o! appro*imatel$ 45 * 10 5 m+ t at a!!e&ted t e A#rio and ,"adiamar ri-er basins. Immediatel$ a!ter t e spill, t e A"tonomo"s Co"n&il o! Andal"&.a be#an soilre&lamation a&ti-ities in order to red"&e t e impa&t &a"sed b$ lea& in# o! t e to*i& ea-$ metals in t e a!!e&ted area to a minim"m. A!ter p $si&all$ remo-in# t e sediments, t e soils remained poll"ted b$ tra&e elements, s"& as /b, C", 0n, Cd, 1l, Sb and As. 2rom O&tober 1998 to April 2000 periodi&al !ield s"r-e$s 3ere made at !o"r di!!erent lo&ations 'Soberbina, 4i&ario, /241 and 5"ema) in t e a!!e&ted land to identi!$ t e metal-tolerant spe&ies t at 3ere spontaneo"sl$ #ro3in# in t e soils. In pre-io"s st"dies, ele-en plant spe&ies 3ere sele&ted !or t eir abilit$ to #ro3 on t e poll"ted soils o! A%nal&llar and !or "pta6in# one or -ario"s to*i& elements, amon# t e ninet$ nine di!!erent plant spe&ies st"died. In t is 3or6, 3e present !ield trials 3 i& a-e been &arried o"t on t e poll"ted soils o! A%nal&llar to st"d$ ea-$ metal "pta6e b$ t e -ario"s spe&ies sele&ted !or t eir potential in remediation.

&ontainin# a i# l$ to*i& load 3as po"red into t e ri-ers A#rio and ,"adiamar. 1 e sl"rr$ &omprised o! appro*imatel$ 28109 m+ o! tailin# 'solid p ase) and +:4810 9 m+ o! poll"ted a&id 3ater. Soil poll"tion b$ tailin#s tended to diminis belo3 t e 10-&m la$er ;1<, b"t poll"ted 3ater #ot deeper into t e soil ;2<. A lon# strip, appro*imatel$ +00:400 m 3ide and 40 6m in len#t , 3as &o-ered b$ a 2:+0 &m t i&6 la$er o! to*i& bla&6 sl"d#e on bot sides o! t e ri-er & annel ;+<. An emer#en&$ soil &lean-"p pro&ed"re ad been ="i&6l$ started a!ter t e a&&ident, and t e sl"d#e &o-erin# t e #ro"nd 3as me& ani&all$ remo-ed !rom most o! t e a!!e&ted land. >espite t ose &lean-"p operations, t e a!!e&ted %one &ontin"ed to a-e a &onsistent le-el o! poll"tion b$ tra&e metals, 3it a !airl$ irre#"lar distrib"tion ;2, 4<. 1 e ?e#ional ,o-ernment as establis ed a lar#es&ale restoration plan, @1 e ,reen CorridorA, "sin# nati-e trees and s r"bs in t e spill-a!!e&ted lands ;5<. (it in t e Corridor, se-eral &ontrolled e*perimental plots a-e been de-oted to t e #ro3t o! plants !or potential "se in p $toremediation. 1 e "se o! biolo#i&al materials to &lean "p ea-$ metal-&ontaminated soils as been !o&"sed as an e!!i&ient and a!!ordable !orm o! bioremediation. / $toremediation is an emer#in# and lo3-&ost te& nolo#$ t at "tili%es plants to remo-e, trans!orm, or stabili%e &ontaminants lo&ated in 3ater, sediments, or soils. 4e#etation #ro3in# in &ontaminated sites as de-eloped a me& anism o! toleran&e to t e inade="ate en-ironments, t ere!ore, a 3ell-adapted !lora tolerant to eda!o&limati& &onditions &an be a basi& instr"ment !or p $toremediation ;9, B<. C$pera&&"m"lators, s"& as Thlaspi and Alyssum spe&ies ;9<, emer#e, at !irst, as an ob-io"s 3a$ to

KEYWORDS: Phytoremediation, Aznalcllar, Amaranthus blitoides, Malva nicaeensis, Polygonum persicaria, Lavatera cretica

INTRODUCTION 1 e brea6 in t e 3all o! t e pool in t e mine o! A%nal&llar o&&"rred in April 1998 and 3as t e &a"se o! t e most important e&olo#i&al disaster in Spain in t e re&ent $ears. 7ore t an 58109 m+ o! 3ater and m"d

 by PSP

Volume 13 No 11b. 2004

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

approa& t e ="estion. Co3e-er, t is t$pe o! plant spe&ies a-e important limitations. At !irst, $pera&&"m"lators are "s"all$ spe&i!i& !or one parti&"lar metal ;9<, and are adapted to pre&ise &limate and soil &onditions 'not reall$ trans!erable). 2"rt ermore, t e$ &annot be mana#ed as a &on-entional &rop, a-e lo3 biomass, and o!ten a s ort li!e &$&le. Dp to no3, di!!erent plant spe&ies a-e been tested in terms o! p $toremediator po3er be&a"se t e$ a-e parti&"lar traits appropriate !or remediation. 2or instan&e, mai%e and ambrosia 3ere "sed !or /b ;8<, Thlaspi caerulescens !or Cd ;9< and a !ern !or As ;10<. Ot er spe&ies assa$ed in&l"de pelar#oni"m ;11< and s"n!lo3er ;12<, 3 i& &an be &"lti-ated as mono&"lt"res, or deeprooted trees li6e poplar ;1+< and 3illo3 ;14<. In A%nal&llar, pre-io"s res"lts a-e s o3n t e potential o! some 3ild plant spe&ies &olle&ted in t e poll"ted soils to e*tra&t some ea-$ metals and arseni& ;B<. Amon# all spe&ies st"died, some a-e been proposed as s"itable &andidates !or soil p $toremediation. 1 e obEe&ti-es o! t e present st"d$ 3ereF 'a) to determine t e prod"&tion o! biomass and &on&entration o! tra&e elements in 3ild spe&ies plants #ro3in# in poll"ted soils, and 'b) to e-al"ate t e potential "se o! plants in t e p $toremediation o! poll"ted soils. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Wild species c l!i"#!i$%

Ci& ori"m int$b"s, Ana&$&l"s radiat"s and Con-ol-"l"s ar-ensis. Seeds o! ea& sele&ted 3ild spe&ies 3ere &olle&ted dire&tl$ on t e poll"ted soils o! A%nal&llar and #erminated in /etri dis es. ( en t e plants ad rea& ed ade="ate ei# t '8-12 &m), t e$ 3ere transplanted into t e !ield '2i#. 1). One e*perimental plot o! appro*imatel$ 1000 m 2 3as set "p and lo&ated in t e e*perimental area HIl 4i&arioH 3it in t e ,reen Corridor '+BJ 29K21KK L, 9J1+K00KK(). 1 e soil 3as &lassi!ied as 1$pi& Caplo*eral! 'pC B.8) and !ertilised 3it appro*imatel$ B00 6# a -1 o! a &omple* !ertiliser, 15L:15/2O5:15M2O, be!ore transplantin#, and d"rin# dr$ periods t e &rop 3as not irri#ated. 1ransplantin# 3as &arried o"t in mid-2ebr"ar$ 200+.
Pl#%! #%d s$il #%#l&sis S$il #%#l&sis: Soil samples 3ere ta6en at 0:40-&m dept at t ree points 3it in t e plot be!ore transplantin# 'total o! t ree soil samples per plot). Soil samples 3ere also ta6en at t e same point, 3 ere ea& plant 3as ar-ested. 2or & emi&al anal$sis, t e soil samples 3ere o-en-dried at 50 JC !or 2 da$s, sie-ed to N2 mm, and t en #ro"nd to N90 m.

(e sele&ted t e !ollo3in# 3ild spe&ies !or t e e*perimental &"lti-ationF Amarant "s blitoides, 7al-a ni&aeensis, Ga-atera &reti&a, An& "sa a%"rea, /ol$#on"m persi&aria, C$nodon da&t$lon, Amarant "s alb"s,

2or ea-$ metal '/b, 0n, C" and Cd) anal$sis, soil samples 'N90 m) 3ere di#ested 3it &on&entrated nitri& and $dro& lori& a&id to dr$ness, and redissol-ed in 4O nitri& a&id. 2or t e determination o! plant-a-ailable ea-$ metal !ra&tions, diet $lenetriaminepentaa&etate (>1/A) 3as "sed as e*tra&tin# a#ent ;15<. C emi&al anal$ses o! 0n, C", 2e and 7n in t e e*tra&ted soil sol"tions 3ere per!ormed "sin# !lame atomi& absorption spe&tros&op$ '/er6in Ilmer 1100P). /b and Cd 3ere anal$%ed 3it a #rap ite !"rna&e atomi& absorption spe&trop otometer ',2AAS).

'

 by PSP

Volume 13 No 11b. 2004

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

FIGURE 1 Field trials of wild plant species rowin in the polluted soils of the !El "icario# plot $A%nalc&llar'( Pl#%! #%#l&sis: 1en plants 3ere sele&ted at random in ea& ro3 'ma6in# a total o! ten plants per spe&ies). Sele&ted plants 3ere e*&a-ated to ta6e o"t t e root s$stem as &omplete as possible, t ereb$ &olle&tin# t e 3 ole plant. Co3e-er, it 3as not possible to ta6e o"t t e roots o! Convolvulus arvensis and Cynodon dactylon.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

S$il p$ll !i$%

1 e &olle&ted plants 3ere immediatel$ transported to t e laborator$ and t en partitioned !or anal$sis into roots and s oots. Pot !ra&tions 3ere t oro"# l$ 3as ed 3it tap 3ater, !inall$ rinsed 3it deioni%ed 3ater '0.2O nonp osp ate deter#ent sol"tion), t en o-en-dried at 80 JC !or 2 da$s and #ro"nd. 2or t e anal$sis o! ea-$ metal &ontents '/b, 0n, C", Cd, 2e and 7n) t e samples 3ere di#ested 3it &on&entrated nitri& and per& lori& a&id to dr$ness, and redissol-ed in deioni%ed 3ater. 1 en 0n, C", 2e and 7n &ontents 3ere determined b$ 2AAS and ,2AAS as des&ribed abo-e.
S!#!is!ic#l #%#l&ses

1 e soil o! t e e*perimental plot 3as lo&ated in t e e*perimental area /I-2 '&lose to t e p$rite mine o! A%nal&llar) and s o3ed a si#ni!i&ant le-el o! poll"tion b$ tra&e elements, despite t e &lean-"p and remediation operations o! t e last t3o $ears '1able 1). Soil poll"tion &o"ld a-e been m"& 3orse i! t e t i&6 sl"d#e la$er ad not been remo-ed a !e3 mont s a!ter t e a&&ident, in a &omple* and e*pensi-e operation. Co3e-er, at some sites t e &leanin# ma& iner$ b"ried parts o! t e sl"d#e, pre-io"sl$ &on!ined to t e topsoil, and in&reased t e &on&entration o! metals in t e arable la$er o! t e soil. 1 e poll"tion le-els o! t e top-soil !or /b, 0n, C" and Cd '200, +B9, 95 and + m# 6# -1, respe&ti-el$) 3ere i# , alt o"# all t ese elements 3ere lo3er t an t e ma*im"m -al"e allo3ed !or a#ri&"lt"ral soil ;1B<. 1 e iron &ontent in t e sl"d#e 3as also i# , b"t no si#ni!i&ant di!!eren&es in 2e &on&entration &o"ld be !o"nd bet3een a!!e&ted and non-a!!e&ted soils. 7an#anese 3as not a poll"tin# element in t e sl"d#e '1able 1). 13o $ears later, as s o3n in t is st"d$, t e top-soil still remained poll"ted.

>"n&anKs m"ltiple ran#e test, applied to data o! ea-$ metals and arseni& &ontents o! plant spe&ies &olle&ted at all t e &ontaminated sites, 3as "sed to determine 3 i& spe&ies di!!ered si#ni!i&antl$ !rom t e ot ers in t eir &on&entration o! t e di!!erent ea-$ metals and arseni&. 1 e a!orementioned test allo3ed "s to sele&t t e plant spe&ies 3it t e i# est abilit$ to &on&entrate ea& o! t e poll"tants anal$%ed. A si#ni!i&an&e le-el o! /N0.05 3as "sed t ro"# o"t t e st"d$. 1 e pro#ram S/SS !or (indo3s 3as "sed !or t ese statisti&al anal$ses ;19<.

)A*+E 1 , -oncentrations $.ean / standard error0 n12' of total and soluble hea34 .etals in 5E,6 e7peri.ental area and unpolluted soil $8,98 c. in depth0 . : ,1 dr4 wei ht'(

5b 5olluted soil total 199.9 +4.9 sol"ble 2.8Q2.5 Unpolluted soil total B+Q9.5

;n +B5.B 85.9 44.1Q44.1 99Q2+.5

Ele.ent $. : ,1' -u -d 94.9 1+.B 15.9Q5.4 48Q20.2 +.0Q1.2 0.9Q0.+ 0.2Q0.1

Fe +1251.8 2219.9 28B.9Q115.4 252+9Q2141

Mn B8+.8 150.B +1.50.1 51010+

)A*+E 6 , *io.ass $ dr4 wei ht' of wild plants culti3ated in the polluted soils at El "icario, A%nalc&llar $.ean / standard error' of ten sa.ples per species, dr4 .atter'(

Spe&ies Amaranthus albus Amaranthus blitoides Anacyclus radiatus Anchusa azurea

/lant biomass '#) 1B.8 4.B 2+.9 4.4 40.8 4.2 48.+ 1B.2

biomass '#) s oot 1B.B 4.B 2+.+ 4.+ +B.8 4.1 42.1 14.5 root 0.1 0 0.B 0.2 +.0 0.4 9.2 2.B

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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

Cichorium intybus Convolvulus arvensis Cynodon dactylon Lavatera cretica Malva nicaeensis Polygonum persicaria
)i$*#ss pl#%!

18.9 2.1 4.9 0.5 9.8 0 59.2 5.4 B8.0 9 9.9 0.B

1+.9 1.5 4.9 0.5 9.8 0 48.5 9 B+.9 8.B 9.+ 0.9

5.0 0.8 10.8 +.9 4.4 0.4 0.+ 0.1

1 e plants rea& ed a similar s oot and root mass in bot soil &onditions, poll"ted '1able 2) and "npoll"ted 'data not s o3n). Onl$ Polygonum persicaria ad a lo3er biomass t an t e plants #ro3n at t e "npoll"ted soil sites. 1 e plant dr$ 3ei# t 3as si#ni!i&antl$ i# er in t e spe&ies Malva nicaeensis 3it a mean -al"e o! B8 m# 6# -1 in &omparison to t e ot er spe&ies &"lti-ated. Convolvulus arvensis 3as t e spe&ies 3it t e si#ni!i&antl$ lo3est biomass on dr$ 3ei# t basis. 1 ese res"lts s"pport t e abilit$ o! t ese 3ild spe&ies to tolerate soil poll"tion "nder ad-erse &onditions 'poor soil, $dri& stress, et&) and, t ere!ore, t eir potential "se !or p $toremediation, espe&iall$ t ose spe&ies t at rea& ed a i# biomass.
He#"& *e!#l #cc * l#!i$%

&ompared to t e non-poll"ted site. Onl$ Amaranthus albus and Anchusa azurea a&&"m"lated mean &on&entrations o! 7n si#ni!i&antl$ lo3er &ompared 3it t e 9+ m# 6# -1 reported !or plants #ro3in# "npoll"ted. Polygonum persicaria a&&"m"lated si#ni!i&antl$ i# er amo"nts o! 7n in s oots '192 m# 6#-1) t an t e rest o! spe&ies '1able +). 1 e 7n &on&entration in roots o! Polygonum persicaria 3as also si#ni!i&antl$ i# er '94.4 m# 6#-1) t an t at o! t e ot er spe&ies #ro3n on poll"ted soils '1able 4). 1 e spe&ies remo-in# t e i# est amo"nts o! 7n 3ere Malva nicaeensis 'B4B0.4 #/plant) and Lavatera cretica '9189.2 #/plant).
C

1 e metal &on&entrations in 3ild spe&ies &"lti-ated in t e e*perimental area are presented in 1able +. 7etal &ontents 3ere &ompared 3it t e ba&6#ro"nd -al"es o! metals in plants #ro3in# in "npoll"ted soils '1able +)F 0.1:2.4 m# Cd/6#, 29-129 m# 0n/6#, 0.2:2.0 m# /b/6#, 8:14 m# C"/6#, 90-454 m# 2e/6# and 10-+48 m# 7n/6#.
Fe

1 e mean &on&entration o! C" in s oots 3as si#ni!i&antl$ i# er in Cynodon dactylon '19.8 m# 6#-1) &ompared 3it t e ot er spe&ies &"lti-ated in poll"ted soil area '1able +). 1 e mean &on&entration o! C" in roots 3as si#ni!i&ant i# er in Amaranthus albus '18 m# 6#-1) t an in t e rest o! t e spe&ies '1able 4). All plants 'in t is st"d$) a&&"m"lated similar &on&entrations o! C" in bot s oots and roots. In #eneral, C" &ontamination in plants 3as ="ite lo3 in &omparison to t at o! ot er to*i& elements, s"& as 0n, 7n and 2e. 1 e red"&tion o! C" a&&"m"lation in plants &"lti-ated in t e spill-a!!e&ted area as also been do&"mented !or Brassica spe&ies ;18<. Malva nicaeensis 3as a#ain t e spe&ies t at remo-ed i# er C" amo"nts '11B0 #/plant) !rom t e poll"ted soil 3 en&ompared 3it t e ot er spe&ies.
+%

Con&entrations o! 2e in plants #ro3n on poll"ted soils 3ere si#ni!i&antl$ di!!erent !rom t ose #ro3n on non-poll"ted ones '1able 4). S oots o! poll"ted plants ad i# er 2e &on&entration t an t ose o! non-poll"ted plants. Alt o"# Lavatera cretica plants s o3ed lo3er 2e &on&entrations t an plants #ro3n on "npoll"ted soils '1able 2), t ese plants did not s o3 s$mptoms o! & lorosis. 1ables + and 4 &ompare t e abilit$ o! all spe&ies &"lti-ated in poll"ted soils to a&&"m"late 2e in s oots and roots. Convolvulus arvensis a&&"m"lated si#ni!i&antl$ i# er amo"nts o! 2e in s oots t an t e rest o! spe&ies '100B.4 m# 6#-1). 1 e &on&entration o! 2e in roots o! Amaranthus albus 'B19.9 m# 6#-1) 3as i# er in &omparison 3it t e ot er spe&ies. ( en t e biomass -al"es are ta6en into a&&o"nt, Malva nicaeensis '12++8 #/plant), Amaranthus blitoides '1++29.+ #/plant), Anchusa azurea '94B0.9 #/plant), and Anacyclus radiatus '1+B+2.+ #/plant) 3ere more e!!e&ti-e in remo-in# 2e !rom soil t an t e rest o! spe&ies.
M%

1 e in&reased a&&"m"lation o! ea-$ metals in plants 3as more prono"n&ed in t e &ase o! 0n, one o! t e maEor poll"tin# elements in t e mine sl"d#e ;1<. 0n &on&entration 3as si#ni!i&antl$ i# er in poll"ted-#ro3n plants '1able +), &ompared 3it t ose #ro3n on nonpoll"ted soil. 1otal 0n "pta6e rates 3ere si#ni!i&antl$ i# er in s oots and roots o! Polygonum persicaria '291.+ and 105.8 m# 6#1 , respe&ti-el$) &ompared 3it t e ot er spe&ies '1ables + and 4). 1 e spe&ies remo-in# t e i# est 0n amo"nts 3ere Malva nicaeensis and Lavatera cretica 3it 209B4.2 R#/ plant and 11+19.4 #/plant, respe&ti-el$.

1 e mean &on&entration o! 7n &"lti-ated 3as i# er in 3ild spe&ies &"lti-ated on poll"ted soil '1able +)

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Volume 13 No 11b. 2004

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

P- #%d Cd

/b and Cd are not essential !or plant n"trition and &an a-e p $toto*i& e!!e&ts, e-en at lo3 &on&entrations. Pot elements 3ere present in t e soil, o3e-er, t e poll"ted 3ild plants ad &on&entrations lo3er t an t eir dete&tion limits in tiss"es '1able + and 1able 4).

Gead 3as one o! t e most important poll"tin# elements in t e mine spill and as 3ell-6no3n to*i& e!!e&ts on domesti& animals and "mans ;19<. 4al"es o! total /b in soil 'ma*. 298.+ m# 6# -1) 3ere abo-e t e a&&epted t res old '100 m# 6#-1) !or to*i& e!!e&ts in plants ;20<. P"t t e a-ailable /b and Cd -al"es in t e soil 3ere -er$ lo3 '2.8 m# 6#-1) and, t ere!ore, onl$ !ra&tions o! t ese elements 3ere ta6en "p b$ most o! t e plants.

)A*+E 2 , -oncentrations of hea34 .etals $.ean standard error' in shoots of the wild species culti3ated in polluted soils $. : ,1 dr4 wei ht'(

<pecies A.aranthus albus Amaranthus blitoides Anacyclus radiatus Anchusa azurea Cichorium intybus Convolvulus arvensis Cynodon dactylon Lavatera cretica Malva nicaeensis Polygonum persicaria Unpolluted soils (pool o ! species"

;n B1.9 1+ 1+9.B 12 151.9 +B.B 9+.B 1+.1 95.2 24.1 82.8 10.5 1++.2 0 209.+ 22.8 241.9 +2.9 291.+ B5.9 44.+1'29-129)

Ele.ent $. : ,1' -u Fe 1+.0 1.1 401.0 B1.9 1+.1 0.4 540.9 95.+ 18.0 0.9 +48.4 110.9 19.+ 1.8 255.B 5B.+ 18.4 1 18B.5 18.+ 15.B 0.9 100B.4 2+9.B 19.8 0 +55.0 0 19.2 0 11+.4 18.8 15.B 0.B 1B+.9 19.1 14.0 1.+ +4B.1 2+.+ 10.8'8.5-14) 145'90-454.5)

Mn +4.9 14.8 92.B 10.1 1+5.B 15.9 +B.9 19.B B8.9 5.9 102.8 0.+ 149.+ 0 128.9 9.5 85.8 1+.2 192.0 +B.5 9+.B'10.2-+48.B)

)A*+E 9 , -oncentration of hea34 .etals $.ean standard error' in roots of wild species culti3ated in polluted soils $. : ,1 dr4 wei ht'(

<pecies A.aranthus albus Amaranthus blitoides Anacyclus radiatus Anchusa azurea Cichorium intybus Lavatera cretica Malva nicaeensis /ol$#on"m persi&aria
a

;n 84.5 0 8B.9 8 55.9 12.2 BB.9 12.5 40.+ 1.8 99.0 14.9 85.+ B.+ 105.8 4.B

Ele.ent $. -u 18.0 0 10.+ 0.8 1+.0 0.5 1B.1 2.1 14.2 1 11.9 1.1 B.9 0.4 1+.5 0.5

: ,1' Fe B19.9 0 19+.0 +4.4 +9+.B 8B.B +91.+ B0.B 81.B B.9 18+.9 B1.2 9B.9 5.2 19B.1 12.B Mn < G>a < G>a 1B.2 9 < G>a < G>a +1.+ +1.+ < G>a 94.4 1.+

Con&entration belo3 dete&tion limit

CONCLUSION 1 e main p"rpose o! t is st"d$ 3as to in-esti#ate t e p $toe*tra&tor potential o! 10 3ild plant spe&ies "se!"l !or remediation o! soils &ontaminated 3it to*i& metals. 1 e res"lts demonstrate t at se-eral plants a-e an "n"s"al abilit$ to a&&"m"late ea-$ metals !rom soil. 1 e a&&"m"lation o! /b 3as -er$ lo3 d"e to pre-io"s & emi&al treatments 'soil amendments 3it &al&i"m &arbonate and !erri& o*ides) "sed b$ re#ional a"t orities to !i* t e metals in soil '1able 1) and diminis in# t e plant-a-ailable metal amo"nt.

1 e a&&"m"lation o! potentiall$ to*i& elements b$ t e abo-e-#ro"nd parts o! t e plants 3as i# in Polygonum persicaria !or 0n and 7n, Cynodon dactylon !or C" and Convolvulus arvensis !or 2e. 1 e res"lts obtained in t is 3or6 indi&ate t e #eneti& potential o! Polygonum persicaria to &lean "p soils &ontaminated 3it ea-$ metals. 1 is spe&ies 3as not present in t e poll"ted soils o! HIl 4i&arioH d"rin# t e periodi&al !ield s"r-e$s reali%ed !rom 1998 to 2000 ;B<, b"t 3as &olle&ted in ot er poll"ted sites o! t e ri-er ,"adiamar 'e*perimental area /I-+), 3 ere t e i# est biomass '40 # dr$ 3ei# t) 3as rea& ed. 1 e impro-ement o! a#ronomi&al pra&ti&es to optimi%e plant #ro3t and s oot biomass prod"&tion o! P.

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Volume 13 No 11b. 2004

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

persicaria is ne&essar$ to ma*imi%e its p $toremediation e!!e&ti-eness. ( en t e biomass 3as ta6en into a&&o"nt, Malva nicaeensis and Lavatera cretica seemed to be t e most promisin# spe&ies !or p $toe*tra&tion, espe&iall$ d"e to t eir #reat s oot biomass prod"&tion '1able 5). In ot er &ases o! soil poll"tion b$ ea-$ metals, se-eral spe&ies a-e been indi&ated !or p $tostabili%ation ;21<. (e s"##est t at spe&ies, s"& as Convolvulus arvensis and Cynodon dactylon, t at remo-ed lo3er ea-$ metal

&on&entrations &ompared 3it ot er spe&ies &an be "sed !or remediation pro&ed"res in metal-&ontaminated soils. 1 e$ are !ast-#ro3in# plants, 3 i& 3o"ld !a-o"r soil stabili%ation. On t e ot er and, t e ea-$ metal &ontents a&&"m"lated b$ plants &o"ld be i# er i! t e metal a-ailabilit$ in t ese soils is in&reased b$ maintainin# a moderatel$ a&idi& pC, !or e*ample, b$ t e "se o! ammoni"m-&ontainin# !ertili%ers, soil a&idi!iers, or & elates.

)A*+E = , Hea34 .etals re.o3ed $.ean standard error' in shoots of wild species culti3ated on polluted soils $ >plant'(

<pecies Amarant "s alb"s Amarant "s blitoides Anacyclus radiatus An& "sa a%"rea Cichorium intybus Convolvulus arvensis Cynodon dactylon Ga-atera &reti&a Malva nicaeensis Polygonum persicaria

;n 10B1.+ 184.9 +551.5 929.+ 5258.0 999.B +B49.8 101B.4 1292.0 +B8.5 410.9 92.9 905.9 0 1019B.B 2950.2 20299.5 5+8+.8 1B4B.B 941.1

Ele.ent $ >plant' -u Fe 21B.1 50.8 9+29.+ 1+B5.2 299.2 50.2 1++29.+ +B95.2 98B.+ 95.1 1+B+2.+ 9014.2 951.8 1B2.B 94B0.9 1529.4 249.4 +0.8 24B8.2 228 BB.+ 10.9 5055.9 19B8.9 1+4.5 0 241+.8 0 B89.9 145.8 5990.4 1929.9 11B0 198.B 12++8.0 1B21.2 89.9 15.2 2219.5 +5+.1

Mn 499.+ 245 2249.4 500.8 4921.8 5B1.+ 1041.+ 545.9 1091.1 181.1 50+.5 52.8 1014.9 0 9189.2 8+B.9 B4B0.4 18+9.9 12+4.4 ++0.8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 is resear& 3as s"pported b$ #rants !rom t e ConseEo S"perior de In-esti#a&iones Cient.!i&as 'CSIC) and ConseEeria de 7edio Ambiente 'S"nta de Andal"&.a). 1 e a"t ors are -er$ #rate!"l to ,loria 2ernTnde% 'IASCSIC, Crdoba) !or te& ni&al assistan&e in per!ormin# t e anal$ses o! plants. 1 e a"t ors also 3is to t an6 >r. 7oreno ?oEas, and t e >epartment o! Promatolo#$, 'Dni-ersit$ o! Crdoba) !or t eir &ontrib"tion in soil and plants@ & emi&al anal$sis.

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S"nta >e Andal"&.a '2001) Corredor 4erde del ,"adiamar. InF Corredor 4erde del ,"adiamar 'Idition o! ConseEer.a de 7edio Ambiente de la S"nta de Andal"&.a, Id.) S"nta de Andal"&.a, Se-illa, 1-B0. Pa6er, A.S.7. and Proo6s, ?.?. '1989) 1errestrial i# er plants 3 i& a&&"m"late metalli& elements-a re-ie3 o! t eir distrib"tion, e&olo#$ and p $to& emistr$. Piore&o-er$ 1, 81129. >el ?.o, 7., 2ont, ?., Almela, C., 4ele%, >., 7ontoro, ?. and >e Caro, A. '2002) Cea-$ metals and arseni& "pta6e b$ 3ild -e#etation in t e ,"adiamar ri-er area a!ter t e to*i& spill o! t e A%nal&ollar mine. S. Piote& nolo#$ 98'1), 125-1+B. C"an#, S. (. and C"nnin# am, S. >. '1999) Gead p $toe*tra&tionF spe&ies -ariation in lead "pta6e and translo&ation. Le3 / $tol. 1+4, B5:84. 0 ao, 2., Camon, ?.I., Gombi, I., 7&la"# lin, 7.S. and 7&#rat , S./. '2002) C ara&teristi&s o! &admi"m "pta6e in t3o &ontrastin# e&ot$pes o! t e $pera&&"m"lator Thlaspi caerulescens. S. I*p. Pot. 5+, 5+5-54+.

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REFERENCES
;1< Simn, 7., Orti%, I., ,ar&ia, I., 2ernTnde%, I. 2ernTnde%, S., >orronsoro, C. and A#"ilar, S. '1999) /oll"tion o! soils b$ t e to*i& spill o! a p$rite mine 'A%nal&llar, Spain). S. S&i. 1otal In-iron. 242, 105-115. A$ora, C., Parettino, >., Carrera, S., 7an%ano, 7. and 7edia-illa, C. '2001) Gas a#"as $ los s"elos tras el a&&idente de A%nal&llar. Pol. ,eol. 7inero 112, 1-294. ,rimalt, S.O., 2errer, 7. and 7a&/ erson, I. '1999) 1 e mine tailin# a&&ident in A%nal&ollar. S&i. 1otal In-iron. 242, +-11. ,alTn, I., ,on%Tle%, I. and 2ernTnde%-Caliani, S.C. '2002) ?esid"al poll"tion load o! soils impa&ted b$ t e A%nTl&ollar 'Spain) minin# spill a!ter &lean-"p operations. S&i. 1otal In-iron. 289, 19B-1B9.

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;10< 7a, G.5., Momar, M.7., 1", C., 0 an#, (.C., Cai, U. and Mennell$, I.>. '2001). A !ern t at $pera&&"m"lates arseni&, a ard$, -ersatile, !ast-#ro3in# plant elps to remo-e arseni& !rom &ontaminated soils. Lat"re 409, 5B9. ;11< Mris naraE, S., Sa*ena, /.M., /erras, 7.?. and ,"elp , C.A. '1998) 7et od o! "sin# pelar#oni"m sp. as $pera&&"m"lators !or remediatin# &ontaminated soil, /atent no. 185B9B, 1998, Dni-ersit$ o! ,"elp ',"elp , CA).

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Volume 13 No 11b. 2004

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

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bbib28>"s en6o-, 4., Landa M"mar, /.P.A., 7otto, C. and ?as6in, I. '1995) ? i%o!iltrationF 1 e Dse o! /lants to ?emo-e Cea-$ 7etals !rom A="eo"s Streams. In-iron. S&i. 1e& nol. 29, 12+9-1245.

;1+< Le#ri, 7. C. and Cin& man, ?.?. '1999) /lants t at remo-e &ontaminants !rom t e en-ironment. Gab. 7ed. 2, +9-40. ;14< ,atli!!, I.,. '1994) 4e#etati-e remediation pro&ess o!!ers ad-anta#es o-er traditional p"mp-and-treat te& nolo#ies. ?emediation. 4, +4+:+52. ;15< Gindsa$, (.G. and Lor3ell, (.A. '1999) >e-elopment o! a >1/A mi&ron"trients soil test. A#ronom$ Abstra&ts. 9, 84. ;19< S/SS !or (indo3s. VS//S In&., '1989:1999) Cead="arters, S. (a&6er >ri-eF C i&a#o. ;1B< S eppard, S.C., ,a"det, C., S eppar, /.I., C"reton, /.7. and (on#, 7./. '1992) 1 e de-elopment o! assessment and remediation #"idelines !or &ontaminated soilsF a re-ie3 o! t e s&ien&e. Can. S. Soil S&i. B2, 259-+94. ;18< >el ?.o, 7., 2ont, ?., 2ernTnde%-7art.ne%, S.7., >om.n#"e%, S. and >e Caro, A. '2000) 2ield trials o! Brassica carinata and Brassica #uncea in poll"ted soils o! t e ,"adiamar ri-er area. 2reseni"s In-ironmental P"lletin 9, +28-++2. ;19< /ala&ios, C., Iribarren, I., Olalla, 7.S. and Cala, 4. '2002) Gead poisonin# o! orses in t e -i&init$ o! a batter$ re&$&lin# plant. S&i. 1otal In-iron. 290, 81:89. ;20< Mabata-/endias, A. and /endias, C. '1992) 1ra&e Ilements in Soils and /lants. InF 1ra&e Ilements in Soils and /lantsW Se&ond Id. C?C /ress, Po&a ?aton, 2Ga. +95 pp. ;21< Sa*ena, /.M. Mris naraE, S. >an, 1., /erras, 7.?. and 4etta66or"ma6an6a-, L.L. '1999) / $toremediation o! ea-$ metal &ontaminated and poll"ted soils. InF Cea-$ metal stress in plants. 2rom mole&"les to e&os$stems '/rasad, 7. L. 4.W Ca#eme$er, S., Ids.) Sprin#er-4erla#, Perlin, +05: +29. Recei"ed: December 04, 2003 Accep!ed: February 27, 2004

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Antonio De Haro,*ail&n IAS-CSIC Alameda del Obispo s/n. 14080 Crdoba - S/AIL e-mailF &s9 abaaX"&o.es
FEB/ Vol 13/ No 11b/ 2004 a!es