SPE

SPE 15641 Earth Stress Measurements in the South 13elridge Oil Field, Kern County, California
by KS. Hansen and W.R. Purcell, She// Development

Co.

SPE Members

Copyright

19SS, Society

of Petroleum

Engineers at the 61 st Annual Technical Crinference and Exhibition of the Societ y of Petroleum Engineers held in New

This paper was prepared for preeantslion Orleans, LA October 5-e, 1986.

selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained m an abstract submitted by the This paper G uthor(s). Contents cd the paper, as presented, have not been rwiewad by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to cofractiin by the G material, presented, does not necessarily refleot any position of the Sodefy of Petrofeum Engineers, its offiiers, or members. Papars

was

uthor(a). The

as

t SPE meetings G re subject to pufsfiiafkwr rwiew by Editorial Committees of the Socii of petroleum Engineers. Permission to ~ is presented G n abatrast of not mora than 300 words. Illustratiis may not be copied. The G bstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of restricted to G nd by whom the paper is prasenwd. Write Pubficatim Manager, SPE, P.O. Sox S3363S, Richardson, TX 7S0S3.3S3S. latex, 7XfeSS SPEDAL. where G

ASSTRACT Within Sections 33 and 34 of the South Selrldge oil field, where the principal eerth atressam are assumed to lie in vertical or horizontal plenee, the azimuth of the greater by horizontal earth etrees as Keasured or inferred This aerveral df f ferent techniques ie N15E ~ 15. agrees with valuee reported in the literature for the regional etrees orientation, which range from N-S to NNE-SSW. At depths of about 850 and 1300 feet, the magnitude of the vertical strese (overburden) lies between those of the greater and lesser horizontal stresses determined from open-hole microfrac At about 2100 feet, however, the vertical teets. and leeser horizontal stresses are equal, to within the limits of accuracy of our measurements. If trends of etress versus depth established at the three measurement points continue downward, there is the possibility that at depths below 2100 feet the minimum stress may be vertical. . The meet reliable methode used for determining in-situ atress orientation at South Selridge are surface tiltmetevs and orientation of out-of-round (elliptical) boreholee, Study of natural fractures in the nearby Chico-Martinez Creek outcrop provided important eupportfng evtdence of stress orientaIrttpreasion packers run during the microfrac tion. taste and seismic data recorded during routine hydraulic fracturing procedures yielded much less definitive information concerning fracture and etreae direction.

INTRODUCTION Welle completed in the diatomitelporcelanite reeervoir of the North and South Selrldge oil fielde (Figure 1) are usually hydraulically fractured at tha time of their initial completion. Current expectations are that primary recovery techniques will recover only 5% to 6% of the original oil in place. Supplemental recovery technlquea, therefore, may provide a significant portion of the ultimate production from thle major oil accumulation. The euccees of any supplemental recovery technique will depend in pert on orientation of the extensive hydraulic fracture eyetem induced during primary production, the interaction of theee induced fractures with the natural fractures present at Selridge, and the interdependency of both induced and natural fractures on the state of stress within the reservoir. Aa a first etep in addressing these problems, we have attempted to determine ae precieely ae possible the atate of atrees in the diatomite/porcelanite reservoir at Selridge. The three principal earth stresses may reasonably be assumed to be oriented vertically and horizontally in this reeervoi.r. A complete description of the state of atreas therefore requires determination of the magnitude of the three etresaes and the azimuth of one of the two horizontal streaaea. The various methods used for detemr,ining state of stress at Selridge are basad on geological observation and on borehole mechanica. Orological methods allow orientation end possibly relative magnitudes of the three principal streaaee to ba inferred. For example, in araaa of recent or active faulting, the following streea For high-angle reglmee are believed to prevail, normal faulting, Sv > SH > Sh$ with the greater

References

and illustrations

at

the end of paper.

SPE 15641

K. S. HANSENANDW. R. PURCELL

Ior~20r.:*1 stress S oriented along the direction ,f surface strike. %or near-vertical strike-clip !aulting, SH > Sv > Sh, with SH oriented at about In the case iO 0 to 45 with zespect to the fault. ]f low-angle thrust faulting, SH > Sh > Sv, with SH perpendicular to the surface strike of the fault. Borehole-mechanice methods examine state of Itress at the borehole well under conditions of :enaile failure (hydraulic fracturing) or compressive shear failure (borehole sloughing). Nhen a fracture is induced at a borehole wall md then extended into the formation it tends to Lign iteelf in a plane perpendicular to the least 1 If, as is assumed here, wincipal earth stress. :he principal earth atresaes are oriented vertically and horizontally, and if one of the two Horizontal principal etreeses is the least of the ;hree, then a hydraulically induced fracture will .eave a vertical well bore in a vertical plane and Till maintain that orientation as the fracture ia The induced mopagated outward into the formation. !racture will align with the direction of SH* ThUS of fracture azimuth gives the direction I measure ~f S and vice versa. on the other hand, if the ~ert 1! cal stress is the leaat of the threa, principal Itreszes, then the fracture may2still leave the 3s11 tn a vertical ortentatton, but as It entera a region in which the earths stresses are ]aaentially undisturbed by the presence of the ~orehole the fracture will tend to turn over and >ecome horizontal. By the time a fracture has been extended ftve to ten borehole diameters into the formation it ]hould be responding to earth stresses which, at :his distance from the borehole, are distorted by The closure pressure of less than one percent.3 :he fracture should then very nearly equal the leaat principal earth stress, which will be either :he vertical stress Sv or the lesser horizontal Jtress S , The instantaneous shut-in pressure [ISIP) t~at fs recorded following fracture initiation and propagation is aometimea a teaaonably good measure of the fracture closure stress, and in thla study at Belridge is considered to be a direct measure of the leaet earth stress, If there is sufficient imbalance between the two horizontal stresses, compre s ve shear failure ~f the borehole wall may occur, t,! This cauaea sloughing and hole enlargement along a preferred cross-sectional axia. In a vertical hole, enlargement will generally be greater along an axis aligned wfth the direction of ~ (see Appendix). If there are known instances of out-of-round boreholes that can reasonably be attributed to streaarelated shear failure, then oriented four-arm caliper surveya or b~rehole televiewer logs can bs used to d t rmine azimutha of the horizontal stre8se#

principal horizontal atresses. The fractures mre formed between straddle packere set in open hole at two or three different elevations in each of four closely spaced wells. The packer and wira line services were coordinated by J. M. Gronaeth of the Terra Tek Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, which also provided technical advice, pumping equipment, and surface-pressure and flow-rate meaaurementa. Location and Procedure

The four wells selected for this study penetrate the contact between the Belridge Dfatomite and the overlying Tulare Sandatone near the crest of the structure (Figure 2). Three were fractured in Wells A, B, and C and intervals two intervals in Well D. Correlation of electric logs assured that corresponding intervals were fractuzed in all four wells. The eight-foot (2.4m) intervals between straddle packers$ in which the small fracturea were induced, fell within larger intervals that were later hydraulically fractured through perforated casing during routine completion operation of the four wells,
to microfracturfng in open hole, Preparatory the straddle packer assembly was run In on drill pipe with the hole and PIPS filled with the mud ueed field-wide for drilling the standard diatomite. Mud density wee nominally 8.9 ppg (1.1 kg/L). After the peckers were eet, fresh water was pumped In on top of the mud at a constant rate of 3 Preesure was recorded aa a gal/rein (11 L/tin). function of tfme at both the surface and In the interval between the pecbra by a surface recording Amerada preesure gauge. A digital memory raedout (DHR) preesure recorder was hung below the bottom packer to detect any pressure communication that might occur during the fracturing operation.

Breakdown of the formation was followed by a succession of five or more periods wherein mud wati pumped into the induced fracture for one to five minutes followlng which the ey.etem was shut in for two to ten minutes, The three pressure ve. time records obtained in Well B are shown in Figure 3. In this figure, the continuous solid lines are recordings of the downhole Amerada pressure gauge, and tha dotted lj.nes are the DMRrecords adjubted to the elevation of the Amerada gauge. Vertical Stress, SV

As etated above the principal earth etreeses at Belridge are aasumed to be oriented vertically The vertical etress Sv was and horizontally, determined from Formation Density Compensated (FDC) logs run in Wells B and D. Differences of leas than 20 psi (140 kPa) were observed over the interand so averages of measurements vals of interest, from these two wells were used to provide Sv aa a functfon of depth for all four wlla.

STRESS MAGNITUDES During October and November 1980, eleven small-volume hydraulic fractures (microfracs) were induced to determine magnitude of the

Laaat

Stress,

Sh or SV

Several ISXPa were meaaured for each interval fractured. Usually, after one or two pump-in periods following formation breakdown the ISIP reached a value that then ramained constant to

EARTNSTRZSS NSASUSSNENTS IN TNE SOUTHBELRI~

OIL FIELD, KERN COUNTY,CALIFORNIA

EM 15641

within *2O psi (i140 kPa) throughout subsequent pwnp-fn periods. h average of three or more ISIPS wae taken aa a measure of the least principal stress associated wfth each fractured interval. In the two upper Intervala of the three tested, valuee of ISIP were alwaya significantly less then the corresponding vertical (overburden) strese, indicating that the least of tha threa principal stresses lies in a horizontal plane. In the uppermoet zone the ISIPa ranged from 71% to 79% of the overburden; in the middle zone this range was 78% to 86%. Nowever, In the deepest interval tested the ISIPa were nearly tha same as the overburden (to within N%) suggesting the possibility that the vertical stress might be the leaat of the three principal stresses at this depth. Greater Horizontal Streaa, SH

water level.

table

at 400 feet

(122 m) below g?ound

Summary of Stress

Nagnitudea

The pressura required to initiate a fracture at the borehola wall, pb} can under ideal circ~stances prov de a measure of SH If the masnitude of ~ls known* i This deduction is baaad on several assumptions, namely, that: (1) the borehole is round, smooth, and vertical; (2) the rock IS ia, t~plc and responds by linearly elaatic plane strain to the changea induced in the original stress atate of the undisturbed earth by drllltng the hole; (3) the fracture of the rock is a tenslonal failure that occurs when the effective tangential stress equals the tensile strength Tof the rock; and (4) the presence of the straddle packere doea not affect the state of stress at the point where the fracture firet forms. With these aaswnptions, the equation used to calculate the greater horizontal atrasa SH from8the Pressura pb requtred to induce a fracture fa: sH=3sh-Pb-P+T+A(P where A, the poroelastic about 0.77 for diatomite -Po) constant, hae a value (see Appendix). (1) of

Table 1 gives valuea of Sv, ~, and SH, the latter calculated for both the caae of complete fluid penetration and for no flow into the formation. AL1 valuea are baaed on downhole pb, eXCept maaaurements of the breakdown preaSUre In Test No. 1 where the downhole gauge failed to in this one instance, the preeaure operate. recorded at the surface waa used after adjustments were made for the weight of the mud column (1010 psi = 6964 kPa) and for friction loss (about 160 pst = 1103 kPa) in the tubing and surface lines. In the calculation of SH it is assumed that the ISIPa are a direct meaaure of ~. As pointed out above this is appropriate for the top and middle intsrvals, but could conceivably be incorrect for the bottom interval where it is possible the ISIP is meaauring Sv rather than . If this be the case$ then the valuea of SH a ?0 wn in Table 1 are too low by an amount equal to three times thb true difference between ~ and Sv. In Figure 4, average values of ~, ~, and S , as taken from Table 1, are plotted as functions o 1! the depth corresponding to the midpoints between straddle packer settings. The scatter of meaeurements about the averagea indicates an uncertainty of leas than *7O psi (&80 kPa) in Sh and $140 psi (i970 kpa) In SH. Mat of this uncertainty probably results from experimental error rather than from reel differences in the earth stressee If the trende shown in among the four wells. Figure 4 continue downward, it appears that at deptha below 2100 feet (640 m), Sv might be the least of the three principal stresses. Comparlaon of ISIPa Conventional Fracture frca M.icrofracture and

In estimating the greater horizontal strass from the above equation, two limiting cases of fluid flow have been considered, namely (1) where there is no restriction to flow ao that the pore pressure in the rock at the point of fracture is the same as in the well bore (P = Pb), and (2) where there is no flow at all so that the pore preseure at the point of fracture ia the ambient reservoir pore pressure (P = PO)* A few Brazilian tensile strength measurements were made on quarried samples of diatomite. Valuas were all l~ss than 100 psi (689 kPa). In this etudy a value of 100 psi is used, although in view of other uncertainties in applying (1), tha tensile-strength term could have been ignoted. Reservoir pore pressure P. ia not known very precisely and has been estimated from P. - 0.44 (z - 400) (2)

where P. is in pai and Z is tha depth in feet. This aesumea a normal hydraulic gradient and a

Following the microfrac teata in open hole, each of the four wells was completed in the usual manner by cementing caalng to bottom and then sequentially perforating and fracturing some saven or eight intervals in each well. We can, therefore, compare ISIPa meaeured during the microfrac tests with those recorded at the time of hydraulically fracturing corresponding intervals during completion of the wells. The ISIPS for the completion fractures were computed by adding to the surface pressura recorded at shut-in the of the fluid column from the hydrostatic pressure to that at which surface to a depth corresponding Thi S the microfrac teat had earlier been made, 8.5 Ppg column waa compoeed of a fluid of danaity (0.44 psi/ft = 9.95k?a/m) fruu eurface to 150 feet Below this was (45.7 m) above the top perforation. the @and-laden gel umed In the final etagee of the of about fracturing operation, which had a density 13 ppg (0.67 pai/ft = 15.2 kPa/m). In Test No. 2, for example, the midpoint of the 8-foot (2.4-m) intsmal between straddle packera was at adepthof The corresponding intervtl 1309 feet (399oO m). that was fractured in this well during completion m) operationa was 1179-1319 feet (359.4-402.0

SPE 15641 Subsurface. at shut-in me recorded pressure waa 100 psi (689 kPa). (1179 - 150)

K. S. HANSEN ANUW. R. PURCELL

at the surface Hence,

1
the outcrop strikes approximately N60W and dips from 75* to 45 to the northeast. Rotation of the bedding planes back to horizontal, as nuld be appropriate for interpreting fracturing that of the sedimentary occurred prior to deformation beds, results in the bedding-corrected fracture data orientations ltsted in Table 3. The rotated give generally improved standard deviation in comparison with the original data, but tne differnot significant according to Fisher~s F i? This suggesta :2 that fracturing has occurred simultaneously with, or partially overlapped, the period of active folding rather than completely predating or postdating anticlinal development.

ISIP = 100 +0.44 + 0.67 = 740 psi

[1309 - (1179 - 150)] (5110 kPa). during the

This is compared to the ISIP recorded microfrac of 780 pai (5380 kPa).

In Table 2, a comparison ia mada between ISIPa determined from microfrac tests and those later measured during completion operations. It is seen that there is close agreement between the ISIPa measured under the two different circumExact agreement would not necesearfly be Stances, expected because the microfrac interval was only a small part, and within the lower portion, of the corresponding conventionally completed interval. STRESS DIRECTIONS Regional Structural Geology

The regional state of stress along the San Andreas fault, which pasaes within 12 miles (20 km) of south Belridge F ure l), has been reviewed by 6 tfi Nest of their stress data Zoback and 2oback. are from geologic indicators (active and recent fault movements), but thesa are generally cOnSfStent with observations of borehole ellipticity and direct atresa measurements from hydraulic fracturing that have been made at a few locations. The predominant stress regime is strike-slip, aa anticipated f m influence of the San Andreas fault itself. However, mixed thrusting and strfkeslip faults coexist in porttons of the California Coast Rangea as well as in the Big Send region of the San Andreas located to the south and southeast of Belridge. This auggeats that the regional state of stress near Belridge is such that S > s ~ Sh, similar to reaulta obtained from our m Ycrof]acture The azimuth of S ia tests (SH > Sv > Sh). generally N-S to NNE-SSWalong the San An! reas fault, which is likewise consfs~ant with our results to be discussed below. Outcrop Fractures

We have interpreted fracture acts I and 11 aa near-vertical conjugate seta representing antithetic and synthetic Riedel shears, respectively, asaociate with San Andreas fault zone activity~2 Their subtended angle is equal to 70, and the bisector of this angle implies a direction of N4E for S . For bedding-corrected data, the subtended ang Fe is equal to 86 and the inferred SH azimuth is N7W. Fractures may have been more nearly vertical at the time of their formation than indicated in Table 3, with contemporeneoue or ccounting for their presently subsequent folding G From conalderobserved devlatione from vertical. of both the original and bedding-corrected atlons data, we conclude that the orientation of S hae averaged about N-S during the pest four mil~ion yeara, which ia within the period of active defozmatlon. Borehole Elliptfctty

According to linear, isotropic, poroelastic stress-strafn theory, state of etress at the borehole wall dependa on the far-field earth atresaes, density and fluid-loss properties of the drilling mud, reservoir pore pressure, and elaetic conatanta of the formation. If there is a difference in magnitude between the two horizontal principal earth stresses (SH > Sh), then state of stress will vary around the well bore circumference depending on position with respect to the trajectories of S and S . Certain portions of the borahole wall WI!/1 to failure than there V ore be more susceptible others. As mentioned previously, probability of shear failure is greatest along an axis aligned with the direction of Sh and least in tha direction of SH (see Appendix). In this study, a number of oriented four-arm caliper logs from Sections 33 and 34 were examined of borehole elongation. Out-of-round for instancea intervala werz generally considered to be those in which the two recorded diametars differed from one another by more than 1}4 inch (1/2 cm) on averaga over a continuous depth interval of at least 50 feet (15 m). All data were determined from vieual of the printed logs, from which borehola inspection 1/8 inch (1/4 diamater can be read to the neareet cm) end caliper azimuth to the naarest 5. In addition to stress. +nduced sloughing, outo!-round boreholes may reeuit from factors such as stem in highly deviated key-seating of the drill

Orientation of the principal earth stresses was inferred from fractures observed in outcrop of the reservoir rock in Chico-Nartinez Creek located 2.5 miles (4,0 km) southwest of Belridgs (Figura 1). Fracturas were observed in both Belridge Dfatomite and Chico-Nartinez Chert, which is the Strike outcrop equivalent of Selridge Porcelanite. and dip were recorded for a total of 24 groups of fractures located at several different stationa. The outcrop fractures ware grouped into two aete striking NE-SW and NW-SE, respectively, as most shown in Table 3. At a given location, fractures occur in parallel sets, although some Bedding within conjugate sate are alao present.

BARTNSTRESS MSASURENENfS IN TNB SOUTHBEmIDOE OIL FIBLD, KERNCOUNTY,CALIFORNIA

SPE 15641

well boree or froa drilling rock formations that are efficiently anieotropic in their material and elastic propartiee. The following additional criteria were therefore considered to determine which out-of-round intervals would be the probable indicator for etrese orientation. 1) The difference between the two diametera indicated on the four-arm caliper should be at leaet 1 inch (2.5 cm) over a continuous depth interval of 100 feet (30 m) or more. 2) Deviation of the hole from vertical be leae than 4 within the interval interest. 3) The wells significant should not be located faults. near should of

within the range N1OE to N25*E. The greater variation among intervala of margfnal ellipttcity may indicate that some of these intervale are out of round for reaeons other than strese-related ehaar failure and that they are therefore not reliable indicator of atresa orientation. In eummary, the azimuth of SK inferred from borehole ellipticity in eeveral wells of Sectione 33 and 34 ie N15E~100 (eee Table 4), which ie in reasonable agreement with the regional streee field de8cribed in the literature. Mvantagea of thie technique are its relatively moderate coet and the fact that it can be run routinely without disrupting the normal well-completion procedure. One disadvantage is that not all holes become elliptical, 8(. it may require many loge to locate just a few out-of-round intervals. In this study, for example, etress-related elllpticity was observed in 4 of the 16 wells considered (25%). On the basis of total log feet, strese information wae obtained from only 1660 feet (506 m) out of 32,000 total feet (9750 m) examined (5%). Surface Tiltmetera

Based on criteria (2) and (3), several wells were eliminated from coneideratfon as Lndlcatore of atrees orientation. The remaining walls were then analyzed for etresa orientation subject to restriction (1) above. Elliptical intervals, if present at all, were generally confined to diatomite. The underlying porcelanite wee apparently more stable with reepect to compreeslve shear failure, with the well bore in most fnetances being very nearly round and to gauge. The diatomite/porcelanlte transition was often of borehole rugosfty. characterized by an intarval Within each Interval of significant ellipticlty, orientation of the ehorter caliper of greater pair wee considered to be the trajectory horizontal etreee SK. An example Is shown in Figure 5. Note that the hole Is to gauge in the minimum direction and wlthfn 1 of vertical. In thie instance, the reference electrode Cl iS tracking the smaller recorded diameter, and its azimuth ie therefore a direct measure of S orientation (O + 15 magnetic declination = N15E Y. The azimuths of SH inferred from each interval of significant borehole elliptlclty, as defined by only 4 criterion (1) above, are given in Table 4. of 16 total wells considered contained significant intervals, but in these intervale the indicated orientation of S waa consistently N1OE to N25E. One of t I e four wane was located on the northeaet flank of the South Belridge anticline near the present productive limit of the field, while the other three welle were cloeely spaced near the structural crest in Section 34 (see Figure 2). Well G contaified a continuous interval of 660 fact (201 m) in which the inferred azimuth for S was within ~lOO of N15E (Figure 5), while Well ~ contained a 740-foot (226-m) interval in which the SH azimuth wae wlthin~20 of N15E. streee orientation ie displayed graphically in Figure 6 as a 10 rose diagram for all measurable intarvals contained within the 16 wane considered in thle etudy. Radial axis of the rose diagram gives the composite depth intarval (In ntnzber of fact from all walls) that is orianted with small borehole dfameter in a given direction. For all data, azimuth varies from N55W to N35E, but for aigniftcant out-of-round intervals ths borehole ellipticity (small axis) ie oriented consistently

Deformation of the earthe eurface above a propagating hydraultc fracture at depth generally reeults In an elongated depraeaion parallel to the of a high-angle or vertical fractura and a etrike nearly symmetric bulge or horizontal fracture. t9:~tr2p~P~etL1;E2E? deformation field during hydraulic fracturing and comparing it with that predicted from linearly elastic modele of fracture growth therefore provides a technique for inferring orient (etrika and dip) of the induced fracture. 1!:?8 Bacause resulting tilt magnitudes are on the order of nanoradians to microradiane, depending on eixe and depth of tha fracture, eensitive surface tiltmeters are required to adequately resolve this deformation; the sensors are usually confined in shallow boreholes just below the eurface for added stability. Thay are typically deployed in one or more concentric arraya about the well, with radii of the rings chosen to coincide with the anticipated maximum surface tilt based on the depths of interest (greater distances from the well for deeper fractursa). several completion zones in each of two South Belridge wells (Figure 2) have been monitored with surfaca tiltmeter artaya during routine hydraulic fracturing. The first teet (Well F) was designed to optimize tilt eignale from completions at about spaced senaora were 1500 feet (460 m); eix equally deployed on each of two concentric circles located 500 and 700 feet (150 and 210 m) from the well. Based on successful reeults from this experiment, to the second teet array (Well E) was configured racover signals from fracturee ae deep aa 3000 feet (910 m). In this instance, a total of fourtaen tiltmeters was distributed over three concentric ringe located at radii of 400, 650, and 1150 feet The Innermost ring wae (120. 200, and 350 m). designed to respond to the ehallowaet zones of intereet (around 1000 feet = 300 m), while the outermoet ring was designed to recover signals from the deepest zones.

*E

15641

K. So NANSENANOW. R. PURCELL

Analyaie of the tilt data was performed by K. F. 8vana of M. D. Wood, Inc. (for Well F) and by G. R. Nolzhaueen of Tera Corporation (Wall Q. The induced fracture orientation determined from tiltnetar reeulte in theee two walla are lieted in Table 5. The fracture azimutha, pre8umed equivalent to trajectory of S , range from N?OE to N16Ewlth an average of NIOO~. These resulte are summarized graphically in the 5 roee diagram of Figure 7. In Wall F, a high-angle to near-vertical fracture with azimuth of N7E wee indicated for each of the five uppermost intervals, although uncertainty of the measurements increaeed wfth depth because of an increasingly weaker signal. These results imply a nearly uniform azimuth for SH extending over the entire diatomite interval and into the upper porcelanite, consistent with reaulte from borehole ellipticity in nearby Walls G and L. Fracture-related tilting was aleo observed for the interval 1849-1969 feet (563.6-600.2 m), but the maasured ttlt wee too zmall to permit a more detailed analyeie of the data. For the three deepest completion intervals of Wail F, no obvious fracture-related tiltlng wee observed, which ie not eurprieing eince the particular tiltmater array used tmre wee deefgnad primarily for testing shallower compilation zonea. Sinilar results tmre obtained from MOl E, in of the tilt 8ignal vaa poaaible which caae analyaie m). to deptha of 2400-2530 feet (731.5-771.1 Fracture-related @igna.ls observed from two deeper completion zones mre too tmak for datailed enalyals. Impraaeion Packara

Azimuths of the orientation mark mre than addad to the reletive bearings to obtain ezimuths of the obeerved Impreeeione with respect to trw north. The significant featuree--those which extended in length for a few feet or more-were of ttm distinct types: very thin, faint tracea, and ~/4inch to l/2-inch (1/2-cm to l-cm) wide impreeelone. Tha faint tracae ware observable ae elightly raised features at the time the packers were removed from the borehole. The wide impressions were alao raised featuree, but they were ueually delineated by grooves or teare in the rubber wrap running along each side. The width of these **wide impreealone does not necessarily indicate width of the obearved fracture. A more likely explanation la that tha packer wrap waa deformed into a fracture thereby stretching the rubber, to causa a tear. aometimee efficiently Of those featurea tentatively identified ae preexisting natural fractures, based on examination of the prebraakdown impreeaion peckara, one wee a faint treca about 5 feet (1.5 m) in length while all the others wre wide impreeeione. bnver@@lYg apart fran one wide Impreealon, all of the induced fracturea appearing on poatbreakdown packere ware represented by trace impression. a prebreakdown packer In the one Gxception cited, wa$ not run, so it wee not pocsible to unembiguouely diatinguleh natural and induced featureae It may be that all the wide Impreeeione repreeent natural fractures in distlnguiehing with Azide from difficulty readtnge certainty fnducad from natural fracturee, of the impreeoion packers ware beset with other difflcultlee. Three postbreakdown packera, all from the deepaet Interval tested at about 2100 feet (640 m), ware either loet in the hole or aobadly torn that no useful Information could be obtained, In instances where the aama preexisting fracturea could be identified on both pre- and poatbreakdown packars, the measured azimutha aometimee differed by ae much aa 45*. This probably indicatee that the packere, after being oriented, rotated while being inflated. An inherent difficulty ie that, at beet, tha packer records the traceof a fractura only at the borehole wall, It haa been ahown that the direction of fracture propagation may wander somewhat in the immediate vicinity of tha well before it becomae a planar Garth ndicular to the leaat principal :::::lcir Recognizing all these problems, a must be attached to high dagree of uncertainty streaa diractiona Inferred from our etudy of the impression packara run during these teste. For tha however, we giva our raadinga cake of completenasa, in Table 6, data from which ara plotted in Figure 8 The fracture-orientation ns a 15 rose diagram, data averaga about N-Si75. Geophone Teets signals If Gcoustic Gre generated fracturing then mapping diatributfon wI1l provida information recorded during hydraulic by the induced fracturea, of the source locationa G bout fracture orientation

from Microfrac

Tests

The microfrac teate ware each preceedad andlor followed by the running of Impression packere. Tha pre- and postbreakdown packers ware required to distinguish the induced fractures from any preexisting natural fractures that might be presant. The impreeeLon packera wre about 10 feet (3 m) in length, ao they covered the entire fractured interval with some overlap at each end. The packars were oriented after they had been run in on drill pipe to the appropriate depth but prior to their being inflated. Inflation wae accomplished by pumping fraehwater on top of the mud in the drill stem until the deeired preseure wae attained. The impression packera mre set at surface preseurao ranging from 300 to 450 pei (2070 to 3100 ItPa), depending on dapth of the test for about interval. Thie praesure wae maintained 30 minutes to allow the deformable, outer rubber wrap to pick up impreeeione of any surface featurae pretent on the borehole wall. Az soon ae the packere ware removedfrom the hole, they ware Gxamined for Lmpramaione. Significant feature. ware marked imzadlately since much of the relief initially present on tha packerwrap disappeared within a few hours ae the rubber ralzxed, bearing with reepact Naasurementa of relative orientation mark Gcribad on the peckar ware made for all significant high-angle and nearobeerved on each packer. vertical faaturee to
Gn

BARTN STRB8S MEASURBNBNl% IN TM SO~H BELRIDGB OIL FIELD,

WBRNCOUNTY,CALIFORNIA

SPB 15641

(strike, dip) end fracture geometry (height, length). In theory, ttiisource locations can be determined from a eingle three-component geo hone, apart from an smblguity of 180 Ln azimuth. 18 D%atance La obtained from the difference between ahaar- and pressure-wave arrival timsa, and orientation la obtained from the relative amplitude recorded by the three geophona components for a With the uee of offset given acouatic signal. instruments, tha source locations can be determined unambiguously. Natio=p=~~~~$8;$1~~e~~d=Z~$~ia intervals of Wall N during Auguet 1980 and in one zone each of four additional welle durtng November The acousttc measurements ware 1980 (Figure 2). made with a three-component geophone hung in the During the well whi;.e it was being fractured. second aet of experiments (November), offeet listening devicee, consisting of two geophonea and two hydrophores, were hung In each of the three wslle that were not being fractured and in one edditio.~al neighboring well. Because of the acoustically abaorptfve nature of diatomlte, howsver, no recognizable signals were recorded on any of these offaet instruments, the neareet of which were 24037o feet (73-113 m) distant from the teet -11. Also, it was often difficult to diatinguieh arrival of the p:eeeure wave from that of the shear wave, end in mveral inatancea the vertlcel geophone to operate. component In the teat wall failed asimuthsof acoustic Sacause of these difflcultiee, plane) were eignale (ae projected on a horizontal the only usable information obtained at Bslridge. ThIe eufflces to infer azimuth of induced fracturea, however, provided that the fractures are aeeumed to be vertical. Data or fracture azimuth have been published by Sandia2i ae the number of events originating within each 10 azimuth interval from O to 180e The data are tabulated separately for background, breakdown, prepad, and pad atagea of each teet zone, and they are further eubdivtded as to whether eelamic or noneeismi.c events. thay represent Seismic events are defined by a dietinct P-wave arrival followed by an S*ave, while noneeismic events are acouetic eignale that contain no recognizable P-wave. Apart from one teet zone (Well L) whoee reeulte coneiet entirely of noneeiamic events, there does not appear to be any obvioue difference in the azimuth distribution of eelemic awi noneeiamic returns. Aleo, thara are no eigniticent difference in distribution of azimuth among the In our analyeie, we various stagee of each teet. have therefore lumped together all eeiamic and nonaaiemic events for each tast, except thet eignale recorded during the background etage have been omitted. prior to fracturing The data are genarally bimodal, with meet tect zones exhibiting dietlnct psak@ in both tha NE (Node 1) and NW(Mode 11) quadrante. Average directions (mediane) have been aeoigned to tha two modee in eech test zone for which Gufficlent data are exist (eee Table 7). ~eee median azimutha

presumed to represent the orientation of neervertical fractures intersected by the wall bore. Apart from Test No. 7 (Wall L), the &de Imedlana range from N41E to N66E, and the Node 11 madians range from N41SWto N62W. Test No. 7, which conaieted of nonaeiemic events only, axhlbita a sharp unimodal peak at N13E; this direction ia intermediate between the other Mode I and Mode II medians. The composite data aet of events from all tests is depicted in Ffgure 9 ae e 10 roee diagram. There ara alight differences of lese than 5 between thedetermined fracture azimuthe presented in Table 7 ~:d::lf from the same baeic data by These differences ariee in part because Sandia analyzed the eeismlc end nonseismfc aignale separately, generally preferring the seiemic date for determination of fracture orientation. Sandla aecribed the Mods I azimuths to major fracturea that presumably align themaelvea with the greater d the Mode II azimuths to yi;~t::a:;:e:.f~,$? This conc~ue~on ~e partially supported by the obeervatton that most of the events (34L of 529 = 65%) occur in the NE quadrent rathar than the NW. In soae of ths indlvidual sone8, however, the Mode 11 G fgnals ware the more common ones. There thus Gppeara to be no overriding reaeon for favoring o~e mode or the of SM orientation. other as being repreeentatlve An alternative explanation of the geophone data is that they represent slippage along preexisting natural fractures intercepted by or peseing neat the well bore. Similar ectlvetlon of natural fractures by induced hydraulic fract ~lng The has been obearvad in othergeophone survey.. bimodal azimuth diatrlbutton at Belrldge ie euggeatlve of natural fracturee obeerved in the ChicoMertfnez Creek outcrop, which occurred in two eeta oriented approximately NW-SE and NE-SW. Ths Node 11 avents are also comparable to a predominant NWSE orientation of natural fracturee obeerved in cores at South Balridge; minor fracture sats obeervsd in coree vary frcm well to well, but some of them are oriented NE-SW. Baeed on our analyeia of the data recorded by Sandia, it appaara that geophone taata by themselves cannot be used aa indicators of stress Some of the geophone orientation at Belridge. data, however, may represent induced hydraultc fractures aligned with S1l. For example, the unfmodal azimuth of N13 recorded in Well L ie virtually the same as the N15E azimuth infarred for SH from borehole ellipticity within tha same well and depth zone (eee Table 4).

CONCLUSIONS
At depths of about 850 end 1300 feat in field, the megniSection 33 of the South Belridge tude of the vertical etress (overburden) lies between those of the greatet and leeeer horizontal from opan-hola microfrac etreaeee determined At G bout 2100 feet,however, the vertical teateg and leaeer hori~ontal otreaaee Gre equal, to within the limite of accuracy of our measurements, If at the trende of stress vereue depth eatabliehed

SPE 15641 three measuramant points continue ie the poaatbflity that at depths the mlnlmum etreae may be vertical.

K. S, HANSENANDW. R. PURCSLL

downward, there below 2100 feet

NOMENCLATURE A = poroelastic Km/Kg)/(l borehole log constant Um ) = (1 - 2vm )(1 -

l%e orientation of greater horizontal atreae SH and of hydraulically induced vertical fracturea, ae meaaured or Inferred by several different techniques, ie N15eE&150 within Sections 33 and 34. This ie conaiatant with tha orientation of about N-S inferred for S from natural fracture petterne In the nearby CHico+iertinez Creek outcrop. It also agraee with valuee reported in the literature for the regional stress orientation, which range from N-S to NNE-SSWalong the San Andreas fault. The two moat reliable methode for determining In-eitu atresa orientation at South Belridge are surface tiltmetera and orientation of out-of-round These indicate directions (elliptical) boraholes. of N7E to N16E and NIOOE to N25E, respectively, for azimuth of SH. Impression packera run during the microfrac tests and seismic data recorded during routine hydraulic fracturing procedures yielded leae deffnittve information concerning and strese orientation. Astmuth of fracture recorded on the impression :nduced fracturee Bimodal distribupackerw averaged about N-S&75. tions of geophone data in moat teat intervals euggest that the geophones were responding preto elippege along preexleting natural dominantly then to tnduced frecturaa near the well rather hydraulic fractures. approximately The Ban Andreae fault Gtrikee of Belridge; the NW-SE about 12 mflas southwest ralatlve orientation between our meaeured S and the fault strike is therefore about 60. Tha La somewhat greater then the relative orientation of 45 expected within aedlmencs overlying a pure strike-alfp zone and la consistent with a regional convergence acroee the San Andreas fault in the aet Ranges as indicated by previous Z~~~IYIP Zoback and Zoback propee that the principal atrees trajectories rotate aa they approach the fault eo that the relative orientation of s is 450 at the fault itself, thus providing maximum hear stress favorable for strike-slip motion.18 the Howevar, if our azimuth data reflect regional sitrase stata rather than local stress variations, they indicate that near Belridge, at leaat, the regional compression extends closer to the San Andreaa fault than pravioualy believed, ACKNOWLEDGMENT S

diameter

indicated

by caliper

71 ;/2 2 g

mean effective root-mean-square bulk modulus

atrese shear of solid atreas grain material rock

Km P

bulk modulus of dry or drained frame (matrix)

pore preesure of formation adjacent well bore, or internal pore pressure laboratory triaxial test ambiant pore from well well bore hydraulic well bore preseure of formation

to in away

P. pb

preaeure fracture pressure

required to initiate at borehole wall

Pw = S1,S2BS3 = r$S&sA Sh = = = = = =

greateat,

compreaeive

intermediate, principal

and Ieaet
streeeee streseea

radial, tangential, Gnd axial at the borehole well leeaer compressive earth etress horizontal

principal

H Sv T z 8-

greater compreasfve horizontal principal earth etress vertical principal (overburden) tansile dapth azimuth relative strength earth stress

of formation

below surface on borehole circumference of Sh to direction of dry or drained strees acting rock

v = m N =

Poiesona ratio frame (matrtx) effective normal

of maximum shear

on plane

We would like to thank Shell Development Company and Shell California Production Inc. for R. T, Miller permission to publish thie paper. providsd valuable assistance in planning and implementing the field experiment, while W, E. Hottman and D. E. Schwartz collected and aasiated with of the outcrop fracture data. The trianalysia were designed and axial testsof diatomtte conducted by H. Hsi, G. LO MoWrey, and G, M, Tiller.

Tmex

maximum ehear

straea

REFERENCES 1, Hubbert, M, K. and Wlllfa, D. G.:

of Hydraulic Fracturing, Trans, V. 210 (L957) 153-66. ~.,

hchenics Sot. Petr.

BARTHSTRESSWEASURBMENTS IN TNB SOUTMBELRIDCB OIL FIELD,KBRNCOUNTY,CALIFORNIA 29 Halmson,

B. and Fairhurst, C.: In-Situ Stress Determlnetlon et Great Depth by mans of Hydraulic Fractutlng, in Rock Mechanice-Theory and Practice (W. Ii. Somerton, Ed.) Sot. Mining Engr. AIME, New York (1970)S59-

BPS 15641

160

84. 3* Bradley,
of Inclined W. B: Failure Borehol~s*, J. !3nergy Resources Technol., V. 101 (1979) 232-39, J. S. and Cough, D. I.: NortheastSouthweet Compressive Strees in ALberta: Evidence from Oil Welle. Earth and Planet, scio Lett., V. 45 (1979) 475-82. 17*

end Holzhauaen, G.: On the =Pment of Shallow Hydraulic Fracturea aa Viewed through tha Surface Deformation Field, Part 2, Caee Histories, J. Pet. Technol., v. 35 (19S3) 411-20. Smith, C., Vollendorf, W. C. and Warren, W. E,: In-Situ Streee from Hydraulic Fracture Meaauramenta in G Tunnel, Nevada Test Site, Report BAND80-1138, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (1981) 72 pp. Warpineki, N. R., Sclanidt, R. A., and Northrup, D. A.: In-Situ Streeses: The Predominant Influence on Hydraulic Fracture Containment, Proc., First Annual Symposium on Unconventional Gas Recovery, Sot. Petr. Engr. AIME, Dellaa, Texaa (1981) 83-94. Saavey, R. W.: Borehole Belemlc Unit, Report SAND82-0373, Bandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (1982) 44 pp. U. S. Oapertaent of lkmrgy: Weetern Gee Sande ProjectStatue Ueport, OctoberNoveaber-Decateber 4%0, refarence DOE/BC/10003-18, Bartleeville Energy Technology Center,Las Vagae(1980)100. :
~, tbetern Gea Sande Project Status

4* Bell,

18,

5. Zoback,

MOD., Moos, D., Nestin, L, and Well Bora Breakouts and Anderson, R. N.: In Situ Stress, J. Ceophy. Rem., v. 90 (1985) 5523-30. 19.

6. Fordjor,

C. K., Bell, J. S. and Cough, D. 1.: Breakoute in Alberta and Streaa in the North American Plate, can. J. Barth Bci., V. 20 (1983) 1445-55, S. H.: StreeeInduced Borehole Elongation: A Compertaon Between the Four-Ara M$xeeter and the Borehole Televiewer in the Auburn Geothermal Well, J. GaoDhye. Rae., v. 90 (1985) 551321* B. and Fairhuret, C.: Hydraulic Frecturlnu in Porous-Permeable Matertala, Pet. Tec~ol., v. 21 (1%9) 811-17. J.

20.

7* Plumb, R. A. end Hickman,

21*

80 Haimzon,

April-May-June 1981, reference DOE/BC/10003-24, Bartleeville Bnergy Technology Center. Las Vega. (1981) 88-104.

228

9. Zoback,

M, L. and &back, M. D.: State of Stresie in the Conterminoue united States, ~. Geophys. Rae., v. 85 (1980) 6113-56. end of 23.

Comparteon of Hydraulic Lacy, L. L.: Fracture Orientation Techniques, SPS paper 13225, 59th Ann. Tech. Conf. and Exh. Sot. Pet. Eng., Nouston, Sept. 16-19 (1984). HandIn, J., Hager, R. V., Jr., Friedman, M. Experimental Deformaand Feather, J. N.: tion of Sedimentary Rockz under Confining Pressure: Pore Preeaure Teete, Am. Aaaoc. Pet. Ceol. Bull., v. 47 (1963) 71Jaeger, J, C. and Cook, N. G, W.: Fundementale of Rock Nechanicn. 3rd Sd, Chapman and Hall, London (1979) 593 pp.

100

: Tectonic Streaa Field ~ntinental U. S., eubmftted to Geophysical Framework of the Continental United Statea (L. Pakiser and W, Mooney, lids.), Ceol. Sot. Am. Memoir (1986). Jenkins, G. M. and Watta, D. G.: Spactral Analyafa and Its Application, Holden-Day, San Francisco (1968) 85-87. Harding, T. P,: Petroleum Traps Azaociated with Wrench Faults, Am. Assoc. Pet. Gael* V. 58 (1974) 1290-1304. Bull., Pollard, D. P. and Holzhausen, G.: On the Mechanical Interaction between a Fluid-FilLed Fracture and the Eartha Surface, Tectonophyaicm, v, 53 (1979) 27-57. Devle,
Aeaoctated

11.

24.

12*

STABILITY ANALYSIS APPENDIX - BOREHOLE

2!!S?IY
When a hole 18 drilled in the earth the praexistfng streseea are alter d in the near of the borehole wall. 9 If the rock being vicinity drilled ie modeled as an isotropic, linearly elaetic and continuous porous eolid in G condition of plane etrain G long the exie of the borehole, wall can then the @tree*as induced Gt the borahola G a functions of the undisturbed earth be written treaeea, the fluid (mud) preaeure in tha borehole, G of ite the rocke ambiant pore praeeure Gnd certain elaatic conatante. If the borehole ie aligned with G one of the principal eerth #treeaae (e.g.o vertical hole in an G srth streaa field that io vertically and horizontally oriented--conditions

13.

14.

P. M.:
with

GeODhYe. Rea., 150

Surface Deformation a Dipping Hydrofracture, v. 88 (19S3) 5826-34.

J,

Evans, K.t on the Development of Shallow Hydraulic Fracturee as Viewed through the Surface Dafocmation Field, Part 1, Principles, J. Pet. Technol., v. 35 (1983), 406-10.

SPE 15641

K. S, HANSEN ANDW. R. PURCELL

10

thought appropriate for Salridge), than there no ahaar atreeaea acting at the wall of the vertical hole and the normal atreeeee are, therefore, principal etreeeee. For theee conditions, the etreeeee at the borehole wall (Figure A-1) are: Sr pw

are

(A-1 )

obtained. A constant rate of axial displacement (100 microatraina per eecond) was then applied until the plug had failed and was in the reaidualstrength ragime. Raeulta are given in Table A-1. of theee The average composition (volume percent) eleven eemplee ia: 65.0% poroeity, 22.6% bioganic silica, and 12.4% terrigenoua material. Sorehole

Streseea

Se=

S+Sh+2(S
+ A(P - Po)

- h)cos

2e-pW

(A-2 )

SA -

Sv+

2Vm (SH - Sh)cos

2e (A-3 )

+ A(P - Po) To determine over what pert, if any, of the borehole wall compressive ehear failure might occur, the strese etate at the wall, ae computed by ia compared witha rock strength (A-I) to (A-3), cwve appropriate for the particular rock under etudy. These failure condition can be e ablished 1! by laboratory trtaxial compraeaion teeta. Varioue mathods have been used to generalise the teote ao that they can be reeulte of the laboratory uaad to predict Gtreae statee required for rock fsilure under conditions other then thoee spec i4 fically applied in the laboratory G xparimente. Two of these aethode deserve G pacial mention, One, based on the von Mae. failure theory, utilizee the etreeaee Gt failnagnitudee of Gll three principal ure, The other is baead on the Mohr-Coulomb failnd leaet ure theory in which only the greateat G streeeea Gre thought to control principal If the von Nieeo theory is used, the failure. failure envelope may be dieplayad in tema of a root-maan-square ehear etreee,

To determine if shear failure will occur at the borehole wall, computations of the atreas state as a function of position around the borehole are made in accordance with (A-1) to (A-3). For this data as determined from the we use earth stress microfrac tests. The procedure ia illustrated with et abo~ data from Table 1 for the middle interval P. at 1300 feet (400 m). The ambient pore pressure Welle are this depth is about 390 psi (2690 kPa). routinely drilled through the diatomite section ppg (1.1 kg/L) mud eo that at 1300 feat Pw with8.9 = 600 pei (4140 kPa), ALso, S ie about 950 pai about 775 pe I (5340 kPa). We (6550 kPa) and 2 Gtes for the two limiting caeee: compute streee e (1) no flow to the fomation, in which caee P -PO G nd S ie 1150 psi (7930 kPa); G nd (2) unreetrictad flow!!o the formation, in which caaa P = Pw G nd SH ia about 1045 pei (7210 kPa). Strains meaaurad during triaxial defamation teats gave Gn average value for v of 0.18; ~is very much smaller than Kg so that (? - ~/Kg) ia nearly Gqual to 1. Thus

A ia about0,77.
bove-cited datt, valuae of the three From the G principal G treaaea G cting Gt the borehole wall have valuae of 0 from0 to been calculated for several 90. (Secauee of aymetry we need consider only of the borehole.) Valuee of the thie one quadrant borehole etreases are given in ~~~li~-2~t0;~~~~e valuee of J2 with corresponding von Nisea repreeentation, calculated froml(A-4) to and aN for the Mohr-Coulomb (A-5), G ndof T criterion, calcu~ed from (A-6) to (A-7). wall is shown State of atreee at the borehole of position around the in Figure A-2 as e function hole for the criteria of both von Miees and MohrCoulomb. Superimposed on these linee of atreas etatea are the corresponding failure line. plotted from tha data of Table A-1. Where the etate of wall lice below the failure strese at the borehole line the borehole @hould not fail; where the state of etressfalla abova the failure line, that portion of the hole is unetable and will undergo Conclueiona reached compreeeive ehear failure. concerning borehole ctability Gre eomewhat different for the two failure criteria. The von to be lece Nises treatment shows tha borehole than dose Mhr-hulomb, In susceptible to failure case tharc ie no fluid flowto the fomation the von Niaes criterion ehowo the borehole to be etabla over G bout 57* of G ach quadrant whereae the @bhrCoulomb theory givee stability ovar only G bout 50. The difference for the unrestricted flow caee ;s more pronounced. Here the Blohr-Coulomb theory ntire borehole to be unetabl~s whereaa shows the G the von Nicee theory indicate. that only G bout 40 of Gach quedrmt ia Unstable, Howav@rj both thooriee predict that come degree of compressive failure should occur in the diatomite Gt a depth of G bout 1300 feet (400 m!,

J;2

{[(s,

- S2)2 + (s2 - S3)2

(A-4 )

+ (s3 - S1)21/6 1 12 , and an effective $ confining

preseure,

(S~+S2+S3)/3-p*

(A-5)

If the Mohr-Coulomb theory ie used, failure in terms of the ehear conditions may be expressed and normal componante of atreaa acting on the plane of maximum shear stresei

T
%

= (S1 - S3)/2 ~
= (S1 +S3)/2
-P .

(A-6 )
(A-7 )

which of the two Because it is not yet certain for failure of poroue theories ie to be prefarred rocke, we will uee and compare both thaories.
Rock Strength

Elaven pluge were cut from G core taken in the Gt G depth of G bout 1300 feet diatomit~ section (400 m). fheee right circular cylindrical pluge ware coredwith fraeh water G nd G aturated with G eimulated field brine, Seth plug wet jacketed with heat-shrinkable tubing G nd placed in G vented triA emall axial load wae G xial compreeeion cell. G pplied G nd then confining preaeure was initially pplied until the deeired preecure we. elowly G

Table

Table

2 UITH

PR1~CIPAL EARTH
IN FOUR WELLS

STRESSES AT THREE INTERVALS OF SOUTH SELRIDCE SECTION 33

CO+IPARISON OF SHt2T-IN PIWSSURES (IN PSIC) FROH HICROFRAC THOSE RECOSDCD DURING cOHPLETION FRACS

<
Sy TOIL NO, Depth* lSIP
I

(pSin)

t No Tent No, ISIP from lsicrofrac

sh

Unr@8tricted

well

(feet) (P:!s) (Psi8)

TOP

(PS!S) (P:!s)

FIOw

Flow

ISIP froll COmpl*tiOn Frac Stfcrr.d to Dapth of Hicrofrac

lSIP tticrOfracComplccion Frac

h

Ratio lsicrofracl Completion Frac

[nterval 6S0 650 7s0 550 665 Interwl 970 790 880 880 Interv*l 1700 1650 1710 1920 1745 20-1 195 200 200 200

rOp Intwv4i

A lb6 c 0

3 9

11

865 845 859 S4S 054

675 665 610 660 66s

530 480 4s0 470 490 Middla

105
595 430 685 604

805 695 >60 760 705

3
6 9 11

530
4s0 4s0 470

465 45) 525 45s Middle Interval

65 25 -45 15

1,14 1.05 0.91 1.03

Avercge AZ
B5 c Avarase s

1309 1271 1267 12s2

965 940 940 948

780 730 810 113 SOttOm

400
3s5 1s0

1160 1045

945 1030

1115 1210 1152

1070

2 5 s

7s0 730 810

160 730 715 Bottom [nt*rval

40 0 95

1,0$ 1,00 1,13

1 4

1
1s0 730
760 750 748 10 2180 1883 193$ 2005 2001 2390 20S5 2145 2260 2220

1500 14ss 1s05 1610

1710 166S 1610 1720

-190 -210 -105

-110

0.89 0.8? 0.93

0.94

A B: c D Avwase

2099 2062 2123 2103 2091

15h5 1s15 1$60 1543 1$41

1580 145s 1s05 1610 1538

G 14idpoint
$Calculated

of

O-foot from riq.

isolated (1) with

tett Wn

interval, = 0,18, A = 0.77,

G nd T

100

psis.

T#ble STATISTICAL

3 FROH THE

Table

4 SH

S1211)lARY OF FSACTURE ORIENTATIONS CHICO-MARTINEZ CREEK OUTCROP

ORI13NTATION OF GREATER HORIZONTAL STRESS INFERRED FROH SOREHOLE I! LLIPTICITY

Fracture

Set

Mean

Strike Standard Oeviation

Mean

COnjunate DiPI Standard Oevlttion

wall

Dapth Interval (ft subsurface)

Calipw Difference

(in)

Orientation of SH

G Orisinal 1 11 N39I! N31U Oat* 21 20 Data L 1 11 N3bt N$O*H 1) 22 66* 62* 23 11 71 49 26 23 H K Seddln~-Correctod

720-1040 1040-1380 1690 -1S00 1200-1430 ?10-1170 1170-1400 1400-1510

1-2 2-5 2-3 1-3

N15*E N15lr Nl\E N25C N15!2 NI$*B NIO$B

i:: 1-2

~
Tablt S

15641

~
ORIENTATION OF MAKIltlM NOZIZONTAL AS lWCTM21191C0PROW IMPRESSION STZKSD SN PACKERS

ORIENTATION 0? I14DUCIlD HYDMULIC FZACTURE9 AS MEASUZCO BY SURFACS TI LTWTCIM

Orientation wall (ft %!rfm) A;imuth

of

Induced DiP

?racture

Dtpt h Intgrval

Well A

wall s

d@ll c

wall D

670811D 930-1090 1150-1290 1340-1480 1530-1730 1780-1960 2390 -?520 2800-2970 3270-3470 Avera@a E 729-949 999-1139 1189-1339 13s9-1509 1649-1799 1849-1969 2039-2139 2189-2379 2429-2499 Avorasc

N12Bt3 N16*Ei>5* N9W5 N1O Eb5 N13*CM N12*Ei30 N9*IM(?) ?

irr+
N7 C+4 N7!27X N7C;>4 N7C;*4 N7*C~15* 1,, ,.

ao*sct5 86sci5* 8a*sBi~5 88* SC*X* 88* Stt~5 L17sci15* 829C*(?) ?

Uppmr Hiddla

NM-I! N78t

N2*C N22*U

N23U N7W

N4*U

,,

Lower

. .

,,

.,

N76W

ad->75 SP, >15 SE :15*8C 275*s E 375*SC ? ,, . . *

Awra:a

Al 1 Zonoo

N1O*C

759SC

Xflku

FhMTURB 0U2WTATIOW IUFBRMCO PROM

NE SAffOIA

CZOPNONC T88T9

TSIAXIAL FAILmt TCST2or t41AmITt

SAMPLC9

4 a 7 3 6 2 5 1

N Is L N K w J N

179-989 049-969 1OZ9-1129 1039-1259 1229-1209 1109-1449 l\69-1639 1919-2029

N$3*W N4?W ,. . . N6ZW N53*W N41W ,.

M66E N49fl N13E . . N41 E N48*K N60E N66U 10: 300 Soo 2 1 4 2 260400 7s5830 1035-1273 1310-1483 370 810 1150 1400 215 410 490 520 12s 335 58s 800 1C3 3$5 42S 450 la> 45s 725 950

Composita Compotita

from 7 tasts of data from

Gll

(omittlnc 8

No.

7)

ttstt

N53w N53w

W51I! N47E

Tabla BTRCSS ST4TM AROUNO TN2! DORENOLZ

A-2 AT SUBSURFACE OEPTN OF 1300 FEZ?

von Miws e (da) Sr (P*i$) % (Ptic) SA (pSiS) J21/2 (pol) 31 (p-l)

140hr-Coulomb ,m (psi) N (psi)

NO Flew o ;; 45 60 ;: 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 20?9 1975 1100 132$ 9)0 613 515 Unr$strictad 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 1920 1850 1650 13s0 llio 915 140 1210 1 19) k 160 1110 106> 1030 101) 10s5 1065 1020 950 889 81s 815

(P

Pe~ 150 700 5)5 36S 18$ 120 130 065 025 715 740 681 550 165 173 115 120 950 895 760 575 305 125 305

310
4J0 )15 27) . ?J 645 615 S35 430 )2$ 24S 220

~low

(P bto 62$ 529 )95 180 220 210

1: :: 60 #

660 623 525 190 2S5 215 205

660

62!
525 390 2!) 215 20)

td

T--7---&---+--

,.-,.

co.~a

an

-------

p ~

OTWSO tosel 000

e

!000

1000

two

800,

-----

_____ _____ & -,-----

E !000. i
1900.

n000.

Ir.-)

+-hi
c. * AZIMUTH
HOLE O! AMEIER 300 20 IN. IN,

L
I 1 I I

7
.. .. I i I .i ! j I

1200

---

i Az; KUTH

~Is.
.E N /

1300

II

/2

S AC

<1

g 3

a--

SAC

r OEWAWON c ~ q-~ 00 y

-1

I
.-

i I I

OEWAWON

za IM

1- . IN.

.1 1500

1000

SOo

500

1000

15oo-

j N?t/

u
FLz. ?-hlwth otgrvatw btiont#l tlnmdw suw*y8. #tr.s8SH m8%<1miwdtmra

FIo, O-mimulh 01owlhodmntd Wow% so detwmhd from lm. P!QUIWI ptckom run during W mkrd?m teats.

N-51 N-53-W \ /

,/

--------

tlEDIRN IN ERCH 7 OF 8 OF

OF EVENTS OLMDRRNT TESTS S29 INO. 1-6.81

s
~ TEST NO. 58 OF 529 7 ONLY EVENTS

471

EVENTS

&$
I
I *%

I
s

.:

__

Sh

FIs. A.t-OdwImHWI

shun

m bamhob

WM.

Von Mises Theory e=o* +

Unsfobk

,,,

e=o* ,+
/

400

Borohalo

StNssoa

zoa

~
+-----+

No
FUII

nOW nOW

Fallum
c

,
200 400 600 (psi) 800 1(

)0

MEAN EFFECTIVE STRESS j,

Mohr-Codomb

Theory e=o
e=o ,+ /

Unstable

,, ,,
,, ,, 400 ,. ., , ,. +

,, +

,+

/
Borshola ~ Stistas No nOw full~o~

200

stable

+.. --.+

a
290 400 660 600 Ic

10

EFFECTIVE NORMAL STRESS UN (@)

A.Z-COOWMIWrI al bomlwh Pl#, SIMU utah st $,WE R WI! foch mrwI@I.